# Army Motor Transport Operations

## August 2020

DISTRIBUTION RESTRICTION: Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited.

This publication supersedes ATP 4-11, dated 5 July 2013.

## Headquarters, Department Of The Army

This publication is available at the Army Publishing Directorate site
(https://armypubs.army.mil), and the Central Army Registry site
(https://atiam.train.army.mil/catalog/dashboard).

## Army Motor Transport Operations Contents

Page
PREFACE........ iii
INTRODUCTION ........ v
Chapter 1
FUNDAMENTALS OF MOTOR TRANSPORT........ 1-1
Army Motor Transport Operations ........ 1-1 Operational Environment ........ 1-1 Principles of Sustainment ........ 1-2 Tenets of Army Transportation Operations ........ 1-3 Summary ........ 1-4
Chapter 2
MOTOR TRANSPORT UNITS ........ 2-1
Echelons Above Brigade Motor Transport ........ 2-1 Brigade and Below Motor Transport ........ 2-9 Duties and Responsibilities ........ 2-10
Summary ........ 2-14
Chapter 3
MOTOR TRANSPORT PLANNING AND OPERATIONS ........ 3-1
Command Roles in Transportation Asset Allocation ........ 3-1
Planning for Motor Truck Transportation ........ 3-4 Motor Transport In Support of Distribution Operations ........ 3-6 Summary ........ 3-13
Appendix A
TRANSPORTATION SUPPORT WITHIN SUSTAINMENT HEADQUARTERS ..... A-1
Appendix B
OCCUPATION AND ORGANIZATION OF THE TRUCK COMPANY AREA ........ B-1
Appendix C
PREVENTIVE MAINTENANCE ........ C-1
Appendix D
ROAD NETWORK EVALUATION ........ D-1
Appendix E
ROAD MOVEMENT PLANNING ........E-1
Appendix F
LOADS AND LOADING TECHNIQUES ........ F-1
Appendix G
MOTOR TRANSPORT EQUIPMENT CONTROL ........ G-1
Appendix H
CONVOY CONTROL ........ H-1
Appendix I
CONUS MILITARY CONVOYS ........ I-1
Appendix J
COMMUNICATIONS AND COMMUNICATIONS SECURITY ........ J-1
Appendix K
MILITARY VEHICLE AXLE WEIGHT DISTRIBUTION FORMULAS AND
PERCENTAGES ........ K-1

DISTRIBUTION RESTRICTION: Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited.

## Preface

ATP 4-11 provides detailed information on Army motor transport operations. It discusses the principles and fundamentals of motor transport as well as the responsibilities of key personnel assigned to Army motor transport units. The principal audience for ATP 4-11 is any member of the profession of arms. Commanders and staffs of Army headquarters serving as joint task force or multinational headquarters should also refer to applicable joint or multinational doctrine concerning the range of military operations and joint or multinational operations. Trainers and educators throughout the Army will also use this publication. Commanders, staffs, and subordinates ensure that their decisions and actions comply with applicable United States, international, and, in some cases host-nation laws and regulations. Commanders at all levels ensure their Soldiers operate in accordance with the law of armed conflict and applicable rules of engagement. (See FM 6-27/MCTP 11-10C).
ATP 4-11 implements STANAG 2021. ATP 4-11 uses joint terms where applicable. Selected joint and Army terms and definitions appear in both the glossary and the text. Terms for which ATP 4-11 is the proponent publication (the authority) are italicized in the text and are marked with an asterisk (*) in the glossary. Terms and definitions for which ATP 4-11 is the proponent publication are boldfaced in the text. For other definitions shown in the text, the term is italicized and the number of the proponent publication follows the definition. ATP 4-11 applies to the Active Army, Army National Guard/Army National Guard of the United States, and United States Army Reserve unless otherwise stated. The proponent of ATP 4-11 is the United States Army Combined Arms Support Command. The preparing agency is the G3 Doctrine Division, United States Army Combined Arms Support Command. Send comments and recommendations on a Department of the Army (DA) Form 2028 (Recommended Changes to Publications and Blank Forms) to Commander, United States Army Combined Arms Support Command, ATTN: ATCL-TDID (ATP 4-11), 2221 A Avenue, Building 5020, Fort Lee, VA 23801-1809 or submit an electronic DA Form 2028 by e-mail to: usarmy.lee.tradoc.mbx.leee-cascom-doctrine@mail.mil.

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## Introduction

ATP 4-11, *Army Motor Transport Operations*, is the Army's doctrine for the use of motor transport in support of unified land operations. The doctrine in ATP 4-11 is nested with FM 3-0, *Operations*, and FM 4-0, Sustainment Operations. The four functions of Army transportation are movement control, intermodal operations, mode operations, and theater distribution. Army transportation uses various surface and air modes (for example, truck, lighterage, railcar, and aircraft), to transport units, personnel, equipment, and various classes of supply to support unified land operations. The focus of ATP 4-11 is to discuss motor transport operations. Motor transport is the most flexible of all the surface and air modes of transport. Motor transport operations are broad in scope and are conducted both intertheater and intratheater, from the strategic support area in the continental United States (CONUS) to the front line of troops in a theater. Motor transport fulfills movement requirements for activities that include tactical mobility, sustainment mobility, personnel replacements, and casualty evacuation. It serves as the link between the other modes in support of large-scale combat operations as far forward as possible, enabling operational reach, freedom of action, and endurance. For detailed information on the other surface and air modes of transport see ADP 4-0, *Sustainment*, ATP 4-0.1, *Theater Distribution*, ATP 4-12, Army Container Operations, ATP 4-13, *Army Expeditionary Intermodal Operations*, ATP 4-14, Expeditionary Railway Centers Operations, ATP 4-15, *Army Watercraft Operations*, and ATP 4-16, *Movement Control*. ATP 4-11 contains three chapters and fourteen appendices:
Chapter 1 discusses the fundamentals of motor transport operations. It provides the audience an overview of motor transport, the operational environment in which Army motor transport operations could occur, and the principles and tenets that guide Army motor transportation operations. It also discusses motor transport in support of unified land operations.
Chapter 2 discusses the mission, composition and description of truck companies at echelons above and below the brigade combat team level. Finally, this chapter provides information on the roles and responsibilities of personnel assigned to motor transport units.

Chapter 3 discusses motor transport planning and operations. It discusses command roles in transportation asset allocation, tactical operations that affect motor transport planning consideration, planning for motor truck transportation, motor truck in support of distribution operations, methods of distribution operations, accountability of transportation assets, and maintenance services, as these relate to Army motor transport operations.

Appendix A describes select Army sustainment organizations and the relationships with transportation units.

Appendix B describes procedures for organization and operation of a truck company area. Appendix C provides procedures and responsibilities for leadership to supervise preventive maintenance. Appendix D provides procedures for operators and leaders to use to evaluate road networks. Appendix E describes road movement planning, planning factors, and roles and responsibilities for commanders and special staffs.

Appendix F provides roles and responsibilities for unit training on vehicle loads and cargo loading. Appendix G provides procedures for manual reports and control of motor transport equipment. Appendix H describes procedures on convoy control and convoy operations. Appendix I describes procedures for CONUS convoy military operations. Appendix J describes the automation information systems used to provide asset visibility. Appendix K provides vehicle weight scales for moving truck convoys over CONUS public highways.

## Contents

Appendix L provides actions and procedures to a transportation company for survivability in large-scale combat operations.

Appendix M provides a conversion table for calculation of liquid and weight conversion of United States units to metric units and vice versa.

Appendix N provides a brief overview on the use of semi-autonomous vehicle technology, such as leaderfollower.

## Chapter 1 Fundamentals Of Motor Transport

Army motor transport provides tactical and sustainment mobility in support of unified land operations. Unified land operations are the simultaneous execution of offense, defense, stability, and defense support of civil authorities across multiple domains to shape operational environments, prevent conflict, prevail in large-scale ground combat, and consolidate gains as part of unified action (ADP 3-0). Chapter 1 provides an overview of Army motor transport, the operational environment in which Army motor transport operations could occur, and the principles and tenets that guide Army motor transport operations.

## Army Motor Transport Operations

 Surface and air are the two modes of Army transportation operations. The surface mode of transport includes motor, water and rail. The air mode of transport consists of fixed-wing and rotary-wing aircraft. The focus of ATP 4-11 is motor transport operations. For detailed information on surface and air modes of transport and other transportation functions see ADP 4-0, ATP 4-0.1, ATP 4-12, ATP 4-13, ATP 4-14, ATP
4-15, and ATP 4-16.

 A *motor transport operation* is a ground support function that includes moving and transferring units, personnel, equipment, and supplies by motor vehicle to support operations. Motor transport units together with terminal operators and movement control units form the backbone of a combatant commander's transportation capability. Army motor transport units are the largest provider of surface movement within joint forces and are often augmented by organic, host nation, and contracted resources. Motor transport operations are an integral aspect of the Army's support to unified land operations.

 Army motor transport organizations move units, personnel and cargo as far forward as possible to enable freedom of action, extend operational reach and prolong endurance. During large-scale combat operations, motor transport units may require augmentation to support tactical and sustainment mobility. Tactical mobility is the ability to displace personnel and equipment during combat operations in order to survive enemy threats, maintain momentum, and extend operational reach. Sustainment mobility is the ability to support logistics, financial management, personnel services, and health service support operations. Motor transport operations provide essential distribution and lift capabilities for supporting sustainment mobility.

 Army motor transport operations may be conducted anywhere in the world, therefore motor transport units should remain rapidly deployable as they are the predominant mode of ground transport for movement to the port of embarkation in CONUS and from the port of debarkation outside the CONUS into an operational area. Transportation units should be highly trained and capable of operating in various operational environments.

## Operational Environment

 An *operational environment* is a composite of the conditions, circumstances, and influences that affect the employment of capabilities, and bear on the decisions of the commander (JP 3-0). In order to understand the environment in which operations may occur, motor transportation units analyze variables that include environmental factors, infrastructure, physical environment, and time relationships across air, land, maritime, space, and cyber domains.
 Assessment of the operational environment involves analysis of the operation along with mission variables to determine infrastructure, environmental factors, and resources that can optimize or adversely affect motor transport operations. The mission variables are mission, enemy, terrain and weather, troops and support available, and civil considerations. For example, Army motor transport units must provide drivers detailed up-to-date information regarding the conditions of road networks, weather forecasts, and enemy disposition. Timely and relevant information regarding infrastructure, environmental conditions, and threats facilitate planning and the execution of effective motor transport operations. For additional information, see FM 2-0, FM 3-0, and FM 4-0.

 Whether within CONUS or outside the CONUS, motor transport units are organized, equipped, and trained to meet mission requirements. The range of military operations in figure 1-1 is a fundamental construct that helps relate military activities and operations in scope and purpose within a backdrop of the competition continuum. All operations along this range share a common fundamental purpose to achieve or contribute to national objectives. Sustainment forces play a key role in military engagements, security cooperation, and deterrence activities. These roles help build networks and relationships with bi-lateral partners, shape regions, keep day-to-day tensions between nations or groups below the threshold of armed conflict, and maintain United States global influence. Typically, the purpose of crisis response and limited contingency operations is to achieve a specific strategic or operational-level objective in an operational area.

Large-scale combat operations occur in the form of major operations and campaigns aimed at defeating an enemy's armed forces and military capabilities in support of United States national objectives.

## Principles Of Sustainment

 While developing and evaluating courses of action for employment of Army motor transport, commanders and staffs use the principles of sustainment and the tenets of Army transportation operations as tools to assess feasibility. The principles of sustainment and tenets of Army transportation guide the planning for and execution of Army motor transport operations. Both principles and tenets (as shown in figure 1-2)
assist commanders and staffs in visualizing how to conduct Army motor transport operations. For additional information, see ADP 4-0 and FM 4-0.
 A *principle* is a comprehensive and fundamental rule or an assumption of central importance that guides how an organization approaches and thinks about the conduct of operations (ADP 1-01). The principles of sustainment (integration, anticipation, responsiveness, simplicity, economy, survivability, continuity, and improvisation) are independent but also interrelated. Motor transport operations must be integrated into the concept of operations in order to be responsive and provide continuity to sustainment operations. Motor transport operations economize on weight versus cubing of a vehicle and simplify planning and hauling techniques while ensuring survivability of personnel and supplies. Planners should maximize assets and ensure they are fully loaded for Army motor transport operations.

## Tenets Of Army Transportation Operations

 *Tenets of operations* are desirable attributes that should be built into all plans and operations and are directly related to the Army's operational concept (ADP 1-01). The purpose of the tenets is to provide planners with criteria to evaluate whether plans and operations are designed to achieve the desirable characteristics. Tenets of Army transportation operations describe the Army's approach to supplying mobility across the range of military operations during unified land operations. Army transportation operations are characterized by the tenets (centralized control and decentralized execution, forward support, fluid and flexible movements, effective use of assets and carrying capacity, in-transit visibility. [ITV], regulated movements, and interoperability).
 Examples of applying principles and tenets to plans for Army motor transport operations are


The application of fluid and flexible movement is an important aspect of freedom of action; when
these two are interrelated with improvisation, responsiveness, and continuity they create successful transportation operations for continuous and fluid services. The ability to reroute and divert assets provides flexibility, which is instrumental in a dynamic operational environment where priorities are constantly changing. The ability to adjust assets and reprioritize requirements either as missions are planned or as missions are in execution is vital to operational success.

The application of ITV is the ability to track the identity, status, and location of Department of Defense units, non-unit cargo (excluding bulk petroleum, oils, and lubricants) and passengers from origin to either consignee or destination across the range of military operations. When the ITV tenet is interrelated with the principle of anticipation and responsiveness, it allows managers to forecast future requirements. Transportation commanders and leaders understand the higher
commander's intent and the operational environment. They visualize the anticipated end state,
describe to subordinates what is to be done, direct resources to support the operations, and employ a responsive transportation system that is adaptable to changing situations. For additional information on ITV, see JP 4-01.2.


The application of forward support enables freedom of action and prolongs endurance by ensuring
the rapid delivery of sustainment as far forward as possible and with minimal handling and
transshipping. This tenet reduces time, and distance, which could minimize risk from hostile actions on personnel and supplies when interrelated with the principles of responsiveness, simplicity, continuity, and survivability. It is dependent on fast, reliable transportation to move supplies and personnel as far forward as the operational environment requires and permits.

## Summary

 Army transportation operations are conducted via surface and air modes. Army motor transport operations, a surface mode, are key to providing tactical and sustainment mobility in support of unified land operations. Army motor transport operations are guided by the fundamental principles and tenets developed to optimize ground support. Due to the complexities of various operational environments and the vast range of military operations where mobility support is required, transport units should be well organized, equipped and trained to enable Army forces to gain freedom of action, extend operational reach, and prolong endurance during unified land operations.

## Chapter 2 Motor Transport Units

Chapter 2 outlines the mission, composition and description of truck companies at echelons above and below the brigade combat team (BCT) level. This chapter also details the duties and responsibilities of key leaders and personnel assigned to motor transport units.

## Echelons Above Brigade Motor Transport

 Echelons above brigade battalions provide logistics support to division and corps formations as well as enabling units operating throughout the area of responsibility. Functional logistics battalions provide critical logistics capabilities in an operational area. The transportation motor transport battalion is an EAB
functional battalion, found either at the corps or theater level.

## Transportation Motor Transport Battalion

 The transportation motor transport battalion is normally attached to a sustainment brigade in a theater opening or theater distribution role to support movement of commodities, personnel, or equipment. The battalion consists of an organic headquarters and headquarters detachment. The battalion deploys to a theater to provide command and control of three to seven motor transport companies, detachments or teams. The actual task organization is mission dependent. For additional information, see FM 4-0.
Motor transport companies provide transportation for the movement of breakbulk cargo, containers, bulk water, petroleum products, preconfigured loads on flatracks, heavy lift combat systems, and personnel by ground. There are four basic types of motor transport companies: light-medium truck, medium truck, heavy truck, and composite truck.

## Light-Medium Truck Company

Light-medium truck companies provide transportation support for the movement of bulk cargo, containers and personnel using the family of medium tactical vehicles, which is comprised of the light-medium tactical vehicle and the medium tactical vehicle. Family of medium tactical vehicles are based on a common chassis that vary by payload and mission requirements. The light- medium tactical vehicle has a 2.5-ton capacity (cargo and van models), while the medium tactical vehicle has a 5-ton capacity (cargo and long-wheelbase cargo with and without material handling equipment, tractor, van, wrecker, and dump truck models). The M1078 light-medium tactical vehicle is a two axle, four-wheel drive (4x4) vehicle designed to transport cargo and Soldiers. It has a payload capacity of 5,000 pounds and can be outfitted with material handling equipment or a self-recovery winch kit. The M1083 medium tactical vehicle is a three axle, sixwheel drive (6x6) vehicle also designed to transport cargo and Soldiers. An additional weight capacity of

Transportation Motor Transport Battalion:
 **Role**: Provide command and control and
supervise units conducting motor transport operations.
 **Capability**: One per three to seven
subordinate transportation motor transport units in the theater.
 **Command relationship**: Normally attached
to a sustainment brigade.
 **Support relationship**: General support.
Light-Medium Truck Company
 **Role**: Provide transportation support for the
movement of bulk cargo, containers, and personnel.
 **Capability**: (50) medium tactical vehicle
cargo trucks with (25) trailers, (10) family of medium tactical vehicle tractor trucks with (20) semitrailers.
 **Command relationship**: Normally attached
to a motor transportation battalion, CSSB or division sustainment support battalion.
 **Support relationship**: General support.

10,000 pounds provides the capability for these vehicles to perform local and line haul operations. They are rapidly deployable worldwide, and operate on primary and secondary roads, trails and cross-country terrain in all climatic conditions. Commonality of parts across varied truck chassis simplifies logistics requirements and significantly reduces operating and support costs. The organization of a light-medium truck company is shown in figure 2-1.

 The light-medium truck company has two family of medium tactical vehicle truck variants, including the medium tactical vehicle cargo and the medium tactical vehicle tractor. The M1088 medium tactical vehicle tractor truck is designed on the same chassis as the M1083 medium tactical vehicle , but is the prime mover for the M871 22.5T trailer. The M1088 can be equipped with a self-recovery winch. For every two family of medium tactical vehicle cargo vehicles, there is one companion trailer assigned with the same cube and payload capacity as their prime movers. In addition, for every medium tactical vehicle tractor assigned, there are two M871 22.5T trailers assigned.

 Assuming a 100% total vehicle availability rate (TVAR), the light-medium truck company can provide
50 family of medium tactical vehicle cargo trucks with 25 trailers and 10 family of medium tactical vehicle tractor trucks with semitrailer combinations. (See table 2-1.)

| Type                          | 100% TVAR    |
|-------------------------------|--------------|
| Breakbulk General Cargo       | 225 STONS    |
| Breakbulk Ammunition          | 404 STONS    |
| Pallets                       | 440          |
| 463L Pallets                  | 80           |
| Containers, Twenty Foot (TEU) | 10           |
| Containers, Forty Foot (FEU)  | 0            |
| Personnel with gear           | 600          |

LEGEND: FEU = forty foot equivalent unit STONS = short tons TEU = twenty foot equivalent TVAR = total vehicle availability rate

## Medium Truck Companies

 There are six types of medium truck companies, the palletized load system (PLS), two general cargo
(line haul and tactical) and three petroleum, oil, and lubricants (POL). The PLS company is comprised solely of PLS platforms, the general cargo company can be outfitted with the M915 series of line haul tractors or the medium tactical vehicle tractor with associated trailers, and the POL company (7.5K and 5Ks) contains M915 series or medium tactical vehicle tractors with fuel trailers. The organization of a medium truck company is shown in figure 2-2. The following provides a description of the different types of medium truck companies.

## Pls Truck Company

 The PLS truck company's mission is to provide ground transportation for the movement of dry and refrigerated containerized cargo, and other breakbulk cargo, ammunition, and bottled water on PLS flatracks. PLS trucks have a selfload/off-load capability with a container rollin/roll-out platform (CROP), a central tire inflation system to enhance mobility, and are air transportable via C-5, C-130 and C-17, as well as deployable by rail and sea. The CROP is North Atlantic Treaty Organization-interoperable and fits inside a single international standard organization container. The PLS is a tactical wheeled vehicle with a truck bed and a flatrack that has a 16 1/2 ton maximum weight capacity. It can pull a PLS trailer that also has a 16 1/2 ton weight capacity for a total carrying capacity of 33 tons. The PLS truck has a hydraulic lift system that loads and unloads both truck and trailer flatracks. A medium truck company (PLS) is authorized 60 trucks, 60 trailers, and 360 flatracks or CROPs. The PLS can be fitted with an enhanced container handling unit attachment to load and unload the 20-foot container without using a flatrack. The enhanced container handling unit cannot be used to load a container on to the M1076 trailer on its own; a flatrack or container transfer enhancement must be used. When the PLS is equipped with tank racks or load handling system compatible water tank racks (HIPPOs); it can transport bulk petroleum products or bulk water based on the type of tank loaded. The self-load/unload capability of PLS, coupled with variations of the flatrack configuration, makes the system well-suited for a number of potential missions. These missions include cargo and shelter transport, unit mobility and resupply, authorized stock listing mobility, recovery and evacuation, liquid cargo transport, and engineer bridge transport.

 Assuming a 100% TVAR, the PLS truck company provides 60 vehicles and 60 trailers for mission operations, and when properly outfitted for the mission, has a one-time lift capability as indicated in table
2-2.

| Type                                   | 100% TVAR       |
|----------------------------------------|-----------------|
| Breakbulk General Cargo                | 421 STONS       |
| Breakbulk Ammunition                   | 757 STONS       |
| Pallets                                | 960             |
| 463 Pallets                            | 240             |
| Containers, Twenty Foot (TEU)          | 120             |
| Containers, Forty Foot (FEU)           | 0               |
| Bulk Water                             | 240,000 gallons |
| Bulk Fuel                              | 300,000         |
| LEGEND:                                |                 |
| FEU = forty foot equivalent unit       |                 |
| STONS = short tons                     |                 |
| TEU = twenty foot equivalent           |                 |
| TVAR = total vehicle availability rate |                 |

## Medium Truck Company Cargo

 The medium truck company cargo's mission is to provide transportation for the movement of containerized, non-containerized, palletized, bulk water products, and dry and refrigerated cargo. This company is employed in both local and line haul operations, primarily in the theater area of responsibility, corps area of operation (AO), or division AO in direct support of the theater movement plan. The cargo companies are authorized 60 vehicles and 120 trailers. There are two types of medium truck cargo companies, the 34T and the 22T.

## Medium Truck Company Cargo (34T)

 The medium truck company cargo (line haul) (34T) is equipped with the M915 series tractor truck that tows the M872 40ft 34T semitrailer. The M915 series tractor is generally utilized to support line haul operations, including efficient port clearance and intermodal operations, but can also support local hauls. The M915 series is a 6x4 rear wheel drive 14-ton semi tractor with a 52,000 pound gross vehicle weight (GVW)
rating and 105,000 pound combined GVW.
 The M872 trailer is a platform style, three axle, and dual-purpose semitrailer with a rated payload of
68,000 pounds. The 34T capacity can support 40 feet of containerized or non-containerized cargo, including two twenty foot equivalent unit containers or one forty foot equivalent unit container on its open deck. The trailer can be equipped with a 5K semitrailer mounted fabric tank, and can provide transportation capabilities for 4,750 gallons of bulk water. It may also be equipped with a HIPPO, which is a 2,000-gallon potable water tank with an integrated pump, engine, alternator, filling stand, and a 70-foot hose reel with bulk suction and discharge hoses. The HIPPO is the same size as a one twenty foot equivalent unit container; one M872 trailer can be equipped with two HIPPOs. A trailer mounted with a semitrailer mounted fabric tank cannot haul any other commodity. The unit is equipped with 60 M915s and 120 M872 trailers, but can only provide lift capabilities for 60 trailers at one given time.

Medium Truck Company Cargo (34T & 22T)
 **Role**: Provide transportation for the
movement of containerized, noncontainerized, palletized, bulk water products, and dry and refrigerated cargo.
 **Capability**: (60) M915 tractor trucks, (120)
M872 semitrailers / (60) family of medium tactical vehicle tractor trucks, (120) semitrailers.
 **Command relationship**: Normally attached
to a motor transportation battalion, CSSB, or division sustainment support battalion (tactical only).
 **Support relationship**: General support.

 Assuming a 100% TVAR, the medium truck company cargo (34T) provides 60 vehicles/trailers for support and has a one-time lift capability indicated in table 2-3.

| Type                          | 100% TVAR       |
|-------------------------------|-----------------|
| Breakbulk General             | 447 STONS       |
| Break Ammunition              | 803 STONS       |
| Pallets                       | 1080            |
| 463L Pallets                  | 240             |
| Containers, Twenty Foot (TEU) | 120             |
| Container, Forty Foot (FEU)   | 60              |
| Water (SMFT)                  | 247,200 gallons |
| Water (HIPPO)                 | 240,000 gallons |

LEGEND: FEU = forty foot equivalent unit HIPPO = load handling system compatible (2,000 gallons) water tank rack SMFT = semitrailer mounted fabric tank STONS = short tons TEU = twenty foot equivalent unit
TVAR = total vehicle availability

## Medium Truck Company Cargo (22T)

 The medium truck company cargo (tactical) (22T) is equipped with the M1088 medium tactical vehicle tractor that tows the M871 30ft 22.5T trailer. The M1088 medium tactical vehicle tractor truck is the same vehicle authorized in the light-medium truck company. The M871 trailer is similar to the M872 trailer, but is shorter and has less payload capacity (45,000 pounds). The trailer can be equipped with the 3K semitrailer mounted fabric tank that provides transportation capabilities for 3,000 gallons of bulk water. It can also be equipped with the HIPPO (2,000 gallons), which is equivalent to one twenty foot equivalent unit, and still have remaining cargo space. The unit is equipped with 60 M1088 medium tactical vehicle Tractors and 120
M871 trailers, but can only provide lift capabilities for 60 trailers at one time.

 Assuming a 100% TVAR, the medium truck company cargo (22T) provides 60 vehicles/trailers for mission operations and has a one-time lift capability as indicated in table 2-4 below.

| Type                                                    | 100% TVAR    |
|---------------------------------------------------------|--------------|
| Break General Cargo                                     | 288 STONS    |
| Breakbulk Ammunition                                    | 517 STONS    |
| Pallets                                                 | 840          |
| 463L Pallets                                            | 180          |
| Containers, Twenty Foot (TEU)                           | 60           |
| Containers, Forty Foot (FEU)                            | 0            |
| Water (SMFT                                             | 180,000      |
| Water (HIPPO)                                           | 180,000      |
| LEGEND:                                                 |              |
| FEU = forty foot equivalent unit                        |              |
| HIPPO = load handling system compatible (2,000 gallons) |              |
| water tank rack                                         |              |
| SMFT = semitrailer mounted fabric tank                  |              |
| STONS = short tons                                      |              |
| TEU = twenty foot equivalent unit                       |              |
| TVAR = total vehicle availability rate                  |              |

## Medium Truck Company Pol

 Distribution of bulk fuel requires a mode to reach the destination of the intended use. Planning and coordination for bulk fuel transport requirements is vital to the movement of bulk fuel. The delivery of the Army bulk petroleum is normally delivered at the class III support point in bulk fuel distribution systems and tactical fuel distribution systems.

## Medium Truck Company Pol (7.5K) Eab Line Haul

 The medium POL (7.5k) provides the Army with the motor transport (semitrailer) capability to move bulk fuel at echelons above brigade (EAB). With 60 M915
trucks and 60 7.5k tankers, a single company can transport 450,000 gallons of fuel per haul within an operational area. The unit is dependent upon improved road conditions and is typically employed in corps and division AOs. The unit is normally attached to a combat sustainment support battalion (CSSB), or a quartermaster petroleum support battalion
 Assuming the medium truck company POL (7.5k)
has a TVAR of 100% (60 vehicle platforms) and utilizing the 7.5k trailers to max capacity (7,500 gallons), the unit can provide a onetime lift capability for bulk fuel of 450,000 gallons.

## Medium Truck Company Pol (5K) Eab Tactical

 The medium truck company POL mission is to provide transportation for the movement of bulk petroleum products through the utilization of the family of medium tactical vehicle tractor with associated semitrailer tanks. The medium truck company is employed in both local and line haul operations, and primarily in the corps or division AO. The company provides bulk and retail fuel distribution. The medium truck company POL is authorized 60 family of medium tactical vehicle tractors (M1088), which is the same tractor authorized in the light-medium truck company and
60 5k tankers (M967).

 Assuming the medium truck company POL (5k)
has a TVAR of 100% (60 vehicle platforms) and utilizing the 5k trailers to max capacity (5,000 gallons), the unit can provide a onetime lift capability for bulk fuel of 300,000 gallons.

## Medium Truck Company Pol (5K) Line Haul

 The transportation company POL's mission is to provide transportation for the movement of bulk petroleum products through the utilization of the tractor with associated semitrailer tanks. This company is employed in line haul operations, primarily in the joint security and corps support areas. Although the unit is employed in a sustainment brigade's AO, it is dependent upon improved road conditions so utilizations are often limited in the corps/division area. The transportation company POL is authorized 60 tractors. For every tractor assigned, there is one semitrailer tank assigned.

Medium Truck Company POL (7.5k) EAB Line
haul
 **Role**: Provide transportation for the
movement of bulk petroleum products.
 **Capability**: M915 tractor trucks, (60) 7.5k
tankers.
 **Command relationship**: Normally attached
to a motor transportation battalion, CSSB, or a quartermaster petroleum support battalion.
 **Support relationship**: General support.
Medium Truck Company POL (5k) EAB
Tactical
 **Role**: Provide transportation for the
movement of bulk petroleum.
 **Capability**: (60) family of medium tactical
vehicle tractor trucks, (60) 5k tankers.
 **Command relationship**: Normally attached
to a motor transportation battalion, CSSB, or division sustainment battalion.
 **Support relationship**: General support.
Medium Truck Company POL (5k) EAB Line
haul
 **Role**: Provide transportation for the
movement of bulk petroleum products.
 **Capability**: (60) M915 tractor trucks, (60) 5k
tankers.
 **Command relationship**: Normally attached
to a motor transportation battalion, or a CSSB.
 **Support relationship**: General support.

 Assuming the medium truck company POL (5k) has a TVAR of 100% (60 vehicle platforms) and utilizing the 5k trailers to max capacity (5,000 gallons), the unit can provide a onetime lift capability for bulk fuel of 300,000 gallons.

## Heavy Truck Company

 The heavy equipment transport (HET)
company can provide a one-time heavy lift of 96
tracked combat vehicles (one tracked vehicle per HET system). The mission of the HET company is port clearance, onward movement and tactical displacement of heavy maneuver forces. The HET
company also performs recovery and evacuation missions for equipment to higher levels for repair.

Management and visibility of HET systems, which consist of the M1070 truck tractor and the M1000 heavy equipment transporter semitrailer, are particularly critical when supporting a heavy force. HETs are designed to transport payloads of up to 70 tons (primarily Abrams tanks). Maneuver commanders rely heavily on the capabilities the HET company brings to an operation, which includes transport, recovery and evacuation of combat-loaded main battle tanks, heavy tracked, oversized vehicles, and wheeled vehicles across the AO movement control interface. Movement planning is essential because routes must be able to accommodate the weight and width of HETs. The organization of the HET company is shown in figure 2-3.

 The HET company will also be equipped with medium equipment trailers to support an armored BCT.

These trailers will be designed to transport payloads of 60 tons or less (primarily medium tracked vehicles and construction equipment). The medium equipment trailers will also reside with the composite truck company (CTC) (heavy).

## Composite Truck Companies

 There are two types of CTCs: the CTC (heavy) and the CTC (light). Each is designed to provide tailored support to division and corps elements. Each CTC is organized with a combination of medium tactical vehicle and palletized load system trucks. The CTC (heavy) has an additional complement of heavy equipment transport trucks and trailers.

## Composite Truck Company (Heavy)

 The CTC (heavy) is designed to support armored divisions. This company provides transportation and convoy security support to the division sustainment brigade's (DSB)
operations for a heavy division. It provides transportation assets for the movement and distribution of dry and refrigerated containerized cargo, general non-containerized cargo, ammunition, bottled water, and bulk water (when equipped with tank racks/HIPPOs). The CTC assists with unit moves and transports heavy equipment, tanks, and oversized loads. It may also provide security escort for contracted trucks. This company is normally employed in the division AO and is organic to a division sustainment support battalion (DSSB). It is capable of conducting both line haul and local haul missions in all threat environments. The organization of a CTC (heavy) is shown in figure 2-4.
 The CTC (heavy) company has one medium tactical vehicle platoon, two palletized load system platoons, and one heavy equipment transport platoon to support armored BCTs.

## Composite Truck Company (Light)

 The CTC (light) is designed to support light divisions.

The CTC light performs transportation and convoy security support to the DSB's operations for a light division and is organic to a DSSB. The CTC (light) provides transportation assets for the movement and distribution of dry and refrigerated containerized cargo, general non-containerized cargo, ammunition, bottled water, and bulk water (when equipped with tank racks/HIPPOs). The CTC (light) also assists with unit moves, transports personnel, and provides security escort for contracted trucks. The organization of a CTC (light) is shown in figure 2-5.

Composite Truck Company (heavy)
 **Role**: Perform transportation and convoy
security support to DSB. Provide transportation assets for the movement and
distribution of dry and refrigerated containerized cargo, general noncontainerized cargo, ammunition, bottled, and bulk water. CTCs also assists with unit and personnel moves.
 **Capability**: (40) PLS trucks, (40) PLS
trailers, (20) medium tactical vehicle trucks, (20) medium tactical vehicle trailers, (18) HET systems, (20) mine-resistant ambush protected vehicles.
 **Command relationship**: Normally attached
to a motor transportation battalion or CSSB. Organic to the DSSB of a DSB.
 **Support relationship**: General support.
Composite Truck Company (light)
 **Role**: Same as the CTC heavy.  **Capability**: (40) PLS trucks, (40) PLS
trailers, (40) medium tactical vehicle trucks, (40) medium tactical vehicle trailers, (20) Mine-Resistant Ambush Protected vehicles.
 **Command relationship**: Normally
attached to a motor transportation battalion or CSSB. Organic to a DSSB of a DSB.

 **Support relationship**: General support.

## Brigade And Below Motor Transport

 The BCT is the primary maneuver force. Transportation requirements at the BCT are primarily fulfilled by the BCT's organic brigade support battalion (BSB). BSBs provide a variety of capabilities and use assigned forward support company (FSC) distribution platoons to provide support to maneuver battalions.
 To meet support requirements of the BCT, logisticians utilize actionable data provided by automation systems. Logisticians are linked to decisive operations with near real time information allowing staff officers and commanders the ability to plan, prepare, execute, and assess transportation operations. Numerous entities at the brigade and below level are involved in this process.

## Bsb Support Operations Transportation Section

 Transportation support within the BCT is accomplished through the BSB support operations (SPO)
transportation section. All movement requests are submitted from the brigade S4, or maneuver battalion S4
to the BSB SPO transportation section. The SPO transportation officer verifies the requirements and asset availability, and then sends the asset requirements to the BSB S3 who then tasks the distribution company to support the requirements. Motor transport requirements which exceed the capability of the BSB are submitted to the DSB transporation branch for external support.

## Bsb Distribution Company

 The mission of the distribution company is to provide transportation, supply, class III, and water support to the BCT. This unit is employed in the brigade support area (BSA) and operates as part of the BSB with subordinate elements that operate throughout the BCT area. The BSB distribution companies have three platoons: a transportation platoon, supply platoon and a fuel and water platoon. This publication will only address the transportation platoon. See ATP 4-90, for additional information on the BSB distribution company. There are distribution companies in support of the different types of BSBs. They are similar;
structured, but the armored BCT BSB have more fuelers, and along with the stryker combat brigade combat teams have more load handling systems for distribution.  The distribution company receives supplies from the supporting DSB or DSSB with the capability to store these supplies and issue them to units within the BSA and to the FSCs.
 The distribution company provides the planning, direction, and supervision of supply distribution and transportation support to the BCT, daily receipt, temporary storage, and issue of supply classes I, II, III, IV, V and IX to the BCT. The distribution company also provides for the transportation of cargo and the water purification and distribution for the brigade, including the brigade's authorized stocks list. For more information, see ATP 4-90.

 The distribution company performs their mission through the utilization of a variety of equipment.

Based on the BCT the company supports, it can be equipped with the PLS, variants of the heavy expanded mobility tactical truck (HEMTT) and family of medium tactical vehicles. The most typical variants of the HEMTTs prevalent in the distribution company are the M1120 HEMTT load handling system and the M978
HEMTT Fueler. The load handling system is similar to the PLS, but differs in payload capabilities, as its maximum capacity is 11.5 tons. The load handling system is also a four axle, eight wheel drive vehicle (8x8)
compared to the PLS (10x10). The load handling system uses the same flatracks, CROPs, enhanced container handling unit, container transfer enhancement, and trailer (M1076) as the PLS and can be equipped with water or fuel racks to transport bulk products as necessary.

## Distribution Company Transportation Platoon

 The transportation platoon provides transportation support to the brigade and distribution of supplies to the FSCs. There are a different number of truck squads in the transportation platoons to support the BCTs;
the armored BCT and Stryker BCT BSBs each have four squads, and the infantry BCT BSBs have three squads. Many BSBs will establish a hub with the distribution company and have the FSCs pick up supplies in the BSA, and use the transportation platoon to support BSA internal movements, cross-leveling, high priority movements, and critical resupplies. This platoon can also perform unit distribution to the FSCs. The BSB SPO and S3 should determine the transportation platoon's role in the overall support plan and balance the anticipated requirements versus the flexibility inherent when retaining some or all of the transportation platoon in a reserve role.

## Forward Support Company

 The FSC provides its maneuver battalion with field feeding, water, bulk fuel, general supply, transportation, ammunition, and field maintenance in a direct and habitual support relationship. The distribution platoon consists of the platoon headquarters, class III section, general supply section and the class V section. The class III section provides retail class III bulk fuel distribution to the battalion. The general supply section provides the distribution of classes II, III (P), IV and IX to the supported battalion. The class V section provides the distribution of ammunition to the supported battalion. For more information, see ATP 4-90.

## Forward Support Company Distribution Platoon

 The distribution platoons are similar to distribution companies and are equipped with a variety of vehicles to support their mission. Each platoon can be authorized to have the PLS, load handling system and variants of the HEMTT based on the unit it is designed to support. Other notable differences in the organization of the distribution platoon is that the airborne infantry BCT has a specific transportation section in their distribution platoons for the movement of infantry Soldiers.

## Duties And Responsibilities

 FM 4-0 and ADP 6-0 provide details for the motor transport battalion commander and staff who command and direct assigned or attached units. The duties and responsibilities inherent within a motor transport company enable the exercise of mission command of the company. Motor transport companies vary in the type of assets authorized and the capabilities of assigned equipment. Key leaders and personnel generally have the same duties and responsibilities, regardless of authorized equipment. The following paragraphs address the duties and responsibilities of the key personnel common to a motor transport company.

## Company Commander

 The company commander is overall responsible for mission accomplishment and the training, safety, security, and discipline of assigned Soldiers. The commander leads the company by planning, directing and supervising company operations to accomplish missions. The commander guides the unit in carrying out its primary mission of providing efficient and effective transportation support. The commander executes mission command to empower subordinate decision making and decentralized execution appropriate to the situation. The commander uses the mission and operational variables to improve their situational understanding and to visualize, describe, direct, lead, and assess operations and employment of the company.
 The commander maintains accountability and visibility of employed company assets and personnel, and maintains a high degree of operations security. The commander establishes unit policies and procedures. The commander also enforces the principles of supply economy through proper use, care, maintenance, and accountability of individual and organizational equipment and materiel. The commander emplaces standards and practices to ensure a high degree of unit readiness is achieved and maintained.
 Officers and noncommissioned officers assigned to the company assist and advise the company commander. The commander is responsible for leading, developing, and mentoring subordinates. In a BCT, the company commander's responsibilities are to execute the BCT and BSB commanders' distribution plans in support of the BCT commander's scheme of maneuver. The commander should manage task organization and employment of all distribution assets, collaborate and coordinate with the BSB SPO and battalion S-4 to determine the best distribution concept of support.

## First Sergeant

 The first sergeant is the senior noncommissioned officer in the company and assists the company commander in providing efficient and effective transportation support. At the direction of the commander, the first sergeant is employed throughout operations to extend command influence, assess morale of the force, adjust administrative requirements to aid in mission accomplishment, and assist during critical events. The first sergeant carries out policies and enforces performance standards.
 The first sergeant is responsible for the health, welfare, morale, readiness, and professional development of all assigned Soldiers. The first sergeant assists the commander in maintaining accountability and visibility of employed company assets and personnel. The first sergeant is the senior enlisted advisor to the commander on all matters, to include operations, administration, promotion, retention, awards, and physical readiness training. The first sergeant also supervises and enforces maintenance and accountability of individual and company assigned equipment.
 The first sergeant is the commander's primary logistics and tactical advisor and is an expert in collective skills. The first sergeant helps the commander and operations officer/executive officer plan, coordinate, and supervise all logistics activities that support the company mission. The first sergeant collects data for the company logistics situation report and personnel status report and forwards each to the battalion administrative and logistics operation center as required.
 The first sergeant will conduct training and ensure proficiency in individual and collective tasks, while executing and supervising routine operations. The first sergeant will receive incoming personnel, assigns the personnel to subordinate elements and maintain foundations for company discipline. The first sergeant will also coordinate for the movement of Soldiers killed in action to the supporting mortuary affairs collection point.

## Operations Section

 The operations section provides coordination between operating elements of the truck platoons, maintenance platoon, and tasking unit(s). The operations section consists of an operations officer, truckmaster, and dispatcher. The following describes their positions and duties.

## Operations Officer/Executive Officer

 Under the guidance and direction of the commander, the operations officer prepares and executes operational plans for the company. The operations officer assists the commander in coordinating, supervising, and controlling company operations. The operations officer coordinates logistics, maintenance, medical, and food service support. Coordination is conducted directly with the battalion S-3 and operating elements of the truck platoons, maintenance platoon, and tasking unit to provide efficient, effective and timely support. The operations officer receives requests for motor transportation support, conducts planning, and, with the commander's approval, assigns specific operational tasks to subordinate platoons. The operations officer maintains visibility on mission progress by operating the company's communication net control station. The operations officer prepares operational standing operating procedures (SOPs), maintains visibility over all employed company assets, and maintains situational awareness of current road network data.

 Depending on the task organization and mission of the unit, a lieutenant is assigned in the company headquarters with either the title executive officer or operations officer; both of which act in the same capacity
(for simplicity, this description will use the title executive officer). The executive officer is second in command and is the primary internal logistics planner and coordinator. The executive officer and the company headquarters section serve as the company staff and operate the company command post. The company executive officer conducts continuous battle tracking and ensures that timely tactical reports are sent to the tactical operations center. The executive officer, in conjunction with the first sergeant, plans and supervises the company logistics and defense effort before, during, and after the battle. He will plan the company operations order for the commander, and conduct tactical and logistics coordination with higher, adjacent and support units. The executive officer will also assume command of the company in the absence of the commander. The operation officer also provides operational support, such as


Receives and distributes intelligence information to subordinate platoons.

Maintains and forecasts operational readiness data and vehicle availability rates with assistance from the maintenance control officer.

Establishes procedures for dispatching, security and performs inspections as necessary.

Responsible to request road clearance for convoys and for the movement of oversized loads.

## Truckmaster

 The truckmaster is assistant to the operations officer and the company commander. The truckmaster participates in convoy planning and enforces march discipline. Truckmasters supervise through the unit dispatchers. They assist the operations officer in creating operational plans, preparing reports, conducting inspections, and maintaining visibility of employed company assets and personnel. The truckmaster coordinates with platoon sergeants and the maintenance officer on all maintenance related matters and status of vehicle availability, and maintains documentation on unit accident reports. The truckmaster also enforces environmental laws and regulations.

 The truckmaster supervises vehicle operations, enforces safety rules, and reports evidence of vehicle neglect, abuse, or operator carelessness. The truckmaster maintains driver qualification records on unit personnel, ensures each Soldier is properly trained according to unit policy and standards before licensing.

For this reason, the truckmaster is normally assigned the additional duty of the company master driver. The truckmaster records safe driving mileage accumulated by unit drivers and advises the commander of personnel eligible for safe driving awards. The truckmaster is required to be licensed on all vehicles assigned to the company, and conducts road testing and qualifications.

## Dispatcher

 The dispatcher, under the supervision of the truckmaster, operates the company vehicle operations center. Dispatchers assemble transportation requests and work with the operations officer and truckmaster to assign transportation requirements to platoons. After validated requests are assigned, the dispatcher will maintain visibility on the vehicles and drivers selected to execute the mission. The dispatcher will also note the requestor, type and quantity of cargo requested for movement, number of vehicles needed, length of time necessary for the mission, and disseminate applicable information to platoon leadership as necessary. The dispatcher will also maintain a vehicle dispatch board or digital spreadsheet with important information, to include number and type of assigned vehicles, detailed vehicle maintenance statuses, current and projected vehicle and personnel asset availability with locations, and should note the amount of drivers with specific qualifications by platoon.

 Dispatchers are normally the custodians for vehicle logbooks. Dispatchers verify entries and ensure that records are maintained manually and electronically as prescribed by DA Pamphlet 750-8 and local directives. Dispatchers are responsible to check departure and return times for vehicles, and issue, collect, and ensure the completion of trip records are accurate. They maintain records of miles traveled, fuel and oil consumed, trip frequency, elapsed time, cargo and tons moved, and anything else directed by superiors. The dispatchers report vehicle and record discrepancies and assist the operations section in maintaining visibility of employed company assets.

## Motor Truck Platoon Headquarters

 The motor truck platoon headquarters consists of a platoon leader, platoon sergeant, squad leaders, and drivers. The platoon headquarters provides command and control, supervision, and technical guidance to multiple squads in the performance of motor transport support operations in order to fill vehicle task requirements.

## Squad Leader

 Each truck squad consists of personnel to operate assigned vehicle platforms. The squad leaders are responsible for their assigned Soldiers and responsible to the platoon leader and platoon sergeant for their training, discipline, and performance. They train and direct squad personnel in driver maintenance, correct loading techniques, safe driving practices, and supervise the maintenance of equipment. They report vehicle deficiencies beyond their squad's capacity to the platoon sergeant for corrective measures. The squad leaders develop individual training that directly complements and relates to the platoon collective tasks and the company mission essential task list. The squad leaders maintain visibility of employed assets and personnel and are responsible for the use, care and accountability of their squad's equipment. Prior to missions, the squad leaders ensure each Soldier is familiar with route, destination and mission, and supervise mission execution.

## Maintenance Section

 This section is responsible for field level maintenance on organic vehicles, to include recovery and refueling operations. The maintenance section also maintains maintenance records, report, prescribe load lists and logbooks for organic equipment.

## Truck Crew

 The truck crew consists of two Soldiers, one driver and an assistant driver. The position descriptions for each Soldier are described below.

## Wheeled Vehicle Drivers

 Drivers are well-trained and responsible; they are the backbone of an efficient motor transportation unit. They should know their vehicle, driver maintenance, convoy operations, and proper loading and uploading techniques. The drivers are responsible for the safe operation of their vehicles and for the safe and prompt delivery of their loads. The drivers are responsible to operate assigned vehicles and effectively transport cargo or personnel between designated points, following routes and instructions given by their squad leader. The drivers should be able to operate their vehicles under blackout conditions and over difficult terrain, and be familiar with the winch on the vehicle, if equipped. Although drivers may not physically load their vehicle or trailer, they are responsible to ensure loads are properly secured against inclement weather, pilferage, and damage due to terrain. The drivers are required to be knowledgeable on the operation of radios, various types of communications systems and all weapons mounted to the vehicles. The drivers are required to perform preventive maintenance checks and services on their assigned vehicle and correct or report all vehicle deficiencies. They will support mechanics as necessary and are responsible to service the vehicle with oil, fuel, water and other lubricants or coolants as prescribed. The drivers will maintain tire pressure and change tires as needed. The drivers are also responsible for preparing the vehicle for any type of operation, including movement by air, rail or vessel. The drivers complete individual driver trip records, gathers information for accident reports, camouflages the vehicle, and complies with environmental laws and regulations. The drivers may also perform vehicle self-recovery.

## Assistant Driver

 The assistant driver should be licensed and able to perform the same duties as the primary driver.

Overall, the assistant driver provides support for the driver and maintains constant vigilance and situational awareness during operations. The assistant driver also assists the driver as the ground guide and relays signals to other vehicles in the convoy. The assistant driver observes routes, highway markers, and the driver for signs of fatigue. The assistant driver is the primary operator for radios, communication and navigation systems while en route. The assistant driver is also responsible to assist the driver with tasks before, during, and after movements. See TC 21-305-20 for more information on driver and assistant driver responsibilities.

## Master Driver Trainer

 Master driver trainers provide commanders at the brigade/battalion level the capability to develop, execute, and maintain the driver's training program required to safely and efficiently execute wartime missions. Master driver trainers are responsible for managing standardized training programs that train, execute and maintain unit level driver's training required to safely and efficiently execute unit missions. They advise commanders on developing and implementing training programs in according with Army regulations including: operator safety, risk management, accident avoidance, field expedients, vehicle recovery, operation of material handling equipment, convoy operations and security, vehicle loading and security, load planning, transportation of hazardous materials, driver's training aids, devices, simulators and simulations integration and new equipment training. Master driver trainers are the subject matter experts that bridge the training gap and are the single point of reference for the execution of the Army Drivers' Training Strategy within commands.

## Summary

 Motor transport companies are designed to provide a wide range of transportation support, depending on their organization. There are multiple types of motor transport companies which are specifically designed and equipped to execute transportation support. Motor transport companies support the maneuver concept of operations by providing the movement of personnel, tracked and wheeled vehicles, containerized, noncontainerized, palletized, bulk water products, petroleum products, and dry and refrigerated cargo by utilizing a myriad of vehicles.

## Chapter 3 Motor Transport Planning And Operations

Managers and leaders at all levels should be knowledgeable on the aspects of planning for motor transport operations. Chapter 3 discusses command roles in transportation asset allocation, tactical operations that affect motor transport planning considerations, motor truck transport in support of distribution operations, methods of distribution operations, accountability of transportation assets, and maintenance services, as they relate to Army motor transport operations.

## Command Roles In Transportation Asset Allocation

 Commanders at echelon develop movement programs for assigned operational areas. Each movement program is synchronized with movement control battalions (MCBs) to de-conflict movement requirements among all transportation modes. The movement program incorporates and synchronizes all movements using Joint, Army, and host nation common user transportation assets and movements originating from a movement request via movement control team (MCT).

  The movement program facilitates projected and anticipated transportation requirements for movement and flow of units, personnel, materiel, and sustainment supplies. During the movement planning process, movement planners allocate available transportation resources based on the supported commander's priorities. The movement program serves as an authority to commit transportation assets. It authorizes the MCTs to issue transportation movement releases, directs mode operators to provide assets, arrange commercial movements, and alert receiving units to accept program shipments so receiving units can unload transportation assets promptly.

 Commanders at echelon assign transportation tasks as a tasking authority against the movement transportation release documents. The movement transportation team commits a mode operator in accordance with movement control guidance or forwards the movement request to a MCB. For additional information on a movement program, transportation movement releases, and the movement control process see ATP 4-16.

## Motor Transport Planning Considerations

 Commanders consider multiple operational variables when planning to allocate and employ transportation assets in support of unified land operations. Commanders should use the Army strategic roles
(shape operational environments, prevent conflict, conduct large-scale ground combat and consolidate gains)
as a framework for planning motor transport support. This approach enables commanders and staffs to determine transportation requirements for tactical and sustainment mobility in a measured way.

## Operations To Shape

 A *shaping operation* is the operation at any echelon that creates and preserves conditions for success of the decisive operation through effects on the enemy, other actors, and the terrain (ADP 3-0). Shaping operations set conditions for success of decisive operations. Deployment and distribution are key functions for sustainment support to setting the theater in operations to shape. Sustainment support to setting the theater in operations to shape involves theater opening; receiving initial forces, equipment, and supplies and assembling them into mission-tailored units; and transporting them to their final destination.

 Development of a distribution plan depends on information regarding many variables including road and rail networks, inland waterways, airfields, truck availability, bridges, ports, cargo handlers, petroleum pipelines, material handling equipment, traffic flow, choke points, and potential movement control complications. Movement of cargo in theater must comply with laws, regulations, and rules for transporting materiel as established by international agreements between the United States and the host nation. The combatant commander has the authority to set cargo restrictions within those limits.
 Cargo restrictions vary from theater to theater. Non-materiel cargo restrictions include weight limits at aerial ports of debarkation and seaports of debarkation, vehicle weight and dimension limits on routes, and certain airspace controls. Materiel cargo restrictions may include explosives, pyrotechnics, POLs, compressed gases, corrosives, and batteries. Planners also need to plan for host nation administrative requirements for activities such as border crossings, customs, and diplomatic clearances. For additional information on sustainment and motor transport during operations to shape, see, FM 4-0.

## Operations To Prevent

 The purpose of operations to prevent is to deter adversary actions contrary to United States interests
(FM 3-0). It is during operations to prevent that plans and estimates are refined, the theater distribution network is expanded, and actions are taken to deploy forces as required. The sustainment plan specifies the concept of support, priorities of support, support relationships, and task organization for sustainment units.
 Initially, the joint deployment and distribution operations center establishes the network and performs the following tasks:


Monitor airlift and sea flow.

Provide movement control of arriving supplies personnel, equipment, and units.

Establish theater-wide capabilities required to meet anticipated transportation and throughput capacities.
 The sustainment plan includes the distribution plan and movement plan. The distribution plan describes how sustainment flows from the theater base to the tactical level and return. The movement plan is a product of the distribution plan and synchronizes motor transport resources with transportation requirements, applies movement control measures, and mitigates shortfalls by applying established priorities. The distribution plan is a living plan that can be adjusted to support various requirements or operations.

 Motor transport operations extend beyond distribution. The most common enablers from Army sustainment formations required for reception, staging, and onward movement are transportation assets. Inland cargo transfer companies provide the capability to discharge, load and transship cargo at terminals, and transportation truck companies provide heavy equipment transportation for movement of tracked vehicles, POL companies, and MCTs for traffic circulation. For additional information on sustainment and motor transport support during operations to prevent, see FM 4-0.

## Large- Scale Combat Operations

 *Large-scale combat operations* are extensive joint combat operations in terms of scope and size of forces committed, conducted as a campaign aimed at achieving operational and strategic objectives (ADP 3-0). Large-scale combat operations are characterized by simultaneous, geographically dispersed operations that occur in various operational environments and are challenged across multiple domains. They require greater sustainment than other types of operations because of the higher operational tempo, greater lethality, and significantly increased consumption of supplies, and equipment. The lethal nature of large-scale combat operations increases the propensity for mass casualties, requirements for mortuary affairs, increased requirements for a versatile and adaptive medical support, and large-scale personnel and equipment replacements. Large-scale combat operations will require the distribution system to move a greater volume of personnel and equipment than in other types of operations. Increased velocity and precision will be required to sustain operations.

 Sustainment commanders ensure as much dispersion as tactically prudent to rapidly displace and prevent destruction. Wide dispersion of forces and lengthening lines of communications create challenges for movement control, ITV, terminal operations, mode operations, and many other sustainment activities. The POL pipeline presents the same challenges. Pipeline security can be a significant challenge and cover a very large or isolated geographical area. Sustainment commanders must anticipate mitigating challenges presented by the need to disperse versus priorities of support. Shortfalls in transportation assets will require deliberative planning to overcome these mobility challenges. Sustainment commanders should plan for multiple shorter transportation movement over large disperse areas and consider all technology to facilitate continuous movement. A continuous movement flow will enable support to degraded maneuver units. For additional information on the effects of large-scale combat operations on transport units, see appendix L.

 The ability of a commander to posture friendly forces for an operation depends on the commander's ability to move those forces. Sustainment of troop movement is paramount. *Troop movement* is the movement of Soldiers and units from one place to another by any available means (ADP 3-90). Troop movements are made by different methods; such as dismounted and mounted marches using organic combat and tactical vehicles; motor transport; and air, rail, and water means in various combinations. The method employed depends on the situation, the size and composition of the moving unit, the distance the unit must cover, the urgency of execution, and the condition of the troops. It also depends on the availability, suitability, and capacity of the different means of transportation. Troop movements may also be used as a form of deception. Concealing troop movements may deceive the adversary and divert their efforts from the main objective. Troop movements over extended distances have extensive sustainment considerations. Movement control boards are critical for planning and enabling troop movements. Movement control boards support synchronization and coordination of troop movement against distribution priorities.

 In the event that an unforeseen change in priorities requires a change to the transportation movement request after movement is initiated the MCT contacts the mode operator's convoy commander by radio or digital messaging to provide the revised transportation movement request. Transportation units normally have a mix of radio and digital communication systems mounted in their vehicles. For example a 5k petroleum transportation company has a total of 71 vehicles, 70 radios and 24 digital messaging devices. Almost every vehicle in the company will be equipped with radios for internal and external communication. If a convoy is out of radio range and lacks digital communication devices the revised transportation movement request may be communicated to the convoy commander at a MCT or military police check points
(CP) along the convoy's route. For additional information on sustainment during large-scale combat operations, see FM 4-0.

## Defensive Operations

 A *defensive operation* is an operation to defeat an enemy attack, gain time, economize forces, and develop conditions favorable for offensive or stability operations (ADP 3-0). As one of the four decisive action tasks, the defense is a major, complex operation conducted to defeat an enemy attack. Although a defensive task normally does not achieve decisive victory, it sets the conditions necessary to regain the initiative through counterattacks.

 Movement managers must understand/anticipate how terrain, defense obstacles, fire support coordination measures, movement restrictions, and terrain will affect the methods of resupply. These factors must be considered in all distribution management and movement control plans.

 Movement managers should expect requirements for items (class III [B], IV, V, and IX repair parts) to increase during defensive operations. Unmanned aircraft systems often require motor gasoline or aviation gasoline. This requirement must be included in logistics status reporting, requisitioning, storage, and distribution. For additional information on sustainment during large-scale defensive operations, see FM 4- 0.

## Offensive Operations

 An *offensive operation* is an operation to defeat or destroy enemy forces and gain control of terrain, resources, and population centers (ADP 3-0). Offensive tasks impose the commander's will on the enemy.

Against a capable, adaptive enemy, the offense is the most direct and sure means of seizing, retaining, and exploiting the initiative to gain physical, temporal, and cognitive advantages and achieve definitive results. Executing offensive tasks compels the enemy to react, creating or revealing additional weaknesses that the attacking force can exploit.

 Offensive tasks involve an intense operational tempo, requiring sustainers to continually update their running estimates to anticipate friction points on the battlefield. Sustainers need to be able to accurately envision the offensive operation in time and space to accurately forecast operational requirements. Sustainers also need to


Expect sustainment resupply and support elements to operate in the deep and close areas while supporting offensive operations. Sustainment units must understand operational control measures to include passage of lines and crossing of boundaries with maneuver forces in the offense.

Understand and anticipate how terrain, enemy action, fire support coordination measures, and
movement restrictions will affect the methods of resupply. These factors must be considered in all
distribution management and movement control plans.

Expect increase in items (class III (B), III, IX, and V) to support offensive operations. Ensure adequate transportation assets are available to move supplies and equipment forward in the operational area.
 Sustainment forces should also anticipate longer lines of communications, potential degraded communications, bypassed enemy forces, and movement restrictions during offensive operations. These factors must be considered in all distribution management and movement control plans. This may require sustainment commanders to weight the main offensive effort by prepositioning personnel replacements, class III (B), V, and IX stocks, as well as, water centrally and well forward. The sustainment commander must balance forward positioning of sustainment assets with the need for freedom of action and operational reach.

For additional information on sustainment during large-scale offensive operations, see FM 4-0.

## Operations To Consolidate Gain

 Army operations to *consolidate gains* are activities to make enduring any temporary operational success and set the conditions for a sustainable security environment, allowing for a transition of control to other legitimate authorities (ADP 3-0). They occur within sections of an AO where large-scale combat operations are no longer occurring. Consolidation of gains consists of security and stability tasks, but may include combat against remnant or bypassed enemy forces. These forces present a threat to transport units on supply routes and should be mitigated by accompanying security assets and practicing tactical convoy battle drills.

 Transport units in coordination with MCTs and MCBs should be prepared to task organize and redirect enroute missions as priorities change. Convoy commanders should engage in updating the status of all roads within the operational area. For additional information on sustainment during operations to consolidate gains, see FM 4-0.

## Stability Operations

 Stability operations are not an Army strategic role but are operations that require motor transport support. A *stability operation* is an operation conducted outside the United States in coordination with other instruments of national power to establish or maintain a secure environment and provide essential government services, emergency infrastructure reconstruction, and humanitarian relief (ADP 3-07). Transport units should prepare to transport, store, secure and distribute goods in support of stability operations. Managers and operators are still responsible for the accountability, safeguard, and maintenance of Army equipment and supplies. For additional information on stability operations, see ADP 3-07.

## Defense Support Of Civil Authorities

 Defense support of civil authorities is also not an Army strategic role but is a decisive action task which requires motor transport support. Transport units could be responsible for transporting special supplies and equipment to friendly forces while supporting a civil disturbance mission. In the aftermath of a disaster, the ability to provide support often depends on the ability of vehicles to move across debris and flooded areas. Using high mobility vehicles, Soldiers can deliver supplies, help evacuate stranded people, move Soldiers into an area to move obstacles and help first responders. For additional information on sustainment during defense support of civil authorities, see ADP 3 28.

## Planning For Motor Truck Transportation

 Commanders and staffs should be very deliberate in planning sustainment support and plan for support essential to mission accomplishment. Planning for non-essential support puts unnecessary demands on already-limited distribution and transportation assets and puts mobility capabilities at needless risk. This may also deprive units of support for which they have a legitimate requirement. As an example, if HET support is needed or a mission with no additional transportation requirements needed, commanders should request a HET company, not a CTC, (heavy). The CTC comes with additional, unneeded types of trucks that will only burden the mission and waste a critical asset that can be legitimately used elsewhere. For additional information, see FM 4-0.

 Planning for motor truck support should consider mission requirements, capabilities, and shortfalls.

Planning ensures the proper allocation of transportation assets to fulfill mission requirements based on the commander's priority of effort and intent. The unit's leadership determines what mitigations steps are necessary to overcome any capability shortfalls.

 If common user transportation assets to mitigate capability shortfalls are not available, movement planners should generate a transportation movement request, through the representative transportation officer at echelon to assign the movement mission to a capable mode operator. Planners who determine asset requirements should also consider economy of force and type of platform most effective for mission requirements. For additional information on motor transport planning, see FM 4-0. For additional information on the movement request process, see ATP 4-16.

 Movement planners should select the best vehicle platform for a specific load that considers proper distribution of weight to maximize effort. The load is based on the units' capabilities and availability of equipment to perform the required task. Planners should ensure transportation assets are fully loaded, with consideration of weighing out the vehicle's capability versus cubing out. Empty or partially empty vehicles, which have not reached the weight or cube capacity, are not properly utilizing economy of force, or effectively using valuable ground support platforms. Unexpected changes to mission, emergencies or critical command directed movements should be the only logical reason to under-utilize carrying capacities.

 Vehicle platforms which are equipped with a container handling unit (such as the PLS, HEMTT loadhandling system, and the CROP) will reduce the handling requirements on the battlefield and extend throughput capacity using the flatrack exchange method. Although supporting units are responsible for providing their own material handling equipment along with personnel to assist in the loading and downloading of cargo, movement planners should validate that the supported customer has these capabilities.

 Planning offload operations with the supported unit S4 is critical for streamlining efforts and minimizing time on ground. Close coordination between the motor transport unit headquarters, mode operator, supporting MCTs, and the supported unit will alleviate potential problems, and expedite the return of transportation assets to the distribution system.

 To maximize efficiency and properly balance capabilities and requirements, motor transportation planners should analyze multiple factors such as, the type and method of haul, the load and types of anticipated cargo, and terrain. Other planning factors are availability rates, vehicle payload capacity, and operational shift hours, any of which can reduce the quantities, capacities, or capabilities available. The following are more considerations for planning motor transport operations:


Determining availability of material handling equipment, capacities of routes and available areas for company areas, parking, convoy support centers (CSCs), and trailer transfer points (TTPs).

Reviewing convoy support requirements such as fuel, convoy security, medical support,
maintenance support along the route, class I requirements, and overnight locations if required.

Validating driver documentation, such as travel orders, valid driver's licenses, motor vehicle documents, Motor Vehicle Ground Accident Form, SF 91 (Motor Vehicle Accident Report).

Determining the method of requested delivery.

Calculating the distance, rate of march, catch up speed, and possible route delay times.

Anticipating threats and specified force protection requirements.

Assessing the use of emerging capabilities, such as leader-follower technology to counter threats during motor transport operations. (See appendix N for additional information on future fielding).

Planning road movements, preparing march tables, submitting movement bids, coordinating en route support, and continually understanding the tactical situation, including weather and terrain.
 Movement control units should analyze threats, conduct trend analysis, assess the enemy situation, and relay this information for all transportation missions to higher headquarters. During large-scale combat operations, motor transport units must know the enemy threats, along with how to react to enemy direct and indirect fire, enemy sniper attack, and enemy air attack. It is equally important to know how to request fire support, medical evacuation, and how to report unexploded explosive ordnance.

 Tactical convoy operations procedures are vital to survivability for motor transport units to protect personnel, cargo, equipment and assets against threats, while convoys provide mobility support across large contested battle spaces. The convoy commander should use the convoy troop-leading procedures (receive the mission, issue the warning order, gather intelligence, make a tentative plan, conduct pre-movement preparation, complete the plan, issue the convoy brief, and supervise) in ADP 5-0 and integrate the procedures into tactical convoy operations. Having a thorough understanding of tactical convoy operation procedures will help mitigate enemy threats, reduce loss of assets, and increase survivability for motor transport units.

For additional information on tactical convoy operations procedures, see ATP 4-01.45.

## The Role Of The Mobility Warrant Officer (Mwo) In Planning

 The MWO is the resident deployment and distribution technical expert typically assigned to divisions, corps, expeditionary sustainment commands (ESCs), TSCs, MCBs, and BCTs. The MWO advises commanders on the deployment process; ensuring rapid transmission of movement requirements into the defense transportation system. The MWO develops and conduct training associated with unit movement operations; oversees deployment readiness in accordance with the commander's guidance. The MWO plans, coordinates, and orchestrates the execution of retrograde, deployments, and redeployments. The MWO
provides distribution advice to facilitate theater sustainment operations. The MWO also assists with determining the appropriate training for the unit movement officers.

## Motor Transport In Support Of Distribution Operations

 Motor transport units support several types of theater distribution nodes by moving and transferring personnel, equipment and supplies in support of theater distribution. This section will explain the different types of distribution operations and how they are related to motor transport operations.

## Intermodal Operations

 *Intermodal operations* are the process of combining multiple modes (air, sea, highway, rail) and conveyances (i.e. truck, barge, containers, pallets) to move troops, supplies and equipment through expeditionary entry points and the network of specialized transportation nodes to sustain land forces (ADP 4-0). It is the movement of cargo and personnel using two or more transportation modes (surface and air)
from point of origin to destination to reduce cargo handling and thereby speed delivery.

## Terminal Operations

 Terminal operations are a component of intermodal operations and are essential in supporting deployment, redeployment and sustainment operations. *Terminal operations* are the reception, processing, and staging of passengers; the receipt, transit, storage and marshalling of cargo; the loading and unloading of modes of transport conveyances; and the manifesting and forwarding of cargo and passengers to a destination (JP 4-01.5). Terminal operations enable the loading, unloading, and handling of materiel, cargo, and personnel.

  Terminal clearance operations occur when motor transport units move personnel and cargo out of air, water, and land terminals. Rapid clearance allows for speedy discharge of aircraft or ships that may otherwise be hampered by congestion within the terminal area. The terminal operator (military, civilian or joint operation) is responsible for off-loading the ships or planes. A MCT should be located at the terminal to plan and coordinate clearance. The transportation terminal battalion may assist in planning, setting up truck operations, and regulating the flow of vehicles in the terminal area.

 Ideally, heavy maneuver units move their tracked vehicles from the port of debarkation to forward assembly areas by HETs, but these can be augmented by other transportation modes. When tactical considerations are not paramount, it may be ideal to move heavy units by rail, but in a tactical environment that requires immediate movement, the use of heavy equipment transports should be maximized.

 In-transit storage may be required at the origin port, destination port, intermediate terminals, or TTPs.

In-transit storage on vehicle platforms should be discouraged because it reduces the capability of recipient units by delaying receipt of their equipment, while also increasing the number of vehicles required.

 Aerial port of debarkation operations occur when motor transport units work closely with aerial ports of debarkation, usually conducting local hauls and line hauls as necessary. Vehicles often transport personnel, vehicles, trailers, containers and palletized materiel to aircraft at an embarkation air terminal or airfield logistics pads. Once transported by the aircraft to the destination air terminal or airfield, personnel and equipment are off loaded, then immediately loaded onto vehicles for movement to a hub or the final destination.

 Seaport of debarkation intermodal operations are prevalent with motor transportation to and from seaports of debarkation. Various ships move large amounts of equipment and supplies, and motor transport is a common intermodal option used to transport materiel. Vehicles, trailers, and containers are often transferred between seaports of debarkation and motor transport by utilizing the following operations:
 During roll-on, roll-off operations, vehicles or semitrailers are loaded aboard roll-on, roll-off watercraft and moved to a destination water terminal. The vehicles or semitrailers are then towed while still aboard the ship and moved by highway to their destination.
 During lift-on, lift-off operations, loaded trailers or containers are moved to a water terminal, uncoupled from their prime movers, and crane-loaded aboard the ship.
 Lighter aboard ship operations include vehicles, semitrailers, or containers aboard lighterage and launched from ships. They are especially useful where deep water port facilities are not available.
 Railhead operations occur during intermodal operations, specifically between railheads and motor transport operations. The equipment is unloaded from the railhead, coupled to suitable towing vehicles and delivered to their destination. Normally vehicles, trailers, and containers are transferred between railheads and motor transport, but palletized equipment or supplies can also be transferred with proper material handling equipment. There are two types of operations used to move trailers or containers from motor transport vehicle to railheads and they are:
 In trailer on a flatcar operation, semitrailers are moved in local haul to a railhead, placed on railcars, and moved by rail to the railhead servicing the destination area. The trailers are unloaded from the railcars, coupled to suitable towing vehicles, and moved to their destination. This method combines the economy of rail hauls with the door-to-door service of the truck. Where large amounts of cargo are involved, the rail operation becomes one segment of a relay.
 A container on a flatcar operation is the same as trailer on a flatcar method except, containers are involved instead of semitrailers. Containers can be loaded on a flatcar when mounted on chassis or loaded directly onto the deck of the transporting flatcars.

## Convoy Support Centers

 A CSC is an organization that is task organized and forms the connecting link between local and line haul operations. The CSCs are normally established to allow for refueling, resupply, life support, vehicle repair and to facilitate overnight rest for drivers. The CSCs are usually located in or near centers of concentrated trucking activities at both ends of a line haul or at intermediate locations. They are usually located forward of cargo pickup points and to the rear of delivery points. The CSC should be located near supported activities and the main supply route (MSR). The locations and number of these centers depend upon the organization of the line haul operations and the location of supported units.

 In selecting sites for CSCs, key features to consider are the size, complexity, and duration of the operations. The number and type of vehicles employed are also vital in selecting a location, along with the facilities required at the CSC and anticipated traffic of semitrailers at or through the sites. The area should be large enough and have an acceptable internal road network to allow space for both parking, and the marshalling of incoming and outgoing semitrailers and tractors. The area should be leveled, well drained, and have a suitable hardstand for maintenance that can withstand heavy vehicular traffic.
 Space requirements may not make it feasible for CSCs and TTPs to be adjacent to the MSR. If this is the case, and if good feeder routes are available, establish CSCs and TTPs off the MSR. CSCs may also be co-located with motor transport units in motor park areas within a hub. Consideration for a security plan should address both the operating area and the vehicles and cargo handled within the area. The motor transport unit at the location provides local security. When the CSC is part of an operating base, the operating base commander coordinates added security based on the threat level.

## Trailer Transfer Points

 The TTPs are set up along line haul routes to divide the line haul into legs. At TTPs, semitrailers or flatracks are interchanged between line haul vehicles operating over adjoining legs of a local or line haul route. TTP functions also include reporting, vehicle and cargo inspections, documentation, and dispatching. See ATP 4-13 for additional information.

## Trailer Transfer Point Organization

 A TTP team is a table of organization and equipment organization that operates a TTP or CSC. The TTP team is normally attached to a motor transportation battalion or CSSB. There are two sections in the TTP. The TTP operations section provides command, control, and supervision of unit movement plans and routine specialized operations. The maintenance section provides field maintenance to organic wheeled vehicles and emergency maintenance for up to 10 percent of transit vehicles and semitrailers. The unit cannot be broken down to smaller elements.
 The TTP is dependent upon a support maintenance company for all field level maintenance except automotive. The unit provides emergency refueling and repair of vehicles transiting the TTP. The unit also provides area recovery of disabled vehicles operating in the line haul operation. The team prepares and maintains operational records and reports on organic equipment. The TTP has 20 percent mobility of its table of organization and equipment supplies and equipment and requires external mobility support to be transported in a single lift.

## Trailer Transfer Point Operations

 The TTPs are often co-located at hubs or operating bases. TTPs operating independently may provide mess, maintenance, and other support for TTP personnel and line haul drivers. TTPs are not used for pickup and delivery of cargo, but act as a point to create a feasible driving leg for drivers.
 Line haul tractors arriving from rear areas deliver loaded semitrailers at TTPs and pick up empty or retrograde semitrailers for return movement. Line haul tractors coming in from forward areas drop their empty or return-loaded semitrailers and pick up the forward-moving loads for further movement toward ultimate destinations. Shuttle tractors may be used within TTPs to spot and prepare semitrailers for movement. This action reduces turnaround time of line haul tractors and makes the operation more efficient.

 The distance of a line haul leg is based on a 10-hour shift per driver and 1 hour of delay. Therefore, the optimum one-way travel time between TTPs is 4.5 hours. Using this planning factor, each driver can complete one round trip per shift. This eliminates the need for billeting drivers away from their assigned unit, provides rested drivers for each trip, and allows for vehicle maintenance. Figure 3-1 displays a notional TTP.

## Transfer Operations

 Transfer points are established when conditions require transfer of cargo from one transportation mode or conveyance to another. Examples are load and transship cargo at air, rail or truck terminals, theater distribution centers, CSCs, and central receiving and shipping points. Transfer points may be established at rail facilities, pipeline takeoff points, air terminals, ports, beach sites, or inland waterway terminals. The inland cargo transfer companies conduct transfer operations.

## Container Transport Operations

  Containers are specially designed cargo carriers which permit the packaging of small and loose cargo items into a single unit for security and ease of handling. Containers are a safe, secure means for loading cargo at a supply source. The container is sealed at the supply source, with no need to open it or handle the cargo until it is delivered to its destination. Cargo security is enhanced and cargo can be expected to be received intact and in serviceable condition. For more information on container management, see ATP 4-12.

 Containers are hauled using any of the transport modes. Containers transported by trucks are handled as any other cargo. Pickup, movement, and delivery are made according to the type haul for which the motor transportation is committed. Movement of containers requires material handling equipment and container handling equipment at the origin and destination.

## Retrograde

 *Retrograde of materiel* is an Army logistics function of returning materiel from the owning or using unit back through the distribution system to the source of supply, directed ship-to location, or point of disposal
(ATP 4-0.1). During retrograde operations, the use of motor transportation assets will increase- particularly for transporting heavy equipment. Retrograde includes moving serviceable and unserviceable main battle tanks, infantry/cavalry fighting vehicles, Stryker systems, and other heavy equipment. Motor transport units should expect multiple interzonal operations across boundaries within the theater. Retrograde includes transporting large numbers of personnel and returning human remains. For additional information on retrograde, see FM 4-0.

 Retrograde movements should be coordinated through movement control channels. Retrograde movement requests are programmed like any other movement requirement. Synchronization is also required to ensure drivers receive accurate information. Communication is essential for rerouting or diverting vehicles in the forward area. Drivers may report to a different loading site some distance from their unloading point to pick up return loads. Drivers may also pick up or deliver return loads anywhere along the return route.

## Reconstitution

 Reconstitution operations consist of two elements: reorganization and regeneration. Both involve cross leveling of forces and resources, replacement of personnel, weapon platforms, and equipment and supplies following combat operations to restore degraded units to combat effectiveness.
 Army motor transportation units will likely provide a preponderance of the motor transportation support during reconstitution operations. The increased demand of motor transportation support during large-scale combat operations and the possibility of additional reconstitution support requirements, will strain motor transportation assets.

## Methods Of Distribution Operations

 Motor transport units use various methods to support distribution operations. Those methods involve hauling goods across boundaries (intrazonal and interzonal). The hauling methods are categorized by distance and transit time. Intrazonal operations occur within a specific transportation organization's AO. The territorial boundaries are under the jurisdiction of one headquarters or command. The methods of distribution operations are illustrated in the hauling methods in figure 3-2 on page 3-12.

  Interzonal operations occur outside specific transportation organization's boundaries and operates under the area control of multiple headquarters or commands. Boundaries are defined between brigade and division, division and corps, corps and theater army, and between adjacent brigades, divisions, and corps. These boundaries also correspond to movement control boundaries.

## Hauls

 Local hauls are shorter transportation movements and can occur multiples times a day. Local hauls are operations in which vehicles make two or more round trips per day based on distance and transit time. Local hauls have short running times compared to line hauls. A local haul is usually an intrazonal movement within the brigade's AO. Vehicles typically used for local hauls include the family of medium tactical vehicle cargo trucks and the HEMTT load handling system.
 Line hauls are longer transportation movements and typically require operating shifts. Line hauls are operations in which vehicles only make one round trip per day due to distance, terrain restrictions, or transit time. Line hauls have long running times compared to local hauls and usually involve one trip or a portion of a trip per operating shift. Line hauls are more frequently interzonal, commonly crossing movement control boundaries (for example, across BCT, divisional or geographic areas of responsibility) and may require additional coordination and support when moving across operational boundaries. Examples of line haul operations are throughput operations from ports or theater storage areas to a BSB. Vehicle types typically used for line hauls include tractor/trailer combinations, HET, and PLS. Line haul is especially feasible for operational movement of armored or mechanized forces.

## Hauling Methods

 Motor transport units rely on four types of hauling methods: direct hauling, shuttle or relay and hub and spoke to support the distribution system; Figure 3-2 on page 3-12 illustrates the hauling methods.

## Direct Haul

 A direct haul is a single transport mission completed by the same vehicle(s). It does not involve a transfer of supplies or exchange of equipment, as does hub and spoke (see below). Direct hauls are often used for local hauls, but can be used in line haul operations. CSCs are established to support direct line haul operations.

 Direct hauls used for line haul operations are often referred to as express operations. Express operations are often established before trailer transfer or cargo transfer points have been set up. They may also be used when there is a need for rapid movement of tonnage over long distances and when normal line haul operations cannot meet the requirement. Express operations are usually inefficient over time and should only be considered for a short period of time.

## Shuttle Or Relay

 A shuttle is a single transport mission completed in repeated trips by the same vehicles between two points. This method is commonly used in local hauls.

 A relay is a single mission completed in one trip and utilizes multiple vehicles without transferring the load. This is commonly used in line hauls. It involves the continuous movement of supplies or troops over successive segments of a route. It is done by changing drivers, powered vehicles (tractors), or both for each segment. Containerized or cargo on flat racks increases the effectiveness of this system and better uses the tonnage capabilities of vehicle platforms.

 In addition to rapid throughput of cargo, the relay system allows for command supervision and supporting services in each segment of the route. A relay distribution system will have prepositioned drivers or vehicles at transfer points, minimizing stationary time for loads. Relays and hubs sound similar, but relays maintain velocity along one route for a single mission, while a hub links and forwards loads along several routes to separate destinations. A TTP serves as a relay point or a hub, but not both at the same time.

## Hub And Spoke

 *Hub and spoke distribution* is a physical distribution system, in which a major port serves as a central point from which cargo is moved to and from several radiating points to increase transportation efficiencies and ITV (JP 4-09). A hub is an organization that sorts and distributes inbound cargo from wholesale supply sources (airlifted, sealifted, and ground transportable). An example of a hub terminal, is a distribution center, TTP, centralized receiving and shipping point, CSC site or brigade support area.

 *Spoke* is the portion of the distribution system that refers to the transportation mode operators responsible for scheduled delivery to a customer of the "hub" (JP 4-09). The hub and spoke is similar to a relay in that it is a single transport mission completed in one trip by multiple vehicles, but differs by transferring loads at hubs.

## Accountability And Maintenance Of Transportation Assets

 Assignment and accounting of semitrailers, flatracks, and CROPs will be in accordance with AR 710-2, applicable Army regulations, and or Headquarters Department of the Army G-4 policies and procedures. Units use flatracks for rapid exchanges to meet sustainment demands supporting operations across the competition continuum and range of military operations. The intent enables units to drop loaded flatracks and retrograde exchanged flatracks without an overwhelming burden of supply accountability by serial number. This generates velocity and volume of sustainment commodities in an operational area. Refer to Headquarters Department of Army G-4 updates to flatrack accountability policies and procedures.

Accountability for ISO containers will be in accordance with Army regulations and ATP 4-12.

## Maintenance And Repair Services

 Vehicles engaged in line haul and relay operations may operate up to 20 hours a day for extended periods. Such heavy usage increases maintenance requirements. To provide maintenance services at CSCs or other terminals, motor transportation battalions headquarters may detach the required maintenance personnel, tools, and equipment from assigned companies or request augmentation maintenance teams. Motor transportation battalions may establish a consolidated maintenance facility by collating maintenance personnel and resources, to either supplement or support unit level maintenance operations. See applicable Army regulations, pamphlets and SOPs for maintaining maintenance records and for the accountability of equipment.

## Summary

 Motor transport units are the single largest provider of land surface movement within the joint force.

The roles of sustainment commands enable the planning and synchronization of transportation assets to support various operations. Having a thorough understanding of the operational environment and distribution operations will allow planners to conduct an effective and efficient operation for motor transport units.

Movement planners at all levels should understand the capabilities and capacities of transportation assets and have a knowledge of the different types of distribution operations motor transport units support. It is paramount that motor transport units maintain proper property accountability as required by regulation and maintain a collaborative relationship with the unit's property book officer. Since vehicles are a key logistics enabler, wheeled vehicle and equipment operators must pause and complete required maintenance actions.

All of these activities contribute to effective Army motor operations.

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## Transportation Support Within Sustainment Headquarters

This appendix provides the capabilities of select sustainment commands and describes the relationship of transportation units and staff elements within those headquarters.

## Theater Sustainment Command (Tsc)

 The TSC is the Army's command for integration and synchronization of sustainment in the area of responsibility. The TSC plans and synchronizes intra-theater sustainment operations at the operational level of war. The TSC is assigned to an army service component command and provides general support to Army forces. The TSC commands and task organizes attached ESC's, sustainment brigades, and additional sustainment units. For additional information on the TSC, see ATP 4-94
and FM 4-0.

The theater movement control element, is a multifunctional theater level center assigned to the TSC or ESC to manage movement from the strategic to operational levels. It collocates with the distribution management center. The theater movement control element also enables the TSC to create a theater movement center when required. The theater movement control element is not designed or capable of providing command and control to subordinate units.
 The MCB is a functional transportation battalion that executes movement control in an assigned operational area. The MCB is directly subordinate to the TSC or ESC and is a vital component in assisting in the planning and execution of deployment, redeployment, and distribution operations. The MCB and its subordinate MCTs are positioned to coordinate and synchronize the execution of movement control. For additional information, see ATP 4-16.

## Expeditionary Sustainment Command

 An ESC is attached to a TSC. A taskorganized ESC attached to a TSC normally includes one or more sustainment brigades, a transportation brigade expeditionary, and a MCB to support theater opening, theater distribution, sustainment, and theater closing operations. The ESC normally deploys to provide command and control when multiple sustainment brigades are employed or when the TSC determines that a forward command presence is required. The ESC provides command and control of sustainment brigades and other units including MCBs. For additional information, see ATP 4-16, ATP 4-94, and FM 4-0.

Theater Sustainment Command
 **Role**: Synchronize, coordinate, and integrate
intra-theater sustainment support.
 **Capability**: Plan and synchronize intratheater sustainment operations at the operational level of war.
 **Command relationship**: Assigned to Army
service component command.
 **Support relationship**: General support to
Army forces.
Expeditionary Sustainment Command
 **Role**: Execute command and control for task
organized units. Plan and synchronize current and future sustainment operations.
 **Capability**: Synchronize and plan future
sustainment operations in a joint operations area or an area of operations.
 **Command relationship**: Attached to a TSC,
field Army or assigned to corps.
 **Support relationship**: General support in
the theater of operations or joint operations area or direct support to corps.

## Sustainment Brigade

 A sustainment brigade is attached to an ESC. The sustainment brigade is a multifunctional headquarters responsible for planning and synchronizing sustainment and integrating subordinate units into sustainment operations. It supports Army forces at the tactical and operational levels, providing support to corps and divisional units and units operating in its area. The sustainment brigade commands between three and seven battalions. A sustainment brigade is task organized to execute logistics, financial management, and personnel services. Logistics includes supply, maintenance, transportation, field services, distribution, operational contract support, and general engineering.

The sustainment brigade and its subordinate units will normally have a general support relationship with supported organizations. For additional information, see ATP 4-93.

 The SPO mobility branch of the sustainment brigade receives movement requests from a DTO, MCB, or MCT, and can assign tasks to subordinate battalions. The SPO will also maintain communications with the MCB for visibility and route deconfliction. The mobility branch determines transportation requirements for supported units; manages transportation capability and coordinates movement control to the brigade. The mobility branch balances transportation requirements against transportation capabilities to meet mission requirements.

## Combat Sustainment Support Battalion

 The CSSB is the sustainment brigade primary logistics support battalion level unit and is tailored to meet specific mission requirements. This allows the sustainment brigade to have a direct support relationship with supported units while still conducting area support tasks.

 The CSSB is a flexible and responsive unit that executes logistics throughout an AO providing transportation, maintenance, ammunition, supply, mortuary affairs, airdrop, field services, water, and petroleum. The mission of the CSSB is to provide command and control to organic and attached units, provide training and readiness oversight, and provide technical advice, equipment recovery and mobilization assistance to supported units.
 The CSSB is attached to a sustainment brigade upon deployment and is the building block upon which sustainment brigade capabilities are developed. The CSSB is tailored to meet specific mission requirements. Employed on an area basis, the CSSB plans, prepares, executes, and assesses logistics operations within an AO. The CSSB may also support units passing through its designated area.

 The CSSB SPO transportation section plans and coordinates transportation operations and develops the movement plan for CSSB distribution operations. Movement requests are received by the CSSB SPO transportation section. The CSSB SPO transportation section consolidates the movement requests, verifies the requirements, and assigns the tasks to a motor transport company assigned to the CSSB. For additional information on the CSSB, see ATP 4-93 and ATP 4-93.1.

Sustainment Brigade
 **Role**: Exercise command and control for
all assigned, attached, and operational control sustainment units at EAB.
 **Capability**: Execute logistics, financial
management, and personnel services functions.
 **Command relationship**: Attached to an
ESC or corps.
 **Support relationship**: General support
within a joint operations area and/or area of operations.
Combat Sustainment Support Battalion
 **Role**: Exercise command and control of
assigned and attached units conducting logistics operations in support of units designated by its higher headquarters.
 **Capability**: Employ, and command and
functions are transportation operations, maintenance operations, supply, field services, and command and control tasks. sustainment brigade. military forces.

## Division Sustainment Brigade

 The DSB is assigned to a division. The DSB's mobility

Division Sustainment Brigade
 **Role**. Primary senior advisor to
the division commander.
 **Capability**: Integration,
synchronization, and execution of sustainment operations at echelon.
 **Command relationship**:

branch develops a movement program for transportation assets in coordination with the DTO. The branch executes the sustainment command's movement program based on the division commander's established priorities. The DSB's mobility branch forecasts movement requirements for supplies, equipment and personnel in coordination with the materiel management and human resources operations branch within the SPO section.

Assigned to a division.

 Transportation capabilities and modes available (air, land

 **Support relationship**: Direct

and water) to support division movement requirements are determined. The DSB's mobility branch balances transportation capabilities with division movement requirements in

support to a division or general support within area of operations.

coordination with the division G3 and DTO. This includes planning known, anticipated, and contingency transportation requirements. For additional information on the DSB, see FM 4-0.

## Division Sustainment Support Battalion

 The DSSB is organic to DSBs assigned to divisions. The

Division Sustainment Support
Battalion
Role: Provide command and control
for organic and attached units.
Capability: Control and synchronize
the logistics operations of four organic companies.
Command relationship: Organic to
the DSB.
Support relationship: General
support to units in the division task organization.

DSSB is a multi-functional logistics battalion organic to a DSB.

The DSSB provides logistics support to a division. The role of the DSSB is to provide command and control for organic and attached units, and synchronize and coordinate logistics operations in a division. The DSSB is a headquarters with organic company level capabilities to support supply, transportation and maintenance operations. DSSBs have an organic composite supply company, CTC, and a support maintenance company. The DSSB can expand its capability by task organizing up to three additional logistics companies, detachments or teams. The DSSB conducts maintenance, transportation, supply and distribution operations. For additional information on the DSSB, see FM 4-0.

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## Occupation And Organization Of The Truck Company Area

Motor transportation companies may establish truck company areas to execute missions, conduct company operations and maintain security. The characteristics of large-scale combat make it unlikely that a truck company will remain in a truck company area for an extended period. Units must move to maintain responsive support, and to enhance survivability. Understanding the requirements for a truck company area, and how to organize and operate one are imperatives for success.

## Truck Company Area Requirements

 There are many variables to consider when determining where to establish a truck company area. Basic area requirements include the following considerations:


Road networks. Proper road networks are essential to a transportation unit's mission. Road
networks should provide accessibility and accommodate vehicles of various sizes and weights. Consideration should also be given to locations of the road networks relative to the main and alternate supply routes. When choosing a truck company area, be aware that tractors (e.g., M915, M1088) and or coupled semitrailers may be damaged if crossing ditches.

Size of the area. Motor transportation units need large truck company areas to accommodate numerous vehicles and trailers. There should be enough room to safely park and maneuver equipment within the site, and provide sufficient space for a convoy staging area.

Defensibility. Protection of personnel and equipment is vital. Intelligence reports regarding local enemy threats should be considered when choosing a truck company area. If possible, the site should also provide some level of concealment.

Terrain. The truck company area should provide enough flat, open area to stage vehicles. It should also have sufficient drainage, and not be located in lowlands, to prevent the risk of floods from hindering operations.

Existing facilities. The use of existing facilities will significantly decrease time spent on
establishing a new truck company area. Using existing facilities will accelerate both occupation and organization for the headquarters and it may decrease costs.

Local directives. Host nation laws or local policies may determine where a company may or may
not be allowed to locate. When required, the commander ensures coordination with appropriate agencies is conducted prior to occupying a truck company area.

## Positions

 Optimizing available space, fields of fire, communications, accessibility, and survivability are integral aspects in selecting positions. Each element within the truck company area should be located where it can operate most effectively. Considerations for select elements in the area include


Command Post. The command post is centrally located within the perimeter where it can exercise
mission command over the company, remain well-defended, and have lines of communication with sub-elements.

Operations. The operations section, including the operations officer, truckmaster, and dispatcher are centrally located, adjacent to the command post, to allow accessibility for unit leadership.

Maintenance. The selection of the maintenance location depends on its accessibility to entry and exit routes. The area should be located within the perimeter and near the entrance, to simplify operations for maintenance personnel. The maintenance area within the company area should have an entrance and exit within the perimeter.

Petroleum. Fuel tankers, and tank and pump units should be located adjacent to the primary entrance, inside the perimeter, to effectively provide retail distribution to returning vehicle platforms. A distribution network design is essential to optimize retail distribution, to avoid congestion. In addition, secondary containment systems are necessary to contain spills, and fuel tankers should be positioned away from field feeding areas and water points.

Platoon Areas. The number of platoon areas is dependent upon the number of platoons within the
company and consists of two areas; the troop area and the vehicle area. The troop area consists of the platoon headquarters and the designated areas for sleeping. The vehicle area is the location where vehicles are parked or staged, camouflaged, and where operator maintenance is conducted. Vehicles should not move within the company area without ground guides, especially in close proximity of sleeping locations.

Field Feeding Operations/Facilities. Transportation units have limited numbers of cooks assigned
and are usually detached to another unit to establish a consolidated messing capability. Units will either go to the consolidated dining facility for distribution, or sustenance is delivered to the unit area. When providing class I at the company location, it should be centrally located within the perimeter, and away from interior roads to avoid contamination. The field feeding area should be adjacent to the water point, have hand-washing stations, be at least 90 meters away and uphill from latrines, and at least 500 meters from any fuel point. The serving lines should take advantage of available cover and concealment.

Latrines. Latrines are located on the downwind side of the operations area at least 90 meters from
the water supply, and close in proximity to all Soldier sleeping areas. The latrines should be able to accommodate at least eight percent of the unit at a time and planners should ensure there are sufficient male and female latrines. Hand-washing facilities should be located near the exits.

## Dispersion

 Dispersion of vehicles in a truck company area or other operational area is dependent on the type of operation. The three categories (minimum, average, or maximum) are used as guidelines and commanders should adjust according to the operational environment. A minimum operation is a low-intensity operation. During a minimum operation, a motor park may be established without dispersing unit equipment more than necessary because the possibility of hostile action is remote. Vehicles are parked in the unit motor park and a minimum distance is maintained between vehicles and other unit facilities, as prescribed by the commander.

 An average operation is a mid-intensity operation. During average operations, a field setup operates under tactical conditions where friendly forces have air superiority and the possibility of hostile attack is not likely, but possible. An approximate 50-foot (15-meter) dispersion between unit vehicles and facilities is maintained to protect against losses from hostile ground action including enemy indirect fire.

 A maximum operation is a high-intensity operation. During a maximum operation, the unit is required a maximum site setup with about a 150-foot (46 meters) dispersion between unit vehicles and unit facilities as protection against hostile air attack or indirect fire.

## Planning A Company Move

 Truck companies move often and the commander should establish and publish standard operating procedures for unit moves. When a transportation unit receives a movement warning order, the unit commander initiates actions to prepare for movement. First, the commander conducts a mission analysis and initiates troop-leading procedures. A map reconnaissance is conducted to determine time-distance factors.

During this process, the commander gathers relevant tactical information.
 Upon completion, the commander issues a warning order to the company to include the reconnaissance party officer in charge (OIC) and key leaders. The reconnaissance party OIC performs detailed map reconnaissance and begins development of strip maps of primary and alternate routes and distributes these maps to key leaders. After completion of route and site reconnaissance, the commander may issue a fragmentary order based upon information obtained. Tentative future positions may then be identified for each platoon or section.

 While reconnaissance is being conducted, the unit begins preparations to clear an area as soon as it receives the movement warning order. The procedures used to clear the area vary based on the situation.

During a company move, unless the unit is released from its mission, the unit will continue to provide transportation support. Leaders should be aware of ongoing missions, vehicles out on missions, and ensure the unit movement plan includes the disposition of non-operational vehicles. The evacuation of nonoperational vehicles should be accomplished as the situation permits. Perimeter security should not be compromised in the preparation for movement.

 While loading vehicles in preparation for the unit move, vehicles should be packed in reverse order so the most essential equipment will be off-loaded first. Non-mission essential equipment - including individual clothing - is packed first, and then essential items. Proper loading and tie-down procedures are necessary to secure loads during transit (see appendix E for more information). Once the main body is prepared to depart and vehicles are staged, the entire area should be inspected. The inspection ensures equipment was not overlooked, garbage is properly disposed of, and items, which could provide intelligence information, are not left to be discovered by enemy forces.

## Methods Of Occupation

 When a company is issued a movement order, it is critical to keep move time to a minimum to limit exposure and risk. The occupation of a new location poses risk, as the new area is unfamiliar and most likely unsecure. Therefore, tactical SOPs are essential to unit preparations and procedures and should be implemented for ease of purpose, as a guide for execution. Either the two-party occupation method or the reconnaissance, selection, occupation party (RSOP) method may be used to select and prepare unit operations areas.

## Two-Party Method

 The two-party occupation method is normally used when the commander has little warning of movement. This method employs a reconnaissance party to aid in site selection and an advance party to occupy and prepare the AO. The function of the reconnaissance party ends once the commander has selected an acceptable location, based on information gathered. The job of the advance party begins with its arrival at the site and ends with the arrival of the last vehicle.

## Reconnaissance, Selection, Occupation Party Method

 The RSOP method is a combination of the reconnaissance and advance party. It is generally used when the commander has sufficient warning of a move or when the company is moving as part of a larger unit. An OIC directs the teams which carries out specialized activities of the RSOP. The OIC has overall responsibility for the RSOP and for its detailed layout. The OIC ensures the party is properly briefed and verifies the acceptability of the new position.

 The noncommissioned officer in charge assists the OIC and ensures that specific teams execute their assigned missions. The noncommissioned officer in charge ensures the new position is properly cleared of mines and is secure prior to entry by the main RSOP element. The noncommissioned officer in charge ensures that RSOP members have local security, that they conduct a chemical and radiological survey, and that the parent unit is notified as to the acceptability of the new site.

 The organization of the RSOP is situationally dependent. The local threat determines the number and types of teams necessary to clear and secure an area. Individuals may be on more than one team, and some teams may have concurrent missions. Teams should be proficient in operating the equipment necessary to perform their function. At a minimum, the following teams should be established


Security Team: the organization of a security team is vital to the safety of the RSOP. Until the area has been cleared and an observation post established, everyone is a member of this team. The observation post may be in the form of hasty defensive positions placed in the four cardinal directions, or along likely avenues of approach. If needed, security patrols augment the observation posts and act as a quick reactionary force.

Chemical, biological, radiological, and nuclear (CBRN) Specialist: this member of the security team employs chemical alarms and conducts readings of the area.

Minesweeping Team: this team also augments the security element, operating mine detectors if authorized as part of the initial clearing of the proposed area.

Ground Guides: ground guides assist in a smooth initial occupation, by establishing parking and staging areas, and are the team members designated to meet their units at the dismount point upon arrival. Prior to the arrival of the main body, these personnel assist the OIC and other teams with the layout of the site or other duties determined by the RSOP leadership.
 If the RSOP encounters enemy forces en route to or at the new location it should break contact. The OIC advises the commander of the situation as soon as the tactical situation permits. The commander will issue a fragmentary order directing movement to an alternate position or to a rally point. If chemical or radiological contamination is present, the RSOP should move to a designated point, notify the commander, and request necessary decontamination.

## Equipment

 The RSOP should have equipment sufficient to successfully accomplish the reconnaissance, layout, and security of the new position. The RSOP requires cargo vehicles with sufficient communications capability to maintain contact with the main body. A radio-equipped vehicle can operate as the RSOP
command post, or the OIC can utilize other available equipment to effectively command and control the party. Sufficient crew served weapons, ammunition, class IV materiel, and mine and chemical detecting equipment are necessary for the security team in the execution of their duties. The RSOP should also ensure sufficient class I and III products are available for the duration of their assigned mission.

 The OIC may also utilize marking stakes for planning the location of unit elements within the area, to expedite occupation during the main body entrance. Maps and other information of the area are important for conducting reconnaissance to identify obstacles, avenues of approach, key terrain, observation and fields of fire, cover and concealment, and supply routes.

## Reconnaissance

 The RSOP OIC conducts three types of reconnaissance, to include map, route, and site. Upon receipt of the movement warning order, the OIC conducts a map reconnaissance to identify the primary and alternate routes to the new location, clearances for routes, bridge classifications, route trafficability, roadway width, CPs, rally points, and other key information. The map reconnaissance facilitates the OIC's development of a tentative plan for the unit move.

 Route reconnaissance is conducted either before movement to the new position or en route to the new position based on the tactical situation. The OIC adjusts the tentative plan developed during the map reconnaissance and designates CPs and rally points. CPs and rally points are easily identifiable terrain features or markers. CPs are used as command and control measures to gauge unit movement. Rally points are places where units can reassemble and reorganize if they become dispersed. A rally point should be large enough for the entire main body and away from supply routes. A rally point should have cover and concealment, and be defensible for a short period.

 Conducting a site reconnaissance prior to moving the main body is ideal if the tactical situation permits.

In order to execute a site reconnaissance, two security team members use the mine detector to clear the access road, and two personnel conduct a radiological and chemical survey. The entire team then moves tactically to the new site looking for signs of enemy activity. Upon reaching the new site, the RSOP OIC establishes security by emplacing observation posts along likely avenues of approach to provide security for the entire element. The leadership also establishes security patrols (mounted or dismounted) and then begins a thorough site reconnaissance.

## Plan The Occupation And Prepare Positions For Occupation

 The RSOP OIC confirms the layout of the new site, designates ground guides and ensures ground guides emplace markers to designate subordinate unit areas. The OIC updates all members of the RSOP of changes to the original order, deviations to the unit standard operating procedures, the order of march, rate of march, and the approximate arrival time of the main body.

## Advance Party

 The company commander designates an advance party to occupy and prepare the site for future occupation by the main body. The advance party typically consists of the first sergeant, assistant truckmaster, CBRN noncommissioned officer, a senior wheeled vehicle mechanic, and added troops for labor and security. Troops assigned to the advance party are assigned specific tasks. The makeup and size of the advance party is governed by the tactical situation, the amount of work required in preparing the site for occupation, and other considerations deemed appropriate by the commander.

 The advance party expands the perimeter of the new location by clearing and securing the site beyond what was completed during the reconnaissance. Troops are divided into fire teams that search the area for hazards, monitor for CBRN contamination, gather information, intelligence, and look for signs of enemy activity. Security patrols and observation posts continue to provide early warning and protection.

 Tentative locations of the company and platoon command posts are confirmed and provisions are implemented for communications. Platoon and maintenance section areas are confirmed, including other appropriate sites for necessary company functions. Roads and trails that allow for one-way traffic are selected. Alternate exits are selected and marked to allow emergency departure if the main exit becomes blocked. Individual parking areas are selected based on capacities for assigned equipment, including vehicles and trailers. After selecting future sites, platoon representatives thoroughly reconnoiter their assigned area and initiate setup.

 As the main body of the company arrives, vehicles rapidly clear the approach route and are guided into predetermined positions. Drivers should quickly camouflage their vehicles and then establish hasty fighting positions on the perimeter, providing security for the entire unit.

## Occupy, Organize, And Improve Positions

 During the initial occupation of the main body, the unit is extremely vulnerable to enemy attack. When the main body arrives at the new location, a ground guide meets each major sub-element and leads it to its location. All vehicles are moved off the MSR and access road into the position area as quickly as possible; maintaining intervals if possible. Once the main body arrives, the unit focuses all its efforts on rapidly establishing a defensive perimeter, camouflaging, establishing communications to higher headquarters, internal communications, and starting operations. Work priorities are established and unit personnel are given specific tasks, including establishing a defense perimeter with any class IV available.

## Operating In An Urban Environment

 Truck companies may be required to operate from urban areas. The basic principles of occupying an area remain, but with significant differences. Among these differences are the way vehicles and equipment are positioned and camouflaged, the impacts of operating in a confined area, and controlling civilians.

## Unit Operations Area

 In both rural and urban terrain operations, the unit operations area should contain a minimum of two entrance routes and two exit routes, sufficient parking areas for tactical dispersion, camouflage of vehicles and equipment, and a maintenance area. Normal unit security measures should be modified for the urban operations environment. Factors include the nature of the terrain, presence of existing facilities and buildings, and the possible presence of civilians.

## Terrain Types

 Urban terrain types are categorized roughly by size of area, type and arrangement of buildings, and population. There are five major urban terrain types including large cities, small cities and towns, villages, residential areas, and strip areas.

 Large cities usually have multistory buildings with wide streets laid out in a regular pattern. The populations are large, numbering into the hundreds of thousands or more, and vegetation is limited. Whenever possible, avoid using cities as operations areas. Indirect fire or air strikes can easily block streets with rubble or debris and can prevents transportation units from moving through or out of the area. Units required to operate in large cities should locate near the outskirts, close to the industrial section. Industrial sections have large factories, warehouse buildings, and sufficient parking that is well suited to transportation units. Road networks in these areas are usually in good condition.

 Small cities and towns are the most common urban terrain in which transportation units operate. They generally have good road networks, and most have an adequate number of paved vehicle parking areas and large buildings for concealment. However, some of the roads may be narrow and laid out in an irregular pattern, restricting movement.

 Villages consist of a combination of closely positioned residential houses and small family farms. Few have areas or buildings large enough to be used by transport units, but can have large fields available for transportation units to occupy.

 Residential areas consist of mostly houses and do not afford good positions for concealing large task vehicles and equipment. Residential buildings are usually arranged in a regular pattern with straight streets. Scattered trees and low vegetation also make it difficult to camouflage equipment.

 Strip areas consist of commercial or residential buildings. They are often found along highway routes connecting two cities or between towns and cities. Strip areas lack depth. Most of the buildings are one or two stories high or too small to conceal vehicles inside. Such areas generally allow for early detection of enemy forces, but do not offer a transportation unit with the best concealment. However, the road network and design allows for the easy movement of vehicles.

## Operational Considerations

 With a few modifications, the procedures for setting up an operations area in urban terrain are similar to those used in rural terrain. Transportation units are usually not alone in an urban environment as civilians usually remain in the area. The fact that civilians are in the area should be considered when planning and executing mission support. Close coordination with nearby units in the area and the local populace is essential to prevent breeches of security.

## Billeting

 The physical layout of urban terrain allows for billeting Soldiers and concealing vehicles with limited use of tents or camouflage screening systems. The decision to pool or disperse is METT-TC dependent.

Preexisting billets should give adequate protection and, ideally, all billets should be in the basement to protect troops from aerial or artillery attacks. Windows should be covered to prevent entry by enemy forces and to protect against shattered glass.

## Vehicles

 The best method of camouflaging vehicles and pieces of equipment is to store them inside buildings or existing facilities. If building contents should be moved outside to make way for unit vehicles and equipment, ensure that the contents fit the surroundings and do not draw undue attention. Whenever possible, limit visibility of assigned equipment and do not permit vehicle engines to run inside buildings without adequate ventilation.

## Security

 Operating in urban terrain and in close proximity to local civilians increases the possibility of security compromise. The degree of security depends on the available security resources, type of urban terrain, and extent of terrain occupied. Security precautions should be taken against the use of sewers or interconnected cellars by infiltrators, saboteurs and various types of improvised explosive devices. Commanders should use military police or host nation police when possible to augment unit internal security. Buildings also offer good visibility for likely avenues of approach, and are ideal locations for observation posts. For more information on area security, see ADP 3-37.

 The defense of the urban operations area perimeter should be organized for both ground, indirect and air threats. Fighting positions should be identified and constructed, including bunkers to protect from indirect fire. The best defense technique in an urban operations area is concealment.

## Command Post

 The company command post should be centrally located inside the perimeter, to provide the most effective means to command and control. The building should be well constructed and large enough to accommodate the quick reaction or reserve force during periods of increased security. Take all measures to conceal the command post position, including antennas, other visible communication systems, and limit the amount of vehicles or other identifiable equipment surrounding the command post. Preexisting electrical power from the area may be present; however, generators should be prepared, utilized and maintained to provide an effective means of power.

## Reconnaissance Party

 At a minimum, the unit commander makes a map reconnaissance before employing the reconnaissance party. The reconnaissance party's objective is to select the best location for the unit. The reconnaissance party will also provide information to the commander for the selection of routes and sites, to facilitate orderly, rapid, and safe movement and emplacement at the designated location.

 The composition of the reconnaissance party is governed by tactical concerns, and is at the discretion of the commander. The reconnaissance party usually consists of an OIC, truckmaster, and a security team, but can also include other key leaders in the unit. The reconnaissance party determines the acceptability of proposed sites and makes recommendations to the commander. Site selection is based on defensibility, size, and proximity to a capable road network. The team must be prepared, equipped, and trained to conduct the recon under full mission-oriented protective posture conditions.

## Field Feeding Operations

 The dining facility should be positioned centrally, but not next to the command post. Consider using existing civilian mess facilities, if available. Also, consider putting the mobile kitchen trailer inside a building and operating from that location. The location chosen should accommodate the amount of assigned Soldiers, and provide adequate concealment.

## Unit Motor Park

 Organization of the motor park is one of the most important factors in motor transport operations. The following will discuss basic characteristics and considerations for tactical type motor parks. In planning for a unit motor park, always plan for the most efficient and economical use of available facilities, while constantly improving site location as operating conditions change.

 The company commander has overall responsibility for the unit motor park. As the commander's operations assistant, the truckmaster supervises the motor park and is responsible for the efficient conduct of related activities. Unit commanders establish procedures for the controlled dispatch of vehicles after duty hours.

## Emergency Evacuation

 The motor parks may be prime targets for enemy aircraft or indirect fire. Upon receipt of an attack warning, vehicles and personnel evacuate to the dispersal area over previously selected routes. Rapid evacuation of the motor park may not be possible using regular exits. By designating emergency exits, commanders can facilitate evacuation and reduce traffic congestion. These exits may be gates that are secured during routine operations or areas where the fence may be temporarily removed. Since emergency evacuation may involve different units, the installation commander should coordinate the evacuation plan. Evacuation priorities should be based on unit missions. The truckmaster should be thoroughly familiar with the evacuation plan and should brief unit personnel on the order of evacuation, assigned exits, and routes to an alternate motor park or designated rally point.

## Communications

 Reliable communications with the company command post simplifies motor park operations.

Communications speed the transfer of information on routine matters as well as alert notices and other emergencies. Field phones, radios or digital communications can be used to connect the motor park and the command post. Units should not rely on commercial telephone circuits, as their use is unreliable; they are an alternate means of communication for daily operations.

## Location

 The unit commander must select the best possible site for the motor park in the AO. The truckmaster reconnoiters the area and recommends the location of the motor park to the unit commander. The truckmaster bases this recommendation on interoperability, terrain, enemy considerations, size and existence of facilities.

## Intermodal Support

 The motor park should be located as close as possible to depots, railheads, terminals, or other facilities that require truck support, to maximize interoperability. The unit's mission is the key consideration in selecting the tactical motor park site, and can be collocated with aerial ports of debarkation, seaports of debarkation, or railheads, depending on the assigned mission. Easy access routes, all-weather roads, and separate entrances and exits to the area are all highly desirable to maximize the effectiveness of interoperability.

## Terrain And Enemy

 The location should have good drainage and stable soil or hardstand with little danger of fire.

Abandoned schoolyards, factory storage areas, or recreational areas are ideal if the tactical situation permits their use. Make use of natural obstacles and use artificial camouflage materials to augment natural foliage. Considerations for the location of a unit motor park should heavily depend on enemy composition, activity and capability. Planners should carefully consider dispersion, concealment, overhead cover for vehicles, along with the ability to secure the motor park against enemy attack or cargo pilferage.

## Size

 The site should be large enough to accommodate unit vehicles, tentage, maintenance facilities, POL
storage and any other assigned unit equipment. The selection of the site should be large enough for equipment, but not excessive to degrade internal security measures.

## Existing Facilities

 The motor park should be located near permanent buildings when possible, especially when the position will be occupied for an extended period. Prior to use, abandoned buildings should be inspected for structural flaws, enemy presence, and sanitary conditions.

 When possible, the dispatch office should be located at the motor park exit. The operations office and driver's briefing room should be in the same building. This allows the dispatcher to see departing vehicles and to give final instructions to drivers when necessary. The truckmaster and dispatcher should be located together for easier control over vehicles. Individual units rarely choose their buildings or location, so the most effective use of the available facilities is essential.

## Traffic Plan

 The motor park traffic plan should be designed to maximize the effective use of existing facilities.

Local conditions will determine the exact details of the traffic plan, but it should be clearly marked and labeled to prevent congestion. Vehicle traffic should be one-way, to simplify vehicle movements. The traffic plan should prevent vehicles from crossing the maintenance shop aprons when maneuvering, entering or leaving the motor park. The entrance lanes should be established to provide easy access to POL, water and the field feeding section.

## Fire Prevention

 Fires in motor parks are usually caused by hazardous operations, including carelessness or unsafe use of maintenance equipment in close proximity to flammables. To mitigate the risk and reduce the effects of motor park fires, one should plan to have adequate fire protection equipment available, and Soldiers should be trained on the equipment. Soldiers should also be trained on fire prevention techniques. Smoking areas should be designated, and strategically placed away from fuel pumps, POL storage, and other flammable areas. To maintain safe operations in the maintenance facility, separate containers for the disposal of waste POL should be utilized, oily rags and trash should be placed in covered metal containers, and all containers should be marked appropriately. In addition, a fire marshal should conduct periodic checks of the motor park, to ensure safe operations.

## Security

 Normally, the guard provides perimeter security for the motor park. This includes guards at the entrance and exit gates. The unit commander who occupies the motor park should ensure that auxiliary gates in his area of responsibility are locked and the fence is secure. The unit commander should also provide security for classified cargo, government property within area of responsibility, and for staged loaded vehicles. The commander should also designate and secure an area for parking dangerous loads, and implement a key control program according to security directives. When host nation vehicles are incorporated into the convoy, appropriate security measures according to local and unit SOPs should be followed.

## Environmental Protection

 It is essential that environmental protection procedures are established and followed in unit motor parks. POL and hazardous materials should be stored correctly, including secondary containment systems to contain spills. Maintaining a spill response SOP and materials is imperative in quickly reacting to environmentally hazardous spills. It is also important to plan for waste storage and the proper disposal, and ensure it is correctly contained prior to removal. The commander should designate an environmental representative to conduct periodic inspections for compliance with environmental practices.

## Preventive Maintenance

The primary mission of the motor transport companies is to provide tactical and sustainment mobility. Transportation units cannot conduct their mission with nonmission capable equipment. Operator care by conducting preventive maintenance in accordance with the vehicle operator's manual can greatly reduce common problems with motor vehicles. Leaders should supervise preventive maintenance and ensure Soldiers understand the importance of operator's maintenance. Appendix C discusses preventive maintenance responsibilities, and should be used as a guide for company leadership and equipment operators.

## Responsibilities

 The objective of preventive maintenance is to avert equipment failure by finding and repairing minor problems before major defects occur. The company commander is responsible for preventive maintenance of unit equipment. The company commander can disseminate maintenance responsibility, as an additional duty, to a subordinate officer. Preventive maintenance requires the use of POL and hazardous materials, and it is the commander's responsibility to ensure proper actions are taken for environmental concerns. The commander should implement policies and procedures to cover the proper storage, disposal, spill response and compliance with applicable environmental regulations.

 Platoon leaders, aided by platoon sergeants and squad leaders, are responsible to the company commander for supervising preventive maintenance, providing technical advice and assistance to operators performing preventive maintenance, and reporting required repairs that are beyond the scope of preventive maintenance. The equipment operator is responsible for conducting required preventive maintenance on assigned equipment. When possible, all operators should be permanently assigned to their equipment and no one else should operate the equipment except in an emergency.

## Platoon Leader

 The platoon leader is responsible for the maintenance of assigned platoon equipment. This includes the platoon's weapons, protective masks, communications equipment, rolling stock, and ground support equipment. The proper implementation of a strict preventive maintenance program is imperative, as failure will severely impact unit readiness. Although it may seem daunting to establish a maintenance schedule that covers all assigned equipment, it can be completed by establishing priorities and understanding the requirements for each piece of equipment.

 To be successful in maintaining assigned equipment, the platoon leader should delegate supervisory responsibility for preventive maintenance to the platoon sergeant and the squad leaders. By explaining the impact of a good maintenance program, and by gaining the acceptance of platoon leadership, Soldiers will clearly understand expectations. Also, responsibility for assigned equipment should be designated to the lowest level, to foster a sense of ownership within Soldiers. The platoon leader should know how to perform preventive maintenance, and conduct inspections. The platoon leader should have operators present during technical inspections and ensure operator maintenance is complete prior to equipment undergoing field level maintenance from the maintenance platoon. In addition, operators can assist mechanics during scheduled or unscheduled field maintenance, to gain a better understanding of the piece of equipment and to expedite its service or repair.

## Operator

 Operators conduct preventive maintenance using the 10 level technical manual commonly referred to as the -10. The -10 is specific to each type of equipment and gives information needed to find and fix problems discovered during preventive maintenance checks or equipment operation. It lists possible problems, explains what may cause them, and suggests how to correct them. Problems not covered in the -10
technical manual should be reported to unit maintenance. Preventive maintenance performed by the operators includes cleaning, inspecting, servicing, preserving, and lubricating. Preventive maintenance also includes making minor replacements which can be accomplished with basic issue item tools. Operators perform preventive maintenance checks and services before, during, and after operations. Periodic services are also conducted to ensure equipment is mission capable.

## Before Operations

 Operators perform services prior to operating assigned equipment. The service includes checks and services done at the start of each day's operation, in accordance with the 10 level technical manual for the piece of equipment. Checking the equipment prior to operation ensures the equipment is safe for use, fully functional, has no dead lining faults, and no major damage occurred since the last service.

## During Operations

 Operators also perform services while operating equipment. This service mainly includes observation of the equipment during use, by monitoring vital gauges and listening for unusual noise. The operator can look for malfunctions while operating, and correct, if possible. Operators report non-dead lining faults upon return of the equipment. If the equipment sustains a malfunction unable to be corrected and can further damage the equipment or personnel, the operator should immediately cease use and report the deficiency.

## After Operations

 Upon completion of a mission, the operator should perform an after action service. This type of service includes an inspection, cleaning, and refueling. If faults are identified, the operator should report deficiencies on the appropriate maintenance worksheet and to platoon leadership.

## Scheduled Service

 Maintenance personnel assigned to the maintenance platoon conduct scheduled services in accordance with the appropriate technical manuals. Scheduled services are usually conducted semi-annually and annually, based on the type of equipment. Operators assist maintenance personnel in the conduct of scheduled services. Assisting the maintenance personnel enables the quicker return of equipment, and increases the operator's knowledge of the equipment.

Note. For information containing details on forms and records used to document maintenance services, see DA Pamphlet 750-8.

## Road Network Evaluation

Road network evaluation is more than a review of the road network, surface treatments, and bridge capacities. It encompasses all aspects of sustainment preparation of the operation environment, such as friendly and enemy activity, weather, and terrain. This appendix addresses factors that should be considered in evaluating a road network.

## Maps And Other Data

 Movement planning begins by studying maps of the area that offer general alignment, comparative surfacing, and information on bridges and tunnels. If operations are to be sustained, add data from other sources such as the following:


Satellite imagery.

Internet based mapping programs.

Topographic maps.

Aerial photographs.

Ground reconnaissance.

Reports of travelers or inhabitants.

Construction plans of highways and bridges.

Engineers, military police, and movement control units.

## Road Characteristics

 Road characteristics include elements of design and construction that influence vehicular travel. Turns, including sharp hairpin turns, are particularly found in mountainous terrain and may restrict the use of some larger military vehicles based on turn radiuses. The width of the road determines the size of vehicles and the number of traffic lanes that can be accommodated. Engineers classify routes into three basic types:


Type X, all-weather.

Type Y, limited, all-weather.

Type Z, fair weather.
 The classification of a road is based on the road's ability to withstand weather effects. It considers road surface material, type of construction, alignment, grades, and other features. Route type is determined by the worst section of road on the entire route. See ATP 3-34.81/MCRP 3-34.3 (MCWP 3-17.4) for methods to measure and evaluate obstacles on routes. All units can use Department of Defense (DD) Form 3009 (Route Classification) for route classifications and DD Form 3010 (*Road Reconnaissance)* for road reconnaissance.

## Military Load Classification

 Military load classification is a load capacity rating system that assesses the effects of vehicle weight and type upon roads and bridges. If the military load classification is greater than the classification of the weakest bridge on the route, the bridge classification determines the capacity of the route. Wheeled and tracked vehicles with the same weight have different military load classification values. There are tables in ATP 3-34.81/MCRP 3-34.3 (MCWP 3-17.4) and STANAG 2021 that will convert vehicle capacity in pounds and factors such as number of axels and distance between axels to an equivalent military load classification. The entire road network's classification is determined by the minimum load classification of a road or a bridge within the network. The broad categories are:


Class 50, average-traffic route.

Class 80, heavy-traffic route.

Class 120, very heavy-traffic route.

## Obstructions

 Obstructions are natural or manmade obstacles, or a combination of the two (including obstacles created by enemy action), that hinder or stop movement over a given section of road. Obstructions are critical points that include


Reductions in overhead clearance. Look for overhead wires, low overhanging tree branches, overpasses, underpasses, clearances, bridges, and tunnels.

Reductions in road width. Look for narrow tunnels and bridges and overhanging or encroaching buildings.

Reductions in road capacity. Look for bridges, fords, or ferries having less capacity than the road.

Steep grades (7 percent or greater) and sharp curves (radius less than 25 meters).

Weather restrictions, such as fog, flooding, ice, snow, and mudslides.

Contaminated or damaged areas.

## Climate And Weather

 Climate is a condition produced by temperature, humidity, precipitation, wind, and light in an area over an extended period. Climate influences long-range plans for an AO. Weather is the local, day-to-day condition of the atmosphere. Daily operations are concerned with weather. Extremes of climate and weather impact motor operations by their effects on personnel and equipment. Cold climates reduce the efficiency of personnel. Bulky clothing limits movement in performing maintenance and operational duties. Hot, humid climates reduce energy and increase physical discomfort and the likelihood of disease. Over time, heat and high humidity reduce the life expectancy of all equipment and add to the problems of maintenance, repair, and replacement. Rust and corrosion are also accelerated in this type of climate. Mildew and rot rapidly attack unprotected clothing and leather products.

 Extremes of weather affect the daily maintenance and operation of motor vehicles. Low temperatures require protection of cooling systems to prevent freezing and protection to make starting easier. Tire life may be reduced and metals may become brittle and break. Batteries lose efficiency and may freeze or crack. Severe freezing may require extensive road repairs after each thaw, particularly in early spring. Extremely high temperatures may increase the number of breakdowns from overheating. For additional information on cold weather maintenance, see TM 4-33.31.

## Terrain Evaluation

 The climate and terrain should be considered together, as their greatest effect is on off-road or crosscountry motor movement operations. Terrain evaluation is the study of how soils, vegetation, climate, and land forms help or hinder the employment of military units and equipment. Road movement planners evaluate terrain to determine the ability to move vehicles and equipment without interruption and with minimum exposure to observation and direct fire.

 The terrain evaluation considers all factors of the operational environment in relation to the capabilities and limitations of the task equipment. In all military motor transport operations, terrain evaluation should be done for every new mission. The source of information, the techniques, and the results of terrain evaluation vary with the operational environment. The terrain evaluation at unit level is made to select the most suitable route to accomplish the mission most effectively under the circumstances.

 A terrain evaluation is based on information gained from observation and ground reconnaissance, aided and expanded by maps, photos, and local intelligence. Leaders need to carefully weigh this information against known capabilities and limitations of the vehicles and the training or experience of the drivers. The weather, rather than climate, is the most important variable. Even in a well-developed area with a good road network, a driver may be required to make an off-road detour to bypass a roadblock or section of damaged highway. The habit of constant terrain evaluation enables drivers to make a quick decision and prompt selection of the most practical route.

## Combined Effects

 The combinations of terrain, climate, and weather usually cause the adverse conditions for motor vehicle operation and military motor movement. The effects of climate on terrain include the amount of vegetation, frequency of precipitation, moisture content of soils and size of water obstacles.
 The weather conditions may reduce highway speeds, increase congestion, and be a major cause of accidents. Fog, rain, snow, ice, and high winds restrict movement on highways as well as travelling crosscountry. In planning off-road movement and movement on unimproved roads and trails, consider the type and character of soils along with climate and weather. Vegetation may serve as an indicator of soil type and trafficability. It may also be an obstacle to movement even though it provides cover and concealment. Soils are made up of disintegrated rock in the form of sand or clay (structure) and disintegrated organic material (humus). Their capacity to support traffic depends on both structure and the amount of moisture present. The snow characteristics are also included since the effects of snow on motor movement are considered in the same manner as soil effects.

## Soil

 The condition of the soil is important when planning for off-road movement. Normal topsoil is a mixture of clay, silt, or sand and decomposed vegetation; mud is clay and silt. All soils containing large amounts of these substances will become soft and pliable when wet. Silty soil will become dusty and loose when dry. Clay soil will dry hard and firm, making a good road surface, but may become powdery during heavy use. The rain has little effect on silty soil but may make clay roads greasy, reducing trafficability. The step grades on terrain may make routes impassable during certain weather conditions.

## Sand

 There are two types of sands to consider during road movement, fine and coarse. Fine sand gives excellent support and traction when firmly compacted and dampened. Coarse sand does not compact well; it will dry rapidly and will present an obstacle during motor movement.

## Snow

 The effects of snow are unpredictable and vary with temperature changes. Trafficability in snow depends on its strength, traction, and resistance. Light, new-fallen snow up to 20 inches (50 centimeters) deep may offer no serious obstacle to the average military vehicle. However, eight inches of grainy, sand like snow may make wheeled vehicle operations difficult. In extreme cold, snow has the same traction as dry soil. Near or slightly above freezing temperatures drastically reduce traction on hard-packed snow surfaces.

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## Road Movement Planning

Units that move as a convoy on MSRs, alternate supply routes, or other controlled routes should be familiar with route restrictions. Convoy operations require two types of control (area and organizational) and are explained in appendix H and appendix I.

Appendix E focuses on road movement planning in an area-control environment.

## Area Control

 The commander who controls the area/terrain through which convoys move exercises area control.

The area control is normally exercised by the TSC, by utilizing the MCB. The MCB employs MCTs to supervise specific areas, and ensure compliance with route synchronization.
 Units in the division areasuch as BCTsoften travel on division designated, non-MCB controlled routes. These units must still submit movement bids to the BSB SPO or the DTO and or the DSB's mobility branch (for non BCT-aligned units) for approval. Per local SOP, the DTO will collate and forward all approved movement requests to the MCB so they can construct and distribute an accurate theater-wide movement plan.

## Route Synchronization

 A route synchronization involves planning, routing, scheduling, and deconflicting the use of routes to facilitate movement control. It seeks to provide order, prevent congestion, and enforce movement priorities. The goal of route synchronization is to sustain movements according to the commander's priorities and make the most effective and efficient use of road networks. Responsibility for route synchronization rests with commanders having area jurisdiction. The route synchronization mission is performed by


The MCB and transportation battalions.

The corps transportation office in the corps area.

The DTO in the division area.

The DSB's mobility branch.

The brigade S4 in the brigade area.
 The MCTs may perform route synchronization when assigned a geographical area of responsibility within the corps area. The MCBs and division transportation office (DTO) monitor route synchronization in subordinate command areas. Based upon the tactical situation, they may also regulate some of these routes.

## Clearance Requests

 A request to move on a controlled route is known as a movement bid. A movement bid is a correspondence or message that details the itinerary of the move, the number and types of vehicles, and movement planning information. The authority to move is passed to the moving unit as a movement credit.

A movement credit is an alphanumeric identifier. Units needing to move on controlled routes that require a movement credit must request and receive clearance before beginning movement. Units use the distribution network design and the route synchronization plan to obtain information on the road networks and determine if a movement bid is required. The request is submitted through logistics channels to the DTO or MCT within whose area the movement originates. Based on procedures established in SOPs, the request may be transmitted in hard copy, electronically, or verbally. An example formation of a movement bid is in paragraph E-25.

 The MCB reviews and considers movement bids based on command priorities for the type of movement and the unit requiring movement. They either schedule the movement as requested or, if a movement credit cannot be granted, notify the unit and schedule the move at a different time or on a different route. Movement credits are returned to the requesting unit through the same channels used for the request.

## Planning Factors

 The planning factors listed in this appendix are used in the basic process of planning and organizing convoys. These formulas are necessary to plan highway movements and develop movement tables.

## Movement Measurement

 The movements are measured by calculating how long it takes to move a convoy over a route. These calculations involve time and distance factors. Movement planners should use rate of march in performing movement calculations. The rate of march is the average number of kilometers expected to be traveled in any specific time period. Since the rate of march is an average, it compensates for short periodic halts and short delays caused by congestion. It does not include long halts, such as those for consuming meals or for overnight stops. The march rate is expressed in kilometers per hour (km/h) or miles per hour (mph).

## Distance And Time Factors

 The distance and time factors are used to perform a wide range of calculations for planning highway movements and to develop movement bids or movement tables.

## Distance Factors

 The distance factors are expressed in kilometers or meters. The following terms are used to describe distance factors:


Road distance is the distance from point to point on a route, normally expressed in kilometers.

Gap describes the space between vehicles, march units, serials, and columns. It is measured from
the trail vehicle of one element to the lead vehicle of the following element. The gap between vehicles is normally expressed in meters. The gap between march elements is normally expressed in kilometers.

Road space is the length of roadway that a convoy occupies. It is measured from the front bumper of the lead vehicle to the rear bumper of the trail vehicle and includes all gaps inside the column. Road space is normally expressed in kilometers.

## Time Factors

 Time factors are expressed as a quantity of hours or minutes. The following terms are used to describe time factors:


Time distance is the amount of time required to move from one point to another at a given rate of march. It is the time required for the head of a column or any single vehicle of a column to move from one point to another at a given rate of march.

Time gap is the amount of time measured between vehicles, march units, serials, or columns as they pass a given point. It is measured from the trail vehicle of one element to the lead vehicle of the following element.

Pass time is the amount of time required for a convoy or its elements to pass a given point on a route.

## Arrive And Clear Time Calculations

 To complete a movement bid, the moving unit should calculate the arrive and clear time at start points
(SPs), en route to CPs (SPs), and release points (RPs). Arrive and clear times are not the same as time factors.

Time factors measure a quantity of time. Arrive and clear times are actual times as displayed on a clock.

 The arrive time is the time the first vehicle in the column will arrive at an SP, CP, or RP. The arrive time is derived from the time distance. The clear time is the time the last vehicle in the column will clear that SP, CP, or RP. The clear time is derived from the pass time. The planner should determine the arrive and clear time for the entire column, consisting of the serials and march units within that column.

 The calculation arrive times are as follows: The arrive time at the SP is the same as the SP time. To calculate the arrive time at the first CP, take the distance from the SP to the first CP, divide by the planned rate of march, and multiply by 60 (minutes). Add this amount of time distance to the arrive time at the SP to determine the arrive time at the first CP.

EXAMPLE:
 Distance from SP to first CP: 10 km
  March rate: 50 km/h Solution: 10 50 = .20 hours x 60 = 12 minutes If the arrive time at the SP is 0800, then the arrive time at the first CP will be 0812.

 To calculate the arrive time at the second CP, take the distance from the first CP to the second CP, divide by the planned rate of march, and multiply by 60 (minutes). Add this amount of time distance to the arrive time at the first CP to determine the arrive time at the second CP.

EXAMPLE: Distance from first to second CP: 15 km March rate: 50 km/h Solution: 1550 = .30 hours x 60 = 18 minutes If the arrive time at the first CP is 0812, then the arrive time at the second CP will be 0830.

Note. Continue this method to calculate the arrive time at succeeding CPs to the RP.

 To calculate the clear times at each CP, planners should determine the pass time. Calculating pass time requires four calculations: density, time gaps, road space, and pass time.

Density =
      1,000 (meters)
 Vehicle gap + avg length of vehicle Note: Vehicle gap is expressed in meters, representing the gap between vehicles. Average length of vehicle is expressed in meters, representing the average length of the most common vehicle in the column.

EXAMPLE: If the vehicle gap is 100 meters and the average vehicle length is 18 meters, then Density =   1,000   =   1,000   =   8.5 vehicles per km

 100 + 18     118
Time gaps = [(number of march units - 1)
 x march unit time gap]
+ [(number of serials - 1) x (serial time gap - march unit time gap)
EXAMPLE: If a column has two serials with two march units in each, the time gap between march units is 5 minutes and the time gap between serials is 10 minutes, then
Time gaps = [(4 - 1) x 5] + [(2 - 1) x 5] =

 [3 x 5] + [1 x 5] = 15 + 5 = 20 minutes
Road space = number of vehicles + time gaps x rate

     density   60 (minutes)
Note. Time gaps in the road space calculation are the total time gaps calculated for the column.

EXAMPLE:    number of vehicles
 = 87

|    density        |  = 8.5 per km    |
|-------------------|------------------|
| rate              | = 50 km/h        |
| time gaps         | = 20             |

Road space = 87 + 20 x 50 = 10.2 + 16.7 = 26.9 km
8.5 60
Note. In this example, the column will occupy 26.9 km of road space.

**Pass time =** **road space $\mathbf{x}$ (60)**

**Tate**
EXAMPLE: (Continuation from above) Pass time = 26.9 x 60 = 1,614 = 32.2 or 33 minutes

 50              50
Note. Always round up pass time regardless of the decimal value.

 In this example, the clear time at the SP is 33 minutes after the first vehicle crosses the SP. If the arrive time at the SP is 0800, the clear time at the SP will be 0833. If the arrive time at the first CP is 0812, the clear time at the first CP will be 0845. Use this same method to calculate the arrive and clear times at succeeding CPs to the RP. This movement can be depicted as follows

## Cp       Arrive Time    Clear Time 1          0800 0833

| 2          0812    |    0845  |
|--------------------|----------|
| 3          0830    |    0903  |

 The pass time will stay the same throughout the route as long as the march rate and density do not change. If the march rate or density changes, then recalculate the pass time to determine the new clear time.

## Rest Halts

 While the march rate compensates for short halts, it does not include scheduled rest halts. Scheduled rest halts should be planned for during the movement planning process. Rest halts can either be scheduled at a CP or between CPs. Planners should understand that scheduled rest halts require time to get vehicles off the road and staged, time to rest, and time to get vehicles back on the road. If 10 minutes is to be allowed for the rest halt, then 15 minutes should be scheduled. The extra time is needed to get vehicles on and off the road.

 If a rest halt is scheduled at a CP, the arrive time at the CP does not change. The only thing that will change is the clear time at that CP and the arrive and clear time at succeeding CPs. The clear time should be adjusted by the scheduled halt time. If a rest halt is scheduled between CPs, then arrive and clear times at the next CP should be adjusted by the scheduled halt time. Continuing with the previous example, if a 15-minute rest halt is planned between CP 2 and CP 3, the following adjustments to CP 3 are needed:

|    |    CP  |    ARRIVE TIME        CLEAR TIME  |
|----|--------|-----------------------------------|
| 1  |  0800  |                             0833  |
| 2  |  0812  |                             0845  |
| 3  |  0845  |                             0918  |

Note. The 15-minute delay in arriving and clearing CP 3 in the chart above. If the rest halt was planned at CP 2, the following adjustment to the clear time at CP 2 and both the arrive and clear times at CP 3 are necessary. In the following chart, note the 15 minute delay in clearing CP 2, arriving at CP 3, and clearing CP 3.

| CP       ARRIVE TIME    |    CLEAR TIME  |
|-------------------------|----------------|
| 1          0800         |          0833  |
| 2          0812         |          0900  |
| 3         0845          |          0918  |

## Movement Tables

 The procedures just described are used to calculate the arrival and clear times for an entire unit movement. That information is of no use to subordinate serial and march unit commanders. They will need to know the specific arrival and clear times for their serials and march units. Therefore, the movement planner should develop movement tables for these subordinate elements of the column.

 Continuing with the example, you are assigned to the 150th Medium Truck Company, equipped with M915 tractors and M872 semitrailers. The company is augmented with an additional medium platoon. The unit will move from its present location to a new area and you should plan the move. You have read both the route synchronization plan and the distribution network design and selected a route. The route requires that you submit a movement bid. The route you select is an MSR. You will SP at CP 4 and RP at CP 13. You intend to SP at 0800. The following represents your route and the distances involved:
(SP) CP 4 to CP 8 = 10 km CP 8 to CP 5 = 15 km CP 5 to CP 1 = 10 km CP 1 to CP 13 (RP) = 5 km You calculate your time distance as follows: Time Distance: SP to CP 8 = 10/50 x 60 = 12 minutes CP 8 to CP 5 = 15/50 x 60 = 18 minutes CP 5 to CP 1 = 10/50 x 60 = 12 minutes CP 1 to RP = 5/50 x 60 = 6 minutes Your augmented company has 87 vehicles, which you divide into two serials with two march units in each serial. (You could have chosen to have all four march units in one serial.) The first march unit has 22 vehicles with vehicles having an 18 meter average length. Calculate the pass time for this march unit as follows: Density
 = 1000/100 + 18 = 1000/118 = 8.5 vehicles per kilometer Time Gaps
  = 0 (because you are calculating for only one march unit)
Road Space
 = 22 + 0 x 50 = 2.6 kilometers
 8.5       60
Pass Time
 = 2.6 x 60 = 3.1 minutes = 4 minutes
  50
REMINDER: Round up pass time regardless of the decimal value.

You then develop a movement table for the company movement. The completed movement table showing the arrive and clear times for each march unit in the company as follows.

150 Trans Co
March Unit 1
  Arrive
    Clear
CP 4
 0800
 0804
CP 8
 0812
 0816
CP 5
 0830
 0834
CP 1
 0842
 0846
  NOTE 5-MINUTE TIME GAP
CP 13
 0848
 0852
   BETWEEN MARCH UNITS
March Unit 2
CP 4
 0809
 0813
CP 8 0821 0825
CP 5
    0839
 0843
CP 1
    0851
 0855
      NOTE 10-MINUTE TIME GAP
CP 13
 0857
 0901
 BETWEEN MARCH UNITS
March Unit 3
CP 4
 0823
  0827
CP 8
    0835
    0839
CP 5
   0853
    0857
CP 1
   0905
 0909
     NOTE 5-MINUTE TIME GAP
CP 13 0911 0915 BETWEEN MARCH UNITS
March Unit 4
CP 4
 0832
     0836
CP 8
  0844
     0848
CP 5
  0902
     0906
CP 1
  0914
     0918
CP 13
      0920
     0924

 Note how the time distance is used to determine the arrive times. Also, that the pass time is added to each arrive time to obtain the clear time. If you compare the arrive and clear times of this movement table with the arrive and clear times calculated for the entire convoy, you will notice a slight deviation in the clear time at the RP. This is due to the rounding up of each march unit's pass time.

## Diverting And Rerouting

 Convoy commanders should realize that not all scheduled convoys will move according to scheduling.

Host nation, civilians or enemy action may cause traffic disruptions that destroy bridges, damage MSRs, or contaminate MSRs. Refugees clogging an MSR, breakdowns, weather, or degradation of road surfaces may also cause them. The route synchronization authorities may issue instructions to units to hold movements that have not begun or to issue new routing instructions, hold movements at a staging area or CP if they have already begun, or reroute movements at a CP. Units should comply with these instructions as issued.

## Completing A Movement Bid

 The movement bids should contain all information pertaining to the unit movement. The following guidance will assist you in completing a movement bid with all required information. For additional information on movement bids, see ATP 4-16.

1. **TO:** The appropriate movement manager responsible for route synchronization in your area. This organization may be the DTO, MCB, or MCT.

      THRU: The higher headquarters or MC detachment servicing your area. FROM: The unit submitting the movement bid.

2. **MOVING UNIT:** Name of the moving unit.
3. **CONVOY CDR:** Convoy commander's name.
4. **START POINT/RELEASE POINT:** The SP should be located at a point along the MSR that will allow a march unit to be at the proper interval and rate. The RP should be at a point along the MSR that will allow the march unit to clear the RP without bunching up or slowing from planned rate of march. Include a sixdigit grid coordinate and the nearest town or other quickly identifiable location.

5. **TYPE OF MOVEMENT:** Identify the kind of movement; for example, unit move or resupply convoy. 6. **MOVEMENT DATE/SP TIME:** Date and time the convoy will arrive at the SP. 7. **MOVEMENT CREDIT:** This space is reserved for the movement control unit that will issue the movement credit. When you receive permission to move, this will be returned and a movement credit number will be assigned. This number will be written on each vehicle in the convoy.

8. **CONVOY ORGANIZATION:** Identify the number of serials and march units that you will need to control your convoy. You also establish the time gaps between serials and march units as well as the vehicle gap.

9. **RATE OF MARCH:** Enter the rate of march you used to plan the movement. 10. **CHECKPOINTS:** List the CPs you will use along your route. Ensure the CPs are known to the movement agency. These may be established as part of the distribution network design and should be used by all units moving through the AO.

11. **DISTANCE BETWEEN POINTS:** This is the measured distance between your SP, CPs, and RP.
12. **ARRIVAL AND CLEAR TIMES:** Identify the arrival time and clear time at each CPs. Use the times
calculated with the planning formulas as explained earlier in this appendix.
13. **ROUTE DESCRIPTION:** Use the MSR names identified in the route synchronization plan or the distribution network design. When MSRs are not previously identified, use the local highway or road designation.

14. **CRITICAL POINTS/HALTS:** Identify planned halts for refueling or driver rest. These locations may be at a CP or between CPs . Also, identify any critical points that you want to bring to the attention of the movement planner.

15. **NUMBER OF TRACKS:** Identify the total number of tracked vehicles that will travel in the convoy. 16. **NUMBER OF WHEELS:** Identify the total number of wheeled vehicles that will travel in the convoy.

17. HEAVIEST VEHICLE/WEIGHT/MILITARY LOAD CLASSIFICATION (VEH/WT/MLC):
Identify by model the heaviest vehicle class that will be in the convoy. Include the vehicle weight and military
load classification. Vehicle weight may be found in TB 55-46-1. The military load classification should be
affixed to the right front of the vehicle.
18. **VEHICLE CHARACTERISTICS AND INFORMATION:** List the total number of vehicles of each model type that will travel in the convoy. Vehicle data may be found in TB 55-46-1. Include peculiar load information that will assist movement managers in routing the convoy. All hazardous material should be identified.

19. **REQUESTER'S NAME:** Identify a point of contact with telephone number in case there are questions and changes to be coordinated. This point of contact should be familiar with the convoy organization and the data that was submitted with the correspondence or message in the movement bid.

## Loads And Loading Techniques

To successfully support military operations, motor transport unit personnel should be trained in and be aware of the principles of vehicle loads and cargo loading. Appendix F addresses these principles, with emphasis on shipper and receiver responsibilities, hazardous material, oversize and overweight loads, and methods of loading and unloading.

## Responsibilities Of Unit Personnel

 All motor transport company personnel have some responsibility for vehicle loads and cargo loading.

A discussion of individual responsibilities follows. For specific information on loading, see the vehicle's technical manual.

## Company Commander

 The company commander is responsible for the unit and develops training plans for the unit. He ensures that company personnel are qualified to operate all equipment and are thoroughly trained in the principles of loading, securing, and transporting cargo. He also ensures that the company training plans support individual driver skills, the required mission essential task list, and military occupational specialty training.

## Platoon Leader And Platoon Sergeant

 The platoon leader and platoon sergeant develop the platoon's training plans based on their assessment of training needs. Plans include both individual and collective tasks. The platoon leader and platoon sergeant also implement company training plans and policies and ensure that squad leaders are qualified. They review driver testing and qualification records and observe driver training. They keep the commander informed of the platoon's level of training.

## Truckmaster

 The truckmaster maintains driver qualification records and ensures that personnel are properly trained before being licensed. He should be satisfied that training is conducted according to standard. For this reason, the truckmaster regularly observes driver training. Based on the type of equipment in the unit, he may incorporate load and loading criteria in testing. The truckmaster also reviews commitments that involve unusual or hazardous loads and highlights them for the tasked platoon.

## Squad Leader

 The squad leader trains drivers to properly load and secure cargo on their vehicles. He ensures that operators know what they are carrying and that both drivers and vehicles are prepared to move the types of loads specified in taskings. The squad leader also supervises maintenance and ensures that vehicles meet operational standards.

## Driver

 The driver supervises the loading of his vehicle and ensures that his cargo is properly loaded and secured against movement. He further ensures the load is balanced and does not exceed the vehicle capacity as noted on the data plate. He uses the vehicle tarpaulin to protect the load from the weather and pilferage.

Once the driver accepts the load from the shipper, he alone is responsible for its safe delivery. The driver should not accept an unsafe load and should resolve any dispute before moving.

## Shipper

 The shipper will normally load vehicles, unless the vehicle has a self-loading mechanism, such as PLS
or attached material handling equipment, such as a crane. The shipper provides all tie-down devices, dunnage, blocking and bracing materials, and special tools required to secure the load. An exception is loading containers on semitrailers equipped with locking devices. The shipper also prepares any necessary shipping documents.

## Cargo Characteristics

 The shipper's request for transportation identifies the characteristics of the cargo with its description, dimensions, and weight. The unit operation personnel use this data to plan the vehicles needed to support the movement. The data also tells drivers what they need to prepare for the movement (such as the requirement for a tarpaulin, placards, protective clothing, and fire extinguishers). If transporting hazardous material, this information alerts drivers to prepare vehicles for certain inspections and to seek guidance on loading techniques from squad leaders, platoon sergeants, or truckmasters.

## Cargo Area

 The vehicle cargo area is measured in cubic feet. (To calculate cubic feet, take the length times width times height.) Cargo dimensions should not exceed the dimensions of the cargo area of the vehicle. An exception is made for certain outsize loads where there is an overhang from the sides or tail end. To make efficient use of assets, transportation units should try to maximize the weight and cube of vehicles and send only the number of vehicles that can safely carry the load. Theoretically, a perfect cargo load is one that exactly matches the cubic measurement of the vehicle's cargo area and its allowable weight. For example, if the maximum payload capacity of an M1083 5-ton cargo truck traveling on a highway were fully used, the load (piled no higher than the side racks) would occupy about 242 cubic feet and weigh 10,000 pounds. These conditions are seldom met. The weight, bulk, shape, and compatibility of the cargo, along with road conditions, affect how the vehicle will be loaded.

## Weight

 When loading dense cargo such as ammunition or machinery, the vehicle weight limit may be reached before the cargo space is filled. In other words, it may weigh out before it cubes out. In such cases, the load should be blocked and braced to prevent shifting. With most military cargo loads, however, the vehicle will cube out before it weighs out. The weight of most military cargo is usually stenciled on the package and noted on the transportation request. The total shipment weight equals the sum of the individual package weights. If the weight is not stenciled on the cargo, the driver should ask the shipper to weigh it before loading. If this is not feasible, the driver should try to have the vehicle weighed after loading. This will ensure that the vehicle is not overloaded. If the cargo weight (total weight minus vehicle weight = cargo weight) exceeds the maximum cargo weight for the vehicle capacity and the anticipated driving conditions, the driver will return to the shipper for resolution.

 When these options are not possible, the driver should require the shipper to provide an estimated weight and annotate the estimated weight on the shipping document. If the driver has doubts about the vehicle's ability to transport the load safely, it should not be accepted.

## Cargo Compatibility

 Shippers are required to comply with local laws and regulatory requirements for shipping like commodities together on the same vehicle. If there is any doubt and before the driver transports the cargo, shippers should consult appropriate references for guidance. For shipments within CONUS, use Title 49, Code of Federal Regulations (49 CFR), *Transportation.* When operating overseas, rules of the host country apply. The rules of each country transited, as well as international agreements, govern international shipments of hazardous cargo by highway. If the driver has any doubt about the safety of the load, he should contact the nearest transportation officer, MCT, or his unit. In the absence of host country standards, comply with guidance in 49 CFR.

## Road Conditions

 Every road can be classified based on its construction. Engineers normally classify roads.

Classification includes bridges, tunnels, and other features that limit width, height, or weight. The payload capacity of a vehicle may be too great for existing roads or bridges. Light surface, loose surface, or fair weather roads may not bear the weight of a fully loaded vehicle. Accordingly, a driver should be familiar with all road conditions and how they affect an allowable payload. For example, an unimproved mountainous road dictates a reduced load compared to a flat hard-surfaced highway. The nature of the road surface may also affect the amount of blocking and bracing needed to secure the load.

## Loading Procedures

 Proper loading procedures are essential to safe operations. They also support successful mission accomplishment by ensuring operational economy and efficiency. Truck unit capability is specified by the table of organization and equipment. See AR 385-10 for more information on requirements for transporting passengers in tactical vehicles.

## Improper Loading Practices

 Underloading and overloading are improper loading practices. Though underloading does not affect vehicle operation or safety, it does affect operational efficiency. Underloading requires more vehicles than necessary to do the job. It wastes vehicles and personnel and causes unnecessary expenditures of fuel and lubricants. It also creates added route synchronization and traffic control problems that can affect all highway movements in the area. Underloading a vehicle is acceptable for compatibility purposes only. Vehicle overloading is a serious concern because it can damage the vehicle and is unsafe. Drivers should not accept loads that are greater than the authorized payload.

## Loading Cargo

 The amount of cargo that can be loaded lengthwise into a truck varies by truck size and model. The length and width of cargo trucks and semitrailer bodies is listed in TB 55-46-1. If it is necessary for pipes, lumber, or other cargo to hang over the front and rear of the vehicle, the cargo should be blocked to keep the weight off the tailgate. A red flag should also be placed at each end of the load in the daytime (a red light at night) to warn other motorists that the vehicle needs added road space. The amount of overhang allowed varies from state to state and country to country. Units should know local traffic rules.

 There are generic rules for loading cargo to make certain the proper distribution of weight and overall safety of the cargo and vehicle is maintained. When loading cargo, place heavier items evenly distributed on the bottom and lighter cargo on top to maintain safe weight distributions. Block, brace and secure cargo with lumber or other materials to keep the load from shifting or falling off the vehicle while transporting. While loading, ensure the load is as low as possible to the vehicle bed, as an unnecessarily high load may make the vehicle difficult to control. While planning for multiple stops and distribution, separate the cargo loaded by destination to facilitate offloading. Also, and if possible, load items of uniform size and weight together to simplify operations. When loading drums or barrels on their sides, their length should be parallel to the sides of the truck and properly secured to prevent rolling. In addition, if the loaded cargo is higher than the top of the cab of the vehicle, measure and record the height of the load. Inform squad leader or convoy commander of the height of the load.

## Troops And Equipment

 Certain vehicles designed for cargo may also carry troops and enemy prisoners of war. The number of troops carried varies with the size of the truck and duration of the trip. Only authorized individuals may ride in military vehicles. Passengers should stay seated with all parts of their bodies inside the truck, especially while riding in the cargo bed on troop seats. As passengers in the cargo bed, all Soldiers should wear head protection and the troop safety strap should be utilized during travel. If the tactical situation permits, a tarpaulin should be used to protect Soldiers from weather, but proper ventilation is essential to protect them from exhaust gases. Soldiers should mount or dismount only after the driver or assistant driver has lowered the tailgate and disconnected the troop safety strap. See AR 385-10 for more information on requirements for transporting passengers in tactical vehicles.

 To prevent injury during loading or unloading and if the tactical situation permits, a Soldier should not mount or dismount the vehicle with their weapon. The Soldier should pass it to someone already on board or to the person behind waiting to mount. Each Soldier should take back their weapon once on board. Likewise, a Soldier should not mount or dismount the vehicle carrying their individual equipment. Once on board, the Soldier should stack their equipment on the bed of the truck or under the seats. The number of ruck sacks or duffel bags that accompany Soldiers will reduce the number of troops that can be loaded on each vehicle. However, loading Soldiers with their personal equipment reduces the risk of lost equipment. Individual equipment not needed on the march may be loaded in separate trucks or trailers. This practice relieves Soldiers of added responsibility and is less fatiguing. It also ensures that, if the enemy attacks, Soldiers will not be burdened with nonessential equipment. Passengers and cargo are never hauled on the same vehicle.

## Transporting Explosives And Hazardous Materials

 Hazardous material is a material or substance capable of posing an unreasonable risk to health, safety, and property when transported, as determined by the Secretary of Transportation. Hazardous materials are designated in 49 CFR and includes explosives, ammunition, flammable liquids and solids, oxidizing materials, corrosive liquids, compressed gases, poisons, radioactive material, and chemical agents. Vehicles hauling passengers should be separated from any vehicle hauling hazardous cargo.

## References

       In CONUS, Army vehicles carrying special loads should comply with 49 CFR, AR 190-11, and DTR
4500.9-R, Part III, Appendix K. When operating overseas, local regulations and policies apply. For detailed instructions on hauling arms, ammunition, and explosives refer to AR 190-11. For information on transporting radioactive materials, see AR 385-10 and TM 55-315. For information on transporting chemical agents, see AR 50-6. For information on transporting nuclear weapons and materials. For instructions on the handling and storage of hazardous material, see TM 38-410. The proper marking and placement of placards on vehicles carrying hazardous cargo is covered by 49 CFR, *Transportation* within CONUS, or by overseas regulations.

## Shipper Responsibilities

 Any shipper who offers a hazardous material for transportation should describe the hazardous material on the shipping documents. The driver of a motor vehicle containing hazardous material should ensure that the shipping document is readily available in the event of an accident or inspection. At origin, the shipper should inspect vehicles before they are loaded with hazard classes 1.1 through 1.3 ammunition, explosives, poisons, radioactive "Yellow III" material, and chemical agents. Military shippers use DD Form 2890, (DOD
Multimodal Dangerous Goods Declaration) to instruct drivers transporting hazardous material. The form outlines precautions to take in event of fire, accident, or breakdown. The shipper or transportation officer can add information related to the specific movement. When the shipper uses DD Form 626 (Motor Vehicle Inspection [Transporting Hazardous Material]) each item on the form should be completed. The driver should ensure all deficiencies are corrected before the vehicle is loaded.

## Receiver Responsibilities

 If the destination is a restricted area, the vehicle is inspected before unloading using the DD Form 626.

A restricted area is any area to which entry is subject to special restrictions or control for security reasons or to safeguard property or material. An example is an ammunition supply point. Deficiencies should be corrected at the time of inspection if practicable and if necessary for safe delivery to the unloading point. If a correction is necessary but impracticable, proper action should be taken to ensure safe delivery of the shipment. This could include use of ground guides, reduced speed, or escort vehicles. Drivers should get a copy of DD Form 2890 from the shipper or ammunition supply point before departure. The driver should read the DD Form 2890 before departure and ask questions if he does not understand it.

## Loading And Unloading Hazardous Material

 There are many general requirements for loading and unloading hazardous materials. The operator should ensure the vehicle is safe to operate and free of fire hazards. By conducting preventive maintenance checks and services, the driver can identify any obvious faults with the vehicle to rectify prior to loading material. The driver should check to make certain there are no exposed wires and clean off excess oil or grease that has accumulated on the vehicle. The driver should also check the fuel system for leaks. During loading and unloading, the hand break should be engaged, with chock blocks bracing the wheels. The load is required to be inspected during rest or refueling stops, and should never be left unattended. During shipment, hazardous cargo should be marked with the proper shipping name, identification number and appropriate labels per 49 CFR. The placards should also be placed on the vehicle on the front, sides and rear indicating the appropriate hazard. The driver should also verify the shipper has properly loaded the hazardous material and utilized blocking and bracing methods to prevent shifting during transit.

## Specific Types Of Hazardous Material

 Besides cargo that requires DD Form 626 and DD Form 2890, specific types of hazardous material have other requirements that should be met for transporting. Personnel involved should know and observe current safety regulations and policies contained in AR 385-10, 49 CFR, and DTR 4500.9-R, Part III, Appendix F as well as in local policies.

## Ammunition

 There are specific rules involved with ammunition shipments. When transporting ammunition, personnel should ensure tops of boxes are marked THIS SIDE UP. As a safety precaution, do not smoke within 25 feet, or use open flames within 25 feet, while loading, unloading, or transporting ammunition. The engine should be turned off during loading and unloading, and Soldiers should always ensure ammunition is handled with care. Since ammunition is dense, personnel should verify vehicle payload capacity and make certain to never overload the vehicle. Two serviceable fire extinguishers with at least a 10 BC rating should be carried with the vehicle, and vehicle operators need to be fully versed in their operations. Also, close and secure the tailgate; never load ammunition on the tailgate. While transporting ammunition, do not push or tow a truck also carrying explosives. Always follow a planned route that minimizes exposure in densely populated areas and never park in congested areas. While driving, protect cargo from shifting by not making sudden stops or turns. Never transport detonating caps with other explosives. When transporting artillery ammunition, load the rounds on their sides, so the size of the projectile is parallel with the truck's side, unless they are vertically prepackaged by the ammunition supply point. Fuses, primers and artillery ammunition can be carried in the same vehicle, but not assembled into a complete round.

## Flammable Liquids

 While transporting flammable liquids, personnel should exercise caution. When working around any hazardous material, never smoke within 25 feet, or use open flames within 25 feet, during loading, unloading or the transit of the cargo. Always turn off the engine during loading and unloading, and have two serviceable fire extinguishers with at least a 10 BC rating available for use. Fire extinguishers with a class B rating are effective against flammable liquid fires. Fire extinguishers with a class C rating are suitable for fires in "live"
electrical equipment. Prior to loading, personnel should inspect electrical connections on petroleum semitrailers and filling apparatus to make sure they are properly grounded. Also, prior to loading, remove tarpaulins and properly store them for future use. Personnel should never wear hobnail or metal-cleated boots to prevent sparks from igniting liquids.

## Flammable Solids And Oxidizing Materials

 While transporting flammable solids and oxidizing materials, there are special rules to consider. The load should be protected from adverse weather and kept dry at all costs. The proper use of a tarpaulin, including tie downs, are vital in the movement of this type of cargo. Also, personnel should provide ventilation for the load, but not allow it to be subjected to adverse weather.

## Corrosive Liquids

 There are also special rules that apply to the transportation of corrosive liquids. Personnel should inspect containers for leaks prior to loading, and if a leak is present, never load the container. Whether a container is full or empty, personnel should make sure that each container is tightly closed. While transporting batteries, personnel should ensure they are protected from movement and from contacting one another. The battery terminals should also be protected against short circuits.

## Compressed Gases

 While transporting compressed gases, personnel should ensure that all cylinders are on flat surfaces.

The cylinders should be blocked and braced to prevent movement, and tied down appropriately. Personnel ensure the engine is turned off during loading and unloading.

## Poisons

 During the transportation of poisons, personnel should inspect containers to ensure leaks do not exist.

Also, never transport poisons in the same vehicle with food or edible substances.

## Radioactive Materials

 Radioactive materials should be handled with care, and packages containing said items should be properly marked with yellow or white labels in accordance with 49 CFR. Prior to loading, ensure the cargo area of the vehicle is free of protruding nails or bolts. Partitions can be utilized in cargo compartments to separate different packages. The separation distance on the total transport index shown on yellow labels should be utilized. The label also indicates the degree of control the driver should use while transporting cargo. Never load more than 50 transport indexes on one truck, which can be determined by adding all the indexes on the yellow labels. After adding the transport indexes, personnel should verify the separation distance with the shipper to ensure it is properly loaded. Never transport hazard class 1.1, 1.2 or 1.5 explosives with radioactive materials, and never transport personnel in the same cargo compartment. If monitoring for radioactivity is required, the shipper should provide the monitoring device and an individual skilled in its use. The Installation Transportation Office (ITO) should have a copy of the Department of Transportation regulations that govern radioactive shipments.

## Chemical Agents And Chemical Ammunition

 Prior to the transportation of chemical agents and chemical ammunition, personnel should inspect the cargo area for protruding nails or bolts. In addition, personnel should carry individual CBRN defense equipment, know proper first aid and emergency procedures, and utilize any protective equipment or clothing provided by the shipper. Operators should also know the signs and symptoms produced by CBRN hazards and proper steps to follow if symptoms occur. According to AR 50-6, technical escorts who are qualified should accompany shipments of certain categories of chemical surety material.

## Oversize And Overweight Loads

 Civil authorities determine limitations on the weight and dimensions of vehicles using public highways. Consequently, restrictions vary considerably for shipments in the United States and in overseas areas. Unit personnel should know the applicable regulations for the area in which they are operating. During combat operations, the movement control headquarters issues instructions for determining oversize and overweight loads. These limitations are established to prevent damage to MSRs and to allow for safe movement of vehicles.

## Clearance Permit

 The unit or activity planning to move oversize or overweight cargo requests a DD Form 1266 (Request for *Special Hauling Permit*). This form furnishes the ITO with complete information on the cargo and vehicles to be used. The ITO requests a special hauling permit from the authorities. The requesting unit should furnish the type of equipment, cross-weight, axle loads, height, width, length, origin, destination, date, time and nature of the cargo to the ITO. In addition, while transporting oversized or overweight loads, warnings should be visible on the sides and rear of the cargo or vehicle to warn other traffic. See DTR 4500.9-
R, Part III, Appendix F for additional information on oversize and overweight loads requirements.

## Escort Vehicles

 If transporting an oversized or overweight load, escort vehicles may be required in the front and rear of the load. When escort vehicles are required, the vehicles should either have warning lights or be driven with vehicle headlights on. When required, the lead escort vehicle carries a WIDE LOAD FOLLOWS sign on the front. The rear escort vehicle should be equipped with a WIDE LOAD AHEAD sign on the back.

## Cargo Securing Procedures

 To secure the load for safe delivery to its destination, the shipper should follow procedures to lash and/or block and brace cargo. The shipper is responsible for blocking and bracing a load. However, since the driver should deliver the load safely to its destination, some general rules apply to the driver. The operator should block crates, boxes and barrels to keep them from shifting during transport. Crib blocking can be used whenever possible. The crib blocking does not need to be nailed to the floor or sides if it is placed tightly against the other cargo to secure the lumber. When using lumber for blocking, it should be free of knots and be strong enough to provide a rigid and stable support system for loads en route. If the load is required to be protected from weather, pad corners of boxes, crates or other sharp objects to prevent damage to the tarpaulin.

## Double-Stacking Trailers

 Problems may arise when stacking one trailer onto another for transport, especially if loading facilities or equipment (such as ramps, loading docks, and gantry cranes) are not available. Several methods can be used to solve these problems. When semitrailers are stacked and shipped as cargo or moved as a matter of convenience, be sure to coordinate with the receiving authority to ensure the shipment can be unloaded. Experienced drivers should be used when tractors are positioning semitrailers onto or removing them from other semitrailers.

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## Motor Transport Equipment Control

Various records and reports are used to control motor transport equipment and analyze unit operations. Appendix G discusses the purpose and disposition of each of these documents.

## Trailer Accountability

 When a trailer is being moved by multiple units through the distribution system a DA Form 2062
(*Hand Receipt/Annex Number)* establishes responsibility for trailers and serves as a receipt for trailers. It is prepared by the unit delivering the trailer. The DA Form 2062 is retained until the trailer is returned to the issuing unit or the unit carrying the piece of equipment on their property book is otherwise relieved of physical responsibility for the trailer. Two copies of the DA Form 2062 are made and distributed as follows:


Original - used to show acceptance from one convoy commander or individual driver to another convoy commander, individual driver, terminal or transfer point OIC.

Second - retained by the driver or column commander.
 Assignment and accounting of semitrailers, flatracks, and CROPS equipment will be in accordance with AR 710-2, applicable Army regulations, and or Headquarters Department of the Army G-4 policies and procedures.

## Daily Yard Check

 The daily yard check is made at a designated hour each day by units responsible for terminal operations.

This report provides information on the location of empty and loaded trailers, including the destination of loaded trailers, and shows deficiencies. It is divided into two sections: section 1, empty trailers; and section 2, loaded trailers. Deficiencies are noted in the remarks column and specified by section (1 or 2). This report is forwarded to the operations section of the next higher headquarters.

## Daily Outgoing Trailer Report

 The daily outgoing trailer report shows all semitrailers dispatched since the previous day's report. It includes the load class, departure time, and destination of each trailer. The report is sent to the operations section of the next higher headquarters along with the daily yard check.

## Weekly Trailer Location Report

 The weekly trailer location report is completed by the senior motor transport command. It shows the status, by battalion, of all semitrailers controlled by the command. The report may include information on trailer location, length of time at present location, and whether they are loaded or empty. The report is filled out on a specific day each week. Battalion commanders can use the report to determine if, where, and how trailers are being mismanaged, misused or how to optimize efficiency.

## Consolidated Operations Report

 The consolidated operations report is used to analyze unit performance and plan future operations. It is completed daily by each battalion engaged in line haul and forwarded to the senior motor transport command. Commanders use report data to compute unit performance. For example, a commander can compare the performance of one truck company with another. Most entries to the consolidated operations

## Appendix G

report are taken from truck companies reports. Unit averages are figured to the nearest round number (for example, an average of 7.7 would be raised to 8).

## Convoy Control

Convoy control is exercised in two ways. The first way is organizational control, which is exercised by the unit executing the motor movement. The second is by the commander of the area through which the convoy moves, defined as area control.

Appendix H provides details for both.

## Organizational Control

 The moving unit exercises organizational control before, during, and after movement. Effective organizational control requires march discipline. March discipline is a command responsibility that comes from effective organizational control and training. It is essential to the effectiveness of the march column to prevent conflict with other movements in the area. It can only be attained by thorough training, supervision of operations by technically competent leaders, and attention to detail. To be successful in organizational control, the unit should maintain march discipline. There are many requirements in maintaining march discipline, including but not limited to


Using licensed drivers.

Obeying unit standard operating procedures (SOP) that specify tactics and techniques for movement, immediate action drills, and communications techniques.

Units meeting SP, en route CP, and RP times.

Following prescribed routes.

Following traffic regulations, laws, and posted or dictated speed limits.

Maintaining time and distance gaps. March discipline also requires effectively using protective measures, including vehicle intervals, radio discipline and blackout driving during night convoys. The proper observation and execution of safety policies and regulations is also vital to march
discipline. See TC 21-305-20.
 March discipline also requires effectively using protective measures, including vehicle intervals, radio discipline and blackout driving during night convoys, and adjustments for weather conditions.

 The proper observation of safety policies, the execution of related regulations, and the issuance of effective, informative convoy briefs are also vital to march discipline. See TC 21-305-20 and ATP 4-
01.45/MCRP 3-40F.7 [MCRP 4-11.3H]/AFTTP 3-2.58 for more information on movement requirements.

 The commander who controls the area and terrain through which convoys move exercises area control.

Area control is normally exercised through movement control channels and is known as route synchronization. Route synchronization is planned by the DTO for the division area or the corps transportation office for the corps area, and is supervised by MCTs assigned to the MCB and by the military polices for traffic control.

 The division, corps, theater army distribution network designs, and route synchronization plans specify the control measures applied to MSRs. Convoy commanders are responsible for ensuring they follow policies in areas through which they will pass. Controlling traffic in an AO is difficult even under the best of conditions. There will always be competing demands for the available road network. Units cannot expect to be able to use all routes without requesting permission. Route synchronization planners establish control measures to ensure order and prevent congestion. For additional information on route synchronization, see appendix D or ATP 4-16.
 One method used to establish control is classifying MSRs and alternate supply routes. These classifications are based mainly on the ability of a route to support the expected traffic volume and types of vehicles that will use the route. The classifications specify the degree of control required and whether moving units should submit a movement bid (clearance request) to use a route. The classifications will be specified in the route synchronization plan. The five route classifications are


Open route. The route is open to all types of traffic and the moving unit does not need to submit a
movement bid to use the route.

Supervised route. The route is open to most types of traffic. However, convoys of certain size, vehicles of certain characteristics, and certain slow-moving vehicles may require a movement credit to use the route. The synchronization plan will specify the size of convoys or types of vehicles that require a movement credit.

Dispatch route. Full control is exercised over a dispatch route. Priorities are set for use of this type route. A movement credit is required for the movement of any vehicle or group of vehicles.

Reserved route. This type route is set aside for the sole use of certain units, specified operation, or type of traffic. If a route is reserved for a unit, then the commander of that unit decides how much and what kind of control is required.

Prohibited route. No traffic is allowed over a prohibited route.

## Convoy Operations

 A convoy is a group of vehicles moving from the same origin to a common destination and organized under a single commander for the purpose of control. Convoy operations provide flexibility and operational reach to the maneuver commander by allowing personnel, supplies, and equipment to be transported far forward on the battlefield.

## Convoy Elements

 Vehicles in a convoy are organized into groups to facilitate command and control. A convoy may be as small as a six vehicle march unit or as large as a 300 vehicle column. Whenever possible, convoys are set up along organizational lines, such as squad, platoon, company, battalion, and brigade. Convoy elements include march units, serials, and columns , are illustrated in figure H-1.


March units. A march unit is the smallest element of a convoy. As the smallest subdivision of a column, march units may have up to 25 vehicles assigned. A march unit usually represents a squad to platoon size element. Each march unit has a march unit commander.

Serials. A serial is a group of two to five march units. It represents approximately a company to battalion size element. Each serial has a serial commander.

Columns. A column is a group of two to five serials. It represents approximately a battalion to brigade size element. Each column has a column commander.
 For example, a medium truck company commander can organize his convoy as a serial by dividing the
60 task vehicles by platoons into three march units of 20 vehicles each. The company commander would then serve as the convoy commander and the platoon leaders would serve as march unit commanders. Remaining vehicles would be added to each march unit for command and control and convoy support.

 Convoy commanders should generally keep march units as large as feasible because of road space considerations. Multiple smaller march units reduce the amount of available road space because of the gaps between them. If the convoy commander determines that security requirements warrant greater separation between convoy elements, he could divide the 60 task vehicles by platoons into three serials of 20 vehicles each and further subdivide each serial by squads into two march units of 10 vehicles each. In this example, the platoon leaders would serve as serial commanders and the squad leaders as march unit commanders.

 Commanders must also remain aware of theater policies requiring a minimum march unit size, due to threat or safety concerns, or mandatory convoy ratios transportation assets (military or host nation) to security elements. A commander may have to consolidate smaller march units into one larger one or combine with another unit to meet the requirements.

## Convoy Sections

 Leaders must know how to position vehicles within the elements. All columns, serials, and march units, regardless of size, have three parts: a head, a main body, and a trail as illustrated in figure H-2. Each of these parts has a specific function.


Head. The head is the first vehicle of each column, serial, and march unit. Each head should have its own pacesetter. The pacesetter rides in this vehicle and sets the pace needed to meet the scheduled itinerary along the route. The officer or noncommissioned officer at the head ensures that the column follows the proper route. They may also be required to report arrival at certain CPs along the route. With the head performing these duties, the convoy commander has the flexibility to move up and down the column to enforce march discipline.

Main body. The main body follows immediately after the head and consists of the majority of vehicles moving as part of the convoy. This is the part of the convoy that may be subdivided into serials and march units for ease of control.

Trail. The trail is the last sector of each march column, serial, and march unit. The trail officer/NCO is responsible for recovery, maintenance, and medical support. The recovery vehicle, maintenance vehicles, and medical support vehicles/teams are normally located in the trail. The trail officer/NCO assists the convoy commander in maintaining march discipline. They may also be required to report clear time at CPs along the route. In convoys consisting of multiple march
units and serials, the convoy commander may direct minimum support in the trail of each serial or march unit and a larger trail party at the rear of the column. As the trail party may be left behind to conduct repairs or recovery, the convoy commander should provide trail security and communications.

## Tactical Coordination

 Tactical coordination is initiated when the concept of operations or convoy request is submitted.

Tactical coordination through the operations officer allows the convoy commander to leverage battlefield assets, such as air support and artillery, along designated portions of the convoy route. It also ensures ground support by the tactical commander while transiting their AO if needed. It is important to have current frequencies and maintain scheduled convoy SP times when these assets are supporting the convoy.

## Convoy Security

 Convoy security is the responsibility of the convoy commander, though it may be delegated to another leader in the convoy. The convoy commander ensures the proper ratio of security vehicles or gun trucks to other vehicles in the convoy based on local or theater requirements and SOPs. If security is being provided by another unit the convoy commander is still overall responsible for the convoy's security and convoy operations. Battle drills for most likely and most dangerous enemy courses of action should be rehearsed prior to the convoy departing on its mission, and discussed during the convoy brief.

## Host Nation And Contracted Truck Integration

 Supporting unified land operations may require the integration of host nation or contracted vehicles into convoys to assist with the transport of materiel across the AO. When integrating these vehicles into military convoys it is important to ensure security for the vehicles as they travel with the convoy. Placement of these vehicles may depend on organic vehicle composition of the convoy and the host nation or contracted vehicles condition and cargo. It may be necessary to position these vehicles towards the front of the convoy to ensure the convoy's spacing and rate of march are manageable. This integration of host nation vehicles may require an interpreter to ensure the vehicle operators understand what is required of them. Based on operational security and local SOPs host nation vehicle operators may not be authorized to attend the convoy briefing or carry communication devices while on the convoy. General information should be shared in order to make the convoy operation run smoothly though specifics should be left out for operational security.

Note. For more detailed information on convoy planning, operations, and battle drills, see ATP
4-01.45, ATP 4-01.45/MCRP 3-40F.7 [MCRP 4-11.3H]/AFTTP 3-2.58 and DTR 4500.9-R, Part III, Appendix F.

## Conus Military Convoys

Convoy operations conducted in the contiguous United States are similar to convoys conducted in support of unified land operations. However, they require planning and coordination with the ITO for the active component, the defense movement coordinator of the Army National Guard State Area Command for reserve and National Guard forces, and local civil authorities (law enforcement and Department of Transportation) of the state or states being transited. Their times traveling to or through an area may be regulated based on size, vehicle composition, and the cargo transported.

## Convoy Planning And Coordination


Convoy planning is conducted in the same manner for CONUS operations as those conducted for unified land operations. In CONUS, each state establishes rules, procedures, and laws that govern the use of public highways. Counties, cities, and municipalities may establish added restrictions for the use of their respective county or city routes. No vehicular movement that exceeds these legal limitations or regulations, or that subjects highway users to unusual hazards (including movement of explosives or other dangerous cargo), will be made over public highways without prior permission from the appropriate state, local, or toll authority. These terms require that military convoys have an approved convoy clearance to travel on public highways and roads. In CONUS, a military convoy can be defined as one of the following:


Any group of six or more vehicles temporarily organized to operate as a column, with or without escort, proceeding together under a single commander.

Ten or more vehicles per hour dispatched to the same destination, over the same route (except during mobilization and deployment, then all movements to a mobilization station will require a convoy clearance).

Five or fewer vehicles operating as a column, with or without escort, proceeding under a single commander (if one or more vehicles require the submission of a DD Form 1266).

The two primary entities for coordinating to obtain a convoy clearance number are the ITO for active components and the Army National Guard State Area Command for the National Guard and reserve components. These organizations coordinate with the state and local authorities to ensure convoy routes are feasible and clear for travel for the convoy according to the information submitted on the convoy request.

Convoy requests are made using DD Form 1265 (*Request for Convoy Clearance)* or DD Form 1266  when appropriate. Active component units submit convoy requests to their ITO not later than 30 days prior to the convoy. The ITO coordinates convoys with the defense movement coordinator of the Army National Guard State Area Command. Reserve component units submit convoy requests to their higher headquarters not later than 60 days prior to the convoy. The higher headquarters coordinates convoys with the defense movement coordinator of the Army National Guard State Area Command. The ITO or defense movement coordinator may have other documents or special requirements needed when submitting a convoy request.

Note. For more detailed information on military movements on public roads, see DTR 4500.9-R, Part III, Appendix F.

## Convoy Identification


A blue flag on the lead vehicle and a green flag on the rear vehicle should identify each column. Flags should be mounted on the left of the vehicles, either front or rear. The flags should be positioned so that they do not interfere with driver vision or functional components of the vehicle. When movement is at night, the lead vehicle shows a blue light and the rear vehicle a green light. The vehicle of the convoy commander and the march unit commanders should display a white and black diagonal flag on the left front bumper. This flag is divided diagonally from the lower left corner to the upper right corner with the upper left triangle white and the lower right triangle black. Trail party vehicles carry an international orange safety flag. State and local police escort vehicles do not display convoy identification flags. The convoy movement order includes a convoy clearance number that identifies the convoy during its entire movement. The convoy clearance number is placed on both sides of each vehicle in the convoy and, if possible, on the front and back of each vehicle. It is also placed on the top of the hood of the lead and rear vehicles of each march unit. For additional information, see DTR 4500.9-R, Part III, Appendix K, AR 840-10 and TC 21-305.20.

Plan night moves in the same manner as daylight moves. However, night moves take longer and there is greater chance for mistakes. When planning a night move, determine if the convoy will operate in an area that requires blackout drive. The area commander will make this decision.

## Highway Convoy Operations


Main convoy routes, such as major highways and expressways, are usually characterized by heavy, fast-moving traffic. Entering, driving, and halting on these routes require prior planning and coordination with civilian authorities.

## Caution

Instruct convoy vehicle drivers NOT to give "clearance signals" to civilian vehicle operators. Responsibility for determining safe passing conditions rests with the driver desiring to pass.

## Entering Convoy Routes


The convoy should depart the assembly area at the time given in the movement order. Police support will reduce interference with other traffic and ensure the integrity of the convoy. Use the close column formation, 25-50 meters between vehicles, when moving from the assembly area to the main convoy route.

Note. Risk can be significantly reduced when civilian police assist by controlling civilian traffic.

If a civilian police escort is not available, MPs or other military personnel may provide escort vehicles. However, military escorts have no authority to instruct military drivers to disregard traffic control devices or signs.


Most expressways are equipped with entrance and exit ramps and acceleration and deceleration lanes that are designed to allow vehicles to enter and leave without interfering with other traffic. When used properly, these lanes greatly reduce the risk of traffic accidents and help in the movement of the convoy. The following instructions apply both to the initial point of entry of the expressway and the return to it from a rest halt area:


When appropriate, civilian police assistance should be obtained to direct convoy vehicles onto the expressway and to control civilian traffic. When civilian police are not present, use military police or other military personnel to signal military vehicles when it is safe to enter the expressway. Military traffic should not interfere with civilian traffic.

Before driving onto the entrance ramp, reduce distance between convoy vehicles to a distance not
less than 20 yards. This reduces the time the entrance ramp is blocked to normal traffic. Upon
reaching the acceleration lane, increase convoy speed to equal as closely as possible that of other traffic on the expressway. Convoy speeds will comply with posted minimum/maximum speed limits or those established by state law for commercial truck traffic. Vehicles that cannot maintain the posted minimum speed will be routed over an alternate non-controlled access road. Vehicles will operate in a safe and efficient manner and will not exceed the vehicle speed specified in operator manuals.

When moving into the traffic lane and before merging, the driver should ensure that lanes are clear of oncoming traffic.

After entering the traffic lane, drivers should not immediately try to move to the prescribed distance for expressway convoy operations but continue for a distance equal to the road space of
the column. Drivers should then gradually attain the distance between vehicles for expressway
driving or as given by the operation order and the final briefing.
Note. Vehicles should not slow down or close up while in a traffic lane of the expressway.

## Driving On Expressways


All vehicles should remain in the right lane once the convoy has entered the expressway. Where the right lane is reserved for traffic turning off at the next exit ramp, the convoy should use the next adjacent lane. Drivers should be alert and prepared to slow down or take other evasive action to avoid vehicles entering the expressway from acceleration lanes.

If a vehicle develops mechanical trouble, the driver should turn on the appropriate turn signal to alert the vehicle behind him and move onto the shoulder of the road or into a parking area and wait for the arrival of the trail party. The remaining convoy vehicles should continue past the halted vehicle, leaving maintenance to be done by the trail party.
The following actions will help drivers to avoid drowsiness:


Keep cab windows open.

Shift body positions frequently.

At rest halts, get out of the cab and move about.

Exiting an expressway.
 To exit an expressway, either to enter a rest area or take another route, move vehicles to the deceleration lane at the earliest opportunity. Vehicles should reduce speed to posted exit speed limit.

## Rest And Meal Halts On Conventional Highways

 When feasible, schedule rest halts so the convoy will halt for 15 minutes at the end of the first hour of operation and 10 minutes every two hours thereafter. When a suitable area is not available at these periods, minor adjustments may be made to this schedule. On conventional highways with adequate off-shoulder parking space, rest and meal halts normally do not present a problem. The convoy commander will make a decision for suitable areas that are available for rest and meal halts. However, the following precautions should be taken:


Do not select rest areas located in urban or heavily populated areas.

Avoid areas on curves or reverse sides of hills.

Leave enough room to allow the vehicles to park off the paved portion of the road and return to the road safely.

Maintain a minimum distance of three feet between parked vehicles.

Place warning kit devices at the head and tail of the column unless the vehicles are completely off the highway and shoulder. Leave the flashing warning lights in operation and the headlights on. Post a guard behind the trail party with proper warning devices to alert, but not direct, approaching traffic.

Do not permit convoy personnel, with the exception of guards posted at the head and tail of each halted march element, on the traffic side of vehicles except to perform prescribed maintenance.

Make sure drivers and assistant drivers perform prescribed at-halt maintenance and check the security of cargo. Deficiencies that cannot be corrected by the vehicle crew should be reported to the serial commander.

Check drivers for illness and fatigue.

When departing a rest stop, post road guides or other available personnel at least 50 yards behind the last vehicle to warn all traffic. When police support is provided, this step may not be required. Convoy vehicles should return to the highway as rapidly and safely as possible.

## Rest And Meal Halts On Expressways

  Information on the location of rest areas and their truck parking capacities on expressways over which the convoy will move is available at each ITO. The designated federal or state rest areas planned for convoy use should be entered on the DD Form 1265.

 Only emergency stopping is authorized on expressways. Official rest areas or parking areas may be used for scheduled halts of military convoys. On most expressways, these areas are located at 25 to 30 mile intervals. Normally, separate parking areas within the rest area are designated for truck and passenger car parking. Convoys should use the portion reserved for trucks. Convoy vehicles should not occupy more than 50 percent of the truck parking space at any time ensuring there is space for other vehicles. If the number of trucks in a convoy will exceed 50 percent of the truck parking area, organize the column into serials. There should be a sufficient time gap between serials to allow one to clear a rest area before the following serial arrives. Alternatively, convoy serials can be scheduled into different rest areas; however, this separates serials to such an extent that control is reduced. Normally, acceleration lanes are provided at rest areas to facilitate merging of vehicles with other traffic. The same procedures are used when departing a rest area as when making an initial entry onto an expressway. Meal halts on expressways require careful planning because of their longer duration. If the selected rest area cannot accommodate all of the convoy vehicles, one of the following options can be taken:


Phase the convoy into a rest area in serials with enough time gap to allow the preceding serial to eat and clear before the arrival of the next serial.

Have all serials halt at about the same time but at different rest areas. However, this will require excessive gaps between elements, thus reducing the commander's control.

Use the leapfrog method by requiring the first serial to halt at a rest area while the second serial continues on to the next area, usually 25 to 30 miles ahead. By the time the first serial has completed its halt and arrived at the area where the second serial stopped, the second serial should be ready to join the column.

Leave the expressway and use a previously selected area. This option allows all personnel to take a meal halt at the same time.

## Refueling Halts

 The majority of military vehicles can travel 300 miles without refueling. Since this exceeds the distance a convoy normally travels in one day, arrangements for mass refueling before reaching the overnight halt are unnecessary. Refueling will be coordinated and planned in advanced. Vehicles with limited range should be refueled during the scheduled halts as well as during regular refueling halts.

## Toll Roads, Bridges, And Tunnels

 A convoy representative should be assigned to clear the convoy at the initial entrance to toll facilities and any intermediate points where tolls are collected. When possible, obtain toll tickets before the convoy departs from its point of origin. When this is not feasible, the convoy representative should arrive at the toll facility entrance in advance to purchase tickets and arrange for the uninterrupted movement of the convoy through the toll facility.

## Halts Due To Mechanical Failure

 A vehicle disabled because of mechanical failure should immediately be moved from the traffic lane to a location where it will not be a hazard to other traffic. If a breakdown occurs while driving on an expressway or highway, the driver should take immediate action appropriate to the time of day and degree of visibility in the area.

## Sunset To Sunrise

  During the time that lights are required (sunset to sunrise) and when forward visibility is reduced to
500 feet or less, a reflector should be placed either in the obstructed lane or on the shoulder of the road if the vehicle is on or over the shoulder. Place the reflector to face the traffic using that lane. Do this before any attempt is made to repair the vehicle. Reflectors should be placed in the following order:


One reflector in the center of the lane of traffic occupied by the vehicle and not less than 40 paces (approximately 100 feet) from it in the direction of traffic approaching in that lane. If the vehicle is on or over the shoulder and does not occupy a traffic lane, the warning device should be placed on the edge of the roadway so that the traffic lane is not blocked.

One reflector on the traffic side of the vehicle, four paces (approximately 10 feet) to its rear facing the traffic in that lane.

One reflector 40 paces from the vehicle in the opposite direction.

If the vehicle is stopped within 300 feet of a curve, crest of a hill, or other obstruction to view, the warning device in that direction should be placed so as to give ample warning to other users of the highway. However, the device should be placed not less than 80 paces or more than 120 paces from the vehicle.

## Sunrise To Sunset

  During the time lights are not required (normally sunrise to sunset), place red flags or reflectors with mounted flags at the distances prescribed for night. Since most warning kits contain only two flags, the reflector placed 10 feet behind the vehicle will not have a flag mounted on it. DO NOT use military personnel to warn drivers by manual flagging except where emergency warning devices do not give adequate warning to civilian traffic.

## Accident Procedures

Note. These are guidelines to be used in the absence of local and unit SOPs.

  If an accident occurs, every effort should be made to reduce its effects and to keep the convoy moving.

If an accident happens in the convoy, the following steps should be taken:


Keep moving. Only the vehicle immediately behind the vehicle should stop and render assistance.

Give first aid. Give immediate attention to injuries.

Wait for assistance. Do not move the damaged vehicle until an accident investigation has been completed. Report any accident IAW DA Pam 385-40.

Clear the traffic lane. The crew of the affected vehicle should make every effort to clear the traffic lane as soon as possible. In case of injuries, the crew of the assisting vehicle may be required to move the damaged vehicle.

Prepare the accident report. Whenever a military vehicle is involved in ANY accident, the driver will prepare a SF 91. In the event of an accident, photographs should be taken of the vehicles involved, any damage to property, and the accident scene. The photographs should be retained with the SF 91. When possible every convoy vehicle should have a camera.
 The operator involved will record on-the-spot information on the form. If the operator is unable to prepare the report at the scene of the accident, it will be prepared by anyone so directed. The report should be completed and delivered to the operator's immediate supervisor as soon as possible for use in preparing DA Form 285 (*Technical Report of U.S. Army Ground Accident)*.

 Before any accident report is sent to a state or local agency, the report will be submitted first to the appropriate claims officer for review to ensure the rights of the United States government are not prejudiced by admission of liability.

 It is essential that personnel be trained to obtain all vital information at the scene of the accident and to complete all entries on the form. Information will often be unavailable after witnesses have left or vehicles have been removed from the scene of an accident. Each item of the report should be checked to make sure it gives a complete picture of facts leading to the accident and what occurred in the accident. If there is any question as to the validity of information obtained for the report, a notation should be made to this effect.

Note. When a civilian driver is involved in the accident, their name should be obtained from their driver's license.

 The first officer or noncommissioned officer to arrive at the scene of the accident will take charge by supervising emergency aid, directing military traffic, warning civilian traffic, and directing placement of warning devices until the trail officer arrives. The assistant convoy commander or trail officer, aided by available medical and maintenance personnel, will supervise and direct care of the injured and disposition of the damaged vehicles. Further assistance needed should be requested from the agencies listed in the convoy operation order.

## Vehicle Accidents Causing A Fire

 Motor convoys travel mostly over highways in rural areas. Fire departments in these areas are widely scattered, and firefighters may have to travel a long distance to respond to an emergency. This means that convoy control personnel will probably be the first to arrive at the scene of the accident and should be prepared to rescue endangered personnel, attempt to control the fire, or take steps to prevent a fire. If the accident results in a vehicle fire, convoy supervisory personnel should take the following actions:


Halt the control vehicle a safe distance from the fire. Direct the driver or other convoy personnel to notify the nearest fire department and police department, using the most expeditious means; for example, roadside emergency, service station, or private residence telephone. If radio communication is available, notify the convoy commander.

Remove injured personnel from burning vehicles as quickly as possible, even when it means subjecting a person to further injury. Follow established first aid procedures in caring for the injured before attempting to control fire in unoccupied vehicles.

Keep spectators at a safe distance.

Attempt to extinguish the fire with the control vehicle extinguisher, extinguishers from other vehicles, or with sand or mud.

In the event of an accident involving a truck carrying either explosives or hazardous cargo, supervisory personnel should take the following actions:

Approach cautiously. Resist the urge to rush in; people involved in the accident cannot be helped or rescued until the hazards are known.

Move and keep people away from the scene.

Immediately notify all assisting agencies and personnel of the hazards involved.

If the accident results in a fire hazard, supervisory personnel should do the following:

Halt the control vehicle a safe distance from the accident. Direct the driver or other convoy personnel to notify police and fire departments by the fastest means. When radio communication is available, notify the convoy commander.

Turn off the ignition and lights of the vehicles involved. Because of the possibility of sparks, do not remove battery cables unless necessary.

Notify nearby residents when spillage may place them in danger.
 If the accident involves high-tension power lines, an extremely dangerous situation exists. The danger is even greater when the downed lines are touching a vehicle. Convoy supervisory personnel will take the following steps:


Contact police immediately and explain the situation. The police will be able to contact the power company for emergency assistance quicker than the convoy personnel.

If wires are touching any of the vehicles involved, direct the occupants to remain in place until the power company workers can cut off the electricity and remove the wires.
In case of serious injury where death may be imminent unless rescue is affected, attempt to remove the wires, assist the injured from the vehicle, render first aid, and obtain medical assistance.

## Communications And Communications Security

The Army has developed and fielded a number of automated information systems which have revolutionized the way motor transport units conduct operations. One category of automated information systems, situational awareness systems, provide motor transportation unit commanders, planners and mode operators with an unprecedented level of visibility of vehicle platforms and cargo moving through the distribution system. This increased visibility facilitates better assessment of, and planning for, mission requirements in support of operations. Army motor transport units use situational awareness systems to great effect, achieving improved command and control of logistics operations and increased survivability for Soldiers. Appendix J provides an overview of different communication systems that facilitate motor transport operations.

## Automated Information Systems

 Department of Defense automated information systems are designed to interface with commercial transportation information systems to receive and pass required personnel, unit, and cargo movement data and other transportation information to appropriate commands and agencies throughout the DTS. This capability exists to the extent commercial carriers have formatted their Electronic Data Interchange Reports to Department of Transportation standards.

## Automatic Identification Technology

 Automatic identification technology is the basic building block in the Defense Department's efforts to provide timely asset visibility in the logistics pipeline, whether in process, in storage, or in transit. Automatic identification technology media includes barcodes, radio frequency identification (RFID), satellite tracking systems, smart cards/common access cards, optical memory cards, and contact memory buttons. By enabling data collection and transmission to automated information systems, automatic identification technology provides the Soldier with the capability to track, document, and control the deployment of personnel and materiel.

## Total Asset Visibility

 Total asset visibility (TAV) obtains data on all classes of supplies from various Standard Army Management Information System and other source systems; providing visibility of materiel in use, in storage, in process, or in-transit. TAV enables logisticians and managers to provide near-real time information to commanders, allowing them to make informed decisions using the most current logistics information. TSC materiel managers use TAV to identify, cross-level, ship, or redirect assets throughout the theater. Sub elements of TAV are asset visibility and ITV.

## Asset Visibility

 Asset visibility provides logisticians with timely and accurate information on the location, movement, status and identity of units, personnel, equipment, and supplies flowing throughout the theater. This enables logisticians to act upon that information to improve the overall performance of the intra-theater distribution system.
 Within the theater, asset visibility is achieved by linking AIT, such as RFID tags, memory buttons, smart cards, and barcode readers with automated information systems. These can also be linked with ground and satellite transmission stations, providing the means to influence the flow of materiel throughout the distribution system.

The TSC materiel managers maintain theater-wide asset visibility for the following commodities:


Class III bulk petroleum.

All class VII materiel (less communications security items).

Class IX theater level repairable items.

Selected items of interest.

Theater level conventional ammunition, guided missiles, and large rockets.

## In-Transit Visibility

 ITV is visibility over those portions of the distribution system encompassing the flow of assets from the consignor to the consignee, port, servicing airhead, supply support activity, or other destination. This includes force tracking and visibility of convoys, containers and pallets, transportation assets, and other cargo.
 At the strategic level, the Integrated Data Environment Global Transportation Network Convergence provides accessible and accurate information on materiel movements within CONUS and outside CONUS.
 At the theater level, a suite of fully integrated AIT and automated information system capabilities provide the TSC with the means to achieve the ITV required for the seamless flow of supplies, personnel, equipment, and units throughout the intra-theater distribution system.

## Radio Frequency Identification

 The need to know what you have, where it is, and how to find it anywhere in the logistics system is critical in projecting and sustaining the force. RFID is a proven technology platform that has significantly enhanced the effectiveness and efficiency of the battlefield distribution system. Whether in a port, supply support activity, staging area, cargo transfer point, or ammunition storage activity, RFID technology offers advantages which are essential to effective distribution. Commanders should stress the importance of RFID tag technology in TAV and ITV, emphasizing its use in tracking materiel in the logistics pipeline.

  RFID uses radio wave transmission and reception to pass military standard requisitioning and issue procedures, military standard transportation and movement procedures, and shipment information about objects that need to be identified or tracked. These objects can be vehicles, pallets, containers, or other intermodal equipment. The information is stored on the tag with media storage capability similar to a computer's random access memory. Antennas or interrogators can read the information contained on the tag attached to the item and pass it back to a central database. Under certain conditions, it will also be desirable to write to the tag from an interrogator in order to update information concerning the tagged item. This remote read/write capability sets the RFID tag apart from other automatic identification technologies such as bar coding and optical memory cards. Currently these tags can be manipulated at a range of approximately 250 feet between the RFID tag and interrogator.

 RFID tags, by the nature of their construction, allow a greater flexibility than traditional bar coding in placement on the tagged item. Omni-directional radio wave propagation allows the tag to be read even when the interrogator is not in a direct line of sight with the tag. It is possible to read identification information off the tag while the item is moving. The identification information, in conjunction with RFID tag military standard requisitioning and issue procedures and /or military standard transportation and movement procedures initial "write" records, provides near-real time nodal ITV via Integrated Data Environment Global Transportation Network Convergence and ultimately TAV. This means the distribution process is not interrupted because in-transit items no longer have to be stopped and physically accounted for on arrival or departure. RFID tags can also assist in locating/identifying commodities placed in a physically inaccessible location (for example, stacked containers and during hours of darkness or obscured vision). However, tag reading can be disrupted or degraded by distance and metal obstructions that prevent the radio waves from reaching the tags.

## Unit Planning Considerations

 RFID technology should be used during peacetime operations so Soldiers are comfortable with the equipment. Radios frequency tags should be used during combat training center training scenarios and during installation and deployment operations. It is a unit responsibility to order and attach RFID tags on their equipment to maintain visibility. RFID tags are available through existing supply channels.

## Movement Tracking System

 Movement tracking system (MTS) is a commercial off-the-shelf satellite-based tracking and communications system. Through military global positioning systems and long band (L-band) satellite two-way messaging, MTS provides worldwide coverage and positive control of movements. Because MTS
is based on satellite communications, it does not depend on existing landlines, which makes it a more secure system that is less vulnerable to interruptions. MTS contains an embedded military global positioning system card and an embedded RFID interrogator within the new L-band satellite receiver. The embedded global positioning system card in the transceiver improves the system's anti-jamming characteristics and eliminates the need for a separate, external global positioning system device. MTS computer systems come in two configurations: a mobile system that can be mounted in any tactical wheeled vehicle and a laptop control station for use at levels of the theater distribution management system. MTS interfaces with other automated information systems, such as RFID, to achieve a common operating picture and near TAV.

## Capabilities

  The MTS provides communications and tracking capabilities for sustainment forces; capabilities needed to complete and survive their missions. The MTS directly influences the efficiency and readiness of motor transportation units by providing planners and mode operators with data on the location and status of their logistics convoys in near-real-time. The MTS systems fielded in sustainment unit vehicle platforms helps overcome the limitations of frequent modulation radio line-of-site communications caused by long range or mountainous terrain. Leaders can pass critical information, such as route and mission changes, and other information, to their Soldiers while the Soldiers are on the road conducting missions. Leaders can now expedite the process of requesting quick reaction forces, engineer support, and recovery assets.

 The embedded RFID interrogator is another feature of significance to logisticians. The interrogator can read active RFID tags placed on cargo or containers loaded onto the back of a vehicle. Active RFID tag data are transmitted through the MTS server to MTS control stations and fed to the RFID ITV server. Other control stations can track cargo as it moves across the battlefield, and commanders can redirect shipments on the move as the mission dictates. This capability significantly enhances asset management by providing positive cargo tracking and control and asset visibility to the final destination.

 MTS supports Army standard operating procedures by allowing users to send pre-formatted text messages, such as: operations orders; logistics situation reports; maintenance support requests; medical evacuation requests; accident reports; mission-delay reports; repair parts requests; vehicle diagnostic problem reports; and dispatch requests.
 MTS gives users the ability to identify positions of MTS-equipped vehicle platforms, track their progress, and communicate with their operators and control stations. As the Army moves toward the goal of achieving TAV, efforts are underway to interface MTS with other systems in order to better coordinate mission support requirements.

Note. Since not all sustainment vehicle platforms have MTS installed, it is important to position vehicles with MTS throughout the convoy.

## Radio Communications

 Digital communications systems are supplemented by comparatively short-range FM radio sets. These sets are used for mobile operations or to supplement common-user communications facilities. The communication requirements of the unit's mission, personnel and equipment authorized determines the type and extent of radio equipment authorized, including vehicle mount types. See the applicable table of organization for specific types and quantities of radio equipment authorized. Companies are normally provided frequency modulation voice radio sets to supplement digital communication systems, and preexisting wire systems. The frequency modulation voice sets are utilized in motor transport units to facilitate the control of road movements, command and control of company elements operating a distance from the company area, and to provide effective communication with higher headquarters when distance permits.

 The single channel ground and airborne radio system - advanced system improvement program is a single net, short-range, frequency modulation radio transceiver that can be configured for a man pack, or utilized with a vehicular radio communications mount. There are multiple variants of the vehicular radio communications mount, which can provide a vehicle with one or two radios and subsequently a single or dual net. The vehicular radio communications mount can also turn the original radio from a short range to a long-range radio with use of a vehicle mounted long-range antenna. Motor transport companies authorize frequency modulation radios for use and each company varies in its authorization for vehicular radio communications mounts. Vehicular radio communications mounts are utilized to maintain communications internally within convoys, and externally to the company tactical operation center. Radios are particularly vulnerable to enemy electronic warfare since they radiate electromagnetic energy and may be readily detected, intercepted, analyzed and exploited.

## Communications Security

 Communications security (COMSEC) is the protection resulting from all measures designed to deny unauthorized persons information of value that might be derived from the possession and study of telecommunications and to ensure the authenticity of such communications. The following qualifies as COMSEC:


Crypto-security.

Emission security.

Transmission security.

Physical security of COMSEC materials and information.
 The unit commander should ensure that COMSEC measures are understood and observed by all unit personnel using communications equipment. Motor transport unit personnel are concerned with all types of COMSEC. However, transmission security and physical security are of primary concern.

## Transmission Security

 Transmission security is that component of COMSEC that results from all measures designed to protect transmissions from interception and exploitation by means other than crypto-analysis. Radio is particularly susceptible to interception, direction finding, traffic analysis, and deception. The radio operators should be thoroughly trained in correct communications procedures. They should also be constantly alert so as not to divulge information to the enemy through faulty operating procedures and techniques. Personnel preparing messages for transmission should be aware of the ability of the enemy to obtain information from radio traffic.

## Physical Security

 Physical security is the component of COMSEC that results from all physical measures taken to safeguard classified equipment, material, and documents from access or observation by unauthorized personnel. Before vacating a command post or other facility used for communications purposes, check thoroughly for copies of messages or carbons and copies of maps or orders that might prove beneficial to the enemy. Give special attention to signal operating instructions items, including their production, distribution, storage, and final disposition when superseded or no longer needed. When a signal operating instruction item or an extract of a signal operating instruction item is believed to be lost or otherwise compromised, the fact should be reported and the item replaced immediately. The unit commander should specify in the unit SOP precisely how the report is to be made. As a minimum, security violations will be reported immediately through communications and command channels.

## Military Vehicle Axle Weight Distribution Formulas And Percentages

Vehicle weight scales are not always available to military field units moving truck convoys over CONUS public highways. Therefore, the Army has developed loaded vehicle axle weight distribution formulas and percentages to help units prepare required forms. Appendix K discusses the distribution formulas and percentages. Whenever possible, units should use actual axle loads obtained by weighing the loaded vehicle.

## Limitations

 Percentages can be used for any loaded cargo truck and tractor semitrailer combination. However, to determine vehicle axle load distribution, the following should be available:


Applicable vehicle technical manual, shipping data plates or vehicle data sheet for the particular cargo truck, tractor, and semitrailer.

Weight of empty vehicle.

Weight of payload.

Other necessary dimensions obtained from vehicle technical manual or data sheet.

## Procedure

 Formulas and percentages in this appendix, (see table K-1 and figure K-1 on page K-2), are used in lieu of American Trucking Associations weight limits, only when American Trucking Associations, Inc. data is not available. For additional information on the axle weights, visit the Surface Deployment and Distribution Command Transportation Engineering Agency website.

Follow these steps to determine axle weight distribution using the percentages in Table K-1 and Figure K- on page K-2:


Step 1. Determine GVW.

Step 2. Choose applicable percentages from the table for the number of axles and type of vehicle
(see table K-1)

Step 3. Multiply GVW by each percentage to determine various axle weight distributions.

Step 4. Record each weight.
 Example: (The percentage method) The GVW for an M916A2/M872A4 tractor-semitrailer combination is 95,700 pounds. This is a six-axle vehicle. Therefore, in the first column labeled "Number of Axles per Vehicle," find 6. To the right of 6 under "Type of Vehicle" is semitrailer and under the "Axle 1"
column is 8. Multiply the GVW by 11 percent to find the front axle weight distribution. The "Axle 2" and
"Axle 4" and "Axle 6"columns show 18 percent. Multiply the GVW by 18 percent to determine the weight distribution on each of the third axles. The "Axle 3" columns show 17 percent. Multiply the GVW by 17
percent to determine the weight distribution the third axle. Record each axle weight distribution.


GVW for M916A2/M872A4 = 95,700 lb.

GVW = 95,700 lb. x 11 percent = 10,527 lb. (front axle weight distribution).

GVW = 95,700 lb. x 18 percent = 17,226 lb. (2nd, 4th, 5th, 6th axle weight distribution).

GVW = 95,700 lb. x 17 percent = 16,269 lb. (3rd axle weight distribution).

| Axle 1          | Axle 2    |   Axle 3  |   Axle 4  |   Axle 5  |   Axle 6  |   Axel 7  |
|-----------------|-----------|-----------|-----------|-----------|-----------|-----------|
| Type of         |           |           |           |           |           |           |
| Vehicles        |           |           |           |           |           |           |
| Number of       |           |           |           |           |           |           |
| Axles per       |           |           |           |           |           |           |
| Vehicles        |           |           |           |           |           |           |
| 2               | 2 12 Ton   |       63  |       37  |           |           |           |
| 3               | 5 Ton     |       50  |       25  |       25  |           |           |
| Semitrailer     | 14        |       20  |       20  |       23  |       23  |           |
| 5 (Semitrailer  |           |           |           |           |           |           |
| with 2 axles    |           |           |           |           |           |           |
| )               |           |           |           |           |           |           |
|                 |           |           |           |           |           |           |
| Semitrailer     | 11        |       18  |       17  |       18  |       18  |       18  |
| 6 (Semitrailer  |           |           |           |           |           |           |
| with 3 axles)   |           |           |           |           |           |           |
| Semitrailer     | 11        |        5  |       19  |       19  |       15  |       15  |
| 7 (Semitrailer  |           |           |           |           |           |           |
| with 3 axles)   |           |           |           |           |           |           |
| Semitrailer     | 10        |       10  |       17  |       16  |       18  |       17  |
| 7 (Tractor with |           |           |           |           |           |           |
| 2 front and 2   |           |           |           |           |           |           |
| rear axles)     |           |           |           |           |           |           |

## Planning Considerations For Transportation In Large-Scale Combat Operations

This appendix discusses operational considerations for a motor transport company supporting large-scale combat operations. Large-scale combat operations place a heavy burden on the distribution system. The characteristics of large-scale combat operations force a tradeoff between tactical mobility and sustainment mobility. Motor transport units must train to operate and survive in such an environment. Chapter 3 described large-scale combat operations in detail. Appendix L provides additional planning considerations for motor transportation.

## Survivability In Large-Scale Combat Operations

 Enemies often explicitly target sustainment assets for destruction early in combat. When transportation units are overwhelmed and cannot meet support requirements, cargo moves in priority of supply. Because some maneuver units may not receive everything they require or in the quantities they request, they may be forced to curtail or adjust tactical activities.

## Company/Platoon Defense

 Dispersion is a vital skill in surviving in a high-intensity, artillery-laden battlefield. Transportation companies may be instructed by higher to position away from the BSA in order to reduce the overall sustainment footprint or increase survivability, and will need to provide their own local defense.

 Commanders will need to assign and rehearse a quick reaction force, and should take due diligence in choosing the force leadership. The unit's last line of defense should not be assigned to someone only chosen for their availability.

 Transportation units may also need to conduct mounted and unmounted sweeps and patrols of their local areas in order to discover dead zones and search for signs of enemy presence. Soldiers conducting such operations should be trained before deployment.

 Larger perimeters or dispersed platoon areas are more survivable against enemy artillery or air attacks, but will require more manpower to defend. Units conducting perimeter defense operations should closely coordinate with their higher headquarters on their remaining capability when conducting defensive and sustainment operations.

## Supply Point Dispersion

 Units should also, as much as possible break up larger supply points into smaller ones with mixed commodities, so the destruction of one point does not eliminate the entirety of supply.

 Smaller supply points are also easier to camouflage and hide; units must also hide their vehicles and equipment from enemy observation and discovery.

## Electromagnetic Footprint

 Commanders should enforce noise, litter, and light discipline, and ensure their units are hidden from as many sensors across the electromagnetic spectrumnear infrared, infrared, visual, ultraviolet, Radar, acoustic, and radioas possible.

 As the enemy has accurate radio-detection equipment, units must obey radio discipline, using prowords, brief transmissions, and shielding omni-directional antennas from broadcasting towards the enemy, as examples.
 The enemy also has robust jamming equipment, units must also pre-plan alternatives to radio/digital communications; leadership converging at specified points and times for passing along orders, for example.

## Camouflage, Concealment, And Decoys

 Commanders should ensure every vehicle and tent in their unit has functional camouflage to mask their presence, and Soldiers are trained in the quick and quiet set-up and disassembly of assigned systems.

 Commanders and recon team leaders should always be aware of and looking for locations that will conceal units from observation, particularly from overhead spotters. Parking garages, warehouses, hangers are all examples of facilities that have the room for a transportation unit to operate in and provide concealment from enemy observation.

 Decoy vehicles and equipment are also relatively inexpensive and quick to construct prior to combat operations. Commanders should encourage or enforce their usage as much as practical. Decoys should be quick to set up and tear down. Decoys should also be camouflaged/emplaced identically to their real counterparts. The decoys should also be disposable and expendable. See ATP 3-37.34 for more information on camouflage and concealment operations.

## Dispersion

 Dispersion is a vital skill in surviving in a high-intensity, artillery-laden battlefield. Combat units will spread out to ensure no single unit is destroyed in a single attack. Sustaining combat forces that are spread out as such will be challenging. Operating in a complex, mobile, dispersed and ever-changing battlefield is dangerous when movement invites detection, and detection can lead to destruction.

 As the combat elements spread out, so should the transportation companies. Transportation companies must be able to disperse, hide, and survive, but also to coalesce when and where support is required.
 Units should ensure their logistic footprint is as small and difficult to detect as possible. Units, especially distribution companies or FSCs, should keep cargo and supplies as mobile as possible. They should strive to minimize their footprint, keeping as much supplies as practical on trucks or in areas with overhead cover or concealment. Units must practice moving a BSA, company area, or TTP, as quickly and efficiently, without detection.

## Resiliency

 Due to the enemy's emphasis on artillery systems, transportation units may suffer tremendous casualties within short amounts of time. Upon order, a transportation unit may be instructed by their higher command to reconstitute via reorganization or regeneration. For additional information, see chapter 3.

 Reorganizing is a command function and within the capability of the commander directing it. A
company commander may reorganize squads to balance out maintenance losses, for example. Regeneration is above the unit's capability and is generally a command decision at the operational level, as it requires planning to integrate the timing, location, and personnel and weapons system replacement.

 Regeneration builds upon an already existing unit, and operational commanders might direct a local commander to reorganize before reconstitution; blending assets from one company to bring another up to strength, and then regenerating the first while the second continues the fight. Transportation leadership must understand that regeneration is a deliberate action conducted as the battlefield situation permits, and should prepare their unit to continue operations until ordered to reconstitute.

 Commanders in charge of depleted units must use respectful candor in regards to their reduced capabilities and capacities, informing planning and operation sections of their practical limitations. A
commander must provide realistic estimates of capability lest supported units have unrealistic expectations of support.

 The tactical situation may not allow the opportunity for units to conduct formal ceremonies when casualties are received, but upon order to reconstitute, commanders should set aside and plan remembrance ceremonies with supporting chaplains. The requirement to rebuild a Soldier's internal resiliency might be delayed a bit due to the operating tempo of large-scale combat; however, a Soldier's need for emotional reset is as vital for the unit to function as equipment replacement, and the requirement must eventually be met.

 Commander should ensure Soldiers are not only tactically and technically capable, but also physically fit before deployment. Large-scale warfare is intense and physically fit soldiers have a better capacity to continue through long periods of heavy activity without physical injury. Commanders should also, as much as practical, enforce a rest plan for their soldiers and company leadership. Tired Soldiers make mistakes that can cause injury to themselves or others; tired leaders make mistakes that can get units destroyed. See ATP 6-22.5 for more information about emotional resiliency and rest plans.

## Operations During Large-Scale Combat

 Transportation operations during large-scale combat are relatively similar to standard operations, except that they are often conducted simultaneously or sequentially with survivability movements.

 Leadership must ensure that all members of the unit understand the unit's mission, to include task, purpose, and commander's intent; give clear and concise orders; and closely coordinate their operations and displacements with supported units and higher headquarters.

## Mobility

 Recent conflicts around the world have shown the ever-expanding dangers and utilities of drones and unmanned aerial vehicles by combatants. Though some nations are arming their drones, one of the most dangerous use of surveillance drones is as forward observer aircraft.

 Many enemy armies have organic artillery support at the brigade level that is twice to triple the amount available to United States Forces. Logistics units are often enemy high value targets for their value in maintain combat power to frontline elements. Transportation companies must operate with the understanding that their every movement, especially standing still, may draw an artillery barrage. Commander must prepare their units to operate and survive under these conditions.

 Modern logistics demands adaptive yet efficient supply chains to maintain a high volume of supply to whichever domain owner that is the designated lead. The force commander may change the primary and supporting efforts often, depending on effective information systems, and the synchronization of intelligence, surveillance, reconnaissance, and joint fires. Therefore, transportation units may find themselves supporting new units with little to no warning, across different services or nationalities.

 Due to the high lethality and effectiveness of enemy anti-access/area denial technology and systems, United States superiority across multiple domains in general will be challenged or possibly denied. However, combat forces can achieve periods of superiority, opening windows of opportunity. Transportation leadership must stand ready to take advantage of such opportunities, surging maximum capability as they arise.

## Soldier As A Sensor

 Because of the constant need to displace, a transportation unit may find its leaders doing multiple, almost continuous site recons. Between the recons and standard operations, transportation units are often the only soldiers that may physically pass by many miles in the division's interior area. Commanders should ensure soldiers stay alert for potential enemy activity, including ambushes or interdictions.
 In addition, depending on the threat situation, Soldiers should also be trained on the signs of CRBNE
attacks and understand how to call in the reports via local SOPs. Transportation units, by their nature, might be the closest unit to a CRBNE attack that was not the target, so those Soldiers must be trained to recognize, survive in, and report on contaminated areas.

## Megacities

 The United Nations defines megacities as cities with more than ten million residents. Their large size increases the challenges of normal city operations, and introduces new, unique challenges.

## Physical Terrain

 The vertical terrain of skyscrapers and other structures creates urban canyons that prevent or disrupt visibility, concealment, line of site, and satellite navigation and communication equipment. Units used to operating in smaller cities; for example, Baghdad has no buildings over twelve stories tall, entering megacities with unrealistic communications expectations. Leaders must compensate for communication dead zones with detailed coordination, realistic back up plans, and trust in subordinates.

 The narrow thoroughfares will constrict ground movement, while the building density will limit landing and pickup zones, or flight paths for manned/unmanned aircraft.

 The complicated networks of streets and alley vastly increase an enemy's avenues of approaches, while windows and rooftops at every elevation provide the enemy multiple attack platforms. Sewers, utility passageways, and subways provides enemy forces with an additional dimension from which to ambush transportation units with explosives, or to strike and disappear using the city's own infrastructure.

 Megacities often have multiple, well-developed routes, but many of them will not be marked as useable alternate supply routes. Units should request deviation to alternate supply routes as needed to avoid high threat areas, but not deviate from marked routes without permission except in dire emergencies. Known routes are incredibly dangerous in a megacity; using unknown, unmarked routes may lead a unit down a street without the ability to turn, pass, fight, or call for assistance.

## Civil Considerations

 Due to the high population density, the potential threat of civilian casualties resulting from an engagement can be high. Units must be familiar with the rules of engagement.

 Indigenous enemy forces can easily blend into the local population, and will most likely be familiar with the terrain. Attacks on friendly forces may come from enemy forces, criminals, or irregular threats with widely different goals and objectives. Commanders must ensure their units have accurate and timely, intelligence from higher and have Soldiers provide accurate debriefings to help build the common operational picture.

## Unit Conversions

This appendix gives the linear and liquid measure and weight equivalents of United States (U.S.) units to metric units and vice versa. The metric system is a decimal system of weights and measures in which the gram (.0022046 pound), the meter (39.37 inches), and the liter (61.025 cubic inches) are the basic units of weight, length, and capacity respectively. Also included are conversion factors for the most commonly used measurements and weights.

## Linear Measure

| Kilometers to miles            |   Miles to kilometers    |
|--------------------------------|--------------------------|
| (Km x .621 = mi)               | (mi x 1.609 = km)        |
| (Km 1.609 = mi)               | (mi .621 = km)          |
| 1 = 0.62                       | 1 = 1.61                 |
| 2 = 1.24                       | 2 = 3.22                 |
| 3 = 1.86                       | 3 = 4.83                 |
| 4 = 2.48                       | 4 = 6.44                 |
| 5 = 3.10                       | 5 = 8.05                 |
| 6 = 3.72                       | 6 = 9.66                 |
| 7 = 4.34                       | 7 = 11.27                |
| 8 = 4.96                       | 8 = 12.88                |
| 9 = 5.58                       | 9 = 14.49                |
| 10 = 6.21                      | 10 = 16.10               |
| 20 = 12.42                     | 20 = 32.20               |
| 30 = 18.63                     | 30 = 48.30               |
| 40 = 24.84                     | 40 = 64.40               |
| 50 = 31.05                     | 50 = 80.50               |

## Liquid Measure

Gallons (U.S.) x 3.785 = liters Gallons (U.S.) x 0.8327 = gallons (imperial)
Gallons (U.S.) x 3.332 = quarts (imperial)
Quarts (U.S.) x 0.946 = liters Quarts (U.S.) x 0.2082 = gallons (imperial) Quarts (U.S.) x 0.8327 = quarts (imperial) Pints (U.S.) x 0.473 = liters Liters x 0.2642 = gallons (U.S.)
Liters x 1.057 = quarts (U.S.)
Liters x 0.2201 = gallons (imperial)
Liters x 0.8804 = quarts (imperial) Gallons (imperial) x 1.201 = gallons (U.S.) Gallons (imperial) x 4.802 = quarts (U.S.) Gallons (imperial) x 4.545 = liters Quarts (imperial) x 0.3001 = gallons (U.S.)
Quarts (imperial) x 1.201 = quarts (U.S.) Quarts (imperial) x 1.136 = liters

## Weights

Short ton (U.S.) = 0.91 metric ton Long ton (U.S.) = 1.02 metric tons Pound (U.S.) = 0.45 kilogram

## Simplified Conversion Factors For Quick Computation

The following are accurate to within 2 percent: Inches to centimeters - Multiply by 10 and divide by 4.

Yards to meters - Multiply by 9 and divide by 10. Miles to kilometers - Multiply by 8 and divide by 5.

Gallons to liters - Multiply by 4 and subtract 1/5 of the number of gallons.

Pounds to kilograms - Multiply by 5 and divide by 11.

## Future Fielding

The use of semi-autonomous vehicle technology, such as leader-follower, provides a means to enhance tactical & sustainment mobility using dispersed formations along distribution routes.

 Leader-follower is an emerging semi-autonomous vehicle technology. The system provides the capability for a designated "manned" lead vehicle to lead a line of "unmanned" vehicles through the use of vehicle sensors with sufficient accuracy to operate unmanned.
 The purpose of this appendix is to describe this technology as it is being developed and implemented into the force.
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## Glossary

This glossary lists acronyms and terms with Army or joint definitions. Where Army and joint definitions differ, (Army) precedes the definition. Terms for which ATP 4-11 is the proponent are marked with an asterisk (*) before the term. For other terms, it lists the proponent publication in parentheses after the definition.

## Section I - Acronyms And Abbreviations

AO
area of operations
BCT
brigade combat team
BSA
brigade support area
BSB
brigade support battalion
CBRN
chemical, biological, radiological, and nuclear
CTC
composite truck company
COMSEC
communications security
CONUS
continental United States
CP
check point
CROP
container roll-in/roll-out platform
CSC
convoy support center
CSSB
combat sustainment support battalion
DSB
division sustainment brigade
DSSB
division sustainment support battalion
DTO
division transportation officer
EAB
echelons above brigade
ESC
expeditionary sustainment command
FSC
forward support company
G4
assistant chief of staff, logistics
GVW
gross vehicle weight
HEMTT
heavy expanded mobility tactical truck
HET
heavy equipment transport
HIPPO
load handling system compatible water tank rack
ITO
installion transportation office
ITV
in-transit visibility
MCB
movement control battalion
MCT
movement control team
MTS
movement tracking system
MWO
mobility warrant officer
OIC
officer in charge
POL
petroleum, oils, and lubricants
PLS
palletized load system
RFID
radio frequency identification
RP
release point
RSOP
reconnaissance, selection, occupation party
S3
battalion or brigade operations staff officer
S4
battalion or brigade logistics officer
SP
start point
SOP
standing operating procedure
SPO
support operations
TAV
total asset visibility
TSC
theater sustainment command
TTP
trailer transfer point
TVAR
total vehicle availability rate

## Section Ii - Terms Consolidate Gains

Activities to make enduring any temporary operational success and set the conditions for a sustainable security environment, allowing for a transition of control to other legitimate authorities. (ADP 3-0)

## Defensive Tasks

An operation to defeat an enemy attack, gain time, economize forces, and develop conditions favorable for offensive or stability operations. (ADP 3-0)

## Intermodal Operation

The process of combining multiple modes (air, sea, highway, rail) and conveyances (i.e. truck, barge, containers, pallets) to move troops, supplies and equipment through expeditionary entry points and the network of specialized transportation nodes to sustain land forces. (ADP 4-0)

## Large-Scale Combat Operations

Extensive joint combat operations in terms of scope and size of forces committed, conducted as a campaign aimed at achieving operational and strategic objectives. (ADP 3-0)

## *Motor Transport Operation

A ground support function that includes moving and transferring units, personnel, equipment, and supplies by motor vehicle to support operations.

## Offensive Operation

An operation to defeat or destroy enemy forces and gain control of terrain, resources, and population centers. (ADP 3-0)

## Operational Environment

A composite of the conditions, circumstances, and influences that affect the employment of capabilities, and bear on the decisions of the commander. (JP 3-0)

## Principle

A comprehensive and fundamental rule or an assumption of central importance that guides how an organization approaches and thinks about the conduct of operations. (ADP 1-01)

## Retrograde Of Materiel

An Army logistics function of returning materiel from the owning or using unit back through the distribution system to the source of supply, directed ship-to location, or point of disposal. (ATP 4-0.1)

## Shaping Operation

The operation at any echelon that creates and preserves conditions for success of the decisive operation through effects on the enemy, other actors, and the terrain. (ADP 3-0)

## Stability Operation

An operation conducted outside the United States in coordination with other instruments of national power to establish or maintain a secure environment and provide essential government services, emergency infrastructure reconstruction, and humanitarian relief. (ADP 3-07)

## Tenets Of Operations

Desirable attributes that should be built into all plans and operations and are directly related to the Army's operational concept. (ADP 1-01)

## Terminal Operations

The reception, processing, and staging of passengers; the receipt, transit, storage and marshalling of cargo; the loading and unloading of modes of transport conveyances; and the manifesting and forwarding of cargo and passengers to a destination. (JP 4-01.5)

## Unified Land Operations

The simultaneous execution of offense, defense, stability, and defense support of civil authorities across multiple domains to shape operational environments, prevent conflict, prevail in large-scale ground combat, and consolidate gains as part of unified action. (ADP 3-0)
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## References

Unless otherwise indicated, all URLS accessed on 5 June 2020.

## Required Publications

These documents must be available to the intended users of this publication. ADP 1-02. *Terms and Military Symbols*. 14 August 2018.

DOD Dictionary of Military and Associated Terms. January 2020.

FM 1-02.1. *Operational Terms*. 21 November 2019. FM 3-0. *Operations*. 06 October 2017. FM 4-0. *Sustainment Operations*. 31 July 2019.

## Related Publications

These documents contain relevant supplemental information.

## Department Of Defense Publications

Defense transportation regulations are available at: https://www.ustranscom.mil/dtr/.

DTR 4500.9-R. Part III, *Hazardous Materials (HAZMAT) Special Permits*.1 June 2016.

## Joint Publications

Joint publications are available at: https://www.jcs.mil/doctrine.

JP 3-0. *Joint Operations*. 17 January 2017.

JP 4-0. *Joint Logistics*. 4 February 2019. JP 4-01.2. *Sealift Support to Joint Operations*. 29 December 2015.

JP 4-01.5. *Joint Terminal Operations.* 2 November 2015.

JP 4-09. *Distribution Operations*. 14 March 2019.

## Army Publications

Army regulations, pamphlets and publications are available at: https://armypubs.army.mil/.

ADP 1-01. *Doctrine Prime*r. 31 July 2019.

ADP 3-0. *Operations*. 31 July 2019.

ADP 3-07. *Stability*. 31 July 2019.

ADP 3-28. *Defense Support of Civil Authorities.* 31 July 2019.

ADP 3-37. *Protection.* 31 July 2019.

ADP 3-90.*Offense and Defense.* 31 July 2019.
ADP 4-0. *Sustainment*. 31 July 2019.

ADP 5-0. *The Operations Process*. 31 July 2019.

ADP 6-0. *Mission Command*. 31 July 2019. AR 50-6. *Chemical Surety*. 16 April 2018.

AR 190-11. *Physical Security of Arms, Ammunition, and Explosives*. 17 January 2019.

AR 385-10. *Army Safety Program*. 24 February 2017.

AR 710-2. *Supply Policy Below the National Level*. 28 March 2008.

## References

AR 750-1. *Army Materiel Maintenance Policy*. 28 October 2019.

AR 840-10. *Flags, Guidons, Streamers, Tabards, Tabards, and Automobile and Aircraft Plates.*15
June 2007.

ATP 3-34.81/MCRP 3-34.3 (MCWP 3-17.4). *Engineer Reconnaissance.* 1 March 2016.

ATP 3-37.34. *Survivability Operations*. 16 April 2018.

ATP 4-0.1. *Army Theater Distribution*. 29 October 2014. ATP 4-01.45/MCRP 3-40F.7 [MCRP 4-11.3H]/AFTTP 3-2.58. Multi-Service Tactics, Techniques, and Procedures for Tactical Convoy Operations. 22 February 2017.

ATP 4-12. *Army Container Operations*. 10 May 2013.
ATP 4-13. *Army Expeditionary Intermodal Operations* .16 April 2014.
ATP 4-14. *Expeditionary Railway Center Operations.* 29 May 2014.
ATP 4-15. *Army Watercraft Operations.*3 April 2015. ATP 4-16. *Movement Control*. 5 April 2013.
ATP 4-90. *Brigade Support Battalion*. 18 June 2020.
ATP 4-93. *Sustainment Brigade*. 11 April 2016. ATP 4-93.1. *Combat Sustainment Command*. 19 June 2017. ATP 4-94. *Theater Sustainment Command*. 28 June 2013. ATP 6-22.5. *A Leaders Guide to Soldier Health and Fitness*. 10 February 2016.
DA Pam 385-40. *Army Accident Investigation and Reporting*. 18 March 2015.
DA Pam 750-8. *The Army Maintenance Management System (TAMMS) Users' Manual*. 22 August
2005.
DLAR 4145.11/AFJMAN 23-209/TM 38-410/NAVSUP PUB 573/MCO 4450/12A. Storage and Handling of Hazardous Materials.4 March 2020.

(https://issuances.dla.mil/Pages/DLAJointServiceIssuances.aspx)
FM 2-0. *Intelligence*. 6 July 2018. FM 6-27/MCTP 11-10C. *The Commander's Handbook on the Law of Land Warfare*. 7 August 2019.

TB 55-46-1. Standard Characteristics (Dimensions, Weight, and Cube) for Transportability of Military Vehicles and Other Outsize/overweight Equipment (In toe Line Item Number Sequence).

1 February 2020.

TC 21-305-20. *Manual for the Wheeled Vehicle Operator {AFMAN 24-306(I)}*. 12 January 2016.

TM 4-33.31. *Cold Weather Maintenance Operations.* 9 February 2017.

TM 55-315. Transportability Guidance for Safe Transport of Radioactive Materials (this item is included on EM 0178). 23 June 1989.

## Other Publications

This standardization agreement is available online:
https://nso.nato.int/nso/nsdd/stanagdetails.html?idCover=8887&LA=EN.

STANAG 2021. *Military Load classification of Bridges, Ferries, Rafts and Vehicles*. 14 September
2017.

## United States Law

United States Codes are available at https://uscode.house.gov/.

49 CFR, *Transportation.*

## Web Sites

Surface Deployment and Distribution Command Transportation Engineering Agency website:
https://www.sddc.army.mil/sites/TEA/Pages/default.aspx.

## Prescribed Forms

This section contains no entries.

## Referenced Forms

Unless otherwise indicated, DA forms are available on the Army Publishing Directorate web site at https://armypubs.army.mil/. DD forms are available on the Executive Services Directorate website at https://www.esd.whs.mil/Directives/forms/. Standard Forms are available on the U.S. General Services Administration web site at https://www.gsa.gov/reference/forms/.

DA Form 285, *Technical Report of U.S. Army Ground Accident*. DA Form 2028, *Recommended Changes to Publications and Blank Forms*.

DA Form 2062, *Hand Receipt/Annex Number*.

DD Form 626, *Motor Vehicle Inspection (Transporting Hazardous Material)*. DD Form 1265, *Request For Convoy Clearance*. DD Form 1266, Request for Special Hauling Permit.
DD Form 2890*, DOD Multimodal Dangerous Goods Declaration*.

DD Form 3009, *Route Classification*.

DD Form 3010, Road Reconnaissance Report.

SF 91, *Motor Vehicle Accident Report.*
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## Index

Entries are by paragraph number.

## A

echelons above brigade motor
transport, 2-1
accident procedures, I-20
accountability and maintenance of
transportation assets, 3-78
entering convoy routes, I-6 environmental protection, B-57
Army motor transport operations,
1-2
arrive and clear time calculations,
E-12
assistant driver, 2-59

## B

first sergeant, 2-43
forward support company, 2-37 forward support company
distribution platoon, 2-38
brigade and below motor
transport, 2-30-2-31
hauling methods, 3-70
heavy truck company, 2-23
brigade support battalion
distribution company, 2-33

## C

large-scale combat operations,
3-12
cargo characteristics, F-8 clearance requests, E-5 combat sustainment support
battalion, A-7
leader-follower, 3-32, N-1
light-medium truck company 2-4 loading procedures, F-14
command roles in transportation
asset allocation, 3-1
company commander, 2-40
completing a movement bid, E-25 composite truck companies, 2-26
consolidated operations report,
G-6
maintenance section, 2-56 master driver trainer, 2-60 medium truck companies, 2-7 medium truck company cargo,
2-10-2-14
medium truck company
petroleum, oils, and lubricants, 2-16-2-21
methods of distribution operations,
3-66-3-77

convoy elements, H-8
convoy identification, I-3
convoy operations, H-7
convoy support centers, 3-50
convoy planning and coordination,
  I-1

## D

military load classification, D-4 movement measurement, E-8 movement tables, E-21
operations section, 2-47 operations officer/executive officer, 2-48
operational environment, 1-5-1-7, figure 1-1

daily yard check, G-3
dispatcher, 2-52-2-53
division sustainment support
  battalion, A-13
driver, F-6
driving on expressways, I-8, 1-11
duties and responsibilities, 2-39

oversize and overweight loads,
F-34

## E P

Palletized load system truck
company, 2-8
planning a company move,
B-6-B-9

## F

Platoon leader, C-3 Principles of sustainment, 1-8

## R H

rest and meal halts, I-12, I-13
Road characteristics, D-2
Road conditions, F-13
Route synchronization, E-3

## S L

sections of a convoy, H-12, figure H-2
shipper, F-7 specific types of hazardous material, F-25
Squad leader, F-5

## T M

tenets of Army transportation operations, 1-10

terminal operations, 3-38 terrain evaluation, D-8 the role of the mobility warrant
officer in planning, 3-35
theater sustainment command,
A-1

trailer accountability, G-1
trailer transfer points, 3-56-3-58
trailer transfer point operations,
  3-53

transporting explosive and
  hazardous materials, F-20

O

truck company area requirements,
  B-1, figure B-1

truckmaster, 2-50-2-51, F-4

U

unit motor park, B-44

W

wheeled vehicle drivers, 2-58

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By Order of the Secretary of the Army:
Chief of Staff Official:
Administrative Assistant to the Secretary of the Army
2021901

## Distribution:

Active Army, Army National Guard, and United States Army Reserve:  Distributed in electronic media only (EMO).