A HISTORY OF U.S. ARMY BANDS

Subcourse Number MU0010

EDITION D

US Army Element, School of Music
1420 Gator Blvd, Norfolk, VA 23521-5170

3 Credit Hours

Edition Date: October 2005

SUBCOURSE OVERVIEW This subcourse is designed to teach the history of Army Bands.  It provides an overview of the history, mission, and functions of bands in America and Europe.  Many American historic events have occurred with the support of a military musical unit. There are no prerequisites for this subcourse. This subcourse reflects the latest doctrine which was current at the time it was prepared.  In your own work situation, always refer to the latest publications. The words "he", "him", "his", and "men", when used in this publication, represent both the masculine and feminine genders.

TERMINAL LEARNING OBJECTIVE:

ACTION:

You will be able to identify important events throughout the history of


military bands. CONDITION:
Given the material presented in this subcourse STANDARD:
To demonstrate proficiency of this task, you must achieve a minimum of

70% on the subcourse examination.


TABLE OF CONTENTS



Page
Section........  i


Subcourse Overview........  iii

Administrative Instructions........  iii

Grading and Certification Instructions........  iii
Lesson 1:  Military Music in Europe........     1
Practice Exercise........     7

Answer Key and Feedback........     9

Lesson 2:  Military Music in America........  11

Practice Exercise........ 45


Answer Key and Feedback.  ........ 49


Examination........  E-1

Appendix:  **List of Publications........  A-1**

Student  Inquiry  Sheet


ADMINISTRATIVE INSTRUCTIONS

1.
Number of lessons in this book:  Two. 2.
Materials you need in addition to this booklet are a number two pencil, the ACCP

examination response sheet and preaddressed envelope you received with this

subcourse. 3.
Supervisory requirements:  None.

GRADING AND CERTIFICATION INSTRUCTIONS Examination:  This subcourse contains a multiple-choice examination covering the material in
the two lessons.  After studying the lessons and working through the practice exercises, complete
the examination.  Mark your answers in the subcourse booklet, then transfer them to the ACCP examination response sheet.  Completely black out the lettered oval which corresponds to your selection (A, B, C, or D).  Use a number two lead pencil to mark your responses.  When you complete the ACCP examination response sheet, mail it in the preaddressed envelope you received with this subcourse.  You will receive an examination score in the mail.  You will
receive three credit hours for successful completion of this examination.
LESSON 1


MILITARY MUSIC IN EUROPE

OVERVIEW

LESSON DESCRIPTION: In this lesson you will learn about military music in Europe from ancient times to the mid 19th century.
TERMINAL LEARNING OBJECTIVE:

ACTION:

You will be able to identify dates and events in European military

music. CONDITION:
Given the information in this lesson. STANDARD:
IAW the information provided in this lesson. REFERENCES:
The material contained in this lesson was derived from the


publications listed in the Appendix.
INTRODUCTION

American military music derives many traditions and practices from European military music. With a better understanding and knowledge of our roots, we can learn where we are headed and prevent mistakes from the past.
MILITARY MUSIC IN EUROPE 1.
 ANCIENT MILITARY MUSIC
a.
Many of the earliest surviving pictorial, sculptured, and written records show
musical instruments used by soldiers in battles.  Chronicles and pictorial remains from Egyptian, Greek, Roman, Oriental, American Indian, and other cultures depict trumpets and drums of many varieties used in connection with military activities (e.g., signaling in combat, during parades, and in encampments).  Stone art works (reliefs) from as early as 3000 B.C. depict Assyrian and Babylonian musicians playing brass instruments while leading their armies in triumphal processions.
b.
The earliest known illustrations of ensemble music are the brass, reed, and
percussion instruments shown on later stone reliefs.  The Egyptians used music
for ceremonies and entertainment around 1000 B.C.  Reliefs from this period show musicians playing harps, sistrums (instruments that used rattling rods to produce a percussive effect), and nays (whistle-like instruments) for dancers and
listeners.
c.
The Romans provide the first tangible evidence of organizational military
musicians.  Roman musicians, called aenatores, performed duties often required of military musicians today.  They signaled troop movements, performed for official functions and funerals, played on the march, and provided morale support for the troops.
d.
The Romans had three basic groups of signal musicians.  They were the tubicine,
the cornicine and the bucinatore.


(1)  Tubicines were assigned to the Legion Headquarters.  There they operated in unison to sound signals such as the attack or retreat over a distance.  A tubicine or tuba, a straight instrument about four feet in length made of bronze, was also known as the trumpet.

(2)  Cornicines primarily served on the level of elementary tactics.  The cornicine received the signal from the tubicines and passed it on to the standard bearer. They also sounded the relief for the sentries.  The cornu is an instrument made from a rams-horn or ox-horn covered with gold and studded with precious stones.

(3)  Bucinatores sounded watch.  The buccina was an instrument entirely curved in the shape of a G, having a wooden crossbar by which it was carried over the shoulder.  It was not a very loud or resonant instrument and sounded the watch at night when the louder tuba/trumpet might prevent sleep.
e.
The Romans had 43 different signals in use by the year 200 A.D.  Four of these
calls the attack, retreat, halt or encampment, and the call of encouragement during battle were well known by the soldiers.  The other signals were not uniform throughout the Roman army and soldiers could not respond correctly.  To ensure uniformity of signals, the tubicines were sent to a special training school.
f.
The Romans provide the first known printed explanation for having military
music--"To fire up attacking troops and to uphold their spirits while they endure privations and fatigue."
2.
MUSIC IN THE MIDDLE AGES
a.
European Christians used horns and trumpets to lead their military expeditions
against the Moslem Arabs during the Crusades (1096-1272 A.D.).  The Arabs utilized a wide range of instruments.  They utilized reeds, shawms (a double reed instrument), pipes (bagpipes), bells, cymbals, and an entire family of drums.  This gave them the capability of sounding complex signals to communicate tactical objectives and troop positions, provide a rallying point for dispersing troops, and inspired fear in the enemy.
b.
Trumpets became important in depicting the rank or nobility of the king or noble.
Proclamations of the king were not considered legal unless accompanied by a trumpet flourish.  The trumpet became as important as the seal of the king when
putting forth a royal decree.
c.
Other military musicians, called Thurmer (Tower Musicians) in Germany kept
watch in the towns to warn the townspeople of impending dangers and to announce the time of day.  These musicians performed on sackbutts (trombone) and Cornetts.  The Cornett was a wooden instrument with a cup mouthpiece.  It had finger holes enabling the cornett to perform all notes within a two octave range.  The duties of the Thurmer expanded by the middle of the 16th century. They played chorales, provided music for festivals, state occasions and weddings, accompanied community singing, and provided popular outdoor music.  They started the tradition of military bands performing concerts for the public.
d.
The Europeans returned from the Crusades with new musical ideas learned from
the Arabs.   They adopted the Tabor (small snare drum found in Baroque music) and Nakers (kettledrums).  The court music of England's King Edward III (1327-1377) included five trumpets, two clarions (an ancient English trumpet in round form), five pipes, three waites (horns), and a drum.  The court of King Edward IV (1461-1483) consisted of 13 musicians playing trumpets, pipes, and shawms.
e.
By the seventeenth century, the rank and social position of the European military
musician had been clearly defined by the musicians' guild.  He had become an esteemed member of the royal household, and the profession of a military musician was considered to be an honorable one. 3.
THE RISE OF DOUBLE REED BANDS
a.
The Europeans continued experimenting with various instrumental groupings
until the rise of double reed bands during the reign of King Louis XIV of France (1643-1715).  Prior to this time the French used the fife and trumpet.  These bands used double reed instruments, similar to the oboe, of various sizes to span the complete vocal range.  Additionally, each band had a drummer to supply rhythms.


b.
Jean Baptiste Lully, chief court musician and composer to King Louis XIV, wrote
for the reed bands and expanded the instrumentation to include two hautbois (oboes), two clarinets, two horns, and two bassoons.  Lully's marches are among
the earliest examples of written band music.  This started the period of band music known as "Harmoniemusick," lasting from the mid-eighteenth to the nineteenth century.  Some of the more prominent composers, like Haydn and Mozart, wrote music for the new bands.  Harmoniemusick's origins was in the court ensembles which was adopted by the military.  All French military bands adopted this instrumentation by 1750.
c.
England's King Charles II studied the French Army and its music in France early
in the reign of King Louis XIV.  Upon regaining the throne in 1660, he began implementing French musical ideas.  Prior to 1660, the English used trumpets and
kettledrums.  The year 1678 saw the introduction of hautbois into the British
military service with the Band of the Horse Grenadiers.  The Horse Grenadiers were authorized a band containing six hautbois.  Most British regiments of the line adopted this new instrumentation by 1690.  The cavalry still used trumpets and kettledrums.
d.
King Charles II also organized the British militia into a standing army.  Block
movements on the field required steady rhythms to keep the soldiers in step.  The drum provided the steady rhythm to move troops and sounded signals to direct the movement of blocks of troops.
e.
Adding fifes or bagpipes to play martial melodies occurred only after drummers
became the standard timekeepers.  Music performed by these instruments to move the troops was called field music. 4.
BAND INSTRUMENTS IMPROVE
a.
Many changes occurred in Europe during the 17th and 18th century.   The clarinet
was improved by J.C. Denner of Nuremberg and was in common use by 1720. The clarinet changed the basic sound of the traditional oboe-bassoon band.  The cornett and trombone of the Thurmer fell into disuse.  Theobold Boehm improved the fingering mechanism and changed the bore of the flute.
b.
The model of 2 clarinets, 2 oboes, 2 horns, and 2 bassoons started by Lully was

            readily adopted by the military throughout Europe.
c.
Bands, at first, were only granted to officers who were noble men.  Maintaining

a band was a status not available to all in the military.  By 1760, it was common
for military bands to perform a "stand-concert" every morning before the
           officer's
quarters.
d.
Military bands continued the tradition of public concerts started by the Thurmer
in Germany.  A band would play a few numbers before the evening retreat.  This
custom spread to France and other countries.  Music was still reserved mainly for the aristocracy.  In 1777, the Bande of the Grande Francaise gave open air concerts allowing the public to mix with the court.
e.
The constant contact Europeans had with the Ottoman Empire shaped the
percussion section of military bands.  Turkish bands used many different instruments such as:  the triangle, cymbals, bass drum, tambourine, and crescents (glockenspiel).  They wore elaborate uniforms and drummers performed drumstick flourishes on leopard covered drums.  Turkish bands were considered a most valuable asset in battle.  The high morale and espirit de corps was a direct result of the band's performances.  Their thundering noise diminished the morale of the enemy.


f.
The Europeans starting adopting the Turkish, or Janissary, instruments during the
late 17th century.  They provided a means to move mass formation of troops in the new standing armies.  During the late eighteenth century, the Janissary bands replaced the Harmoniemusick. 5.
THE FRENCH REVOLUTION
a.
The French Revolution (1789-1799) brought many changes to music and military
bands.  Royalty and nobility was deleted.  The fine arts lost the backing of the aristocracy and was now available to the common folk.  The bands organized by the people and the new government occupied an important place in patriotic celebrations.  Concert and opera halls closed due to lack of noble support.  The musicians of the concert and opera halls transferred their services to the military.
b.
As a result of the increase of musicians, military bands in France grew to sizes
never before seen.  The National Guard formed in 1789 had 45 musicians and expanded to 70 in 1790.  The band dissolved in 1792 but became the nucleus for the Paris Conservatory of Music.  Bands flourished and the leading composers, Cherubini, Gossec and Sarrette, provided original music.
c.
The instrumentation of each band increased to include all the wind instruments.
The increase of percussion instruments made it necessary to enlarge the winds. The size of each band depended on the bandmaster's desires and economic conditions.  In 1827, all French bands were cut to 27 players due to economic reasons. 6.
BRASS INSTRUMENTS IMPROVE
a.
The Royal Kent Keyed Bugle was patented in 1810 by Joseph Haliday in Dublin.
The bugle was made of brass but used a key mechanism similar to the saxophone. The keys enabled the bugle to play the full chromatic range and melodies.  Brass instruments were no longer delegated to playing only harmonic parts.


b.
Valves were patented in 1818 by Stoelzel and Bluhmel in Berlin.  The early
valved brass instruments had only two valves.  Shortly afterwards, a third valve was added and valve instruments could play the entire chromatic range.
c.
The first bandmaster to take advantage of the new brass instruments was William
Weiprecht.  He was appointed instructor of military bands in Berlin in 1838. Weiprecht proved the advantage of using trumpets and horns with valves.  Players could now produce all notes of the chromatic scale without inserting crooks.
d.
Weiprecht also standardized military band instrumentation.  Each armed group,
infantry, cavalry, artillery and guard bands, had their own instrumentation.
e.
In 1842, Adolphe Sax invented the saxophone and developed the saxhorn.
Saxhorns are conical bore instruments with a perfected valve system to correct
intonation problems.  They ranged from the soprano to the saxtuba, but utilized the same clef.  The similarity of fingerings provided ease of transfer from one instrument to the other.

PRACTICE EXERCISE

The following items will test your understanding of the material covered in this lesson. There is only one correct answer for each item.  When you have completed the exercise, check your answers with the answer key that follows.  If you answer any item incorrectly, review that part of the lesson again before continuing.
1.
Egyptians used which of the following musical instruments around 1000 B.C.?

A.
Harps, nays and trumpets


B.
Harps, sistrums and nays


C.
Horns, trumpets and sistrums


D.
Harps, trumpets and sistrums
2.
Who was the chief court musician and composer to Louis XIV of France?

A.
Jean Baptiste Lully


B.
Wallis-Bryen Wills


C.
Henry Purcell


D.
Jean-Phillipe Rameau
3.
Which of  the following instrumentations did all French military bands adopt by
1750?

A.
Two hautbois, two clarinets, two horns, and two bassoons.


B.
Two hautbois, two clarinets, two clarions, and two bassoons.


C.
Two hautbois, two trumpets, two horns, and two bassoons.


D.
Two hautbois, two trumpets, two horns, and two bassoons.
4.
In 1760, military bands performed what kind of concerts in front of officer's
quarters?

A.
Sit down.


B.
Pouch.


C.
Stand.


D.
Popular.
PRACTICE EXERCISE

ANSWER  KEY   AND   FEEDBACK

Item

Correct  Answer  and  Feedback 1.

B.  Harps, sistrums, and nays

     paragraph lb 2.

A.  Jean Baptiste Lully

     paragraph 3a

3

A.  Two hautbois, two clarinets, two horns, and two bassoons

     paragraph 3a 4.

C.  Stand.

     paragraph 4b


LESSON 2

MILITARY MUSIC IN AMERICA

OVERVIEW

LESSON DESCRIPTION: In this lesson you will learn the history of military music in America and U.S. Army Bands and how the traditions of Europe affected each.  This lesson will cover from the founding of the colonies to present times.
TERMINAL LEARNING OBJECTIVE:

ACTION:

You will be able to identify dates and events in American military music

            and U.S. Army Bands. CONDITION:
Given the information in this lesson. STANDARD:
IAW the information provided in this lesson. REFERENCES:
The material contained in this lesson was derived from the publications


listed in the Appendix.
INTRODUCTION

Many American historic events occurred with the support of a military musical unit.  Prior to the signing of the Declaration of Independence, colonial soldiers marched to the music of fifes and
drums.  During the Civil War, military leaders on both sides relied on military musicians to entertain troops, position troops in battle, and stir the troops on to victory. Army bands have a brilliant history.  Bands, such as the 82nd and 101st Airborne Divisions and
the 1st Infantry Division, received decorations for their performance in combat.  Other bands have entertained at official functions, entertained troops, and traveled throughout the world
aiding public relations inside and outside of the United States.

               **MILITARY MUSIC IN AMERICA** 1.
PREREVOLUTIONARY WAR
a.
Prior to the Revolutionary War, colonists readily adapted to British military
traditions and rapidly accepted England's military ideas.  They copied British militia organization, utilized British training manuals, and used British officers to drill their troops.

b.
As far back as 1633,  in the Colony of Virginia, drummers performed for
marching practice during militia drills.  In 1659, the Dutch supplied the militia of
their new colony with drums.  In 1687, the importance of music to the militia was further demonstrated when Virginia voted to purchase musical instruments for its militia.  All free white males were required to serve in these units and supply their own rifles.  Drummers received money for their services and public funds furnished their instruments.  The first known band in the colonies was a band in New Hampshire in 1653 comprising of 15 hautbois (oboe) and 2 drums.
c.
The elite militia units in the colonies obtained the services of bands.  Officers
funded these bands.  In 1747, the Pennsylvania colonists formed regiments and Colonel Benjamin Franklin was the regimental commander in Philadelphia.  In
1756, the Regiment of Artillery Company of Philadelphia, commanded by
Franklin, marched with over 1000 men accompanied by "Hautboys and Fifes in Ranks."  It is likely that the term "hautboy" did not refer solely to oboes, but to military musicians, and that Franklin had a well-balanced band.  This marks the first recorded appearance of an American military band in the colonies.
 d.
The colonists had many opportunities to hear British "Bands of Musick."  Most of
the 95 "regiments of foot" serving in the colonies from 1755-1783 had bands attached to them.  Bands of Musick, following the "harmoniemusick" model, comprised of six to eight musicians performing on oboes, clarinets, horns, and bassoons.  They were separate from the field music units that sounded signals. Bands of Musick performed for special occasions and ceremonies.  The appearance of these bands stimulated the musical environment within the colonies and contributed greatly to the future development of American military bands. American bands adopted an instrumentation similar to that of the British "Bands of Musick."
e.
Music thrived in the colonies with the establishment of music schools, concert
halls, and stores.  Concerts were given in all the cultural centers.  Boston papers advertised concerts as early as 1729.  Josiah Flagg organized a military band of wind instrumentalist in Boston which performed at Faneuil Hall becoming the pioneer band for performance of military music in America.  In 1776, a concert hall opened in New York providing evening concerts on weekdays throughout the summer.  Philadelphia, also a cultural center, presented  well-organized concert programs.  British Army bands and American militia bands performed concerts in all these cities.
f.
The first mention of a military musical organization used in the connection of
battle in the United States Army occurred at the celebration held after Ethan Allen and his Green Mountain Boys captured Fort Ticonderoga on 10 May 1775.  A fife and Drum Corps performed at this celebration. 2.
THE COLONIES GO TO WAR

a.
After the Boston Tea Party (1773), the British  antagonized the colonists by
closing the port of Boston.  To improve their defenses and prepare for war, the
colonies formed Committees of Safety and forced Tory militia officers to resign. Officers sympathetic to independence replaced the Tory Officers.  The colonists also accumulated stores of military supplies and established minuteman companies.
b.
Musicians in the minuteman companies provided the steady rhythms needed to
drill the new militia.  On April 19, 1775, William Diamond (in some accounts Dinman), a drummer in Captain John Parker's Lexington militia company, beat To Arms at the Battle of Lexington.  Also present was Jonathan Harrington, a fifer.  Diamond later went on to march the Lexington militia to Bunker Hill.
Some time after Bunker Hill, Diamond set aside his drum in favor of a musket
and served throughout the remainder of the Revolution, to include the Battle of Yorktown, as a foot soldier.
c.
Within days of the Lexington battle, militiamen arrived in Boston from all the
New England Colonies and eastern Canada.  The Massachusetts Provincial Continental Congress requested aid from the Second Continental Congress to strengthen Boston's defense.  As the delegates entered Philadelphia they were met by an infantry company with a band parading them through the streets of the city. The Continental Congress responded by establishing the New England Army and appointing George Washington commander of all continental forces.
d.
Support for independence grew and spread throughout the colonies as the war in
New England intensified.  The colonists held rallies with patriotic speeches and banners.  Militia companies drilled while bands played patriotic melodies.  By the time of the Revolution, American bands conformed to the European "Harmoniemusick" model.
e.
At least seven regiments were known to have bands.  The bands of the 3rd and 4th Regiments of Artillery served until the end of the war.  Near the end of the Revolution, both bands gave frequent civilian concerts.  One of them continued to exist into the nineteenth century under the name of the "Massachusetts Band."
f.
"Resolved that six companies of expert riflemen be immediately raised in
Pennsylvania, two in Maryland, and two in Virginia; that each Company consist of a captain, three lieutenants, four sergeants, four corporals, a drummer or trumpeter, and sixty-eight privates," starts the resolution of the Continental Congress on June 14, 1775.  This resolution is observed as the founding of the U.S. Army as the Continental Army.  From the very beginning of the Continental Army, drummers and trumpeters have been included. 3.
PROBLEMS IN THE NEW ARMY


a.
After assuming command, Washington had to organize his men into an army.
Because the Army had no regulation uniform nor standardized rank structure, it was difficult to distinguish the officers and enlisted men.  Washington ordered
generals to wear colored sashes over their waistcoats, officers to wear cockades (a rosette or similar ornament worn on the hat) of different colors, and noncommissioned officers to wear epaulettes.
b.
General Washington petitioned Congress to form an army that would encompass
all the colonies.  It was to include 27 infantry regiments and 1 artillery regiment. Each regiment was to have 8 companies of 90 men.  Congress approved the plan and established the Continental Army in January 1776.
c.
General Washington, being an accomplished flutist, worried about the quality of
music in the Army.  Marching drill depended heavily upon music, but the poor
music provided by the untrained musicians made drill nearly impossible. Washington ordered his musicians to attend regular training sessions with the regimental drum and fife majors.  Only after receiving the approval and recommendation of his drum or fife major would a musician be allowed to perform with the regiment.
d.
Most of the officers in General Washington's Army had previous war service and
knew the importance of military music.  Washington's generals tried to improve the quality of the music in their commands.  General Artemus Ward, commander of six colonial regiments around Boston, encouraged his drum and fife majors to work more closely with the musicians.  He later appointed a chief drum major and a chief fife major to supervise all musical instruction in his command.
e.
General Andrew Lewis, troop commander at Williamsburg, Virginia, also ordered
his drum and fife majors to train the regimental musicians.  They received pay for these extra duties by withholding money from each student-musician's pay.
f.
Despite General Washington's best efforts, the Continental Army remained fragmented and disorganized.  The Army had no regulations and no set procedures to conduct daily affairs.  Washington's generals had a free hand in commanding their troops and devised operational policies and procedures from day to day.  Clearly, this was not the Army General Washington envisioned.
g.
Music played an important role in military victories.  In the Battle of Bennington
of 1777, the American commander, Colonel John Stark, had his fifes and drummers play into the very teeth of the enemy.  His troops, inspired and stimulated, proceeded to defeat General Burgoyne's forces so decisively that this battle became an important turning point in the war.
h.
Trumpets,  added in 1777, controlled mounted maneuvers of cavalry regiments.


i.
Congress saw General Washington's problems and voted to reorganize the Army
on May 27, 1778.  Under the new system, infantry regiments expanded from eight to nine companies, including one company of light infantry  hand picked from the
regiment.  In addition to their regimental duties, field grade officers assumed company command.  Congress also established pay scales for infantrymen, artillerymen, and musicians.  The same act authorized staff positions for drum and fife majors throughout the Army and set pay rates for their teaching duties. 4.
THE FIRST ARMY REGULATION
a.
At the same time, General Washington appointed Baron Frederick von Steuben
Acting Inspector General for the Continental Army at Valley Forge.  Von Steuben wrote a manual of instruction that set forth a system of drill.  He organized a
special company that he personally drilled.  Using that company as cadre, von
Steuben trained the remaining troops.  Washington, impressed by von Steuben's work, appointed the Baron to the permanent post of Inspector General and recommended the approval of von Steuben's manual for the entire Army. Congress adopted the REGULATIONS FOR THE ORDER AND DISCIPLINE OF THE TROOPS OF THE UNITED STATES on March 29,  1779.  This manual continued remained in its original form until 1824.
b.
In the Continental Army, one fife and one drummer were assigned to each
company.  They stood at the right flank of the first platoon.  Drum calls regulated the soldier's day.  Since von Steuben's regulation did not allow verbal commands, each man had to learn to respond instantly to the drum.
c.
Chapter 21 of von Steuben's regulation was entitled "Of the Different Beats of the
Drum."  It standardized drum calls and their functions into two categories: beats and signals.  Calls directed to an entire encampment or sounded at specific times were called beats.  Calls directed to only a portion of the encampment were called signals.
d.
Although Von Steuben's regulation standardized the Army's calls, a few of the
drum and fife majors were familiar enough with the regulation to teach the calls to their musicians resulting in the musical quality suffering.  General Washington tried to improve and unify instruction by appointing Lieutenant John Hiwell Inspector and Superintendent of Music in the Army.  Hiwell was a fife major in COL John Cranes' 3d Regiment of Artillery.  He was also at Valley Forge and knew how Von Steuben's regulation applied to musicians.
e.
Lieutenant Hiwell's pay was $50.00 a month instead of typical Lieutenant's pay. The salary for fifers and drummers was 7 1/3 dollars a month and 8 1/3 dollars a month for the fife and drum majors.
f.
The Inspector's duties were similar to those of today's staff band officers.
Lieutenant Hiwell established and maintained quality controls.  He organized
rehearsals, set performance standards, requisitioned all musical supplies, and inspected instruments for proper maintenance.  He also supervised all drum and fife majors.  Lieutenant Hiwell enforced disciplinary methods which helped stop
the strife between musicians and ordinary soldiers.
g.
Regiments became smaller as the war dragged on.  Men left the Army and
enlistments slowed.  By 1781, the Continental Army needed more fighting men. Up to this point, musicians enlisted solely as musicians and were exempt from soldierly duties.  Musicians were largely young boys from the ages 9 to 14. Congress approved the plan  for soldiers no longer enlisting to be only musicians. Drummers and fifers were now picked from the ranks of enlisted personnel.  Thus is the first reference to musicians performing soldierly duties.

5.
PEACE WITH GREAT BRITAIN
a.
The United States and Great Britain signed a preliminary treaty on April 19,

1783.   Soldiers were not allowed to return home until a formal treaty was  signed.
Washington ordered that musicians keep their instruments as
compensation  for
their additional service and extraordinary hardships.  In
September 1783, the  United
States and Great Britain ended the revolution by
formally signing the  Treaty of Paris.
The Continental Army was disbanded.
One artillery battery,  originally organized
by  Alexander Hamilton, was
assigned to West Point to care for government
property.  The Army contained
fewer than 100 men by the following summer.
b.
By the time of Washington's triumphant tour of the northeastern United States,

he was greeted at almost every village and town by the local militia band.  The

regular militia was not uniformed, but the bands were always elaborately

dressed usually at the expense of the units they were attached. 6.
WEST POINT
a.
Throughout the Revolution, colonial military officers trained their men from
manuals that taught British tactics, strategies, and traditions.  They quickly learned British fighting methods were unsuccessful on hills, in forests, and against Indians.  As a result, colonial forces adopted an Indian-like style of fighting (firing from behind trees, rocks, and earth-works).
b.
During the Revolution, officers learned the new fighting techniques under fire.
No formal training manuals or methods for teaching these new techniques were established.  After the war, Congress recognized the need for a formal officer training program.  In 1802, Congress established the United States Military Academy at West Point, New York, as a training center for officers.  From 1802 until 1815, the Military Academy had drummers and occasional fifers who performed in addition to their regular duties.


c.
There is doubt as to when the United States Military Academy Band was formed.
Various pieces of correspondence of General Swift indicate he was the primary reason a band was formed by the summer of 1815 and began instruction that
winter.  The Academy initially hired fifers, drummers, and later buglers.  By General Swift's order of October 1813, COL Macomb was to send his Regimental Band of the 3d Artillery to West Point.  The band was comprised of approximately 24 musicians and was stationed at Sacket's Harbor, New York.
d.
Eleven men from COL Macomb's 3d Artillery Band were either transferred or
went directly to the 6th Infantry Band School on Governor's Island.  They were trained to play flutes, oboes, bassoons, clarinets, French horns, serpents, bass drums, and tambourines.  There are also indications that a small number of men were sent from West Point to the school to learn new percussion instrument
techniques which differed markedly from the rudimental drumming used for drills
and parades.  From this information, the military band at West Point has a heritage beginning between the years 1813-1815.
e.
The first Teacher of Music for the Military Band was musician Daniel Loomis.
He was one of the original eleven men transferred from the 6th Infantry Band School to West Point.  Post Orders indicate his appointment occurred on 26 May 1816.  On July 17, 1816, Loomis was promoted to corporal and placed in charge of the band (the enlisted Teacher of Music position).  The first officer to command the band was 2LT George W. Gardiner from October 12, 1816 to September 15, 1817.
f.
In 1817, Richard Willis, a civilian in the pay of a Major, was hired by the Military
Academy as Teacher of Music for the United States Military Academy Band.  He became its first civilian leader, starting a tradition that lasted until 1972.  The appointment of Willis in 1817 became the date recognized by The Department of the Army Center of Military History as the beginning of the West Point Band.
g.
Willis was a composer, arranger, and virtuoso performer on the Royal Kent
(keyed) Bugle, which he introduced to American bands.  Soon after his arrival at West Point, he purchased two keyed bugles and instructed soldiers on performing on the instruments.  Before the invention of the keyed bugle, bands used natural horns and bugles, woodwinds, and percussion.  Brasses played mostly harmonic parts because the natural horns and bugles could not play more intricate passages.
h.
The keyed bugle could play melodic and decorative lines.  Its invention expanded
all previous concepts of scoring for bands by permitting brasses to play chromatic melodies.  The Royal Kent bugle gained such wide-spread acceptance that it radically altered traditional band instrumentation.  American bands began replacing their woodwinds with an entire bugle family.  High E-flat bugles played the melodies while B-flat, E-flat, or F bugles played harmony.  Ophecleides (bass bugles) played the bass line.  By the 1830's, almost all American bands used only brass instruments. 7.
THE WAR OF 1812


a.
During the War of 1812, few changes occurred in the development of Army
music.  The only exception was the shift from fifes and drums to bugles sounding the signals.  The bugler was located at the side of his commander.
b.
Militia bands were a common sight during the War of 1812.  The first military
band of New York City was organized in 1810 and offered its' services to the 11th Regiment of the New York Militia.  It was stationed at Bledsoe's Island in the New York Harbor, the site of the Statue of Liberty.  The band served throughout the War of 1812.

8.
THE ARMY'S FIRST BAND AUTHORIZATION
a.
In 1821 the Regular Army was reorganized.  Legislative action ensured bands
would also be part of the regular forces.  Bandsmen were attached to regiments and allowed to draw the pay and allowances of privates.  Regular Army officers were still required to provide the instruments if they wanted a band.  Bands received their first official recognition and authorization to form as a separate squad in each regiment.
b.
In the Army Regulations of 1825 provisions were made to eliminate the officer's
funding their own bands.  A regimental fund was created, which was derived from a 5 percent tax on suttler's sales.  Suttlers were contract storekeepers (camp peddlers).  In addition, bands were combined with the drums of the regimental field music to form a complete unit.  This allowed commanding officers the discretion to form their bands as a separate unit.  Bands of this time had 15 to 24 musicians. 9.
BANDS FROM 1830-1860 RISE OF THE BRASS BAND
a.
In 1830, General Winfield Scott headed a board to prepare a manual of infantry
tactics for the Army.  Drummers and bands were given a place in the regimental order of battle:  "The field music will be formed in two ranks, the drummers in the rear, ten paces in the rear of the left center company."  This manual contained the music and bugle signals used in maneuvering the companies within a regiment.
b.
By 1832, almost all of the regiments had bands.  Most able-bodied men had to
serve in state militia units and these units were more supportive of bands then federal troops.  Many state militia regiment units hired professional or town bands to perform at their musters and encampments.  Many state militia allowed qualified musicians to fulfill their military obligations by performing in the unit's band.


c.
In 1832, Army Regulations specified that regimental bands be limited to ten
musicians with the rank of private and a chief musician.  Artillery regiments, which were not provided a chief musician, were allowed one sergeant to act as
master of the band, and one corporal in addition to the ten men.  Bandsmen were liable for regular military training, and if the need arise to serve in the ranks as soldiers.
d.
The 1832 regulation became the first regulation to provide for a position as
master of the band.  It also separated this position from the junior principal musician of the field music units.  Bandsmen finally became regular members of the Army.
e.
The pay for enlisted bandsmen was now  $17.00 per month for the chief musician
and $8.00 per month for each bandsman.
f.
In 1841, regimental commanders gained the authority to increase the number of
privates serving in their bands from 10 to 12 and the use of post funds for the maintenance of bands.  During the Mexican War in 1847, authority was granted for a further increase from 12 to 16.  This authorization also specified that bandsmen would no longer be mustered with other troops, but that the bandleader would muster his band in a separate squad with the headquarters staff.  This established the precedent that eventually set the band apart as a separate unit from the other troops.
g.
During the Mexican War, bands performed many additional duties in place of
performing music.  Bandsmen were employed as stretcher bearers, field messengers, and water carriers.  It was common for bandsmen to not play a single note during the entire war.
h.
The period from 1830 to 1860 bands improved their instrumentation.  The
tremendous influx of foreign musicians, who provided their services to bands, helped upgrade musical standards.  Some of the famous bandmasters of the time were Harvey Dodworth (Thirteenth Regiment Band), C.S. Grafulla (Seventh New York Infantry Regiment), D.L. Downing (Ninth Regiment), and Patrick Gilmore (Twenty-fourth Massachusetts Infantry).
i.
With the perfection of valved brass instruments in the 1830s, bands' size and
sound changed drastically.  Brass instruments now played all the melodies once reserved for woodwinds.  The keyed bugle required many years of study to become proficient.  The invention of matched valve brass instruments, saxhorns, made playing a brass instrument available to amateur musicians.
j.
The Dodworth family, comprising of Thomas, the father, and sons Allen, Charles,
and grandson Allen contributed greatly to the band world during this time.  They were composers, conductors, performers, publishers, and importers of musical instruments.  In 1834, Thomas Dodworth used brass instruments exclusively ,
instead of clarinets, to play the lead lines.  Allen patented the over-the-shoulder brass horns in 1838.  These horns, designed for military bands, projected their sound to the troops marching behind them.  This was accomplished by having the
bells rest on the player's shoulder.  Because of the Dodworth's influence, most bands became brass bands.
k.
The great influx of German musicians in the 1850s caused the larger bands to
follow the Prussian cavalry band model of the time.  The Prussian bands included clarinets, saxophones, and tubas.  There was much competition between the German "Moravian" bands and the militia bands.  The public liked the mix of brass and woodwinds of the Moravian bands and the larger military bands reverted to a mixed instrumentation.  The first military band to use mixed instrumentation was the Seventh Regiment, New York Militia Band under the
direction of Froll and Reistel. 10.
THE SCHOOL OF PRACTICE
a.
During and prior to the Civil War, musical training occurred  at the "School of
Practice for U.S.A. Field Musicians" at Governor's Island, New York.  The
earliest reference about the school is found in a book "Ten Years in the Ranks, U.S. Army" written by a young soldier age 12, Augustus Meyers.  He wrote about his experiences at the school.
b.
The living quarters were sparse, consisting of double bunk beds with insufficient
space for comfort or convenience.  The beds were large sacks stuffed with straw. The meals consisted of boiled salt pork and beef, rice soup, bread, potatoes, bean soup, and coffee.
c.
The daily duties began reveille with the fife and drums performing at the official
entrance to Governor's Island.  At 0800, the guard mount ceremony commenced followed by a period on uniform and equipment maintenance.  School started at 0900 till 1100 followed by musical training from 1100 to 1200 and 1400 to 1600. The young drummers and fifers performed at retreat.  This schedule occurred every day except Saturday when all instruction ended at 1200.  In addition to board, lodging and musical training, the boys received $7.00 a month.
d.
The School of Practice studied from "The Drummers and Fife Guide" by George
G. Bruce.  A board of musicians assembled by the War Department adopted this book as the official text for the school.  This manual was used until the end of the Civil War.
e.
Seven years later in 1869, a board of appointed officers investigated the system of
training field musicians.  The board approved a method book called "Strube's Drum and Fife Instructor" by Gardiner A. Strube. 11.
THE CIVIL WAR

a.
Five weeks after Abraham Lincoln's inauguration, Confederate soldiers fired on
Fort Sumter.  The 1st Regiment of Artillery Band was present during the
bombardment and surrender.  This band was also known as Chandler's Band of Portland, Maine a civilian band volunteering its' service to the regiment.
b.
The first band to suffer casualties during the Civil War was the 6th Massachusetts
Regiment Band.  On April 19, 1861, the band arrived by train in Baltimore, MD. As the band left the station a mob marching through the street attacked the band. The band fled, abandoning all equipment, as local Union sympathizers took bandmembers into their houses.  The band suffered 4 deaths and 30 injured personnel.


c.
As the war began, the military was as divided as the country.  Many of the Army's
finest officers resigned their commissions, returned home, and joined the Confederacy.  Enlisted personnel from the southern states deserted the Union Army to fight for the South.
d.
Faced with severe personnel shortages, President Lincoln called for 75,000
volunteers to serve three-month enlistments.  Three weeks later, he realized that the shortages would continue and called for 40,000 three-year enlistees and 40 additional regiments to be recruited, organized, and equipped by the states.
e.
The Federal government allowed the states to establish their own recruiting and
organizational policies.  Many volunteer regiments recruited bands.  Civilian bands with such famous conductors as Patrick Gilmore (whose band served with the Massachusetts 24th Volunteer Regiment) volunteered their services to Union regiments.  Band recruiting was so successful that, by the end of 1861, the Union Army had 618 bands and more than 28,000 musicians.
f.
On July 22, 1861, Congress passed "An Act to Authorize the Employment of
Volunteers to aid in Enforcing Laws and Protecting Public Property."  Section 2 authorized each Regular Army regiment of infantry two principal musicians per company and 24 musicians for a band.  Each cavalry and artillery regiment was authorized two musicians per company or battery.  Each Artillery Band was permitted 24 musicians and each Cavalry Band was permitted 16 musicians.  The Army was following the same practice as Weiprecht in Germany with distinct bands for each branch.
g.
In response to a Congressional inquiry, the Paymaster General of the Army
reported the following pay scales for musicians:


First-Class
$ 34.00 per month


Second-Class $ 20.00 per month


Third-Class
$ 17.00 per month


Drum Major $105.50 per month
h.
The federal government assumed the cost of volunteer regiments during the Civil
War.  With the increase of the number of regiments, some members of Congress
became cost conscious.  The cost of maintaining bands for all regiments was a burden Congressmen did not want to bear.  On January 31, 1862, Congress asked the Secretary of War, Simon Camero, to evaluate the cost of each band and could bands be dispensed without injury to the public service.
i.
The Secretary of War reported the average cost of maintaining an artillery or cavalry band was $9,161.30 and the cost of maintaining the larger infantry band was $13,139.40.  It was also reported 26 of 30 Regular Army regiments and 213 of 465 volunteer regiments had bands.  The War Department spent $4,000,000.00 on bands with 618 bands in service, a ratio of  one musician to every 41 soldiers.
Congress concluded bands were too expensive and could be disposed without
injury to the service.  During the inquiry, 50 Union bands staged a Sunday concert at the White House.  This concert undoubtedly added fuel to the debate about the cost of regimental Bands.
j.
On July 17, 1862, Congress passed Public Law 165.  Public Law 165 abolished
regimental bands in the volunteer army and provided for the mustering out of all musicians within 30 days of passage.  Public law only applied to bands in the volunteer service and not to bands in the Regular Army.  Congress replaced the regimental bands with brigade bands (one band for every four regiments). Provisions were made allowing musicians in regimental bands to transfer to the brigade bands.  The pay of the bandleader was reduced from $105.50 a month to $45.00 a month with the rank privileges of a quartermaster sergeant.  Congress also reduced the authorized number of musicians in each band from 24 to 16.  The Act reduced the number of bands to approximately 60 and the number of musicians to about 2500.
k.
Militia units still remained under state control and were not affected by
Congressional actions.  Militia bands of 35 to 50 musicians were the rule, and the number of bands increased sharply as more militia units entered the war.  The militia bands were far superior to the Federal bands.  The majority of militia bands comprised of highly trained musicians augmented with some lesser trained performers to fill out the sound of the band.
l.
Although Congress established no standard band instrumentation, most bands
used all brass.  Brass instruments withstood the rigors of the outdoors.  Only the largest bands used woodwinds to complement the brasses.
m.
During the war, the duties of Union bands varied.  They performed concerts,
parades, reviews, and guard mount ceremonies for encamped troops.  They also drummed soldiers out of the Army and performed for funerals and executions. The bands played for troops marching into battle, actually performing concerts in forward positions during the fighting.  The martial and patriotic music the bands
performed frightened the enemy and rallied soldiers to victory.  Bands were stationed at major military hospitals lifting the morale of suffering soldiers. Bandsman day's were busy.  Buglers sounded calls throughout the day.  The
musicians sounded the call for guard mounting at 0800 each day.  Some regiments held dress parades twice a day, but most staged these events in conjunction with retreat ceremonies when regimental or brigade bands provided the music.
n.
Performing under fire became commonplace for bands under the command of
General Philip H. Sheridan.  Sheridan loved music and took a personal interest in his bands.  This was shown in the equipment, mounts, and uniforms he accorded his bandsmen.  To pay for these privileges, his bands performed at the front during battle playing the liveliest airs in their repertory.


o.
At Dinwiddie Court House, Sheridan massed all his musicians on the firing line
with the order to "play the gayest tunes in their books .... Play them loud and keep on playing them, and never mind if a bullet goes through a trombone, or even a trombonist, now and then."  General Sheridan paid tribute to Army bands when he remarked, "Music has done its share, and more than its share, in winning this war."
p.
On another occasion, General Horace Porter turned the corner of the Brooks
cross-road and the Five Forks road and "encountered one of Sheridan's bands, under heavy fire, playing Nellie Bly as cheerily as if it were furnishing music for a country picnic."
q.
Another commander who took his bands into combat was General George
Armstrong Custer.  The band spearheaded his famous cavalry charge at Columbia Furnace.  Years later, when he organized the Seventh Cavalry for the Indian Wars, Custer insisted on a mounted band.  This band led the charge at the Battle of Washita in 1868.
r.
Between battles, Union and Confederate troops showed little animosity toward
one another.  Union soldiers often traded coffee for southern-grown tobacco. From behind earthworks, bands often played concerts, including the other side's favorite songs.  On occasion, Confederate and Union bands would join in concerts when camped close together.  A Union band gave a concert for the troops stationed at Fredericksburg, VA.  After a playing a few favorite selections of the troops, a voice called from the Confederate positions across the river, "Now give us some of ours."  The band played "Dixie," a favorite of both sides, "My Maryland" and "Bonnie Blue Flag."
s.
The non-musical duties of bandsmen were primarily medical.  Before battles,
bandsmen gathered wood for splints and helped set up field hospitals.  During and after the fighting, they carried the wounded to hospitals, helped surgeons perform amputations, and discarded limbs.
t.
In addition to the bands of the Regular Army and the volunteer militias, there
were field musicians.  Field musicians, comprising of drummers and buglers,
sounded camp calls and battlefield signals.  They were not part of the band, and few could read music.  Field musicians learned by rote the calls sounded at specific times in camp or upon command in battle.
u.
Army regulations of 1863 allowed the superintendent of recruiting depots to
enlist, as field musicians, boys of twelve years of age and upward who had a natural talent for music.  After enlisting, field musicians of the Regular Army could be sent to the School of Practice on Governor's Island, New York.  They were billeted opposite from Brooklyn, at the Old South Battery.


v.
Army bandsmen's pay was substantially higher during the Civil War than
previous years.  The chief musician received $45.00 per month, one-fourth of the bandsmen received $35.00, another fourth received $20.00, and the remaining half received $17.00.  The drum major also received $17.00.  Fifers, drummers, and buglers were paid $12.00 per month.  Musicians were by no means overpaid when their high casualty rate is taken into account.  A reference to the record of the 125th Ohio Regimental Band (known as the Tiger Band) shows that only 10 of the original 36 members of this organization could still be accounted for at the end of the war in 1865.
w.
The bands were well thought of by the soldiers.  A soldier of the Twenty-fourth
Massachusetts Regiment wrote in 1862, "I don't know what we should have done without our band.  It is acknowledged by everyone to be the best in the division. Every night about sundown Gilmore gives us a splendid concert, playing selections from the operas and some very pretty marches, quicksteps, waltzes and the like." 12.
CIVILIAN BANDS REPLACE MILITARY BANDS
a.
After the war, the 1866 Union Congress faced the double expense of paying off
debts and rebuilding the country.  Reconstruction expenses forced Congress to reduce the number and size of regiments and inactivate Regular Army bands.
b.
Military music, however, was too important to be abolished by act of Congress.
Military leaders still depended heavily on bands for drills, troop movements, and ceremonies.  They also considered bands essential for troop morale.  Because Congress would not fund Regular Army bands, the Army turned to civilian bands for support.
c.
Civilian bands responded eagerly to the Army's needs.  By 1886, many civilian
bands earned most of their pay serving as official bands for military units.


d.
American civilian bands, unregulated by the military, began adopting European
styles and instrumentation.  Bandleaders reduced the sizes of their bands and added woodwinds to complement the brasses.
e.
Patrick Gilmore, long famous for his huge bands and choral spectaculars, helped
set the example for American bands.  While in Paris for the 1869 International Exhibition, he was impressed by  the pleasant blends and subtle musical shadings made possible by the addition of woodwinds to  the bands at the exhibition.  He returned to America and accepted a position as bandleader of the 22d Regiment Band of New York.  Abandoning his mass band concept, Gilmore quickly recruited 65 of the best musicians available.  Within four months, the 22d Regiment Band gave its first concert and introduced the European styles to America.


f.
Due to the great competition among the major American bands, other bandleaders
followed Gilmore's example and also looked for ways to improve their bands. Some sought new or  improved instruments.  Harvey Dodworth, conductor of both the Dodworth Band and the 13th Regiment Band of New York, added saxophones, bass clarinets, and BB-flat tubas to his bands.  Thomas Coates, director of the Easton Band of Pennsylvania, was one of the first American bandleaders to prefer piston-valved instruments over keyed bugles.
g.
The addition of woodwinds and improved instruments made bands more versatile
than ever before.  Bands could tastefully play many styles of music previously restricted to orchestras.  Bandleaders seized these new ideas quickly and began programming concerts containing fewer quicksteps and marches and more symphonic and operatic transcriptions.
h.
" A military band concert would not be complete without a stirring march,"
claimed a program for one of Patrick Gilmore's band concerts in the late 1880s. The march, originated to move troops, underwent a dramatic stylistic change in the late 1800s.  David Wallis Reeves added countermelodies in 1876. 13.
BANDS OF THE WEST
a.
During the era after the Civil War, the country expanded westward.  New posts
were established throughout the great frontier.  Although regimental bands were abolished by the Army Act of 1869, the Army carried music with it to the West. Regimental commanders continued to maintain bands.  These bands usually consisted of men detailed for that purpose.  They were paid from the regimental fund or by subscription.
b.
Post life was lonesome and unexciting with few chances to experience culture.
Leading parades, performing for dances, providing concerts and escorting funerals brought a certain amount of pomp, entertainment, and culture to remote areas.  Every evening, when not in the field, the band gave an hour concert in
front of the regimental headquarters.  Army bands were present at many historic events.  In 1869, the 21st Infantry Band helped to celebrate the joining of the nation with the golden spike at Promontory Point, Utah.
c.
Bands played for ceremonies marking the end of campaigns and hostilities.  After
Geronimo surrendered, he and the other Indian prisoners were sent to an Indian reservation located in Florida.  On September 8, 1886, the Fourth Cavalry Band assembled on the parade ground at Fort Bowie and played as the prisoners were escorted from Fort Bowie to be loaded aboard a train for Florida.
d.
On January 21, 1891, General Miles' Army staged a final grand review at the Pine
Ridge Agency to mark the end of the Ghost Dance Uprising.  On this occasion, the First Infantry Regimental Band provided the music.


e.
During this period, Lieutenant General Philip H. Sheridan commanded the
Division of the Missouri (1869 to 1883).  Many of the same officers serving under him  during the Civil War now had commands in his division.  Among them was Lieutenant Colonel George A. Custer.  As mentioned earlier, both Sheridan and
Custer loved music and knew the effect of music upon their troops.  As a result, bands found themselves at the front once more.
f.
LTC Custer insisted on a band for the Seventh Cavalry.  The musicians were
given gray mounts (horses).  This was the traditional color for musicians. Sheridan used the color gray for his bands during the Civil War.  This presented an additional requirement for the band; each bandsman also had to be a superb horseman.  In order to keep the hands free while playing, the musician controlled the horse with his knees.  It was a difficult enough task for the musician to perform while the horse was standing still or at a walk.  This problem was only compounded when playing at the charge.
g.
The mounted band of the Seventh Cavalry accompanied Custer on many
campaigns.  Playing Garry Owen, the band led his charge at the Washita River in 1868 and again in 1873 on the north bank of the Yellowstone below the mouth of the Bighorn.
h.
By 1876, a number of Congressional acts provided the Army with 40 chief
musicians, 60 principal musicians, 10 chief trumpeters, 240 trumpeters, and 628 musicians.  All the positions of chief trumpeter or trumpeter were assigned to the 10 cavalry regiments (1 chief trumpeter and 24 trumpeters per regiment).
i.
In garrison, the trumpeters were posted on a rotation basis to the guardhouse.
They played the daily calls which so regulated post life, even causing one lieutenant's wife to write, "We lived, ate, slept by the bugle calls."
j.
In the field, one bugler reported to the regimental commander as orderly bugler of
the day.  Once a command or signal was given on the march, the bugler played
the appropriate call for that command or signal.  After a pause, he repeated the last note.  The original call that was sounded became the preparatory command. The repeated last note became the signal of execution.  In addition, a call which
ascended the musical scale indicated movement to the right of the line or column while a call which descended the scale indicated movement to the left of the line or column.
k.
An additional duty of the orderly bugler of the day was messenger for the
regimental commander.  Trumpeter John Martin (Giovanni Martini, originally a drummer for Garibaldi during the wars to unite Italy) was the orderly bugler of the day at the Battle of the Little Big Horn.  His life was spared when sent back with a message from Custer's Adjutant (LT W.W. Cooke) to Colonel Benteen requesting the ammunition packs brought forward.  In 1879, Martin was called to
Chicago to give testimony at the court of inquiry investigating the events at the
Little Big Horn.
l.
The musical and non-musical requirements of the bands and field musicians often
put them on the front lines and exposed to fire.  However, they responded to these duties as they had during the Civil War.  Some of the musicians earned the Medal of Honor for their individual actions.  For example, Trumpeter John E. Clancy, Light Battery E, First Artillery, received the Medal of Honor for his actions at Wounded Knee Creek, December 29, 1890.
m.
In 1899,  an effort was made to improve military musical units by selecting
suitable men for regimental bands from recruits at depots or by special enlistment.
n.
In 1894, a War Department general order authorized one sergeant and 20 privates
per band, plus the chief musician or leader.
o.
Though no record dating before 1889 indicates any standard instrumentation for
Army bands, a list of the instruments issued to each regiment for the use of its band during the period 1889-1895 gives some indication of the instrumentation of the times.  This list included the following:  D-flat piccolo, concert flute, E-flat clarinets, B-flat clarinets, E-flat cornets, B-flat cornets or flugelhorns, E-flat altos, B-flat trombones (valve or slide), B-flat baritone, E-flat basses, snare drum, bass drum, and cymbals. 14.
THE SPANISH-AMERICAN WAR AND PHILIPPINE INSURRECTION
a.
On February 15, 1898, an explosion sank the USS MAINE in Havana Harbor
killing 266 of its crew.  The American people wanted revenge.  "Remember the Maine" became their slogan.  They called upon the Army to fight a war far from its homeland.


b.
After several land actions and two naval victories, the War with Spain ended in
just three months.  Although the battles were minor, musicians again proved they were a still viable part of the Army during peace or war.
c.
Since almost every regiment maintained a band, bands and field musicians could
be found at the front.  While at the front at Santiago, Musician Herman Phisterer, Company H, 21st Infantry, earned the Medal of Honor for assisting in the rescue of wounded in  front of the lines while under heavy fire.  Musician Oscar N. Oden, Troop 1,  10th Colored Cavalry, recommended for the Medal of Honor, received a Certificate of Merit for his actions at San Juan.  He continually exposed himself to heavy fire to obtain the exact range of the Spanish position.
d.
With the close of the Spanish-American War, Spain ceded the Philippines to the
United States.  The Filipinos, feeling they had only exchanged one master for
another, continued fighting for some years.
e.
By 1899, the Army had 41 bands and the number of musicians in each band was
increased to 28.
f.
Army bands performed at many civilian affairs.  The 1904 World's Fair featured
many outstanding bands of the time.  The Army Bands featured were:  the First United States Cavalry Band of Fort Clark, Texas, the Twenty-fourth United States Infantry Band of Fort Harrison, Montana, the Second United States Infantry Band of Fort Logan, Colorado, and the Twenty-sixth United States Cavalry Band of Fort Sam Houston, Texas.  It was an honor for these bands to perform alongside the  Sousa Band, the Marine Band and many other outstanding civilian touring bands.
g.
While stationed in the Philippines in 1908, LT Edmund L. Gruber, 5th Field
Artillery, wrote a song intended for his unit.  The words and music became The Caissons Go Rolling Along.  The words were later changed and it became the official song of the US Army, "The Army Goes Rolling Along." 15.
THE MEDAL OF HONOR
a.
Throughout the years, 32 Army musicians have been awarded the Congressional
Medal of Honor.  Twenty of the recipients served in the Civil War, 10 in the Indian Wars, 1 in the Boxer Rebellion and 1 in the Spanish-American War.
b.
During the Boxer Rebellion, an International Relief Expedition approached the
walls of Peking.  When the colonel called for volunteers to scale the city wall, twenty-two year old trumpeter Calvin P. Titus of the 14th Infantry responded: "I'll try, sir."  Without ropes or a ladder, Titus scaled the thirty-foot wall by finding hand and footholds.  He came under fire at the top, but survived the assault. Titus's gallant action inspired his fellow soldiers, who assaulted and penetrated the city wall.  Titus was appointed to West Point and one morning during the
Academy's 100th anniversary, he was called out in front of all his fellow plebes and President Theodore Roosevelt pinned the Medal of Honor on him.

16.
THE  ARMY REGAINS ITS BANDS
a.
Seeking ways to improve Army morale in the early 1900's, Army commanders
argued to Congress that bands stimulated the fighting spirit in their men. Congress authorized a school for Army bandleaders at Fort Jay (originally Fort
Columbus), Governor's Island, New York.  This school began operations in 1911.
b.
The school originated with the efforts of Dr. Frank Damrosch, director of the
Institute of Musical Art of the City of New York and Arthur A. Clappe, a former graduate of the Royal Military School of Music, Kneller Hall, England.  Ten free
wind instrumentalist scholarships were offered to the Secretary of War to train
Army musicians to become bandleaders.
c.
Ten candidates were sent to Fort Jay to take the entrance examination for
admission to the Institute of Musical Art.  Five candidates were selected out of the original ten.
d.
In 1912, preliminary theoretical examinations were sent to all regiments in the
Army to screen bandsmen for the Institute.  Seventy-five bandsmen took this test, but 10 were selected for the final exam.  Five were selected for entrance into the Institute.  In June 1913, the first class graduated from the school.
e.
The course of instruction was modeled after courses for training bandleaders in
Great Britain, France, and Germany.  The curriculum included:  musical form, applied acoustics, history of music, wind band instrumentation, military band arranging, ear training, conducting, and pedagogy.  Dr. Frank Damrosch supervised the training.  Training was accomplished at the Institute and at a branch established at Fort Jay.  Mr. Arthur Clappe directed the training at Fort Jay.  The instructors were selected from some of the most famous teachers in the United States.  Percy Grainger taught oboe at the school.
f.
A band of 25 recruit musicians were added to increase the musical experience and
to prepare students to assume bandleader duties.  The Recruit Practice Band was established in 1914.  The recruits formed various groups and received individual instruction from the band leader students.  Twice weekly, the groups assembled as a band affording each student the opportunity to assume as a bandleader.  This training not only trained the future bandleaders, but it also trained young bandsmen to fill positions in bands.
g.
By 1916, the attitude of Congress toward bands had grown more liberal.  In June
of that year, a bill was passed establishing a band for the Corps of Engineers (29 men, including the bandleader) and bands for the headquarters companies of infantry, cavalry, and artillery regiments.  These headquarters bands, of 28 men
each (including bandleader), were composed as follows:  one enlisted bandleader ($75.00 per month), one assistant bandleader and one sergeant bugler ($40.00 each), two band sergeants (same pay as other sergeants in the Army), four band
corporals (same), two musicians first class ($36.00 each), four musicians second class ($36.00 each), and 13 musicians third class ($24.00 each).
i.
During WWI, the Army Music School maintained an extensive program.  The
War Department authorized the principal of the school to examine civilian applicants for bandleader positions.  The Army needed to fill the many new positions due to the increasing number of regiments and bands. 17.
GENERAL PERSHING AND ARMY BANDS


a.
After the nations of Europe had been fighting for three years, the United States
entered into World War I.  General John J. ("Blackjack") Pershing was appointed as Commander of all Allied Expeditionary Forces in Europe.  Shortly after his arrival in early 1918, he and his staff discovered that the band music of France and Great Britain was greatly superior to that of the United States.  Since General Pershing believed bands were essential to troop morale and supported them fully, he implemented a four-point program to improve the Army's band program:

(1)  First, he urged Congress to increase the number of bands.  Congress responded in July 1918 by authorizing 20 additional bands for the duration of the war.

(2)  Second, acting on his own authority, Pershing increased regimental band strengths from 28 to 48 pieces.  This provided Army bands with their first full instrumentation.  The instrumentation for future Army Bands was set.  The following instrumentation was used:


2- flutes/piccolos


2- oboes



2- bassoons


1- E-flat clarinet


10- B-flat clarinets


2- alto clarinets


2- bass clarinets


3- saxophones (alto, tenor, baritone)


1- contra-bass sarrusophone


4- French horns


4- B-flat trumpets


2- B-flat cornets (or flugelhorns)


2- baritones or euphoniums


3- slide trombones


1- bass trombone


4- basses


2- percussion

(3)  Third, he established a band school at Chaumont, France, in 1918.  Its
curriculum included an eight-week course for bandmasters and a twelve-week course for bandsmen.  Walter Damrosch, conductor of the New York Symphony, designed the course of study.  The eight week course covered the following areas: harmony, instrumentation, and conducting.  The bandsmen studied performing on the oboe, bassoon, and French horn.  Mr. Damrosch included these instruments because he noticed they were not included in many bands in the Army Expeditionary Forces.

(4)  Fourth, he commissioned all bandleaders as First and Second Lieutenants and sought to grant them an authority equal to their responsibilities.


b.
In addition to his four-point program, General Pershing recommended a Drum
and Bugle Corps be assigned to each infantry regiment.  This was later approved.
c.
Teachers selected for the school at Chaumont were from the Paris Conservatory
of Music and ranked high in their profession.  Some of the instructors included: Andre Caplet, Marcel Durivaux, Arthur Barboul, and Charles Albert.  Albert Stosesel taught conducting and his textbook, "The Technic of the Baton," was originally written for his classes at Chaumont.
d.
A band of forty-eight musicians was assigned to provide student bandleaders a
vehicle to practice conducting and study instrumentation.  The city of Chaumont became a musical center.  There were regular chamber music recitals, the school band presented concerts, and the band performed daily at the guard mount ceremonies.  The local population attended many of the performances.  The time allowed for instruction was too short to qualify bandsmen or bandleaders in the courses studied.  The school was discontinued shortly after the signing of the armistice on November 11, 1918.
e.
Finally, when he learned that bandsmen had additional duties not related to music,
he relieved them of all duties not pertaining to the band.
f.
In addition to performing music for their units, the bands of the AEF also visited
nearby Army hospitals to give concerts for the enjoyment of patients and staff. Their music also had a high morale value for troops waiting to return home after the Armistice.  At the same time public concerts held in cities and towns where bands were stationed showed a gesture of friendship towards the music loving French and German people. 18.
THE ARMY MUSIC SCHOOL
a.
After the war, Congress returned bands to peacetime status by abolishing
bandmaster commissions.  Bandmasters were allowed to enlist as bandleaders.
Additional legislation in 1920 authorized warrant officer grades for bandmasters and reduced band strengths to 28 men in post bands and 36 men in regimental bands, although a 48-man band was retained for a time at the Infantry School at
Fort Benning, Georgia.  The quality of bands dropped as soldiers left the service.
b.
In February 1920, the Army Music School at Fort Jay was designated a Special
Services School of the Army.  In September 1921 after reorganization, the school was moved to the Army War College, Washington DC.  This ended the affiliation with the Institute of Musical Art which lasted 10 years and provided the Army with many outstanding leaders.
c.
The following courses were offered:  Bandleader-two years long.  Preparatory
Bandleader-one year long.  Advanced Instrumentalist-one year long.  Bandsmenone year long.  The total number of authorized students was 215.
d.
The Army Music School was very successful.  The number of qualified
performers increased the performance level of bands.  Though bands began to improve, budget restrictions forced the school to close in 1928. 19.
THE ARMY BAND
a.
As commander of the American Expeditionary Force, General Pershing heard
bands such as the France's Garde Replubicaine and those of the Household Guards Division in London.  At the time, the US Army had no band which could either equal or surpass our European allies or represent the Army in Washington DC.
b.
In January 1922, after becoming Chief of Staff of the Army, General Pershing
ordered Captain Perry Lewis to form The Army Band.  To best represent the Army, Captain Lewis realized he would need to gather the best musicians the Army had at the time.  The Army Band quickly gained stature as a superior musical organization. 20.
BANDS IN THE PEACETIME ARMY
a.
Shortly before this time, the strength in Army bands was cut to 28 enlisted men,
with the exception of two special bands:  The United States Army Band and The United States Military Academy Band.  Despite this reduction in strength, regimental commanders were allowed to attach extra men from the companies of their regiments to the band.  In 1932, the number of bands in the Army was limited to 83.
b.
From 1928 to 1941, bandsmen had no school.
c.
Due to the worsening conditions in Europe, the Army increased the number of
soldiers by establishing a selective draft.  In order to meet the musical
requirements of a large army, the War Department established an emergency Army Music School.  In June 1941, the Department of the Army established a school for bandmasters at the Army War College.  Soon after, the school was
relocated to Fort Myer, Virginia, and operated as part of the Adjutant General Corps.  The Army Music School was under the direct supervision of the Commander of the US Army Band.  Captain Thomas F. Darcy first served in that position until 1945.
d.
The school trained bandleaders and was three months long.  The classes were
originally limited to 25 students.  Enlisted personnel with the following qualification were selected:  three years in a Regular Army Band, physically qualified, and posses the moral and general requirements necessary for appointment as a Warrant Officer, and not over 45 years of age.


e.
The classes expanded to 75 students after the bombing of Pearl Harbor.  The
school with its short and intensive course trained many more bandleaders than the War Department ordered.  The Army Music School closed on or about 1 January 1944 after an adequate number of bandleaders graduated to supply the needs of the Army.
f.
Although the new school offered training for bandmasters, inferior performances
continued.  The absence of standards for selecting bandsmen and the fact no school existed for training bandsmen  contributed to inferior performances.
g.
In September 1941, the Bolling Army Air Corps Base Band was formed. The
original band had only four people assigned, but its strength increased rapidly over the next three months.  On March 1, 1943, the band was redesignated the United States Army Air Corps Band and became the official musical representative of the US Army Air Corps. 21.
ARMY BANDS IN WORLD WAR II
a.
Approximately 500 bands served the Army during World War II.  The bands were
categorized into three types:  special bands, separate bands, and organization bands.
b.
The United States Army Band (Pershing's Own), the US Military Academy Band,
and the US Army Air Corps Band, were the designated special bands.  As special bands, they performed at special ceremonies, concerts, parades, and recruiting drives.
c.
Separate bands were controlled by the Adjutant General and supported the
administrative, technical, and training centers to which they were attached.
d.
Organization bands were infantry units and were attached to combat commands to
provide music for the unit's combat and support troops of the division.
(Regimental bands were abolished in 1943 as individual units and consolidated to form  division bands.)


e.
Organization bands performed many non-musical duties as infantry units.  Most
bands guarded post perimeters and supply trains.  They were able to function as musical units when required, as long as they remained organically intact and held occasional rehearsals.  Many times, however, commanders would use their bandsmen as litter bearers or replacements in the line.  When it came time to use these bands as musical units, they were generally inoperative, and required several months to reorganize and retrain.
f.
Field commanders used organization bands primarily to entertain off-duty combat
troops.  Commanders made their bands more versatile and maneuverable by
dividing their bands into several small ensembles.  This also allowed them to
perform closer to the front.  Some ensembles, such as those from the 101st Airborne Division Band, played as far forward as command posts.
g.
The 28th Infantry Division Band distinguished itself during WWII.  During the
Battle of the Bulge, the divisional command post at Wiltz, Luxembourg, came under severe attack.  Members of the 28th Infantry Division Band took up arms and fought as part of  holding line around Wiltz to stop the German advance. The band put away their instruments, dug foxholes and picked up carbines.  A clarinetist, PFC Collins, manned a bazooka and then drove a truck loaded with the band's music.  He was going to save the music, but 10 miles out of Bastogne the convoy was ambushed and all the music burned.   Only 16 of the band's 60 men survived the fighting in the Ardennes.
h.
The 28th Infantry Division Band was not the only band involved in the Battle of
the Bulge.  The 101st Airborne helped hold on to Bastogne preventing it from falling to the Germans.  The 82nd Airborne Division Band was caught in the battle after being sent to the Ardennes for R & R.  The 82nd front line was stretched thin.  The 82nd Airborne Band joined the depleted front line to hold off
the German spearhead.  The band helped hold off two German Infantry Divisions and a Panzer Division.


i.
Because the demand for music units exceeded the number of available bands and


ensembles, many commanders organized Field Music Units.  Most Field Music


Units, composed of drums and bugles played by soldiers, spent their mornings


on military duties, and afternoons in rehearsals or drill.  These units became so


popular they performed extensively until the end of the war.
j.
The war in Europe was not limited to just organization bands.  The Army Band
embarked on a two week wartime tour in 1943, which lasted two years.  The band performed near Metz, not far from combat, to lift morale during the Battle of the Bulge.  The Army Band performed at countless Red Cross and USO dances and played concerts for civilians.   Of all the premier bands in Washington DC, The
Army Band is the only one to ever perform in a theater of foreign combat operations.


k.
The dance bands of the Army, due to their mobility, entertainment value, and the
positive morale factor, became important.  This was the day of the large dance bands in America and many soldiers thirsted for the music they left behind.  The selective draft brought many outstanding musicians into the Army and the Army Air Corps.
l.
The most recognized name of the big bands was Glenn Miller.  Glenn Miller was
commissioned as a captain in the US Army Specialist Corps in June 1942.  Miller did not have to enter service; he had defective vision, was above draft age and had two adopted children.  He wanted to contribute by bringing his music to
servicemen and women and to streamline and modernize military music.  After
becoming director of Army bands, he organized a plan to have 30 small dance orchestras to tour the country and one major string orchestra.  He also wrote swing arrangements of  Sousa marches.  His band would perform military ceremonies from jeeps so a full rhythm section could accompany the winds. Army officials were not receptive to the swing arrangements and Glenn Miller found himself bogged down with the Army routine.  He transferred his service to the Army Air Force and was made director of bands training for the Army Air Forces Technical Training Command.  In 1943, Glenn Miller's 45 piece orchestra began a weekly series of half hour radio programs called "I Sustain the Wings." This program included a dramatic skit to recruit men into the service and selling war bonds.  In 1944, the band, now named the American Band of the Allied Expeditionary Force, began a weekly radio program broadcasted to Europe and later to the continent.
m.
On July 20, 1942, the first contingent of women was inducted into the Women's
Army Auxiliary Corps (WAAC) at Fort Des Moines, Iowa.  By early 1943, five bands, the 400th Army Band, 401st Army Band , 402d Army Band, 403d Army Band, and the 404th Army Band were composed entirely of women.  WAAC bands were later redesignated and officially activated in the Women's Army Corps (WAC) on January 21, 1944.
n.
On July 24, 1943, two band training units were established by order of Lieutenant
General Somervell.  One was located at the Quartermaster Replacement Training Center, Camp Lee, Virginia.  The second was established at the Signal Corps Replacement Training Center, Camp Crowder, Missouri.  This training was intended only to orient qualified draftees on the mission and operation of an Army band.  It did not include any courses designed to increase the individual's instrumental proficiency.
o.
When it became apparent that the Camp Lee Training Center could handle the
entire music program, the Camp Crowder training unit was discontinued in 1944.


p.
In 1944, separate bands were authorized 28 bandsmen and one warrant officer for
each separate band.  Organization bands were authorized 56 bandsmen and two warrant officers (the same number as two separate bands combined).
q.
 In 1944, the War Department directed that a band be formed entirely of qualified
musicians who had combat service overseas.  Commanded by Chief Warrant Officer Chester Whiting, the new band was named the First Combat Infantry Band with a mission to entertain at War Bond Drives around the country.  When it was no longer possible to maintain a band comprised exclusively of musicians with combat service, plans were made to reorganize and rename the band. General Devers, Commander of the US Army Ground Forces, issued the following order to Whiting:  "I want you to organize a band that will carry into the grassroots of  our country the story of our magnificent Army, its glorious
traditions and achievements:  and of the great symbol of American manhood--the
Ground Soldier."  On March 21, 1946 the United States Ground Forces Band was activated.
r.
During World War II, supervision of Army bands was divided between the Chief
of Special Services and The Adjutant General.  No central agency had full responsibility for the technical staff supervision of all Army bands and all Army bandsmen. 22.
PEACE RETURNS
a.
After the war, the Department of the Army moved toward peacetime conditions
by inactivating entire divisions and discharging personnel.  By August 1946, the Army  total strength was 1.7 million, nearly seven million fewer than on VJ Day.
b.
Inactivations caused severe cutbacks for Army bands.  Many bands were
inactivated with their parent units.  Others were reorganized and reassigned.
c.
In 1947, the US Army Air Corps became a separate branch.  The US Army Air Corps Band, whose post war strength had been reduced to five personnel, became the nucleus of The United States Air Force Band.
d.
The closing of the bandsman training facility at Camp Lee resulted in untrained
musicians entering Army bands.  By 1948, entire bands were untrained and performing poorly.  Post commanders complained to the Department of the Army. After studying the problem, the Department of the Army recommended  schools for bandsmen be reestablished.
e.
The Women's Army Corps was also demobilized with the end of World War II.
Later legislation incorporated the Women's Army Corp into the Regular Army in June 1948.  This led to the reactivation of the 400th Army Band on July 28 1948. On August 4, 1948, the band was redesignated as the 14th Army Band (WAC), and became the only band in the Army open to women.

f.
In 1949, shortly after the war, the Chief of Special Services assumed full
responsibility for the supervision of all Army bands.  In 1950, Special Services
(including bands) became a responsibility of The Adjutant General. 23.
KOREA
a.
The North Korean invasion of South Korea delayed the implementation of a band training program.  The Department of the Army abruptly shifted its priorities to training and equipping men for action in Korea.
b.
As in World War II, bands accompanied combat units into action.  However, due
to the constant infiltration, sabotage, and behind-the-line attacks by Communist
troops, bandsmen were forced to participate in combat.  Bands traveled many
miles to perform several concerts a day for units close to the front line.  One report read, "The closer we play to the front line, and recently we have been within a half-mile of it, the more enthusiastic has been the response to our music."
As a result, bands rehearsed little, and performance quality declined.
c.
Bands did distinguish themselves in the Korean conflict.  Of ten Army bands serving in Korea, one received the Distinguished Unit Citation, six received Meritorious Unit Commendations, and six received Republic of Korea Presidential Unit Citations.
d.
In April 1950, The United States Army Ground Forces Band was renamed the
United States Army Field Band.
e.
In 1951, the Department of the Army established a 20-week basic bandsman
course at the United States Navy School of Music, and an 8-week basic course at
band training units located at Fort Ord, Fort Knox, Fort Jackson, Fort Leonard Wood, and Fort Dix.  These 8-week courses were later increased to 16 weeks.
f.
In 1953, the Department of the Army established strength and instrumentation
requirements for organization and separate bands.  Forty-two bandsmen and one warrant officer were authorized for organization bands.  Twenty-eight bandsmen and one warrant officer were authorized for separate bands (Figure 2-1).



Organization
Separate


Instrument
 Band

Band

trumpets
7

6


baritones/euphoniums           2

1


French horns
4
3


trombones
4
3


basses
3
2

flutes/piccolos                         2
1

|                                                                                     |                                               | oboe                                                                            |   1            | -    |
|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|-----------------------------------------------|---------------------------------------------------------------------------------|----------------|------|
|                                                                                     |                                               | B-flat clarinets                                                                |    10          | 6    |
|                                                                                     |                                               | bass clarinet                                                                   |   1            | -    |
|                                                                                     |                                               | bassoon                                                                         |   1            | -    |
|                                                                                     |                                               | alto  saxophones                                                                |   2            | 1    |
|                                                                                     |                                               | tenor  saxophone                     1                                          |             1  |      |
|                                                                                     |                                               | baritone saxophone                 1                                            |             1  |      |
|                                                                                     |                                               | snare drum                                                                      |   1            | 1    |
|                                                                                     |                                               | bass drum                                                                       |   1            | 1    |
|                                                                                     |                                               | piano                                                                           |   1            | 1    |
|                                                                                     |                                               |                                                                                 |                |      |
|                                                                                     |                                               | Totals                                    42                   28               |                |      |
|                                                                                     |                                               |                                                                                 |                |      |
| Figure 2-1:  Organization and Separate Bands                                        |                                               |                                                                                 |                |      |
|                                                                                     |                                               |                                                                                 |                |      |
|                                                                                     | g.                                            | In January 1956, the Department of the Army closed all band training units, and |                |      |
| the Navy School of Music assumed responsibility for all bandsman advanced           |                                               |                                                                                 |                |      |
| individual training.  Later in that same year, a bandmaster preparatory course was  |                                               |                                                                                 |                |      |
| added to the curriculum at the School of Music providing the formal training        |                                               |                                                                                 |                |      |
| necessary as a prerequisite to appointment as an Army bandmaster.                   |                                               |                                                                                 |                |      |
|                                                                                     |                                               |                                                                                 |                |      |
|                                                                                     | h.                                            | Army Regulation 220-90, dated October 1957, authorized Staff Band Officers.     |                |      |
| Staff Band Officers monitored musical activities within their Army Areas.  The      |                                               |                                                                                 |                |      |
| Second US Army appointed the first staff bands officer in December 1962.            |                                               |                                                                                 |                |      |
|                                                                                     |                                               |                                                                                 |                |      |
|                                                                                     | i.                                            | In February 1960, the 3d United States Infantry (The Old Guard) Fife and Drum   |                |      |
| Corps was formed as part of the Old Guard to support the musical requirements of    |                                               |                                                                                 |                |      |
| the 3d US Infantry, ceremonies conducted by the Military District of Washington,    |                                               |                                                                                 |                |      |
| and Ceremonies of State.  The Corps would primarily reflect the music of colonial   |                                               |                                                                                 |                |      |
| America, making it unique from other Army bands.  The instruments utilized by       |                                               |                                                                                 |                |      |
| the Corps were the fife, bugle, and colonial drum which was kept tight by a rope    |                                               |                                                                                 |                |      |
| tension system.                                                                     |                                               |                                                                                 |                |      |
|                                                                                     |                                               |                                                                                 |                |      |
|                                                                                     | j.                                            | The drum major of the Corps carries an espontoon instead of the standard mace.  |                |      |
| He is the only soldier in the United States Army authorized to salute with his left |                                               |                                                                                 |                |      |
| hand.                                                                               |                                               |                                                                                 |                |      |
|                                                                                     |                                               |                                                                                 |                |      |
| 24.                                                                                 | THE ARMED FORCES SCHOOL OF MUSIC LITTLE CREEK |                                                                                 |                |      |
|                                                                                     |                                               |                                                                                 |                |      |
|                                                                                     | a.                                            | On April 13, 1961, the Secretary of the Navy announced plans for the US Navy    |                |      |
| School of Music to be relocated to the Naval Amphibious Base at Little Creek,       |                                               |                                                                                 |                |      |
| Norfolk, Virginia.  On August 12, 1964, the doors to the Navy School of Music in    |                                               |                                                                                 |                |      |
| Washington, D.C. were secured.  The USS Cado Parish and the USS Monmouth            |                                               |                                                                                 |                |      |
| County proceeded to the US Naval Amphibious Base  loaded with musical               |                                               |                                                                                 |                |      |
| instruments and Army and Navy personnel.  Each ship had a band aboard to play       |                                               |                                                                                 |                |      |
| honors as it passed George Washington's tomb in Mt. Vernon, Virginia. This was      |                                               |                                                                                 |                |      |

the first time an Army band performed honors on a Navy ship for our first president, George Washington.  The ships landed at the Naval Amphibious Base on the morning of August 13, 1964.  By joint service agreement, the facility was
renamed the "School of Music" concurrent with the move.  One of the highlights of the move of the School of Music was the dedication ceremony concert.  Arthur Fiedler, conductor of the Boston Pops, guest conducted the School of Music Concert Band.
b.
With the establishment of Enlisted Bandleader (E8) positions, a training program
directed toward qualifying enlisted members for positions was programmed and implemented.  This course became a prerequisite for the Warrant Officer Bandmaster Course of Instruction.
c.
In the spring of 1965, US troops intervened in the Dominican Republic in the


midst of a civil war.  The 82nd Airborne Division Band accompanied the

division into the capital city, Santo Domingo, as a corridor cutting the city in


half was established.  In May, as a demonstration of good will and espirit de


corps, the 82nd Airborne Division Band held a parade in the sniper infested


corridor.  Aside from boosting morale and appealing to the local populace, the


parade was designed to convey a message to the rebels that Americans were not

to be intimated.  Bandmembers had their rifles strapped to their backs as they


marched.
25.
VIETNAM
a.
As the US presence in Vietnam increased, bands once again prepared for combat.
By 1969, eight bands were stationed in Vietnam.  Seven of those bands belonged to divisions.  They were assigned to the lst, 4th, 9th, 23d(Americal), 25th, 101st, and lst Cav Divisions.  One Army band, the 266th, was assigned to the headquarters in Saigon.  The RVN Armed Force Band Headquarters and Band School at Thu Duc Market Place oversaw the band program in Vietnam to include administration, budget, training and supply.
b.
Bands in Vietnam, like those in Korea, often performed in combat areas.  They
flew into combat areas with instruments and weapons, prepared to play pop concerts or military ceremonies and to fight when needed.
c.
In Vietnam, bandsmen built bunkers and served as guards for both inside and
outside defensive perimeters, as well as being a vital part of pacification operations.  While another unit screened people in a village for Viet Cong soldiers, bands presented concerts and variety entertainment to keep the noncombatant populace away from the screening unit.  The people enjoyed the concerts and screening was completed without disturbance.  Bands gave powerful psychological support to the troops in conflicts.  The appearance of rock and jazz groups in remote areas assured combat soldiers they had not been forgotten.


d.
One notable example of the use of bands in Vietnam was the "Thunder Road"
incident, which received national publicity.  Major General John Hay, Commanding General of the First Infantry Division, ordered his band to march
down "Thunder Road" for a distance of one mile while playing the march Colonel Bogey.  This road was critical to the division, but was under control of a North Vietnamese Army regiment located less than a mile away.  The enemy, confused by the action, withdrew from the area.  The band fulfilled a remarkable combat mission without firing a shot.
e.
Bands were also used during the 1968 inner city riots in the United States.
National Guard Bands performed in the inner cities to calm the populace.  The 82nd Airborne Band assisted in controlling civil disturbances around Washington DC.


f.
There were three types of Army bands during this time:  special, organization, and
separate.
g.
Organization bands were composed of 1 bandmaster and 42 bandsmen.  These
bands were organized and activated depending on the nature of the command to which they were assigned.
h.
Separate bands consisted of 1 bandmaster and 28 bandsmen.  The 29 separate
bands were upgraded to 45 personnel; 42 bandsmen, 1 warrant officer, 1 supply sergeant, and 1 unit clerk.  The division (organizational) bands remained at 43 personnel.
i.
In 1970, a group leader course was established at the School of Music.  This
course trained group leaders with the leadership and musical skills at an intermediate level.  It filled the gap between the basic and advanced courses offered at the School of Music.  The first class enrolled in January 1971.
j.
Until January 1972, on-the-job-training (OJT) was limited to Active Army band
enlistees attaining over 90% on the initial acceptance audition.  The OJT, due to limited success, was discontinued for all Active Army bands in January 1972 except the special bands (O2S MOS).
k.
In 1972, the 50th Army Band of Fort Monroe, VA and the 69th Army Band of
California combined to form the 50th Army band commonly referred to as the United States Continental Army Band or the TRADOC Band.  The authorized strength of the band was 72 personnel (71 enlisted and 1 warrant officer).
l.
The second 72 personnel band was formed in 1973.  The Third US Army Band
and the 214th Army combined to form the 72-piece 214th Army Band.  This band, stationed at Fort McPherson, is commonly referred to as the FORSCOM Band or the Army Ground Forces Band.

26.
POST VIETNAM ERA
a.
In 1975, the Department of the Army inactivated 13 bands.  The number of
musical activities in the Army decreased to fifty:  29 separate and 16 division bands; 3 special bands; the 3rd US Infantry Fife and Drum Corps; and the US Army Element, School of Music.  The number of personnel in the 29 separate increased to 45; 42 bandsmen, 1 warrant officer, 1 supply sergeant, and 1 unit clerk.  Division Bands remained at 43 personnel.


b.
The 14th Army Band remained all female until 1975.  The Department of the
Army directed the WAC Band begin male integration in January 1977. However, the first male bandmember was assigned to the 14th Army Band in December 1975.  On August 4, 1976, the first male commander was assigned to the 14th
Army Band.
c.
The two 72-piece separate bands were reduced in strength in 1977.  The 50th
Army Band was reduced to 64 enlisted personnel, and the bandmaster position changed from a warrant officer to a commissioned officer.  The 214th Army Band
was also reduced to 64  enlisted personnel, and the bandmaster position was changed from a warrant officer to commissioned officer.  The 50th Army and 214th Army Bands acquired some characteristics of special bands:

(1)
Enlisted personnel held MOS 02S (special bandsman).

(2)
Enlisted assignment were stabilized indefinitely.
d.
In fiscal year 1978,  band strength was again reduced.  Separate bands reduced
from 45 to 41 personnel with the elimination of one supply sergeant position, one unit clerk position, and two clarinet positions.  Division (organization) bands reduced from 43 to 41 personnel with the elimination of two clarinet positions. 27.
THE BICENTENNIAL BAND
a.
On February 19, 1974,  Army, Navy, and Air Force bandmasters met at Ft. Meade to provide a comprehensive plan for a multi-service band to celebrate the nation's bicentennial.  The band was open to active duty members of the various services as well as top musicians attending leading music schools across the nation.  The band comprised of 91 musicians and 30 support personnel.
b.
The band toured all 50 states, Canada, Mexico, Puerto Rico, and the Virgin
Island.  The first appearance was in Dover, Delaware on April 9, 1975.  Twenty months later on December 9, 1976, at a Pentagon ceremony, the band performed for the last time.


c.
The amount of miles traveled and the exposure to the public by the Bicentennial
Band has never been matched.  It is a testimony to what the different services can accomplish when music and working together is of prime importance. 28.
BANDS IN THE 1980'S
a.
The 33d Army Band became the third separate band with a strength adjustment to
64 bandsmen and one commissioned officer bandmaster.  The 33d Army Band is located at USAREUR headquarters and is commonly referred to as the USAREUR Band.
b.
In November 1981, the Army published TRADOC Pamphlet 525-13, US Army
Operational Concepts Use of Army Bands in Combat Areas.  TRADOC Pam 525-
13 identifies the musical support provided before, during, and after combat.  This
publication also identified a secondary mission for Army bands.  Bands assume the secondary mission when combat reaches an intensity that makes the primary music mission impractical.  The secondary mission includes four areas.

(1)
Command post security.

(2)
Perimeter defense.

(3)
Traffic control.

(4)
Prisoner of war security.
c.
The Department of the Army published Design Guide 1110-3-119 in March 1983 to assist in the planning, programming, and design of Army band training facilities.  It provides space guidelines for practice, rehearsal, and other functions in support of  Army Bands' military mission.
d.
On June 28, 1984, the Army established the Office of Chief, Army Bands at Fort
Benjamin Harrison, Indiana.   This office became the proponent for all matters pertaining to the Army Bands Program.  With the establishment of this office, Army bands fall under the control of the Soldier Support Center instead of the Adjutant General Office.
e.
Starting in 1984, musicians were required to audition and obtain an Additional
Skill Identifier (ASI) of Cl, prior to assignment at the 50th Army Band, 214th Army Band, and the 33rd Army Band.  An audition score of 3.0 or higher is required for the C1 identifier.  The three bands lost their O2S (Special Band) status and needed a system to identify superior performers.  This program is still in effect as this subcourse is written.
f.
The advanced training courses for Army bandsmen underwent major revision in
1984.  The Groupleader Course  (F2) graduated its last class in November 1984.
In December 1984, the last Enlisted Bandleader Course graduated from the School of Music and the course was discontinued.


g.
In 1983, the School of Music ended its long relationship with the Training and
Doctrine Command (TRADOC) as a separate service school and was integrated into the Soldier Support Center.  All advanced courses underwent major revisions and aligned with the Noncommissioned Officer Education System (NCOES). NCOs were now able to obtain credit on their official military records for classes taken, something that was unavailable under the old system.  The following courses were offered:

(1)
Advanced Noncommissioned Officer Course (ANCOC).  This  course
trained sergeants first class and promotable staff sergeants.  A common
core, covering military training, was taught prior to arrival at the technical
track at the School of Music.  Training covered rehearsal techniques for ensemble and stage bands; band supply, administration, and operation procedures; and augmentation mission.  The first ANCOC class began training at the School of Music in September 1984.  Common Core was first taught at Ft. Ben Harrison, later moved to Ft. Eustis and finally established at the School of Music in 1996.

(2)
Basic Noncommissioned Officer Course (BNCOC).  This course trained
staff sergeants and promotable sergeants.  These bandmembers received training in section rehearsal techniques and drum majoring.  They also received augmentation mission training as squad leaders/team leaders. The first BNCOC class was enrolled in June 1985.
h.
In May 1985, one additional commissioned officer was authorized for the 50th
Army, 214th Army, and 33rd Army Bands.  In November 1985, the 214th Army Band (FORSCOM) was designated as The Army Ground Forces Band.
i.
On December 16, 1985, the SHAPE Ceremonial and Musical Detachment,
Belgium announced 12 MOS openings.  The first MOS bandsman arrived in February 1986.
j.
All bands were authorized as separate companies 1 October 1985.  Actions were
started to withdraw all division bands from the AG Company of the division and reorganize them as separate companies.  Separate and division bands were authorized 40 MOS bandsmen and 1 warrant officer.
k.
In 1986, the groupleader MOS's (02P,02Q, and 02R) were eliminated.  The skill
level was extended to skill level for each instrumental MOS's.  The MOS 02U for electric bass was added.  These changes became effective October 1 1986.
1.
In August 1986, Army bands were categorized into three different types:  special
bands, MACOM bands, and division/separate bands.
m.
The following bands were designated as special bands.


(1)
The United States Army Band, Fort Myer, Virginia.

(2)
United States Army Field Band, Fort Meade, Maryland.

(3)
United States Military Academy Band, West Point, New York.
n.
The following bands were designated as MACOM bands.

(1)
The 50th Army Band (United States Continental Army Band), Fort
Monroe, Virginia.


(2)
The 33rd Army Band, Heidelberg, Germany (USAREUR).

(3)
The 214th Army Band, Fort McPherson, Georgia (FORSCOM).
o.
Two division bands (the 6th Infantry Division Band, Fort Richardson, Alaska, and
the 10th Mountain Division Band, Fort Drum, New York) were activated in fiscal
year (FY ) 88.  No increase in the total number of musicians in the Army was authorized.  In order to fill the vacancies created by these activations, several actions were accomplished.

(1)
Division and Army (numbered) bands began operating with a strength of
39 bandsmen and 1 warrant officer.  This eliminated one position from each division and Army band and helped support the two new division bands.

(2)
The remaining spaces were filled by eliminating seven positions from the
214th Army Band and the 50th Army Band, one position from the Chief, Army Bands Office, and the rest from the School of Music.

29.
OPERATION JUST CAUSE
a.
The capturing of Manuel Noriega in Panama brought bands into combat again.
The 79th Army Band, 82nd Airborne Band, 5th Infantry Division (Mech) Band, and the 7th Infantry Division Band participated in the operation.
b.
The 79th Army Band was the only band involved in combat in Panama.  The band
guarded the command post and Tactical Operations Center.  As the rest of the command returned to normal duties, the band still performed a security mission. The only musical mission was buglers performing for memorial services.
c.
The other bands remained in the continental United States (CONUS) providing
musical support to returning troops. 30.
DESERT SHIELD/STORM


a.
The invasion of Iraq into Kuwait in 1990 brought the US into conflict again.
Bands once again distinguished themselves.
b.
Eight bands saw duty in the Gulf War.  They were:  1st Armored Division Band,
1st Cavalry Division Band, 1st Infantry Division Band, 3rd Armored Division Band, 24th Infantry Division Band, 82nd Airborne Division Band, 84th Army
Band,  and 101st Airborne Division (Air Asslt).
c.
In addition, two National Guard Bands, the 129th Army Band, and the 151st Army Band, were activated to support Ft. Campbell while the 101st Airborne
Division Band was stationed in the Gulf.  The two National Guard bands provided
musical support to the families during the war.  They also performed for troops returning from Desert Storm.
d.
Bands' duties were varied.  The 24th ID Band provided little musical support.
The 3d Armored Division Band provided music up to and including the start of the war.  The 3AD Band performed on the enemy side of a berm while the Division advanced into Iraqi territory.  Many bandsmen spent countless hours guarding the perimeter. 31.
HURRICANE ANDREW
a.
In 1992, Hurricane Andrew struck southern Florida.  Damages and casualties
were catastrophic.  The federal government helped the recovery with the operation Provide Comfort.  As part of the effort, two bands provided support to
the area.
b.
The 10th Mountain Division Band, and the 13th Army Band (Florida National
Guard) performed concerts for refugees and relief workers, and provided other valuable assistance.  These concerts boosted morale and provided authorities an effective means to gather people and disseminate supplies and information. 32.
HAITI
a.
In October 1995, the 82nd Airborne Band participated in Operation Uphold

Democracy.  The band performed numerous concerts for US and NATO troops

as well as the Haitian people.  In addition to a musical mission, the band also

went on patrols.
b.
The 10th Mountain Division Band also participated in Operation Uphold

Democracy.  The band entertained troops, dignitaries at the Ambassador's  house,

and the Haitian people.  When not playing music, the band guarded points within

their area. 33.
DOWNSIZING THE ARMY


a.
The fall of the Berlin Wall, the demise of communism and lessons learned from
Desert Shield/Storm and Operation Just Cause provided the catalyst for the Army to evaluate its concepts and doctrine.  The need for a "peace dividend" generated cuts in the size of the Army.  The Army will scale down to 10 Divisions by 1997. Troop population will fall to 495,000 from 590,000.
b.
The Army Band field was not immune to cuts.  The Army will cut 19 bands in the
1990s.
c.
The following active Army Bands, as of 96 May, have been inactivated:  First
Army Band, Ft. Meade, MD; 1st Infantry Division Band, Ft. Riley, KS; Fourth
Army Band, Ft. Sheridan, IL;  4th Infantry Band, Ft. Carson, CO; 6th Army Band, Presidio-SF, CA;  7th Infantry Division Band, Ft. Ord, CA; 18th Army Band, Ft. Devens, MA; Ft 19th Army Band, Ft. Dix, NJ; 26th Army Band, Ft. Hamilton, NY; 74th Army Band, Ft. Ben Harrison, IN; 298th Army Band, Berlin, GE, and the 493d Army Band, Frankfurt, GE.
d.
The following Reserve/ARNG Component Bands, as of 96 May, have closed:
26th Division Band, Boston, MA, and the 50th Division Band, E. Orange, NJ.
e.
The following Active Bands are slated for inactivation:  14th Army Band, Ft.
McClellan, and the 79th Army Band, Ft Clayton, Panama.
f.
The following Reserve/ARNG Bands are slated for inactivation:  59th Army
band, Sacramento, CA and the 159th Army Band, San Rafael, CA. 34.
BOSNIA
a.
The United States involvement in the peace mission in Bosnia again allowed
bands to experience combat.  The following bands found themselves in Bosnia: the 1st AD Band, the 76th Army Band, and the 33rd Army Band.
b.
As with other conflicts, band's missions varied.  The 33rd and 76th Army Band
concentrated on a musical mission.  The 1st AD Band performed both a musical and security mission with one week on and one week off.  When performing guard duty, the band splits in half and part of the band performs guard duty and part is available for musical commitments.  The commander utilized small groups during that time.  When guard duty is not a band tasking, the entire band performs together.
LESSON 2

PRACTICE EXERCISE
The following items will test your understanding of the material covered in this lesson. There is only one correct answer for each item.  When you have completed the exercise, check your answers with the answer key that follows.  If you answer any item incorrectly, review that part of the lesson again before continuing.
1.
What was Patrick Gilmore known for?

A.
He introduced the Royal Kent (keyed) Bugle to American bands.


B.
He was the first Teacher of Music at the United States Military

Academy Band.


C.
He was a conductor, famous for his huge bands and choral  spectaculars.


D.
He was the bandleader for General George Custer.
2.
In 1954, what was the composition of separate bands?


A.
28 bandsmen and 1 bandmaster.


B.
39 bandsmen and 1 bandmaster.


C.
40 bandsmen and 1 bandmaster.


D.
56 bandsmen and 1 bandmaster.
3.
The introduction of which of the following allowed brasses to play chromatic
melodies and expanded the scoring possibilities for Army bands?

A.
Besson piston-valved trumpet


B.
Royal Kent (keyed) Bugle


C.
Crooks


D.
French horn with rotary valves
4.
In 1981, the 33d Army Band's strength increased to which of the


following?


A.
64 enlisted and one warrant officer


B.
64 enlisted and one commissioned officer


C.
72 enlisted and one warrant officer


D.
72 enlisted and one commissioned officer

5.
In 1972, which two bands combined to become the 50th Army Band?

A.
The 50th Army Band and the 298th Army Band


B.
The 50th Army Band and the 214th Army Band


C.
The 50th Army Band and the 33rd Army Band


D.
The 50th Army Band and the 69th Army Band
6.
After the Civil War, the 1866 Union Congress increased the size and numbers of
military bands in order to uplift the morale of the American public.

A.
True

B.
False
7.
Who wrote the manual of drill instruction General Washington recommended for
the entire Army?


A.
General Andrew Lewis


B.
General Artemus Ward


C.
Baron von Steuben


D.
Richard Willis
8.
In what year did Congress establish a band school at Washington Barracks in
Washington DC?

A.
1898


B.
1905


C.
1921


D.
1928
9.
What were the duties of the field musicians during the Civil War?

A.
Sounding calls and signals


B.
Performing evening reviews


C.
Playing concerts for soldiers in the field


D.
Gathering wood for splints
10.
What types of bands served the Army during World War II?

A.
Special, separate, and organization bands


B.
Special, division, and organization bands


C.
Special, MACOM, and division bands


D.
Special, separate and division bands, and field music units

11.
On 16 December 1985, the Chief, Army Bands Office announced


vacancies for 12 MOSs at which unit?


A.
Instructors at the School of Music


B.
The SHAPE Ceremonial and Musical Detachment


C.
The United States Army Band


D.
The MACOM Bands
12.
The number of Army bands was increased in which year?

A.
1866


B.
1985


C.
1918


D.
1781

PRACTICE EXERCISE

ANSWER  KEY AND FEEDBACK

Item

Correct  Answer  and  Feedback 1.

C.  He was a conductor, famous for his huge bands and choral
spectaculars.


paragraph 12e 2.

A.  28 bandsmen and 1 Warrant Officer

paragraph 23e

3.

B.  Royal Kent (keyed) Bugle

paragraph 6i 4.

B.  64 enlisted and one officer

paragraph 26a 5.

D. The 50th Army Band and the 69th Army Band

paragraph 24k 6.

B.  False

paragraph 12a 7.

C.  Baron von Steuben


paragraph 4a 8.

C.  1921


paragraph 18b 9.

A.  Sounding calls and signals


paragraph 11t 10.

A.  Special, separate, and organization bands

     paragraph 26a 11.

B.  the SHAPE Ceremonial and Musical Detachment



paragraph 26i 12.

C.  1918


paragraph 17b

APPENDIX

LIST OF PUBLICATIONS

The following publications were used in preparing this subcourse.  For a more in depth study of Army and American Band history refer to these publications. The New Grove Dictionary of  Musical Instruments, MacMillan Press Limited, London, Grove's Dictionaries of Music Inc., New York, NY 1984 The New Grove Dictionary of American Music, MacMillan Press Limited, London, Grove's Dictionaries of Music Inc., New York, NY 1986.

The Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, MacMillan Press Limited, London, Grove's Dictionaries of Music Inc., New York, NY 1980. Camus, Raoul F*.  Military Music of the American Revolution,* The University of North Carolina Press, Chapel Hill, NC 1976. Goldman, Richard Franko *The Concert Band,* Rinehart and Company Inc. 1946. Hazen , Margaret Hindle and Robert M., The Music Men:  Illustrated History of Brass Bands in America 1800-1920, Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington D.C. 1987. Helbig, Otto H.  *A History of Music in the U.S. Armed Forces During WW II,* M.W. Lads Publishing Company, Philadelphia, PA 19104. Johannsen, Dale F.  *History of Military Music to 1900,* A Report submitted by Dale F. Johannsen, 17 May 1971. Langellier, John P. And Railsback, Thomas C.  The Drums Would Roll, A Pictorial History of US Army Bands on the American Frontier 1866-1900, Sterling Publishing Company Inc., New York, NY 1987. Olsen, Kenneth E.  *Music and Musket,* Greenwood Press, Westport, CT 1981. Rose, Harold P.  *The Army Musician in Time of War*, A paper by COL Harold P. Rose. Schwartz, H.W.  *Bands of America,* Doubleday and Company Inc., Garden City, NY. Washburn, Charles  *Reminisence of a Civil War Bandsman.* Whitwell, David *The History of the Wind Band and Wind Ensemble,* Winds, Northridge, CA
1984.