# Army, Marine Corps, Navy, Air Force

## Multiservice Tactics, Techniques, And Procedures

# Potential Military Chemical/Biological Agents And Compounds

FM 3-11.9
MCRP 3-37.1B
NTRP 3-11.32
AFTTP(I) 3-2.55

## January 2005

DISTRIBUTION RESTRICTION: Approved for public release;
distribution is unlimited.

## Foreword


This publication has been prepared under our direction for use by our respective commands and other commands as appropriate.

STANLEY H. LILLIE

                                     EDWARD HANLON, JR. Brigadier General, USA

                                               Lieutenant General, USMC Commandant

                                      Deputy Commandant US Army Chemical School

                                              for Combat Development



JOHN M. KELLY
                                  BENTLEY B. RAYBURN Rear Admiral, USN
                                           Major General, USAF Commander

                                      Commander Navy Warfare Development Command
                                         Headquarters Air Force Doctrine Center



 This publication is available at Army
Knowledge Online <www.us.army.mil>.

## Preface



## 1.  Scope


This document provides commanders and staffs with general information and technical data concerning chemical/biological (CB) agents and other compounds of military interest such as toxic industrial chemicals (TIC).  It explains the use; classification; and physical, chemical, and physiological properties of these agents and compounds.  Users of this manual are nuclear, biological, and chemical (NBC)/chemical, biological, and radiological (CBR) staff officers, NBC noncommissioned officers (NCOs), staff weather officers (SWOs), NBC medical defense officers, medical readiness officers, medical intelligence officers, field medical treatment officers, and others involved in planning battlefield operations in an NBC environment.

## 2.  Purpose


           This publication provides a technical reference for CB agents and related
compounds.  The technical information furnished provides data that can be used to
support operational assessments based on intelligence preparation of the battlespace
(IPB).

## 3.  Application


           The audience for this publication is NBC/CBR staff personnel and
commanders tasked with planning, preparing for, and conducting military
operations.



## 4.  Implementation Plan


Participating service command offices of primary responsibility (OPRs) will review this publication, validate the information, and reference and incorporate it in service and command manuals, regulations, and curricula as follows:
Army.  The United States Army (USA) will incorporate this publication in USA training and doctrinal publications as directed by the Commander, United States Army Training and Doctrine Command (TRADOC).  Distribution is in accordance with Department of the Army (DA) Form 12-99-R (Initial Distribution Requirements for Publications).

Marine Corps.  The United States Marine Corps (USMC) will incorporate the procedures in this publication in USMC training and doctrinal publications as directed by the Commanding General (CG), United States Marine Corps Combat Development Command (MCCDC).  Distribution is in accordance with Marine Corps Publication Distribution System (MCPDS).

Navy.  The United States Navy (USN) will incorporate these procedures in USN training and doctrinal publications as directed by the Commander, Navy Warfare Development Command (NWDC).  Distribution is according to the military standard requisitioning and issue procedures (MILSTRIP).

Air Force.  The United States Air Force (USAF) will validate and incorporate appropriate procedures according to applicable governing directives.

## 5.  User Information


        a.
                 The United States Army Chemical School (USACMLS) developed this
publication with the joint participation of the approving service commands.


        b.
                 We encourage recommended changes for improving this publication.  Please
reference the specific page and paragraph, and provide a rationale for each
recommendation.  Send comments and recommendations directly to

## Army

Commandant US Army Chemical School ATTN:  ATSN-CM-DD 401 MANSCEN Loop, Suite 1029 Fort Leonard Wood, MO 65473-8926 COMM (573) 596-0131, extension 3-7364

## Marine Corps


Commanding General US Marine Corps Combat Development Command ATTN:  C42 (Director) 3300 Russell Road Quantico, VA 22134-5001 DSN 278-6234; COMM (703) 784-6234

## Navy


Commander Navy Warfare Development Command ATTN: N5 686 Cushing Road Newport, RI  02841-1207 DSN 948-4201; COMM (401) 841-4201

## Air Force


HQ Air Force Doctrine Center ATTN:  DJ
155 North Twining Street Maxwell AFB, AL 36112-6112 DSN 493-7224; COMM (334) 953-7224

| FM 3-11.9             | US Army Training and Doctrine Command    |
|-----------------------|------------------------------------------|
| Fort Monroe, Virginia |                                          |
|                       |                                          |
| MCRP 3-37.1B          | Marine Corps Combat Development Command  |
|                       | Quantico, Virginia                       |
|                       |                                          |
| NTRP 3-11.32          | Naval Warfare Development Command        |
|                       | Newport, Rhode Island                    |
|                       |                                          |
| AFTTP(I) 3-2.55       | Headquarters Air Force Doctrine Center   |
|                       | Maxwell Air Force Base, Alabama          |
|                       |                                          |
| 10 January 2005       |                                          |
|                       |                                          |



## Potential Military Chemical/Biological Agents And Compounds Table Of Contents

Page
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY........xiii CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION

Background........I-1

Threat ........I-2

Militarily Significant Aspects of Toxic Chemical Agents........I-4

Militarily Significant Aspects of Biological Agents........I-7

Militarily Significant Aspects of Toxic Industrial Chemicals........I-11
CHAPTER II
CHEMICAL WARFARE AGENTS AND THEIR PROPERTIES

Background........II-1

Definitions of Selected Physical and Chemical Properties ........**II-1**

Definitions of Toxicity-Related Terms ........**II-4**

 DISTRIBUTION RESTRICTION: Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited.

|                                                          | A-2                                                      |
|----------------------------------------------------------|----------------------------------------------------------|
| Table of Commonly Used Prefixes                          |                                                          |
|                                                          |                                                          |
| A-1                                                      |                                                          |
|                                                          | B-1                                                      |
| Temperature Conversions                                  |                                                          |
|                                                          |                                                          |
| B-1                                                      |                                                          |
|                                                          | C-1                                                      |
| Periodic Table of the Elements                           |                                                          |
|                                                          |                                                          |
| C-1                                                      |                                                          |
|                                                          | C-2                                                      |
| Chemical Elements and Symbols                            |                                                          |
| C-2                                                      |                                                          |
|                                                          | D-1                                                      |
| CWC Schedule 1 Chemicals                                 |                                                          |
|                                                          |                                                          |
| D-1                                                      |                                                          |
|                                                          | D-2                                                      |
| CWC Schedule 2 Chemicals                                 |                                                          |
|                                                          |                                                          |
| D-2                                                      |                                                          |
|                                                          | D-3                                                      |
| CWC Schedule 3 Chemicals                                 |                                                          |
|                                                          |                                                          |
| D-3                                                      |                                                          |
|                                                          | E-1                                                      |
| CW Agent Precursor Chemicals: Uses and                   |                                                          |
|                                                          |                                                          |
|                                                          |                                                          |
| E-1                                                      |                                                          |
|                                                          | F-1                                                      |
| Symbols for CW Agents and Military Chemical              |                                                          |
|                                                          |                                                          |
|                                                          |                                                          |
| F-1                                                      |                                                          |
|                                                          |                                                          |
|                                                          | G-1                                                      |
| Physical Properties of Choking, Nerve, and Blood         |                                                          |
|                                                          |                                                          |
|                                                          |                                                          |
| G-2                                                      |                                                          |
|                                                          | G-2                                                      |
| Physical Properties of Blister and                       |                                                          |
|                                                          |                                                          |
|                                                          |                                                          |
| G-7                                                      |                                                          |
|                                                          | G-3                                                      |
| Physical Properties of RCAs and Respiratory Irritants    |                                                          |
| G-12                                                     |                                                          |
|                                                          | G-4                                                      |
| Toxicity Estimates for CW Agents                         |                                                          |
| G-17                                                     |                                                          |
|                                                          |                                                          |
|                                                          | G-5                                                      |
| Toxicity Estimates (Exposure Duration) for Military      |                                                          |
|                                                          |                                                          |
| G-18                                                     |                                                          |
|                                                          | G-6                                                      |
| Persistency of Selected CW Agents                        |                                                          |
| G-18                                                     |                                                          |
|                                                          |                                                          |
|                                                          |                                                          |
| H-1                                                      |                                                          |
| CG Profile Estimates (Lethal Dose, Inhalation/Ocular)    |                                                          |
| H-1                                                      |                                                          |
|                                                          | H-2                                                      |
| DP Profile Estimates (Lethal Dose, Inhalation/Ocular)    |                                                          |
| H-1                                                      |                                                          |
|                                                          |                                                          |
|                                                          |                                                          |
| H-3                                                      |                                                          |
|                                                          | GA Profile Estimates (Lethal Dose, Inhalation/Ocular)    |
| H-1                                                      |                                                          |
|                                                          |                                                          |
|                                                          |                                                          |
| H-4                                                      |                                                          |
|                                                          | GA Profile Estimates (Lethal Dose, Percutaneous)         |
| H-2                                                      |                                                          |
|                                                          |                                                          |
|                                                          |                                                          |
| H-5                                                      |                                                          |
|                                                          | GA Profile Estimates (Severe Effects, Inhalation/Ocular) |
| H-2                                                      |                                                          |
|                                                          |                                                          |
|                                                          |                                                          |
| H-6                                                      |                                                          |
|                                                          | GA Profile Estimates (Severe Effects, Percutaneous)      |
| H-2                                                      |                                                          |
|                                                          |                                                          |
|                                                          |                                                          |
| H-7                                                      |                                                          |
| GA Profile Estimates (Threshold Effects, Percutaneous)   |                                                          |
| H-3                                                      |                                                          |
|                                                          | H-8                                                      |
| GA Profile Estimates (Mild Effects, Inhalation/Ocular)   |                                                          |
| H-3                                                      |                                                          |
|                                                          | H-9                                                      |
| GB Profile Estimates (Lethal Dose, Inhalation/Ocular)    |                                                          |
| H-4                                                      |                                                          |
|                                                          | H-10                                                     |
| GB Profile Estimates (Lethal Dose, Percutaneous)         |                                                          |
| H-5                                                      |                                                          |
|                                                          | H-11                                                     |
| GB Profile Estimates (Severe Effects, Inhalation/Ocular) |                                                          |
| H-5                                                      |                                                          |
|                                                          | H-12                                                     |
| GB Profile Estimates (Severe Effects, Percutaneous)      |                                                          |
| H-5                                                      |                                                          |
|                                                          | H-13                                                     |
| GB Profile Estimates (Threshold Effects, Percutaneous)   |                                                          |
| H-6                                                      |                                                          |
|                                                          |                                                          |
|                                                          |                                                          |
| H-14                                                     |                                                          |
| GB Profile Estimates (Mild Effects, Inhalation/Ocular)   |                                                          |
| H-6                                                      |                                                          |
|                                                          | H-15                                                     |
| GD Profile Estimates (Lethal Dose, Inhalation/Ocular)    |                                                          |
| H-7                                                      |                                                          |
|                                                              | H-16    |
|--------------------------------------------------------------|---------|
| GD Profile Estimates (Lethal Dose, Percutaneous)             |         |
| H-8                                                          |         |
|                                                              | H-17    |
| GD Profile Estimates (Severe Effects, Inhalation/Ocular)     |         |
| H-8                                                          |         |
|                                                              | H-18    |
| GD Profile Estimates (Severe Effects, Percutaneous)          |         |
| H-8                                                          |         |
|                                                              | H-19    |
| GD Profile Estimates (Threshold Effects, Percutaneous)       |         |
| H-9                                                          |         |
|                                                              | H-20    |
| GD Profile Estimates (Mild Effects, Inhalation/Ocular)       |         |
| H-9                                                          |         |
|                                                              | H-21    |
| GF Profile Estimates (Lethal Dose, Inhalation/Ocular)        |         |
| H-10                                                         |         |
|                                                              |         |
|                                                              | H-22    |
| GF Profile Estimates (Lethal Dose, Percutaneous)             |         |
| H-10                                                         |         |
|                                                              | H-23    |
| GF Profile Estimates (Severe Effects, Inhalation/Ocular)...  |         |
| H-11                                                         |         |
|                                                              |         |
|                                                              | H-24    |
| GF Profile Estimates (Severe Effects, Percutaneous)          |         |
| H-11                                                         |         |
|                                                              |         |
|                                                              | H-25    |
| GF Profile Estimates (Threshold Effects, Percutaneous)       |         |
| H-11                                                         |         |
|                                                              |         |
|                                                              | H-26    |
| GF Profile Estimates (Mild Effects, Inhalation/Ocular)       |         |
| H-12                                                         |         |
|                                                              |         |
|                                                              | H-27    |
| VX Profile Estimates (Lethal Dose, Inhalation/Ocular)        |         |
| H-13                                                         |         |
|                                                              |         |
|                                                              | H-28    |
| VX Profile Estimates (Lethal Dose, Percutaneous)             |         |
| H-14                                                         |         |
|                                                              |         |
|                                                              | H-29    |
| VX Profile Estimates (Severe Effects, Inhalation/Ocular) ... |         |
| H-14                                                         |         |
|                                                              |         |
|                                                              | H-30    |
| VX Profile Estimates (Severe Effects, Percutaneous)          |         |
| H-14                                                         |         |
|                                                              |         |
|                                                              | H-31    |
| VX Profile Estimates (Threshold Effects, Percutaneous)       |         |
| H-15                                                         |         |
|                                                              |         |
|                                                              | H-32    |
| VX Profile Estimates (Mild Effects, Inhalation/Ocular)       |         |
| H-15                                                         |         |
|                                                              |         |
|                                                              | H-33    |
| AC Profile Estimates (Lethal Dose, Inhalation/Ocular)        |         |
| H-16                                                         |         |
|                                                              |         |
|                                                              | H-34    |
| SA Profile Estimates (Lethal Dose, Inhalation/Ocular)        |         |
| H-16                                                         |         |
|                                                              |         |
|                                                              | H-35    |
| HD Profile Estimates (Lethal Dose, Inhalation/Ocular)        |         |
| H-17                                                         |         |
|                                                              |         |
|                                                              | H-36    |
| HD Profile Estimates (Lethal Dose, Percutaneous)             |         |
| H-17                                                         |         |
|                                                              |         |
|                                                              | H-37    |
| HD Profile Estimates (Severe Effects, Percutaneous)          |         |
| H-17                                                         |         |
|                                                              |         |
|                                                              | H-38    |
| HD Profile Estimates (Severe Effects, Ocular)                |         |
| H-18                                                         |         |
|                                                              |         |
|                                                              | H-39    |
| HD Profile Estimates (Mild Effects, Percutaneous)            |         |
| H-18                                                         |         |
|                                                              |         |
|                                                              | H-40    |
| HD Profile Estimates (Mild Effects, Ocular)                  |         |
| H-18                                                         |         |
|                                                              |         |
|                                                              | H-41    |
| HN-1 Profile Estimates (Lethal Dose, Inhalation/Ocular)...   |         |
| H-20                                                         |         |
|                                                              |         |
|                                                              | H-42    |
| HN-1 Profile Estimates (Lethal Dose, Percutaneous)           |         |
| H-20                                                         |         |
|                                                              |         |
|                                                              | H-43    |
| HN-1 Profile Estimates (Severe Effects, Percutaneous)        |         |
| H-20                                                         |         |
|                                                              |         |
|                                                              | H-44    |
| HN-1 Profile Estimates (Severe Effects, Ocular)              |         |
| H-21                                                         |         |
|                                                              |         |
|                                                              | H-45    |
| HN-1 Profile Estimates (Mild Effects, Percutaneous)          |         |
| H-21                                                         |         |
|                                                              |         |
|                                                              | H-46    |
| HN-1 Profile Estimates (Mild Effects, Ocular)                |         |
| H-21                                                         |         |
|                                                              |         |
|                                                              | H-47    |
| HN-2 Profile Estimates (Lethal Dose, Inhalation/Ocular)...   |         |
| H-22                                                         |         |
|                                                              |         |
|                                                              | H-48    |
| HN-2 Profile Estimates (Lethal Dose, Percutaneous)           |         |
| H-22                                                         |         |
|                                                              |         |
|                                                              | H-49    |
| HN-2 Profile Estimates (Severe Effects, Percutaneous)        |         |
| H-22                                                         |         |
|                                                              |         |
|                                                            | H-50    |
|------------------------------------------------------------|---------|
| HN-2 Profile Estimates (Severe Effects, Ocular)            |         |
| H-23                                                       |         |
|                                                            |         |
|                                                            | H-51    |
| HN-2 Profile Estimates (Mild Effects, Percutaneous)        |         |
| H-23                                                       |         |
|                                                            |         |
|                                                            | H-52    |
| HN-2 Profile Estimates (Mild Effects, Ocular)              |         |
| H-23                                                       |         |
|                                                            |         |
|                                                            | H-53    |
| HN-3 Profile Estimates (Lethal Dose, Inhalation/Ocular)... |         |
| H-24                                                       |         |
|                                                            | H-54    |
| HN-3 Profile Estimates (Lethal Dose, Percutaneous)         |         |
| H-24                                                       |         |
|                                                            | H-55    |
| HN-3 Profile Estimates (Severe Effects, Percutaneous)      |         |
| H-24                                                       |         |
|                                                            | H-56    |
| HN-3 Profile Estimates (Severe Effects, Ocular)            |         |
| H-25                                                       |         |
|                                                            | H-57    |
| HN-3 Profile Estimates (Mild Effects, Percutaneous)        |         |
| H-25                                                       |         |
|                                                            | H-58    |
| HN-3 Profile Estimates (Mild Effects, Ocular)              |         |
| H-25                                                       |         |
|                                                            | H-59    |
| HT Profile Estimates (Lethal Dose, Inhalation/Ocular)      |         |
| H-26                                                       |         |
|                                                            | H-60    |
| HT Profile Estimates (Lethal Dose, Percutaneous)           |         |
| H-26                                                       |         |
|                                                            | H-61    |
| HT Profile Estimates (Severe Effects, Percutaneous)        |         |
| H-26                                                       |         |
|                                                            | H-62    |
| HT Profile Estimates (Severe Effects, Ocular)              |         |
| H-27                                                       |         |
|                                                            | H-63    |
| HT Profile Estimates (Mild Effects, Percutaneous)          |         |
| H-27                                                       |         |
|                                                            | H-64    |
| HT Profile Estimates (Mild Effects, Ocular)                |         |
| H-27                                                       |         |
|                                                            | H-65    |
| L Profile Estimates (Lethal Dose, Inhalation/Ocular)       |         |
| H-28                                                       |         |
|                                                            | H-66    |
| L Profile Estimates (Lethal Dose, Percutaneous)            |         |
| H-28                                                       |         |
|                                                            | H-67    |
| L Profile Estimates (Severe Effects, Percutaneous)         |         |
| H-28                                                       |         |
|                                                            | H-68    |
| L Profile Estimates (Severe Effects, Ocular)               |         |
| H-29                                                       |         |
|                                                            | H-69    |
| L Profile Estimates (Mild Effects, Percutaneous)           |         |
| H-29                                                       |         |
|                                                            | H-70    |
| L Profile Estimates (Mild Effects, Ocular)                 |         |
| H-29                                                       |         |
|                                                            | H-71    |
| HL Profile Estimates (Lethal Dose, Inhalation/Ocular)      |         |
| H-30                                                       |         |
|                                                            | H-72    |
| HL Profile Estimates (Lethal Dose, Percutaneous)           |         |
| H-30                                                       |         |
|                                                            | H-73    |
| HL Profile Estimates (Severe Effects, Percutaneous)        |         |
| H-30                                                       |         |
|                                                            | H-74    |
| HL Profile Estimates (Severe Effects, Ocular)              |         |
| H-31                                                       |         |
|                                                            | H-75    |
| HL Profile Estimates (Mild Effects, Percutaneous)          |         |
| H-31                                                       |         |
|                                                            | H-76    |
| HL Profile Estimates (Mild Effects, Ocular)                |         |
| H-31                                                       |         |
|                                                            | H-77    |
| PD Profile Estimates (Lethal Dose, Inhalation/Ocular)      |         |
| H-32                                                       |         |
|                                                            | H-78    |
| CX Profile Estimates (Lethal Dose, Inhalation/Ocular)      |         |
| H-32                                                       |         |
|                                                            | H-79    |
| DM Profile Estimates (Lethal Dose, Inhalation/Ocular)      |         |
| H-32                                                       |         |
|                                                            |         |
|                                                            | I-1     |
| Properties of Selected Biological Agents                   |         |
| I-2                                                        |         |
|                                                            |         |

## Executive Summary Potential Military Chemical/Biological Agents And Compounds Chapter I Introduction


Chapter I briefly addresses the threat and the significant military aspects of chemical and biological agents and TIC.

## Chapter Ii Chemical Warfare Agents And Their Properties


Chapter II provides information on chemical agents that might be encountered in the field.  It discusses chemical agent physical characteristics and toxicity data of choking, nerve, blood, blister, and incapacitating agents.

## Chapter Iii Military Chemical Compounds And Their Properties


        Chapter III discusses military chemical compounds such as the riot control
agents (RCAs).  It provides physical and chemical characteristics and toxicity data
for military chemical compounds.

## Chapter Iv Biological Agents And Their Properties


        Chapter IV addresses general characteristics of biological agents (including
toxins) and provides a summary of selected antipersonnel agents that may be
employed in weapons systems.

## Chapter V Toxic Industrial Chemicals And Their Properties


Chapter V addresses TIC and a summary of available TIC information sources.

## Program Participants

The following commands and agencies participated in the development of this publication:

## Joint

Joint Requirements Office, 401 MANSCEN Loop, Suite 1309, Fort Leonard Wood, MO
65473

## Army

United States Army Chemical School, 401 MANSCEN Loop, Suite 1029, Fort Leonard
Wood, MO 65473
United States Army Edgewood Chemical and Biological Center, Aberdeen Proving Ground,
MD 21040

## Marine Corps

United States Marine Corps Combat Development Command, 3300 Russell Road, Suite
318A, Quantico, VA 22134-5021

## Navy

United States Navy Warfare Development Command, 686 Cushing Road, Sims Hall,
Newport, RI 02841
United States Navy Surface Warfare Development Group, 2200 Amphibious Drive, Norfolk,
VA 23521

## Air Force

HQ Air Force Doctrine Center, ATTN:  DJ, 155 North Twining Street, Maxwell AFB, AL
36112-6112
HQ Air Force Civil Engineer Support Agency, 139 Barnes Drive, Suite 1, Tyndall AFB, FL
32403-5319


## Chapter I Introduction 1. Background


The threat or use of CB weapons is a possible condition of future warfare and could occur in the early stages of war to disrupt United States (US) operations and logistics.  In many of the regions where the US is likely to deploy forces, potential adversaries may use CB weapons.  Potential adversaries may seek to counter US conventional military superiority using less expensive and more attainable, asymmetrical means.  To meet this challenge, US forces must be properly trained and equipped to operate effectively and decisively in the face of NBC attacks.1   Additionally, US forces could be confronted in an environment where TIC present a hazard to US forces.2


        a.
                 Use of CB Weapons.3   Adversaries may employ CB agents and other toxic
materials to achieve specific effects.  In addition to the physical effects, there exist
psychological effects, both in the immediate target area and in other vulnerable areas that
may be potential targets.


                 (1)
                          Chemical agents have effects that can be immediate or delayed, can be
persistent or nonpersistent, and can have significant physiological effects.  While relatively
large quantities of an agent are required to ensure an area remains contaminated over
time, small-scale selective use that exploits surprise can cause significant disruption and
may have lethal effects.


                 (2)
                          Biological agents can produce lethal or incapacitating effects over an
extensive area and can reproduce.  The delayed onset of symptoms and detection,
identification, and verification difficulties for biological agents can also confer important
advantages to adversaries who decide to use biological agents.


                 (3)
                          The means available to adversaries for delivery of CB weapons range from
specially designed, sophisticated weapon systems developed by nations to relatively
inefficient improvised devices employed by terrorists and other disaffected individuals and
groups.


        b.
                 US Policy.3   This paragraph contains brief descriptions of treaty, legal, and
policy strictures on chemical and biological warfare (CBW).


                 (1)
                          The Protocol for the Prohibition of the Use in War of Asphyxiating,
Poisonous or Other Gases, and of Bacteriological Methods of Warfare," also known as the
Geneva Protocol of 1925, prohibits chemical and bacteriological methods of warfare.  Most
parties interpret the protocol as a prohibition only of the first use of these agents in war.  It
did not ban the development, production, or stockpiling of these weapons.  In 1974, the US
Senate gave advice and consent to ratification of this protocol, subject to the reservation
that the US would not be bound by the provisions with respect to an enemy state or its
allies who fail to respect the prohibitions of the protocol.  On 22 January 1975, the US
ratified the protocol subject to this reservation.  The protocol entered into force for the US
on 10 April 1975.  The relevance of the Geneva Protocol is largely superseded by the more

restrictive Convention on the Prohibition of the Development, Production, Stockpiling, and Use of Chemical Weapons and on their Destruction (also known as the Chemical Weapons Convention [CWC] and by the Convention on the Prohibition of Bacteriological and Toxic Weapons (also known as the *Biological Weapons Convention [BWC])* summarized below.


                 (2)
                          The Presidential Statement on Chemical and Biological Weapons, 25
November 1969, renounced the US use of lethal biological agents and weapons and confined
biological research to defensive measures such as immunization and safety.  Under the
terms of the BWC, parties undertake not to develop, produce, stockpile, or acquire biological
agents or toxins "of types and in quantities that have no justification for prophylactic,
protective and other peaceful purposes," as well as weapons and means of delivery.  The
BWC does not establish a specific verification regime.  The US ratified the BWC on 29
March 1975.


                 (3)
                          Executive Order No. 11850, 8 April 1975, Renunciation of Certain Uses in
War of Chemical Herbicides and Riot Control Agents, renounced first use of herbicides in
war (except for specified defensive uses) and first use of RCAs in war except for defensive
military modes to save lives.


                 (4)
                          The CWC, which entered into force on 29 April 1997, bans the development,
production, acquisition, stockpiling, transfer, or use of chemical weapons.  It provides for
the destruction of all chemical weapons stocks within 10 years after entry into force.  It
contains a vigorous challenge regime to ensure compliance.  The US ratified the CWC on 25
April 1997.

## 2. Threat


        a.
                 Changes.4  Countries with chemical weapons programs are adding agents and
more sophisticated delivery systems.  Similarly, the sophistication of CBW capabilities is
increasing.  Proliferation of weapons technology, precision navigation technology, and CBW
technology in developing nations presents the US with a complicated national security
challenge.  Intelligence efforts include collection and analysis of nations' dual-use, CB
industrial capabilities, and development of the indications and warning of adversarial use
of dual-use capabilities.


        b.
                 Challenges.  The US faces a number of regional proliferation challenges.  Many
of these are detailed in the January 2001 report published by the Office of the Secretary of
Defense (OSD), Proliferation: Threat and Response.  At least 25 countries now possessor
are in the process of acquiring and developingcapabilities to inflict mass casualties and
destruction:  NBC weapons or the means to deliver them.5


        c.
                 Proliferation.4  Proliferation of CBW technology also raises several important
issues.  Various nations could export a wide array of chemical products, including
Australian group-controlled items to numerous countries of proliferation concern.  The
controlled items include specific chemical agent precursors, pathogens with biological
warfare (BW) applications, and dual-use equipment that can be used in both CBW
programs.


        d.
                 Increases in Proliferation.4  In the next several years, the threat from the
proliferation of CBW may increase.  This could result from the development of CB agents
that are more difficult to detect and from the adoption of more capable delivery systems.
States with existing programs may master the production processes for complete weapons
development and will be less dependent on outside suppliers.


                 (1)
                          Any nation with the political will and a minimal industrial base could
produce CBW agents suitable for use in warfare.  Efficient weaponization of these agents,
however, does require design and production skills usually found in countries that possess a
munitions development infrastructure or access to such skills from cooperative sources.


                 (2)
                          On the other hand, almost any nation or group could fabricate crude agent
dispersal devices.  Such weapons might be capable of inflicting only limited numbers of
casualties; nevertheless, they could have significant operational repercussions due to the
psychological impact created by fears of CBW agent exposure.4


                 (3)
                          Genetic engineering gives BW developers the tools to pursue agents that
could defeat the protective and treatment protocols of the prospective adversary.
Genetically engineered microorganisms also raise the technological hurdle that must be
overcome to provide for effective detection, identification, and early warning of BW attacks.


                 (4)
                          Numerous characteristics need to be controlled for a highly effective BW
agent.  Historically, the accentuation of one characteristic often resulted in the attenuation
of one or more other characteristics, possibly even rendering the modified agent ineffective
as a weapon.  Advances in biotechnology, genetic engineering, and related scientific fields
provide ever-increasing potential to control more of these factors, possibly leading to an
enhanced ability to use BW agents as battlefield weapons.


e.

Novel BW Agents.1  Advances in biotechnology and genetic engineering may facilitate the development of potentially new and more deadly BW agents.  The ability to modify microbial agents at a molecular level has existed since the 1960s, when new genetic engineering techniques were introduced, but the enterprise tended to be slow and unpredictable.  With today's techniques, infectious organisms can be modified to bring about disease in different ways.  The current level of sophistication for many biological agents is low, but there is enormous potentialbased on advances in modern molecular biology, fermentation, and drug delivery technologyfor making more sophisticated weapons.  The BW agents may emerge in two likely categories: man-made manipulations of classic BW agents and newly discovered or emerging infectious diseases.  An example of a recent new pathogen (though not necessarily ideal BW agents) includes streptococcus pneumonia S23F, a naturally occurring strain of pneumonia resistant to at least six of the more commonly used antibiotics.


                 (1)
                          The potential types of novel biological agents that could be produced
through genetic engineering methodologies are listed below.  Each of these techniques seeks
to capitalize on the extreme lethality, virulence, or infectivity of BW agents and exploit this
potential by developing methods to deliver more efficiently and to control these agents on
the battlefield.



(a)
Benign microorganisms genetically altered to produce a toxin, venom,
or bioregulator.


(b)
Microorganisms resistant to antibiotics, standard vaccines, and
therapeutics.
(c)
Microorganisms with enhanced aerosol and environmental stability.


(d)
Immunologically altered microorganisms able to defeat standard
identification, detection, and diagnostic methods.


(e)
Combinations of the above four types with improved delivery systems.


                 (2)
                          The future likelihood of infectious agents being created for BW purposes
will be influenced by technological trends such as


                          (a)
                                   Genetically engineered vectors in the form of modified infectious
organisms may become increasingly available as medical tools and techniques become more
widely available.


                          (b)
                                   Strides will be made in the understanding of infectious disease
mechanisms and in microbial genetics that are responsible for disease processes.


                          (c)
                                   An increased understanding of the human immune system function
and disease mechanisms will shed light on the circumstances that cause individual
susceptibility to infectious disease.


                          (d)
                                   Vaccines and antidotes will be improved over the long term, perhaps
to the point where classic BW agents will offer less utility as a means of causing casualties.


                          (e)
                                   Many bioengineering companies (both US and foreign) now sell all-in-
one kits to enable researchers to perform recombinant deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
experiments.  The availability of free online gene sequence databases and analytic software
over the Internet further amplifies and disseminates this capability.  It is now possible to
transform relatively benign organisms to cause harmful effects.

## 3. Militarily Significant Aspects Of Toxic Chemical Agents


        a.
                 Classification.  A toxic chemical agent is any chemical which, through its
chemical action on life processes, can cause death, temporary incapacitation, or permanent
harm to humans or animals.6  For the purpose of this manual, chemical agents are further
divided into chemical warfare (CW) agents and military chemical compounds.  The terms
"persistent" and "nonpersistent" describe the time chemical agents remain in an area and
do not classify the agents technically.


                 (1)
                          CW Agents.  The CW agents are toxic chemicals and their precursors
prohibited under the CWC.  These agents include choking, nerve, blood, blister, and
incapacitating agents.  Their physiological actions are as follows:


                          (a)
                                   Choking Agents.7  Choking agents cause damage to the lungs,
irritation to the eyes and the respiratory tract, and pulmonary edema ("dry-land
drowning").


                          (b)
                                   Nerve Agents.  Nerve agents inhibit cholinesterase (ChE) enzymes.
This inhibition permits acetylcholine (ACh), which transmits many nerve impulses, to
collect at its various sites of action.7  The body's muscles and glands become overstimulated
due to excessive amounts of ACh.  At sufficient doses, this can lead to an inability of the
body to sustain breathing.


                          (c)
                                   Blood Agents.7  The blood transports these agents to all body tissues.
Hydrogen cyanide (AC) and cyanogen chloride (CK) are cellular poisons, and they disrupt
the oxidative processes used by the cells.7  Arsine (SA) is different.  It causes hemolysis of
the red blood cells.8  The central nervous system (CNS) is especially vulnerable to lack of
oxygen regardless of the etiology, and respiratory and cardiovascular collapse resulting
from AC and CK poisoning.  In the case of SA poisoning, the proximal cause of death is
myocardial failure.


                          (d)
                                   Blister Agents (Vesicants).  Blister agents are noted for producing
reddening and blistering of the skin, but the eyes and respiratory tract are more sensitive
than the skin.  Eye exposure results in reddening of the eyes and temporary blindness or
permanent effects.  Inhaled mustard damages mucous membranes and the respiratory
tract.7


                          (e)
                                   Incapacitating Agents.9  Used in a military context, incapacitation is
understood to mean inability to perform one's military mission.  Since missions vary, for the
purpose of this manual, incapacitation means the inability to perform any military task
effectively.  An incapacitating agent is an agent that produces temporary physiological or
mental effects, or both, which will render individuals incapable of concerted effort in the
performance of their assigned duties.  Medical treatment is not essential but can facilitate a
more rapid recovery.7


                 (2)
                          Military Chemical Compounds.  Military chemical compounds are less toxic
and include materials such as respiratory irritant agents, RCAs, smoke and obscurants,
and incendiary materials.  The term excludes CW agents.  Their physiological actions are as
follows:


                          (a)
                                   RCAs (Lacrimators).  The RCAs are chemicals that rapidly produce in
humans sensory irritation or disabling physical effects which disappear within a short time
following termination of exposure.6  They are local irritants that, in very low
concentrations, act primarily on the eyes, causing intense pain and tearing.  At high
concentrations they irritate the respiratory tract and the skin.  They sometimes cause
nausea and vomiting.


                          (b)
                                   Respiratory Irritant Agents.  These agents were previously called
vomiting agents.  Their primary action is irritation of the respiratory tract.10  In addition,
these agents cause lacrimation (tearing), irritation of the eyes, uncontrollable coughing,
sneezing, nausea, and a general feeling of bodily discomfort.  Usually symptoms disappear
in 20 minutes to 2 hours, leaving no residual injury.7


        b.
                 Duration of Effectiveness.  Several factors determine the time a chemical agent
remains effective.  These include, but are not limited to, the method of dissemination,
weather and terrain conditions, and the physical and chemical properties of the agent.


                 (1)
                          Method of Dissemination.11  Chemical agents are usually disseminated in
the field in the form of vapors (gases), aerosols, or liquids.  When a chemical agent is
disseminated as a vapor from a bursting munition, initially the cloud expands, grows cooler
and heavier, and tends to retain its form.  Aerosols are finely divided liquid and/or solid
substances suspended in the atmosphere and behave in much the same manner as
vaporized agents.  Liquid agents can be absorbed (soaked into) and adsorbed (adhered to)
by surfaces.  They can then be evaporated or desorbed (off-gas) from surfaces, causing a
vapor hazard.


                 (2)
                          Weather and Terrain Conditions.11  Many weather factors and terrain
conditions influence the duration of effectiveness of chemical agents.  Most important
weather factors include temperature, temperature gradient, wind speed, relative humidity,
and precipitation.  Important terrain conditions include vegetation, soil, and terrain
contours.


                 (3)
                          Physical Properties.   Some of the important physical properties are vapor
density, vapor pressure (VP), volatility, freezing point (FP), and melting point (MP).  Vapor

density determines whether the agent is lighter or heavier than air, thus determining whether the agent will settle to low areas or float away and dissipate in the atmosphere. Vapor pressure is used to determine the volatility of an agent.  The volatility has an effect upon the vapor concentration.  It also affects the duration of an agent hazard after dissemination.  The boiling and freezing points of chemical agents influence their operational use and the means of disseminating them.  See Appendix A for information on table of equivalents and commonly used prefixes, Appendix B for information on temperature conversions, and Appendix C for the periodic table of elements.  See Chapter II for definitions of selected physical properties.


                 (4)
                          Chemical Properties.  The chemical properties of an agent include its
stability and reactivity with water and other substances.  See Chapter II for definitions of
selected chemical properties.


        c.
                 Potency and Physiological Actions.  Factors that contribute to the adverse
human health effects of chemical agents include toxicity, route of exposure (ROE), dosage,
exposure duration, minute volume (MV), temperature, endpoint, physiological stressors,
rate of detoxification (ROD), and rate of action (ROA).  Note that not all factors are
applicable to all exposure scenarios.  For example, MV is not applicable to a percutaneous
liquid exposure. Dosages are given for a 70-kilogram (kg) male with an MV of 15 liters per
minute (L/min).  Additional toxicological data are required to determine if the toxicity
estimates can be applied to women.  Emphasis is placed on acute toxic effects.  Acute toxic
effects are those occurring within moments to a few days of the toxic exposure.  The toxicity
estimates provided are not applicable to the general population.10, 12, 13

## Note: Occupational Health Guidelines For The Evaluation And Control Of Occupational Exposure To Nerve And Blister Agents Is Promulgated Separately By The Us Army Surgeon General In Da Pamphlets 40-8 And 40-173.  These References Define The Medical Surveillance Program For Personnel Who Support Chemical Demilitarization Operations.


        d.
                 CWC Chemicals.  Appendix D contains the list of toxic chemicals, groups of
chemicals, and precursors subject to the CWC.  The examples given in Appendix D are not
all-inclusive.  There are, by conservative estimates, 25,000 or more chemicals subject to the
CWC regulationlisting each chemical by name is not practical.14  Chemicals covered
under the CWC are divided into three categories as follows:


                 (1)
                          Schedule 1 chemicals (See Table D-1, page D-1) have little or no use in
industrial and agricultural industries.  They pose a high risk to the object and purpose of
the CWC by virtue of their high potential for use in activities prohibited under the CWC.14


                 (2)
                          Schedule 2 chemicals (See Table D-2, page D-2) may be useful in the
production of chemical weapons; however, they also have legitimate uses in other industrial
areas.  They pose a significant risk to the object and purpose of the CWC.14


                 (3)
                          Schedule 3 chemicals (See Table D-3, page D-3) have legitimate uses in
industrial areas and pose a risk to the object and purpose of the CWC.14


        e.
                 Dual-Use Precursors.  Precursors for CW agents also have civil uses in industrial
and agricultural industries (see Appendix E).


        f.
                 CW Agents and Other Military Chemical Compounds.  See Appendix F for the
symbols of CW agents and other military chemical compounds.  See Appendix G for a

consolidation of the information given in the chemical agent tables and toxicity tables in Chapters II and III.

## Note: See Information In Chapters Ii, Iii, And Appendix H For Detailed Information On Toxicity Of Cw Agents And Military Chemical Compounds.


g.

Agent Mixtures.  Mixing chemical agents with each other or with other materials can alter the characteristics and effectiveness of the agents.  Mixtures may lower the freezing point, increasing agent effectiveness over a wider temperature range.  The addition of thickeners or thinners to agents will increase or decrease persistency: for example, soman (GD) mixed with thickeners will increase persistency; RCAs mixed with thinners will decrease persistency.  In addition to changing the physical properties, mixing agents together will create special problems through their physiological effects.  These problems can produce difficulty in identification, immediate and delayed effects, or contact and vapor hazards occurring simultaneously.  Some mixtures would make it difficult to maintain the seal of the protective mask.  Mixing some agents can also increase the toxic effects, either by a synergistic effect or by an improved absorption through the skin.

## 4. Militarily Significant Aspects Of Biological Agents


        a.
                 Classification.  A biological agent is a microorganism that causes disease in
personnel, plants, or animals or causes the deterioration of material.6  Biological agents can
be classified as pathogens, toxins, bioregulators, or prions.


                 (1)
                          Pathogens.  Pathogens are disease-producing microorganisms,6 such as
bacteria, rickettsiae, or viruses.  Pathogens are either naturally occurring or altered by
random mutation or recombinant DNA techniques.


                 (2)
                          Toxins.  Toxins are poisons formed as a specific secreting product in the
metabolism of a vegetable or animal organism, as distinguished from inorganic poisons.
Such poisons can also be manufactured by synthetic processes.6  Toxins are produced by a
variety of organisms, including microbes, snakes, insects, spiders, sea creatures, and
plants.15


                 (3)
                          Bioregulators.  Bioregulators include biochemical compounds that regulate
cell processes and physiologically active compounds such as catalysts and enzymes.
Although they can be found in the human body in small quantities, introduction of large
quantities can cause severe adverse effects or death.15


                  (4)
                           Prions.  Prions are proteins that can cause neurodegenerative diseases in
humans and animals.16  Proteins have a unique, genetically defined amino acid sequence
that determines their specific shapes and functions.  Normal cell proteins have the same
amino acid building blocks but they fold differently than prions.  When prions enter brain
cells, they apparently convert normal proteins into prions.  Ultimately, the infected brain
cells die and release prions into the tissue.  These prions enter, infect, and destroy other
brain cells.  Prions entered the public's consciousness during the mad cow epidemic that hit
England in 1996.17  Transmission of the prions from cows to man is suspected to cause
human illness.  There are no known therapies effective against prions.18


        b.
                 Uses.  Biological agents can be disseminated and used against personnel,
animals, plants, or material.  Food and industrial products can be rendered unsafe or unfit
for use by contamination or by the effects resulting from contamination with biological
agents.  The US military forces are deployed throughout the world.  Associated with the

movement of troops are risks of introduction of exotic agricultural pests and animal disease agents through soil contamination and transportation of regulated items such as fruits, vegetables, meat, and dairy products, other food items, and animal products (e.g., trophies). The United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS) oversees the entry of cargo, personnel, equipment, personal property, mail, and their means of conveyance into the US.19  (See Appendix I for selected properties of some biological agents.)


                 (1)
                          Antipersonnel.  Biological antipersonnel agents are those that are effective
directly against humans.  The threat would select these agents on the basis of the agents'
ability to cause death or disability.  Potential biological antipersonnel agents include toxins,
bacteria, rickettsiae, viruses, and toxins.


                 (2)
                          Antianimal.  Biological antianimal agents are those that could be employed
against animals to incapacitate or destroy them through disease.  The purposeful spreading
of infectious agents that attack cattle or other domestic animals can lead to serious
consequences for a country's food supply or export of animal products (hides, wool, fats, and
biological medicinal products such as adrenalin, insulin, pituitary extracts, cortisone,
vaccines, and antisera).20  See Appendix J.


                 (3)
                          Antiplant.  Biological antiplant agents are organisms that cause disease or
damage to plants.  These agents may be used intentionally by an enemy to attack food or
economically valuable crops, thereby reducing a nation's ability to resist aggression.20  See
Appendix K.


                 (4)
                          Antimaterial.  Antimaterial agents are organisms that degrade or break
down some item of material.  For example, fungi may damage fabrics, rubber products,
leather goods, or foodstuffs.  Some bacteria produce highly acidic compounds that cause
pitting in metals; these agents could create potential problems with stockpiled material.
Some bacteria can use petroleum products as an energy source and cause residues that
might clog fuel or oil lines.20


        c.
                 Duration of Effectiveness.  The duration of effectiveness of a biological agent
refers to the persistency of the agent in the environment.  It depends on the characteristics
of the agent and environmental factors.3



(1)
Biological agent characteristics such as encapsulation (natural, such as bacterial spores, or manmade protective coverings), addition of dyes to the spray fluid, or possibly genetic engineering (of pathogens) may protect some agents from sunlight and other destructive natural forces.3  Bacteria that are resistant to environmental extremes frequently produce spores to allow survival during adverse conditions.  Spore formation is not a method of reproduction inasmuch as each vegetative cell forms only a single spore and each spore germinates to form a single vegetative cell.  The bacterium (vegetative cell) makes a copy of its DNA.  The DNA becomes surrounded by a series of membranes that accumulate calcium, dipicolinic acid (heat-resistant factor), and protein layers.  The resistant spore might remain dormant for years without requiring nutrients or water and might survive under extreme ranges of temperature.  When conditions become favorable, the spore develops into an actively growing vegetative cell.21


                 (2)
                          Ultraviolet (UV) radiation, relative humidity, wind speed, and temperature
gradient are important weather factors in determining duration of effectiveness.


        d.
                 Methods of Dissemination.22  Biological agents may be disseminated as aerosols,
liquid droplets (toxins only), or dry powders.  See Appendix L for additional information on
dissemination of biological agents.


                 (1)
                          Biological agents may be delivered in either wet or dry form.  Dry powders
composed of very small particles tend to have better dissemination characteristics and have
advantages in storage.  Dried agents require an increased level of technological
sophistication to produce, although freeze-drying and spray-drying technologies have been
available in the industry for a number of years.


                 (2)
                          The BW agents might be released against our forces or against civilian
populations by means of sprays, explosive devices, and contamination of food and water.
Most commonly, delivery methods use aerosolized agents.


                          (a)
                                   A BW agent can be released as a line source.   A line source would be
released perpendicular to the direction of the wind, upwind of the intended target area.


                          (b)
                                   A second type of aerosol source is a point source, which is a stationary
device for aerosolization of the agent, such as a stationary sprayer.  A modified point source
would be a group of spray devices, such as specially designed bomblets dispersed in a
pattern on the ground or a missile or artillery shell designed to release such bomblets.


        e.
                 Physiological Aspects.  Employment considerations for BW agents include the
following:


                 (1)
                          ROE.  The important portals of entry are the respiratory tract, the exposed
mucosal surfaces (moist surfaces of nose, mouth, and eyes), and the digestive tract.23  In a
biological attack the respiratory route would be the primary route of entry.3  The
respiratory system is much more susceptible to penetration.  The body is more resistant to
invasion by microorganisms through the skin; however, penetration across the skin can
occur.  This is particularly true of abraded (broken) surfaces and some toxins such as
mycotoxins.23  Toxins absorbed through the respiratory tract can produce signs and
symptoms different from those acquired through natural occurrence.24  For example,
staphylococcal enterotoxin B when ingested in food causes acute gastrointestinal (GI)
illness; however, when delivered via aerosol to the respiratory tract, it produces respiratory
disease.23  Personnel can encounter biological agents by natural routes, such as in water
and food or by vectors.


                 (2)
                          Dosage.  The BW agents are inherently more toxic than CW nerve agents
on a weight-for-weight basis and can potentially provide broader coverage per pound of
payload than CW agents.15


                          (a)
                                   Infective Dose.25  The infectivity of an agent reflects the relative ease
with which microorganisms establish themselves in a host species.  Pathogens with high
infectivity cause disease with relatively few organisms.


                          (b)
                                   Lethal Dose.  Some pathogens produce toxins that can result in
disease (for example, anthrax, botulinum, cholera, diphtheria, and typhus).  The extreme
toxicity of many toxins causes the lethal dose to be much smaller than that of chemical
agents.  Hence, units of micrograms (g) or even nanograms (ng) may be used instead of
milligrams (mg) in expressing toxicity.  Human toxicity estimates are based on animal
data, and the ROE for the animals is not always what would be expected on the battlefield.

Some human toxicity data are based on accidental contact, ingestion, or inhalation of these natural poisons.


                 (3)
                          ROA.  The rate of reaction to toxins varies widely.  Rapid-acting toxins
generally incapacitate within minutes.  Delayed-acting agents may take several hours to
days to incapacitate.  The time for maximum effects for pathogens is normally more than 24
hours (unless the pathogen produces a toxin).  However, the incubation periods of
microorganisms used in BW may be far shorter than those expected by examining the
natural disease.


        f.
                 Requirements for a Weaponized BW Agent.22  The key factors that make a
biological agent suitable for an attack include availability or ease of production in sufficient
quantity; the ability to cause either lethal or incapacitating effects in humans at doses that
are achievable and deliverable; appropriate particle size in aerosol; ease of dissemination;
stability (while maintaining virulence) after production in storage, weapons, and the
environment; and susceptibility of intended victims with nonsusceptibility of friendly
forces.


                 (1)
                          Availability or Ease of Production.  Many replicating agents (bacteria and
viruses) can be produced in large quantities with modern fermentation and viral production
technologies.  Some toxins, like ricin, are widely available because their source in nature is
ubiquitous and the process necessary to harvest the toxin is technically straightforward.
On the other hand, some replicating agents are very difficult to grow in quantity, and many
toxins are produced in nature in such low quantities that harvesting them is impractical
(shellfish toxins are a good example).


                 (2)
                          Incapacitation and Lethality.  BW agents are likely to be selected for their
ability to either incapacitate or kill the human targets of the attack.  A BW agent does not
necessarily have to be lethal to be useful as a military weapon.  An agent such as
Venezuelan equine encephalitis (VEE) virus could cause incapacitation among large
numbers of unit personnel.  If lethality is desired, agents such as anthrax have high case
fatality rates once infection is established in unimmunized hosts.


                 (3)
                          Appropriate Particle Size in Aerosol.  An effective weaponized BW agent is
of a particle size that would allow it to be carried for long distances by prevailing winds and
inhaled deeply into the lungs of the unsuspecting victims.  The size range of particles that
meets both of these conditions is 1 to 5 microns in diameter.  Particles larger than this
would either settle out into the ground or more likely be filtered out in the upper
respiratory tract of those who inhale them.  Particles in this size range are invisible to the
human eye; thus, a cloud of such particles would not generally be detected by those
attacked, even if such a cloud were to be carried through their position. It is worth noting,
however, that particles outside this size range are still dangerous and able to cause deadly
illnesses, even though their transmission efficiency is less.


                 (4)
                          Ease of Dissemination.  An effective weaponized BW agent is easily
disseminated in the open air by using off-the-shelf devices such as industrial sprayers or
other types of aerosol-producing devices.  These could be mounted on an airplane, boat, car,
or other moving vehicle, or even placed in a stationary position.  An alternative method
would be to disseminate the agent in an enclosed space (e.g., a building) where it could
more efficiently infect or intoxicate humans living or working in the area.


                 (5)
                          Stability after Production.  Once an adversary produces a BW agent in
quantity, it must be fairly stableeither in bulk storage or once put into a weapon or
delivery system.  It must, therefore, retain its viability and virulence or toxicity during
production, storage, transportation, and delivery.


                 (6)
                          Susceptibility and Nonsusceptibility.  An effective BW agent is one to which
the target force is known to be susceptible (i.e., not immunized against), but to which the
adversary possesses high levels of immunity, usually via vaccination.

## 5. Militarily Significant Aspects Of Toxic Industrial Chemicals


        a.
                 Classification.  The TIC are chemicals that are toxic to plants, animals, or
humans.


        b.
                 Uses.  The TIC are found in abundance in all countries, and are used in chemical
manufacturing processes, agriculture (pesticides), water treatment (chlorination), and
many other areas.  Each year, more than 70,000 different chemicals amounting to billions
of tons of material are produced, processed, or consumed by the global chemical industry.  A
large portion of these chemicals may exhibit characteristics or be sufficiently hazardous to
be a threat in a military situation.2


        c.
                 Characteristics of TIC.  The TIC of military concern may exist as solids, liquids,
or gases.  For many cases, release of a TIC may involve a change of the state of the
chemical, therefore making protection difficult.  Like CW agents, TIC include many lethal
compounds.


                 (1)
                          Toxicity.  Many TIC, due to their toxicity, can cause incapacitation or
death. (2)
                          Corrosiveness.  Many TIC are highly corrosive.  Special equipment
containers and procedures are necessary to ensure safe handling.


                 (3)
                          Flammability.  Many TIC are highly flammable and present a major fire
hazard. (4)
                          Explosiveness.  Unlike CW agents, TIC can be highly explosive and present
a serious threat when handled.


                 (5)
                          Reactivity.  Many TIC react violently with water or other materials, and
thus present dangers upon contact with other materials, including air.


                 (6)
                          Byproducts.  When burned, mixed, or exploded, many TIC produce
additional highly toxic byproducts. (7)
                          Quantities available.  The sheer volume and widespread availability of TIC
present a serious danger in the event of a release.


        d.
                 Duration of Effectiveness.  A number of factors determine the amount of time a
TIC would present a danger after release.  Factors include the physical properties of the
TIC as well as weather, terrain, and conditions at the release site.  These factors affect TIC
in the same manner as that for chemical agents.3


        e.
                 Physiological Aspects.  Exposure to TIC affects the body in a variety of ways.
Generally, they disrupt bodily functions.  The effects are dependent on the routes of entry,
toxicity of the chemical, and the concentration to which exposed.


                 (1)
                          ROE.  The TIC can enter the body through inhalation, ingestion, dermal
absorption, or a combination of these methods.  The primary concern for exposure is that of
the inhalation of a TIC as a gas.2


                 (2)
                          Exposure Concentration and Levels of Concern.  The type and seriousness
of effects from exposure to TIC, like any chemical is dependent upon the concentration and
length of time one is exposed.  This concentration and time relationship is unique to every
chemical.  The dosages of TIC are expressed in parts per million (ppm).  In general, TIC
tend to be at least one order of magnitude less potent than nerve agents and tend not be
rapidly lethal in small quantities.  Standards have been developed for industry for different
exposure scenarios.


                          (a)
                                   Immediately Dangerous to Life and Health (IDLH):24  The definition of
IDLH that was derived during the Standards Completion Program (SCP) was based on the
Mine Safety and Health Administration (MSHA) definition stipulated in 30 CFR 11.3(t).
The purpose for establishing an IDLH value in the SCP was to ensure that a worker could
escape without injury or irreversible health effects from an IDLH exposure in the event of
the failure of respiratory protection equipment.  The highly reliable breathing apparatus
providing maximum worker protection was permitted.  In determining IDLH values, the
ability of a worker to escape without loss of life or irreversible health effects was considered
along with severe eye or respiratory irritation and other deleterious effects (e.g.,
disorientation or lack of coordination) that could prevent escape.  As a safety margin, the
SCP IDLH values were based on the effects that might occur as a consequence of a 30-
minute exposure.  However, the 30-minute period was not meant to imply that workers
should stay in the work environment any longer than necessary.  In fact, every effort should
be made to exit immediately.


                          (b)
                                   Refer to the United States Army Center for Health Promotion and
Preventive Medicine (USACHPPM) Technical Guide 230, Chemical Exposure Guidelines for
Deployed Military Personnel, for obtaining the military exposure guidelines for assessing
exposure concentrations for TIC.


        f.
                 TIC Hazard Assessment.  As part of the IPB process, a planner must assess the
likelihood of a release or exposure as well as the actual TIC material.  Some example
considerations are3


                 (1)
                          Accidents in civilian operations significantly increase when technically
trained personnel flee an area, such as a combat zone (CZ).  Civilian personnel remaining
may be pressured to operate equipment beyond their training/technical expertise in a area
of combat.


                 (2)
                          Pipelines can offer a very attractive target for terrorists because actions can
be planned well in advance of execution and pipelines do not rely on shipping or
transportation scheduled.


                 (3)
                          Storage yards, ports, airfields and rail yards often contain significant
amounts of transiting TIC.  This not only presents opportunities for improvised use against
US forces, but also presents increased possibility of accidents and targets for those who
want to destroy the TIC (such as ammunition precursor chemicals).


        g.
                 Pesticides.  Large stockpiles of obsolete pesticides have been accumulated in
virtually all developing countries over periods sometimes exceeding four decades.28   The
term "pesticides," as used by US forces include insecticides, rodenticides, fungicides, and

herbicides.  The health effects of pesticides depend on the type of pesticide.  Some, such as the organophosphates and carbamates, affect the nervous system.  Others may irritate the skin or eyes.  Some pesticides may be carcinogens.  Others may affect the hormone or endocrine system in the body.29  The US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has recognized the dangers of many pesticides and publishes lists of those pesticides that are either banned or severely restricted in their use.  Applicable service personnel (e.g., Army preventive medicine (PVNTMED), Air Force civil engineering, public health) can provide information on specific pesticides that could be used in specific areas of operation (AOs).

1Office of the Secretary of Defense, *Proliferation: Threat and Response*, ISBN: 0-16-042727-
4, US Government Printing Office, November 1997.
2A.K. Steumpfle et al., Final Report of International Task Force-25:  Hazard From Toxic Industrial Chemicals, March 18, 1996.

3Joint Publication 3-11, *Joint Doctrine of Operations in NBC Environment*, 11 July 2000. 4*DOD Chemical and Biological Defense Program Annual Report to Congress,* Vol. I, April
2002.

5Office of the Secretary of Defense, *Proliferation: Threat and Response,* US Government Printing Office, January 2001.

6Joint Publication 1-02, *Department of Defense Dictionary of Military and Associated Terms*, as amended through 05 June 2003.

7FM 8-285/Navy Medical (NAVMED) P-5041/Air Force Joint Manual (AFJMAN) 44-
149/Fleet Marine Force Manual (FMFM) 11-11, Treatment of Chemical Agent Casualties and Conventional Military Chemical Injuries, 22 December 1995.

8L. Fishbein and S. Czerczak, Concise International Chemical Assessment Document 47:
Human Health Aspects, WHO, 2002.

9Brigadier General (BG) Russ Zajtchuck, et al. (eds.), Textbook of Military Medicine:
Medical Aspects of Chemical and Biological Warfare, Office of the Surgeon General, 1997, Chapter 11, "Incapacitating Agents."
10Sharon Reutter et al., Review and Recommendations for Human Toxicity Estimates for FM 3-11.9, ECBC-TR0349, September 2003.

11FM 3-6/FMFM 7-11-H/Air Force Manual (AFM) 105-7, Field Behavior of NBC Agents
(Including Smoke and Incendiaries), 3 November 1986.

12Jeffrey H. Grotte and Lynn I Yang, Report of the Workshop on Chemical Agent Toxicity for Acute Effects: Institute for Defense Analyses, May 11-12, 1998, IDA Document D-2176, June 2001.

13Anna Johnson-Winegar, PhD, Assistant to the Secretary of Defense, *Memorandum,*
Subject: Interim Certification of Chemical and Biological Data, December 27, 2001.

14Federal Register, Department of Commerce, Bureau of Export Administration, "15 CFR Part
710 et al., Chemical Weapons Convention Regulations; Final Rule," December 30, 1999.

15Office of the US President*, The Biological and Chemical Warfare Threat*, 1999. 16Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Office of Health and Safety (OHS),
"BMBL Section VII:  Agent Summary Statements, Section VII-D:  Prions," 17 June 1999, http://www.cdc.gov/OD/OHS/BIOSFTY/bmb14/bmbl4s7d.htm, 19 August 2003.

17Ruth Levy Guyer, "Research in the News:  Prions:  Puzzling Infectious Proteins,"
http://science-
education.nih.gov/nihHTML/ose/snapshots/multimedia/ritn/prions/prions1.html, 8 August
2003.

18AFMAN 10-2602, Nuclear, Biological, Chemical, and Conventional (NBCC) Defense Operations and Standards (Operations), 1 December 2002.

19USDA, APHIS, "Protocol for Military Clearance," 18 June 2001.

20BG Russ Zajtchuk, et al. (eds.), Textbook of Military Medicine:  Medical Aspects of Chemical and Biological Warfare, Office of the Surgeon General, 1997, Chapter 21, "The Biological Warfare Threat."
21TM 3-216/AFM 355-6, *Technical Aspects of Biological Defense*, 12 January 1971. 22BG Russ Zajtchuk, et al. (eds.), Textbook of Military Medicine:  Medical Aspects of Chemical and Biological Warfare, Office of the Surgeon General, 1997, Chapter 20, "Use of Biological Weapons."
23FM 8-284/NAVMED P-5042/AFMAN (I) 44-156/Marine Corp Reference Publication
(MCRP) 4-11.1C, *Treatment of Biological Warfare Agent Casualties*, 17 July 2000.

24BG Russ Zajtchuk, et al. (eds.), Textbook of Military Medicine:  Medical Aspects of Chemical and Biological Warfare, Office of the Surgeon General, 1997, Chapter 30, "Defense Against Toxin Weapons."
25FM 8-9/NAVMED P-5059/AFJMAN 44-151, NATO Handbook on the Medical Aspects of NBC Defense Operations AMEDD-6(B), 1 February 1996.

26CDC, NOISH, Documentation for Immediately Dangerous to Life or Health Concentrations, National Technical Information Service (NTIS) Publication No. PB-94- 195047, May 1994.

27Mark Davis, *Baseline Study on the Problem of Obsolete Pesticide Stocks*, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) Pesticide Disposal Series N.9, 2001.

28US EPA, "Pesticides:  Health and Safety:  Human Health Issues," 19 May 2003, http://www.epa.gov/pesticides/health/human.htm, 19 August 2003.



## Chapter Ii Chemical Warfare Agents And Their Properties 1. Background


The CW agents can be classified according to their physiological effects or their military use; they include choking, nerve, blood, blister, and incapacitating agents.1   This chapter contains definitions for selected physical and chemical properties; definitions for selected toxicity terms; and the physical, chemical, and physiological properties of selected CW agents and precursors listed in Table II-1.

## Table Ii-1.  List Of Selected Cw Agents And Precursors 2. Definitions Of Selected Physical And Chemical Properties


                                                                                                                                               der
liste
                             ical age

 The definiti
d in the chem

ons for the physical and chemical properties are given in the same or
        nt tables.

a.
      Molec
                          ht (MW).  MW is the value represented by t
                                        2


                           ular Weig
                                                                                                                    he sum of the atomic
weights of all the atoms in a molecule.   See Table C-1 (page C-1) for the Periodic Table of
Elements and Table C-2 (page C-2) for the list of elements and their symbols.  For example,
the M
                       yldichloroa
                                                                2
                                                                    5
                                                                            l2, is computed as follows:

W of eth
                  rsine (ED), C H AsC


     C (atomic weight = 12.011)    x 2 =  24.02


H (atomic weight = 1.0079)    x 5 =    5.04


As (atomic weight = 74.9216) x 1 =  74.92

Cl (atomic weight = 35.453)    x 2 =  70.91

|     |     |     |     |              MW = 174.89    |
|-----|-----|-----|-----|-----------------------------|

 s te in which an agent normally exists deter p ysiological action.  It also determines the t


        b.
                 Physical State.  Chemical agents may exist as solids, liquids, or gases.2  To a
certain extent the ta
                                                                                                          mines its use, duration of
effectiveness, and
                                h
                                                                                                         ype of munitions used for its
dissemination.


        c.
                 Odor.  do
                                                                                                          t stimulates the olfactory
cells in the organ f s

O
  r is the emanation from any substance tha
 o
  mell.3


        d.
                 Boiling Poi t.  The boilin  point
                                                                                                            which the vapor pressure

n
          g
                is the temperature at



of a liquid equals the pressure of the gas above it.  The normal boiling point is the temperature at which the vapor pressure of a liquid equals one atmosphere (atm).  At high altitudes where the atmospheric pressure is less than one atm, water boils below 100 degrees Celsius
 (C) or 212 degrees Fahrenheit (F).2


        e.
                 FP/MP.  The FP is the temperature at which the solid and liquid phases of a
given substance are in equi

librium and is generally equivalent to the MP.2

te is

NOTE:  Some liquids can be cooled well below their freezing temperatures and
still remain in a liquid state.  This extended form of the liquid physical sta
called "supercooling."  Supercooled liquids are unstable and can crystallize

spontaneously.  Constant agitation and/or the use of seed crystals can someti prevent or reduce the amount of supercooling

                                                                   mes
                                         that occurs.  However, many
hem
     al
                                                                     ts.
                                                                     h
                                                            are more

c
     ic
         agents experience some degree of supercooling, especially the G agen
Due to the potential for supercooling, freezing point values should be used wit
caution.  Whenever possible, MP valves should be used because they
thermodynamically reproducible than the FP.4



        f.
                 Density (Liquid/Solid).  The density of a chemical agent is the mass per unit
volume of the substance.  Because volume varies with temperature, a specified temperature
should be given.  The density of a liquid or solid is usually given as grams per milliliter
(g/ml) or grams per cubic centimeter (g/cm3).2

                                             e.
ores, or empty spaces between
                                            e

NOTE:  Solid density can be further specified as bulk (or apparent) density or
crystalline (or true) density.  Both properties describe the mass per unit volum
Bulk density includes the volume of the voids, p
particles, whereas crystalline density includes only the volume occupied by th
material itself.5


e of another gas measured under the same
                                                                      s


        g.
                 Vapor Density.  Vapor density is the ratio of the weight of a given volume of a
gaseous substance and that of the same volum
conditions of pressure and temperature.6  For the purpose of this manual, the other gas i
air.  To calculate the vapor density, divide the MW of the compound of interest by 29 (the
average MW of air).  If the vapor density is less than 1, the gas will generally rise in the air.
If the vapor density is greater than 1, the gas will generally settle on the ground.


        h.
                 VP.  Th

e VP is the pressure exerted by a vapor when a state of equilibrium exists
                                                                         a

between the vapor and its liquid (or solid) state.  It is the pressure in a closed space above
substance when no other gas is present.  The VP varies with temperature, so the
temperature should be stated.  The VP increases as temperature increases.2



mg/m3).


        i.
                 Volatility.  Volatility is the tendency of a solid or liquid material to pass into the
vapor state at a given temperature.7  The volatility depends on vapor pressure and varies
with temperature.  Volatility is expressed as milligrams of vapor per cubic meter (
It is calculated numerically by an equation derived from the perfect gas law:


V = 16020 x MW x VP
                              T
Where


    V = Volatility (mg/m3)

MW  = molecular weight

 VP  = vapor pressure (in torr at a specified temperature)

   T  =  Kelvin temperature (degrees C + 273.15)


        j.
                 Latent Heat of Vaporization.  The latent heat of vaporization is the quantity of
energy absorbed or given off as a substance undergoes a change in state with no change in
temperature.7  It is calculated using the following equation:8


   Hv = ln 10 RBT2
                                                    (C + t)2
Where


Hv  = Enthalpy of vaporization (latent heat of vaporization)

  T
= Kelvin temperature = (degrees C + 273.15)

  R
= Ideal gas law constant (1.987 cal K-1 mol-1)

B,C = Vapor pressure constants (from Antoine or Clausius Clapeyron fit)

t
= Temperature in degrees C


        k.
                 Viscosity.  Viscosity is resistance that a gaseous or liquid system offers to flow
when it is subjected to a shear stress.9  The more complex the molecules in a liquid and the
stronger the intermolecular forces between them, the more difficult it is for the molecules to
move past each other and the greater the viscosity of the liquid.  A fluid with a large
viscosity resists motion.  Also, as temperatures increase, the viscosity of the liquid
decreases.2  Units for viscosity are given in centipoises (cP).


        l.
                 Surface Tension.  Surface tension is the force that causes the surface of a liquid
to contract, reducing its surface area to a minimum.  The molecules within a liquid are
attracted equally in all directions by the cohesive forces within the liquid.  However, the
molecules on the surface of a liquid are attracted only into the liquid and to either side.
This unbalanced molecular attraction tends to pull the surface molecules back into the
liquid such that the minimum number of molecules possible are on the surface.2  Units for
surface tension are dynes per centimeter (dynes/cm).


        m.
                 Flash Point.  The flash point is the temperature at which a liquid or volatile solid
gives off sufficient vapor to form an ignitable mixture near the surface of the liquid.7


        n.
                 Decomposition Temperature.  The decomposition temperature is the temperature
at which a chemical breaks down into two or more substances.4  Because reaction rates
vary; decomposition temperature is a function of both temperature and time (some
reactions are slower than others).


        o.
                 Solubility.  The solubility of a solute is the quantity that will dissolve in a given
amount of solvent to produce a saturated solution.2


        p.
                 Hydrolysis.  Hydrolysis is the reaction of a compound with water whereby
decomposition of the substance occurs.2  New substances (hydrolysis products) form when a
compound reacts with water.


        q.
                 Half-Life of a Reaction (t1/2).  This is the time required for half of the original
concentration of the limiting reactant to be consumed.4


        r.
                 Stability in Storage.  Stability in storage determines the practical usefulness of a
compound.  If a compound decomposes in storage, it will have little military operational
value.  The addition of stabilizers will typically slow down decomposition and
polymerization in storage.


        s.
                 Action on Metals, Plastics, Fabrics, and Paint.  This item describes the action
between a given compound and different materials.  Depending on their activity, some
chemicals can react with and degrade materials they contact.  Chemical agent-resistant
coating (CARC) can minimize this effect.


        t.
                 Specific Heat.  The specific heat is the quantity of heat required to raise the
temperature of 1 gram of a substance 1 degree C2  (given in lieu of latent heat of
vaporization for military chemical compounds only).

## 3. Definitions Of Toxicity-Related Terms


a.

ROE.  Chemical agents enter the body through the respiratory tract, skin, eyes, and by ingestion.  Any part of the respiratory tract, from the nose to the lungs, may absorb inhaled gases and aerosols.  For some agents, effects are more severe in normally sweaty areas.  The skin can also absorb vapors.  The surface of the skin, eyes, and mucous membranes can absorb droplets of liquids and solid particles.  Wounds or abrasions are probably more susceptible to absorption than the intact skin.  Chemical agents can contaminate food or drink, and therefore, the body can absorb them through the gastrointestinal tract.  Nerve agents exert their toxic effects through the skin, eyes, and lungs.  Inhalation is the usual route of exposure for blood agents.  Blister agents damage skin and other tissues that they contact, to include eyes and lungs.  The choking agents exert their effects only if inhaled.  The onset and severity of signs may vary, depending upon the ROE and dosage.1   The ROEs have been limited to those that are likely to be encountered in the field:  vapor inhalation with eye exposure, skin exposure to vapor, and skin exposure to liquid.  The toxicity estimates given for percutaneous vapor exposure for the nerve agents are based on bare skin exposures.  The toxicity estimates for mustard agent percutaneous vapor exposure are based on clothed skin exposures.  Effective dosages of liquid on the skin are based upon data for bare skin.9


           b.
                       Dosage.  Dosage is the amount of substance administered (or received) per
body weight.11  In this manual, dosage is usually expressed as milligrams per kilogram
(mg/kg) of body weight for liquid agents and as milligrams-minute per meter cubed for (mg-
min/m3) for vapor exposure.  Dosages are given for a 70-kg man.9


                 (1)
                          Median Lethal Dosage (LD50) of Liquid Agent.  The LD50 is the amount of
liquid agent expected to kill 50 percent of a group of exposed, unprotected individuals.


                 (2)
                          Median Effective Dosage (ED50) of Liquid Agent.  The ED50 is the amount of
liquid agent expected to cause some defined effect (e.g., severe, such as prostration,

collapse, convulsions; mild, such as erythema) in 50 percent of a group of exposed, unprotected individuals.


                 (3)
                          Median Lethal Dosage (LCt50) of a Vapor or Aerosol.  The LCt50 of a
chemical agent in vapor form is the dosage that is lethal to 50 percent of exposed,
unprotected personnel for a defined MV and exposure duration.


                 (4)
                          Median Effective Dosage (ECt50) of a Vapor or Aerosol.  The ECt50 is the
effective dosage of a chemical agent vapor that is sufficient to cause some defined effect in
50 percent of exposed, unprotected personnel for a defined MV and exposure duration.

1. Effective dosages can be calculated for more or less than the median dosage
(e.g., LCt25, ED84).  Such calculations require knowledge of the probit (Bliss) slope and use the probit equation.10
2. Selected toxicity estimates are assigned provisional values.  A toxicity estimate is considered provisional based on only having limited data, but the data are within the range of available animal data or when the agent is presumed to be comparable in toxicity to a related agent.10 3. Physiological Stressors.  Physiological stressors include anxiety, heat, and humidity and are likely to reduce toxicity estimates.  In other words, the agent is potentially more effective.10


        c.
                 Modifying Factors.  After exposure to a chemical agent vapor, a person may show
signs and symptoms that are less or more severe than expected.  The severity of the effects
may depend upon some of the following potential variables:



(1)
How long the person held his or her breath during short exposure.


(2)
Speed with which he or she donned the mask.


(3)
Proper fit of the mask.


(4)
Whether the body absorbed the agent through the skin.


(5)
Whether the agent increased the MV.


(6)
MV of the person at the time of exposure.


(7)
Physical exertion of the person at the time of exposure.


(8)
Rate of detoxification, especially if exposure was long.


(9)
Previous exposure to chemical agents and type of agent.


        d.
                 MV.  The MV is the volume of air exchanged in one minute.   In general, as the
MV increases, the apparent dosage decreases because more agent is inhaled into the lungs.
It is important to note that increasing respiratory rate does not necessarily increase MV
and may actually decrease it.  The relationship of MV to dosage is approximately linear
over ranges of MV from 10 to 50 liters.  For example, if the LCt50 is given as 35 mg-min/m3,
for an MV of 15 liters, it would be approximately 50 mg-min/m3 for an MV of 10 liters and
approximately 15 mg-min/m3 for an MV of 30 liters.3   Where available, MV profile tables
are provided in Appendix H.


        e.
                 Exposure Duration.  The official interim standards for inhalation/ocular
exposures are for a 2-minute duration; those for percutaneous vapor exposure (masked
personnel) are for a 30-minute duration.  More data have become available since the
interim standards were defined, and they are also given for longer exposures, as data are
available.10 f.
                 Temperature.  Selected agents have toxicity estimates for hot and moderate
temperatures.  Hot temperatures are defined as greater than 85 degrees F.  Moderate
temperatures are defined as 65 to 85 degrees F.  In general, as the temperature increases,
the effective dosage decreases.  The dosages for hot temperatures are about half of those for
moderate temperatures.10


        g.
                 Endpoint (Physiological Effects).  Toxicity estimates are provided for different
endpoints to include lethality, severe effects, threshold effects, and mild effects.


                 (1)
                          For nerve agents, severe effects include prostration, collapse, and/or
convulsions.  Some deaths will occur.  Threshold effects for percutaneous vapor exposure
include slight, not necessarily significant, ChE inhibition and/or localized sweating.  Mild
effects following inhalation/ocular exposure include miosis, rhinorrhea, and tight chest.
These effects can occur in the absence of measurable ChE inhibition in the blood.10 (2)
                          For percutaneous exposure to blister agents, severe effects include
vesication and mild effects include erythema, edema, pain, and itchingdepending upon
the agent.  Severe effects following ocular exposure include pain, conjunctivitis,
blepharospasm, and temporary blindness; mild effects consist of erythema and minimal
conjunctivitis.10


        h.
                 ROD.  The human body can detoxify some toxic materials.  The ROD is an
important factor in determining the hazards of repeated exposure to CW agents.  Many CW
agents are essentially cumulative in their effects.


        i.
                 ROA.  The ROA of a chemical agent is the rate at which the body reacts to or is
affected by that agent.  The rate varies widely, even between those of similar tactical or
physiological classification.


        j.
                 Concentration-Time (Ct) Profile.  Dosage is a function of Ct; however, the
equation k=Ct does not describe all cases of injury from chemical agent exposure.  As seen
in some Ct profile tables, a given effective dosage does not always produce a specific effect
for all duration exposures.  In order to describe the effective dosages better mathematically,
the equation Cnt=k is used.  The exponent "n" is called the toxic load exponent (TLE).  See
Figure II-1 and II-2 (page II-8)


                 (a)
                          When the TLE value is greater than 1, effective dosages increase as the
exposure duration increases (and the exposure concentration decreases).


                 (b)
                          When the TLE value is less than 1, effective dosages decrease as the
exposure duration increases (the agent is more potent following long exposures to low
concentrations than short exposures to high concentrations).


                 (c)
                          When the TLE value equals 1 (Haber's Law), a given dosage (Ct) produces a
given effectindependent of concentration or exposure duration.  When the Ct profile is
unknown, a default exponent value of one is used (TLE is assumed to be 1).


The effect the TLE has on the effective dosage is illustrated in the following Ct profile tables.  In the equation k-Cnt, there are three possible cases for the value of the TLE(n).



Case 1: TLE>1

Ct Profile (15L MV)

NOTES:
- LCt50/ECt50 increases as exposure
duration increases.
Concentration
(mg/m3)
Exposure
Duration (min)
LCt50
(mg-min/m3)

2
35
17.5

60
70
1.2
- Concentration decreases; exposure to
low levels for an extended period of time can cause effects.
120
80
0.7

- There is no single LCt/ECt for a specific
type of exposure and endpoint.


## Case 2: Tle<1


Ct Profile (15L MV)

Concentration
(mg/m3)
Exposure
Duration (min)
LCt50
(mg-min/m3)

2
35
17.5
60
20
0.3

120
15
0.125

NOTES:
- LCt50/ECt50 decreases as exposure
duration increases.
- The agent is more potent following long
exposures to low concentrations than short exposures to high concentrations.
- There is no single LCt/ECt for a specific
type of exposure and endpoint.


Ct Profile (15L MV)

Exposure
Duration (min)
LCt50
(mg-min/m3)
Concentration
(mg/m3)

2
35
17.5
60
35
0.5

120
35
0.3
NOTES:
- LCt50/ECt50 remains constant as
exposure duration increases.
- Concentration decreases; exposure to
low levels for an extended period of time can cause effects.
- There is a single LCt/ECt for a specific
type of exposure and endpoint.

(k) on the vertical axis.  In the quotation k=C
are three possible cases for the value of the TLE (n).  The graph shows the three cases.

This is an example of the Ct profile graphs for dosage versus exposure duration given in Appendix H.  this is for an inhalation/ocular vapor exposure to a CW agent.

Upper Band:  The endpoint is lethality.  The region shows the effective dosages that would be lethal to 16-84% of 70-
kg males exposed.
Line:  The endpoint is severe effects (specific symptoms depend on the type of CW agent exposure).  The line gives the effective dosages where 16 percent of 70-kg males would experience severe effects.  This is roughly equivalent to the lethal dosage for 1 percent.  Severe effects can include some deaths.

Lower Band:  The endpoint is mild effects (specific symptoms depend on the type of CW agent exposure).  The region shows the effective dosages that would cause mild effects in 16-84% of 70-kg males exposed.


Notice as exposure duration (time) increases, the effective dosage (LCt/ECt) increases.  There is no single LCt or ECt for an exposure; they are time-dependent.


           k.
                       Probit Slope.  Dose response curves can be used to assess from a graphical
depiction the results of an exposure to a CW agent.  The dose response curve is impacted by
the concentration of the CW agent and duration of the exposure (i.e., a graphical x-axis
plot) and response (i.e., a graphical y-axis plot).  The probit slope is derived from dose
response curve data and corresponds to the variability in the response of the population to
the chemical agent.


                 (a)
                          A high probit slope value means that a small change in the dose will make
a large change in the number of individuals responding to the chemical agent.  With very
potent agents, a small change in the dose can also make a big change in the level and
severity of the effects produced.


                 (b)
                          A low probit slope value means that a relatively large change in the dose
will make for a relatively minor change in the number of individuals responding to the
given dose.


        l.
                 Degree of Confidence (DOC).10  The DOC is an indication of the level of
confidence in each toxicity estimate and is provided to indicate uncertainty.  It is a
subjective evaluation based on the quality and quantity of the underlying data and the
method(s) by which the estimate was derived.  The following definitions are provided:

(1)
Low.  There are no primary data, and/or the data are extremely limited.


(2)
Moderate.  There are primary data for both humans and animals, and there
are sufficient data for mathematical modeling.


                 (3)
                          High.  There are ample primary data for both humans and animals, and
there is good statistical confidence in the value.

## 4. Choking Agents


Choking agents are CW agents that attack lung tissue, primarily causing pulmonary edema.  They cause irritation to the bronchi, trachea, larynx, pharynx, and nose.  Initial symptoms may include tears, dry throat, coughing, choking, tightness of chest, nausea, vomiting, and headache.1  In extreme cases, membranes swell, lungs become filled with liquid, and death results from lack of oxygen; thus, these agents "choke" an unprotected person.  Fatalities of this type are called "dry-land drownings."  Of the choking agents, phosgene (CG) is the only one considered likely to be used in the future.12  The protective mask gives protection against choking agents.1


        a.
                 CG (see Table II-2 [page II-10]).  CG is a colorless gas with an odor similar to
musty hay or rotting fruit.13  Vapors can linger for some time in trenches and low-lying
areas under calm or light winds.12  The severity of poisoning cannot be estimated from the
immediate symptoms, and the full effect can be delayed up to 72 hours after exposure.14
Any activity or stress after exposure is likely to exacerbate the effects and turn a sublethal
exposure into a lethal exposure.10  Lung damaging concentrations may not be detected by
smell.10

Alternate Designations: Collongite (French); Zusatz (German); Green Cross (German); Dgas  (German); Fosgeen (Dutch); Fosgen (Polish); Fosgene (Italian); Phosgen (German); NCI-C60219 Chemical Name:  Carbonyl chloride Synonyms:  Carbon oxychloride; Carbon dichloride oxide; Carbone (oxychlorure de) (French); Carbonic chloride; Carbonio
(ossiclorurodi) (Italian); Carbonylchlorid (German); Carbonyl dichloride; Chloroformy chloride; Koolstofoxychloride (Dutch) CAS Registry Number:  75-44-5 RTECS Number:  SY5600000

Structural Formula:

Cl


Molecular Formula:  COCl2
Molecular Weight:  98.92
Physical State
Colorless gas that is readily liquefied 1
Odor
Musty hay or rotting fruit 2
Boiling Point
7.8oC 3,4
FP/MP
-128oC (MP) 5
Liquid Density (g/mL)
Liquefied phosgene 1.360 @ 25oC; 1.402 @ 7.8oC; 1.420 @ 0oC 6
Vapor Density (relative to air)
3.4 (calculated)
Vapor Pressure (torr)
1.40 x 103 @ 25oC; 7.60 x 102 @ 7.8oC; 5.60 x 102 @ 0oC 3,4
Volatility (mg/m3)
7.46 x 106 @ 25oC; 4.29 x 106 @ 7.8oC; 3.53 x 106 @ 0oC (calculated from vapor
pressure) 3,4
5.92 @ 25oC; 5.95 @ 7.8oC; 5.96 @ 0oC (calculated from vapor pressure) 3,4
Latent Heat of Vaporization (kcal/mol) Viscosity (cP)
Data not available
Viscosity of Vapor (cP)
Data not available
Surface Tension (dynes/cm)
Data not available
Flash Point
Nonflammable 1
Decomposition Temperature
Complete @ 800oC 7
Solubility
Limited in water; 8 miscible with common organic solvents, petroleum, and lubricating oil
9,10
Rate of Hydrolysis
t1/2  = 0.25 sec. @ 13oC; does not react quickly with water vapor, but it immediately
reacts with liquid water to yield carbon dioxide and hydrochloric acid  8,11
Hydrolysis Products
Hydrochloric acid and carbon dioxide 9
Stability in Storage
Stable in steel containers @ ambient temperatures for at least one year if CG is dry;
stability decreases at elevated temperatures 12
Action on Metals or Other Materials
None when CG is dry; acidic and corrosive when moist 13
Other Data
Eye toxicity
Initial effects resemble those of tear gas. 14
Inhalation toxicity
Causes pulmonary edema 15
Rate of action
Immediate to 3 hours, depending on concentration 16
Means of detection in field
M18A2 CADK, MM1 17
Protection required
Protective mask 15
Decontamination
Not required in the field except in very cold climates 18
Use
Delayed action casualty agent 19


## Table Ii-2.  Cg (Continued) Notes

1*Matheson Gas Data Book*, 4th ed., p. 411, The Matheson Company, Inc., East Rutherford, NJ, 1966. 2Franke, S., *Manual of Military Chemistry Volume I-Chemistry of Chemical Warfare Agents*, ACSI-J-3890, Chemie der Kampfstoffe, East Berlin, April 1968, UNCLASSIFIED Technical Manual (AD849866).
3Abercrombie, P., ECBC Notebook # NB 98-0079, p. 7 (U).

4Germann, A.F.O. and Taylor, Q.W., "The Critical Constants and Vapor Tension of Phosgene," *J. Amer. Chem. Soc.,* Vol. 48(5), pp. 1154 1159, 1928.

5Giauque, W. F., and Jones, W.M., "Carbonyl Chloride. Entropy. Heat Capacity. Vapor Pressure. Heats of Fusion and Vaporization. Comments on Solid Sulfur Dioxide Structures," *J. Amer. Chem. Soc.,* Vol. 70, p. 120, 1948.

6Davies, C. N., "The Density and Thermal Expansion of Liquid Phosgene," *J. Chem. Phys*., Vol. 14, p. 48, 1946. 7Bodenstein, M., and Durant, G., "Die Dissociation des Kohlenoxychlorids," *Z. Physik. Chem*., Vol. 61, p. 437, 1908. 8Hall, R.W., *An Investigation on the Solubility and Rate of Hydrolysis of Phosgene in Water*, Porton Report 2663, Chemical Defence Experimental Establishment, Porton, England, 19 December 1944, UNCLASSIFIED Report.
9Atkinson, R.H., et al., "The Preparation and Physical Properties of Carbonyl Chloride," *J. Chem. Soc*., Vol. 117, pp. 1410-1426,
1920.

10Baskerville, C., and Cohen, P.W., "Solvents for Phosgene," *J. Ind. Eng. Chem*., Vol. 13, p. 333, 1921. 11*Properties of War Gases Volume III: Vomiting & Choking Gases & Lacrimators (U)*, ETF 100-41/Vol-3, Chemical Corps Board, Army Chemical Center, MD, December 1944, CONFIDENTIAL Report (AD108458).

12Henley, F.M., *Surveillance Tests on 75 MM. Steel Gas Shell Extending Over a Period of One Year*, EACD 11, Chemical Warfare Service, Edgewood Arsenal, MD, June 1920, UNCLASSIFIED Report (ADB959731).

13Patten, H.E., and Bouder, N.M., *Chemical Properties of Phosgene*, EACD 124, Chemical Warfare Service, Edgewood Arsenal, MD, March 1923, UNCLASSIFIED Report (ADB955133).
14BG Russ Zajtchuk, et al. (eds.), *Textbook of Military Medicine: Medical Aspects of Chemical and Biological Warfare*, Office of the Surgeon General, 1997, Chapter 4, The Chemical Warfare Threat and the Military Healthcare Provider."
15FM 8-285/NAVMED P-5041/AFJMAN 44-149/FMFM 11-11, Treatment of Chemical Agent Casualties and Conventional Military Chemical Injuries, 22 December 1995.

16*NIOSH-DOD-OSHA Sponsored Chemical and Biological Respiratory Protection Workshop Report,* February 2000.

17AFMAN 10-2602 *Nuclear, Biological, Chemical, and Conventional (NBCC) Defense Operations and Standards (Operations)*,
29 May 2003.

18FM 8-9/NAVMED P-5059/AFJMAN 44-151, NATO Handbook on the Medical Aspects of NBC Defense Operations AMEDP-
6(B), 1 February 1996.

19W.R. Kirner, Summary Technical Report of Division 9, NDRC Volume 1, Chemical Warfare Agents, and Related Chemical Problems Part I-II, Office of Scientific Research and Development, Washington, DC, 1946, UNCLASSIFIED Report
(AD234270).


        b.
                 CG Toxicity Estimates (see Table II-3).  Although the probit slope for CG is
unknown, it is known to be so steep that "incapacitating" or "severe effects" dosages could
include some lethality.10

## Table Ii-3.  Cg Toxicity Estimates10

|               |           |                   | Endpoint    | Toxicity    |
|---------------|-----------|-------------------|-------------|-------------|
| TLE           | ROD       | DOC               | MV (L)      | Exposure    |
| Duration      |           |                   |             |             |
| ROE           | Probit    |                   |             |             |
| Slope         |           |                   |             |             |
| (mg-min/m     |           |                   |             |             |
| 3             |           |                   |             |             |
| )             |           |                   |             |             |
| Moderate      | Lethality | LCt               |             |             |
| 50            |           |                   |             |             |
| : 1500        |           |                   |             |             |
| a             |           |                   |             |             |
| 15            | 2-60 min  | Inhalation/Ocular | Unknown     | 1           |
| b             |           |                   |             |             |
| Probably      |           |                   |             |             |
| Insignificant |           |                   |             |             |
| Low           | Odor      |                   |             |             |
| Detection     |           |                   |             |             |
| EC            |           |                   |             |             |
| 50            |           |                   |             |             |
| : 6 mg/m      |           |                   |             |             |
| 3 c           |           |                   |             |             |
| N/A           | Few       |                   |             |             |
| Seconds       |           |                   |             |             |
| Inhalation    | N/A       | N/A               | Probably    |             |
| Insignificant |           |                   |             |             |

aBased on ECBC modeling of 10 mammalian species.

bSee Appendix H for supporting toxicity profile estimates.

cBased on secondary human data and TM 3-215 (1952).


          c.
                     Diphosgene (DP) (see Table II-4 [page II-12]).  DP is a colorless liquid with an
odor similar to that of musty hay.13  DP is not a polymer of CG, but does produce similar
physiological effects.  DP is described as a respiratory irritant and a lachrymator.  It is
more easily detected than CG because of its lacrimatory effects.9   See Table II-5 (page II-
13) for DP toxicity estimates.

## Table Ii-4.  Dp

Alternate Designations:  Difosgene; Superpalite (British); Perstoff (German); Surpalite(French); Green Cross (German) Chemical Name:  Trichloromethyl chloroformate Synonyms:  Trichloromethyl chlorocarbonic acid ester; Chloroformic acid trichloromethyl ester; Trichloromethyl chlorocarbonate; Trichloromethyl carbonochloridate; Formic acid, chloro-, trichloromethyl ester; Carboncohloridic acid trichloromethyl ester
CAS Registry Number:  503-38-8 RTECS Number:  LQ7350000

Structural Formula:



Molecular Formula:  C2Cl4O2
Molecular Weight:  197.83
Physical State
Colorless oily liquid 1
Odor
Musty hay 2
Boiling Point
127oC 3,4
FP/MP
-57oC (MP) 2
Liquid Density (g/mL)
Munitions grade: 1.656 @ 20oC; 1.687 @ 0oC 2
Vapor Density (relative to air)
6.8 (calculated)
Vapor Pressure (torr)
4.41 @ 20oC; 9.14 x 10-1 @ 0oC 3,4
Volatility (mg/mL)
4.77 x 104 @ 20oC; 1.06 x 104 @ 0oC (calculated from vapor pressure) 3,4
Latent Heat of Vaporization (kcal/mol)
12.2 @ 20oC; 12.8 @ 0oC (calculated from vapor pressure) 3,4
Viscosity (cP)
Data not available
Viscosity of Vapor (cP)
Data not available
Surface Tension (dynes/cm)
Data not available
Flash Point
None 5
Decomposition Temperature
300oC to 350oC (yields two molecules of CG) 1
Solubility
Solubility in water is 44.6 g DP/L solution @ 20oC; 6 readily soluble in common
organic solvents 2
Rate of Hydrolysis
Slow @ ambient temperature and fairly rapid @ 100oC 1
Hydrolysis Products
Hydrogen chloride (HCl) and carbon dioxide 1
Stability in Storage
Unstable; converts to CG. 1
Action on Metals or Other Materials
Metals act as catalyzers in conversion to CG. 1,2  Also attacks rubber, cork, 2,4 and
cement. 2

| Eye toxicity        | Lachrymator                                                          |
|---------------------|----------------------------------------------------------------------|
| 7                   |                                                                      |
| Inhalation toxicity | Causes pulmonary edema                                               |
| 8                   |                                                                      |
| Rate of action      | Immediate to 3 hours depending on concentration                      |
| 9                   |                                                                      |
| Means of detection  | MM1                                                                  |
|                     |                                                                      |
| Protection required | Protective mask                                                      |
| 8                   |                                                                      |
| Decontamination     | Not required in the field except in very cold climates.              |
| 10                  |                                                                      |
| Use                 | Delayed or immediate action casualty agent, depending on dosage rate |
|                     |                                                                      |

## Table Ii-4.  Dp (Continued) Notes

1Hood, H.P., and Murdock, H.R., "Superpalite," *J. Phys. Chem.,* Vol. 23, p. 498, 1919. 2Potts, A.M.,*The Physical and Chemical Properties of Phosgene and Diphosgene*, OEMCMR-114, 1945, UNCLASSIFIED
Report.

3Abercrombie, P., ECBC Notebook # NB 98-0079, p. 34 (U).

4Herbst, V.H., "Uber die Fluchtigkeit und Vernebelung einer Reihe organischer Stoffe," *Kolloid Beihefte,* Vol. 23, p. 330,
1927.

5TM 3-215/AFM 355-7, *Military Chemistry and Chemical Agents*, December 1963, UNCLASSIFIED Technical Manual. 6Carter, R.H., and Knight, H.C., *Fundamental Study of Toxicity Solubilities of Certain Toxics in Water and in Olive Oil*, EACD
445, Chemical Warfare Service, Edgewood Arsenal, Edgewood, MD, May 1928, UNCLASSIFIED Report (ADB955216).

7Sharon Reutter, et al., *Review and Recommendations for Human Toxicity Estimates for FM 3-11.9*, ECBC-TR-349, September 2003.

8FM 8-285/NAVMED P-5041/AFJMAN 44-149/FMFM 11-11, Treatment of Chemical Agent Casualties and Conventional Military Chemical Injuries, 22 December 1995.

9*NIOSH-DOD-OSHA Sponsored Chemical and Biological Respiratory Protection Workshop Report,* February 2000. 10FM 8-9/NAVMED P-5059/AFJMAN 44-151, NATO Handbook on the Medical Aspects of NBC Defense Operations AMEDP-6(B), 1 February 1996.

| TLE           | OD        | DOC         |
|---------------|-----------|-------------|
| Endpoint      | Toxicity  |             |
| MV (L)        | Exposure  |             |
| Duration      |           |             |
| ROE           | Probit    |             |
| Slope         |           |             |
| (mg-min/m     |           |             |
| 3             |           |             |
| )             |           |             |
| Low           |           |             |
| Lethality     | LCt       |             |
| 50            |           |             |
| :  1500       |           |             |
| a             |           |             |
| (Provisional) |           |             |
|               |           |             |
| 15            | 10-60 min | Inhalation/ |
| Ocular        |           |             |
| Unknown       | 1         |             |
| b,c           |           |             |
| Unknown,      |           |             |
| Probably      |           |             |
| Insignificant |           |             |
| Inhalation    | N/A       | N/A         |
| Detection     |           |             |
| EC            |           |             |
| 50            |           |             |
| :  4 mg/m     |           |             |
| 3             |           |             |
|               |           |             |
| d             |           |             |
| N/A           | Few       |             |
| Seconds       |           |             |
| NOTES         |           |             |

aBased on recommendations for CG.

bThe TLE value is assumed to be 1 because the Ct profile is unknown. cSee Appendix H for supporting toxicity profile estimates. dBased on secondary human data.

## 5. Nerve Agents


Nerve agents are more toxic than other CW agents.  They may cause effects within seconds and death within minutes.15  The nerve agents are all liquids, not nerve gas per se.
They can be absorbed through any body surface and can penetrate ordinary clothing rapidly.1  They are divided into the G agents and V agents.  The V agents have high boiling points, low volatility, and resultant high persistency.12   Even though the V agents are considered primarily a contact hazard12; they are at least twice as potent as GB, and even a minute amount of airborne material is extremely hazardous.10   Nerve agents are cumulative poisons.  Repeated exposure to low concentrations may produce symptoms.1
Level 4 mission-oriented protective posture (MOPP4) is required for protection.1


        a.
                 Physiological Effect.  Both the G  and V agents have the same physiological
action on humans.  Normally, the enzyme acetylcholinesterase (AChE) binds and
hydrolyzes the neurotransmitter ACh, which terminates the activity of ACh at the receptor
sites.  Upon exposure, the nerve agents bind to AChE, making it unable to bind with ACh.
As a result, ACh is not hydrolyzed.  The accumulation of ACh causes hyperactivity of the
body organs stimulated by cholineraic neruons.15   Individuals poisoned by nerve agents
may experience symptoms in the following order:

-
Miosis, runny nose, and chest tightness.
-
Dim vision and headache.
-
Nausea, vomiting, and cramps.
-
Drooling, excessive sweating, drowsiness, and confusion.
-
Difficulty breathing, twitching, jerking, and staggering.
-
Convulsions and coma.


        b.
                 Miosis.  When airborne vapor comes in contact with the eyes, miosis occurs as a
result of a direct local effect of the nerve agent on the eyes and can occur prior to any
inhibition of ChE in the blood.  This type of exposure is frequently accompanied by
tightness of the chest and/or rhinorrhea, and any or all other symptoms can occur.  In cases
of nerve agent exposure not involving vapor contact with the eyes, miosis is one of the last
effects to occur before death.10


        c.
                 Treatment.  Treatment of nerve agent poisoning includes use of atropine, 2-PAM
chloride, convulsant antidote for nerve agents (CANA), and pyridostigmine bromide (PB).


                 (1)
                          Atropine binds to receptor sites blocking the excess acetylcholine caused by
nerve agent poisoning.


                 (2)
                          2-PAM Cl acts by reactivating ChE inhibited by a nerve agent.15  Prompt
treatment is essential because after the agent binds to AChE, a second reaction occurs in
which the agent loses one alkyl or alkoxy group.  This phosphorylated AChE is called an
"aged" enzyme and is completely resistant to both spontaneous and oxime-medicated (2-
PAM Cl) reactivation.  The "aging" period varies from minutes to hours depending on the
type of agent.16  For GD, the "aging" half-time is within 2 minutes.17


                 (3)
                          The CANA prevents and treats convulsions caused by exposure to nerve
agents in moderate to severe cases.1


                 (4)
                          PB is a pretreatment for exposure to GD.  PB and AChE bind and form
what is called a carbamoylated AChE.  Although PB is also an AChE inhibitor, it is unlike
nerve agents in that the interaction between PB and AChE is freely and spontaneously
reversible and it does not undergo the aging process.  The carbamoylated AChE is fully
protected from attack by nerve agents.  Atropine is still needed to counteract the excess
ACh and 2-PAM Cl is still needed to reactivate AChE active sites that were protected by
PB.17  PB is available to US forces in active theaters of operation (TOs).1


        d.
                 Tabun (GA) (see Table II-6).  GA was the first of the nerve agents developed by
the Germans.15  GA is primarily an inhalation hazard.  See Table II-7 (page II-17) for GA
toxicity estimates.

## Table Ii-6.  Ga

Alternate Designations:  EA 1205; Le-100 (German), T-83 (German); MCE; FM-511; T-2104 (British); TL-1578 (UCTL);
Trilon 83 (German); Gelan I (German); Taboon A
Chemical Name:  Ethyl N, N-dimethylphosphoroamidocyanidate Synonyms:  Ethyl dimethylamidocyanophosphate; Dimethylaminoethoxyphosphoryl cyanide; Dimethylaminocyanophosphoric acid ethyl ester; Cyanodimethylaminoethoxyphosphine; Dmethylaminecyanoethoxyphosphine oxide; Ethyl dimethylaminocyanophosphonate Phosphoramidocyanidic acid, dimethyl, ethyl ester; Dimethylamidoethoxyphosphoryl cyanide; Dimethylaminocyanphosphorsaeureaethylester (German); Dimethylphosphoramidocyanidic acid, ethyl ester; Ethyl dimethylphosphoramidocyanidate; Ethylester-dimethylamid kyseliny kyanfosfonove (Czech) CAS Registry Number:  77-81-6 RTECS Number:  TB4550000

Structural Formula:


Molecular Formula:  C5H11N2O2P
Molecular Weight:  162.13
Physical State
Colorless to brown liquid 1
Odor
Faintly fruity; none when pure 2
Boiling Point
248oC (extrapolated) 3-7
FP/MP
-50oC (FP) 5
Liquid Density (g/mL)
1.0756 @ 25oC; 1.0999 @ 0oC 3
Vapor Density (relative to air)
5.6 (calculated)
Vapor Pressure (torr)
5.70 x 10-2 @ 25oC; 4.75 x 10-3 @ 0oC (extrapolated) 3-7
Volatility (mg/m3)
4.97 x 102 @ 25oC; 4.52 x 101 @ 0oC (calculated from vapor pressure) 3-7
Latent Heat of Vaporization (kcal/mol)
15.5 @ 25oC; 16.7 @ 0oC (calculated from vapor pressure) 3-7
Viscosity (cP)
2.277@25.0o C, 4.320@ 0oC3
Viscosity of Vapor (cP)
6.20 x 10-3 @ 25.0oC, 5.60 x 10-3 @ 0oC3
Surface Tension (dynes/cm)
32.5 @ 25.0oC, 35.0 @ 0oC3
Flash Point
78oC (closed cup) 8
Decomposition Temperature
Decomposes completely @ 150oC after about  3 to 3 1/4 hrs 9
Solubility
Solubility in water is approximately 7.2g GA/100g solution @ 20oC and 9.8g
GA/100g @ 0oC; 3 readily soluble in common organic solvents 2
Rate of Hydrolysis
t1/2 = 8.5 hrs @ 20oC and pH 7;10 slow in water but fairly rapid with strong acids and
alkalis with self-buffering @ pH 4 to 5; 1 autocatalytic below pH 4 11
Hydrolysis Products
AC, dimethylaminocyanophosphonic acid, and other products 10
Stability in Storage
When stabilized with 5% chlorobenzene, GA can be stored in steel containers for
several years @ ambient temperatures.  The degree of stability decreases @
elevated temperatures with decomposition occurring within 6 months @ 50oC and
3 months @ 65oC. 12
Action on Metals or Other Materials
Corrosion rate of steel on crude GA with 5 to 20% chlorobenzene is 0.000034
inch/month @ 65oC. 12

| Skin and eye toxicity                                                                  | Eyes:  very high; much greater through eyes than through skin.  Skin: highly toxic,    |
|----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| decontamination of smallest drop of liquid agent is essential; liquid penetrates skin. |                                                                                        |
| 13                                                                                     |                                                                                        |
| Inhalation Toxicity                                                                    | Primarily inhalation hazard                                                            |
| 14                                                                                     |                                                                                        |
| Rate of action                                                                         | Rapid                                                                                  |
| 15                                                                                     |                                                                                        |
| Means of detection                                                                     | M8 paper, M9 paper, M256A1 CADK, M8A1 ACAA, M90 AMAD, M21 ACAA, M22                    |
| ACADA, CAM/ICAM, M272 Water Testing Kit, M18A3 CADK                                    |                                                                                        |
| 16                                                                                     |                                                                                        |
| , M18A2 CADK,                                                                          |                                                                                        |
| MM1, CAPDS, IPDS, AN/KAS-1 CWDD                                                        |                                                                                        |
| 16                                                                                     |                                                                                        |
| Protection required                                                                    | MOPP4; liquid nerve agents penetrate ordinary clothing rapidly                         |
| 13                                                                                     |                                                                                        |
|                                                                                        |                                                                                        |
| Decontamination                                                                        | Flush eyes with water immediately.  Use the M291 SDK to remove any liquid nerve        |
| agent on skin or clothing.  Use the M295 IEDK for individual equipment.                |                                                                                        |
| 13                                                                                     |                                                                                        |
| STB is                                                                                 |                                                                                        |
| effective on equipment.  Water, steam, and absorbents (earth, sawdust, ashes,          |                                                                                        |
| and rags) are effective for physical removal.                                          |                                                                                        |
| 17                                                                                     |                                                                                        |
|                                                                                        |                                                                                        |
| NOTE: GA may react to form CK                                                          |                                                                                        |
| in bleach slurry.                                                                      |                                                                                        |
| 18                                                                                     |                                                                                        |
| Use                                                                                    | Quick-acting casualty agent                                                            |

## Table Ii-6.  Ga (Continued) Notes

1Witten, Benjamin, *The Hydrolysis of MCE*, Technical Division Memorandum Report 1121, USA Chemical Research and Development Laboratories, Army Chemical Center, MD, August 1945, UNCLASSIFIED Report (ADB964102).

2Welchman, R.M.A*., Preliminary Report on the Potential Value of Nerve Gases as C.W. Agents*, Porton Report No. 2747
(PR 2747), Chemical Defence Experimental Establishment, Porton, England, January 1947, UNCLASSIFIED Report.

3Samuel, J.B., et al., Physical Properties of Standard Agents, Candidate Agents, and Related Compounds at Several Temperatures (U), ARCSL-SP-83015, USA Armament Research and Development Command, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD, June 1983, UNCLASSIFIED Report (ADC033491).
4Abercrombie, P., ECBC Notebook # NB 98-0079, p. 36 (U).
5Harris, B.L., *Physical Constants of MCE*, Technical Division Memorandum Report 1094, USA Chemical Research and Development Laboratories, Army Chemical Center, MD, July 1945, UNCLASSIFIED Report (ADB 964103).

6Balson, E.W., *Determination of the Vapor Pressure of T.2104,* A.3804/3, Military Intelligence Division, Chemical Defence Experimental Establishment, Porton, England, April 1945, UNCLASSIFIED Report.

7Belkin, F., and Brown, H.A., Vapor Pressure Measurements of Some Chemical Agents Using Differential Thermal Analysis, Part III, ECTR-75032, Edgewood Arsenal, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD, June 1975, UNCLASSIFIED Report
(ADA010666).
8Walpole, J.L., *Determination of the Flash Points of GA and GB*, Porton Technical Paper No. 45 (PTP 45), Chemical Defence Experimental Establishment, Porton, England, March 1948, UNCLASSIFIED Report.

9Miller, C.E., *Thermal Studies on MCE*, Technical Division Memorandum Report 1132, USA Chemical Research and Development Laboratories, Army Chemical Center, MD, September 1945, UNCLASSIFIED Report (ADB964104).

10Marsh, D.J. et al., Kinetics of the Hydrolysis of Ethyl Dimethylamino Cyanophosphonate (and certain other related compounds) in Water, Proton Technical Paper No. 85 (PTP-85), Chemical Defense Experimental Establishment, Porton, England, December 1948, UNCLASSIFIED Report.

11Clark, D.N, Review of Reactions of Chemical Agents in Water, Final Report to USA Biomedical Research and Development Laboratory, Battelle, Columbus, OH, January 1989, UNCLASSIFIED Report (ADA213287). 12Harris, B.L. and Macy, R., Storage Stability of German GA in Uncoated and Lacquered 75mm Shell at 50C and 65C.

Corrosion Rate of Steel by GA at 65oC, Technical Division Memorandum Report 1299, USA Chemical Research and Development Laboratories, Army Chemical Center, MD, December 1946, UNCLASSIFIED Report (ADB964902).

13FM 8-285/NAVMED P-5041/AFJMAN 44-149/FMFM 11-11, Treatment of Chemical Agent Casualties and Conventional Military Chemical Injuries, 22 December 1995.

14Sharon Reutter, et al., *Review and Recommendations for Human Toxicity Estimates for FM 3-11.9*, ECBC-TR-349, September 2003.

15*NIOSH-DOD-OSHA Sponsored Chemical and Biological Respiratory Protection Workshop Report,* February 2000.

16DOD Chemical And Biological Defense Program Annual Report to Congress, Volume I, April 2003.

17FM 3-5/MCWP 3-37.3, *NBC Decontamination,* 28 July 2000. 18W.R. Kirner, Summary Technical Report of Division 9, NDRC Volume 1, Chemical Warfare Agents, and Related Chemical Problems Part I-II, Office of Scientific Research and Development, Washington, DC, 1946, UNCLASSIFIED Report
(AD234270).



| TLE             | ROD        | DOC               |
|-----------------|------------|-------------------|
| Endpoint        | Toxicity   |                   |
| MV (L)          | Exposure   |                   |
| Duration        |            |                   |
| ROE             | Probit     |                   |
| Slope           |            |                   |
| (mg-min/m       |            |                   |
| 3               |            |                   |
| )               |            |                   |
| Lethality       |            |                   |
|                 |            |                   |
| Percutaneous    |            |                   |
| Liquid          |            |                   |
| b               |            |                   |
| 5               | N/A        | Unknown           |
| 50              |            |                   |
| :  1500 mg      |            |                   |
| a               |            |                   |
| N/A             | N/A;       |                   |
| 70-kg man       |            |                   |
| LCt             |            |                   |
| 50              |            |                   |
| :  70           |            |                   |
| a               |            |                   |
| 15              | 2 min      | Inhalation/Ocular |
| c               |            |                   |
| Some            | Moderate   |                   |
| LCt             |            |                   |
| 50              |            |                   |
| :  15,000       |            |                   |
| a,d             |            |                   |
| N/A             | 30-360 min | Percutaneous      |
| Vapor           |            |                   |
| e               |            |                   |
| 5               | 1          |                   |
| c,f             |            |                   |
| Unknown         | Low        |                   |
| LCt             |            |                   |
| 50              |            |                   |
| :  7500         |            |                   |
| g,h             |            |                   |
| N/A             | 30-360 min | Percutaneous      |
| Vapor           |            |                   |
| e               |            |                   |
| 5               | 1          |                   |
| c,f             |            |                   |
| Unknown         | Low        |                   |
| (Provisional)   |            |                   |
| Severe effects, |            |                   |
| includes deaths |            |                   |
| Percutaneous    |            |                   |
| Liquid          |            |                   |
| b               |            |                   |
| 5               | N/A        | Unknown           |
| 50              |            |                   |
| : 900 mg        |            |                   |
| a               |            |                   |
| N/A             | N/A;       |                   |
| 70-kg man       |            |                   |
| ECt             |            |                   |
| 50              |            |                   |
| :  50           |            |                   |
| a               |            |                   |
| 15              | 2 min      | Inhalation/Ocular |
| c               |            |                   |
| Some            | Moderate   |                   |
| ECt             |            |                   |
| 50              |            |                   |
| :12,000         |            |                   |
| a,d             |            |                   |
| N/A             | 30-360 min | Percutaneous      |
| Vapor           |            |                   |
| e               |            |                   |
| 5               | 1          |                   |
| c,f             |            |                   |
| Unknown         | Low        |                   |
| ECt             |            |                   |
| 50              |            |                   |
| :  6000         |            |                   |
| g,h             |            |                   |
| N/A             | 30-360 min | Percutaneous      |
| Vapor           |            |                   |
| e               |            |                   |
| 5               | 1          |                   |
| c,f             |            |                   |
| Unknown         | Low        |                   |
| (Provisional)   |            |                   |
| 5               | 1          |                   |
| c,f             |            |                   |
| Unknown         | Moderate   |                   |
| ECt             |            |                   |
| 50              |            |                   |
| :  2000         |            |                   |
| a,d             |            |                   |
| N/A             | 30-360 min | Percutaneous      |
| Vapor           |            |                   |
| e               |            |                   |
| 5               | 1          |                   |
| c,f             |            |                   |
| Unknown         | Moderate   | Threshold         |
| effects (slight |            |                   |
| ChE inhibition) |            |                   |
| ECt             |            |                   |
| 50              |            |                   |
| :  1000         |            |                   |
| g,h             |            |                   |
| (Provisional)   |            |                   |
| N/A             | 30-360 min | Percutaneous      |
| Vapor           |            |                   |
| e               |            |                   |
|                 |            |                   |
| ECt             |            |                   |
| 50              |            |                   |
| :  0.4          |            |                   |
| h               |            |                   |
| N/A             | 2 min      | Inhalation/Ocular |
| c               |            |                   |
| Some            | Low        | Mild effects      |
| (miosis,        |            |                   |
| rhinorrhea)     |            |                   |

aBased on Grotte and Yang (2001).

bBare skin. cSee Appendix H for supporting toxicity profile estimates. dModerate temperatures (65-85F). eAssumes personnel are masked with eye protection and bare skin. fThe TLE value is assumed 1 because the Ct profile is unknown.

gHot temperatures (greater than 85F).

hBased on recommendations for GB.


e.

GA Toxicity Estimates.  Note that for an inhalation/ocular expouse the TLE is greater that 1.  This means that the effective dosage increases with longer exposure durations and the concentration of the agent decreases.


        f.
                 Sarin (GB) (see Table II-8 [page II-18]).  The Germans developed GB after they
developed GA,15 hence the designation GB.  Pure GB is odorless and colorless.13  It is a
volatile liquid at room temperature.  Unlike many other agents, for which clothing affords
some protection against a liquid agent, clothing may enhance the potency of GB liquid on
the skin.  It is hypothesized that clothing retards evaporation, thereby increasing the
effective dose.10  See Table II-9 (page II-20) for toxicity estimates.

## Table Ii-8.  Gb

Alternate Designations:  EA 1208; T-144 (German); Trilon 144 (German); Trilon 46 (German); T 46 German); TL-1618 (UCTL); T-2106 (British); MFI; IMPF; Sarin II Chemical Name:  Isopropyl methylphosphonofluoridate Synonyms:  Fluorisoproopoxymethylphosphine oxide; Isopropyl methylfluorophosphate; Isopropyl methanefluorophosphonate; Isopropoxymethylphosphoryl fluoride; Propoxyl-2-methylphosphoryl fluoride; Phosphonofluridic acid, methyl-, isopropyl ester; Isopropylester kyseliny methylfluorfosfonove (Czech); O-Isopropyl methylphosphonofluoridate;
Isopropyl-methylphosphoryl fluoride; Methylphosphonofluoridic acid isopropyl ester; Methylphosphonofluoridic acid 1- methylethyl ester; Phosphine oxide, fluoroisopropoxymethyl-; Phosphoric acid, methylfluoro-, isopropyl ester; Methylfluorphosphorsaeureisopropylester (German)
CAS Registry Number:  107-44-8 RTECS Number:  TA8400000

Structural Formula:

Molecular Formula:  C4H10FO2P
Molecular Weight:  140.09
Physical State Colorless liquid 1

| Odor                                                                                  | None when pure                                                                          |
|---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| 2                                                                                     |                                                                                         |
| Boiling Point                                                                         | 150                                                                                     |
| o                                                                                     |                                                                                         |
| C (extrapolated)                                                                      |                                                                                         |
| 3                                                                                     |                                                                                         |
|                                                                                       |                                                                                         |
| FP/MP                                                                                 | -56                                                                                     |
| o                                                                                     |                                                                                         |
| C (FP)                                                                                |                                                                                         |
| 3-5                                                                                   |                                                                                         |
| Liquid Density (g/mL)                                                                 | Pure: 1.0887 @ 25                                                                       |
| o                                                                                     |                                                                                         |
| C; 1.1182 @ 0                                                                         |                                                                                         |
| o                                                                                     |                                                                                         |
| C (extrapolated)                                                                      |                                                                                         |
| 6                                                                                     |                                                                                         |
| Munitions grade: 1.0964 @ 25                                                          |                                                                                         |
| o                                                                                     |                                                                                         |
| C; 1.1255 @ 0                                                                         |                                                                                         |
| o                                                                                     |                                                                                         |
| C (extrapolated)                                                                      |                                                                                         |
| 6                                                                                     |                                                                                         |
| Vapor Density (relative to air)                                                       | 4.8 (calculated)                                                                        |
| Vapor Pressure (torr)                                                                 | 2.48 x 10                                                                               |
| o                                                                                     |                                                                                         |
| @ 25                                                                                  |                                                                                         |
| o                                                                                     |                                                                                         |
| C; 4.10 x 10                                                                          |                                                                                         |
| -1                                                                                    |                                                                                         |
| @ 0                                                                                   |                                                                                         |
| o                                                                                     |                                                                                         |
| C                                                                                     |                                                                                         |
| 3                                                                                     |                                                                                         |
| Volatility (mg/m                                                                      |                                                                                         |
| 3                                                                                     |                                                                                         |
| )                                                                                     | 1.87 x 10                                                                               |
| 4                                                                                     |                                                                                         |
| @ 25                                                                                  |                                                                                         |
| o                                                                                     |                                                                                         |
| C; 3.37 x 10                                                                          |                                                                                         |
| 3                                                                                     |                                                                                         |
| @ 0                                                                                   |                                                                                         |
| o                                                                                     |                                                                                         |
| C (calculated from vapor pressure)                                                    |                                                                                         |
| 3                                                                                     |                                                                                         |
| 11.6 @ 25                                                                             |                                                                                         |
| o                                                                                     |                                                                                         |
| C; 11.7 @ 0                                                                           |                                                                                         |
| o                                                                                     |                                                                                         |
| C (calculated from vapor pressure)                                                    |                                                                                         |
| 3                                                                                     |                                                                                         |
| Latent Heat of Vaporization                                                           |                                                                                         |
| (kcal/mol)                                                                            |                                                                                         |
| Viscosity (cP)                                                                        | 1.397 @ 25.0                                                                            |
| o                                                                                     |                                                                                         |
| C, 2.583 @ 0                                                                          |                                                                                         |
| o                                                                                     |                                                                                         |
| C (extrapolated)                                                                      |                                                                                         |
| 7                                                                                     |                                                                                         |
| Viscosity of Vapor (cP)                                                               | 7.19 x 10                                                                               |
| -3                                                                                    |                                                                                         |
| @ 25.0                                                                                |                                                                                         |
| o                                                                                     |                                                                                         |
| C, 5.51 x 10                                                                          |                                                                                         |
| -3                                                                                    |                                                                                         |
| @ 0                                                                                   |                                                                                         |
| o                                                                                     |                                                                                         |
| C                                                                                     |                                                                                         |
| 7                                                                                     |                                                                                         |
| Surface Tension (dynes/cm)                                                            | 25.9 @ 25.0                                                                             |
| o                                                                                     |                                                                                         |
| C, 28.8 @ 0                                                                           |                                                                                         |
| o                                                                                     |                                                                                         |
| C (extrapolated)                                                                      |                                                                                         |
| 7                                                                                     |                                                                                         |
| Flash Point                                                                           | Nonflammable                                                                            |
| 8                                                                                     |                                                                                         |
| Decomposition Temperature                                                             | Complete decomposition occurs within 2 1/2 hr @ 150                                     |
| o                                                                                     |                                                                                         |
| C                                                                                     |                                                                                         |
| 9                                                                                     |                                                                                         |
| Solubility                                                                            | Completely miscible with water and common organic solvents                              |
| 1,2                                                                                   |                                                                                         |
|                                                                                       |                                                                                         |
| Rate of Hydrolysis                                                                    | Varies with pH and temperature; at 20                                                   |
| o                                                                                     |                                                                                         |
| C, t                                                                                  |                                                                                         |
| 1/2                                                                                   |                                                                                         |
| = 27 min. @ pH 1; t                                                                   |                                                                                         |
| 1/2                                                                                   |                                                                                         |
| = 3 1/2 hr @ pH                                                                       |                                                                                         |
| 2; t                                                                                  |                                                                                         |
| 1/2                                                                                   |                                                                                         |
| = 80 hr @ pH 7; t                                                                     |                                                                                         |
| 1/2                                                                                   |                                                                                         |
| = 5.4 min @ pH 10; and  t                                                             |                                                                                         |
| 1/2                                                                                   |                                                                                         |
| = 0.6 min @ pH 11.                                                                    |                                                                                         |
| 10                                                                                    |                                                                                         |
| Hydrolysis Products                                                                   | Under acidic conditions, hydrogen fluoride (HF) and isopropyl methylphosphonic acid     |
| (IMPA) are formed which further hydrolyze to produce methylphosphonic acid (MPA)      |                                                                                         |
| and isopropanol.  Under alkaline conditions, methylfluorophosphonic acid (MFPA)       |                                                                                         |
| and isopropyl alcohol are initially formed which further hydrolyze to produce MPA and |                                                                                         |
| HF.                                                                                   |                                                                                         |
| 11                                                                                    |                                                                                         |
|                                                                                       |                                                                                         |
| Stability in Storage                                                                  | GB stabilized with tributylamine can be stored in steel containers for at least 5 to 10 |
| years @ ambient temperature.  At elevated temperatures up to 71                       |                                                                                         |
| o                                                                                     |                                                                                         |
| C, storage life                                                                       |                                                                                         |
| decreases slightly.                                                                   |                                                                                         |
| 12                                                                                    |                                                                                         |
| Action on Metals or Other Materials                                                   | At 71                                                                                   |
| o                                                                                     |                                                                                         |
| C, slightly corrosive on steel, copper, brass, inconel, K-monel, and lead as well     |                                                                                         |
| as slight to severe amounts of corrosion on aluminum, depending on the type.          |                                                                                         |
| 13                                                                                    |                                                                                         |
|                                                                                       |                                                                                         |
|                                                                                       |                                                                                         |

| Skin and eye toxicity                                                                 | Eyes:  very high; much greater through eyes than through skin; Skin: highly toxic;    |
|---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| decontamination of smallest drop of liquid agent is essential; liquid penetrates skin |                                                                                       |
| 14                                                                                    |                                                                                       |
| Inhalation toxicity                                                                   |                                                                                       |
| Most toxic route of exposure                                                          |                                                                                       |
| 15                                                                                    |                                                                                       |
| Rate of action                                                                        |                                                                                       |
| Rapid                                                                                 |                                                                                       |
| 16                                                                                    |                                                                                       |
| Means of detection                                                                    | M8 paper, M9 paper, M256A1 CADK, M8A1 ACAA, M90 AMAD, M21 ACAA, M22                   |
| ACADA, CAM/ICAM, M272 Water Testing Kit, , CAPDS, IPDS, AN/KAS-1 CWDD,                |                                                                                       |
| M18A3 CADK                                                                            |                                                                                       |
| 16                                                                                    |                                                                                       |
| , M18A2 CADK, MM1                                                                     |                                                                                       |
| Protection required                                                                   | MOPP4; liquid nerve agent penetrates ordinary clothing rapidly, clothing may          |
| enhance the potency of GB liquid on the skin                                          |                                                                                       |
| 15                                                                                    |                                                                                       |
| Decontamination                                                                       | Flush eyes with water immediately.  Use the M291 SDK to remove any liquid nerve       |
| agent on skin or clothing.  Use the M295 IEDK for individual equipment.               |                                                                                       |
| 14                                                                                    |                                                                                       |
| STB is                                                                                |                                                                                       |
| effective on equipment.  Water, steam, and absorbents (earth, sawdust, ashes, and     |                                                                                       |
| rags) are effective for physical removal.                                             |                                                                                       |
| 18                                                                                    |                                                                                       |
|                                                                                       |                                                                                       |
| Use                                                                                   | Quick-acting casualty agent                                                           |

1Franke, S., *Manual of Military Chemistry Volume I- Chemistry of Chemical Warfare Agents*, ACSI-J-3890, Chemie der Kampfstoffe, East Berlin, April 1968, UNCLASSIFIED Report (AD849866).
2Welchman, R.M.A., *Preliminary Report on the Potential Value of Nerve Gases as C.W. Agents*, Porton Report No. 2747
(PR 2747), Chemical Defence Experimental Establishment, Porton, England, January 1947, UNCLASSIFIED Report.

3Penski, Elwin C., *The Properties of 2-Propyl Methylfluorophosphonate (GB) I. Vapor Pressure Data Review and Analysis*, ERDEC-TR-166, USA Chemical and Biological Defense Command, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD, June 1994, UNCLASSIED Report (ADB187225).
4Zeffert, B.M., et al., *Slow Fractional Crystallization of GB*, CRLR 2, USA Chemical and Radiological Laboratories, Army Chemical Center, MD, April 1951, UNCLASSIFIED Report (AD498968).

5Tannenbaum, H., and Zeffert, B.M., *Crystallization of GB*, TCIR-513, USA Chemical and Radiological Laboratories, Army Chemical Center, MD, November 1949, UNCLASSIFIED Report (ADE471275).

6Wardrop, A.W.H., and Bryant, P.J.R., Physico-Chemical Properties of Phosphorus Esters Part II: Some Constants of Isopropyl methylfluorophosphinate (GB), Porton Technical Paper No. 278 (PTP-278), Chemical Warfare Laboratories, Army Chemical Center, MD, March 1952, UNCLASSIFIED Report (ADE481544).

7Samuel, J.B., et al., *Physical Properties of Standard Agents and Related Compounds at Several Temperatures (U),*
ARCSL-SP-83015, USA Armament Research and Development Command, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD, June 1983, UNCLASSIFIED Report (ADC033491).
8Walpole, J.L., *Determination of the Flash Points of GA and GB*, Porton Technical Paper No. 45 (PTP 45), Chemical Defence Experimental Establishment, Porton, England, March 1948, UNCLASSIFIED Report (ADE481350).

9Perry, B.J., et al., *The Chemistry of the Alkylfluorophosphonites and Related Compounds*, Porton Technical Paper No. 258, Chemical Defense Experimental Establishment, Porton, England, 31 August 1951. UNCLASSIFIED Report (ADE481528).

10Epstein, J., Studies on Hydrolysis of GB I. Effect of pH and Temperature on Hydrolysis Rates. II. Observations on Hydrolysis of GB in Sodium Bicarbonate Buffered Waters, MDR 132, Chemical Warfare Laboratories, Army Chemical Center, MD, February 1948, UNCLASSIFIED Report.

11Clark, D.N, Review of Reactions of Chemical Agents in Water, Final Report to USA Biomedical Research and Development Laboratory, Battelle, Columbus, OH, January 1989, UNCLASSIFIED Report (ADA213287).

12*Comparison of GA and GB as Chemical Warfare Agents (U)*, CWL-SP-1, USA Chemical Warfare Laboratories, Army Chemical Center, MD, November 1957, UNCLASSIFIED Report.

13Hutchcraft, A.S. Jr., et al., Special Report: Corrosion Resistance of Metals Toward Isopropyl Methylphosphonofluoridate
(GB), CRLR 510, USA Chemical and Radiological Laboratories, Army Chemical Center, MD, May 1955, UNCLASSIFIED
Report (AD474404).

14FM 8-285/NAVMED P-5041/AFJMAN 44-149/FMFM 11-11, Treatment of Chemical Agent Casualties and Conventional Military Chemical Injuries, 22 December 1995.

15Sharon Reutter, et al., *Review and Recommendations for Human Toxicity Estimates for FM 3-11.9*, ECBC-TR-349, September 2003.

16*NIOSH-DOD-OSHA Sponsored Chemical and Biological Respiratory Protection Workshop Report,* February 2000.

17DOD Chemical And Biological Defense Program Annual Report to Congress, Volume I, April 2003.

18FM 3-5/MCWP 3-37.3, *NBC Decontamination,* 28 July 2000.



        g.
                 GB Toxicity Estimates (Table II-9).  Note that for an inhalation/ocular expouse
the TLE is greater than 1.  This means that the effective dosage increases with longer
exposure durations and the concentration of the agent decreases.

|                 |            |              | Endpoint    | Toxicity    |
|-----------------|------------|--------------|-------------|-------------|
| TLE             | ROD        | DOC          | MV (L)      | Exposure    |
| Duration        |            |              |             |             |
| ROE             | Probit     |              |             |             |
| Slope           |            |              |             |             |
| (mg-min/m       |            |              |             |             |
| 3               |            |              |             |             |
| )               |            |              |             |             |
| LD              |            |              |             |             |
| 50              |            |              |             |             |
| :  1700 mg      |            |              |             |             |
| a               |            |              |             |             |
| N/A             | N/A; 70-kg |              |             |             |
| man             |            |              |             |             |
| Percutaneous    |            |              |             |             |
| Liquid          |            |              |             |             |
| b               |            |              |             |             |
| 5               | N/A        | Unknown      | Low         |             |
| c               |            |              |             |             |
| Lethality       |            |              |             |             |
|                 |            |              |             |             |
|                 |            |              |             |             |
| 12              | 1.5        |              |             |             |
| d               |            |              |             |             |
| Some            | Moderate   | LCt          |             |             |
| 50              |            |              |             |             |
| :  35           |            |              |             |             |
| a               |            |              |             |             |
| 15              | 2 min      | Inhalation/  |             |             |
| Ocular          |            |              |             |             |
| LCt             |            |              |             |             |
| 50              |            |              |             |             |
| :  12,000       |            |              |             |             |
| a,e             |            |              |             |             |
| N/A             | 30-360 min | Percutaneous |             |             |
| Vapor           |            |              |             |             |
| f               |            |              |             |             |
| 5               | 1          |              |             |             |
| d,g             |            |              |             |             |
| Unknown         | Low        |              |             |             |
| LCt             |            |              |             |             |
| 50              |            |              |             |             |
| :  6000         |            |              |             |             |
| h,i             |            |              |             |             |
|                 |            |              |             |             |
| (provisional)   |            |              |             |             |
| N/A             | 30-360 min | Percutaneous |             |             |
| Vapor           |            |              |             |             |
| f               |            |              |             |             |
| 5               | 1          |              |             |             |
| d,g             |            |              |             |             |
| Unknown         | Low        |              |             |             |
| ED              |            |              |             |             |
| 50              |            |              |             |             |
| :  1000 mg      |            |              |             |             |
| a               |            |              |             |             |
| N/A             | N/A; 70-kg |              |             |             |
| man             |            |              |             |             |
| Percutaneous    |            |              |             |             |
| Liquid          |            |              |             |             |
| b               |            |              |             |             |
| 5               | N/A        | Unknown      | Low         |             |
| 12              | 1.5        |              |             |             |
| d               |            |              |             |             |
| Some            | Moderate   | ECt          |             |             |
| 50              |            |              |             |             |
| :  25           |            |              |             |             |
| a               |            |              |             |             |
| 15              | 2 min      | Inhalation/  |             |             |
| Ocular          |            |              |             |             |
| Severe effects, |            |              |             |             |
| includes some   |            |              |             |             |
| deaths          |            |              |             |             |
|                 |            |              |             |             |
|                 |            |              |             |             |
| ECt             |            |              |             |             |
| 50              |            |              |             |             |
| :  8000         |            |              |             |             |
| a,e             |            |              |             |             |
| N/A             | 30-360 min | Percutaneous |             |             |
| Vapor           |            |              |             |             |
| f               |            |              |             |             |
| 5               | 1          |              |             |             |
| d,g             |            |              |             |             |
| Unknown         | Low        |              |             |             |
| ECt             |            |              |             |             |
| 50              |            |              |             |             |
| :  4000         |            |              |             |             |
| h,i             |            |              |             |             |
| (provisional)   |            |              |             |             |
| N/A             | 30-360 min | Percutaneous |             |             |
| Vapor           |            |              |             |             |
| f               |            |              |             |             |
| 5               | 1          |              |             |             |
| d,g             |            |              |             |             |
| Unknown         | Low        |              |             |             |
| ECt             |            |              |             |             |
| 50              |            |              |             |             |
| :  1200         |            |              |             |             |
| a,e             |            |              |             |             |
| N/A             | 30-360 min | Percutaneous |             |             |
| Vapor           |            |              |             |             |
| f               |            |              |             |             |
| 5               | 1          |              |             |             |
| d,g             |            |              |             |             |
| Unknown         | Moderate   |              |             |             |
| Threshold       |            |              |             |             |
| effects (Slight |            |              |             |             |
| ChE inhibition) |            |              |             |             |
| ECt             |            |              |             |             |
| 50              |            |              |             |             |
| :  600          |            |              |             |             |
| h, i            |            |              |             |             |
|                 |            |              |             |             |
| (provisional)   |            |              |             |             |
| N/A             | 30-360 min | Percutaneous |             |             |
| Vapor           |            |              |             |             |
| f               |            |              |             |             |
| 5               | 1          |              |             |             |
| d,g             |            |              |             |             |
| Unknown         | Low        |              |             |             |
| 10              | 1.5        |              |             |             |
| d, j            |            |              |             |             |
| Some            | Moderate   | ECt          |             |             |
| 50              |            |              |             |             |
| : 0.4           |            |              |             |             |
| j               |            |              |             |             |
| N/A             | 2 min      | Inhalation/  |             |             |
| Ocular          |            |              |             |             |
| Mild effects    |            |              |             |             |
| (miosis,        |            |              |             |             |
| rhinorrhea)     |            |              |             |             |

aBased on Grotte and Yang (2001).

bBare skin.

cLD50 could be less with clothing.

dSee Appendix H for supporting toxicity profile estimates.

eModerate temperatures (65-85F)
fAssumes personnel are masked with eye protection and bare skin.

gThe TLE value is assumed 1 because the concentration-time profile is unknown.

hHot temperatures (greater than 85F)
iBased on Grotte and Yang (2001) and Letter (25 Mar 03).

jBased on human data and recent rat data of Mioduszewski et al. (2002).


            h.
                        GD (see Table II-10).  GD is a colorless liquid when pure.13  2 PAM Cl is not as
effective for GD poisoning as it is for other nerve agents1 because the "aging" process half-
time is within 2 minutes.15  See Table II-11 (page II-23) for toxicity estimates.

## Table Ii-10.  Gd

Alternate Designations:  EA 1210 (US); Zoman (USSR); T-2107 (British, UK); Trilon (German); PMFP
Chemical Name:  Pinacolyl methyl phosphonofluoridate Synonyms:  3,3-Dimethyl-n-but-2-yl methylphosphonofluoridate; 3,3-Dimethyl-2-butyl methylphosphonofluridate; 2-Butanol,
3,3-dimethyl-, methylphosphonofluoridate; Methylphosphonofluoridic acid, 3,3-dimethyl-2-butyl ester; 1,2,2-Trimethylpropyl methyphosphonofluoridate; 1,2,2-Trimethylpropylester kyseliny methylfluorfosfonove (Czech); Methylphosphonofluoridic acid 1,2,2-trimethylpropyl ester; Phosphonofluoridic acid, methyl-, 1,2,2-trimethylpropyl ester; Phosphine oxide, fluoromethyl (1,2,2-trimethylpropoxy)-; Methyl pinacolyl phosphonofluoridate; Pinacolyl methylfluorophosphonate; Fluoromethylpinacolyloxyphosphine oxide; Methyl pinacolyloxyfluorophosphine oxide; Pinacolyl methane fluorophosphonate; Pinacoloxymethylphosphoryl fluoride; Methylfluoropinacolylphosphonite; Methylfluorphosphorsaeurepinakolylester (German); Methyl pinacolyloxy phosphorylfluoride; Methyl pinacolyl phosphonofluoridate; Pinacoloxymethylphosphoryl fluoride; Pinacolyl methylphosphonofluoride; Pinacolyloxy methylphosphoryl fluoride; Pynacolyl methylfluorophosphonate
CAS Registry Number:  96-64-0 RTECS Number:  TA8750000

Structural Formula:

O

F

Molecular Formula:  C7H16FO2P
Molecular Weight: 182.17
Physical State
Colorless liquid when pure 1
Odor
Fruity; impurities give it the odor of camphor 2,3
Boiling Point
198oC (extrapolated) decomposes 4
FP/MP
-42oC (MP); 5,6 generally solidifies to a noncrystalline, glasslike material 7
Liquid Density (g/mL)
1.0222 @ 25oC; 1.0456 @ 0oC (extrapolated) 7
Vapor Density (relative to air)
6.3 (calculated)
Vapor Pressure (torr)
4.01 x 10-1 @ 25oC; 4.96 x 10-2 @ 0oC 4
Volatility (mg/m3)
3.93 x 103 @ 25oC; 5.31 x 102 @ 0oC (calculated from vapor pressure) 4
13.2 @ 25oC; 13.8 @ 0oC (calculated from vapor pressure) 4
Latent Heat of Vaporization (kcal/mol) Viscosity (cP)
3.167 @ 25.0oC, 6.789 @ 0oC (extrapolated)5
Viscosity of Vapor (cP)
5.90 x 10-3 @ 25.0oC, 5.33 x 10-3 @ 0oC5
Surface Tension (dynes/cm)
24.5 @ 25.5oC5
Flash Point
121oC (open cup) 5,8
Decomposition Temperature
Above 150oC,1 stabilized GD decomposes in 200 hrs @ 130oC; unstabilized GD
decomposes in 4 hrs @ 130oC 9
Solubility
Solubility of GD in water is 2.1 g GD/100g @ 20oC; 9,10 3.4 g GD/100g solution @
0oC; 9 very soluble in organic solvents 1
Rate of Hydrolysis
Varies with pH; using a 0.003 molar solution of GD @ 25oC, t1/2 = 3 hr. @ pH 2; t1/2
= 45 hrs @ pH 6.65; t1/2 = 60 hrs @ pH 10; complete hydrolysis occurs in less than
5 min in a 5% NaOH solution 11
Hydrolysis Products
Essentially PMPA and HF 11
Stability in Storage
Relatively stable in glass for 5-1/2 months @ ambient temperature with or without a
stabilizer. 12 Stabilized GD can be stored for at least 6 months @ elevated
temperatures (71oC) in glass, steel, and aluminum containers. 13
Action on Metals or Other Materials
Corrosion rate on steel is 0.00001 inch/month @ 65oC 14


15
Skin and eye toxicity
Eyes:  very high toxicity; much greater through eyes than through skin. Skin: highly toxic;
decontamination of smallest drop of liquid agent is essential; liquid penetrates skin.
16
Inhalation toxicity
Most toxic route of exposure
17
Rate of action
Rapid
16 M18A2 CADK, MM1
Means of detection
M8 paper, M9 paper, M256A1 CADK, M8A1 ACAA, M90 AMAD, M21 ACAA, M22
ACADA, CAM/ICAM, M272 Water Testing Kit, , CAPDS, IPDS, AN/KAS-1 CWDD, M18A3 CADK,
15
Protection required
MOPP4; liquid nerve agents penetrate ordinary clothing rapidly
Decontamination
Flush eyes with water immediately.  Use the M291 SDK to remove any liquid nerve
agent on skin or clothing.  Use the M295 IEDK for individual equipment.
19
15  STB is
effective on equipment.  Water, steam, and absorbents (earth, sawdust, ashes, and rags) are effective for physical removal.
Use
Quick-acting casualty agent

1Franke, S., *Manual of Chemistry Volume I- Chemistry of Chemical Warfare Agents*, ACSI-J-3890, Chemie der Kampfstoffe, East Berlin, April 1968, UNCLASSIFIED Technical Manual (AD849866).
2Welchman, R.M.A., *Preliminary Report on the Potential Value of Nerve Gases as C.W. Agents*, Porton Report No. 2747 (PR 2747), Chemical Defence Experimental Establishment, Porton, England, January 1947, UNCLASSIFIED Report (ADE470188).

3 TM 3-215/AFM 355-7, *Military Chemistry and Chemical Agents,* December 1963, UNCLASSIFIED Technical Manual
(ADA292141).

4Savage, J. J., and Fielder, D., The Vapor Pressure of Chemical Agents GD, VX, EA2223, EA 3547, EA 3580, EA 5365, and EA
5533, EC-TR-76058, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD, August 1976, UNCLASSIFIED Report (ADB013164).
5Samuel, J.B., et al., Physical Properties of Standard Agents, Candidate Agents, and Related Compounds at Several Temperatures
(U), ARCSL-SP-83015, USA Armament Research and Development Command, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD, June 1983, UNCLASSIFIED Report (ADC033491).
6Stern, R.A., USA Chemical Research and Development Laboratories Notebook # NB 7265, p. 45 (C).

7Zeffert, B.M., and Coulter, P.B., Physical Constants of G-Series Compounds: Compounds EA 1210, EA 1211, EA 1212, EA 1213, EA 1214, Technical Division Memorandum Report 1292, USA Chemical Research and Development Laboratories, Army Chemical Center, MD, July 1947, UNCLASSIFIED Report (ADB964904).

8Fielder, D, USA Chemical Warfare Laboratories Notebook # NB 6695, p. 72 (C).
9*Chemical Agent Data Sheets Volume* I, Edgewood Arsenal Special Report EO-SR-74001, Edgewood Arsenal, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD, December 1974, UNCLASSIFIED Report (ADB028222).
10Witten, Benjamin, *The Search for Toxic Chemical Agents (U),* EATR 4210, Edgewood Arsenal Research Laboratories, MD, November 1969, UNCLASSIFIED Report (AD507852).

11Buckles, L.C., *The Hydrolysis Rate of GD*, TCIR 373, Chemical Corps Technical Command, Army Chemical Center, MD, March
1947, UNCLASSIFIED Report (ADB966291).
12Newman, J.H., et al., *A Thickener for GD (U)*, EC-TR-77016, Edgewood Arsenal, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD, April 1977, CONFIDENTIAL Report (ADC009719).
13Grula, R.S., et al., *Storage Stability of GD, GF and EA 1356 (U)*, CRDLR 3342, USA Chemical Research and Development Laboratories, Edgewood Arsenal, MD, December 1965, CONFIDENTIAL Report (AD369299).

14Hormats, S., et al., *Storage Stability in Steel at 65C of Pure GD.  Corrosion Rate of Steel at 65C*, TDMR 1346, Chemical Corps Technical Compound, Army Chemical Center, MD, March 1948, UNCLASSIFIED Report (ADB964759).

15FM 8-285/NAVMED P-5041/AFJMAN 44-149/FMFM 11-11, Treatment of Chemical Agent Casualties and Conventional Military Chemical Injuries, 22 December 1995.

16Sharon Reutter, et al., SBCCOM Report *Review and Recommendations for Human Toxicity Estimates for FM 3-11.9*, ECBC-TR-
349, September 2003.

17*NIOSH-DOD-OSHA Sponsored Chemical and Biological Respiratory Protection Workshop Report,* February 2000.

18 DOD Chemical And Biological Defense Program Annual Report to Congress, Volume I, April 2003.

19FM 3-5/MCWP 3-37.3, *NBC Decontamination,* 28 July 2000.



        i.
                 GD Toxicity Estimates (Table II-11).  Note that for an inhalation/ocular expouse
the TLE is greater than 1.  This means that the effective dosage increases with longer
exposure durations and the concentration of the agent decreases.

| Endpoint        | Toxicity    | TLE          | ROD          | DOC          |
|-----------------|-------------|--------------|--------------|--------------|
| MV (L)          |             |              |              |              |
|                 |             |              |              |              |
| Exposure        |             |              |              |              |
| Duration        |             |              |              |              |
| ROE             | Probit      |              |              |              |
| Slope           |             |              |              |              |
| (mg-min/m       |             |              |              |              |
| 3               |             |              |              |              |
| )               |             |              |              |              |
| LD              |             |              |              |              |
| 50              |             |              |              |              |
| :  350 mg       |             |              |              |              |
| b               |             |              |              |              |
| 6               | N/A         | Unknown      | Low          | Percutaneous |
| Liquid          |             |              |              |              |
| Lethality       |             |              |              |              |
|                 |             |              |              |              |
| a               |             |              |              |              |
| N/A             |             |              |              |              |
| N/A; 70-kg      |             |              |              |              |
| man             |             |              |              |              |
| 12              | 1.25        |              |              |              |
| c               |             |              |              |              |
| Some            |             |              |              |              |
|                 |             |              |              |              |
| Low             | LCt         |              |              |              |
| 50              |             |              |              |              |
| :  35           |             |              |              |              |
| a               |             |              |              |              |
| 15              |             |              |              |              |
| 2 min           |             |              |              |              |
| Inhalation/     |             |              |              |              |
| Ocular          |             |              |              |              |
| c,f             |             |              |              |              |
| Unknown         | Low         | LCt          |              |              |
| 50              |             |              |              |              |
| :  3000         |             |              |              |              |
| e               |             |              |              |              |
| 6               | 1           |              |              |              |
| a,d             |             |              |              |              |
| N/A             | 30-360 min  | Percutaneous |              |              |
| Vapor           |             |              |              |              |
| c,f             |             |              |              |              |
| Unknown         | Low         |              |              |              |
| LCt             |             |              |              |              |
| 50              |             |              |              |              |
| :  1500         |             |              |              |              |
| g,h             |             |              |              |              |
| e               |             |              |              |              |
| 6               |             |              |              |              |
| 1               | N/A         | 30-360 min   | Percutaneous |              |
| Vapor           |             |              |              |              |
| (provisional)   |             |              |              |              |
| ED              |             |              |              |              |
| 50              |             |              |              |              |
| :  200 mg       |             |              |              |              |
| b               |             |              |              |              |
| 6               | N/A         | Unknown      | Low          | Percutaneous |
| Liquid          |             |              |              |              |
| a               |             |              |              |              |
| N/A             |             |              |              |              |
| N/A; 70-kg      |             |              |              |              |
| man             |             |              |              |              |
| ECt             |             |              |              |              |
| 50              |             |              |              |              |
| :  25           | 12          |              |              |              |
| 1.25            |             |              |              |              |
| c               |             |              |              |              |
| Some            |             |              |              |              |
| Low             |             |              |              |              |
| a               |             |              |              |              |
| 15              | 2 min       |              |              |              |
| Inhalation/     |             |              |              |              |
| Ocular          |             |              |              |              |
| Severe effects, |             |              |              |              |
| includes some   |             |              |              |              |
| deaths          |             |              |              |              |
|                 |             |              |              |              |
|                 |             |              |              |              |
| c,f             |             |              |              |              |
| Unknown         | Low         | ECt          |              |              |
| 50              |             |              |              |              |
| :  2000         |             |              |              |              |
| e               |             |              |              |              |
| 6               | 1           |              |              |              |
| a,d             |             |              |              |              |
| N/A             | 30-360 min  | Percutaneous |              |              |
| Vapor           |             |              |              |              |
| c,f             |             |              |              |              |
| Unknown         | Low         |              |              |              |
| ECt             |             |              |              |              |
| 50              |             |              |              |              |
| :  1000         |             |              |              |              |
| g,h             |             |              |              |              |
| e               |             |              |              |              |
| 6               |             |              |              |              |
| 1               | N/A         | 30-360 min   | Percutaneous |              |
| Vapor           |             |              |              |              |
| (provisional)   |             |              |              |              |
| ECt             |             |              |              |              |
| 50              |             |              |              |              |
| :  300          |             |              |              |              |
| c,f             |             |              |              |              |
| Unknown         | Low         |              |              |              |
| Threshold       |             |              |              |              |
| effects         |             |              |              |              |
| a,d             |             |              |              |              |
| N/A             | 30-360 min  |              |              |              |
| Percutaneous    |             |              |              |              |
| Vapor           |             |              |              |              |
| e               |             |              |              |              |
| 6               | 1           |              |              |              |
| c,f             |             |              |              |              |
| Unknown         | Low         |              |              |              |
| ECt             |             |              |              |              |
| 50              |             |              |              |              |
| :  150          |             |              |              |              |
| g,h             |             |              |              |              |
| N/A             |             |              |              |              |
| 30-360 min      |             |              |              |              |
| Percutaneous    |             |              |              |              |
| Vapor           |             |              |              |              |
| e               |             |              |              |              |
| 6               | 1           |              |              |              |
| (provisional)   |             |              |              |              |
| c               |             |              |              |              |
| Some            | Low         | 10           |              |              |
|                 |             |              |              |              |
| 1.4             | ECt         |              |              |              |
| 50              |             |              |              |              |
| :  0.2          |             |              |              |              |
| i               |             |              |              |              |
| N/A             |             |              |              |              |
| 2 min           |             |              |              |              |
| Inhalation/     |             |              |              |              |
| Ocular          |             |              |              |              |
| Mild effects    |             |              |              |              |
| (miosis,        |             |              |              |              |
| rhinorrhea)     |             |              |              |              |

aBased on Grotte and Yang (2001).

bBare skin.

cSee Appendix H for supporting toxicity profile estimates.

dModerate temperatures (65-85F). eAssumes personnel are masked with eye protection and bare skin.

fThe TLE value is assumed 1 because the concentration time profile is unknown.

gBased on recommendations for GB.

hHot temperatures (greater than 85F).

iBased on recommendations for GB and relative potency of GD and GB.


        j.
                 Cyclosarin (GF) (see Table II-12 [page II-24]).  GF is a colorless and odorless
liquid when pure.13  See Table II-13 (page II-26) for toxicity estimates.

## Table Ii-12.  Gf

Alternate Designations:  EA 1212 (US); T-2139 (British); CMPF Chemical Name:  Cyclohexyl methylphosphonofluoridate Synonyms:  Cyclohexyloxyfluoromethylphosphine oxide; Cyclohexyl methylfluorophosphate; Phosphonofluoridic acid, methyl-, cyclohexyl ester; Methyl cyclohexylfluorophosphonate CAS Registry Number:  329-99-7 RTECS  Number:  TA 8225000

Structural Formula:



Molecular Formula:  C7H14FO2P
Molecular Weight:  180.16
Physical State
Colorless liquid 1
Odor
None if pure 2
Boiling Point
228oC (extrapolated) 3
FP/MP
30 to 50oC (FP); 4  -12oC (MP); below 30oC, a metastable crystalline form of GF
is produced which slowly converts into a stable form that melts @  12oC 5
Liquid Density (g/mL)
1.1276 @ 25oC; 1.1525 @ 0oC (extrapolated) 4
Vapor Density (relative to air)
6.2 (calculated)
Vapor Pressure (torr)
9.27 x 10-2 @ 25oC; 9.78 x 10-3 @ 0oC (extrapolated) 3
Volatility (mg/m3)
8.98 x 102 @ 25oC; 1.03 x 102 @ 0oC (calculated from vapor pressure) 3
14.3 @ 25oC; 14.8 @ 0oC (calculated from vapor pressure) 3
Latent Heat of Vaporization (kcal/mol) Flash Point
94oC 6
Viscosity (cP)
5.41 @ 25.0oC, 14.762 @ 0oC (extrapolated)6
Viscosity of Vapor (cP)
6.15 x 10-3 @ 25.0oC, 5.5 x 10-3 @ 0oC6
Surface Tension (dynes/cm)
32.3 @ 25.5oC6
Decomposition Temperature
Completely decomposes within 2 hrs @ 150oC 7
Solubility
Solubility in water is 3.7 g GF/100g @ 20oC; 5.1 g GF/100 g @ 0oC 6
Rate of Hydrolysis
t1/2 = 42 hrs @ 25oC using a 0.003 M solution of GF in distilled water 8
Hydrolysis Products
Hydrogen fluoride and cyclohexyl methylphosphonic acid 5
Stability in Storage
Stabilized GF can be stored @ 71oC for at least 6 months in glass containers and at
least 1 year in steel and aluminum containers. 9
Action on Metals or Other Materials
Corrosion rate on steel is 0.000053 inch/month @ 65oC 10

| Skin and eye toxicity                                                                   | Eyes:  very high toxicity; much greater through eyes than through skin. Skin: highly    |
|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| toxic; decontamination of smallest drop of liquid agent is essential; liquid penetrates |                                                                                         |
| skin                                                                                    |                                                                                         |
| 11                                                                                      |                                                                                         |
| .                                                                                       |                                                                                         |
| Inhalation toxicity                                                                     | Most toxic route of exposure                                                            |
| 12                                                                                      |                                                                                         |
| Rate of action                                                                          | Rapid                                                                                   |
| 13                                                                                      |                                                                                         |
| Means of detection                                                                      | M8 paper, M9 paper, M256A1 CADK, M8A1 ACAA, M90 AMAD, M21 ACAA, M22                     |
| ACADA, CAM/ICAM, M272 Water Testing Kit, , CAPDS, IPDS, AN/KAS-1 CWDD                   |                                                                                         |
| M18A3 CADK,                                                                             |                                                                                         |
| 14                                                                                      |                                                                                         |
| M18A2 CADK, MM1                                                                         |                                                                                         |
| Protection required                                                                     | MOPP4; liquid nerve agents penetrate ordinary clothing rapidly                          |
| 11                                                                                      |                                                                                         |
| .                                                                                       |                                                                                         |
| Decontamination                                                                         | Flush eyes with water immediately.  Use the M291 SDK to remove any liquid nerve         |
| agent on skin or clothing.  Use the M295 IEDK for individual equipment.                 |                                                                                         |
| 11                                                                                      |                                                                                         |
| STB is                                                                                  |                                                                                         |
| effective on equipment.  Water, steam, and absorbents (earth, sawdust, ashes, and       |                                                                                         |
| rags) are effective for physical removal.                                               |                                                                                         |
| 15                                                                                      |                                                                                         |
|                                                                                         |                                                                                         |
| Use                                                                                     | Quick-acting casualty agent                                                             |

## Table Ii-12.  Gf (Continued) Notes

1Eakle, B.F., *Chemical Agent GF (U)*, Technical Study 69-C4, USA Desert Test Center, Fort Douglas, Utah, January 1969, UNCLASSIFIED Report (AD509689).

2*Chemical Agent Data Sheets Vol. II,* Edgewood Arsenal Special Report EO-SR-74002, USA Armament Command, Edgewood Arsenal, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD, December 1974, CONFIDENTIAL Report (AD000020).

3Tevault, D.E., et al., *Vapor Pressure of GF*, TR-304S, USA ECBC, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD, submitted for publication 2 May 2003, UNCLASSIFIED Report.

4Zeffert, B.M., and Coulter, P.B., *Physical Constants of G-Series Compounds: EA1210, EA1211, EA1212, EA1213, EA1214*, Technical Division Memorandum Report 1292), July 1947, USA Chemical Research and Development Laboratories, Army Chemical Center, MD, July 1947, UNCLASSIFIED Report (ADB964904).

5Chinn, Kenneth, S. K., Joint CB Technical Data Source Book, Volume III, G Nerve Agents, Part Three: Agents GD and GF
(U), DPG-TR-82-004, USA Dugway Proving Ground, Utah, August 1983, SECRET Report (ADC032927).

6Samuel, J.B., et al., Physical Properties of Standard Agents, Candidate Agents, and Related Compounds at Several Temperatures (U), ARCSL-SP-83015, USA Armament Research and Development Command, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD, June 1983, UNCLASSIFIED Report (ADC033491).
7Perry, B.J., et al., *The Chemistry of the Alkylfluorophosphonites and Related Compounds*, Porton Technical Paper No. 258, Chemical Defense Experimental Establishment, Porton, England, 31 August 1951, UNCLASSIFIED Report (ADE481528).

8Buckles, L.C., *The Hydrolysis Rate of G Agents*, TCIR 393, USA Chemical Research and Development Laboratories, Army Chemical Center, MD, December 1947, UNCLASSIFIED Report (ADB966236).

9Grula, R.S., et al., *Storage Stability of GD, GF and EA 1356 (U),* CRDLR 3342, USA Chemical Research and Development Laboratories, Edgewood Arsenal, MD, December 1965, CONFIDENTIAL Report (AD369299).

10Kaiser, W.A., *Summary of Information on Agent GF*, CRLR 164, USA Chemical Research and Development Laboratories, Army Chemical Center, MD, March 1954, UNCLASSIFIED Report (ADB969120).
11FM 8-285/NAVMED P-5041/AFJMAN 44-149/FMFM 11-11, Treatment of Chemical Agent Casualties and Conventional Military Chemical Injuries, 22 December 1995.

12Sharon Reutter, et al., *Review and Recommendations for Human Toxicity Estimates for FM 3-11.9*, ECBC-TR-349, September 2003.

13*NIOSH-DOD-OSHA Sponsored Chemical and Biological Respiratory Protection Workshop Report*, February 2000.

14DOD Chemical And Biological Defense Program Annual Report to Congress, Volume I, April 2003.

15FM 3-5/MCWP 3-37.3, *NBC Decontamination,* 28 July 2000.


        k.
                 GF Toxicity Estimates (Table II-13, page II-26).  Note that for an
inhalation/ocular exposure the TLE is greater than 1.  This means that the effective dosage
increases with longer exposure durations and the concentration of the agent decreases.

## Table Ii-13.  Gf Toxicity Estimates10

| TLE             | ROD        | DOC          |
|-----------------|------------|--------------|
| Endpoint        | Toxicity   |              |
| MV (L)          | Exposure   |              |
| Duration        |            |              |
| ROE             | Probit     |              |
| Slope           |            |              |
| (mg-min/m       |            |              |
| 3               |            |              |
| )               |            |              |
| LD              |            |              |
| 50              |            |              |
| :  350 mg       |            |              |
| a               |            |              |
| N/A             | N/A; 70-kg |              |
| man             |            |              |
| Percutaneous    |            |              |
| Liquid          |            |              |
| b               |            |              |
| 5               | N/A        | Unknown      |
|                 |            |              |
| 12              | 1.25       |              |
| c               |            |              |
| Some            | Moderate   | LCt          |
| 50              |            |              |
| :  35           |            |              |
| a               |            |              |
| 15              | 2 min      | Inhalation/  |
| Ocular          |            |              |
| LCt             |            |              |
| 50              |            |              |
| :  3000         |            |              |
| a,d             |            |              |
| N/A             | 30-360 min | Percutaneous |
| Vapor           |            |              |
| e               |            |              |
| 5               | 1          |              |
| c,f             |            |              |
| Unknown         | Low        |              |
| LCt             |            |              |
| 50              |            |              |
| :  1500         |            |              |
| g,h             |            |              |
| (provisional)   |            |              |
| N/A             | 30-360 min | Percutaneous |
| Vapor           |            |              |
| e               |            |              |
| 5               | 1          |              |
| c,f             |            |              |
| Unknown         | Low        |              |
| ED              |            |              |
| 50              |            |              |
| :  200 mg       |            |              |
| a               |            |              |
| N/A             | N/A; 70-kg |              |
| man             |            |              |
| Percutaneous    |            |              |
| Liquid          |            |              |
| b               |            |              |
| 5               | N/A        | Unknown      |
| 12              | 1.25       |              |
| c               |            |              |
| Some            | Moderate   | ECt          |
| 50              |            |              |
| 25              |            |              |
| a               |            |              |
| 15              | 2 min      | Inhalation/  |
| Ocular          |            |              |
| Severe effects, |            |              |
| includes some   |            |              |
| deaths          |            |              |
|                 |            |              |
|                 |            |              |
| ECt             |            |              |
| 50              |            |              |
| :  2000         |            |              |
| a,d             |            |              |
| N/A             | 30-360 min | Percutaneous |
| Vapor           |            |              |
| e               |            |              |
| 5               | 1          |              |
| c,f             |            |              |
| Unknown         | Low        |              |
| ECt             |            |              |
| 50              |            |              |
| 1000            |            |              |
| g,h             |            |              |
| N/A             | 30-360 min | Percutaneous |
| Vapor           |            |              |
| e               |            |              |
| 5               | 1          |              |
| c,f             |            |              |
| Unknown         | Low        |              |
| (provisional)   |            |              |
| ECt             |            |              |
| 50              |            |              |
| :  300          |            |              |
| a,d             |            |              |
| N/A             | 30-360 min | Percutaneous |
| Vapor           |            |              |
| e               |            |              |
| 6               | 1          |              |
| c,f             |            |              |
| Unknown         | Low        | Threshold    |
| effects         |            |              |
| 6               | 1          |              |
| c,f             |            |              |
| Unknown         | Low        |              |
| ECt             |            |              |
| 50              |            |              |
| :  150          |            |              |
| g,h             |            |              |
| (provisional)   |            |              |
| N/A             | 30-360 min | Percutaneous |
| Vapor           |            |              |
| e               |            |              |
|                 |            |              |
| 10              | 1.4 c      | Some         |
| 50              |            |              |
| :  0.2          |            |              |
| i               |            |              |
| N/A             | 2 min      | Inhalation/  |
| Ocular          |            |              |
| Mild effects    |            |              |
| (miosis,        |            |              |
| rhinorrhea)     |            |              |

aBased on Grotte and Yang (2001). bBare skin. cSee Appendix H for supporting toxicity profile estimates. dModerate temperatures (65-85F).

eAssumes personnel are masked with eye protection and bare skin.

fThe TLE value is assumed to be 1 because the Ct profile is unknown. gHot temperatures (greater than 85F). hBased on recommendations for GB.

iBased on recommendations for GD.


        l.
                 O-ethyl methyl phosphonothiolate (VX) (see Table II-14).  VX is a colorless and
odorless liquid when pure.13  Although VX is significantly less volatile than the other
agents, it does vaporize to some extent and is extremely potent.  A significant component of
the hazard or airborne VX is percutaneous absorption of the vapor.10   See Table II-15 (page
II-29) for toxicity estimates.

## Table Ii-14.  Vx

Alternate Designations:  EA 1701; TX60 Chemical Name:  O-Ethyl-S-(2-diisopropylaminoethyl) methyl phosphonothiolate Synonyms:  S-(2-Diisopropylaminoethyl) O-ethyl methyl phosphonothiolate; Ethyl-S-dimethylaminoethyl methylphosphonothiolate; Phosphonothioic acid, methyl-, S-(2-(diisopropylamino)ethyl) O-ethyl ester;    Ethyl S-2-
diisopropylaminoethyl methylphosphonothiolate; Ethyl-S-diisopropylaminoethyl methylthiophosphonate; Methylphosphonothioic acid S-(2- (bis(methylethyl)amino)ethyl) O-ethyl ester;      O-Ethyl-S-2-diisopropylaminoethylester kyseliny methylthiofosfonove (Czech) CAS Registry Number:  50782-69-9 RTECS  Number:  TB1090000

Structural Formula:



Molecular Formula:  C11H26NO2PS
Molecular Weight:  267.37
Physical State
Colorless liquid when pure 1
Odor
Odorless when pure 1
Boiling Point
292oC (extrapolated) 2
FP/MP
Below 51oC and 39 to 60oC (FP) 3-5
Liquid Density (g/mL)
1.0083 @ 25oC; 1.0209 @ 0oC (extrapolated) 4
Vapor Density (relative to air)
9.2 (calculated)
Vapor Pressure (torr)
8.78 x 10-4 @ 25oC; 4.22 x 10-5 @ 0oC (extrapolated) 2
Volatility (mg/m3)
1.26 x 101 @ 25oC; 6.62 x 10-1 @ 0oC (calculated from vapor pressure) 2
19.2 @ 25oC; 20.1 @ 0oC; (calculated from vapor pressure) 2,6
Latent Heat of Vaporization (kcal/mol) Viscosity (cP)
10.041 @ 25.0oC, 37.532 @ 0oC (extrapolated)3
Viscosity of Vapor (cP)
5.13 x 10-3 @ 25.0oC, 4.63 x 10-3 @ 0oC3
Surface Tension (dynes/cm)
31.3 @ 25.0oC, 37.7 @ 0oC3
Flash Point
127oC (continuously closed cup method) 7
Decomposition Temperature
t1/2 = 502 days @ 71oC; t1/2 = 41 days @ 100oC; t1/2 = 34.5 hrs @ 150oC; t1/2 = 10
hrs @ 170oC; 8 t1/2 = 1.6 hrs @ 200oC; t1/2 = 4 min @ 250oC; t1/2 = 36 sec @ 295oC 5
Solubility
Water solubility of VX is 5% @ 21.5oC; 4 miscible with water below 9.4oC; 4 soluble
in common organic solvents 5
Rate of Hydrolysis
Hydrolysis rate of VX varies with temperature and concentration.  At 22oC, t1/2 = 1.8
min [1.25M NaOH]; t1/2 = 10.8 min [0.25M NaOH]; t1/2 = 31 min. [0.10M NaOH]; t1/2 =
3.3 hrs [0.01M NaOH]; t1/2 = 20.8 hrs [0.001M NaOH]; and t1/2 = 60 hrs [pure H2O] 9
Hydrolysis Products
VX hydrolyzes via three different pathways (P-S, P-O, and C-S), which vary
significantly with temperature and pH.  At pH below 12, the P-O bond cleavage path produces ethyl methylphosphonate (EMPA) and the toxic S-[2- diisopropylaminoethyl] methylphosphonothiolate ion (EA 2192).  At room
temperature EA 2192 reacts very slowly with OH- [EA 2192, t1/2 = 7.4 days (1.0M
NaOH)] eventually producing less toxic products. 9,10  Using an equimolar ratio of
VX and water at elevated temperatures appears to reduce the persistency of EA
2192. 11
Stability in Storage
Relatively stable @ ambient temperature; unstabilized VX of 95% purity
decomposes at a rate of 5% a month @ 71oC. 13  Highly purified VX is stable in both
glass and steel. 1
Action on Metals or Other Materials
Negligible on brass, steel, and aluminum; slight corrosion with copper 12

| Skin and eye toxicity                                                              | Extremely toxic by skin and eye absorption                                      |
|------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|---------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| 14                                                                                 |                                                                                 |
| Inhalation toxicity                                                                | Extremely potent                                                                |
| 15                                                                                 |                                                                                 |
| ROA                                                                                | Rapid                                                                           |
| 16                                                                                 |                                                                                 |
| Means of detection                                                                 | M8 paper, M9 paper, M256A1 CADK, M8A1 ACAA, M90 AMAD, M22 ACADA,                |
| CAM/ICAM, M272 Water Testing Kit, CAPDS, IPDS, AN/KAS-1 CWDD, M18A3                |                                                                                 |
| CADK,                                                                              |                                                                                 |
| 17                                                                                 |                                                                                 |
| M18A2 CADK, MM1                                                                    |                                                                                 |
| Protection required                                                                | MOPP4; liquid nerve agents penetrate ordinary clothing rapidly                  |
| 14                                                                                 |                                                                                 |
|                                                                                    |                                                                                 |
| Decontamination                                                                    | Flush eyes with water immediately.  Use the M291 SDK to remove any liquid nerve |
| agent on skin or clothing.  Use the M295 IEDK for individual equipment.            |                                                                                 |
| 14                                                                                 |                                                                                 |
| STB,                                                                               |                                                                                 |
| HTH, or household bleach are effective on equipment.  Water, soaps, detergents,    |                                                                                 |
| steam, and absorbents (earth, sawdust, ashes, and rags) are effective for physical |                                                                                 |
| removal.                                                                           |                                                                                 |
| 18                                                                                 |                                                                                 |
| Use                                                                                | Quick-acting casualty agent                                                     |

1Witten, B., *The Search for Toxic Chemical Agents (U)*, EATR 4210, Edgewood Arsenal Research Laboratories, MD, November 1969, UNCLASSIFIED Report (AD507852).

2Buchanan, J.H., et al., *Vapor Pressure of VX*, ECBC-TR-068, USA Soldier and Biological Chemical Command, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD, November 1999, UNCLASSIFIED Report (ADA371297).

3Samuel, J.B., et al., Physical Properties of Standard Agents, Candidate Agents, and Related Compounds at Several Temperatures (U), ARCSL-SP-83015, June 1983, USA Armament Research and Development Command, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD, UNCLASSIFIED Report (ADC033491).

4Coulter, P.B., et al., *Physical Constants of Thirteen V Agents*, CWLR 2346, USA Chemical Warfare Laboratories, Army Chemical Center, MD, December 1959, UNCLASSIFIED Report (AD314520).

5*Chemical Agent Data Sheets Volume I*, Edgewood Arsenal Special Report EO-SR-74001, USA Armament Command, Edgewood Arsenal, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD, December 1974, UNCLASSIFIED Report (ADB028222).

6Abercrombie, P., ECBC Notebook # NB 98-0079, p. 11 (U). 7Butrow, B., ECBC Notebook # NB 97-0109 (C).

8Rohrbaugh, D.K., et al., Studies in Support of SUPLECAM (Surveillance Program for Lethal Chemical Agents and Munitions) II, 1. Thermal Decomposition of VX, CRDEC-TR-88056, USA Chemical Research, Development and Engineering Center, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD, May 1988, UNCLASSIFIED Report (ADB124301).

9 Yang, Y, et al., "Hydrolysis of VX: Activation Energies and Autocatalysis," *In Proceedings of the 1994 ERDEC Scientific*
Conference on Chemical Biological Defense Research 15-18 November1994, UNCLASSIFIED Paper (ADE479900), ERDEC-SP-036, pp. 375-382, USA Edgewood Research, Development and Engineering Center, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD, May 1996, UNCLASSFIED Report (ADA313080).
10Yang, Y., et al., "Perhydrolysis of Nerve Agent VX," *J. Org. Chem,* Vol. 58, p. 6965, 1993.

11Yang, Y., et al., "Hydrolysis of VX with Equimolar Water at Elevated Temperatures: Activation Parameters of VX, CV and EA 2192," In Proceedings of the 1996 ERDEC Scientific Conference on Chemical Biological Defense Research 19-22 November1996, UNCLASSIFIED Paper (ADE487572), ERDEC-SP-048, pp. 599-605, USA Edgewood Research, Development and Engineering Center, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD, October 1997, UNCLASSFIED Report
(ADA334105).

12Eckhaus, S.R., et al., *Resistance of Various Materials of Construction in Contact with Transester Process*, CWL Technical Memorandum 31-73, USA Chemical Research and Development Laboratories, Army Chemical Center, MD, February 1959, UNCLASSIFIED Report (ADB963125).

13Salamon, M.K., *Agent VX*, CWL Special Publication 4-10, USA Chemical Warfare Laboratories, Army Chemical Center, MD, June 1959, UNCLASSIFIED Report (ADE471109).

14FM 8-285/NAVMED P-5041/AFJMAN 44-149/FMFM 11-11, Treatment of Chemical Agent Casualties and Conventional Military Chemical Injuries, 22 December 1995.

15Sharon Reutter, et al., *Review and Recommendations for Human Toxicity Estimates for FM 3-11.9*, ECBC-TR-349, September 2003.

16*NIOSH-DOD-OSHA Sponsored Chemical and Biological Respiratory Protection Workshop Report,* February 2000.

17DOD Chemical And Biological Defense Program Annual Report to Congress, Volume I, April 2003.

18FM 3-5/MCWP 3-37.3, *NBC Decontamination,* 28 July 2000.


        m.
                 VX Toxicity Estimates (see Table II-15).  VX is unlike the G agents in that the Ct
profile for vapor inhalation appears to obey Haber's Law.  However, some data indicates
that the TLE may be less than one.  If it does obey the toxic load principle (Cnt = k) where
the TLE (n) is less than one, it means that the ECt50 does not increase with longer
exposures at lower concentrations; in fact, it may actually decrease.9

## Table Ii-15.  Vx Toxicity Estimates10

| Endpoint        | Toxicity    | TLE               | ROD    | DOC       |
|-----------------|-------------|-------------------|--------|-----------|
| MV (L)          |             |                   |        |           |
|                 |             |                   |        |           |
| Exposure        |             |                   |        |           |
| Duration        |             |                   |        |           |
| ROE             | Probit      |                   |        |           |
| Slope           |             |                   |        |           |
| (mg-min/m       |             |                   |        |           |
| 3               |             |                   |        |           |
| )               |             |                   |        |           |
| LD              |             |                   |        |           |
| 50              |             |                   |        |           |
| :  5 mg         |             |                   |        |           |
| a               |             |                   |        |           |
| N/A             | N/A; 70-kg  |                   |        |           |
| man             |             |                   |        |           |
| Percutaneous    |             |                   |        |           |
| Liquid          |             |                   |        |           |
| b               |             |                   |        |           |
| 6               | N/A         | Unknown           | Low    | Lethality |
|                 |             |                   |        |           |
| 6               | 1           |                   |        |           |
| c               |             |                   |        |           |
| Little, if any  | Low         |                   |        |           |
| d               |             |                   |        |           |
| LCt             |             |                   |        |           |
| 50              |             |                   |        |           |
| :  15           |             |                   |        |           |
| a               |             |                   |        |           |
| 15              | 2-360 min   | Inhalation/       |        |           |
| Ocular          |             |                   |        |           |
| LCt             |             |                   |        |           |
| 50              |             |                   |        |           |
| :  150          |             |                   |        |           |
| a,e             |             |                   |        |           |
| N/A             | 30-360 min  | Percutaneous      |        |           |
| Vapor           |             |                   |        |           |
| f               |             |                   |        |           |
| 6               | 1           |                   |        |           |
| c,g             |             |                   |        |           |
| Little, if any  | Low         |                   |        |           |
| LCt             |             |                   |        |           |
| 50              |             |                   |        |           |
| :  75           |             |                   |        |           |
| h, i            |             |                   |        |           |
| (Provisional)   |             |                   |        |           |
| N/A             | 30-360 min  | Percutaneous      |        |           |
| Vapor           |             |                   |        |           |
| f               |             |                   |        |           |
| 5               | 1           |                   |        |           |
| c,g             |             |                   |        |           |
| Little, if any  | Low         |                   |        |           |
| ED              |             |                   |        |           |
| 50              |             |                   |        |           |
| :  2 mg         |             |                   |        |           |
| a               |             |                   |        |           |
| N/A             | N/A; 70-kg  |                   |        |           |
| man             |             |                   |        |           |
| Percutaneous    |             |                   |        |           |
| Liquid          |             |                   |        |           |
| b               |             |                   |        |           |
| 6               | N/A         | Unknown           | Low    |           |
| Low             |             |                   |        |           |
| d               |             |                   |        |           |
| ECt             |             |                   |        |           |
| 50              |             |                   |        |           |
| :  10           |             |                   |        |           |
| a               |             |                   |        |           |
| 15              | 2-360 min   | Inhalation/       |        |           |
| Ocular          |             |                   |        |           |
| 6               | 1           |                   |        |           |
| c               |             |                   |        |           |
| Little, if      |             |                   |        |           |
| any             |             |                   |        |           |
| Severe effects, |             |                   |        |           |
| includes some   |             |                   |        |           |
| deaths          |             |                   |        |           |
|                 |             |                   |        |           |
|                 |             |                   |        |           |
| ECt             |             |                   |        |           |
| 50              |             |                   |        |           |
| :  25           |             |                   |        |           |
| a,e             |             |                   |        |           |
| N/A             | 30-360 min  | Percutaneous      |        |           |
| Vapor           |             |                   |        |           |
| f               |             |                   |        |           |
| 6               | 1           |                   |        |           |
| c,g             |             |                   |        |           |
| Unknown         | Moderate    |                   |        |           |
| ECt             |             |                   |        |           |
| 50              |             |                   |        |           |
| :  12           |             |                   |        |           |
| h,I             |             |                   |        |           |
|                 |             |                   |        |           |
| (Provisional)   |             |                   |        |           |
| N/A             | 30-360 min  | Percutaneous      |        |           |
| Vapor           |             |                   |        |           |
| f               |             |                   |        |           |
| 6               | 1           |                   |        |           |
| c,g             |             |                   |        |           |
| Unknown         | Low         |                   |        |           |
| ECt             |             |                   |        |           |
| 50              |             |                   |        |           |
| :  10           |             |                   |        |           |
| a,e             |             |                   |        |           |
| N/A             | 30-360 min  | Percutaneous      |        |           |
| Vapor           |             |                   |        |           |
| f               |             |                   |        |           |
| 6               | 1           |                   |        |           |
| c,g             |             |                   |        |           |
| Unknown         | Moderate    | Threshold effects |        |           |
| (Slight ChE     |             |                   |        |           |
| inhibition)     |             |                   |        |           |
| ECt             |             |                   |        |           |
| 50              |             |                   |        |           |
| :  5            |             |                   |        |           |
| h,i             |             |                   |        |           |
| N/A             | 30-360 min  | Percutaneous      |        |           |
| Vapor           |             |                   |        |           |
| f               |             |                   |        |           |
| 6               | 1           |                   |        |           |
| c,g             |             |                   |        |           |
| Unknown         | Low         |                   |        |           |
| 4               | 1           |                   |        |           |
| c,g,j           |             |                   |        |           |
| Some            | Low         | ECt               |        |           |
| 50              |             |                   |        |           |
| :  0.1          |             |                   |        |           |
| a               |             |                   |        |           |
| N/A             | 2-360 min   | Inhalation/       |        |           |
| Ocular          |             |                   |        |           |
| Mild effects    |             |                   |        |           |
| (miosis,        |             |                   |        |           |
| rhinorrhea)     |             |                   |        |           |

aBased on Grotte and Yang (2001). bBare skin.

cSee Appendix H for supporting toxicity profile estimates.

dLCt50 /ECt50 could be less.

eModerate temperatures (65-85F).

fAssumes personnel are masked with eye protection and bare skin.

gThe TLE value is assumed to be 1 because the Ct profile is unknown.

hHot temperatures (greater than 85F).

iBased on recommendations for GB and Cummings and Craig (1965).

jEstimates should be revised as new data becomes available; human estimate for miosis may go down.


        n.
                 Vx (see Table II-16) [page II-30].  Another V agent of interest is Vx, called "V sub
x".  Information on this agent is limited.  Based upon percutaneous liquid exposure, it
appears to be less potent than VX.  However, it is decidedly more potent than the G agents.
It is also noted that it is more volatile than VX, so its potential airborne hazard is greater
than that for VX.10   See Table II-17 (page II-31) for toxicity estimates.

## Table Ii-16.  Vx

Alternate Designations:  EA 1699; EDMM; Medemo Chemical Name:  O-ethyl S-(2-dimethylaminoethyl) methylphosphonothiolate Synonyms:  Phosphonothioic acid, methyl-, S-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl] O-ethyl ester; O-Aethyl-S-(2-dimethylaminoaethyl)- methylphosphonothioat (German); S-2- Dimethylaminoethyl-O-ethylester kyseliny methylthiofosfonove (Czech); O-Ethyl-S-
(dimethylaminoethyl)-methylphosphonothioate
CAS Registry No:  20820-80-8 RTECS Number:  51366-09-7

Structural Formula:


Molecular Formula:  C7H18NO2PS
Molecular Weight:  211.26
Physical State
Liquid 1
Odor
Odorless2
Boiling Point
256oC (extrapolated) 3, 4
FP/MP
Data not available
Liquid Density (g/mL)
1.060 @ 25oC; 1.0820 @ 0oC (extrapolated) 1
Vapor Density (relative to air)
7.3 (calculated)
Vapor Pressure (torr)
6.73 x 10-3 @ 25oC; 5.7 x 10-4 @ 0oC (extrapolated) 3,4
Volatility (mg/m3)
7.64 x 101 @ 25oC; 7.02 @ 0oC (calculated from vapor pressure) 3,4
Latent Heat of Vaporization (kcal/mol)
16.0 @ 25oC; 16.1 @ 0oC (calculated from vapor pressure) 3,4
Viscosity (cP)
5.628 @ 25.0oC, 15.335 @ 0oC (extrapolated)3
Viscosity of Vapor (cP)
5.56 x 10-3 @ 25.0oC, 5.02 x 10-3 @ 0oC3
Surface Tension (dynes/cm)
31.4 @ 25.0oC, 33.7 @ 0oC (extrapolated)3
Flash Point
Data not available
Decomposition Temperature
Data not available
Solubility
Soluble in organic solvents; slightly soluble in water (source unidentified)
Rate of Hydrolysis
The rate coefficient for 7.8 x 10-3 hr-1 (based on a nonlinear least square fit) 5
Hydrolysis Products
Ethanol and the toxic product compound S-(2-dialkylamino-ethyl)
methylphosphonothioic acid that is very stable in neutral water3
Stability in Storage
Data not available
Action on Metals or Other Materials
Data not available

| Skin and eye toxicity                                                              | Extremely toxic by skin and eye absorption                                      |
|------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|---------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| 6                                                                                  |                                                                                 |
| Inhalation Toxicity                                                                | Extremely potent                                                                |
| 7                                                                                  |                                                                                 |
| Rate of action                                                                     | Rapid                                                                           |
| 8                                                                                  |                                                                                 |
| Means of detection                                                                 | M8 paper, M9 paper, M8A1, IPDS, CAM/ICAM, M18A2 CADK, MM1                       |
| 7                                                                                  |                                                                                 |
| Protection required                                                                | MOPP4; liquid nerve agents penetrate ordinary clothing rapidly                  |
| 6                                                                                  |                                                                                 |
| Decontamination                                                                    | Flush eyes with water immediately.  Use the M291 SDK to remove any liquid nerve |
| agent on skin or clothing.  Use the M295 IEDK for individual equipment.            |                                                                                 |
| 5                                                                                  |                                                                                 |
| STB,                                                                               |                                                                                 |
| HTH, or household bleach is effective on equipment.  Water, soaps, detergents,     |                                                                                 |
| steam, and absorbents (earth, sawdust, ashes, and rags) are effective for physical |                                                                                 |
| removal.                                                                           |                                                                                 |
| 10                                                                                 |                                                                                 |
| Use                                                                                | Quick-acting casualty agent                                                     |


## Table Ii-16.  Vx (Continued) Notes

1Coulter, P.B., et al., *Physical Constants of Thirteen V Agents (U)*, CWLR 2346, USA Chemical Warfare Laboratories, Army Chemical Center, MD, December 1959, UNCLASSIFIED Report (AD314520).

2TM 3-215/AFM, *Military Chemistry and Chemical Agents,* Washington DC, December 1963, UNCLASSIFIED Technical Manual (ADA 292141).

3Samuel, J.B., et al., Physical Properties of Standard Agents, Candidate Agents, and Related Compounds at Several Temperatures (U), ARCSL-SP-83015, June 1983, USA Armament Research and Development Command, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD, UNCLASSIFIED Report (ADC033491).

4Newman, J.H., Edgewood Arsenal Notebook # NB 9298, p. 64 (U).

5Szafraniec, L.J., et al., *On the Stoichiometry of Phosphonothiolate Ester Hydrolysis*, CRDEC-TR-212, USA Chemical Research Development & Engineering Center, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD, July 1990, UNCLASSIFIED Report
(ADA225952).

6FM 8-285/NAVMED P-5041/AFJMAN 44-149/FMFM 11-11, Treatment of Chemical Agent Casualties and Conventional Military Chemical Injuries, 22 December 1995.

7Sharon Reutter, et al., Review and Recommendations for Human Toxicity Estimates for FM 3-11.9, ECBC-TR-349, September 2003.

8*NIOSH-DOD-OSHA Sponsored Chemical and Biological Respiratory Protection Workshop Report*, February 2000.

9DOD Chemical And Biological Defense Program Annual Report to Congress, Volume I, April 2003.

10FM 3-5/MCWP 3-37.3, *NBC Decontamination,* 28 July 2000.

## Table Ii-17.  Vx Toxicity Estimates10

| Endpoint               | Toxicity              | TLE    | ROD    | DOC    |
|------------------------|-----------------------|--------|--------|--------|
| MV (L)                 |                       |        |        |        |
|                        |                       |        |        |        |
| Exposure               |                       |        |        |        |
| Duration               |                       |        |        |        |
| ROE                    | Probit                |        |        |        |
| Slope                  |                       |        |        |        |
| (mg-min/m              |                       |        |        |        |
| 3                      |                       |        |        |        |
| )                      |                       |        |        |        |
| N/A                    | N/A                   | N/A    | N/A    | N/A    |
| n                      |                       |        |        |        |
| N/A                    | No toxicity estimates |        |        |        |
| are recommended at     |                       |        |        |        |
| this time because data |                       |        |        |        |
| are lacking.           |                       |        |        |        |

## 6. Blood Agents


Blood agents include AC, CK, and SA.  The cyanogen blood agents AC and CK affect the bodily functions by inactivating the cytochrome oxidase system.18  This poisoning prevents cell respiration and the normal transfer of oxygen from the blood to body tissues.18
SA causes hemolysis of the red blood cells.19  Cyanogen agents are highly volatile and, therefore, nonpersistent.20  Exposure at high concentrations causes effects within seconds and death within minutes in unprotected personnel.18  The protective mask with fresh filters gives adequate protection against field concentrations.1  After exposure to AC and CK, filters should be changed.12  See FM 3-11.4 for filter change criteria.

a.

AC (see Table II-18 [page II-32]).  Pure AC is a nonpersistent, colorless liquid that is highly volatile.  It has a faint odor, similar to bitter almonds, that sometimes cannot be detected even in lethal concentrations.12   Inhalation of small amounts causes giddiness, headache and faintness, confusion, palpitation and pain in the chest and region of the heart, difficulty breathing, and ultimately unconsciousness.10  Inhalation of high concentrations can initially cause breathing that is deeper and more rapid than is normal at rest, followed closely by a loss of consciousness.  This progresses to respiratory arrest, cessation of cardiac activity, and death.18  Exposure to AC causes an increase in respiration within a few seconds; a casualty may not be able to hold his breath.  The pink color of the casualty's skin suggests AC poisoning.1  See Table II-19 (page II-33) for toxicity estimates.

## Table Ii-18.  Ac

Alternate Designations:  Cyclone (Russian); Cyclone B; Cyclon; Prussic acid, Forestite (French); Aero Liquid HCN Chemical Name:  Hydrogen cyanide Synonyms:  Hydrocyanic acid; Acide cyanhydrique (French); Acido cianidrico (Italian); Blausaeure (German); Blauwzuur (Dutch); Carbon hydride nitride (chn); Cyaanwaterstof (Dutch); Cyanwasserstoff (German); Cyjanowodor (Polish); Evercyn;
Formic anammonide; Formonitrile
CAS Registry Number:  74-90-8 RTECS Number:  MW6825000

Structural Formula:


C
H
N
Molecular Formula:  HCN Molecular Weight:  27.03
Physical State
Colorless liquid 1
Odor
Bitter almonds or peach kernels 2,3
Boiling Point
25.5oC 4,1
FP/BP
-13.3oC (MP) 1
Liquid Density (g/mL)
0.6797 @ 25oC; 0.7162 @ 0oC 5
Vapor Density (relative to air)
0.93 (calculated)
Vapor Pressure (torr)
7.60 x 102 @ 25.5oC; 7.46 x 102 @ 25.0oC; 2.65 x 102 @ 0oC 4,1
Volatility (mg/m3)
1.10 x 106 @ 25.5oC; 1.08 x 106 @ 25.0oC; 4.20 x 105 @ 0oC (calculated from vapor
pressure) 4,1
6.72 @ 25.5oC; 6.72 @ 25.0oC; 6.71 @ 0oC (calculated from vapor pressure)4,1
Latent Heat of Vaporization (kcal/mol) Viscosity (cP)
Data not available
Viscosity of Vapor (cP)
Data not available
Surface Tension (dynes/cm)
Data not available
Flash Point
-18oC (closed cup); 3 frequently ignites when explosively disseminated6
Decomposition Temperature
Above 65.5oC when stabilized; 6 forms explosive polymer on standing; 2,3 stabilized
material can be stored up to 65oC 6
Solubility
Miscible with water and common organic solvents including alcohol and ether 7
Rate of Hydrolysis
Slow under acidic conditions; rapid with traces of base or basic salts 8
Hydrolysis Products
Ammonia, formic acid (HCOOH), and amorphous brown solids 9
Stability in Storage
Pure AC is unstable in storage; forms explosive polymer on long standing; 2,6 with
the use of a stabilizer such as phosphoric acid, sulfur dioxide, or powdered copper, AC may be stored in metal containers for long periods of time @ temperatures up to
65oC 2,3,6
Action on Metals or Other Materials
Corrodes iron, cast iron, chromium steel, and lead 2
Other Data
Skin and eye toxicity
None
Inhalation toxicity
Can cause death within minutes. 10
Rate of action
Rapid 11
Means of detection
M256A1 CADK, M272 water testing kit, M18A2 CADK,12 M18A3, MMI
Protection required
Protective mask with fresh filter; MOPP 4 when exposed to or handling liquid AC 13
Decontamination
Move to fresh air; none required under field conditions 14
Use
Quick-acting casualty agent

## Table Ii-18.  Ac (Continued) Notes

1Giauque, W.F. and Ruehrwein, R.A., "The Entropy of Hydrogen Cyanide. Heat Capacity, Heat of Vaporization and Vapor Pressure. Hydrogen Bond Polymerization of the Gas in Chains of Indefinite Length." *J. Am. Chem. Soc*., Vol. 61, p. 2626,
1939.

2Franke, S., *Manual of Military Chemistry Volume I- Chemistry of Chemical Warfare Agents*, ACSI-J-3890, Chemie der Kampfstoffe, East Berlin, April 1968, UNCLASSIFIED Report (AD849866).
3Lewis, R.J., *Sax's Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials*, 10th ed., Vol. 3, p. 1992, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York, NY, 2001.

4Abercrombie, P., ECBC Notebook # NB 98-0079, p. 16 (U).

5Coates, J.E., and Davies, R.H., "Studies on Hydrogen Cyanide. Part XVIII. Some Physical Properties of Anhydrous Hydrogen Cyanide," *J. Chem. Soc*., p. 1194, 1950.

6W.R. Kirner, Summary Technical Report of Division 9, NDRC Volume 1, Chemical Warfare Agents, and Related Chemical Problems Part I-II, Chapter 2, p. 7, Office of Scientific Research and Development, Washington, DC, 1946, UNCLASSIFIED
Report (AD234270).

7*The Merck Index: An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals*, 13th ed., p. 857, Merck & Company, Inc., Whitehouse Station, NJ, 2001.

8*Properties of War Gases Vol. II: Blood and Nettle Gases (U)*, ETF 100-41/Vol-2, Chemical Corps Board, Army Chemical Center, Maryland, December 1956, CONFIDENTIAL Report (AD108457).
9Clark, D.N, Review of Reactions of Chemical Agents in Water, Final Report to USA Biomedical Research and Development Laboratory, Battelle, Columbus, OH, January 1989, UNCLASSIFIED Report (ADA213287).

10BG Russ Zajtchuk et al. (eds), *Textbook of Military Medicine:  Medical Aspects of Chemical and Biological Warfare,* Office of the Surgeon General, 1997, Chap. 10, "Cyanide Poisoning."
11*NIOSH-DOD-OSHA Sponsored Chemical and Biological Respiratory Protection Workshop Report,* February 2000.

12AFMAN 10-2602, Nuclear, Biological, Chemical, and Conventional (NBCC) Defense Operations and Standards
(Operations), 29 May 2003.

13FM 8-285/NAVMED P-5041/AFJMAN 44-149/FMFM 11-11, Treatment of Chemical Agent Casualties and Conventional Military Chemical Injuries, 22 December 1995.

14FM 8-9/NAVMED P-5059/AFJMAN 44-151, NATO Handbook on the Medical Aspects of NBC Defense Operations AMEDP-6(B), 1 February 1996.


        b.
                 AC Toxicity Estimates (Table II-19).  Note that for an inhalation/ocular expouse
the TLE is greater than 1.  This means that the effective dosage increases with longer
exposure durations and the concentration of the agent decreases.  No toxicity effects for
severe effects is recommended.  The existing estimate is not supported by the available
data.

| TLE              | ROD      | DOC         |
|------------------|----------|-------------|
| Endpoint         | Toxicity |             |
| MV (L)           | Exposure |             |
| Duration         |          |             |
| ROE              | Probit   |             |
| Slope            |          |             |
| (mg-min/m        |          |             |
| 3                |          |             |
| )                |          |             |
| 10               | 1.85     |             |
| b                |          |             |
| Some             | Low      | Lethality   |
| 50               |          |             |
| :  2860          |          |             |
| a                |          |             |
| (Provisional)    |          |             |
| 15               | 2 min    | Inhalation/ |
| Ocular           |          |             |
| Unknown          | Unknown  | Some        |
| 50               |          |             |
| :  NR            | N/A      | N/A         |
| Ocular           |          |             |
| Unknown          | N/A      | N/A         |
| (odor detection) |          |             |
| EC               |          |             |
| 50               |          |             |
| : 34 mg/m        |          |             |
| 3                |          |             |
|                  |          |             |
| c                |          |             |
| N/A              | Seconds  | Inhalation/ |
| Ocular           |          |             |

aBased on McNamara (1976).

bSee Appendix H for supporting toxicity profile estimates.

cBased on TM 3-215 (1952) and secondary human data.


        c.
                 CK (see Table II-20 [page II-34]).  CK is a colorless gas with an irritating odor.13
It is nonpersistent and is used as a quick-acting casualty agent.20  It is readily detectable by
its immediate lacrimatory effect and its irritant effect on the nasal passage.20  At high
concentrations CK produces effects similar to AC.10  However, in occasional instances, lung
irritation can lead to pulmonary edema.20  See Table II-21 (page II-35) for CK toxicity
estimates.

## Table Ii-20.  Ck

Alternate Designations:  Mauguinite (French); CC; Klortsian Chemical Name:  Cyanogen chloride Synonyms:  Chlorcyan; Chlorine cyanide; Chlorocyan; Chlorocyanide; Chlorocyanogen; Chlorure de cyanogene (French) CAS Registry Number:  506-77-4
RTECS Number:  GT2275000

Structural Formula:


C
Cl
N
Molecular Formula:  CNCl Molecular Weight:  61.47
Physical State
Colorless gas 1
Odor
Lacrimatory and irritating 2
Boiling Point
12.8C (calculated) 3-5
FP/MP
-6.9C (FP)5
Liquid Density (g/mL)
1.202 @ 10C; 1.222 @ 0C 4
Vapor Density (relative to air)
2.1 (calculated)
Vapor Pressure (torr)
7.60 x 102 @ 12.8C; 6.80 x 102 @ 10C; 4.48 x 102 @ 0C 3-5
Volatility (mg/m3)
2.62 x 106 @ 12.8C; 2.37 x 106 @ 10C; 1.62 x 106 @ 0C (calculated from vapor
pressure) 3-5
6.40 @ 12.8C; 6.41 @ 10C; 6.44 @ 0C calculated from vapor pressure) 3-5
Latent Heat of Vaporization (kcal/mol) Viscosity (cP)
Data not available
Viscosity of Vapor (cP)
Data not available
Surface Tension (dynes/cm)
Data not available
Flash Point
Nonflammable 2
Decomposition Temperature
Approximately 149C 6
Solubility
Solubility of liquefied CK in water is 71.4 g/L @ 20C, 7 soluble in common organic
solvents, sulfur mustard, and AC 1
Rate of Hydrolysis
The hydrolysis rate of CK with tap water is t1/2 = 180 hrs @ ambient temperature and
pH 7 8
Hydrolysis Products
Hydrogen chloride and cyanic acid (CNOH) 9
Stability in Storage
CK is stable in glass containers for long periods of time even @ elevated
temperatures. Stable in steel containers for at least 1 year @ ambient temperature, but only about 9 weeks @ 60C, after which time the gas begins to polymerize with formation of the corrosive solid, cyanuric chloride.  Impurities have a tendency to
promote explosive polymerization. 10,2  When stabilized using 5% anhydrous,
powdered sodium pyrophosphate, munitions grade CK with a water content of less
than 0.5% can be stored in most common metals for extended periods of time @
temperatures up to 100C. 2
Action on Metals or Other Materials
None if CK is dry; slowly polymerizes when stored unstabilized in steel and other
common metals @ elevated temperatures (see stability in storage section) 2
Other Data
Skin and eye toxicity
Irritation to eyes similar to RCAs 11
Inhalation toxicity
Can cause death within minutes 11
Rate of action
Rapid 12
Means of detection
M256A1 CADK, M272 water testing kit, M18A2 CADK, M18A3 CADK, MMI 13
Protection required
Protective mask with fresh filters 14
Decontamination
Move to fresh air; none required under field conditions 15
Use
Quick-acting casualty agent

## Table Ii-20.  Ck (Continued) Notes

1Franke, S., *Manual of Military Chemistry Volume I - Chemistry of Chemical Warfare Agents*, ACSI-J-3890, Chemie der Kampfstoffe, East Berlin, April 1968, UNCLASSIFIED Report (AD849866).

2W.R. Kirner, Summary Technical Report of Division 9, NDRC Volume 1, Chemical Warfare Agents, and Related Chemical Problems Part I-II, Chapter 2, Office of Scientific Research and Development, Washington, DC, 1946, UNCLASSIFIED
Report (AD234270).

3Abercrombie, P., ECBC Notebook # NB 98-0079, p. 16 (U).

4Cook, R.P., and Robinson, P.L., "Certain Physical Properties of Cyanogen and its Halides," *J. Chem. Soc*., p. 1001, 1935.
5Douglas, D.E., and Winkler, C.A., "The Preparation, Purification, Physical Properties and Hydrolysis of Cyanogen Chloride,"
Ca. J. Research, Vol. 25B, p. 381, 1947.

6Brooks, Marguerite E, et al., Incineration/Pyrolysis of Several Agents and Related Chemical Materials Contained in Identification Sets, ARCSL-TR-79040, October 1979, UNCLASSIFIED Report (ADB042888).

7Carter, R.H., and Knight, H.C., *Fundamental Study of Toxicity: Solubility of Certain Toxics in Water and in Olive Oil*, EACD
445, Chemical Warfare Service, Edgewood Arsenal, MD, May 1928, UNCLASSIFIED Report (ADB955216).

8Price, C.C., et al., "Hydrolysis and Chlorinolysis of Cyanogen Chloride", *J. Amer. Chem. Soc*., Vol. 69, p. 1640, 1947. 9Edwards, J.O., and Sauer, M., Chemical Reactivity of Cyanogen Chloride in Aqueous Solution, Quarterly Status Report
(March through May 1972), Report No. III, DAAA15-71-C-0478-QSR 3, USA Chemical Laboratories, Edgewood Arsenal, MD, February 1973, UNCLASSIFIED Report (ADA090556).

10Henley, F.M., *Surveillance Tests on 75 mm Steel Gas Shell Extending Over a Period of One Year*, EACD 11, Chemical Warfare Service, Edgewood Arsenal, MD, June 1920, UNCLASSIFIED Report (ADB959731).
11BG Russ Zajtchuk et al. (eds), *Textbook of Military Medicine:  Medical Aspects of Chemical and Biological Warfare,* Office of the Surgeon General, 1997, Chap. 10, "Cyanide Poisoning."
12*NIOSH-DOD-OSHA Sponsored Chemical and Biological Respiratory Protection Workshop Report,* February 2000.

13AFMAN 10-2602, Nuclear, Biological, Chemical, and Conventional (NBCC) Defense Operations and Standards
(Operations), 29 May 2003.

14FM 8-285/NAVMED P-5041/AFJMAN 44-149/FMFM 11-11, Treatment of Chemical Agent Casualties and Conventional Military Chemical Injuries, 22 December 1995.

15FM 8-9/NAVMED P-5059/AFJMAN 44-151, NATO Handbook on the Medical Aspects of NBC Defense Operations AMEDP-6(B), 1 February 1996.


        d.
                 CK Toxicity Estimates (Table II-21).  Note that for an inhalation/ocular expouse
the TLE is greater than 1.  This means that the effective dosage increases with longer
exposure durations and the concentration of the agent decreases.  No toxicity estimates for
lethal and severe effects are recommended.  The existing estimates are not supported by
the available data.


## Table Ii-21. Ck Toxicity Estimates10

| TLE           | ROD            | DOC      |
|---------------|----------------|----------|
| Endpoint      | Toxicity       |          |
| MV (L)        | Exposure       |          |
| Duration      |                |          |
| ROE           | Probit         |          |
| Slope         |                |          |
| (mg-min/m     |                |          |
| 3             |                |          |
| )             |                |          |
| N/A           | Lethality      | LCt      |
| 50            |                |          |
| :  NR         | N/A            | N/A      |
| Ocular        |                |          |
| Unknown       | More than 1    | Probably |
| Insignificant |                |          |
| N/A           | Severe effects | ECt      |
| 50            |                |          |
| :  NR         | N/A            | N/A      |
| Ocular        |                |          |
| Unknown       | More than 1    | Probably |
| Insignificant |                |          |
| N/A           | N/A            | N/A      |
| 50            |                |          |
| : 12 mg/m     |                |          |
| 3             |                |          |
|               |                |          |
| a             |                |          |
| N/A           | Few            |          |
| Seconds       |                |          |
| Inhalation/   |                |          |
| Ocular        |                |          |
| Threshold     |                |          |
| (odor         |                |          |
| detection,    |                |          |
| tearing)      |                |          |

aBased on human data and TM 3-215 (1952).


        e.
                 SA (see Table II-22 [page II-36]).  SA is a colorless gas with a disagreeable,
garlic-like odor.13  Symptoms from inhalation exposure include abdominal pain, confusion,
dizziness, headache, nausea, shortness of breath, vomiting, and weakness.  Severe exposure
damages blood, causing anemia and kidney damage.19  Exposure from liquid can cause
frostbite.19  See Table II-23 (page II-37) for toxicity estimates.

## Table Ii-22.  Sa

Alternate Designations:  Arthur Chemical Name:  Arsenic trihydride Synonyms:  Hydrogen arsenide, Arseniuretted hydrogen; Arsenic hydride; Arsenous hydride; Arsenowodor (Polish); Aresenwasserstoff (German)
CAS Registry Number:  7784-42-1 RTECS Number:  CG6475000

Structural Formula:

H


Molecular Formula:  AsH3
Molecular Weight:  77.95
Physical State
Colorless gas 1
Odor
Disagreeable, garlic-like 1
Boiling Point
-62.2C (extrapolated) 2
FP/MP
-116C (MP) 2
Liquid Density (g/mL)
1.667 @ -75C; 1.734 @ -100C 2
Vapor Density (relative to air)
2.7 (calculated)
Vapor Pressure (torr)
4.00 x 102 @ -75C and 8.69 x 101 @ -100C 2
Volatility (mg/m3)
2.55 x 106 @ -75C and 6.27 x 105 @ -100C  (calculated from vapor pressure) 2
Latent Heat of Vaporization (kcal/mol)
4.17 (calculated from Clausius Clapeyron equation which assumes constant heat
of vaporization as a function of temperature) 2
Viscosity (cP)
Data not available
Viscosity of Vapor (cP)
Data not available
Surface Tension (dynes/cm)
Data not available
Flash Point
Flammable; forms explosive mixtures with air 3
Decomposition Temperature
300C 1
Solubility
Solubility of SA in water is 0.028 g/100 g @ 20C,4 soluble in alkalis, halogen
alkanes, hydrocarbons, and benzene 3,4
Rate of Hydrolysis
Rapid in the presence of light.1  Slow, in the absence of light and air @ 15.5C and
pH ~ 7; 32% of SA is hydrolyzed within 5 hrs and about 66% within 24 hrs 5
Hydrolysis Products
SA hydrolyzes to produce shiny black arsenic, which is also highly toxic 1
Stability in Storage
Unstable in most metal containers; metals catalyze decomposition;6  on exposure
to light, moist SA decomposes quickly, depositing shiny black arsenic 1
Action on Metals or Other Materials
Corrosive to most metals 6
Other Data
Skin and eye toxicity
Exposure to liquid causes frostbite 7
Inhalation toxicity
Acute toxicity is high 7
Rate of action
1-24 hours (dependent on concentration and exposure duration)7
Means of detection
MM1
Protection required
Protective mask with fresh filter; MOPP4 when exposed to or handling liquid SA 7
Decontamination
Move to fresh air; none required under field conditions8
Use
Delayed-action casualty agent

## Table Ii-22.  Sa (Continued) Notes

1*The Merck Index: An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals*, 13th ed., p. 138, Merck & Company, Inc., Whitehouse Station, NJ, 2001. 2Johnson, W. and Pechukas, A., "Hydrogen Compounds of Arsenic. I. Preparation of Arsine in Liquid Ammonia Some Physical Properties of Arsine," *J. Am. Chem. Soc*., Vol. 59, p. 2065, 1937.

3Franke, S., *Manual of Chemistry Volume I- Chemistry of Chemical Warfare Agents*, ACSI-J-3890, Chemie der Kampfstoffe, East Berlin, April 1968, UNCLASSIFIED Technical Manual (AD849866).
4Lewis, R.J., *Sax's Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials*, 10th ed., Vol. 2, p. 309, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York, NY, 2001.

5*Properties of War Gases Volume II: Blood and Nettle Gases (U)*, ETF 100-41/Vol-2, Chemical Corps Board, Army Chemical Center, Maryland, December 1956, CONFIDENTIAL Report (AD108457).
6TM 3-215/AFM 355-7, *Military Chemistry and Chemical Agents*, Departments of the Army and the Air Force, Washington DC, December 1963, UNCLASSIFIED Technical Manual (ADA292141).

7L. Fishbein and S. Czerczak, "Concise International Chemical Assessment Document 47:  Arsine:  Human Health Aspects,"
WHO, 2002.

8 FM 8-9/NAVMED P-5059/AFJMAN 44-151, NATO Handbook on the Medical Aspects of NBC Defense Operations AMEDP-6(B), 1 February 1996.

## Table Ii-23.  Sa Toxicity Estimates10

| ROE           | Probit Slope    | TLE               | ROD            |   DOC  |
|---------------|-----------------|-------------------|----------------|--------|
| Endpoint      | Toxicity        |                   |                |        |
| MV (L)        | Exposure        |                   |                |        |
| Duration      |                 |                   |                |        |
| (mg-min/m     |                 |                   |                |        |
| 3             |                 |                   |                |        |
| )             |                 |                   |                |        |
| 15            | 2 min           | Inhalation/Ocular | Not Calculated |    1.4 |
| b             |                 |                   |                |        |
| Some          | Low             | Lethality         | LCt            |        |
| 50            |                 |                   |                |        |
| :  7500       |                 |                   |                |        |
| a             |                 |                   |                |        |
|               |                 |                   |                |        |
| (Provisional) |                 |                   |                |        |

aBased on modeling of 6 species. bSee Appendix H for supporting toxicity profile estimates.

## 7. Blister Agents (Vesicants)


Blister agents are used to produce casualties, to degrade fighting efficiency, and to restrict use of terrain and equipment.1   Blister agents are CW agents that act on the eyes, mucous membranes, lungs, skin, and blood-forming organs.12  The most toxic route of exposure is inhalation/ocular.10  The severity of a blister agent burn relates directly to the concentration of the agent, the duration of contact with the skin,1 and the location on the body.  Most blister agents are insidious in action except for lewisite (L) and phosgene oxime (CX), which cause immediate pain on contact.  Assume MOPP4 whenever liquid or vaporized agents are known to be present.1   Decontaminate within 1 or 2 minutes after exposure to help prevent or decrease tissue damage.21   The blister agents are divided into three groups:  mustards, arsenicals, and urticants.


        a.
                 Mustards.  This group of agents includes the sulfur mustards (H and HD) and
the nitrogen mustards (HN-1, HN-2, and HN-3).  Because of their physical properties,
mustards are persistent under cool conditions; however, evaporation increases as the
temperature increases.21   It is possible to increase their persistency even more by
dissolving them in thickeners.12


                 (1)
                          Distilled Mustard (HD) (see Table II-24 [page II-38]).  HD is a pale yellow
to dark brown oily liquid with a garlic-like odor.13   The eyes and respiratory tract are the
most sensitive target organs.10   The latency period for ocular effects is shorter than that for
pulmonary effects, and acutely, ocular effects are more debilitating.10  Both mustard vapor
and liquid rapidly penetrate the skin.  Warm, moist areas with thin skin (perineum,
external genitalia, underarms, inside elbow, and neck) are much more sensitive.21  Sweaty
skin absorbs more mustard than dry skin.  With an increase in temperature (>85 degrees F)
and humidity, the effective dosages decrease and are about half of those for temperatures
from 65 to 75 degrees F.10  Mild symptoms caused from vapor exposure include tearing,

itchy, burning, gritty feeling in the eyes, rhinorrhea, sneezing, hoarseness, hacking cough, and erythema.  Severe symptoms include marked lid edema, possible corneal damage, severe pain in the eyes, productive cough, dyspnea, and vesication.21  Repeated exposures can cause an increase in sensitivity.21  See Table II-25 (page II-40) for toxicity estimates.

## Table Ii-24.  Hd

Alternate Designations:  EA 1033; HS; G.34; M.O; Kampstoff "Lost"; Mustard HD; Mustard gas; Mustard Sulfur; Mustard vapor; S-Lost; Schewefel-lost; S mustard; Sulfur mustard gas; Sulfur mustard; Sulphur mustard; Sulphur mustard gas; Yellow Cross liquid; Y; Yperite (French & German) Chemical Name:  Bis (2-chloroethyl) sulfide Synonyms:  2, 2'-dichloroethyl sulfide; 1, 1'-Thiobis(2-chloroethane); -  '-dichlorodiethyl sulphide;  , -
dichloroethylsulfide di - (2-chloro-ethyl) sulfide; Sulfide, bis (2-chloroethyl); Bis (beta-chloroethyl)sulfide; Bis (2- chloroethyl)sulfide; Bis (2-chloroethyl) sulphide; 1-Chloro-2-(beta-chloroethylthio)ethane; 2,2'-Dichlorodiethyl sulfide; Di-2- chloroethyl sulfide; beta,beta'-Dichloroethyl sulfide;   beta,beta-Dichlor-ethyl-sulphide; 2,2'-Dichloroethyl sulphide; Gelbkreuz
(Czech); 1,1'-Thiobis(2-chloroethane)
CAS Registry Number:  505-60-2 RTECS Number:  WQ0900000

Structural Formula:
                                                                         Cl-CH2-CH2-S-CH2-CH2-Cl
Molecular Formula:  C4H8Cl2S
Molecular Weight:  159.07

| Physical State                                                                        | Pale yellow to dark brown oily liquid;                                             |
|---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| 1                                                                                     |                                                                                    |
| colorless when pure                                                                   |                                                                                    |
| 1,2                                                                                   |                                                                                    |
| Odor                                                                                  | Garlic-like                                                                        |
| 1,3                                                                                   |                                                                                    |
| or horseradish                                                                        |                                                                                    |
| 3                                                                                     |                                                                                    |
|                                                                                       |                                                                                    |
| Boiling Point                                                                         | 218C (extrapolated); at atmospheric pressure HD starts to decompose below the     |
| boiling point                                                                         |                                                                                    |
| 4                                                                                     |                                                                                    |
| FP/MP                                                                                 | 14.45C (FP)                                                                       |
| 2                                                                                     |                                                                                    |
| Solid Density (g/mL)                                                                  | 1.372 @ 0C; 1.333 @ 10C                                                          |
| 5                                                                                     |                                                                                    |
|                                                                                       |                                                                                    |
| Liquid Density (g/mL)                                                                 | 1.2685 @ 25C                                                                      |
| 6                                                                                     |                                                                                    |
|                                                                                       |                                                                                    |
| Vapor Density (relative to air)                                                       | 5.5 (calculated)                                                                   |
| Vapor Pressure (torr)                                                                 | 1.06 x 10                                                                          |
| -                                                                                     |                                                                                    |
| 1 @ 25C                                                                              |                                                                                    |
| 4                                                                                     |                                                                                    |
| Volatility (mg/m                                                                      |                                                                                    |
| 3                                                                                     |                                                                                    |
| )                                                                                     | 9.06 x 102 @ 25C (calculated from vapor pressure)                                 |
| 4                                                                                     |                                                                                    |
| 15.0 @ 25C (calculated from vapor pressure)                                          |                                                                                    |
| 4                                                                                     |                                                                                    |
|                                                                                       | Latent Heat of Vaporization                                                        |
| (kcal/mol)                                                                            |                                                                                    |
| Viscosity (cP)                                                                        | 3.951 @ 25.0C, 7.746 @ 0C (extrapolated)                                         |
| 7                                                                                     |                                                                                    |
| Viscosity of Vapor (cP)                                                               | 6.65 x 10                                                                          |
| -3                                                                                    |                                                                                    |
| @ 25.0C, 6.00 x 10                                                                   |                                                                                    |
| -3                                                                                    |                                                                                    |
| @ 0C                                                                                 |                                                                                    |
| 7                                                                                     |                                                                                    |
| Surface Tension (dynes/cm)                                                            | 42.5 @ 25.0C, 45.9 @ 0C                                                          |
| 7                                                                                     |                                                                                    |
| Flash Point                                                                           | 105C                                                                              |
| 5                                                                                     |                                                                                    |
| Decomposition Temperature                                                             | 180C                                                                              |
| 8                                                                                     |                                                                                    |
| Solubility                                                                            | HD is practically insoluble in water; solubility of HD in distilled water is 0.92g |
| HD/100g solution at 22C.  HD is freely soluble in fats and oils, gasoline, kerosene, |                                                                                    |
| most organic solvents, and CW agents.                                                 |                                                                                    |
| 5                                                                                     |                                                                                    |
| Rate of Hydrolysis                                                                    | t                                                                                  |
| 1/2                                                                                   |                                                                                    |
| = 5 min @ 25C via a S                                                                |                                                                                    |
| n                                                                                     |                                                                                    |
| 1 mechanism;                                                                          |                                                                                    |
| 9                                                                                     |                                                                                    |
| t                                                                                     |                                                                                    |
| 1/2                                                                                   |                                                                                    |
| = 60 min @ 25C in salt water.                                                        |                                                                                    |
| 10                                                                                    |                                                                                    |
|                                                                                       |                                                                                    |
| HD on or under water undergoes hydrolysis only if dissolved.  The rate of HD          |                                                                                    |
| hydrolysis is controlled by the rate of mass transfer and is very slow.               |                                                                                    |
| 11                                                                                    |                                                                                    |
| Hydrolysis Products                                                                   | Hydrogen chloride, thiodiglycol, and sulfonium ion aggregatesone of which is also |
| highly toxic                                                                          |                                                                                    |
| 11                                                                                    |                                                                                    |
| Stability in Storage                                                                  | A small amount of degradation occurs when stored in steel ton containers for over  |
| 50 years.                                                                             |                                                                                    |
| 12                                                                                    |                                                                                    |
| This degradation appears to be caused by the formation of solid                       |                                                                                    |
| deposits "heels" comprised of a six-membered ring cyclic sulfonium ion {1-(2-         |                                                                                    |
| chloroethyl) -1,4-dithianium chloride}, HD, and Fe, which were detected at the        |                                                                                    |
| bottom of the containers.                                                             |                                                                                    |
| 13                                                                                    |                                                                                    |
|                                                                                       |                                                                                    |
| Action on Metals or Other Materials                                                   | Very little when pure.                                                             |
| 3                                                                                     |                                                                                    |
| The corrosion rate of HD on steel is 0.0001 inch/month @                              |                                                                                    |
| 65C using munitions grade HD.                                                        |                                                                                    |
| 14                                                                                    |                                                                                    |
|                                                                                       |                                                                                    |

## Table Ii-24.  Hd (Continued) Other Data

| Skin and eye toxicity                                                             | Eyes are very susceptible to low concentrations; incapacitating effects by skin    |
|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------|------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| absorption require higher concentrations.                                         |                                                                                    |
| 15                                                                                |                                                                                    |
| Inhalation toxicity                                                               | Most toxic route of exposure                                                       |
| 16                                                                                |                                                                                    |
| Rate of action                                                                    | Delayedhours to days                                                              |
| 17                                                                                |                                                                                    |
| Means of detection                                                                | M8 paper, M9 paper, M256A1CADK, M90 AMAD, M21 ACAA, M22 ACADA,                     |
| CAM/ICAM, M272 water testing kit, M18A3 CADK                                      |                                                                                    |
| 18                                                                                |                                                                                    |
| , MM1, M18A2 CADK                                                                 |                                                                                    |
| Protection required                                                               | MOPP4 whenever liquid or vaporized agents are present                              |
| 15                                                                                |                                                                                    |
| Decontamination                                                                   | Flush eyes with water immediately.  Use the M291 SDK to remove any liquid nerve    |
| agent on skin or clothing.  Use the M295 IEDK for individual equipment.           |                                                                                    |
| 15                                                                                |                                                                                    |
| HTH or                                                                            |                                                                                    |
| household bleach is effective on equipment.  Water, soaps, detergents, steam, and |                                                                                    |
| absorbents (earth, sawdust, ashes, and rags) are effective for physical removal.  |                                                                                    |
| STB does not effectively decontaminate mustard if it has solidified at low        |                                                                                    |
| temperatures.                                                                     |                                                                                    |
| 19                                                                                |                                                                                    |
| Use                                                                               | Delayed-action casualty agent                                                      |

1Franke, S., *Manual of Chemistry Volume I-Chemistry of Chemical Warfare Agents*, ACSI-J-3890, Chemie der Kampfstoffe, East Berlin, April 1968, UNCLASSIFIED Technical Manual (AD849866).

2Felsing, W.A., et al., "The Melting Point of Mustard Gas," J. Amer.Chem. Soc., Vol. 70, p. 1966, 1948. 3Kibler, A.L., *Data on Chemical Warfare*, Technical Division Memorandum Report 456, Chemical Warfare Center, Edgewood Arsenal, MD, November 1942, UNCLASSIFIED Report (ADB969725).

4Penski, E.C., *Properties of Di-(2-Chloroethyl) Sulfide I. Vapor Pressure Data Review and Analysis*, ERDEC-TR-043, USA
Edgewood Research, Development and Engineering Center, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD, April 1993, UNCLASSIFIED Report (ADA 267059).

5Buckles, M.F., *CW Vesicants: Selected Values for the Physical Properties of H, T, and Q (U)*, Special Report CRLR 542, Chemical Corps Chemical and Radiological Laboratories, Army chemical Center, MD, May 1956, UNCLASSIFIED Report
(AD108272).

6Moelwyn-Hughes, E.A., and Owens, R., The Surface Tension, The Molecular Surface Energy and the Parachor of Toxic Compounds and of Certain Chlorides Used in Their Manufacture, Part XV of the Thermal Decomposition of the Secondary Alkylfluorophosphonites, Sutton Oak Report 544, Sutton Oak, England, September 1941, UNCLASSIFIED Report.

7Samuel, J.B., et al., Physical Properties of Standard Agents, Candidate Agents, and Related Compounds at Several Temperatures (U), ARCSL-SP-83015, USA Armament Research and Development Command, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD, June 1983, UNCLASSIFIED Report (ADC033491).

8Williams, A.H., "The Thermal Decomposition of 2:2'-Dichlorodiethyl Sulphide,," *J. Chem. Soc*., p. 318, 1947.

9Bartlett, P.D., and Swain, C.G., "Kinetics of Hydrolysis and Displacement Reactions of -'-(Dichlorodiethyl Sulfide
(Mustard Gas) and of -Chloro-'-hyroxidediethyl Sulfide (Mustard Chlorohydrin)," *J. Chem. Soc*., Vol. 71, p. 1406, 1949.

10Brookfield, K.J., et al., *The Kinetics of the Hydrolysis of Vesicants Part II-2:2'-Dichlorodiethylsulphide (H)*, SO/R/576, Military Intelligence Division, Great Britain, March 1942, UNCLASSIFIED Report.

11Yang, Y., et al., "Decontamination of Chemical Warfare Agents," *Chem. Rev*., Vol. 92, p. 1729, 1992. 12Abercrombie, P.L., and Butrow, A.B., *Selected Physical Properties of Ton Container HD (Mustard) and VX*, ERDEC-TR-
450, USA Edgewood Research, Development, and Engineering Center, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD, July 1998, UNCLASSIFIED Report (ADA350462).

13Yang, Y., et al., "Characterization of HD Heels and the Degradation of HD in Ton Containers," In Proceedings of the 1996
ERDEC Scientifiec Conference on Chemical and Biological Defense Research 19-22 November 1996, UNCLASSIFIED
Paper, ERDEC-SP-048, pp 353-360, USA Edgewood Research, Development and Engineering Center, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD, October 1997, UNCLASSIFIED Report (ADA334105).

14Harris, B.L., et al., Corrosion by Vesicants: Rate of Corrosion of Steel and Other Metals by H, HQ, HN-3, HN-1 and L.

Mostly at 65C, Technical Division Memorandum Report 1031, USA Chemical Research and Development Laboratories, Army Chemical Center, MD, April 1945, UNCLASSIFIED Report (ADB963161).

15FM 8-285/NAVMED P-5041/AFJMAN 44-149/FMFM 11-11, Treatment of Chemical Agent Casualties and Conventional Military Chemical Injuries, 22 December 1995.

16Sharon Reutter, et al., Review and Recommendations for Human Toxicity Estimates for FM 3-11.9, ECBC-TR-349, September 2003.

17NIOSH-DOD-OSHA Sponsored Chemical and Biological Respiratory Protection Workshop Report, February 2000.

18DOD Chemical And Biological Defense Program Annual Report to Congress, Volume I, April 2003.

19FM 3-5/MCWP 3-37.3, *NBC Decontamination,* 28 July 2000.



## Table Ii-25. Hd Toxicity Estimates10

| TLE            | ROD          | DOC          |
|----------------|--------------|--------------|
| Endpoint       | Toxicity     |              |
| MV (L)         | Exposure     |              |
| Duration       |              |              |
| ROE            | Probit       |              |
| Slope          |              |              |
| (mg-min/m      |              |              |
| 3              |              |              |
| )              |              |              |
| Low            | LD           |              |
| 50             |              |              |
| :  1400 mg     |              |              |
| a              |              |              |
| N/A            | N/A; 70-kg   |              |
| man            |              |              |
| Percutaneous   |              |              |
| Liquid         |              |              |
| b              |              |              |
| 7              | N/A          | Little, if   |
| any            |              |              |
| Lethality      |              |              |
|                |              |              |
| 6              | 1.5          |              |
| d              |              |              |
| Some           | Low          | LCt          |
| 50             |              |              |
| :  1000        |              |              |
| c              |              |              |
| 15             | 2 min        | Inhalation/  |
| Ocular         |              |              |
| LCt            |              |              |
| 50             |              |              |
| :  10,000      |              |              |
| a,e            |              |              |
| N/A            | 30-360 min   | Percutaneous |
| Vapor          |              |              |
| f              |              |              |
| 7              | 1            |              |
| d,g            |              |              |
| Unknown        | Low          |              |
| h              |              |              |
| LCt            |              |              |
| 50             |              |              |
| :  5000        |              |              |
| I,j            |              |              |
|                |              |              |
| (Provisional)  |              |              |
| N/A            | 30-360 min   | Percutaneous |
| Vapor          |              |              |
| f              |              |              |
| 7              | 1            |              |
| d,g            |              |              |
| Unknown        | Low          |              |
| Low            | Percutaneous |              |
| Liquid         |              |              |
| b              |              |              |
| 3              | N/A          | Little, if   |
| any            |              |              |
| ED             |              |              |
| 50             |              |              |
| :  600 mg      |              |              |
| a              |              |              |
| N/A            | N/A;         |              |
| 70-kg man      |              |              |
| Severe         |              |              |
| effects        |              |              |
| (vesication)   |              |              |
| Moderate       | ECt          |              |
| 50             |              |              |
| :  500         |              |              |
| e,k            |              |              |
| N/A            | 30-360 min   | Percutaneous |
| Vapor          |              |              |
| f              |              |              |
| 3              | 1            |              |
| d,g,l          |              |              |
| Little, if     |              |              |
| any            |              |              |
| Moderate       |              |              |
| h              |              |              |
| ECt            |              |              |
| 50             |              |              |
| :  200         |              |              |
| i,k            |              |              |
| N/A            | 30-360 min   | Percutaneous |
| Vapor          |              |              |
| f              |              |              |
| 3              | 1            |              |
| d,g,l          |              |              |
| Little, if     |              |              |
| any            |              |              |
| High           | Severe       |              |
| effects (eyes) |              |              |
| ECt            |              |              |
| 50             |              |              |
| :  75          |              |              |
| m              |              |              |
| N/A            | 2-360 min    | Ocular       |
| d              |              |              |
| Little, if     |              |              |
| any            |              |              |
| ECt            |              |              |
| 50             |              |              |
| :  50          |              |              |
| a,e            |              |              |
| N/A            | 30 min       | Percutaneous |
| Vapor          |              |              |
| f              |              |              |
| 3              | 1            |              |
| d              |              |              |
| Little, if     |              |              |
| any            |              |              |
| Moderate       |              |              |
| Moderate       | Mild effects |              |
| (erythema,     |              |              |
| itching, some  |              |              |
| pain)          |              |              |
| ECt            |              |              |
| 50             |              |              |
| :  25          |              |              |
| a,i            |              |              |
| N/A            | 30 min       | Percutaneous |
| Vapor          |              |              |
| f              |              |              |
| 3              | 1            |              |
| d              |              |              |
| Little, if     |              |              |
| any            |              |              |
| ECt            |              |              |
| 50             |              |              |
| :  25          |              |              |
| a              |              |              |
| N/A            | 2-360 min    | Ocular       |
| d              |              |              |
| Some           | High         | Mild effects |
| (eyes)         |              |              |
| 3              |              |              |
|                | High         | EC           |
| 50             |              |              |
| : 0.6-1mg/m    |              |              |
| n              |              |              |
| N/A            |              |              |
| Few            |              |              |
| seconds        |              |              |
| Inhalation     | N/A          | N/A          |
| insignificant  |              |              |
| Odor           |              |              |
| detection      |              |              |

aBased on Grotte and Yang (2001).

bBare skin.

cBased on Grotte and Yang (2001) and Sommerville (2002). dSee Appendix H for supporting toxicity profile estimates.

eModerate temperatures (65-85F).

fAssumes personnel are masked with eye protection and clothed skin.

gThe TLE value is assumed to be 1 because the Ct profile is unknown.

hTrue human LCt50/ECt50 values could be lower.

iHot temperatures (greater than 85F). jBased on temperature factor given in Grotte and Yang (2001) and analysis of lethal data for GB percutaneous vapor exposure.

kBased on Grotte and Yang (2001) and Letter (Dec 2001).

lBased on human data.

mBased on re-analysis of human data. nBased on primary human data.


(2)
Levinstein Mustard (H).  Levinstein mustard is the original mustard (gas)
of World War I vintage.  It contains H and about 30 percent impurities.  Properties of H are essentially the same as those for HD.  The effective dosages of H and HD have been demonstrated to be quite comparable.10  This manual does not differentiate between H and HD.


                 (3)
                          Nitrogen Mustard (HN-1) (see Table II-26).  HN-1 is a colorless liquid when
pure with a faint, fishy or soapy odor.13  It is used as a delayed-action casualty agent.  The
most prevalent symptoms in men inadvertently exposed to HN-1 vapor were conjunctivitis,
laryngitis, bronchitis, hoarseness, coughing, elevated temperature, nausea, and vomiting.
In this accidental exposure, the fact that these men, with all the knowledge available at
their command as to precautions, protection against, and physical and chemical properties

of HN-1, were severely affected without knowledge of their exposure, serves to further emphasize the insidious nature of this agent.10  See Table II-27 (page II-43) for HN-1
toxicity estimates.

## Table Ii-26.  Hn-1

Alternate Designations:  Ethyl S; NH-Lost; NOR nitrogen mustard; Nitrogen mustard gas 1; NSC 10873; TL 329; TL 1149 Chemical Name:  2,2'-Dichlorotriethylamine Synonyms:  Bis (2-chloroethyl)ethylamine; Ethylbis(2-chloroethyl)amine; N-ethyl, bis ( -chloroethyl)amine Ethylbis (betachloroethyl)amine CAS Registry Number:  538-07-8 RTECS Number:  YE1225000

Structural Formula:

|                                                                                  |                                                                                           |
|----------------------------------------------------------------------------------|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Molecular Formula:  C                                                            |                                                                                           |
| 6                                                                                |                                                                                           |
| H                                                                                |                                                                                           |
| 13                                                                               |                                                                                           |
| Cl                                                                               |                                                                                           |
| 2                                                                                |                                                                                           |
| N                                                                                |                                                                                           |
| Molecular Weight:  170.08                                                        |                                                                                           |
|                                                                                  |                                                                                           |
| Physical State                                                                   | Dark oily liquid;                                                                         |
| 1                                                                                |                                                                                           |
| colorless when pure                                                              |                                                                                           |
| 1,2                                                                              |                                                                                           |
|                                                                                  |                                                                                           |
| Odor                                                                             | Faint, fishy or soapy                                                                     |
| 3                                                                                |                                                                                           |
| Boiling Point                                                                    | 192C (extrapolated);                                                                     |
| 4,2                                                                              |                                                                                           |
| at atmospheric pressure HN-1 decomposes below the boiling                        |                                                                                           |
| point                                                                            |                                                                                           |
| 5                                                                                |                                                                                           |
| FP/MP                                                                            | -34.2C (MP)                                                                              |
| 2                                                                                |                                                                                           |
| Liquid Density (g/mL)                                                            | 1.086 @ 25C; 1.110 @ 0C (extrapolated)                                                  |
| 2                                                                                |                                                                                           |
| Vapor Density (relative to air)                                                  | 5.9 (calculated)                                                                          |
| Vapor Pressure (torr)                                                            | 2.44 x 10                                                                                 |
| -                                                                                |                                                                                           |
| 1 @ 25C; 3.32 x 10                                                              |                                                                                           |
| -                                                                                |                                                                                           |
| 2@ 0C (extrapolated)                                                            |                                                                                           |
| 4,2                                                                              |                                                                                           |
|                                                                                  |                                                                                           |
| Volatility (mg/m                                                                 |                                                                                           |
| 3                                                                                |                                                                                           |
| )                                                                                | 2.23 x 103 @ 25C; 3.31 x 102 @ 0C (calculated from vapor pressure)                      |
| 4,2                                                                              |                                                                                           |
| 13.0 @ 25C; 12.9 @ 0C (calculated from vapor pressure)                         |                                                                                           |
| 4,2                                                                              |                                                                                           |
| Latent Heat of Vaporization                                                      |                                                                                           |
| (kcal/mol)                                                                       |                                                                                           |
| Viscosity (cP)                                                                   | Data not available                                                                        |
| Viscosity of Vapor (cP)                                                          | Data not available                                                                        |
| Surface Tension (dynes/cm)                                                       | Data not available                                                                        |
| Flash Point                                                                      | Data not available; flashing has occurred on static detonation                            |
| 3                                                                                |                                                                                           |
| Decomposition Temperature                                                        | For HN-1  HCl, 12.7% is destroyed @ 149C and @ 426C >99% is destroyed.                 |
| 5                                                                                |                                                                                           |
| Solubility                                                                       | Solubility in water is approximately 4 g HN-1/L solution @ ambient temperature.           |
| Miscible with common organic solvents.                                           |                                                                                           |
| 3                                                                                |                                                                                           |
| Rate of Hydrolysis                                                               | t                                                                                         |
| 1/2                                                                              |                                                                                           |
| = 1.3 min @ 25C in aqueous solution                                             |                                                                                           |
| 3                                                                                |                                                                                           |
|                                                                                  |                                                                                           |
| Hydrolysis Products                                                              | Complete hydrolysis yields the following: hydrochloric acid and ethyl diethanolamine,     |
| CH                                                                               |                                                                                           |
| 3                                                                                |                                                                                           |
| CH                                                                               |                                                                                           |
| 2                                                                                |                                                                                           |
| N(CH                                                                             |                                                                                           |
| 2                                                                                |                                                                                           |
| CH                                                                               |                                                                                           |
| 2                                                                                |                                                                                           |
| OH)                                                                              |                                                                                           |
| 2                                                                                |                                                                                           |
| .                                                                                |                                                                                           |
| 1                                                                                |                                                                                           |
| The process involves a complex series of reactions, with                         |                                                                                           |
| formation of the hydrochloride, cyclic imonium salts, a dimer, etc.              |                                                                                           |
| 6                                                                                |                                                                                           |
|                                                                                  |                                                                                           |
| Stability in Storage                                                             | Polymerizes with the formation of solid deposits, when stored in steel containers; this   |
| amount is slight @ ambient temperature, but increases @ temperatures above 50C. |                                                                                           |
| 7                                                                                |                                                                                           |
|                                                                                  |                                                                                           |
| Action on Metals or Other Materials                                              | Corrosion of HN-1 on steel @ 65C is 1 x 10                                               |
| -5                                                                               |                                                                                           |
| to 5 x 10                                                                        |                                                                                           |
| -5                                                                               |                                                                                           |
| inch/month                                                                       |                                                                                           |
| 8                                                                                |                                                                                           |
| Other Data                                                                       |                                                                                           |
| Skin and eye toxicity                                                            | Eyes are very susceptible to low concentration; incapacitating effects by skin absorption |
| require higher concentrations.                                                   |                                                                                           |
| 9                                                                                |                                                                                           |
| Inhalation toxicity                                                              | Most toxic route of exposure                                                              |
| 10                                                                               |                                                                                           |
| Rate of action                                                                   | Delayed:  12 hours or longer                                                              |
| 11                                                                               |                                                                                           |
| Means of detection                                                               | M8 paper, M9 paper, M256A1 CADK, CAM/ICAM, MM1                                            |
| 12                                                                               |                                                                                           |
| Protection required                                                              | MOPP4 whenever liquid or vapor is present                                                 |
| 9                                                                                |                                                                                           |
|                                                                                  |                                                                                           |

## Table Ii-26.  Hn-1 (Continued)

| Decontamination                                                                         | Liquid on eyes and skin requires immediate decontamination.    |
|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|----------------------------------------------------------------|
| 9                                                                                       |                                                                |
| HTH, household bleach                                                                   |                                                                |
| is effective on equipment.  Water, soaps, detergents, steam, and absorbents (earth,     |                                                                |
| sawdust, ashes, and rags) are effective for physical removal.  STB does not effectively |                                                                |
| decontaminate mustard if it has solidified at low temperatures.                         |                                                                |
| 13                                                                                      |                                                                |
| Use                                                                                     | Delayed-action casualty agent                                  |

1Cheicante, R.L., et al., "Investigation for the Determination of Nitrogen Mustard and Related Compounds in Air by Gas Chromatography Using Solid Sorbent Collection and Thermal Desorption," In Proceedings of the 1998 ERDEC Scientific Conference on Chemical and Biological Defense Research 17-20 November 1998, UNCLASSFIED Paper (ADE491775), ERDEC-SP-004, pp 781-792, USA ECBC, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD, July 1999, UNCLASSFIED Report (ADA375171).

2Dawson, T., *A Memorandum Report New Compounds 2,2' Dichlorotriethylamine*, Technical Division Memorandum Report 552, USA Chemical Research and Development Laboratories, Army Chemical Center, MD, February 1943, UNCLASSFIED Report (ADB960467).

3W.R. Kirner, Summary Technical Report of Division 9, NDRC Volume 1, Chemical Warfare Agents, and Related Chemical Problems Part I-II, Chapter 6, p. 59, Office of Scientific Research and Development, Washington, DC, 1946, UNCLASSIFIED
Report (AD234270).

4Abercrombie, P., ECBC Notebook # NB 98-0079, p. 24 (U).

5Brooks, M. E. and Parker, G.A., et al., Incineration/Pyrolysis of Several Agents and Related Chemical Materials Contained in Identification Sets, ARCSL-TR-79040, October 1979, UNCLASSIFIED Report (ADB042888).
6W.R. Kirner, Summary Technical Report of Division 9, NDRC Volume 1, Chemical Warfare Agents, and Related Chemical Problems Part I-II, Chapter 19, p. 389, Office of Scientific Research and Development, Washington, DC, 1946, UNCLASSIFIED
Report (AD234270).

7Harris, B.L., et al., Thickened Vesicants: Storage Stability of Unthickened and Thickened Nitrogen Mustards and Their Mixtures with Levinstein Mustard, Technical Division Memorandum Report 706, USA Chemical Research and Development Laboratories, Army Chemical Center, MD, July 1943, UNCLASSIFIED Report (ADB962153).
8Harris, B.L. andMacy, R., Corrosion by Vesicants: Rate of Corrosion of Steel and Other Metals by H, HQ, HN-3, HN-1, and L, Mostly at 65C, Technical Division Memorandum Report 1031, USA Chemical Research and Development Laboratories, Army Chemical Center, MD, April 1945, UNCLASSIFIED Report (ADB963161).

9FM 8-285/NAVMED P-5041/AFJMAN 44-149/FMFM 11-11, Treatment of Chemical Agent Casualties and Conventional Military Chemical Injuries, 22 December 1995.

10Sharon Reutter, et al., Review and Recommendations for Human Toxicity Estimates for FM 3-11.9, ECBC-TR-349, September 2003.

11*NIOSH-DOD-OSHA Sponsored Chemical and Biological Respiratory Protection Workshop Report,* February 2000.

12DOD Chemical and Biological Defense Program Annual Report to Congress, Volume I, April 2003.

13FM 3-5/MCWP 3-37.3, *NBC Decontamination,* 28 July 2000.



| Endpoint            | Toxicity            |
|---------------------|---------------------|
|                     |                     |
| TLE                 | ROD                 |
| Slope               |                     |
| (mg-min/m           |                     |
| 3                   |                     |
| )                   |                     |
| a                   |                     |
| MV (L)              | Exposure            |
| Duration            |                     |
| Lethality           | Percutaneous Liquid |
| b                   |                     |
| Unknown             | N/A                 |
| 50                  |                     |
| :  1400 mg          | N/A                 |
| kg man              |                     |
| LCt                 |                     |
| 50                  |                     |
| :  1000             | 15                  |
| c,d                 |                     |
| Unknown             | Low                 |
| LCt                 |                     |
| 50                  |                     |
| :  10,000           |                     |
| e                   |                     |
| N/A                 | 30 min              |
| f                   |                     |
| Unknown             | 1                   |
| c,d                 |                     |
| Unknown             | Low                 |
| LCt                 |                     |
| 50                  |                     |
| :  5000             |                     |
| g                   |                     |
| N/A                 | 30 min              |
| f                   |                     |
| Unknown             | 1                   |
| c,d                 |                     |
| Unknown             | Low                 |
| Percutaneous Liquid |                     |
|                     |                     |
| Unknown             | N/A                 |
| 50                  |                     |
| :  600 mg           | N/A                 |
| kg man              |                     |
| Severe              |                     |
| effects             |                     |
| (vesication)        |                     |
| ECt                 |                     |
| 50                  |                     |
| :  500              |                     |
| e                   |                     |
| N/A                 | 30 min              |
| f                   |                     |
| Unknown             | 1                   |
| c,d                 |                     |
| Unknown             | Low                 |
| ECt                 |                     |
| 50                  |                     |
| :  200              |                     |
| g                   |                     |
| N/A                 | 30 min              |
| .f                  |                     |
| Unknown             | 1                   |
| c,d                 |                     |
| Unknown             | Low                 |
| ECt                 |                     |
| 5                   |                     |
| :  75               | N/A                 |
| c,d                 |                     |
| Unknown             | Low                 |
| effects             |                     |
| (eyes)              |                     |
| ECt                 |                     |
| 50                  |                     |
| :  25               |                     |
| g                   |                     |
| N/A                 | 30 min              |
| f                   |                     |
| Unknown             | 1                   |
| c,d                 |                     |
| Unknown             | Low                 |
| ECt                 |                     |
| 50                  |                     |
| :  50               |                     |
| e                   |                     |
| N/A                 | 30 min              |
| f                   |                     |
| Unknown             | 1                   |
| c,d                 |                     |
| Unknown             | Low                 |
| (pain,              |                     |
| erythema,           |                     |
| itching)            |                     |
| ECt                 |                     |
| 50                  |                     |
| :  25               | N/A                 |
| c,d                 |                     |
| Unknown             | Low                 |
| (eyes)              |                     |

aAll toxicity values given are provisional and based on recommendations for H/HD.

bBare skin.

cSee Appendix H for supporting toxicity profile estimate.

dThe TLE value is assumed to be 1 because the Ct profile is unknown. eModerate temperatures (65-85F).

fAssumes personnel are masked with eye protection. gHot temperatures (greater than 85F).


                 (4)
                          Nitrogen mustard (HN-2) (see Table II-28).  HN-2 is a colorless liquid when
pure, and it has a fishy or soapy odor.13  HN-2 is irritating to the eyes.20  For other
symptoms, see discussions of HN-1.  See Table II-29 (page II-45) for HN-2 toxicity
estimates.

## Table Ii-28.  Hn-2

Alternate Designations:  Dichloren; N-methyl-Lost (German); Mustine; Mustargen; Mutagen; Nitrogen mustard; NSC 762; S; TL 146; T-1024; ENT-25294; MBA
Chemical Name:  Bis-(2-chloroethyl)methylamine Synonyms:  2,2'-Dichloro-N-methyldiethylamine; N, N-bis(2-chloroethyl)methylamine, N-methyl,  bis( chloroethyl)amine;
Bis(beta-chloroethyl)methylamine; Chloramine; Chlorethazine; Chlormethine; 2-Chloro-N-(2-chloroethyl)-N- methylethanamine; beta, beta'-Dichlorodiethyl-N-methylamine; 2,2'-Dichlorodiethyl-methylamine; Di(2- chloroethyl)methylamine; N,N-Di(chloroethyl)methylamine; Ethanamine, 2-chloro-N-(2-chloroethyl)-N-methyl-; Mechlorethamine; Mecloretamina (Italian); Methylbis(beta-chloroethyl)amine; Methylbis(2-chloroethyl)amine; N-Methyl-bischloraethylamin (German); N-Methyl-bis(beta-chloroethyl)amine; N-Methyl-bis(2-chloroethyl)amine; N-Methyl-2,2'- dichlorodiethylamine; Methyldi(2-chloroethyl)amine
CAS Registry Number:  51-75-2 RTECS Number:  IA750000

## Table Ii-28.  Hn-2 (Continued) Physical And Chemical Properties

Structural Formula:



Molecular Formula:  C5H11Cl2N
lar Weight:  156.05
Molecu
Physical State
Colorless liquid when pure 1
Odor
Fishy or soapy 2
Boiling Point
177C (extrapolated);3,2,4 at atmospheric pressure, HN-2 decomposes below its
boiling point 5
FP/MP
- 70C (FP) 2
Liquid Density (g/mL)
1.118 @ 25C; 1.1425 @ 0C (extrapolated) 3,4
Vapor Density (relative to air)
5.4 (calculated)
Vapor Pressure (torr)
4.16 x 10-1 @ 25C; 5.70 x 10-2 @ 0C (extrapolated) 3,2,4
Volatility (mg/m3)
3.49 x 103 @ 25C; 5.22 x 102 @ 0C (calculated from vapor pressure) 3,2,4
12.9 @ 25C; 12.8 @ 0C (calculated from vapor pressure) 3,2,4
Latent Heat of Vaporization (kcal/mol) Viscosity (cP)
Data not available
Viscosity of Vapor (cP)
Data not available
Surface Tension (dynes/cm)
Data not available
Flash Point
Data not available
Decomposition Temperature
Decomposes before boiling point is reached; instability of HN-2 is associated with its
tendency to polymerize or condense; the reactions involved could generate enough
heat to cause an explosion. 5
Solubility
Solubility in water is approximately 13 g HN-2/L solution @ ambient temperature.
Miscible with common organic solvents. 2
Rate of Hydrolysis
t1/2  = 4 min @ 25C in an aqueous solution.  Slow except where alkali is present;
dimerizes fairly rapidly in water. 2
Hydrolysis Products
The process involves a complex series of reactions, with formation of the
hydrochloride, cyclic imonium salts, a dimer, etc. 6
Stability in Storage
Not stable; dimerizes on storage and deposits crystalline dimers 2
Action on Metals or Other Materials
None on steel and brass 2

| Skin and eye toxicity                                                               | Eyes are very susceptible to low concentration; incapacitating effects by skin    |
|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| absorption require higher concentrations                                            |                                                                                   |
| 7                                                                                   |                                                                                   |
| Inhalation toxicity                                                                 | Most toxic route of exposure                                                      |
| 8                                                                                   |                                                                                   |
| Rate of action                                                                      | Delayed:  12 hrs or longer                                                        |
| 9                                                                                   |                                                                                   |
| Means of detection                                                                  | M8 paper, M9 paper, M256A1 CADK, CAM/ICAM, MM1                                    |
| 10                                                                                  |                                                                                   |
| Protection required                                                                 | MOPP4 whenever liquid or vapor is present                                         |
| 7                                                                                   |                                                                                   |
| Decontamination                                                                     | Liquid on eyes and skin requires immediate decontamination.                       |
| 7                                                                                   |                                                                                   |
| HTH or household                                                                    |                                                                                   |
| bleach is effective on equipment.  Water, soaps, detergents, steam, and absorbents  |                                                                                   |
| (earth, sawdust, ashes, and rags) are effective for physical removal.  STB does not |                                                                                   |
| effectively decontaminate mustard if it has solidified at low temperatures.         |                                                                                   |
| 11                                                                                  |                                                                                   |
| Use                                                                                 | Delayed-action casualty agent                                                     |

## Table Ii-28.  Hn-2 (Continued) Notes

1Witten, Benjamin, *The Search for Toxic Chemical Agents (U)*, EATR 4210, Edgewood Arsenal Research Laboratories, MD, November 1969, UNCLASSIFIED Report (AD507852).

2W.R. Kirner, Summary Technical Report of Division 9, NDRC Volume 1, Chemical Warfare Agents, and Related Chemical Problems Part I-II, Chapter 6, p. 59, Office of Scientific Research and Development, Washington, DC, 1946, UNCLASSIFIED Report (AD234270). 3Abercrombie, P., ECBC Notebook # NB 98-0079 p. 27 (U).

4Dawson, T.P., and Witten, B., *Bis (2-chloroethyl) methylamine, Preparation, Decontamination, and Stability*, Technical Division Memorandum Report 442, Chemical Warfare Center, Edgewood Arsenal, MD, September 1942, UNCLASSIFIED Report (ADB960331).
5 TM 3-215/AFM 355-7, *Military Chemistry and Chemical Agents*, December 1963, UNCLASSIFIED Technical Manual
(ADA292141).

6W.R. Kirner, Summary Technical Report of Division 9, NDRC Volume 1, Chemical Warfare Agents, and Related Chemical Problems Part I-II, Chapter 19, p. 389, Office of Scientific Research and Development, Washington, DC, 1946, UNCLASSIFIED Report (AD234270).

7FM 8-285/NAVMED P-5041/AFJMAN 44-149/FMFM 11-11, Treatment of Chemical Agent Casualties and Conventional Military Chemical Injuries, 22 December 1995.

8Sharon Reutter, et al., Review and Recommendations for Human Toxicity Estimates for FM 3-11.9, ECBC-TR-349, September 2003.

9*NIOSH-DOD-OSHA Sponsored Chemical and Biological Respiratory Protection Workshop Report,* February 2000.

10DOD Chemical and Biological Defense Program Annual Report to Congress, Volume I, April 2003.

11FM 3-5/MCWP 3-37.3, *NBC Decontamination,* 28 July 2000.

## Table Ii-29.  Hn-2 Toxicity Estimates10

| TLE          | ROD          | DOC          | Endpoint    | Toxicity    |
|--------------|--------------|--------------|-------------|-------------|
| (mg-min/m    |              |              |             |             |
| 3            |              |              |             |             |
| )            |              |              |             |             |
| a            |              |              |             |             |
| MV (L)       | Exposure     |              |             |             |
| Duration     |              |              |             |             |
| ROE          | Probit       |              |             |             |
| Slope        |              |              |             |             |
| Lethality    | Percutaneous |              |             |             |
| Liquid       |              |              |             |             |
| b            |              |              |             |             |
| Unknown      | N/A          | Unknown      | Low         | LD          |
| 50           |              |              |             |             |
| :  1400 mg   | N/A          | N/A;         |             |             |
| 70-kg man    |              |              |             |             |
| Unknown      | Unknown      |              |             |             |
| c            |              |              |             |             |
| Unknown      | Low          | LCt          |             |             |
| 50           |              |              |             |             |
| :  1000      | 15           | 2 min        | Inhalation/ |             |
| Ocular       |              |              |             |             |
| LCt          |              |              |             |             |
| 50           |              |              |             |             |
| :  10,000    |              |              |             |             |
| d            |              |              |             |             |
| N/A          | 30 min       | Percutaneous |             |             |
| Vapor        |              |              |             |             |
| e            |              |              |             |             |
| Unknown      | 1            |              |             |             |
| c,f          |              |              |             |             |
| Unknown      | Low          |              |             |             |
| LCt          |              |              |             |             |
| 50           |              |              |             |             |
| :  5000      |              |              |             |             |
| g            |              |              |             |             |
| N/A          | 30 min       | Percutaneous |             |             |
| Vapor        |              |              |             |             |
| e            |              |              |             |             |
| Unknown      | 1            |              |             |             |
| c,f          |              |              |             |             |
| Unknown      | Low          |              |             |             |
| Percutaneous |              |              |             |             |
| Liquid       |              |              |             |             |
| b            |              |              |             |             |
| Unknown      | N/A          | Unknown      | Low         | ED          |
| 50           |              |              |             |             |
| :  600 mg    |              |              |             |             |
| N/A          |              |              |             |             |
| N/A;         |              |              |             |             |
| 70-kg man    |              |              |             |             |
| Severe       |              |              |             |             |
| effects      |              |              |             |             |
| (vesication) |              |              |             |             |
| ECt          |              |              |             |             |
| 50           |              |              |             |             |
| :  500       |              |              |             |             |
| d            |              |              |             |             |
| N/A          | 30-360       |              |             |             |
| min          |              |              |             |             |
| Percutaneous |              |              |             |             |
| Vapor        |              |              |             |             |
| .e           |              |              |             |             |
| Unknown      | 1            |              |             |             |
| c,f          |              |              |             |             |
| Unknown      | Low          |              |             |             |
| ECt          |              |              |             |             |
| 50           |              |              |             |             |
| :  200       |              |              |             |             |
| g            |              |              |             |             |
| N/A          | 30-360       |              |             |             |
| min          |              |              |             |             |
| Percutaneous |              |              |             |             |
| Vapor        |              |              |             |             |
| e            |              |              |             |             |
| Unknown      | 1            |              |             |             |
| c,f          |              |              |             |             |
| Unknown      | Low          |              |             |             |
| ECt          |              |              |             |             |
| 50           |              |              |             |             |
| :  75        |              |              |             |             |
| N/A          |              |              |             |             |
|              |              |              |             |             |
| 2 min        |              |              |             |             |
| Ocular       | Unknown      |              |             |             |
| 1            |              |              |             |             |
| c,f          |              |              |             |             |
| Unknown      | Low          | Severe       |             |             |
| effects      |              |              |             |             |
| (eyes)       |              |              |             |             |
| ECt          |              |              |             |             |
| 50           |              |              |             |             |
| :  50        |              |              |             |             |
| d            |              |              |             |             |
| N/A          | 30-360       |              |             |             |
| min          |              |              |             |             |
| Percutaneous |              |              |             |             |
| Vapor        |              |              |             |             |
| e            |              |              |             |             |
| Unknown      | 1            |              |             |             |
| c,f          |              |              |             |             |
| Unknown      | Low          | Mild effects |             |             |
| (pain,       |              |              |             |             |
| erythema,    |              |              |             |             |
| itching)     |              |              |             |             |
| ECt          |              |              |             |             |
| 50           |              |              |             |             |
| :  25        |              |              |             |             |
| g            |              |              |             |             |
| N/A          | 30-360       |              |             |             |
| min          |              |              |             |             |
| Percutaneous |              |              |             |             |
| Vapor        |              |              |             |             |
| e            |              |              |             |             |
| Unknown      | 1            |              |             |             |
| c,f          |              |              |             |             |
| Unknown      | Low          |              |             |             |
| ECt          |              |              |             |             |
| 50           |              |              |             |             |
| :  25        | N/A          | 2 min        | Ocular      | Unknown     |
| c, f         |              |              |             |             |
| Unknown      | Low          | Mild effects |             |             |
| (eyes)       |              |              |             |             |

## Table Ii-29.  Hn-2 Toxicity Estimates9 **(Continued)** Notes

aAll toxicity values given are provisional and based on recommendations for H/HD. bBare skin.

cSee Appendix H for supporting toxicity profile estimates.

dModerate temperatures (65-85F).

eAssumes personnel are masked with eye protection.

fThe TLE value is assumed to be 1 because the Ct profile is unknown.

gHot temperatures (greater than 85F).


                 (5)
                          Nitrogen Mustard (HN-3) (see Table II-30).  HN-3 is a colorless, odorless
liquid when pure.13  It is the most stable in storage of the three nitrogen mustards.20
Symptoms noted among humans inadvertently exposed to HN-3 vapor include local
irritation of eyes and upper respiratory tract, headache, and vomiting.20  See HN-1
discussion for additional symptoms.  See Table II-31 (page II-48) for HN-3 toxicity
estimates.

## Table Ii-30.  Hn-3

Alternate Designations:  EA 1053; Nitrogen mustard-3; TO; TL 145; TS 160 Chemical Name:  2, 2', 2"-Trichlorotriethylamine Synonyms:  Tri (2-chloroethyl)amine; Tris (2-chloroethyl)amine; Tris (-chloroethyl)amine CAS Registry Number:  555-77-1 RTECS Number:  YE2625000

Structural Formula:

Molecular Formula:  C6H12Cl3N
Molecular Weight:  204.53
Physical State
Oily dark liquid; colorless when pure 1
Odor
Geranium-like; none when pure 2
Boiling Point
257C (extrapolated); 3 at atmospheric pressure HN-3 decomposes below the
boiling point 4
FP/MP
-3.74C (MP) 3
Liquid Density (g/mL)
1.2352 @ 25C; 1.2596 @ 0C (extrapolated) 3
Vapor Density (relative to air)
7.1 (calculated)
Vapor Pressure (torr)
1.1 x 10-2 @ 25C; 9.2 x 10-4 @ 0C (extrapolated) 3
Volatility (mg/m3)
1.2 x 102 @ 25C; 1.1 x 101 @ 0C; (calculated from vapor pressure) 3
15.8 @ 25C; 16.0 @ 0C (calculated from vapor pressure) 3
Latent Heat of Vaporization (kcal/mol) Viscosity (cP)
0.073 @ 25.0oC, 0.177 @ 0oC (extrapolated)3
Viscosity of Vapor (cP)
5.97 x 10-3 @ 25.0oC, 5.38 x 10-3 @ 0oC3
Surface Tension (dynes/cm)
40.9 @ 25.0oC, 44.1 @ 0oC3
Flash Point
Data not available
Decomposition Temperature
Above 150C; 4 remains stable when explosively disseminated 2
Solubility
Solubility in water is approximately 0.08 g HN-3/L @ ambient temperature. Miscible
with common organic solvents. 2
Rate of Hydrolysis
Very slow; hydrolysis is not complete even after several days unless alkali is
present 5


## Table Ii-30.  Hn-3 (Continued)

| Hydrolysis Products                                                                 | Complete hydrolysis gives the following products: Hydrochloric acid and    |
|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|----------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| triethanolamine (TEA), N(CH                                                         |                                                                            |
| 2                                                                                   |                                                                            |
| CH                                                                                  |                                                                            |
| 2                                                                                   |                                                                            |
| OH)                                                                                 |                                                                            |
| 3                                                                                   |                                                                            |
| .                                                                                   |                                                                            |
| 1                                                                                   |                                                                            |
| The process involves a complex series of                                            |                                                                            |
| reactions, with formation of the hydrochloride, cyclic imonium salts, a dimer, etc. |                                                                            |
| 6                                                                                   |                                                                            |
|                                                                                     |                                                                            |
| Stability in Storage                                                                | In storage HN-3 darkens and forms crystalline deposits.                    |
| 4                                                                                   |                                                                            |
| Relatively stable in steel                                                          |                                                                            |
| containers, if dry.                                                                 |                                                                            |
| 2                                                                                   |                                                                            |
|                                                                                     |                                                                            |
| Action on Metals or Other Materials                                                 | No attack on iron if dry.                                                  |
| 4                                                                                   |                                                                            |
| Corrodes steel @ a rate of 1 x 10                                                   |                                                                            |
| -5                                                                                  |                                                                            |
| to 5 x 10                                                                           |                                                                            |
| -5                                                                                  |                                                                            |
| inch/month                                                                          |                                                                            |
| @ 65C.                                                                             |                                                                            |
| 7                                                                                   |                                                                            |

| Skin and eye toxicity                                                               | Eyes are very susceptible to low concentration; incapacitating effect by skin    |
|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|----------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| absorption require higher concentrations                                            |                                                                                  |
| 8                                                                                   |                                                                                  |
| Inhalation Toxicity                                                                 |                                                                                  |
| Most toxic route of exposure                                                        |                                                                                  |
| 9                                                                                   |                                                                                  |
| Rate of action                                                                      | Delayed:  12 hours or longer                                                     |
| 10                                                                                  |                                                                                  |
| Means of detection                                                                  | M8 paper, M9 paper, M256A1 CADK, CAM/ICAM, MM1                                   |
| 11                                                                                  |                                                                                  |
| Protection required                                                                 | MOPP4 whenever liquid or vapor is present                                        |
| 8                                                                                   |                                                                                  |
| Decontamination                                                                     | Liquid on eyes and skin requires immediate decontamination.                      |
| 8                                                                                   |                                                                                  |
| HTH or household                                                                    |                                                                                  |
| bleach is effective on equipment.  Water, soaps, detergents, steam, and absorbents  |                                                                                  |
| (earth, sawdust, ashes, and rags) are effective for physical removal.  STB does not |                                                                                  |
| effectively decontaminate mustard if it has solidified at low temperatures.         |                                                                                  |
| 12                                                                                  |                                                                                  |
| Use                                                                                 | Delayed-action casualty agent                                                    |

1Cheicante, R.L., et al., "Investigation for the Determination of Nitrogen Mustard and Related Compounds in Air by Gas Chromatography Using Solid Sorbent Collection and Thermal Desorption," In Proceedings of the 1998 ERDEC Scientific Conference on Chemical and Biological Defense Research 17-20 November 1998, UNCLASSFIED Paper, ERDEC-SP-004, pp 781-792, USA ECBC, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD, July 1999, UNCLASSFIED Report (ADA375171).

2W.R. Kirner, Summary Technical Report of Division 9, NDRC Volume 1, Chemical Warfare Agents, and Related Chemical Problems Part I-II, Chapter 6, p. 59, Office of Scientific Research and Development, Washington, DC, 1946, UNCLASSIFIED Report (AD234270).

3Samuel, J.B., et al., Physical Properties of Standard Agents, Candidate Agents, and Related Compounds at Several Temperatures (U), ARCSL-SP-83015, USA Armament Research and Development Command, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD, June 1983, UNCLASSIFIED Report (ADC033491).

4Kibler, A.L, *Data on Chemical Warfare*, Technical Division Memorandum Report 456, Chemical Warfare Center, Edgewood Arsenal, MD, November 1942,UNCLASSIFIED Report (ADB969725).
5Bartlett, P.D., et al., "Kinetics and Mechanism of the Reactions of Tertiary -Chloroethylamines in Solution. III.  -
Chloroethyldiethylamine and tris--Chloroethylamine," *J. Am. Chem. Soc*., Vol. 71, p. 1415, 1949.

6W.R. Kirner, Summary Technical Report of Division 9, NDRC Volume 1, Chemical Warfare Agents, and Related Chemical Problems Part I-II, Chapter 19, p. 389, Office of Scientific Research and Development, Washington, DC, 1946, UNCLASSIFIED Report (AD234270).

7Harris, B.L. and Macy, R, Corrosion by Vesicants: Rate of Corrosion of Steel and Other Metals by H, HQ, HN-3, HN-1, and L, Mostly at 65C, Technical Division Memorandum Report 1031, USA Chemical Research and Development Laboratories, Army Chemical Center, MD, April 1945, UNCLASSIFIED Report (ADB963161).

8FM 8-285/NAVMED P-5041/AFJMAN 44-149/FMFM 11-11, Treatment of Chemical Agent Casualties and Conventional Military Chemical Injuries, 22 December 1995.

9Sharon Reutter, et al., Review and Recommendations for Human Toxicity Estimates for FM 3-11.9, ECBC-TR-349, September 2003.

10*NIOSH-DOD-OSHA Sponsored Chemical and Biological Respiratory Protection Workshop Report,* February 2000.

11DOD Chemical and Biological Defense Program Annual Report to Congress, Volume I, April 2003.

12FM 3-5/MCWP 3-37.3, *NBC Decontamination,* 28 July 2000.



| TLE                 | ROD        | DOC           | Endpoint          | Toxicity       |
|---------------------|------------|---------------|-------------------|----------------|
| (mg-min/m           |            |               |                   |                |
| 3                   |            |               |                   |                |
| )                   |            |               |                   |                |
| a                   |            |               |                   |                |
| MV (L)              | Exposure   |               |                   |                |
| Duration            |            |               |                   |                |
| ROE                 | Probit     |               |                   |                |
| Slope               |            |               |                   |                |
| Percutaneous Liquid |            |               |                   |                |
| b                   |            |               |                   |                |
| Unknown             | N/A        | Unknown       | Low               | LD             |
| 50                  |            |               |                   |                |
| :  1400 mg          |            |               |                   |                |
|                     |            |               |                   |                |
| N/A                 | N/A; 70-kg |               |                   |                |
| man                 |            |               |                   |                |
| Lethality           |            |               |                   |                |
|                     |            |               |                   |                |
| LCt                 |            |               |                   |                |
| 50                  |            |               |                   |                |
| :  1000             | 15         | 2-360 min     | Inhalation/Ocular | Unknown        |
| c,d                 |            |               |                   |                |
| Unknown             | Low        |               |                   |                |
| Percutaneous Vapor  |            |               |                   |                |
| f                   |            |               |                   |                |
| Unknown             | 1          |               |                   |                |
| c,d                 |            |               |                   |                |
| Unknown             | Low        | LCt           |                   |                |
| 50                  |            |               |                   |                |
| :  10,000           |            |               |                   |                |
| e                   |            |               |                   |                |
| N/A                 | 30-360     |               |                   |                |
| min                 |            |               |                   |                |
| Percutaneous Vapor  |            |               |                   |                |
| f                   |            |               |                   |                |
| Unknown             | 1          |               |                   |                |
| c,d                 |            |               |                   |                |
| Unknown             | Low        |               |                   |                |
| LCt                 |            |               |                   |                |
| 50                  |            |               |                   |                |
| :  5000             |            |               |                   |                |
| g                   |            |               |                   |                |
| N/A                 | 30-360     |               |                   |                |
| min                 |            |               |                   |                |
| Percutaneous Liquid |            |               |                   |                |
| b                   |            |               |                   |                |
|                     |            |               |                   |                |
|                     |            |               |                   |                |
| Unknown             | N/A        | Unknown       | Low               | Severe effects |
| (vesication)        |            |               |                   |                |
| ED                  |            |               |                   |                |
| 50                  |            |               |                   |                |
| :  600 mg           | N/A        | N/A; 70-kg    |                   |                |
| man                 |            |               |                   |                |
| Percutaneous Vapor  |            |               |                   |                |
| f                   |            |               |                   |                |
| Unknown             | 1          |               |                   |                |
| c,d                 |            |               |                   |                |
| Unknown             | Low        | ECt           |                   |                |
| 50                  |            |               |                   |                |
| :  500              |            |               |                   |                |
| e                   |            |               |                   |                |
| N/A                 | 30-360     |               |                   |                |
| min                 |            |               |                   |                |
| Percutaneous Vapor  |            |               |                   |                |
| f                   |            |               |                   |                |
| Unknown             | 1          |               |                   |                |
| c,d                 |            |               |                   |                |
| Unknown             | Low        |               |                   |                |
| ECt                 |            |               |                   |                |
| 50                  |            |               |                   |                |
| :  200              |            |               |                   |                |
| g                   |            |               |                   |                |
| N/A                 | 30-360     |               |                   |                |
| min                 |            |               |                   |                |
| ECt                 |            |               |                   |                |
| 50                  |            |               |                   |                |
| :  75               | N/A        | 2-360 min     | Ocular            | Unknown        |
| c,d                 |            |               |                   |                |
| Unknown             | Low        | Severe effect |                   |                |
| (eyes)              |            |               |                   |                |
| ECt                 |            |               |                   |                |
| 50                  |            |               |                   |                |
| :  50               |            |               |                   |                |
| e                   |            |               |                   |                |
| N/A                 | 30-360     |               |                   |                |
| min                 |            |               |                   |                |
| Percutaneous Vapor  |            |               |                   |                |
| f                   |            |               |                   |                |
| Unknown             | 1          |               |                   |                |
| c,d                 |            |               |                   |                |
| Unknown             | Low        |               |                   |                |
| Percutaneous Vapor  |            |               |                   |                |
| f                   |            |               |                   |                |
| Unknown             | 1          |               |                   |                |
| c,d                 |            |               |                   |                |
| Unknown             | Low        | Mild effects  |                   |                |
| (pain,              |            |               |                   |                |
| erythema,           |            |               |                   |                |
| itching)            |            |               |                   |                |
| ECt                 |            |               |                   |                |
| 50                  |            |               |                   |                |
| :  25               |            |               |                   |                |
| g                   |            |               |                   |                |
| N/A                 | 30-360     |               |                   |                |
| min                 |            |               |                   |                |
| ECt                 |            |               |                   |                |
| 50                  |            |               |                   |                |
| :  25               | N/A        | 2-360 min     | Ocular            | Unknown        |
| c,d                 |            |               |                   |                |
| Unknown             | Low        | Mild effects  |                   |                |
| (eyes)              |            |               |                   |                |

aThe toxicity values given are provisional and based on recommendations for H/HD. bBare skin.

cThe TLE value is assumed to be 1 because the Ct profile is unknown. dSee Appendix H for supporting toxicity profile estimates.

eModerate temperatures (65-85F).

fAssumes personnel are masked with eye protection.

gHot temperatures (greater than 85F).


                 (6)
                          Mustard-T Mixture (HT) (see Table II-32).  HT is a pale yellow to brown
liquid with a garlic-like odor.  It is a mixture of 60 percent HD and 40 percent T.13  It is
somewhat more vesicant than H on bare skin; however, it is less vesicant through wet or
dry clothing and is somewhat less effective than H on the eyes.10  See Table II-33 (page II-
50) for HT toxicity estimates.

## Table Ii-32.  Ht

Alternate Designations:  Distilled mustard and T mixture Chemical Name:  HD: Bis-(2-chloroethyl) sulfide; T:  Bis {2(2-chloroethylthio)ethyl} ether Synonyms:  N/A CAS Registry Number:  HD: 505-60-2; T: 63918-89-8 RTECS Number:  HD: WQ0900000; T: KN1400000

Structural Formula:
Molecular Formula:  HD: C4H8Cl2S; T: C8H16Cl2OS2
Molecular Weight:  HD: 159.07; T: 263.24; Average: 188.96 (based on 60:40 wt %)

| Physical State    | Pale yellow to brown liquid               |
|-------------------|-------------------------------------------|
| 1                 |                                           |
| Odor              | Garlic-like; less pronounced than mustard |
| 1                 |                                           |
| Boiling Point     | No constant boiling point                 |
| 2                 |                                           |

## Table Ii-32.  Ht (Continued)

| FP/MP                                                | 1.3C (MP)                                                                           |
|------------------------------------------------------|--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| 3                                                    |                                                                                      |
| Liquid Density (g/mL)                                | 1.263 @ 20C                                                                         |
| 3                                                    |                                                                                      |
| Vapor Density (relative to air)                      | 6.5 (calculated based on 60:40 HT mixture)                                           |
| Vapor Pressure (torr)                                | 7.7 x 10                                                                             |
| -                                                    |                                                                                      |
| 2 @ 25C (calculated based on Raoult's Law equation) |                                                                                      |
| 4                                                    |                                                                                      |
|                                                      |                                                                                      |
| Volatility (mg/m                                     |                                                                                      |
| 3                                                    |                                                                                      |
| )                                                    | 7.83 x 102 @ 25C (calculated from vapor pressure)                                   |
| 4                                                    |                                                                                      |
| Data not available                                   | Latent Heat of Vaporization                                                          |
| (kcal/mol)                                           |                                                                                      |
| Viscosity (cP)                                       | Data not available                                                                   |
| Viscosity of Vapor (cP)                              | Data not available                                                                   |
| Surface Tension (dynes/cm)                           | Data not available                                                                   |
| Flash Point                                          | Flash point range 109 to 115C                                                       |
| 5                                                    |                                                                                      |
| Decomposition Temperature                            | 165C to 180C                                                                       |
| 4                                                    |                                                                                      |
|                                                      |                                                                                      |
| Solubility                                           | Slightly soluble in water; soluble in most organic solvents.                         |
| 2                                                    |                                                                                      |
|                                                      |                                                                                      |
| Rate of Hydrolysis                                   | Hydrolyzed by prolonged boiling with water or treatment with caustic alkalis.        |
| 4                                                    |                                                                                      |
| Hydrolysis Products                                  | Hydrogen chloride, thiodiglycol, and sulfonium aggregates; based on HD               |
| 6                                                    |                                                                                      |
| Stability in Storage                                 | Pressure develops in steel                                                           |
| 2                                                    |                                                                                      |
|                                                      |                                                                                      |
| Action on Metals or Other Materials                  | Very little when pure. Canadian HT corrodes steel at a rate of 0.00007 inch/ month @ |
| 65C.                                                |                                                                                      |
| 7                                                    |                                                                                      |

| Skin and eye toxicity                                                               | Eyes are very susceptible to low concentrations; incapacitating effects by skin    |
|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| absorption require higher concentrations than does eye injury                       |                                                                                    |
| 8                                                                                   |                                                                                    |
| Inhalation toxicity                                                                 | Most toxic route of exposure                                                       |
| 9                                                                                   |                                                                                    |
| Rate of action                                                                      | No data available                                                                  |
| Means of detection                                                                  | M8 paper, M9 paper, M256A1 CADK, M18A3 CADK, CAM/ICAM,                             |
| 10                                                                                  |                                                                                    |
| M18A2 CADK,                                                                         |                                                                                    |
| MM1                                                                                 |                                                                                    |
| Protection required                                                                 | MOPP4 whenever liquid or vapor is present.                                         |
| 8                                                                                   |                                                                                    |
| Decontamination                                                                     | Liquid on eyes and skin require immediate decontamination.                         |
| 8                                                                                   |                                                                                    |
| HTH or household                                                                    |                                                                                    |
| bleach is effective on equipment.  Water, soaps, detergents, steam, and absorbents  |                                                                                    |
| (earth, sawdust, ashes, and rags) are effective for physical removal.  STB does not |                                                                                    |
| effectively decontaminate mustard if it has solidified at low temperatures.         |                                                                                    |
| 11                                                                                  |                                                                                    |
| Use                                                                                 | Delayed-action casualty agent                                                      |

1Cone, N.M. and Rouiller, C.A., *HQ & HT Review of British & US Literature*, TDMR 575, USA Chemical Research and Development Laboratories, Army Chemical Center, MD, February 1943, UNCLASSIFIED Report.

2*Chemical Agent Data Sheets Vol. II*, Edgewood Arsenal Special Report EO-SR-74002, USA Armament Command, Edgewood Arsenal, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD December 1974, CONFIDENTIAL Report (AD000020).

3Dawson, T.P., A Memorandum Report: New Compounds Bis(B-Chloroethylthioethyl) Ether (T) and its Mixtures with Mustard
(HT), TDMR 534, USA Chemical Research and Development Laboratories, Army Chemical Center, MD, January 1943, UNCLASSIFIED Report (ADB960651).
4*Properties of War Gases Volume IV: Vesicants (U),* ETF 100-41/Vol-4, Chemical Corps Board, Army Chemical Center, MD, December 1956, CLASSIFIED Report (AD108459).

5Butrow, A.B., ECBC Notebook # N 03-0025, p. 50 (U).

6Yang, Y., et al., "Decontamination of Chemical Warfare Agents," *Chem. Rev*., Vol. 92, p. 1729, 1992. 7Harris, B.L. and Macy, R., Corrosion by Vesicants: Rate of Corrosion of Steel and Other Metals by H, HQ, HN-3, HN-1, and L, Mostly @ 65C, TDMR 1031, USA Chemical Research and Development Laboratories, Army Chemical Center, MD, April
1945, UNCLASSIFIED Report (ADB963161).

8FM 8-285/NAVMED P-5041/AFJMAN 44-149/FMFM 11-11, Treatment of Chemical Agent Casualties and Conventional Military Chemical Injuries, 22 December 1995.

11FM 3-5/MCWP 3-37.3, *NBC Decontamination,* 28 July 2000.



## Table Ii-33.  Ht Toxicity Estimates10

| Endpoint       | Toxicity     |
|----------------|--------------|
| MV (L)         |              |
|                |              |
| Exposure       |              |
| Duration       |              |
| ROE            | Probit       |
| Slope          |              |
| TLE            | ROD          |
| C              |              |
| (mg-min/m      |              |
| 3              |              |
| )              |              |
| a              |              |
|                |              |
| Lethality      | LD           |
| 50             |              |
| :  1400 mg     | N/A          |
| man            |              |
| Percutaneous   |              |
| Liquid         |              |
| b              |              |
| Unknown        | N/A          |
| LCt            |              |
| 50             |              |
| :  1000        | 15           |
| c,d            |              |
| Unknown        | Low          |
| Unknown        | 1            |
| c,d            |              |
| Unknown        | Low          |
| 50             |              |
| :  10,000      |              |
| e              |              |
|                | N/A          |
| Vapor          |              |
| f              |              |
|                |              |
| Unknown        | 1            |
| c,d            |              |
| Unknown        | Low          |
| 50             |              |
| :  5000        |              |
| g              |              |
|                | N/A          |
| Vapor          |              |
| f              |              |
|                |              |
| Severe effects |              |
| (vesication)   |              |
| ED             |              |
| 50             |              |
| :  600 mg      | N/A          |
| man            |              |
| Percutaneous   |              |
| Liquid         |              |
| b              |              |
| Unknown        | N/A          |
| Unknown        | 1            |
| c,d            |              |
| Unknown        | Low          |
| 50             |              |
| :  500         |              |
| e              |              |
|                | N/A          |
| Vapor          |              |
| f              |              |
|                |              |
| Unknown        | 1            |
| c,d            |              |
| Unknown        | Low          |
| ECt            |              |
| 50             |              |
| :  200         |              |
| g              |              |
|                | N/A          |
| Vapor          |              |
| f              |              |
|                |              |
| ECt            |              |
| 50             |              |
| :  75          | N/A          |
| c,d            |              |
| Unknown        | Low          |
| (eyes)         |              |
| ECt            |              |
| 50             |              |
| :  50          |              |
| e              |              |
|                | N/A          |
| Vapor          |              |
| f              |              |
|                |              |
| Unknown        | 1            |
| c,d            |              |
| Unknown        | Low          |
| Unknown        | 1            |
| c,d            |              |
| Unknown        | Low          |
| (pain,         |              |
| erythema,      |              |
| itching)       |              |
| ECt            |              |
| 50             |              |
| :  25          |              |
| g              |              |
|                | N/A          |
| Vapor          |              |
| f              |              |
|                |              |
| ECt            |              |
| 50             |              |
| :  25          | N/A          |
| c,d            |              |
| Unknown        | Low          |
| (eyes)         |              |

aThe toxicity values given are provisional and based on recommendations for H/HD.

bBare skin.

cThe TLE value is assumed to be 1 because the concentration time profile is unknown. dSee Appendix H for supporting toxicity profile estimates.

eModerate temperatures (65-85F).

fAssumes personnel are masked with eye protection. gHot temperatures (greater than 85F).


b.

Arsenicals.  The arsenical vesicants are organic dichloroarsines.  They are respiratory tract irritants and produce lung injury on sufficient exposure.  The vapors are irritating to the eyes and the liquid may produce serious eye lesions.  Skin damage leading to vesication is produced by sufficient exposure to the vapor or by contact with the liquid.
Absorption of vapor or liquid through the skin may lead to systemic intoxication or death.20


                 (1)
                          Lewisite (L) (see Table II-34).  L is a brown liquid with a geranium-like
odor.13  L is the principal arsenical of military interest.12  It is extremely irritating to the
eyes and quickly produces copious tearing.  Liquid on the skin is immediately painful and is
absorbed more promptly than H.10  Blistering starts within several hours.21  See Table II-35
(page II-53) for toxicity estimates.

## Table Ii-34.  L

Alternate Designations:  EA 1034; Lyvizit; LI; M-1; Lewisite (arsenic compound) Chemical Name:  Dichloro(2-chlorovinyl)arsine Synonyms:  Arsonous dichloride, (2-chloroethenyl)-; Chlorovinylarsine dichloride; 2-Chlorovinyldichloroarsine; -
Chlorovinyldichloroarsine; (2-Chloroethenyl) arsonous dichloride; Arsine, dichloro (2-chlorovinyl)-
CAS Registry Number:  541-25-3 RTECS Number:  CH2975000

## Table Ii-34. L (Continued) Physical And Chemical Properties

|                                                                           |                                                                                       |
|---------------------------------------------------------------------------|---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Molecular Formula:  C                                                     |                                                                                       |
| 2                                                                         |                                                                                       |
| H                                                                         |                                                                                       |
| 2                                                                         |                                                                                       |
| AsCl                                                                      |                                                                                       |
| 3                                                                         |                                                                                       |
|                                                                           |                                                                                       |
| Molecular Weight:  207.32                                                 |                                                                                       |
| Physical State                                                            | Brown liquid; colorless when pure                                                     |
| 1                                                                         |                                                                                       |
|                                                                           |                                                                                       |
| Odor                                                                      | Geranium-like; odorless when pure                                                     |
| 1                                                                         |                                                                                       |
|                                                                           |                                                                                       |
| Boiling Point                                                             | 196C (extrapolated);                                                                 |
| 2,3                                                                       |                                                                                       |
| decomposes prior to boiling                                               |                                                                                       |
| 4                                                                         |                                                                                       |
|                                                                           |                                                                                       |
| FP/MP                                                                     | 44.7 to 1.8C (FP) (depending on purity and isomers present)                        |
| 5                                                                         |                                                                                       |
|                                                                           |                                                                                       |
| Liquid Density (g/mL)                                                     | 1.8793 @ 25C; 1.9210 @ 0C (extrapolated)                                            |
| 2                                                                         |                                                                                       |
|                                                                           |                                                                                       |
| Vapor Density (relative to air)                                           | 7.1 (calculated)                                                                      |
| Vapor Pressure (torr)                                                     | 3.46 x 10                                                                             |
| 1                                                                         |                                                                                       |
| @ 25C (extrapolated); 2.71 x 10                                          |                                                                                       |
| -2                                                                        |                                                                                       |
| @ 0C (extrapolated)                                                      |                                                                                       |
| 2,3                                                                       |                                                                                       |
|                                                                           |                                                                                       |
| Volatility (mg/m                                                          |                                                                                       |
| 3                                                                         |                                                                                       |
| )                                                                         | 3.86 x 10                                                                             |
| 3                                                                         |                                                                                       |
| @ 25C; 3.30 x 10                                                         |                                                                                       |
| 2                                                                         |                                                                                       |
| @ 0C (calculated from vapor pressure)                                    |                                                                                       |
| 2,3                                                                       |                                                                                       |
|                                                                           |                                                                                       |
| 15.5 @ 25C; 17.5 @ 0C (calculated from vapor pressure)                  |                                                                                       |
| 2,3                                                                       |                                                                                       |
|                                                                           | Latent Heat of Vaporization                                                           |
| (kcal/mol)                                                                |                                                                                       |
| Viscosity (cP)                                                            | 2.053 @ 25.0                                                                          |
| o                                                                         |                                                                                       |
| C, 3.521 @ 0                                                              |                                                                                       |
| o                                                                         |                                                                                       |
| C (extrapolated)                                                          |                                                                                       |
| 2                                                                         |                                                                                       |
|                                                                           |                                                                                       |
| Viscosity of Vapor (cP)                                                   | 8.53 x 10                                                                             |
| -3                                                                        |                                                                                       |
| @ 25.0                                                                    |                                                                                       |
| o                                                                         |                                                                                       |
| C, 7.70 x 10                                                              |                                                                                       |
| -3                                                                        |                                                                                       |
| @ 0                                                                       |                                                                                       |
| o                                                                         |                                                                                       |
| C                                                                         |                                                                                       |
| 2                                                                         |                                                                                       |
|                                                                           |                                                                                       |
| Surface Tension (dynes/cm)                                                | 41.1 @ 25.0                                                                           |
| o                                                                         |                                                                                       |
| C, 44.2 @ 0                                                               |                                                                                       |
| o                                                                         |                                                                                       |
| C                                                                         |                                                                                       |
| 2                                                                         |                                                                                       |
| Flash Point                                                               | Nonflammable                                                                          |
| 6                                                                         |                                                                                       |
|                                                                           |                                                                                       |
| Decomposition Temperature                                                 | At 149C, 0.5% of L is destroyed and @ 493C > 99.99% is destroyed                    |
| 4                                                                         |                                                                                       |
|                                                                           |                                                                                       |
| Solubility                                                                | Lewisite on contact with water immediately hydrolyzes to form Lewisite oxide (solid), |
| which dissolves very slowly in water.                                     |                                                                                       |
| 1,7                                                                       |                                                                                       |
| Readily soluble in common organic                                         |                                                                                       |
| solvents, oils, and CW agents.                                            |                                                                                       |
| 8                                                                         |                                                                                       |
|                                                                           |                                                                                       |
| Rate of Hydrolysis                                                        | Rapid                                                                                 |
| 1,7                                                                       |                                                                                       |
|                                                                           |                                                                                       |
| Hydrolysis Products                                                       | 2-Chlorovinylarsonous acid (CVAA), 2-chlorovinylarsenious oxide (lewisite oxide),     |
| and hydrochloric acid                                                     |                                                                                       |
| 9                                                                         |                                                                                       |
|                                                                           |                                                                                       |
| Stability in Storage                                                      | Fairly stable in glass and steel containers, but decomposes considerably upon         |
| detonation; alkalis decompose L @ ambient temperatures                    |                                                                                       |
| 1                                                                         |                                                                                       |
|                                                                           |                                                                                       |
| Action on Metals or Other Materials                                       | None if L is dry; corrosive penetration on steel is 1 x 10                            |
| -5                                                                        |                                                                                       |
| to 5 x 10                                                                 |                                                                                       |
| -5                                                                        |                                                                                       |
| inch/month @                                                              |                                                                                       |
| 65C.                                                                     |                                                                                       |
| 10                                                                        |                                                                                       |
| Extremely corrosive towards aluminum and aluminum alloys.                 |                                                                                       |
| 8                                                                         |                                                                                       |
|                                                                           |                                                                                       |

| Skin and eye toxicity                                                             | Extremely irritating to the eyes and produces copious tearing,       |
|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------|----------------------------------------------------------------------|
| 11                                                                                |                                                                      |
| also causes                                                                       |                                                                      |
| immediate burning sensation on skin.                                              |                                                                      |
| Inhalation toxicity                                                               | Most toxic route of exposure                                         |
| 11                                                                                |                                                                      |
|                                                                                   |                                                                      |
| Rate of action                                                                    | Rapid                                                                |
| 12                                                                                |                                                                      |
|                                                                                   |                                                                      |
| Means of detection                                                                | M9 paper, M256A1 CADK,  M21 ACAA, M22 ACADA, M272 Water Testing Kit, |
| 13                                                                                |                                                                      |
|                                                                                   |                                                                      |
| MM1                                                                               |                                                                      |
| Protection required                                                               | MOPP4 whenever liquid or vapor is present                            |
| 14                                                                                |                                                                      |
|                                                                                   |                                                                      |
| Decontamination                                                                   | Liquid on eyes and skin requires immediate decontamination.          |
| 14                                                                                |                                                                      |
| STB, HTH, or                                                                      |                                                                      |
| household bleach is effective on equipment.  Water, soaps, detergents, steam, and |                                                                      |
| absorbents (earth, sawdust, ashes, and rags) are effective for physical removal.  |                                                                      |
| 15                                                                                |                                                                      |
|                                                                                   |                                                                      |
| Use                                                                               | Quick-acting casualty agent                                          |

## Table Ii-34. L (Continued) Notes

1W.R. Kirner, Summary Technical Report of Division 9, NDRC Volume 1, Chemical Warfare Agents, and Related Chemical Problems Part I-II, Chapter 7, p. 83, Office of Scientific Research and Development, Washington, DC, 1946, UNCLASSIFIED Report (AD234270).

2Samuel, J.B., et al., Physical Properties of Standard Agents, Candidate Agents, and Related Compounds at Several Temperatures (U), ARCSL-SP-83015, USA Armament Research and Development Command, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD, June 1983, UNCLASSIFIED Report (ADC033491).

3Sumner, J.F., et al., *The Vapour Pressure of Arsenious Chloride and of Lewisite I*, Sutton Oak Report 561(SO/R/561), Military Intelligence Division, Great Britain, December 1941, UNCLASSIFIED Report.
4Brooks, M. E. and Parker, G.A., Incineration/Pyrolysis of Several Agents and Related Chemical Materials Contained in Identification Sets, ARCSL-TR-79040, October 1979, UNCLASSIFIED Report (ADB042888).

5Macy, R., *Constants and Physiological Action of Chemical Warfare Agents*, EATR 78, Chemical Warfare Service, Edgewood Arsenal, MD July 1932, UNCLASSIFIED Report (ADB956574).

6*Chemical Agent Data Sheets Volume I*, Edgewood Arsenal Special Report EO-SR-74001, USA Armament Command, Edgewood Arsenal, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD December 1974, UNCLASSIFIED Report (ADB028222).

7Buswell, A.M., et al., *The Chemistry of Certain Arsenical Chemical Warfare Agents as Water Contaminants*, OSRD 4193, Division 9 National Defense Research Committee of the Office of Scientific Research and Development, June 1944, UNCLASSIFIED Report.

8Franke, S., *Manual of Chemistry Volume I- Chemistry of Chemical Warfare Agents*, ACSI-J-3890, Chemie der Kampfstoffe, East Berlin, April 1968, UNCLASSIFIED Technical Manual, (AD849866).

9Bossle, P.C., et al., Determination of Lewisite Contamination in Environmental Waters by High Performance Liquid Chromatography, CRDEC-TR-042, USA Chemical Research Development and Engineering Center, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD, January 1989, UNCLASSIFIED Report (ADA206000).

10Harris, B.L. and Macy, R., Corrosion by Vesicants: Rate of Corrosion of Steel and Other Metals by H, HQ, HN-3, HN-1, and L, Mostly at 65C, Technical Division Memorandum Report 1031, USA Chemical Research and Development Laboratories, Army Chemical Center, MD, April 1945, UNCLASSIFIED Report (ADB963161).

11Sharon Reutter, et al., *Review and Recommendations for Human Toxicity Estimates for FM 3-11.9*, ECBC-TR-349, September 2003.

12*NIOSH-DOD-OSHA Sponsored Chemical and Biological Respiratory Protection Workshop Report,* February 2000.

13DOD Chemical and Biological Defense Program Annual Report to Congress, Volume I, April 2003.

14FM 8-285/NAVMED P-5041/AFJMAN 44-149/FMFM 11-11, Treatment of Chemical Agent Casualties and Conventional Military Chemical Injuries, 22 December 1995.

15FM 3-5/MCWP 3-37.3, *NBC Decontamination,* 28 July 2000.



| TLE              | ROD        | DOC          |
|------------------|------------|--------------|
| Endpoint         | Toxicity   |              |
| MV (L)           | Exposure   |              |
| Duration         |            |              |
| ROE              | Probit     |              |
| Slope            |            |              |
| (mg-min/m        |            |              |
| 3                |            |              |
| )                |            |              |
| N/A              | N/A; 70-kg |              |
| man              |            |              |
| Percutaneous     |            |              |
| Liquid           |            |              |
| b                |            |              |
| Unknown          | N/A        | Unknown      |
|                  |            |              |
| LD               |            |              |
| 50               |            |              |
| :  1400 mg       |            |              |
| a                |            |              |
|                  |            |              |
| (Provisional)    |            |              |
| Unknown          | 1          |              |
| c,d              |            |              |
| Unknown          | Low        | LCt          |
| 50               |            |              |
| :  1000          |            |              |
| a                |            |              |
|                  |            |              |
| (Provisional)    |            |              |
| 15               | 2-360 min  | Inhalation/  |
| Ocular           |            |              |
| Unknown          | 1          |              |
| c,d              |            |              |
| Unknown          | Low        |              |
| h                |            |              |
|                  | LCt        |              |
| 50               |            |              |
| :  5000 - 10,000 |            |              |
| e,f              |            |              |
| (Provisional)    |            |              |
| N/A              | 30-360 min | Percutaneous |
| Vapor            |            |              |
| g                |            |              |
|                  |            |              |
| Unknown          | 1          |              |
| c,d              |            |              |
| Unknown          | Low        |              |
| h                |            |              |
|                  |            |              |
| LCt              |            |              |
| 50               |            |              |
| :  2500 - 5000   |            |              |
| f,I              |            |              |
|                  |            |              |
| (Provisional)    |            |              |
| N/A              | 30-360 min | Percutaneous |
| Vapor            |            |              |
| g                |            |              |
|                  |            |              |
| ED               |            |              |
| 50               |            |              |
| :  600 mg        |            |              |
| a                |            |              |
| (Provisional)    |            |              |
| N/A              | N/A; 70-kg |              |
| man              |            |              |
| Percutaneous     |            |              |
| Liquid           |            |              |
| b                |            |              |
| Unknown          | N/A        | Unknown      |
| effects          |            |              |
| (vesication)     |            |              |
| Unknown          | 1          |              |
| c,d              |            |              |
| Unknown          | Low        | ECt          |
| 50               |            |              |
| :  500           |            |              |
| a,e              |            |              |
| (Provisional)    |            |              |
| N/A              | 30-360 min | Percutaneous |
| Vapor            |            |              |
| g                |            |              |
|                  |            |              |
| Unknown          | 1          |              |
| c,d              |            |              |
| Unknown          | Low        |              |
|                  |            |              |
| N/A              | 30-360 min | Percutaneous |
| Vapor            |            |              |
| g                |            |              |
|                  |            |              |
| ECt              |            |              |
| 50               |            |              |
| :  200           |            |              |
| a, i             |            |              |
|                  |            |              |
| (Provisional)    |            |              |
| N/A              | 2-360 min  | Ocular       |
| c,d              |            |              |
| Unknown          | Low        | ECt          |
| 50               |            |              |
| :  75            |            |              |
| a                |            |              |
|                  |            |              |
| (Provisional)    |            |              |
| Severe           |            |              |
| effects          |            |              |
| (eyes)           |            |              |
| ECt              |            |              |
| 50               |            |              |
| :  50            |            |              |
| a,e              |            |              |
| (Provisional)    |            |              |
| N/A              | 30-360 min | Percutaneous |
| Vapor            |            |              |
| g                |            |              |
|                  |            |              |
| Unknown          | 1          |              |
| c,d              |            |              |
| Unknown          | Low        |              |
| Unknown          | 1          |              |
| c,d              |            |              |
| Unknown          | Low        | Mild effects |
| (erythema,       |            |              |
| pain)            |            |              |
| ECt              |            |              |
| 50               |            |              |
| :  25            |            |              |
| a,I              |            |              |
| (Provisional)    |            |              |
| N/A              | 30-360 min | Percutaneous |
| Vapor            |            |              |
| g                |            |              |
|                  |            |              |
| N/A              | 2-360 min  | Ocular       |
| c,d              |            |              |
| Unknown          | Low        | Mild effects |
| (eyes)           |            |              |
| ECt              |            |              |
| 50               |            |              |
| :  25            |            |              |
| a                |            |              |
|                  |            |              |
| (Provisional)    |            |              |
| N/A              | N/A        | Unknown      |
| 50               |            |              |
| :  8             |            |              |
| j                |            |              |
|                  | N/A        | Few          |
| Seconds          |            |              |
| Inhalation/      |            |              |
| Ocular           |            |              |
| Threshold/       |            |              |
| odor             |            |              |
| detection        |            |              |

aBased on recommendations for H/HD. bBare skin.

cThe TLE value is assumed 1 because the Ct profile is unknown.

dSee Appendix H for supporting toxicity profile  estimates.

eModerate temperatures (65-85F).

fBased on H estimate and animal data. gAssumes personnel are masked with eye protection. hTrue human values could be lower.

iHot temperatures (greater than 85F).

jBased on TM-215 (1952) and secondary human data.


                 (2)
                          Mustard-Lewisite Mixture (HL) (see Table II-36 [page II-54]).  HL has a
garlic-like odor from its HD content.13  Table II-36 lists the properties for the mixture with
37 percent HD and 63 percent L by weight.  Statistical analysis of comparative data for HL,
H, and L indicates that HL is equipotent to H and both are statistically less potent than
L.10  See Table II-37 (page II-56) for toxicity estimates.

## Table Ii-36.  Hl

Alternate Designations:  Distilled mustard gas and lewisite mixture Chemical Name:  HD:  Bis-(2-chloroethyl) sulfide; L:  Dichloro-(2-chlorovinly)arsine Synonyms:  N/A CAS Registry Number:  HD:  505-60-2; L:  541-25-3
RTECS Number:  HD:  WQ0900000; L:  CH2975000


Molecular Formula:  HD: C4H8Cl2S; L: C2H2AsCl3
Molecular Weight:  HD: 159.07; L: 207.32; Average: 186.39 (based on 37:63 wt %)
Physical State
Liquid 1
Odor
Garlic-like (HD) 2
Boiling Point
200C (extrapolated) 3,4
FP/MP
Munitions grade:  -42C (FP); pure:  -25.4C (FP) 4
Liquid Density (g/mL)
1.6383 @ 20C (calculated) (based on 67 wt% L) 1
Vapor Density (relative to air)
6.4 (calculated)
Vapor Pressure (torr)
3.63 x 10-1 @ 25C; 4.93 x 10-2 @ 0C; (calculated based on Raoult's law; actual
values are assumed to be somewhat lower than calculated values.) 3,4
Volatility (mg/m3)
3.64 x 103 @ 25C, 5.39 x 102 @ 0C (calculated based on Raoult's law; actual
values are assumed to be somewhat lower than calculated values.) 3,4
12.8 @ 25C; 13.1 @ 0C (calculated from vapor pressure) 3,4
Latent Heat of Vaporization (kcal/mol) Flash Point
Data not available for the mixture; HD flashes @ 105C 5
Viscosity (cP)
Data not available
Viscosity of Vapor (cP)
Data not available
Surface Tension (dynes/cm)
Data not available
Decomposition Temperature
Above 100C; based on data which shows that HD decomposes  @ 180C 6 and that
L starts to decompose @ 150C; 7 this might suggest that HL also decomposes in
this temperature range
Solubility
Both HD and L are soluble in most organic solvents but only slightly soluble in water,
suggesting that HL has a similar degree of solubility towards organic solvents and
water.8
Rate of Hydrolysis
HD t1/2 = 5 min @ 25C;9 HD on or under water undergoes hydrolysis only if
dissolved. The rate of HD hydrolysis is controlled by the rate of mass transfer and is
very slow. 10 Lewisite on contact with water or moist surfaces immediately
hydrolyzes to form lewisite oxide (solid), which dissolves very slowly in water. 11,12
Hydrolysis Products
Hydrogen chloride, thiodiglycol, sulfonium aggregates, (CVAA), and lewisite oxidebased on HD and L 13,14
Stability in Storage
Stable in lacquered steel containers for approximately 3 months @ 65C, 6 months
@ 50C, and for a year or more @ ambient temperature when using a 50:50 mixture of HD and L.  Less stable in uncoated steel containers @ temperatures above 50C.
Stable in glass @ 65C. 15
Action on Metals or Other Materials
Little or none if dry 8
Other Data
Skin and eye toxicity
Equal to L in vesication action;16  both H and L are irritating to the eyes.
Inhalation toxicity
Most toxic route of exposure 16
Rate of action
Prompt stinging; blistering delayed approximately 12 hours 17
Means of detection
CAM/ICAM, M256A1 CADK, M18A2 CADK,18 MM1
Protection required
MOPP4 whenever liquid or vapor is present 19


## Table Ii-36.  Hl (Continued)

| Decontamination                                                                     | Liquid on eyes and skin requires immediate decontamination.    |
|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|----------------------------------------------------------------|
| 19                                                                                  |                                                                |
| HTH or household                                                                    |                                                                |
| bleach is effective on equipment.  Water, soaps, detergents, steam, and absorbents  |                                                                |
| (earth, sawdust, ashes, and rags) are effective for physical removal.  STB does not |                                                                |
| effectively decontaminate mustard if it has solidified at low temperatures.         |                                                                |
| 20                                                                                  |                                                                |
|                                                                                     |                                                                |
| Use                                                                                 | Delayed-action casualty agent                                  |

1Mumford, S.A. and Parry, G.A., *Report on Physical Properties of Mixtures of H and Lewisite I*, PR-1342, USA Chemical Research and Development Laboratories, Army Chemical Center, MD, March 1935, UNCLASSIFIED Report.

2TM 3-215/AFM 355-7, *Military Chemistry and Chemical Agents*, Washington DC, December 1963, UNCLASSIFIED
Technical Manual (ADA292141). 3Abercrombie, P., ECBC Notebook # NB 98-0079, p. 29 (U).

4Macy, R, *Freezing Point and Volatilities of Mustard and Lewisite Mixtures*, TCIR 512, USA Chemical Research and Development Laboratories, Army Chemical Center, MD, March 1935, UNCLASSIFIED Report (ADB9670444).

5Buckles, M.F., *CW Vesicants: Selected Values for the Physical Properties of H, T, and Q (U)*, Special Report CRLR 542, Chemical Corps Chemical and Radiological Laboratories, Army Chemical Center, MD, May 1956, UNCLASSIFIED Report (AD108272).

6Williams, A.H., "The Thermal Decomposition of 2:2'-Dichlorodiethyl Sulphide," *J. Chem. Soc*., p. 318, 1947. 7Brooks, M. E. and Parker, G.A., Incineration/Pyrolysis of Several Agents and Related Chemical Materials Contained in Identification Sets, ARCSL-TR-79040, October 1979, UNCLASSIFIED Report (ADB042888).

8*Properties of War Gases Volume IV: Vesicants (U)*, ETF 100-41/Vol-4, Chemical Corps Board, Army Chemical Center, MD, December 1956, CONFIDENTIAL Report (AD108459).
9Bartlett, P.D., and Swain, C.G., "Kinetics of Hydrolyisis and Displacement Reactions of ,'-[Dichlorodiethyl Sulfide
(Mustard Gas)] and of -Chloro- '-hyroxidediethyl Sulfide (Mustard Chlorohydrin)," *J. Chem. Soc*., Vol. 71, p. 1406, 1949.
10Yang, Y., et al.,  "Decontamination of Chemical Warfare Agents," *Chem. Rev.,* Vol. 92, p. 1729, 1992. 11W.R. Kirner, Summary Technical Report of Division 9, NDRC Volume 1, Chemical Warfare Agents, and Related Chemical Problems, Part I-II, Office of Scientific Research and Development, Washington, D.C., 1946, UNCLASSIFIED Report
(AD234270).
12Buswell, A.M., et al., *The Chemistry of Certain Arsenical Chemical Warfare Agents as Water Contaminants*, OSRD 4193, Division 9 National Defense Research Committee of the Office of Scientific Research and Development, June 1944, UNCLASSIFIED Report.

13Yang, Y., et al., "Characterization of HD Heels and the Degradation of HD in Ton Containers," In Proceedings of the 1996
ERDEC Scientific Conference on Chemical and Biological Defense Research 19-22 November 1996, UNCLASSFIED Paper
(ADE487543), ERDEC-SP-048, pp 353-360, USA Edgewood Research, Development and Engineering Center, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD, October 1997, UNCLASSFIED Report (ADA334105).

14Bossle, P.C., et al., Determination of Lewisite Contamination in Environmental Waters by High Performance Liquid Chromatography, CRDEC-TR-042, USA Chemical Research Development and Engineering Center, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD, January 1989, UNCLASSIFIED Report (ADA206000).

15Harris, B.L. and Macy, R., *Memorandum Report Storage Stability of HL, Mixtures of Mustard and Lewisite*, Technical Division Memorandum Report 1302, USA Chemical Research and Development Laboratories, Army Chemical Center, MD, February 1947, UNCLASSIFIED Report (ADB96498).

16Sharon Reutter, et al., *Review and Recommendations for Human Toxicity Estimates for FM 3-11.9*, ECBC-TR-349, September 2003.

17NIOSH-DOD-OSHA Sponsored Chemical and Biological Respiratory Protection Workshop Report, February 2000.

18DOD Chemical and Biological Defense Program Annual Report to Congress, Volume I, April 2003.

19FM 8-285/NAVMED P-5041/AFJMAN 44-149/FMFM 11-11, Treatment of Chemical Agent Casualties and Conventional Military Chemical Injuries, 22 December 1995.

20FM 3-5/MCWP 3-37.3, *NBC Decontamination,* 28 July 2000.

| TLE            | ROD        | DOC           |
|----------------|------------|---------------|
| Endpoint       | Toxicity   |               |
| MV (L)         | Exposure   |               |
| Duration       |            |               |
| ROE            | Probit     |               |
| Slope          |            |               |
| (mg-min/m      |            |               |
| 3              |            |               |
| )              |            |               |
| LD             |            |               |
| 50             |            |               |
| :  1400 mg     |            |               |
| a              |            |               |
| (Provisional)  |            |               |
| N/A            | N/A; 70-kg |               |
| man            |            |               |
| Percutaneous   |            |               |
| Liquid         |            |               |
| b              |            |               |
| Unknown        | N/A        | Unknown       |
|                |            |               |
| Unknown        | 1          |               |
| c,d            |            |               |
| Unknown        | Low        | LCt           |
| 50             |            |               |
| :  1000        |            |               |
| a              |            |               |
|                |            |               |
| (Provisional)  |            |               |
| 15             | 2-360 min  | Inhalation/   |
| Ocular         |            |               |
| Unknown        | 1          |               |
| c,d            |            |               |
| Unknown        | Low        | N/A           |
| Vapor          |            |               |
| f              |            |               |
|                |            |               |
| LCt            |            |               |
| 50             |            |               |
| :  10,000      |            |               |
| a,e            |            |               |
|                |            |               |
| (Provisional)  |            |               |
| Unknown        | 1          |               |
| c,d            |            |               |
| Unknown        | Low        |               |
| LCt            |            |               |
| 50             |            |               |
| :  5000        |            |               |
| a,g            |            |               |
|                |            |               |
| (Provisional)  |            |               |
| N/A            | 30-360 min | Percutaneous  |
| Vapor          |            |               |
| f              |            |               |
|                |            |               |
| Severe effects |            |               |
| (vesication)   |            |               |
| N/A            | N/A; 70-kg |               |
| man            |            |               |
| Percutaneous   |            |               |
| Liquid         |            |               |
| b              |            |               |
| Unknown        | N/A        | Unknown       |
| 50             |            |               |
| :  600 mg      |            |               |
| a              |            |               |
|                |            |               |
| (Provisional)  |            |               |
| Unknown        | 1          |               |
| c,d            |            |               |
| Unknown        | Low        | N/A           |
| Vapor          |            |               |
| f              |            |               |
|                |            |               |
| ECt            |            |               |
| 50             |            |               |
| :  500         |            |               |
| a,e            |            |               |
|                |            |               |
| (Provisional)  |            |               |
| Unknown        | 1          |               |
| c,d            |            |               |
| Unknown        | Low        |               |
|                |            |               |
| N/A            | 30-360 min | Percutaneous  |
| Vapor          |            |               |
| f              |            |               |
|                |            |               |
| ECt            |            |               |
| 50             |            |               |
| :  200         |            |               |
| a,g            |            |               |
|                |            |               |
| (Provisional)  |            |               |
| N/A            | 2-360 min  | Ocular        |
| c,d            |            |               |
| Unknown        | Low        | Severe effect |
| (eyes)         |            |               |
| ECt            |            |               |
| 50             |            |               |
| :  75          |            |               |
| a              |            |               |
|                |            |               |
| (Provisional)  |            |               |
| N/A            | 30-360 min | Percutaneous  |
| Vapor          |            |               |
| f              |            |               |
|                |            |               |
| ECt            |            |               |
| 50             |            |               |
| :  50          |            |               |
| a,e            |            |               |
|                |            |               |
| (Provisional)  |            |               |
| Unknown        | 1          |               |
| c,d            |            |               |
| Unknown        | Low        | N/A           |
| Vapor          |            |               |
| f              |            |               |
|                |            |               |
| Unknown        | 1          |               |
| c,d            |            |               |
| Unknown        | Low        | Mild effects  |
| (erythema,     |            |               |
| itching, pain) |            |               |
| ECt            |            |               |
| 50             |            |               |
| :  25          |            |               |
| a,g            |            |               |
|                |            |               |
| (Provisional)  |            |               |
| N/A            | 2-360 min  | Ocular        |
| c,d            |            |               |
| Unknown        | Low        | Mild effects  |
| (eyes)         |            |               |
| ECt            |            |               |
| 50             |            |               |
| :  25          |            |               |
| a              |            |               |
|                |            |               |
| (Provisional)  |            |               |
| Inhalation     | N/A        | N/A           |
| Detection      |            |               |
| EC             |            |               |
| 50             |            |               |
| :  2 mg/m      |            |               |
| 3              |            |               |
|                |            |               |
| h              |            |               |
|                | N/A        | Few           |
| Seconds        |            |               |

aBased on recommendations for H/HD.

bBare skin.

cThe TLE value is assumed to be 1 because the Ct profile is unknown.

dSee Appendix H for supporting toxicity profile estimates. eModerate temperatures (65-85F). fAssumes personnel are masked with eye protection. gHot temperatures (greater than 85F).

hBased on TM 3-215 (1952).


                 (3)
                          Phenyldichloroarsine (PD) (see Table II-38).  PD is an odorless and colorless
to yellow liquid.13  PD does have marked vesicant and sternutatory properties, but the
primary action is lung injury.  Although PD is somewhat less vesicant than H and L by the
percutaneous liquid route of exposure, it is a fairly potent vesicant.10  See Table II-39 (page
II-58) for toxicity estimates.

## Table Ii-38.  Pd

Alternate Designations:  Pfiffikus; DJ; Sternite, M.A., TL 69; FDA Chemical Name:  Phenyldichloroarsine Synonyms:  Arsine, dichlorophenyl-; Arsonous dichloride, phenyl-; Dichlorophenylarsine; Phenylarsonous dichloride; Phenylarsinedichloride; Dichlor-fenylarsin (Czech); Fenildicloroarsina (Italian); Fenyldichlorarsin (Czech)
CAS Registry Number:  696-28-6 RTECS Number:  CH5425000

Structural Formula:

Cl


Molecular Formula:  C6H5AsCl2
Molecular Weight:  222.93 Physical State
Colorless to yellow liquid 1
Odor
None 2
Boiling Point
233C (extrapolated) 3
FP/MP
-22.5C (FP) 3
Liquid Density (g/mL)
1.645 @ 25C; 1.677@ 0C 3
Vapor Density (relative to air)
7.7 (calculated)
Vapor Pressure (torr)
2.2 x 10-2 @ 25C; 2.1 x 10-3 @ 0C (both values are extrapolated) 3
Volatility (mg/m3)
2.64 x 102 @ 25C; 2.3 x 101 @ 0C (calculated from vapor pressure) 3
Latent Heat of Vaporization (kcal/mol)
15.1 (calculated from Clausius Clapeyron equation which assumes constant heat of
vaporization as a function of temperature) 3
Viscosity (cP)
Data not available
Viscosity of Vapor (cP)
Data not available
Surface Tension (dynes/cm)
Data not available
Flash Point
Data not available
Decomposition Temperature
Stable to the normal boiling point 3
Solubility
Immediately hydrolyzes in the presence of water,4 miscible with alcohol, benzene,
ether, acetone,5,6 kerosene, petroleum, and olive oil 6
Rate of Hydrolysis
Very rapid 4
Hydrolysis Products
Hydrochloric acid and phenylarsine oxide which are also highly toxic 4
Stability in Storage
Data not available
Action on Metals or Other Materials
No serious effects on mild steel and cast iron. 7

| Skin and eye toxicity                                                               | Fairly potent vesicant                                                     |
|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|----------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| 8                                                                                   |                                                                            |
|                                                                                     |                                                                            |
| Inhalation toxicity                                                                 | Toxic lung injurant                                                        |
| 8                                                                                   |                                                                            |
|                                                                                     |                                                                            |
| Rate of action                                                                      | Immediate effect on eyes; effects on skin are delayed approximately 1 hour |
| 9                                                                                   |                                                                            |
|                                                                                     |                                                                            |
| Means of detection                                                                  | M18A2 CADK, MM1, M18A3 CADK                                                |
| 10                                                                                  |                                                                            |
|                                                                                     |                                                                            |
| Protection required                                                                 | MOPP4 whenever liquid or vapor is present                                  |
| 11                                                                                  |                                                                            |
|                                                                                     |                                                                            |
| Decontamination                                                                     | Liquid on eyes and skin requires immediate decontamination.                |
| 11                                                                                  |                                                                            |
| Household bleach                                                                    |                                                                            |
| is effective on equipment.  Water, soaps, detergents, steam, and absorbents (earth, |                                                                            |
| sawdust, ashes, and rags) are effective for physical removal.                       |                                                                            |
| 12                                                                                  |                                                                            |
|                                                                                     |                                                                            |
| Use                                                                                 | Delayed-action casualty agent                                              |

## Table Ii-38.  Pd (Continued) Notes

1Lewis, R.J., S*ax's Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials*, 10th ed., Volume 3, p. 1215, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York, NY, 2001.

2 TM 3-215/AFM 355-7, *Military Chemistry and Chemical Agents*, December 1963, UNCLASSIFIED Technical Manual
(ADA292141).

3Owens, R., *Diphenylcyanoarsine: Part V - The Physical Properties of M.A., D.A. T.A., and D.C.*, SO/R 492, Sutton Oak, England, December 1940, UNCLASSIFIED Report.

4Buswell, A.M., et al., *The Chemistry of Certain Arsenical Chemical Warfare Agents as Water Contaminants*, OSRD 4193, Division 9 National Defense Research Committee of the Office of Scientific Research and Development, June 1944, UNCLASSIFIED Report.

5Lide, D.R., *CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics,* 82nd ed., p. 3-15, CRC Press, Washington, DC, 2001. 6*Chemical Agent Data Sheets Volume* I, Edgewood Arsenal Special Report EO-SR-74001, Edgewood Arsenal, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD December 1974, UNCLASSIFIED Report (ADB028222).

7Owens, R., *Diphenylcyanoarsine Part III - The Pope-Turner Process*, SO/R 488, Sutton Oak, England, December 1940, UNCLASSIFIED Report.
8Sharon Reutter, et al., *Review and Recommendations for Human Toxicity Estimates for FM 3-11.9*, ECBC-TR-349, September 2003.

9*NIOSH-DOD-OSHA Sponsored Chemical and Biological Respiratory Protection Workshop Report,* February 2000.

10DOD Chemical and Biological Defense Program Annual Report to Congress, Volume I, April 2003.

11FM 8-285/NAVMED P-5041/AFJMAN 44-149/FMFM 11-11, Treatment of Chemical Agent Casualties and Conventional Military Chemical Injuries, 22 December 1995.

12FM 3-5/MCWP 3-37.3, *NBC Decontamination,* 28 July 2000.


                 (4)
                          PD Toxicity Estimates (Table II-39).  No toxicity estimates are
recommended for lethal percutaneous, liquid, or vapor exposures or sever percutaneous
liquid exposure.  The existing estimates are not supported by available data.

## Table Ii-39.  Pd Toxicity Estimates10

| TLE           | ROD       | DOC               |
|---------------|-----------|-------------------|
| Endpoint      | Toxicity  |                   |
| MV (L)        | Exposure  |                   |
| Duration      |           |                   |
| ROE           | Probit    |                   |
| Slope         |           |                   |
| (mg-min/m     |           |                   |
| 3             |           |                   |
| )             |           |                   |
| Unknown       | Unknown   | Unknown           |
| 50            |           |                   |
| :  NR         | N/A       | N/A               |
| Liquid        |           |                   |
| Lethality     |           |                   |
|               |           |                   |
| 15            | 2-360 min | Inhalation/Ocular |
| b.c           |           |                   |
| Unknown       | Low       | LCt               |
| 50            |           |                   |
| :  2600       |           |                   |
| a             |           |                   |
|               |           |                   |
| (Provisional) |           |                   |
| Unknown       | Unknown   | Unknown           |
| LCt           |           |                   |
| 50            |           |                   |
| :  NR         | N/A       | N/A               |
| Vapor         |           |                   |
| d             |           |                   |
|               |           |                   |
| ED            |           |                   |
| 50            |           |                   |
| :  NR         | N/A       | N/A               |
| Liquid        |           |                   |
| Unknown       | 1         |                   |
| b,c           |           |                   |
|               | Unknown   | Low               |
| Unknown       | Unknown   | Unknown           |
| effects       |           |                   |
| (vesication)  |           |                   |
| ECt           |           |                   |
| 50            |           |                   |
| :  200-500    |           |                   |
| e             |           |                   |
|               |           |                   |
| (Provisional) |           |                   |
| 15            | 30-50 min | Percutaneous      |
| Vapor         |           |                   |
| d             |           |                   |
|               |           |                   |
| Intolerable   | ECt       |                   |
| 50            |           |                   |
| :  16         |           |                   |
| f             |           |                   |
|               | 15        | 1 - 2 min         |
| ECt           |           |                   |
| 50            |           |                   |
| :  1          |           |                   |
| f             |           |                   |
|               | N/A       | 1 min             |
| (odor         |           |                   |
| detection)    |           |                   |

aBased on existing estimates.

bThe TLE value is assumed to be 1 because the Ct profile is unknown.

cSee Appendix H for supporting toxicity profile estimates.

dAssumes personnel are masked with eye protection. eBased on currently accepted estimates for H/HD.

fBased on secondary human data.


                 (5)
                          Ethyldichloroarsine (ED) (see Table II-40).  ED is a colorless liquid with a
fruity but biting and irritating odor.13  Although ED is a fairly powerful sternutator and
vesicant, it is primarily a toxic lung injurant.  ED is a more powerful irritant than L and
produces sneezing and lacrimation.10  See Table II-41 (page II-60) for toxicity estimates.

## Table Ii-40.  Ed

Alternate Designations:  DICK (German); TL 214; Green Cross 3; Yellow Cross 1 Chemical Name:  Ethyldichloroarsine Synonyms:  Dichloroethylarsine; Arsine, dichloroethyl-; Arsenic dichloroethane; Ethylarsonous dichloride; Arsonous dichloride, ethyl-
CAS Registry Number:  598-14-1 RTECS Number:  CH3500000

Structural Formula:



Molecular Formula:  C2H5AsCl2
Molecular Weight:  174.89
Physical State
Colorless liquid 1
Odor
Fruity, biting, and irritating 1
Boiling Point
156C; 2 decomposes 3
FP/MP
Below  65C (MP) 2
Liquid Density (g/mL)
1.742 @ 14C 2
Vapor Density (relative to air)
6.0 (calculated)
Vapor Pressure (torr)
2.29 @ 21.5C 2
Volatility (mg/m3)
2.19 x 104 @ 20C 2
9.18 3
Latent Heat of Vaporization (kcal/mol) Viscosity (cP)
Data not available
Viscosity of Vapor (cP)
Data not available
Surface Tension (dynes/cm)
Data not available
Flash Point
Data not available
Decomposition Temperature
Stable to boiling point 3
Solubility
Immediately hydrolyzes in the presence of water.4  Soluble in ethyl chloride, alcohol,
ether, benzene, acetone, kerosene and cyclohexane.3
Rate of Hydrolysis
Very rapid 4
Hydrolysis Products
Hydrochloric acid and ethylarsine oxide, which are also highly toxic 4
Stability in Storage
Stable 3
Action on Metals or Other Materials
None on steel when pure,2 noncorrosive towards iron @ temperatures up to 50C,
when ED is dry.5  Attacks brass @ 50C and is destructive to rubber and plastics 3

| Skin and eye toxicity                                                            | Fairly potent vesicant and lacrimator                       |
|----------------------------------------------------------------------------------|-------------------------------------------------------------|
| 6                                                                                |                                                             |
|                                                                                  |                                                             |
| Inhalation toxicity                                                              | Primarily a lung injurant                                   |
| 6                                                                                |                                                             |
|                                                                                  |                                                             |
| Rate of action                                                                   | Immediate irritation; delayed blistering                    |
| 7                                                                                |                                                             |
|                                                                                  |                                                             |
| Means of detection                                                               | M18 A3 CADK,                                                |
| 8                                                                                |                                                             |
| M18A2 CADK, MM1                                                                  |                                                             |
| Protection required                                                              | MOPP4 whenever liquid or vapor is present                   |
| 9                                                                                |                                                             |
|                                                                                  |                                                             |
| Decontamination                                                                  | Liquid on eyes and skin requires immediate decontamination. |
| 9                                                                                |                                                             |
| Household bleach is                                                              |                                                             |
| effective on equipment.  Water, soaps, detergents, steam, and absorbents (earth, |                                                             |
| sawdust, ashes, and rags) are effective for physical removal.                    |                                                             |
| 10                                                                               |                                                             |
|                                                                                  |                                                             |
| Use                                                                              | Delayed-action casualty agent                               |

## Table Ii-40.  Ed (Continued) Notes

1Sax, N.I., *Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials*, 3rd ed., p. 741, Reinhold Book Corporation, Albany, NY, 1968.
2Dawson, T.P., *Ethyldichloroarsine (ED): Preliminary Investigation (1939)*, EATR 325, Chemical Warfare Service, Edgewood Arsenal, MD, November 1941, UNCLASSIFIED Report (ADB957078).

3TM 3-215/AFM 355-7, *Military Chemistry and Chemical Agents*, December 1963, UNCLASSIFIED Technical Manual
(ADA292141).

4Buswell, A.M., et al., *The Chemistry of Certain Arsenical Chemical Warfare Agents as Water Contaminants*, OSRD 4193, Division 9 National Defense Research Committee of the Office of Scientific Research and Development, June 1944, UNCLASSIFIED Report.

5Kibler, A.L, *Data on Chemical Warfare*, TDMR 456, Chemical Warfare Center, Edgewood Arsenal, MD, November 1942, UNCLASSIFIED Report (ADB969725).

6Sharon Reutter, et al., *Review and Recommendations for Human Toxicity Estimates for FM 3-11.9*, ECBC-TR-349, September 2003.

7*NIOSH-DOD-OSHA Sponsored Chemical and Biological Respiratory Protection Workshop Report,* February 2000.

8DOD Chemical and Biological Defense Program Annual Report to Congress, Volume I, April 2003.

9FM 8-285/NAVMED P-5041/AFJMAN 44-149/FMFM 11-11, Treatment of Chemical Agent Casualties and Conventional Military Chemical Injuries, 22 December 1995.

10FM 3-5/MCWP 3-37.3, *NBC Decontamination,* 28 July 2000.


                 (6)
                          ED Toxicity Estimates (Table II-41).  No toxicity estimates are
recommended for lethal exposure.  The existing estimates are not supported by the
available data.

## Table Ii-41. Ed Toxicity Estimates10

| Endpoint        | Toxicity    | TLE     | ROD          | DOC    |
|-----------------|-------------|---------|--------------|--------|
| MV              |             |         |              |        |
| (L)             |             |         |              |        |
|                 |             |         |              |        |
| Exposure        |             |         |              |        |
| Duration        |             |         |              |        |
| ROE             | Probit      |         |              |        |
| Slope           |             |         |              |        |
| (mg-min/m       |             |         |              |        |
| 3               |             |         |              |        |
| )               |             |         |              |        |
| Unknown         |             |         |              |        |
| Unknown         | Unknown     |         |              |        |
|                 |             |         |              |        |
| N/A             |             |         |              |        |
| Lethality       |             |         |              |        |
| LCt             |             |         |              |        |
| 50              |             |         |              |        |
| :  NR           | N/A         |         |              |        |
| N/A             |             |         |              |        |
| Inhalation/     |             |         |              |        |
| Ocular          |             |         |              |        |
| Unknown         | Unknown     | Unknown | N/A          | LCt    |
| 50              |             |         |              |        |
| :  NR           | N/A         | N/A     | Percutaneous |        |
| Vapor           |             |         |              |        |
| Unknown         | N/A         | Unknown | Low          | ECt    |
| 50              |             |         |              |        |
| :  5 10        |             |         |              |        |
| a               |             |         |              |        |
|                 | N/A         | 1 min   | Inhalation/  |        |
| Ocular          |             |         |              |        |
| Severe effects  |             |         |              |        |
| (temporary      |             |         |              |        |
| incapacitation) |             |         |              |        |
| Unknown         |             |         |              |        |
| N/A             |             |         |              |        |
| Unknown         |             |         |              |        |
| Low             |             |         |              |        |
| Odor detection  |             |         |              |        |
| EC              |             |         |              |        |
| 50              |             |         |              |        |
| :  1 mg/m       |             |         |              |        |
| 3               |             |         |              |        |
|                 |             |         |              |        |
| b               |             |         |              |        |
|                 | N/A         |         |              |        |
| 1 min           |             |         |              |        |
| Inhalation/     |             |         |              |        |
| Ocular          |             |         |              |        |
| NOTES           |             |         |              |        |

aBased on secondary human data and TM 3-215 (1952).

bBased on existing estimate.


                 (7)
                          Methyldichloroarsine (MD) (see Table II-42).  MD is a colorless and odorless
liquid when pure.13  It has been described as a vesicant, toxic lung injurant, and respiratory
irritant.  Inhalation causes a severe irritation in the nose, which produces sneezing and
finally extends to the chest where it gives rise to pain.10  See Table II-43 (page II-62) for
toxicity estimates.

## Table Ii-42. Md

Alternate Designations:  TL 294; Methyl-dick; Medikus Chemical Name:  Methyldichloroarsine Synonyms:  Arsine, dichloromethyl-; Arsonous dichloride, methyl-; Dichloromethylarsine; Methylarsine dichloride; Methylarsonous dichloride CAS Registry Number:  593-89-5 RTECS Number:  CH4375000

## Table Ii-42.  Md (Continued) Physical And Chemical Properties



Molecular Formula:  CH3AsCl2
Molecular Weight:  160.86 Physical State
Colorless Liquid 1
Odor
Extremely irritating; none when pure 1
Boiling Point
132.6C 2
FP/MP
-54.8C (FP) 3
Liquid Density (g/mL)
1.839 @ 20C; 1.875 @ 0C 4
Vapor Density (relative to air)
5.5 (calculated)
Vapor Pressure (torr)
7.593 @ 20C; 2.063 @ 0C 2
Volatility (mg/m3)
6.68 x 104 @ 20C; 1.95 x 104 @ 0C (calculated from vapor pressure) 2
10.5 @ 20C; 10.2 @ 0C (calculated from vapor pressure) 2
Latent Heat of Vaporization (kcal/mol) Viscosity (cP)
Data not available
Viscosity of Vapor (cP)
Data not available
Surface Tension (dynes/cm)
Data not available
Flash Point
Data not available
Decomposition Temperature
Stable up to the boiling point 2
Solubility
Immediately hydrolyzes in the presence of water. 5  Soluble in common organic
solvents @ ambient temperatures.1
Rate of Hydrolysis
Very rapid, 5 complete in less than 2 min @ 25C in dilute solution 6
Hydrolysis Products
Hydrogen chloride and methylarsenic oxide 5
Stability in Storage
Stable in steel containers @ 60C for a period of at least 15 weeks and for at least 1
year @ ambient temperatures 7
Action on Metals or Other Materials
No appreciable amount of corrosion on steel when MD is pure and acid-free. 8
Satisfactory with steel for at least 1 year @ ambient temperature, but @ elevated
temperatures (60C) crude pitting occurs within 15 weeks. 7
Other Data
Skin and eye toxicity
Blistering action less than that of HD and L; eye and skin irritant 9
Inhalation toxicity
Toxic lung injurant and respiratory irritant 9
Rate of action
Immediate irritation; delayed blistering 10
Means of detection
M18A3 CADK,11 M18A2 CADK, MM1
Protection required
MOPP4 whenever liquid or vapor is present 12
Decontamination
Liquid on eyes and skin requires immediate decontamination. 12   Household bleach
is effective on equipment.  Water, soaps, detergents, steam, and absorbents (earth,
sawdust, ashes, and rags) are effective for physical removal. 13
Use
Delayed-action casualty agent

## Table Ii-42.  Md (Continued) Notes

1Macintire, B.G., et al., *Methyldichloroarsine and Methyldifluoroarsine Field Tests*, EACD 410, Chemical Warfare Service, Edgewood Arsenal, MD, March 1931, UNCLASSIFIED Report (ADB955243).

2Watson, P.D., *Determination of the Vapor Pressure of Methyldichloroarsine*, EACD 176, Chemical Warfare Service, Edgewood Arsenal, Edgewood, MD, May 1922, UNCLASSIFIED Report (ADB959625).
3Mead, W.P. *Freezing Points of Mixtures of Methyldichloroarsine and Mustard Gas and of Lewisite and Mustard Gas*, EACD
170, Chemical Warfare Service, Edgewood Arsenal, Edgewood, MD, May 1922, UNCLASSIFIED Report (ADB95011).
4Klosky, S., and Stricker, P.F., *The Physico Chemical Properties of Methyldichloroarsine and Arsenic Trichloride*, EACD 63, Chemical Warfare Service, Edgewood Arsenal, Edgewood, MD, August 1921, UNCLASSIFIED Report (ADB955049).
5Buswell, A.M., et al., *The Chemistry of Certain Arsenical Chemical Warfare Agents as Water Contaminants*, OSRD 4193, Division 9 National Defense Research Committee of the Office of Scientific Research and Development, June 1944, UNCLASSIFIED Report.

6Beebe, C.H, *Important Constants of Fourteen Common Chemical Warfare Agents*, EACD 328, Chemical Warfare Service, Edgewood Arsenal, Edgewood, MD, December 1924, UNCLASSIFIED Report (ADB958296).
7Henley, F.M., *Surveillance Tests on 75 mm Steel Gas Shell Extending Over a Period of One Year*, EACD 11, Chemical Warfare Service, Edgewood Arsenal, MD, June 1920, UNCLASSIFIED Report (ADB959731).
8Siegel, M., *The Corrosive Effect of War Gases on Metals and Materials*, EACD 113, Chemical Warfare Service, Edgewood Arsenal, MD, December 1921, UNCLASSIFIED Report (ADB955153).
9Sharon Reutter, et al., *Review and Recommendations for Human Toxicity Estimates for FM 3-11.9*, ECBC-TR-349, September 2003.

10*NIOSH-DOD-OSHA Sponsored Chemical and Biological Respiratory Protection Workshop Report,* February 2000.

11DOD Chemical and Biological Defense Program Annual Report to Congress, Volume I, April 2003.

12FM 8-285/NAVMED P-5041/AFJMAN 44-149/FMFM 11-11, Treatment of Chemical Agent Casualties and Conventional Military Chemical Injuries, 22 December 1995.

13FM 3-5/MCWP 3-37.3, *NBC Decontamination,* 28 July 2000.


                 (8)
                          MD Toxicity Estimates (Table II-43).  No toxicity estimates are
recommended for lethal exposure.  The existing estimates are not supported by the
available data.

## Table Ii-43. Md Toxicity Estimates10

| TLE             | ROD      | DOC         |
|-----------------|----------|-------------|
| Endpoint        | Toxicity |             |
| MV (L)          | Exposure |             |
| Duration        |          |             |
| ROE             | Probit   |             |
| Slope           |          |             |
| (mg-min/m       |          |             |
| 3               |          |             |
| )               |          |             |
| Unknown         | Unknown  | Unknown     |
| 50              |          |             |
| :  NR           | N/A      | N/A         |
| Ocular          |          |             |
| Unknown         | N/A      | Unknown     |
| 50              |          |             |
| :  25           |          |             |
| a               |          |             |
|                 |          |             |
| (Provisional)   |          |             |
| N/A             | 1 min    | Inhalation/ |
| Ocular          |          |             |
| Severe effects, |          |             |
| (temporary      |          |             |
| incapacitation) |          |             |
| Unknown         | N/A      | Unknown     |
| Odor Detection  | EC       |             |
| 50              |          |             |
| :  less than 1  |          |             |
| mg/m            |          |             |
| 3               |          |             |
|                 |          |             |
| a               |          |             |
|                 |          |             |
| N/A             | 1 min    | Inhalation/ |
| Ocular          |          |             |

aBased on secondary human data and TM 3-215 (1952).


c.

Urticants.  Urticants are not true vesicants because, unlike mustard and L, they do not produce fluid-filled blisters; rather, they produce solid lesions resembling urticaria.21
CX is the primary urticant of military interest (see Table II-44).  It can penetrate garments and rubber much more quickly than other agents.21  It affects the skin, eyes, and lungs.  No other chemical agent produces such an immediately painful onset that is followed by rapid tissue necrosis.  The skin lesions, in particular, are similar to those caused by a strong acid. The rapid skin damage renders the skin more susceptible to a second type of agent.21
Droplets on the skin are potentially lethal.  CX has also been classified as a lung poison.10
See Table II-45 (page II-64) and Appendix H for toxicity estimates.

## Table Ii-44.  Cx

Alternate Designations:  Fosgen Oksim; Phosgen-oxime Chemical Name:  Dichloroformoxime Synonyms:  1,2-Dichloroformoxime; Dichloroformaldoxime; Dichloroximinomethane; Dichlorformaldehyd-oxime; Kohlensaure-dichlorid-oxime; Dichlormethylen-hydroxylamine; Carbonyl chloride oxime
CAS Registry No:  1794-86-1 RTECS Number:  Data not available

Structural Formula:

|                                                                                    |                                                                                 |
|------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|---------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Molecular Formula:  CHCl                                                           |                                                                                 |
| 2                                                                                  |                                                                                 |
| NO                                                                                 |                                                                                 |
| Molecular Weight:  113.93                                                          |                                                                                 |
| Physical State                                                                     | Colorless, crystalline, deliquescent-solid when pure                            |
| 1                                                                                  |                                                                                 |
|                                                                                    |                                                                                 |
| Odor                                                                               | Unpleasant and irritating;                                                      |
| 1                                                                                  |                                                                                 |
| resembles new-mown hay at low concentrations                                       |                                                                                 |
| 2                                                                                  |                                                                                 |
|                                                                                    |                                                                                 |
| Boiling Point                                                                      | 129                                                                             |
| o                                                                                  |                                                                                 |
| C                                                                                  |                                                                                 |
| 3                                                                                  |                                                                                 |
| (with decomposition unless highly pure)                                            |                                                                                 |
| FP/MP                                                                              | 39                                                                              |
| o                                                                                  |                                                                                 |
| C (MP)                                                                             |                                                                                 |
| 3                                                                                  |                                                                                 |
|                                                                                    |                                                                                 |
| Liquid Density (g/mL)                                                              | Data not available                                                              |
| Vapor Density (relative to air)                                                    | 3.9 (calculated)                                                                |
| Vapor Pressure (torr)                                                              | 2.43 x 10                                                                       |
| 1                                                                                  |                                                                                 |
| @ 50                                                                               |                                                                                 |
| o                                                                                  |                                                                                 |
| C                                                                                  |                                                                                 |
| 3                                                                                  |                                                                                 |
|                                                                                    |                                                                                 |
| Volatility (mg/m                                                                   |                                                                                 |
| 3                                                                                  |                                                                                 |
| )                                                                                  | 1.37 x 10                                                                       |
| 5                                                                                  |                                                                                 |
| @ 50                                                                               |                                                                                 |
| o                                                                                  |                                                                                 |
| C (calculated from vapor pressure)                                                 |                                                                                 |
| 3                                                                                  |                                                                                 |
|                                                                                    |                                                                                 |
| 11.2 @ 50                                                                          |                                                                                 |
| o                                                                                  |                                                                                 |
| C (calculated from vapor pressure)                                                 |                                                                                 |
| 3                                                                                  |                                                                                 |
|                                                                                    | Latent Heat of Vaporization                                                     |
| (kcal/mol)                                                                         |                                                                                 |
| Viscosity (cP)                                                                     | Data not available                                                              |
| Viscosity of Vapor (cP)                                                            | Data not available                                                              |
| Surface Tension (dynes/cm)                                                         | Data not available                                                              |
| Flash Point                                                                        | Data not available                                                              |
| Decomposition Temperature                                                          | Below 129                                                                       |
| o                                                                                  |                                                                                 |
| C                                                                                  |                                                                                 |
| 4                                                                                  |                                                                                 |
|                                                                                    |                                                                                 |
| Solubility                                                                         | Very soluble in both water and common organic solvents                          |
| 5                                                                                  |                                                                                 |
|                                                                                    |                                                                                 |
| Rate of Hydrolysis                                                                 | Slow in water @ ambient temperature and pH 7; hydrolyzes 5% within six days @   |
| ambient temperature; dilute acids slow down the hydrolysis rate even further,      |                                                                                 |
| whereas basic solutions react very violently with CX                               |                                                                                 |
| 2                                                                                  |                                                                                 |
|                                                                                    |                                                                                 |
| Hydrolysis Products                                                                | Carbon dioxide, hydrogen chloride, and hydroxylamine                            |
| 2                                                                                  |                                                                                 |
|                                                                                    |                                                                                 |
| Stability in Storage                                                               | Pure, unstabilized CX decomposes on storage @ ambient temperature. If stored @  |
| -20                                                                                |                                                                                 |
| o                                                                                  |                                                                                 |
| C it can be kept indefinitely.                                                     |                                                                                 |
| 1                                                                                  |                                                                                 |
| CX is extremely unstable in the presence of                                        |                                                                                 |
| impurities such as metals; even trace amounts of iron chloride may cause explosive |                                                                                 |
| decomposition.                                                                     |                                                                                 |
| 2                                                                                  |                                                                                 |
|                                                                                    |                                                                                 |
| Action on Metals or Other Materials                                                | Metals, especially iron, cause rapid decomposition of CX; trace amounts of iron |
| chloride may cause explosive decomposition.                                        |                                                                                 |
| 2                                                                                  |                                                                                 |
| Also attacks rubber, especially upon                                               |                                                                                 |
| heating.                                                                           |                                                                                 |
| 5                                                                                  |                                                                                 |
|                                                                                    |                                                                                 |

| Skin and eye toxicity                                      | Causes pain, irritation, and severe tissue damage on skin.  CX causes pain,    |
|------------------------------------------------------------|--------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| conjunctivitis, and inflammation of the cornea of the eye. |                                                                                |
| 6                                                          |                                                                                |
|                                                            |                                                                                |
| Inhalation toxicity                                        | Can cause pulmonary edema                                                      |
| 6                                                          |                                                                                |
|                                                            |                                                                                |
| Rate of action                                             | Almost instantaneous                                                           |
| 6                                                          |                                                                                |
|                                                            |                                                                                |
| Means of detection                                         | M256A1 CADK, M18A3 CADK, M18A2 CADK, MM1                                       |
| 7                                                          |                                                                                |
|                                                            |                                                                                |
| Protection required                                        | MOPP4                                                                          |
| 8                                                          |                                                                                |
|                                                            |                                                                                |
|                                                            |                                                                                |

## Table Ii-44.  Cx (Continued)

| Decontamination                                                                      | Because of the rapid reaction of CX with the skin, decontamination will not be    |
|--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| entirely effective after pain occurs; nevertheless, decontaminate as rapidly as      |                                                                                   |
| possible with M291 SDK.  If the M291 kit is not available, flush the area with large |                                                                                   |
| amounts of water to remove any agent that has not reacted with the skin.             |                                                                                   |
| 8                                                                                    |                                                                                   |
|                                                                                      |                                                                                   |
| Household bleach is effective on equipment.  Water, soaps, detergents, steam, and    |                                                                                   |
| absorbents (earth, sawdust, ashes, and rags) are effective for physical removal.     |                                                                                   |
| 9                                                                                    |                                                                                   |
|                                                                                      |                                                                                   |
| Use                                                                                  | Rapid-acting casualty agent                                                       |

1Witten, B., *The Search for Toxic Chemical Agents (U)*, EATR 4210, Edgewood Arsenal Research Laboratories, MD, November 1969, UNCLASSIFIED Report (AD507852).

2Petersen, T.G., *Agent CX (Phosgene Oxime) Summary Report (U)*, CRDL Special Publication 7, USA Chemical Research and Development Laboratories, Edgewood Arsenal, MD, October 1965, CONFIDENTIAL Report (AD367890).

3Penski, E.C., *Vapor Pressure Data Analysis of Dichloroformoxime*, ERDEC-TR-042, USA Chemical and Biological Defense Agency, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD, March 1993, UNCLASSIFIED Report (ADA265873).

4*Properties of War Gases Volume II: Blood and Nettle Gases (U)*, ETF 100-41/Vol-2, Chemical Corps Board, Army Chemical Center, MD, December 1956, CONFIDENTIAL Report (AD108457).

5Prandtl, W. and Sennewald, K., "Trichloronitrosomethane, Dichloroformoxime (Phosgene Oxime) and Their Derivatives,"
Chemische Berichte, Vol. 62, p. 1766, 1929.
6BG Russ Zajtchuk et al. (eds), *Textbook of Military Medicine:  Medical Aspects of Chemical and Biological Warfare,* Office of the Surgeon General, 1997, Chap. 7, "Vesicants."
7DOD Chemical and Biological Defense Program Annual Report to Congress, Volume I, April 2003.

8FM 8-285/NAVMED P-5041/AFJMAN 44-149/FMFM 11-11, Treatment of Chemical Agent Casualties and Conventional Military Chemical Injuries, 22 December 1995.

9FM 3-5/MCWP 3-37.3, *NBC Decontamination,* 28 July 2000.

## Table Ii-45.  Cx Toxicity Estimates10

| Endpoint        | Toxicity    | TLE     | ROD    | DOC         |
|-----------------|-------------|---------|--------|-------------|
| MV (L)          |             |         |        |             |
|                 |             |         |        |             |
| Exposure        |             |         |        |             |
| Duration        |             |         |        |             |
| ROE             | Probit      |         |        |             |
| Slope           |             |         |        |             |
| (mg-min/m       |             |         |        |             |
| 3               |             |         |        |             |
| )               |             |         |        |             |
| Unknown         | 1           |         |        |             |
| b,c             |             |         |        |             |
| Unknown         | Low         | 15      | 10 min | Inhalation/ |
| Ocular          |             |         |        |             |
| Lethality       | LCt         |         |        |             |
| 50              |             |         |        |             |
| :  3200         |             |         |        |             |
| a               |             |         |        |             |
|                 |             |         |        |             |
| (Provisional)   |             |         |        |             |
| Unknown         | Unknown     | Unknown | Low    | 15          |
| Ocular          |             |         |        |             |
| Incapacitation/ |             |         |        |             |
| intolerable     |             |         |        |             |
| ECt             |             |         |        |             |
| 50              |             |         |        |             |
| :  3            |             |         |        |             |
| d               |             |         |        |             |
|                 |             |         |        |             |
| (Provisional)   |             |         |        |             |
| Unknown         | Unknown     | Unknown | Low    | 15          |
| Ocular          |             |         |        |             |
| ECt             |             |         |        |             |
| 50              |             |         |        |             |
| :  1            |             |         |        |             |
| d               |             |         |        |             |
|                 |             |         |        |             |
| (Provisional)   |             |         |        |             |
| Threshold       |             |         |        |             |
| (odor           |             |         |        |             |
| detection)      |             |         |        |             |

aBased on animal data and existing estimate.

bThe TLE value is assumed to be 1 because the concentration-time profile is unknown.

cSee Appendix H for supporting toxicity profile estimates.

dBased on secondary human data.

## 8. Incapacitating Agents


Used in a military context, incapacitation is understood to mean inability to perform one's military mission.  Since missions vary, for the purpose of this manual, incapacitation means the inability to perform any military task effectively and implies that the condition was achieved via the deliberate use of a nonlethal weapon.22   Incapacitating agents differ from other CW agents in that the lethal dose is theoretically many times greater than the incapacitating dose.  Thus, they do not seriously endanger life except in cases exceeding many times the effective dose, and they produce no permanent injury.1  Virtually all drugs whose most prominent effects are psychological or behavioral can be classified into four fairly discrete categories:  deliriants, stimulants, depressants, and psychedelics.  They interfere with the higher functions of the brain such as attention, orientation, perception, memory, motivation, conceptual thinking, planning, and judgment. 22


        a.
                 Deliriants.22  These are drugs that produce delirium, which is an incapacitating
syndrome involving confusion, hallucinosis, and disorganized speech and behavior.  Many

drugs can produce delirium; however, the chemicals in the subgroup anticholinergics are regarded as most likely to be used as military incapacitating agents.  Of these drugs, 3- Quinuclidinyl benzilate (BZ) is considered the most likely candidate for military use (see Table II-46).  BZ is capable of producing delirium at a very low dosage with a high safety margin.  Skin absorption is possible with proper solvents.  See Table II-47 (page II-66) for toxicity estimates. See Table II-48 (page II-68) for symptoms.  BZ intoxication requires from two to three days to reach full recovery.

## Table Ii-46. Bz

Alternate Designation:  EA 2277; CS 4030; Oksilidin; QNB Chemical Name:  3-Quinuclidinyl benzilate Synonym:  Benzilic acid, 3-quinuclidinyl ester; 1-Azabicyclo (2.2.2) octan-3-ol, benzilate; Benzeneacetic acid, alphahydroxy-alpha-phenyl-,1-azabicyclo (2.2.2)oct-3-yl ester; 3-Chinuclidylbenzilate; 3-(2,2-Diphenyl-2-hydroxyethanoyloxy)- quinuclidine; 3-Quinuclidinol benzilate; 3-Quinuclidyl benzilate CAS Registry Number:  6581-06-2
RTECS Number:  DD4638000

Structural Formula:



Molecular Formula:  C21H23NO3
Molecular Weight:  337.42

| Physical State                                                                     | White crystalline solid                                                    |
|------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|----------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| 1                                                                                  |                                                                            |
|                                                                                    |                                                                            |
| Odor                                                                               | None                                                                       |
| 2                                                                                  |                                                                            |
|                                                                                    |                                                                            |
| FP/MP                                                                              | 167.5C                                                                    |
| 3                                                                                  |                                                                            |
| (MP)                                                                               |                                                                            |
| Boiling Point                                                                      | 412C (extrapolated)                                                       |
| 4                                                                                  |                                                                            |
|                                                                                    |                                                                            |
| Solid Density (g/cm                                                                |                                                                            |
| 3                                                                                  |                                                                            |
| )                                                                                  | Bulk: 0.51;                                                                |
| 2                                                                                  |                                                                            |
| Crystal: 1.33                                                                      |                                                                            |
| 2                                                                                  |                                                                            |
|                                                                                    |                                                                            |
| Vapor Density                                                                      | 11.6 (calculated)                                                          |
| Vapor Pressure (torr)                                                              | 1.43 x 10                                                                  |
| -10                                                                                |                                                                            |
| @ 25C (extrapolated); 4.74 x 10                                                   |                                                                            |
| -13                                                                                |                                                                            |
| @ 0C (extrapolated)                                                               |                                                                            |
| 4                                                                                  |                                                                            |
|                                                                                    |                                                                            |
| Volatility (mg/m                                                                   |                                                                            |
| 3                                                                                  |                                                                            |
| )                                                                                  | 2.60 x 10                                                                  |
| -6                                                                                 |                                                                            |
| @ 25C;9.0 x 10                                                                    |                                                                            |
| -9                                                                                 |                                                                            |
| @ 0C (calculated from vapor pressure)                                             |                                                                            |
| 4                                                                                  |                                                                            |
| Latent Heat of Vaporization                                                        |                                                                            |
| (kcal/mol)                                                                         |                                                                            |
| 21.2 (calculated from Clausius Clapeyron equation which assumes constant heat of   |                                                                            |
| vaporization as a function of temperature)                                         |                                                                            |
| 4                                                                                  |                                                                            |
|                                                                                    |                                                                            |
| Flash Point                                                                        | Pure: 246C;                                                               |
| 2                                                                                  |                                                                            |
| Munitions grade: 220C                                                             |                                                                            |
| 2                                                                                  |                                                                            |
|                                                                                    |                                                                            |
| Decomposition Temperature                                                          | Stable up to the melting point.  During prolonged heating at temperatures  |
| approximately 170C, BZ begins to decompose, producing carbon dioxide,             |                                                                            |
| benzophenone, benzhydrol, and other products.  The rate of decomposition is both   |                                                                            |
| temperature- and purity-dependent.                                                 |                                                                            |
| 1                                                                                  |                                                                            |
|                                                                                    |                                                                            |
| Solubility                                                                         | Solubility in water is approximately 1.18 g/L                              |
| 5                                                                                  |                                                                            |
| ; slightly soluble in water; soluble in                                            |                                                                            |
| dilute acids and common organic solvents such as alcohol and chloroform; insoluble |                                                                            |
| in aqueous alkali.                                                                 |                                                                            |
| 1                                                                                  |                                                                            |
|                                                                                    |                                                                            |
| Rate of Hydrolysis                                                                 | t                                                                          |
| 1/2                                                                                |                                                                            |
| = 6.7 hrs @ 25C and pH 9.8;                                                       |                                                                            |
| 6                                                                                  |                                                                            |
| t                                                                                  |                                                                            |
| 1/2                                                                                |                                                                            |
| = 1.8 min @ 25C and pH 13;                                                        |                                                                            |
| 6                                                                                  |                                                                            |
| t                                                                                  |                                                                            |
| 1/2                                                                                |                                                                            |
| = 3 to 4 wks                                                                       |                                                                            |
| @ 25C in moist air and pH 7.                                                      |                                                                            |
| 6                                                                                  |                                                                            |
| t12 = 12 min @ 34 and pH 12;                                                       |                                                                            |
| 5                                                                                  |                                                                            |
| t12 = 1.4 hr @ 50C                                                                 |                                                                            |
| and pH 8.5;                                                                        |                                                                            |
| 5                                                                                  |                                                                            |
| t12 = 9.5 hr @ 100C and pH 0.                                                      |                                                                            |
| 5                                                                                  |                                                                            |
|                                                                                    |                                                                            |
| Hydrolysis Products                                                                | 3-Quinuclidinol and benzylic acid                                          |
| 6                                                                                  |                                                                            |
|                                                                                    |                                                                            |
| Stability in Storage                                                               | Stable in aluminum and stainless steel @ 71C for at least 2 years         |
| 5                                                                                  |                                                                            |
|                                                                                    |                                                                            |
| Action on Metals or Other Materials                                                | Slight pitting of aluminum and stainless steel occurs after 2 years @ 71C |
| 7                                                                                  |                                                                            |
|                                                                                    |                                                                            |

| Skin and eye toxicity       | Can cause blurred vision and dilation of pupils                                  |
|-----------------------------|----------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| 8                           |                                                                                  |
|                             |                                                                                  |
| Inhalation toxicity         | Primary route of exposure                                                        |
| 9                           |                                                                                  |
|                             |                                                                                  |
| Rate of action              | Delayed action; 1 to 4 hours depending on exposure                               |
| 10                          |                                                                                  |
|                             |                                                                                  |
| Means of detection in field | MM1                                                                              |
| Protection required         | MOPP4                                                                            |
| 11                          |                                                                                  |
|                             |                                                                                  |
| Decontamination             | Decontaminate skin with soap and water or use M291 kit if soap and water are not |
| available                   |                                                                                  |
| 12                          |                                                                                  |
|                             |                                                                                  |
| Use                         | Delayed-action incapacitating agent                                              |

1Witten, B., *The Search for Toxic Chemical Agents (U)*, EATR 4210, Edgewood Arsenal Research Laboratories, MD, November 1969, UNCLASSIFIED Report (AD507852).

2*Chemical Agent Data Sheets Volume I*, Edgewood Arsenal Special Report EO-SR-74001, Edgewood Arsenal, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD December 1974, UNCLASSIFIED Report (ADB028222).

3Lochboehler, C.M., *The Physical Properties of the Glycolates (U),* EASP-100-61; USA Munitions Command, Chemical Research Laboratory; Edgewood Arsenal, MD, 1970, CONFIDENTIAL Report (AD508308).

4Cogliano, J.A. and Braude, G.L., *Corrosion,Compatibility, and other Physiocochemical Studies (U), Final Report-Task II*, DA18-108-CML-6602, W.R. Grace and Company, Washington Research Center, Clarksville, MD, 1963, UNCLASSIFIED Report (AD359603).

5Rosenblatt, D.H., et al., Problem Definition Studies on Potential Environmental Pollutants VIII: Chemistry and Toxicology of BZ (3-Quinuclidinyl Benzilate), USAMBRDL-TR 7710, USA Medical Bioengineering Research and Development Laboratory, Fort Detrick, MD, 1977, UNCLASSIFIED Report (ADB030349).

EA 2277 (U): A Summary Report as of 15 March 1961, CRDL-SP-4-28, USA Chemical Research and Development Laboratories, Army Chemical Center, MD, March 1961, CONFIDENTAL Report.
6Sass, S. and Master, I., Basic Esters of Glycolic Acids (U): Part III Analysis and Chemical Properties of Microgram and Larger Quantities of EA 2277 and Related Compounds, CRDLR 3088, USA Chemical Research and Development Laboratories, Army Chemical Center, MD, August 1961, UNCLASSIFIED Report (AD325351).
7Brooks, M.E., et al., *Corrosion, Compatibility and Other Physicochemical Studies (U)*, DA18-108-CML-6602 (A), Final Report - Task I, W.R. Grace and Company, Washington Research Center, Clarksville, MD, May 1964, UNCLASSIFIED Report (AD350755).

8BG Russ Zajtchuk et al. (eds), *Textbook of Military Medicine:  Medical Aspects of Chemical and Biological Warfare,* Office of the Surgeon General, 1997, Chap. 11, "Incapacitating Agents."
9Sharon Reutter, et al., *Review and Recommendations for Human Toxicity Estimates for FM 3-11.9*, ECBC-TR-349, September 2003.

10*NIOSH-DOD-OSHA Sponsored Chemical and Biological Respiratory Protection Workshop Report,* February 2000. 11FM 8-9/NAVMED P-5059/AFJMAN 44-151, NATO Handbook on the Medical Aspects of NBC Defense Operations AMEDP-6(B), 1 February 1996.

12FM 8-285/NAVMED P-5041/AFJMAN 44-149/FMFM 11-11, Treatment of Chemical Agent Casualties and Conventional Military Chemical Injuries, 22 December 1995.


        b.
                 BZ Toxicity Estimates (Table II-47).  No toxicity estimates are recommended for
lethal or threshold effects.  The existing estimates are not supported by the available data.

## Table Ii-47.  Bz Toxicity Estimates10

| Endpoint         | Toxicity    | TLE     | ROD         | DOC               |
|------------------|-------------|---------|-------------|-------------------|
| MV (L)           |             |         |             |                   |
|                  |             |         |             |                   |
| Exposure         |             |         |             |                   |
| Duration         |             |         |             |                   |
| ROE              | Probit      |         |             |                   |
| Slope            |             |         |             |                   |
| (mg-min/m        |             |         |             |                   |
| 3                |             |         |             |                   |
| )                |             |         |             |                   |
| Unknown          | Unknown     | Unknown | N/A         | Lethality         |
| 50               |             |         |             |                   |
| :  NR            | N/A         | N/A     | Inhalation/ |                   |
| Ocular           |             |         |             |                   |
| Unknown          | N/A         | Unknown | Low         | 15                |
| 5 min            |             |         |             |                   |
| ECt              |             |         |             |                   |
| 50               |             |         |             |                   |
| :  100           |             |         |             |                   |
| a                |             |         |             |                   |
|                  |             |         |             |                   |
| (Provisional)    |             |         |             |                   |
| Inhalation/      |             |         |             |                   |
| Ocular           |             |         |             |                   |
| Severe effects   |             |         |             |                   |
| (temporary       |             |         |             |                   |
| incapacitation)  |             |         |             |                   |
| Unknown          | N/A         | Unknown | N/A         | Threshold effects |
| (odor detection) |             |         |             |                   |
| ECt              |             |         |             |                   |
| 50               |             |         |             |                   |
| :  NR            | N/A         | N/A     | Inhalation/ |                   |
| Ocular           |             |         |             |                   |

aBased on human data and "official" estimate (HEC, 1967).


        c.
                 Stimulants.  Stimulants are drugs that produce a temporary increase of the
functional activity or efficiency of an organism or any of its parts.3  They include
amphetamines, cocaine, caffeine, nicotine, and epileptogenic substances such as strychnine

and Metrazole.  None of the conventional stimulants appears to have sufficient potency to be usable as an airborne incapacitating agent, and low doses could even prove counterproductive, since moderate stimulation might easily lead to a soldier's more energetic and aggressive performance.22


        d.
                 Depressants.  Depressants are drugs that reduce a bodily functional activity or
an instinctive desire.3  They include drugs such as barbiturates, morphine and other
opioids, and tranquilizers.  The lethal dose for morphine and other opioids is only 10 to 20
fold greater than the incapacitating dose.  Major tranquilizers often produce relatively little
sedation, although they reduce hyperactivity.22


                 (1)
                          Cannabinols.  Cannabinols are another a group of potential incapacitating
agents that seem to act basically as CNS depressants.  Primary effects of these agents,
however, are sedation and destruction of motivation rather than disruption of the ability to
think.1


                 (2)
                          Phenothiazine-like compounds have a very high safety index and would not
likely involve any special medical care.  The onset of action for phenothiazines is about 5
minutes and often lasts about 1 hour.


                 (3)
                          Fentanyls.  On 27 October 2002, Russia used a derivative of fentanyl in a
Moscow theatre where Chechen rebels held 800 hostages.23   Fentanyls are opiates with
actions similar to those of morphine; in particular, the capacity to relieve pain.  Short-term
and long-term effects of the fentanyls are indistinguishable from those of heroin, but they
are hundreds of times more potent.24  Fentanyls depress respiration and heart rate and
cause lethargy, sedation, and immobilization.22  As a potential class of agents, they have a
rapid onset of action.  Decontamination would involve washing with soap and water.1


        e.
                 Psychedelics.  Psychedelics are drugs capable of producing abnormal
psychological effects and sometimes psychological states resembling mental illness.3  They
include D-lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), MDMA (popularly known as ecstasy),
phencyclidine (PCP), and indoles.  Psychedelic drugs have been found unsuitable for
military use.  Affected individuals usually cannot carry out a series of instructions or
concentrate on a complex task, but might be capable of isolated, impulsive actions such as
firing a weapon accurately enough to be dangerous.22


        f.
                 Symptoms.  Symptoms and possible agent families are shown in Table II-48
(page II-68).  See documents such as FM 8-285 for diagnosis and treatment for
incapacitating agents.

| Signs and Symptoms                                                        | Possible Agent Family                                                |
|---------------------------------------------------------------------------|----------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Restless, dizziness, or giddiness; failure to obey orders, confusion,     |                                                                      |
| erratic behavior; stumbling or staggering; vomiting                       |                                                                      |
| Anticholinergics (BZ), indoles, cannabinoids,                             |                                                                      |
| anxiety reaction, other intoxications (e.g.,                              |                                                                      |
| alcohol, bromides, barbiturates, lead)                                    |                                                                      |
| Anticholinergics (BZ)                                                     | Dryness of mouth, tachycardia at rest, elevated temperature, flushed |
| face, blurred vision, papillary dilation, slurred or nonsensical speech,  |                                                                      |
| hallucinatory behavorior, stupor, coma                                    |                                                                      |
| Indoles (schizophrenic psychosis may mimic                                |                                                                      |
| in some respects)                                                         |                                                                      |
| Inappropriate smiling or laughing; irrational fear; destructibility;      |                                                                      |
| difficulty in expressing self; perceptual distortions; labile increase in |                                                                      |
| pupil size, heart rate, and blood pressure; stomach cramps and            |                                                                      |
| vomiting                                                                  |                                                                      |
| Cannabinols                                                               | Euphoric, relaxed, unconcerned daydreaming attitude; easy            |
| laughter; low blood pressure and dizziness on sudden standing             |                                                                      |
| Anxiety reaction                                                          | Tremor, clinging or pleading; crying; decrease in disturbance with   |
| reassurance; history of nervousness or immaturity                         |                                                                      |
| Fentanyls                                                                 | Respiratory depression; slow pulse; lethargy; sedation;              |
| immobilization                                                            |                                                                      |

## 9. Chemical Warfare Agent Precursors10


These materials are not CW agents; they are binary agent components and are relatively nontoxicat least when compared with the CW agents.

a.

Methyl Phosphonic Acid (DF) (see Table II-49).  DF is an organophosphorous compound that is an intermediate component of binary GB.  The Human Estimates Committee of what is now Edgewood Chemical and Biological Center (ECBC) stated that many alkyl organophosphorous compounds produce neurotoxicity in various animal species. The toxic syndrome includes weakness and paralysis, with death resulting from a central action.  Deaths that occur within a few hours of exposure, before the appearance of lung damage, are perhaps due to central respiratory failure.  Deaths occurring after 24 hours postexposure are thought to result from lung damage, central respiratory failure, or a combination of the two.  See Table II-50 (page II-70) for toxicity estimates.

## Table Ii-49.  Df

Alternate Designations:  Difluoro; EA 1251 Chemical Name:  Methylphosphonic difluoride Synonyms:  Phosphonic difluoride, methyl-; Difluoromethyl phosphonate; Difluoromethylphosphine oxide; Methyl difluorophosphite; Methylphosphonyldifluoride; Phosphonodifluoridic acid, methyl-
CAS Registry Number:  676-99-3 RTECS Number:  TA1840700

Structural Formula:



Molecular Formula:  CH3F2PO
Molecular Weight:  100.00
Physical State
Liquid 1
Odor
Pungent, acid like1
Boiling Point
99.7C 2
FP/MP
36.9C (FP) 3
Liquid Density (g/mL)
1.3595 @ 25C; 1.4060 @ 0C (extrapolated) 2
Vapor Density (relative to air)
3.4 (calculated)
Vapor Pressure (torr)
3.6 x 101 @ 25C; 8.5 @ 0C (extrapolated) 2
Volatility (mg/m3)
1.9 x 105 @ 25C; 5.0 x 104 @ 0C (calculated from vapor pressure) 2
9.2 @ 25C; 9.5 @ 0C (calculated from vapor pressure) 2
Latent Heat of Vaporization (kcal/mol) Flash Point
Nonflammable 4
Decomposition Temperature
Data not available
Solubility
Immediately decomposes with the addition of water 5
Rate of Hydrolysis
Virtually instantaneous to produce methylphosphonofluoridic acid (MF) and
hydrogen fluoride (HF) which are also toxic.  Further hydrolysis is a slow reaction
that produces methylphosphonic acid (MPA); MF t1/2 = 162 days @ pH 7, t1/2 = 90
days @ pH 4, and t1/2 = 47 days @ pH 3. 5
Hydrolysis Products
Hydrolyzes to give toxic products, MF and HF.  Further hydrolysis of MF results in
MPA and a second mole of HF. 5
Stability in Storage
Remains stable for at least 20 years, when stored in high-density polyethylene
containers enclosed in steel. 6  Avoid contact with water mist or sprays, metals,
alkaline materials, and some organics. 1  Never store DF with alcohols; DF will react
with alcohols to form a lethal chemical, such as crude GB. 7
Action on Metals or Other Materials
Incompatible with water, glass, concrete, 8 most metals, natural rubber, 9 and
organic materials like glycols, which is mainly due to the acidic corrosive nature of
the hydrolysis products. 1,10-12  HF may react with some metals, to give off hydrogen
gas, a potential fire and explosive hazard. 10,13

## Table Ii-49.  Df (Continued) Notes

1Buchi, K.M., *Environmental Overview of Intermediates, By-Products, and Products in the Production of QL, DC, and DF*, CRDEC-TR-076, USA Chemical Research Development and Engineering Center, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD, May 1991, UNCLASSIFIED Report (ADB155651).

2Zeffert, B.M. et al., "Properties, Interaction and Esterification of Methylphosphonic Dihalides," J. Am. Chem. Soc., Vol. 82, p. 3843, 1960.

3Furukawa, G.T., et al., 'Thermodynamic Properties of Some Methylphosphonyl Dihalides From 15 to 335K," J. Rsch. NBS
Phy. & Chem., Vol. 68A, No. 4, p. 367, 1964.

4Allan, C.R., *The Relationship Between Oxygen Index and the Flashing Propensity of Explosively Disseminated Liquids*, ARCSL-TR-77061, USA Armament Research and Development Command, Chemical Systems Laboratory, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD, October 1977, UNCLASSIFIED Report (ADA045976).
5Dahl, A.R., et al., Acute Toxicity of Methylphosphonic Difluoride (DF) Methylphosphonic Dichloride (DC) and their Hydrolysis Products by Inhalation and other Routes in Mice, Rats and Guinea Pigs, CRDEC-CR-86049, USA Chemical Research Development and Engineering Center, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD, June 1986, UNCLASSIFIED Report (ADB105158).
6Jackson, A.M., and Semiatin, W.J., *Long-Term Storability of the M20 DF Canister Used in the M687 Binary Projectile*, CRDC-TR-84104, USA Chemical Research Development and Engineering Center, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD, January 1985, UNCLASSIFIED Report (ADB092563).
7Hyttinen, L.J., et al., Mixed Binary Agents New Approach Toward Meeting Expanded Chemical Munitions Effectiveness Requirements, ARCSL-TR-83080, USA Armament Research and Development Command, APG, MD, June 1983, CONFIDENTIAL Report (ADC033576).

8Ellzy, M., et al., *Difluor (DF) - Flooring Compatibility Studies*, CRDEC-TR-229, USA Chemical Research Development and Engineering Center, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD, May 1991, UNCLASSIFIED Report (ADB154752).

9Schweitzer, P.A., *Corrosion Resistance Tables: Metals, Plastics, Nonmetallics, and Rubbers*, 2nd ed., pp. 572- 573, Ed., Marcel Dekker, INC., Chester, NJ, 1986.
10Buchi, K.M., Environmental Overview of Common Industrial Chemicals with Potential Application in the Binary Munitions Program, CRDEC-TR-87041, USA Chemical Research Development and Engineering Center, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD, July 1987, UNCLASSIFIED Report (ADA186083).

11Thomas, M.T., *Research and Development for Candidate Materials for Use as a DF Containment Vessel*, CRDC-CR-
85058, USA Chemical Research Development and Engineering Center, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD, September 1985, UNCLASSIFIED Report (ADB096058).

12Kay Lau, Tony Man, *Glass or Polymer Etching Due to the Reaction of Methylphosphonic Difluoride (DF) with Water (U)*, CRDEC-TR-86074, USA Chemical Research Development and Engineering Center, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD, August 1986, CONFIDENTIAL Report (ADC039896).
13Tarantino, P.A., *Electrochemical Corrosion Study of Miscellaneous Metals/Alloys with Methylphosphonic Difluoride*, CRDEC-TR-88032, USA Chemical Research Development and Engineering Center, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD, November 1987, UNCLASSIFIED Report (ADB117574).

## Table Ii-50.  Df Toxicity Estimates10

| TLE      | ROD      | DOC     |
|----------|----------|---------|
| Endpoint | Toxicity |         |
| a        |          |         |
| (mg/eye) |          |         |
| MV (L)   | Exposure |         |
| Duration |          |         |
| ROE      | Probit   |         |
| Slope    |          |         |
| Unknown  | Unknown  | Unknown |
| Damage   |          |         |
| ED       |          |         |
| 50       |          |         |
| :  10    | N/A      | N/A     |
| eye      |          |         |
| Unknown  | Unknown  | Unknown |
| Damage   |          |         |
| ED       |          |         |
| 50       |          |         |
| :  0.2   | N/A      | N/A     |
| eye      |          |         |

aBased on "official" existing human toxicity estimate.


        b.
                 O-(2 Diisopropylaminoethyl)-O'Ethyl Methyl Phosphonite (QL) (see Table II-51).
The only human data for QL are from occupational exposures for which the dosage is
unknown.  No toxic signs have been observed in workers who have handled large quantities
of QL or who have become highly contaminated with it.  See Table II-52 (page II-72) for
toxicity estimates.

## Table Ii-51.  Ql

Alternate Designations:  EA 1724; EDMP Chemical Name:  O-(2-Diisopropylaminoethyl) O'-ethyl methylphosphonite Synonyms:  O-Ethyl-O'-(2-diisopropylaminoethyl) methylphosphonite; Phosphonous acid, methyl-, 2-[bis(1- methylethyl)amino]ethyl ethyl ester
CAS Registry Number:  57856-11-8 RTECS Number:  Data not available

Structural Formula:



Molecular Formula:  C11H26NO2P
Molecular Weight:  235.31
Physical State
Liquid 1
Odor
Strong, fishy 1
Boiling Point
244.8C (extrapolated) 2
FP/MP
Data not available
Liquid Density (g/mL)
0.9080 @ 25C; 0.9307 @ 0C 2
Vapor Density (relative to air)
8.1 (calculated)
Vapor Pressure (torr)
1.8 x 10-2 @ 25C; 7.1 x 10-4 @ 0C (extrapolated) 2
Volatility (mg/m3)
2.3 x 102 @ 25C; 9.8 @ 0C (calculated from vapor pressure) 2
19.4 @ 25C; 22.3 @ 0C (calculated from vapor pressure) 2
Latent Heat of Vaporization (kcal/mol) Flash Point
89C (closed cup). 3  In addition, QL has an autoignition temperature of 129C. 2  A
hydrolysis product, O,O'-diethylmethylphosphonite (TR), has a flash point of 28C 4
and an autoignition temperature of 40C. 1
Decomposition Temperature
Data not available
Solubility
Slightly soluble in water.  Soluble in methanol, 2-propanol, acetone, and benzene. 5
Rate of Hydrolysis
Rapid.  QL can be completely hydrolyzed within 5 hrs. 6
Hydrolysis Products
With excess of water by weight, QL primarily forms O-ethyl methylphosphonic acid
(YL) and 2-diisopropylaminoethanol (KB), but also forms O-(2- diisopropylaminoethyl) methylphosphonic acid (QA) and ethanol (ZS) as secondary products.  With traces of water or other proton donors, QL will produce O,O'-diethyl methylphosphonite (TR) and O,O'-bis-(2-diisopropylaminoethyl) methylphosphonite
(LT). 1  TR has a boiling point of 120C, 4 a vapor pressure of 10 mm Hg @ 20C, 1
and is flammable. 4
Stability in Storage
Stable in aluminum, steel, and stainless steel containers for at least 6 months @
71C, if kept dry and pure. 5   Always store QL away from heat or ignition sources
and sulfur compounds because of the potential to form highly toxic V-agents. 7
Action on Metals or Other Materials
Satisfactory against aluminum, steel, and stainless steel, but not glass unless a
stabilizer is used. 5   Reacts with sulfur and sulfur compounds to produce highly toxic
VX or VX-like compounds. 7   It is incompatible with HTH, many chlorinated
hydrocarbons, selenium, selenium compounds, moisture, oxidants, and carbon
tetrachloride. 1

## Table Ii-51. Ql (Continued) Notes

1Buchi, K.M., *Environmental Overview of Intermediates, By-Products, and Products in the Production of QL, DC, and DF*, CRDEC-TR-076, USA Chemical Research Development and Engineering Center, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD, May 1991, UNCLASSIFIED Report (ADB155651).

2Samuel, J.B., et al., Physical Properties of Standard Agents, Candidate Agents, and Related Compounds at Several Temperatures, ARCSL-SP-83015, June 1983, USA Armament Research and Development Command, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD, UNCLASSIFIED Report (ADC033491). 3Butrow, A., Chemical Research and Development Center Notebook #NB 83-0155, p. 45 (U).

4Kinkead, E.R. Evaluation of the Acute Toxicity of Four Compounds Associated with the Manufacture of O-Ethyl-O'- (2-
Diisopropyaminoethyl) Methylphosphonite, CRDEC-CR-87077, USA Chemical Research, Development & Engineering Center, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD, June 1987, UNCLASSIFIED Report (ADB113969).

5Brooks, M.E. et al, Final Report - Task VII, Contract DA18-108-CML-6602 (A), Corrosion, Compatibility and Other Physicochemical Studies (U), Final Report - Task VII RES-64-86, W. R. Grace & Co., Washington Research Center, Clarksville, Maryland, June 1964, UNCLASSSIFIED Report (AD352753).

6Rohrbaugh, D.K., Detection and Identification of QL Impurities by Electron and Chemical Ionization Gas Chromatography/
Mass Spectrometry, USA Chemical Research, Development, & Engineering Center, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD, July
1989, UNCLASSIFIED Report (ADB136428).

7Nowlin, T.E., et al., *A New Binary VX Reaction-Two-Liquid System (U)*, EATR 4700, USA Munitions Command, Edgewood Arsenal, MD, November 1972, UNCLASSIFIED Report (AD524088).

## Table Ii-52.  Ql Toxicity Estimates10

| TLE                      | ROD      | DOC    |
|--------------------------|----------|--------|
| Endpoint                 | Toxicity |        |
| MV (L)                   | Exposure |        |
| Duration                 |          |        |
| ROE                      | Probit   |        |
| Slope                    |          |        |
| (mg-min/m                |          |        |
| 3                        |          |        |
| )                        |          |        |
| N/A                      | N/A      | N/A    |
| recommended at this      |          |        |
| time due to lack of data |          |        |


c.

Isopropylamine and Isopropyl Alcohol (OPA) (see Table II-53).  OPA has an inflammatory and corrosive action when in contact with mucous membranes, tissues, or skin.  Death could occur from severe local tissue injury, with secondary complications such as toxemia, shock, perforation, infection, hemorrhage, and obstruction.  These effects are the results of the concentration of the material, rather than the total quantity applied. OPA is most likely to be encountered in liquid form.  See Table II-54 for toxicity estimates.

## Table Ii-53.  Opa

Alternate Designations:  N/A Chemical Name:  2-Propanol (isopropyl alcohol) and Isopropyl amine mixture Synonyms:  N/A CAS Registry Number:  2-Propanol: 67-63-0; Isopropyl amine: 75-31-0 RTECS Number:  2-Propanol: NT8050000; Isopropyl amine: NT8400000

Structural Formula:

| 72 wt% 2-Propanol   |
|---------------------|
|                     |
|                     |


Molecular Formula:  C3H8O and C3H9N
Molecular Weight:  2-Propanol: 60.10; Isopropyl amine: 59.11; Average: 59.81 (based on 72:28 wt. %)

## Table Ii-53.  Opa (Continued)

| Physical State                                                                     | Colorless liquid                                                                    |
|------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| 1                                                                                  |                                                                                     |
|                                                                                    |                                                                                     |
| Odor                                                                               | Alcohol and ammonia (based on the two components)                                   |
| 2                                                                                  |                                                                                     |
|                                                                                    |                                                                                     |
| Boiling Point                                                                      | 60.8C (based on Raoult's law calculation)                                          |
| 3                                                                                  |                                                                                     |
|                                                                                    |                                                                                     |
| FP/MP                                                                              | Less than 88C (FP)                                                                |
| 1                                                                                  |                                                                                     |
|                                                                                    |                                                                                     |
| Liquid Density (g/mL)                                                              | 0.7520 @ 25C                                                                       |
| 1,4                                                                                |                                                                                     |
| 0.7759 @ 0C (extrapolated)                                                        |                                                                                     |
| 4                                                                                  |                                                                                     |
|                                                                                    |                                                                                     |
| Vapor Density (relative to air)                                                    | 2.1 (calculated)                                                                    |
| Vapor Pressure (torr)                                                              | 1.955 x 102 @ 25C; 6.128 x 101 @ 0C (based on Raoult's law calculation)           |
| 3                                                                                  |                                                                                     |
|                                                                                    |                                                                                     |
| Volatility (mg/m                                                                   |                                                                                     |
| 3                                                                                  |                                                                                     |
| )                                                                                  | 6.288 x 10                                                                          |
| 5                                                                                  |                                                                                     |
| @ 25C; 2.152 x 10                                                                 |                                                                                     |
| 5                                                                                  |                                                                                     |
| @ 0C (calculated from vapor pressure)                                             |                                                                                     |
| 3                                                                                  |                                                                                     |
|                                                                                    |                                                                                     |
| Latent Heat of Vaporization                                                        |                                                                                     |
| (kcal/mol)                                                                         |                                                                                     |
| 7.51 (calculated from Clausius Clapeyron equation which assumes constant heat of   |                                                                                     |
| vaporization as a function of temperature)                                         |                                                                                     |
| 3                                                                                  |                                                                                     |
|                                                                                    |                                                                                     |
| Flash Point                                                                        | Less than 0C                                                                       |
| 5                                                                                  |                                                                                     |
|                                                                                    |                                                                                     |
| Decomposition Temperature                                                          | Data not available                                                                  |
| Solubility                                                                         |                                                                                     |
| Both 2-propanol and isopropyl amine are miscible in water, alcohol, and ether, and |                                                                                     |
| soluble in acetone, benzene, and chloroformsuggesting that OPA has a similar      |                                                                                     |
| degree of solubility.                                                              |                                                                                     |
| 2,6                                                                                |                                                                                     |
|                                                                                    |                                                                                     |
| Rate of Hydrolysis                                                                 | Data not available                                                                  |
| Hydrolysis Products                                                                | Data not available                                                                  |
| Stability in Storage                                                               | Relatively stable for at least 5 years at temperatures between ambient and 71C, if |
| stored in carbon steel containers lined with an ethylenebutylene copolymer.        |                                                                                     |
| 7                                                                                  |                                                                                     |
| Store                                                                              |                                                                                     |
| OPA away from heat, open flame, and DF because they react to form highly toxic     |                                                                                     |
| compounds such as crude GB.                                                        |                                                                                     |
| 1                                                                                  |                                                                                     |
|                                                                                    |                                                                                     |
| Action on Metals or Other Materials                                                | Reacts readily with oxidizing materials and organophosphorus halides, such as DF.   |
| Contact with DF can produce extremely toxic compounds such as crude GB.            |                                                                                     |
| 1                                                                                  |                                                                                     |
|                                                                                    |                                                                                     |

1Hyttinen, L.J., et al., Mixed Binary Agents New Approach Toward Meeting Expanded Chemical Munitions Effectiveness Requirements, ARCSL-TR-83080, USA Armament Research and Development Command, APG, MD, June 1983, CONFIDENTIAL Report (ADC033576).

2*The Merck Index: An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals*, 13th ed., p. 5225, Merck & Company, Inc., Whitehouse Station, NJ, 2001.

3Abercrombie, P., ECBC Notebook #NB 98-0079, p. 45 (U).

4Fielder, D., Chemical Systems Laboratories Notebook #NB-CSL-82-0213, p. 13 (U).
5Allan, C.R., *The Relationship Between Oxygen Index and the Flashing Propensity of Explosively Disseminated Liquids*, ARCSL-TR-77061, USA Armament Research and Development Command, Chemical Systems Laboratory, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD, October 1977, UNCLASSIFIED Report (ADA045976).
6Weast, R.C., *CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics,* 50th ed., pp. C-453 and C-440, CRC, Cleveland, OH, 1969.

7Sze, J.M., and Simak, R.S., *Binary GB: A Compilation of Relevant Data*, ARCSL-TR-82019, USA Armament Research and Development Command, APG, MD, March 1983, CONFIDENTIAL Report (ADC030931).

## Table Ii-54.  Opa Toxicity Estimates10

| TLE                      | ROD      | DOC    |
|--------------------------|----------|--------|
| Endpoint                 | Toxicity |        |
| MV (L)                   | Exposure |        |
| Duration                 |          |        |
| ROE                      | Probit   |        |
| Slope                    |          |        |
| (mg-min/m                |          |        |
| 3                        |          |        |
| )                        |          |        |
| N/A                      | N/A      | N/A    |
| recommended at this time |          |        |
| due to lack of data      |          |        |


d.

Sulfur with a Small Amount of Silica Gel (NE) (see Table II-55 [page II-74]).  NE
is a component of binary VX.  It has very low toxicity and may irritate skin, eyes, nose and throat.  See Table II-56 (page II-75) for toxicity estimates.

## Table Ii-55. Ne

Alternate Designation:  Brimstone Chemical Name:  Sulfur (with small amount of silica aerogel) Synonyms:  Alpha sulfur; Beta sulfur; Atomic sulfur; Bensulfoid; Brimstone; Colloidal sulfur; Collokit; Colsul; Cosan; Crystex; Elemental sulfur; Flowers of sulfur; Flour sulfur; Ground vocle sulphur; Hexasul; Kocide; Kolofog; Kolospray; Kumulus;
Microflotox; Orthorhombic sulfur; Precipitated sulfur; Rhombic sulfur; Sofril; Sperlox-s; Spersul; Spersul thiovit;  Sublimed sulfur; Sulfidal; Sulforon; Sulfur flower; Sulkol; Super cosan; Sulphur; Sulsol; Sulfur atom; Sulfur ointment; Sulfur vapor; Tesuloii; Thiolux; Thiovit CAS Registry Number: Sulfur:  7704-34-9 and 10544-50-0 RTECS Number:  Data not available

Structural Formula:
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S


Molecular Formula:  S8
Molecular Weight:  256.48 Physical State
Rhombic, yellow crystals 1
Odor
Odorless when pure 2, but many sulfur compounds tend to be vile-smelling
Boiling Point
444.6C 1
FP/MP
The rhombic form of sulfur transforms into the monoclinic form @ 95.3C; the MP of
monoclinic sulfur is 115.21C 1
Solid Density (g/cc)
2.07 @ 20C 2
Vapor Density (relative to air)
8.8 (calculated)
Vapor Pressure (torr)
1 @ 183.8C 3
Volatility (mg/m3)
9.0 x 103 @ 184C (calculated from vapor pressure) 3
2.21 4
Latent Heat of Vaporization (kcal/mol) Flash Point
207C (closed cup) 3
Decomposition Temperature
Data not available
Solubility
Insoluble in water; slightly soluble in alcohol, ether; soluble in carbon disulfide,
benzene 1,2 toluene, liquid NH3, acetone, methylene iodide, and chloroform1
Rate of Hydrolysis
Data not available
Stability in Storage
Always store NE away from heat or ignition sources and QL because of the potential
to form highly toxic VX 5
Action on Metals or Other Materials
Reacts with QL to produce extremely toxic VX 5

Arsenal, MD, November 1972, UNCLASSIFIED Report (AD524088).


## Table Ii-56.  Ne Toxicity Estimates10

| TLE                      | ROD      | DOC    |
|--------------------------|----------|--------|
| Endpoint                 | Toxicity |        |
| MV (L)                   | Exposure |        |
| Duration                 |          |        |
| ROE                      | Probit   |        |
| Slope                    |          |        |
| (mg-min/m                |          |        |
| 3                        |          |        |
| )                        |          |        |
| N/A                      | N/A      | N/A    |
| recommended at this      |          |        |
| time due to lack of data |          |        |


e.  Dimethylpolysulfide (NM) (see Table II-57).  NM is a binary intermediate; as such, it is most likely to be encountered in an occupational setting.  No estimates of human toxicity of NM have been derived.  Very high vapor concentrations are required to produce toxic effects.  The Department of Transportation (DOT) shipping classification is not a class B poison.  See Table II-58 (page II-76) for toxicity estimates.

## Table Ii-57.  Nm (Containing Elemental Sulfur)

Alternate Designation:  NM5 Chemical Name:  Dimethyl polysulfide mixture [powdered sulfur + dimethyl disulfide (DMDS)]
Synonyms:  Dimethyl disulfide: 2,3-Dithiabutane; Methyl disulfide; (Methyldithio) methane; Disulfide, dimethyl CAS Registry Number:  Dimethyl disulfide: 624-92-0 RTECS Number:  Data not available

Structural Formula: 1



S
S
S
S
S
CH3
CH3

Molecular Formula:  C2H6S5
Molecular Weight: 190.37 Physical State
Liquid 1
Odor
Very noxious 2
Boiling Point
117C 3
FP/MP
< -40C (FP), 1 DMDS: -84.72C (FP) 4
Liquid Density (g/mL)
1.3895 @ 25C 1
Vapor Density (relative to air)
6.6 (calculated)
Vapor Pressure (torr)
DMDS: 2.864 x 101 @ 25C, 4 generally vapor pressure decreases with increasing
molecular weight, 5 thus, NM will probably have a lower vapor pressure than DMDS
since its molecular weight will generally be higher.
Volatility (mg/m3)
DMDS: 1.45 x 105 @ 25C (calculated from vapor pressure) 4
Latent Heat of Vaporization (kcal/mol)
DMDS: 9.21 @ 25C, 4 generally latent heat of vaporization increases with
molecular weight of similar compounds; 5 thus, the latent heat of vaporization for NM
will probably be above 9.21 kcal/mol based on DMDS
Flash Point
105 to 108C 6
Decomposition Temperature
Data not available
Solubility
Dimethyl disulfide is soluble in alcohols, but insoluble in water 7,8
Rate of Hydrolysis
Data not available
Hydrolysis Products
Data not available
Stability in Storage
Satisfactory in storage for at least 1 year at temperatures between 40 to 71C. 1
Always store NM away from heat or ignition sources and QL because of the
potential to form highly toxic VX. 6
Action on Metals or Other Materials
Stains the surface of steel and various metal-plated steels when stored in glass
vessels for 4 months @ 71C. 3  Reacts with QL to produce extremely toxic VX. 6

## Table Ii-57.  Nm (Containing Elemental Sulfur) (Continued) Notes

1Brown, H.A., Jr., et al., *Modified NM: An Improved Liquid Binary VX Reactant (U),* EC-TR-76075, USA Armament Command, Edgewood Arsenal, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD, November 1976, UNCLASSIFIED Report (ADC008561).

2Riordan, M.B., *Pilot-Scale Operations of Process for Manufacture of VX Binary Intermediate NM (U)*, EM-TR-76055, USA
Armament Command, Edgewood Arsenal, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD, November 1976, CONFIDENTIAL Report (ADC008383).
3Grula, R.J., et al., *Compatibility Studies with Candidate Binary VX2 Components*, EC-TM-76009, USA Armament Command, Edgewood Arsenal, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD, February 1976, UNCLASSIFIED Report (ADE470951).

4Scott, D.W., et al., "2,3-Dithiabutane: Low Temperature Heat Capacity, Heat of Fusion, Heat of Vaporization, Vapor Pressure, Entropy and Thermodynamic Functions," *J. Amer. Chem. Soc*., Vol. 72, p. 2424, 1950.
5*Properties of War Gases Volume IV: Vesicants (U),* ETF 100-41/Vol-4, Chemical Corps Board, Army Chemical Center, MD, December 1956, CLASSIFIED Report (AD108459).
6Nowlin, T.E., *A New Binary VX Reaction-Two-Liquid System (U)*, EATR 4700, USA Munitions Command, Edgewood Arsenal, MD, November 1972, UNCLASSIFIED Report (AD524088).

7Buchi, K.M., Environmental Overview of Common Industrial Chemicals with Potential Application in the Binary Munitions Program, CRDEC-TR-87041, USA Chemical Research Development and Engineering Center, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD, July 1987, UNCLASSIFIED Report (ADA186083).

8Lide, D.R., *CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics,* 82nd ed., CRC Press, Washington, DC, 2001.

## Table Ii-58.  Nm Toxicity Estimates10

| Endpoint                 | Toxicity    | TLE     | ROD    | DOC    | MV (L)                    |
|--------------------------|-------------|---------|--------|--------|---------------------------|
| Duration                 |             |         |        |        |                           |
| ROE                      | Probit      |         |        |        |                           |
| Slope                    |             |         |        |        |                           |
| (mg-min/m                |             |         |        |        |                           |
| 3                        |             |         |        |        |                           |
| )                        |             |         |        |        |                           |
| N/A                      | N/A         | N/A     |        |        |                           |
|                          |             |         |        |        |                           |
| N/A                      | N/A         | Unknown | N/A    | N/A    | No toxicity estimates are |
| recommended at this      |             |         |        |        |                           |
| time due to lack of data |             |         |        |        |                           |

## 10. Other Chemical Warfare Agents


        In the past, other compounds were studied and evaluated to determine their potential
as CW agents.  Most compounds were found unlikely to be used for various reasons (e.g.,
unstable in storage).  Some CW agents studied but not commonly known are listed in Table
II-59.

| Classification    | CW Agent                              |
|-------------------|---------------------------------------|
| Choking Agents    | Chloropicrin (PS)                     |
| Nerve Agents      | Ethyl Sarin (GE), VE, Amiton (VG), VS |
| Blister Agents    | Sesqui mustard (Q)                    |

1FM 8-285/NAVMED P-5041/AFJMAN 44-149/FMFM 11-11, Treatment of Chemical Agent Casualties and Conventional Military Chemical Injuries, 22 December 1995.

2Henry F. Holtzclaw, Jr., et al., *General Chemistry with Qualitative Analysis*, 9th ed., D.C.

Heath and Company, Lexington, MA, 1991.

3Stedman's Medical Dictionary, 25th Edition, Williams &Wilkins, Baltimore, MD, 1990. 4Holzclaw, Jr. H.F. and Robinson, W.R., *College Chemistry with Qualitative Analysis*, 8th ed., D.C. Heath and Company, Lexington, MA, 1988.

5American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) Method D 167, Standard Test Method for Apparent and True Specific Gravity and Porosity of Lump Coke.

6Matt T. Roberts and Don Etherington, "Vapor Density," Bookbinding and the Conservation of Books: A Dictionary of Descriptive Terminology, 7 January 2002, http://palimpsest.stanford.edu/don/dt/dt3670.html (8 April 2003). 7Richard J. Lewis, Sr., *Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary*, 13th ed., John Wiley &
Sons, Inc., New York, NY, 1997.

8Penski, E.C., *Vapor Pressure Data Analysis Methodology, Statistics, and Applications,* CR
DEC-TR-386, Chemical Research, Development, and Engineering Center, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD, 1992, UNCLASSIFIED Report (AD-A255090).

9McGraw Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 6th ed., McGraw Hill Companies, Inc., New York, 2003.

10Sharon Reutter, et al., SBCCOM Report Review and Recommendations for Human Toxicity Estimates for FM 3-11.9, Draft.

11USACHPPM TG 204, Glossary of Terms for Nuclear, Biological, and Chemical Agents and Defense Equipment, December 2001.

12FM 8-9/NAVMED P-5059/AFJMAN 44-151, NATO Handbook on the Medical Aspects of NBC Defense Operations AMEDP-6(B), 1 February 1996.

13 Patrice L. Abercrombie, Physical Property Data Review of Selected Chemical Agents and Related Compounds, Draft.

14BG Russ Zajtchuk, et al. (eds), Textbook of Military Medicine:  Medical Aspects of Chemical and Biological Warfare, Office of the Surgeon General, 1997, Chap. 9, "Toxic Inhalational Injury."
15BG Russ Zajtchuk et al. (eds), Textbook of Military Medicine:  Medical Aspects of Chemical and Biological Warfare, Office of the Surgeon General, 1997, Chap. 5, "Nerve Agents."
16Satu M. Somani and James A. Romano, Jr. (eds), Chemical Warfare Agents:  Toxicity at Low Levels," CRC Press, 2001.

17BG Russ Zajtchuk et al. (eds), Textbook of Military Medicine:  Medical Aspects of Chemical and Biological Warfare, Office of the Surgeon General, 1997, Chap. 6, "Pretreatment for Nerve Agent Exposure."
18BG Russ Zajtchuk et al. (eds), Textbook of Military Medicine:  Medical Aspects of Chemical and Biological Warfare, Office of the Surgeon General, 1997, Chap. 10, "Cyanide Poisoning."
19L. Fishbein and S. Czerczak, "Concise International Chemical Assessment Document 47:
Arsine:  Human Health Aspects," WHO, 2002.

20W.R. Kirner, Summary Technical Report of Division 9, NDRC Volume 1, Chemical Warfare Agents, and Related Chemical Problems Part I-II, Office of Scientific Research and Development, Washington, DC, 1946, UNCLASSIFIED Report (AD234270).

21BG Russ Zajtchuk et al. (eds), Textbook of Military Medicine:  Medical Aspects of Chemical and Biological Warfare, Office of the Surgeon General, 1997, Chap. 7, "Vesicants."
22BG Russ Zajtchuk et al. (eds), Textbook of Military Medicine:  Medical Aspects of Chemical and Biological Warfare, Office of the Surgeon General, 1997, Chap. 11, "Incapacitating Agents."
23CNN.com./World, "Russia names Moscow siege gas," 30 October 2002, http://www.cnn.com/2002/WORLD/europe/10/30/moscow.gas/, 27 August 2003. 24Scientific Section (Laboratory), Policy Development and Analysis Branch, Division for Operations and Analysis, United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, Terminology and Information on Drugs:  Part I, "Opioids: Fentanyls," October 1998, http://www.unodc.org/unodc/report_1998-10-01_1_page016.html, 8 August 2003.



## Chapter Iii Military Chemical Compounds And Their Properties 1. Background


        This chapter addresses military chemical compounds including RCAs, respiratory
irritants, smoke, obscurants, and incendiaries.  See Table III-1 for a list of the selected
military chemical compounds discussed.

| Classification                                                                                  | Military Chemical Compounds                                                                   |
|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| RCAs                                                                                            | O-Chlorobenzylidene Malononitrile (CS), CS1, CS2, CSX, Dibenz(b,f)-1:4-oxazepine (CR),        |
| Capsaicin (OC)                                                                                  |                                                                                               |
| Respiratory irritants                                                                           | Adamsite (DM), Diphenylchloroarsine (DA), Diphenylcyanoarsine (DC), Chlorine (Cl              |
| 2                                                                                               |                                                                                               |
| )                                                                                               |                                                                                               |
| Smoke and obscurants                                                                            | Hexachloroethane (HC), Phosphorous, Titanium Tetrachloride (FM Smoke), Tantalum (Ta),         |
| Synthetic Graphite, Brass, Fog Oil [Smoke Generator Fuels (SGF-2)], DF-1, DF-2, JP-8, Signaling |                                                                                               |
| Smoke                                                                                           |                                                                                               |
| Incendiaries                                                                                    | Magnesium Incendiaries, Thermite and Thermate Incendiaries, Oil and metal Incendiary Mixtures |

## 2. Riot Control Agents (Tear-Producing Compounds)


The RCAs are chemicals that rapidly produce sensory irritation or disabling physical effects that disappear within a short time following termination of exposure.1  The standard tear-producing agents currently in the US inventory for RCAs are o-chlorobenzylidene (CS), other agents in the same family (CS1, CS2, CSX), and dibenz (b,f)-1:4-oxazepine (CR).2
Generally, they produce a rapid onset of effects (seconds to several minutes) and they have a relatively brief duration of effects (15 to 30 minutes) once the victim has escaped the contaminated atmosphere and has removed the contamination from clothing.3  Because tear compounds produce only transient casualties, they are widely used for training, riot control, and situations where long-term incapacitation is unacceptable.  When used against poorly equipped forces, these compounds have proven extremely effective.  When released indoors, they cause serious illness or death.2

## Note:  Bleach Reacts With Rcas To Form A Strong Irritant.3  Do Not Decontaminate Rcas With Any Form Of Bleach.2


        a.
                 Symptoms.3  Symptoms include an initial burning feeling or irritation to the eyes
that progresses to pain accompanied by blepharospasm and lacrimation.  The mucous
membranes of the mouth have a sensation of discomfort or burning, with excess salivation.
Rhinorrhea is accompanied by pain inside the nose.  When inhaled, these compounds cause
a burning sensation or a feeling of tightness in the chest, with coughing, sneezing, and
increased secretions.  On unprotected skin, especially if the air is warm and moist, these
agents cause tingling or burning.


        b.
                 Protection.  The protective mask and ordinary field clothing secured at the neck,
wrists, and ankles provide protection against field concentrations of RCAs.4  When handling
and loading bulk CS, personnel should wear protective clothing, masks, hoods, and gloves.2


        c.
                 Toxicity.  There are a number of different formulations and methods of
dispersion for the RCAs, and the different systems/formulations impact the potency of the
materials.  The estimates recommended by the former Human Estimates Committee at
what is now ECBC were often based upon the most potent formulation.5


d.

O-Chlorobenzylidene Malononitrile (CS) (see Table III-2).  In 1959, the USA
adopted CS for combat training and riot control purposes.2  CS produces an intense burning and irritation of the eyes, with mild to severe conjunctivitis.  It also produces a burning sensation in the nose and mucous membranes of the respiratory tract, followed by draining of the nasal sinuses.  The chest feels constricted, with a sensation of choking and being unable to breathe.  CS is also a primary skin irritant, and can produce erythema, edema, and vesication.5  CS exists as a family of four forms:  CS, CS1, CS2, and CSX.  Different forms of CS have different persistence characteristics because of their formulation, dissemination, and rate of hydrolysis.2   CS has been found to persist in snow for as long as
30 days but its persistency in soil varies, depending on the condition of the soil.6  See Table III-3 for CS toxicity estimates.

Chemical name:  O-Chlorobenzylidene Malononitrile 1
Synonym:  2-Chlorbenzalmalonitrile, CS, OCBM 1
CAS registry number:  2698-41-1 1

RTECS number:  OO3675000 1

Structural formula: 2
CN
CH
C
Molecular formula:  C10H5ClN2
Molecular weight:  188.6 1
CN
Cl
Physical state
White crystalline solid 1
Odor
Pepper-like 1
Boiling point
310C to 315C (590-599F)1
FP/MP
95C to 96 C (203-205F) (MP) 1
Solid density (g/mL)
Bulk:  0.24-0.26; Crystal: 1.04 2
Vapor density (relative to air)
6.5 (calculated)
Vapor pressure (torr)
0.00034 @ 20C 2
Volatility (mg/m3)
0.71 @ 25C 2
Latent heat of vaporization (kcal/mol)
Data not available
Flash point
Data not available
Decomposition temperature
Data not available
Solubility
Insoluble in water; 1,2 moderate in alcohol; and good in acetone, chloroform,
methylene dichloride, ethylacetate, and benzene 3
Rate of hydrolysis
Data not available
Hydrolysis products
Data not available
Stability in storage
Combustible material; may burn but does not ignite readily.  Containers may
explode when heated;4 incompatible with strong oxiders.1
Action on metals or other materials
Contact with metals may evolve flammable hydrogen gas 4

## Table Iii-2.  Cs (Continued) Other Data

| Skin and eye toxicity                                                          | Burning and irritation to eyes; primary skin irritant                             |
|--------------------------------------------------------------------------------|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| 5                                                                              |                                                                                   |
| Inhalation toxicity                                                            | Causes sensation of choking                                                       |
| 5                                                                              |                                                                                   |
| Rate of action                                                                 | Instantaneous                                                                     |
| 6                                                                              |                                                                                   |
| Protection required                                                            | A protective mask and dry field clothing secured at neck, wrists, and ankles.     |
| Personnel handling and loading bulk CS should wear protective clothing, masks, |                                                                                   |
| and gloves.                                                                    |                                                                                   |
| 7                                                                              |                                                                                   |
| Decontamination                                                                | Move to fresh air.  Flush eyes and skin with water.  Do not rub eyes.  Do not use |
| oil-based lotions.  Do not use any form of bleach.  Use soap and water on      |                                                                                   |
| equipment contaminated with CS, CS1, or CS2.                                   |                                                                                   |
| 7                                                                              |                                                                                   |
| Use                                                                            | Training and RCA                                                                  |
| 7                                                                              |                                                                                   |

1NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards, "o-Chlorobenzylidene malononitrile," CAS 2698-41-1.

2BG Russ Zajtchuk et al. (eds), T*extbook of Military Medicine:  Medical Aspects of Chemical and Biological Warfare*, Office of the Surgeon General, 1997, Chap. 12, "Riot Control Agents."
3FM 8-9/NAVMED P-3059/AFJMAN 49-151, *NATO Handbook on the Medical Aspects of NBC Defense Operations* AMEDP-
6(B), 1 February 1996.

4*2000 Emergency Response Guidebook*, Guide 153, Substances-Toxic and/or Corrosive (Combustible). 5Sharon Reutter, et al., *Review and Recommendations for Human Toxicity Estimates for FM 3-11.9*, ECBC-TR-349, September 2003.

6*NIOSH-DOD-OSHA Sponsored Chemical and Biological Respiratory Protection Workshop Report,* February 2000. 7FM 3-11.11/MCRP 3-3.7.2, *Flame, Riot Control Agents and Herbicide Operations*, 19 August 1996 (Renumbered from FM
3-11).

## Table Iii-3.  Cs Toxicity Estimates5

Endpoint
Toxicity
(mg min/m3)
MV (L)
Exposure
Duration
ROE
Probit
Slope
TLE
ROD
DOC
Unknown
More than 1
Some
Low
15
5-90 min
Inhalation/
Ocular
Lethality
LCt50:   52,000-
61,000 a
(Provisional)
Unknown
Unknown
Unknown
Moderate
Intolerable
ECt50 :  7 b
15
1 min
Inhalation/
Ocular
NOTES

aBased on existing human estimates. bBased on "official" estimates (HEC, 1969).


                 (1)
                          CS1 has been especially formulated to prolong persistency and increase
effectiveness.  Unlike CS, CS1 is a free-flowing agent powder consisting of 95 percent
crystalline CS blended with 5 percent silica aerogel.  This formulation reduces
agglomeration, increases fluidity, and achieves the desired respiratory effects when
dispersed as a solid aerosol.  When disturbed, CS1 reaerosolizes and can cause respiratory
and eye effects. 2


                 (2)
                          CS2 is a siliconized, microencapsulated form of CS1.3  This treatment
improves the physical characteristics of CS by reducing agglomeration and hydrolysis.  This
form of CS prolongs the effectiveness for both immediate and surface contamination
effects.2


                 (3)
                          CSX is a form of CS developed for dissemination as a liquid rather than a
powder.  One gram of powdered CS is dissolved in 99 grams of trioctyl phosphite (TOF).  As
with CS, CSX stings and irritates the eyes, skin, nose, throat, and lungs of exposed
personnel.2


        e.
                 Dibenz (b,f)1:4-oxazepine (CR) (see Table III-4 [page III-4]).  In 1974, the USA
approved the use of CR in riot control situations.2  CR is more potent and less toxic than

CS.3  CR is not used in its pure form but is dissolved in a solution of 80 parts of propylene glycol and 20 parts of water to form a 0.1 percent CR solution.  The severity of symptoms increases with the CR solution concentration and in any environment of high temperature and humidity.  CR does not degrade in water, and it is quite persistent in the environment.
Under suitable conditions, CR can persist on certain surfaces (especially porous) for up to
60 days.2  (See Table III-5) for CR toxicity estimates

## Table Iii-4.  Cr

Chemical name:  Dibenz(b,f)-1:4-oxazepine 1
Synonym:  Dibenzoxazepine, CR 2
CAS registry number:  257-07-8 RTECS Number:  HQ395000

Structural formula: 1
O



Molecular formula:  C13H9NO
Molecular weight:  195.22
| Physical state                         | Pale yellow crystalline solid       |
|----------------------------------------|-------------------------------------|
| 3                                      |                                     |
| Odor                                   | Pepper-like                         |
| 3                                      |                                     |
| Boiling point                          | Data not available                  |
| FP/MP                                  | 73C (163F) (MP)                   |
| 3                                      |                                     |
| Solid density (g/mL)                   | Data not available                  |
| Vapor density (relative to air)        | 6.7 (calculated)                    |
| Vapor pressure (torr)                  | Data not available                  |
| Volatility (mg/m                       |                                     |
| 3                                      |                                     |
| )                                      | Data not available                  |
| Latent heat of vaporization (kcal/mol) | Data not available                  |
| Flash point                            | Data not available                  |
| Decomposition temperature              | Data not available                  |
| Solubility                             | Sparingly soluble                   |
| 1                                      |                                     |
| Rate of hydrolysis                     | Not hydrolyzed in aqueous solutions |
| 3                                      |                                     |
| Hydrolysis products                    | Data not available                  |
| Stability in storage                   | Stable in organic solutions         |
| 3                                      |                                     |
| Action on metals or other materials    | Data not available                  |

| Skin and eye toxicity                                                          | Irritant; however, CR does not induce inflammatory cell infiltration, vesication, or    |
|--------------------------------------------------------------------------------|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| contact sensitization                                                          |                                                                                         |
| 1                                                                              |                                                                                         |
| Inhalation toxicity                                                            | Causes almost no effects in the lower airways and lungs                                 |
| 1                                                                              |                                                                                         |
| Rate of action                                                                 | Instantaneous                                                                           |
| 4                                                                              |                                                                                         |
| Protection required                                                            | Personnel exposed to CR should wear protective clothing (secured at neck, wrists,       |
| and ankles), masks, hoods, and gloves.                                         |                                                                                         |
| 5                                                                              |                                                                                         |
| Decontamination                                                                | Move to fresh air.  Flush eyes with copious amounts of cold water.  Do not rub your     |
| eyes.  Do not use any form of bleach.  Soap and water can be used on skin.  To |                                                                                         |
| decontaminate equipment or surfaces, remove by using towels, rags, absorbent   |                                                                                         |
| paper, or any other method such as scraping, shoveling, or sweeping.           |                                                                                         |
| 5                                                                              |                                                                                         |
| Use                                                                            | RCA                                                                                     |
| 5                                                                              |                                                                                         |

## Table Iii-4.  Cr (Continued) Notes

1BG Russ Zajtchuk, et al. (eds), T*extbook of Military Medicine:  Medical Aspects of Chemical and Biological Warfare*, Office of the Surgeon General, 1997, Chap. 12, "Riot Control Agents."
2FM 8-9/NAVMED P-5059/AFJMAN 44-151, NATO Handbook on the Medical Aspects of NBC Defense Operations AMEDP-
6(B), 1 February 1996.

3FM 8-285/NAVMED P-5041/AFJMAN 44-149/FMFM 11-11, Treatment of Chemical Agent Casualties and Conventional Military Chemical Injuries, 22 December 1995.

4*NIOSH-DOD-OSHA Sponsored Chemical and Biological Respiratory Protection Workshop Report,* February 2000. 5FM 3-11.11/MCRP 3-3.7.2, *Flame, Riot Control Agents and Herbicide Operations*, 19 August 1996 (Renumbered from FM
3-11).

## Table Iii-5.  Cr Toxicity Estimates5

Endpoint
Toxicity
(mg min/m3)
MV (L)
Exposure
Duration
ROE
Probit
Slope
TLE
ROD
DOC
Lethality
LCt50:  N/A
N/A
N/A
Inhalation/Ocular
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
Moderate
ECt50 :  0.15a
15
1 min
Inhalation/Ocular
Unknown
N/A
Apparently
Rapid
Severe effects; intolerable
Moderate
ECt50 : 0.002-
0.004b
N/A
1 min
Inhalation/Ocular
Unknown
N/A
Apparently
Rapid
Threshold effects; just discernable respiratory tract/ocular symptoms

aBased on "official" estimates (HEC, 1967).

bBased on human data.


f.

Capsaicin (OC) (see Table III-6).  Capsaicin, also called oleoresin capsicum, is derived from cayenne peppers.  OC stimulates sensory nerve endings, causing reflex changes in blood pressure and respiration.  It causes pain, edema, and erythema of the tissues with which it makes contact.  It also produces bronchoconstriction and edema of the airway mucosa.  Contact with the eyes is extremely painful.  OC is a powerful irritant and lacrimator.  Although it may not have been the proximal cause of death, it has been associated with deaths in humans.5  See Table III-7 (page III-7) for toxicity estimates.

## Table Iii-6.  Oc

Alternate Designations:*  DC; Pepper Spray.
Chemical Name:  Trans-8-methyl-N-vanillyl-6-nonenamide
Synonym:  Vanillyl decenamide; 8-Methyl non-6-enoyl vanillylamide; 8 Methyl nonen-6-oxyl-vanillyl amide; N-(4-Hydroxy-3-
methoxybenzyl)-8-methylnon-trans-6-enamide; (E)-N-[(4-Hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)methyl]-8-methyl-6-nonenamide; Trans-
8-methyl-N-vanillyl-6-nonenamide; 6-Nonenamide, N-((4-Hydroxyl-3-methoxyphenyl)methyl)-8-methyl-, (E)-; 6-Nonenamide,
8-methyl-N-vanillyl-, (E)
CAS Registry Number:  404-86-4
RTECS Number:  RA8530000

Structural Formula:

Molecular Formula:  C18H27NO3
Molecular Weight:  305.42

## Table Iii-6.  Oc (Continued)

| Physical state                                                                    | Colorless monoclinic plates                                                   |
|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| 1, 2                                                                              |                                                                               |
| Odor                                                                              | Pungent, irritating                                                           |
| 1                                                                                 |                                                                               |
| Boiling point                                                                     | 340.4                                                                         |
| o                                                                                 |                                                                               |
| C (extrapolated)                                                                  |                                                                               |
| 3                                                                                 |                                                                               |
| FP/MP                                                                             | 65                                                                            |
| o                                                                                 |                                                                               |
| C (FP)                                                                            |                                                                               |
| 2,4                                                                               |                                                                               |
|                                                                                   |                                                                               |
| Liquid density (g/mL)                                                             | Data not available                                                            |
| Vapor density (relative to air)                                                   | 10.5 (calculated)                                                             |
| Vapor pressure (torr)                                                             | 1.5 x 10                                                                      |
| -7                                                                                |                                                                               |
| @ 65                                                                              |                                                                               |
| o                                                                                 |                                                                               |
| C (extrapolated)                                                                  |                                                                               |
| 3                                                                                 |                                                                               |
| Volatility (mg/m                                                                  |                                                                               |
| 3                                                                                 |                                                                               |
| )                                                                                 | 2.2 x 10                                                                      |
| -3                                                                                |                                                                               |
| @ 65                                                                              |                                                                               |
| o                                                                                 |                                                                               |
| C (calculated from vapor pressure)                                                |                                                                               |
| 3                                                                                 |                                                                               |
|                                                                                   |                                                                               |
| Latent heat of vaporization (kcal/mol)                                            | 33.4 (calculated from Clausius Clapeyron equation which assumes constant heat |
| of vaporization of a function of temperature)                                     |                                                                               |
| 3                                                                                 |                                                                               |
| Flash point                                                                       | Capsaicin in the form of pepper spray may be flammable or nonflammable        |
| depending on the type of delivery (carrier) system used.                          |                                                                               |
| 5                                                                                 |                                                                               |
| Decomposition temperature                                                         | Above 150                                                                     |
| o                                                                                 |                                                                               |
| C                                                                                 |                                                                               |
| 3                                                                                 |                                                                               |
| Solubility                                                                        | Solubility in water is 0.090 g/L @ 37                                         |
| o                                                                                 |                                                                               |
| C;                                                                                |                                                                               |
| 6                                                                                 |                                                                               |
| soluble in alcohol, ether, chloroform,                                            |                                                                               |
| carbon disulfide, concentrated HCl, aromatic solvents, hydrocarbons, ketones, and |                                                                               |
| aqueous alkali                                                                    |                                                                               |
| 1, 2, 7                                                                           |                                                                               |
|                                                                                   |                                                                               |
| Rate of hydrolysis                                                                | Data not available                                                            |
| Hydrolysis products                                                               | Alkaline hydrolysis yields vanillylamine and isomeric decenoic acid           |
| 7                                                                                 |                                                                               |
| Stability in storage                                                              | Data not available                                                            |
| Action on metals or other materials                                               | Data not available                                                            |

| Skin and eye toxicity                                            | Powerful irritant and lacrimator                                                       |
|------------------------------------------------------------------|----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| 8                                                                |                                                                                        |
| Inhalation toxicity                                              | Causes bronchoconstriction and edema                                                   |
| 8                                                                |                                                                                        |
| Rate of action                                                   | Almost immediate                                                                       |
| 9                                                                |                                                                                        |
| Protection required                                              | A protective mask and ordinary field clothing secured at the neck, wrist, and ankles   |
| 9                                                                |                                                                                        |
| Decontamination                                                  | Move to fresh air.  Flush face with cool water; if burning persists, use ice pack.  Do |
| not rub area.  Decontaminate required areas with soap and water. |                                                                                        |
| 9                                                                |                                                                                        |
|                                                                  |                                                                                        |
| Use                                                              | Most often used by the MP for incapacitating violent or threatening subjects, also     |
| has applications for SF and stability and support operations.    |                                                                                        |
| 9                                                                |                                                                                        |

*Capsaicin is the principal capsaicinoid compound present in oleoresin capsicum (OC).  OC is commonly known as pepper spray.  When pepper spray is combined with various carrier systems (i.e., isopropyl alcohol, methylene chloride, water, etc.), it has the potential of being an effective riot control agent.
1Sherrill, M.L., *Investigation of the Synthesis of Capsaicin and Related Compounds*, EACD 307, USA Chemical Research Laboratories, Edgewood Arsenal, MD, April 1924, UNCLASSIFIED Report (ADB955292).

2Steadman, A., *Isolation of Capsaicin from Capsicum*, EACD 188, USA Chemical Research Laboratories, Edgewood Arsenal, MD, June 1922, UNCLASSIFIED Report (ADB955131).

3Watson, P.D., *Determination of the Vapor Pressure of D.C.*, EACD 79, Chemical Warfare Service, Edgewood Arsenal, MD, December 1921, UNCLASSIFIED Report (ADB959611).

4Nelson, E.K., and Dawson, L.E., "The Constitution of Capsaicin, The Pungent Principle of Capsicum. III," J. Am. Chem.

Soc., Vol. 45, 1923.
5Daroff, P.M., et al., *Oleoresin Capsicum: An Effective Less-Than Lethal Riot Control Agent*, DPG/JCP-097-002, Chemical Biological Defense, USA Dugway Proving Ground, UT, January 1997, UNCLASSIFIED Report (ADB225032).
6Carter, R.H., and Knight, H.C., *Fundamental Study of Toxicity: Solubility of Certain Toxics in Water and in Olive Oil*, EACD
445, Chemical Warfare Service, Edgewood Arsenal, MD, May 1928, (ADB955216).
7Rosenberg, H.R., and Sharp, S.S., Evaluation and Synthesis of Chemical Compounds Vol. II, DA-18-108-CML-6673 (A), Final Comprehensive Report November 1961 - February 1965, USA Chemical Research Laboratories, Edgewood Arsenal, MD, February 1965, UNCLASSIFIED Report (ADB253543).

8Sharon Reutter, et al., *Review and Recommendations for Human Toxicity Estimates for FM 3-11.9*, ECBC-TR-349, September 2003.

9FM 3-11.11/MCRP 3-3.7.2, *Flame, Riot Control Agents and Herbicide Operations*, 19 August 1996 (Renumbered from FM
3-11).



Toxicity
Endpoint
Exposure
Duration
ROE
Probit
Slope
TLE
ROD
DOC
(mg min/m3)
MV (L)
Lethality
LCt50:  N/A
N/A
N/A
Inhalation/Ocular
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A

## 3. Respiratory Irritants


The principal respiratory irritants are diphenylaminochloroarsine (DM) (Adamsite), diphenylchloroarsine (DA), diphenylcyanoarsine (DC) and chlorine (Cl2).  DM, DA, and DC
were previously called vomiting agents; however, their primary action is irritation of the respiratory tract.  They were originally designed as "mask breakers" during WWI.  Their intended purpose was to penetrate the canister, forcing troops to remove their masks and be exposed to more toxic materials.5   Two characteristics make these compounds different than RCAs. The first characteristic is that the effects do not appear immediately on exposure or seconds afterwards, but several minutes later.  In the absence of symptoms, personnel will not mask immediately; by the time they mask, a significant amount of the compound will have been absorbed.  The effects may then cause an individual to unmask. The second characteristic of these compounds is that there may be more prolonged systemic effectssuch as headache, mental depression, chills, nausea, abdominal cramps, vomiting, and diarrheawhich last for several hours after exposure.3  They are dispersed as aerosols, and they produce their effects by inhalation or by direct action on the eyes.  When released indoors, they can cause serious illness or death.4  The protective mask gives adequate protection against field concentrations.  No protective clothing is required.4


        a.
                 DM (see Table III-8).  Symptoms are decidedly more marked after an exposure
than during it.  The degree of severity and the duration of effects vary directly with the
concentration used.  After exposure, there is burning and tightening across the chest with a
persistent rasping cough, burning in the nose and throat, and acute general depression.
DM has caused a few human deaths.5  See Table III-9 (page III-9) for DM toxicity
estimates.

## Table Iii-8.  Dm

Alternate Designations:  Azine; Rl5
Chemical Name:  10-Chloro-5,10-dihydrophenarsazine
Synonyms:  Diphenylamine chloroarsine; Diphenylamine arsenious chloride; Phenarsazine chloride; 1-Chloro-1,6-
dihydrophenarsazine; 10-Chlorophenarsazine; 6-Chlorophenarsazine, Phenarsazine, 10-chloro-5,10-dihydro-; 5-Aza-10-
arsenaanthracene chloride; 10-Chloro-5,10-dihydroarsacridine; Diphenylaminechlorarsine; Fenarsazinchlorid (Czech); Phenazsarine chloride; 10-chloro-9,10-dihydro-phenarsazine CAS Registry Number:  578-94-9 RTECS Number:  SG0680000

Structural Formula:


Molecular Formula:  C12H9AsClN
Molecular Weight:  277.58
Physical state
Light yellow to green crystals 1
Odor
No pronounced odor, but irritating 2

## Table Iii-8.  Dm (Continued)

| Boiling point                                                                         | 410                                                                               |
|---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| o                                                                                     |                                                                                   |
| C (extrapolated) decomposes                                                           |                                                                                   |
| 3                                                                                     |                                                                                   |
|                                                                                       |                                                                                   |
| FP/MP                                                                                 | 195                                                                               |
| o                                                                                     |                                                                                   |
| C (MP) with slight decomposition                                                      |                                                                                   |
| 3                                                                                     |                                                                                   |
|                                                                                       |                                                                                   |
| Solid density (g/mL)                                                                  | 1.648 @ 20                                                                        |
| o                                                                                     |                                                                                   |
| C; 1.672 @ 0                                                                          |                                                                                   |
| o                                                                                     |                                                                                   |
| C                                                                                     |                                                                                   |
| 4                                                                                     |                                                                                   |
| Vapor density (relative to air)                                                       | 9.6 (calculated)                                                                  |
| Vapor pressure (torr)                                                                 | Negligible @ ambient temperature                                                  |
| 5, 6                                                                                  |                                                                                   |
| Volatility (mg/m                                                                      |                                                                                   |
| 3                                                                                     |                                                                                   |
| )                                                                                     | Negligible @ ambient temperature                                                  |
| 5, 6                                                                                  |                                                                                   |
| Latent heat of vaporization (kcal/mol)                                                | 14.2 @ 410                                                                        |
| o                                                                                     |                                                                                   |
| C (calculated from vapor pressure)                                                    |                                                                                   |
| 5                                                                                     |                                                                                   |
| Flash point                                                                           | Nonflammable                                                                      |
| 2                                                                                     |                                                                                   |
| Decomposition temperatures                                                            | Slight decomposition @ 195                                                        |
| o                                                                                     |                                                                                   |
| C;                                                                                    |                                                                                   |
| 3                                                                                     |                                                                                   |
| 0.02% per min. @ 200                                                                  |                                                                                   |
| o                                                                                     |                                                                                   |
| C; and 0.15% per min @                                                                |                                                                                   |
| 250                                                                                   |                                                                                   |
| o                                                                                     |                                                                                   |
| C                                                                                     |                                                                                   |
| 5                                                                                     |                                                                                   |
|                                                                                       |                                                                                   |
| Solubility                                                                            | Solubility in water is 0.044 g/L @ 37                                             |
| o                                                                                     |                                                                                   |
| C.                                                                                    |                                                                                   |
| 7                                                                                     |                                                                                   |
| Slightly soluble in benzene xylene, carbon                                            |                                                                                   |
| tetrachloride,                                                                        |                                                                                   |
| 8, 9                                                                                  |                                                                                   |
| acetone, alcohols, tetrachorethane                                                    |                                                                                   |
| 9                                                                                     |                                                                                   |
|                                                                                       |                                                                                   |
| Rate of hydrolysis                                                                    | When solid DM is covered with water, it slowly hydrolyzes and a protective oxide  |
| coating forms that hinders further hydrolysis.  Finely divided DM hydrolyzes rapidly. |                                                                                   |
| 4                                                                                     |                                                                                   |
| Acidic solutions prevent hydrolysis.  0.5% HCl @ room temperature and 0.8% at         |                                                                                   |
| temperatures between 70-80                                                            |                                                                                   |
| o                                                                                     |                                                                                   |
| C.                                                                                    |                                                                                   |
| 4                                                                                     |                                                                                   |
| Hydrolysis products                                                                   | Diphenylaminearsenious oxide and hydrochloric acid                                |
| 4                                                                                     |                                                                                   |
|                                                                                       |                                                                                   |
| Stability in storage                                                                  | At room temperature, DM is stable for at least 1 year when pure and 6 months with |
| plant grade material.                                                                 |                                                                                   |
| 10                                                                                    |                                                                                   |
| Stable in aluminum and stainless steel for at least 2 years                           |                                                                                   |
| @ 71                                                                                  |                                                                                   |
| o                                                                                     |                                                                                   |
| C when pure, but the containers are severely pitted.                                  |                                                                                   |
| 10                                                                                    |                                                                                   |
|                                                                                       |                                                                                   |
| Action on metals or other material                                                    | After 3 months, causes extensive corrosion on aluminum and stainless steel @      |
| 71                                                                                    |                                                                                   |
| o                                                                                     |                                                                                   |
| C.                                                                                    |                                                                                   |
| 10                                                                                    |                                                                                   |
| Also corrodes iron, bronze and brass.                                                 |                                                                                   |
| 8                                                                                     |                                                                                   |
|                                                                                       |                                                                                   |

| Skin and eye toxicity                                                            | Causes eye irritation and burning            |
|----------------------------------------------------------------------------------|----------------------------------------------|
| 11                                                                               |                                              |
| Inhalation toxicity                                                              | Primary action on upper respiratory tract    |
| 11                                                                               |                                              |
| Rate of action                                                                   | Rapid                                        |
| 12                                                                               |                                              |
| Protection required                                                              |                                              |
|                                                                                  |                                              |
| Protective mask                                                                  |                                              |
| 13                                                                               |                                              |
| Decontamination                                                                  |                                              |
|                                                                                  |                                              |
| If symptoms persist, the eyes, mouth, and skin may be washed with water.  Do not |                                              |
| swallow water.                                                                   |                                              |
| 14                                                                               |                                              |
| Use                                                                              | Previously used as an RCA and "mask breaker" |
| 11                                                                               |                                              |

## Table Iii-8.  Dm (Continued) Notes

1Lewis, R.J., *Sax's Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials*, 10th ed., Vol. 3, p. 2875, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York, NY, 2001.

2Lau, T.M.K., *Brief Evaluation of the Possibilities of Using Arsenicals as Incapacitating Agents*, CRDEC-TR-87061, USA
Chemical Research Development and Engineering Center, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD, July 1987, UNCLASSIFIED Report (ADB114319).

3Klosky, S. and Stricker, P.F., *Physico Chemical Constants of Diphenylaminochlorarsine*, EATR 58, Chemical Warfare Service Edgewood Arsenal, MD, July 1921, UNCLASSIFIED Report (ADB955024).

4Macy, R., *Constants and Physiological Action of Chemical Warfare Agents*, EATR 78, Chemical Warfare Service Edgewood Arsenal, MD, July 1932, UNCLASSIFIED Report (ADB956574).

5Parker, D.H., *Vapor Pressure of D.M. (Diphenylaminechloroarsine)*, EATR 46, Chemical Warfare Service Edgewood Arsenal, MD, June 1921, UNCLASSIFIED Report (ADB955053).

6*Properties of War Gases Volume III: Vomiting & Choking Gases & Lacrimators (U),* ETF 100-41/Vol-3, Chemical Corps Board, Army Chemical Center, MD, December 1944, UNCLASSIFIED Report (AD108458).

7Carter, R.H., and Knight, H.C., *Fundamental Study of Toxicity: Solubility of Certain Toxics in Water and in Olive Oil*, EACD
445, Chemical Warfare Service, Edgewood Arsenal, MD, May 1928, UNCLASSIFIED Report (ADB955216).

8*The Merck Index: An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals*, 13th ed., p. 5225, Merck & Company, Inc., Whitehouse Station, NJ, 2001.

9Kibler, A.L., *Fundamental Study of Toxicity Miscellaneous Data,* EACD459, Chemical Warfare Service, Edgewood Arsenal, MD, 1928 UNCLASSIFIED Report (ADB955210).

10Brooks, M.E., et al., *Corrosion, Compatibility and Other Physicochemical Studies (U)*, DA18-108-CML-6602 (A), Final Report - Task I, W.R. Grace and Company, Washington Research Center, Clarksville, MD, May 1964, UNCLASSIFIED Report (AD350755).

11BG Russ Zajtchuk, et al. (eds), T*extbook of Military Medicine:  Medical Aspects of Chemical and Biological Warfare*, Office of the Surgeon General, 1997, Chap. 12, "Riot Control Agents."
12*NIOSH-DOD-OSHA Sponsored Chemical and Biological Respiratory Protection Workshop Report,* February 2000. 13FM 8-285/NAVMED P-5041/AFJMAN 44-149/FMFM 11-11, Treatment of Chemical Agent Casualties and Conventional Military Chemical Injuries, 22 December 1995.

14FM 8-9/NAVMED P-3059/AFJMAN 49-151, *NATO Handbook on the Medical Aspects of NBC Defense Operations*
AMEDP-6(B), 1 February 1996.

## Table Iii-9. Dm Toxicity Estimates5

Endpoint
Toxicity
(mg min/m3)
MV (L)
Exposure
Duration
ROE
Probit
Slope
TLE
ROD
DOC
15
2-240 min
Inhalation/Ocular
Unknown
1b,c
Unknown
Low
Lethality
LCt50:  11,000a
(Provisional)
15
1 min
Inhalation/Ocular
Unknown
Unknown
Unknown
Low
Intolerable
ECt50 :  22 -
150d
(Provisional)
ECt50 :  less
than 1e
15
1 min
Inhalation/Ocular
Unknown
Unknown
Unknown
Low
Threshold
effects, throat
irritation

aBased on existing "official" estimates.
bThe TLE value is assumed to be 1 because the Ct profile is unknown.
cSee Appendix H for detailed toxicity profile estimates.
dBased on human data.
eBased on secondary data.


        b.
                 DA (see Table III-10 [page III-10]).  DA causes severe irritation of the mucous
membranes, coughing, salivation, and nasal discharge.  It may lead to serious disturbances
of the nervous system from absorption.  DA has also been classified as a sternulator.5   See
Table III-11 (page III-11) for toxicity estimates.

## Table Iii-10.  Da

Alternate Designations:  Clark I (German); Blue Cross (German); Sternite (French); Sneezing gas; DIK Chemical Name:  Diphenylchloroarsine Synonyms:  Arsine, chloro, diphenyl; Chlorodiphenylarsine; Diphenylarsenious chloride; Chlorodiphenylarsine; Arsinous chloride, diphenyl-; Diphenyl arsenic chloride; Chlor-difenylarsin (Czech); Chlorodiphenylarsine; Difenylchlorarsin (Czech);
Diphenylarsinous chloride; Diphenylchloorarsine (Dutch) CAS Registry Number:  712-48-1 RTECS Number:  CG9900000

Structural Formula:



Molecular Formula: C12H10AsCl
Molecular Weight: 264.59
Physical state
Colorless crystalline solid when pure 1
Odor
None 1
Boiling point
383C (extrapolated) decomposes 2
FP/MP
37.3C 3; 39 to 44C (MP) 2 DA also exists in an unstable modification which melts
between 18.2 to 18.4C 3
Liquid density (g/mL)
1.3875 @ 50C 3
Vapor density (relative to air)
9.1(calculated)
Vapor pressure (torr)
1.79 x 10-2 @ 50C (extrapolated) 3
Volatility (mg/m3)
2.36 x 102 @ 50C (calculated from vapor pressure) 3
Latent heat vaporization (kcal/mol)
15.1 (calculated from Clausius Clapeyron equation which assumes constant heat
of vaporization as a function of temperature) 3
Flash point
350C 1
Decomposition temperature
300 to 350C 2
Solubility
Solubility in water is 0.078 g/L @ 37C; 4 soluble in acetone, ether, 5 ethanol,
benzene, carbon tetrachloride, ethylene chloride, chloroform, and dichloroethylene
2, 5
Rate of hydrolysis
Slow in bulk but rapid when finely divided 2
Hydrolysis products
Diphenylarsenious oxide and hydrogen chloride  2
Stability in storage
Stable when pure.  Stable in steel shells for almost 4 months @ 60C and for 1
year @ room temperature. 2
Action on metals or other materials
None when dry 2

| Skin and eye toxicity    | Irritant                                                                         |
|--------------------------|----------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| 6                        |                                                                                  |
| Inhalation toxicity      | Irritant                                                                         |
| 6                        |                                                                                  |
| Rate of action           | Rapid                                                                            |
| 7                        |                                                                                  |
| Protection required      | Protective mask                                                                  |
| 8                        |                                                                                  |
| Decontamination          | If symptoms persist, the eyes, mouth, and skin may be washed with water.  Do not |
| swallow water.           |                                                                                  |
| 9                        |                                                                                  |
| Use                      | Previously used as "mask breaker"                                                |
| 6                        |                                                                                  |
|                          |                                                                                  |

## Table Iii-10.  Da (Continued) Notes

1Lau, T.M.K., *Brief Evaluation of the Possibilities of Using Arsenicals as Incapacitating Agents*, CRDEC-TR-87061, USA
Chemical Research, Development and Engineering Center, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD, July 1987, UNCLASSIFIED Report (ADB114319).

2Macy, R., *Constants and Physiological Action of Chemical Warfare Agents*, EATR 78, Chemical Warfare Service Edgewood Arsenal, MD, July 1932, UNCLASSIFIED Report (ADB956574).

3Owens, R., *Diphenylcyanoarsine: Part V - The Physical Properties of M.A., D.A. T.A., and D.C*., SO/R 492, Sutton Oak, England, December 1940, UNCLASSIFIED Report.

4Carter, R.H., and Knight, H.C., *Fundamental Study of Toxicity: Solubility of Certain Toxics in Water and in Olive Oil*, EACD
445, Chemical Warfare Service, Edgewood Arsenal, MD, May 1928, UNCLASSIFIED Report (ADB955216).

5Lide, D.R, *CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics*, 82nd, ed., p. 3-15, CRC Press, Washington, DC 2001. 6Sharon Reutter, et al., *Review and Recommendations for Human Toxicity Estimates for FM 3-11.9*, ECBC-TR-349, September 2003.

7*NIOSH-DOD-OSHA Sponsored Chemical and Biological Respiratory Protection Workshop Report,* February 2000. 8FM 8-285/NAVMED P-5041/AFJMAN 44-149/FMFM 11-11, Treatment of Chemical Agent Casualties and Conventional Military Chemical Injuries, 22 December 1995.

9FM 8-9/NAVMED P-3059/AFJMAN 49-151, *NATO Handbook on the Medical Aspects of NBC Defense Operations*
AMEDP-6(B), 1 February 1996.


        c.
                 DA Toxicity Estimates (Table III-11).  No toxicity estimates are recommended for
lethal exposure.  The existing estimates could not be substantiated.

Endpoint
Toxicity
(mg min/m3)
MV (L)
Exposure
Duration
ROE
Probit
Slope
TLE
ROD
DOC
Lethality
LCt50:  NR
N/A
N/A
Inhalation/Ocular
Unknown
Unknown
Unknown
N/A
Intolerable
ECt50 :  12a
15
2 min
Inhalation/Ocular
Unknown
Unknown
Unknown
Low
NOTES

aBased on secondary human data.


        d.
                 DC (see Table III-12 [page III-12]).  The Germans introduced DC in 1918 as an
improvement over DA, which is readily hydrolyzed by water.  DC causes irritation of the
nose and throat, salivation, and profuse secretion from the eyes and nose.  There is a feeling
of suffocation and headache.  Symptoms last for 30 minutes to 1 hour, except the headache
may last for several hours.5  See Table III-13 (page III-13) for DC toxicity estimates.

## Table Iii-12.  Dc

Alternate Designations:  CLARK II (German); Clark 2 (German); Blue Cross (German), Sternite (French) Chemical Name:  Diphenylcyanoarsine Synonyms:  Diphenylarsinous cyanide; Diphenylarsinecarbonitrile; Arsinous cyanide, diphenyl-; Arsinecarbonitrle, diphenyl- CAS Registry Number:  23525-22-6
RTECS Number:  Data not available



Molecular Formula: C13H10AsN
Molecular Weight: 255.15
Physical state
Colorless crystalline solid 1
Odor
Similar to garlic and bitter almonds 1
Boiling point
341C (extrapolated) decomposes 2
FP/MP
31.2C (FP) 2
Liquid density (g/mL)
1.3338 @ 35C 2
Vapor density (relative to air)
8.8 (calculated)
Vapor pressure (torr)
7.2 x 10-4 @ 35C (extrapolated) 2
Volatility (mg/m3)
9.56 @ 35C (calculated from vapor pressure) 2
Latent heat of vaporization (kcal/mol)
17.1 (calculated from Clausius Clapeyron equation which assumes constant heat
of vaporization as a function of temperature) 2
Flash point
Low 1
Decomposition temperatures
Above 240C 2
Solubility
Solubility in water is 0.021 mg/L @ 37C; 3 soluble in chloroform and other
organic solvents4
Rate of hydrolysis
Very slow 1
Hydrolysis products
Hydrogen cyanide and diphenylarsenious oxide 1
Stability in storage
Stable at all ordinary temperatures 1
Action on metals or other material
None on metals 4

| Skin and eye toxicity    | Irritant                                                                    |
|--------------------------|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| 5                        |                                                                             |
| Inhalation toxicity      | Irritant                                                                    |
| 5                        |                                                                             |
| Rate of action           | Rapid                                                                       |
| 6                        |                                                                             |
| Protection required      | Protective mask                                                             |
| 7                        |                                                                             |
| Decontamination          | If symptoms persist, the eyes, mouth and skin may be washed with water.  Do |
| not swallow water.       |                                                                             |
| 8                        |                                                                             |
| Use                      | Previously used as "mask breaker"                                           |
| 5                        |                                                                             |

## Table Iii-12.  Dc (Continued) Notes

1Lau, T.M.K., *Brief Evaluation of the Possibilities of Using Arsenicals as Incapacitating Agents*, CRDEC-TR-87061, USA
Chemical Research Development and Engineering Center, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD, July 1987, UNCLASSIFIED Report (ADB114319).

2Owens, R., *Diphenylcyanoarsine: Part V - The Physical Properties of M.A., D.A. T.A., and D.C*., SO/R 492, Sutton Oak, England, December 1940, UNCLASSIFIED Report.

3Carter, R.H., and Knight, H.C., *Fundamental Study of Toxicity: Solubility of Certain Toxics in Water and in Olive Oil*, EACD
445, Chemical Warfare Service, Edgewood Arsenal, MD, May 1928, UNCLASSIFIED Report (ADB955216).

4Franke, S., *Manual of Military Chemistry Volume I- Chemistry of Chemical Warfare Agents*, ACSI-J-3890, Chemie der Kampfstoffe, East Berlin, April 1968, UNCLASSIFIED Technical Manual (AD849866).
5Sharon Reutter, et al., *Review and Recommendations for Human Toxicity Estimates for FM 3-11.9*, ECBC-TR-349, September 2003.

6*NIOSH-DOD-OSHA Sponsored Chemical and Biological Respiratory Protection Workshop Report,* February 2000. 7FM 8-285/NAVMED P-5041/AFJMAN 44-149/FMFM 11-11, Treatment of Chemical Agent Casualties and Conventional Military Chemical Injuries, 22 December 1995.

8FM 8-9/NAVMED P-3059/AFJMAN 49-151, *NATO Handbook on the Medical Aspects of NBC Defense Operations*
AMEDP-6(B), 1 February 1996.

## Table Iii-13. Dc Toxicity Estimates5

Endpoint
Toxicity
(mg min/m3)
MV (L)
Exposure
Duration
ROE
Probit
Slope
TLE
ROD
DOC
Unknown
Unknown
Unknown
N/A
Lethality
LCT50:  NR
N/A
N/A
Inhalation/
Ocular
Unknown
Unknown
Unknown
N/A
Severe effects; incapacitation
ECt50 :  NR
N/A
N/A
Inhalation/
Ocular


        e.
                 Chlorine (Cl2) (see Table III-14).  Chlorine causes spasm of the larynx muscles;
burning of the eyes, nose, and throat;, bronchitis; and asphyxiation.5  Rapid evaporation of
the liquid may cause frostbite.7  Chlorine has been classified as a lung injurant,5 as a
choking agent,4 and as a TIC.8  See Table III-15 (page III-14) for toxicity estimates.

## Table Iii-14.  Cl2

Alternate Designations:  Bertholite
Chemical Name:  Chlorine
Synonyms:  Chloor (Dutch); Chlor (German); Chlore (French); Chlorine mol.; Cloro (Italian); Molecular chlorine
CAS Registry Number:  7782-50-5
RTECS Number:  FO2100000

Structural Formula:

                                                                             Cl
Cl
Molecular Formula:  Cl2
Molecular Weight:  70.91 Physical state
Greenish-yellow diatomic gas 1
Odor
Disagreeable and suffocating; irritating to the nose and throat 2
Boiling point
-34.7oC 3, 4
MP/FP
-101.6oC (FP) 5
Liquid density (g/mL)
Liquefied chlorine: 1.393 @ 25oC; 1.468 @ 0oC 4
Vapor density (relative to air)
2.4 (calculated)
Vapor pressure (torr)
5.75 x 103 @ 25oC; 2.73 x 103 @ 0oC 3, 4
Volatility (mg/m3)
2.19 x 107 @ 25oC; 1.14 x 107 @ 0oC (calculated from vapor pressure) 3, 4
Latent heat of vaporization (kcal/mol)
4.86 @ 25oC; 4.80 @ 0oC (calculated from vapor pressure) 3, 4
Flash point
Nonflammable 2
Decomposition temperature
Above 600oC 5

## Table Iii-14.  Cl2 (Continued)

| Solubility                               | Solubility in water is 0.63 g/100 g water @ 25                                      |
|------------------------------------------|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| o                                        |                                                                                     |
| C; solubility in carbon tetrachloride is |                                                                                     |
| 3.5% @ ambient temperature               |                                                                                     |
| 5                                        |                                                                                     |
| Rate of hydrolysis                       | Slow                                                                                |
| 6                                        |                                                                                     |
| Hydrolysis products                      | HCl and HOCl                                                                        |
| 5                                        |                                                                                     |
| Stability in storage                     | Stable when dry                                                                     |
| 5                                        |                                                                                     |
| Action on metals or other materials      | None if chlorine is dry.  Vigorous action with metals when chlorine is moist due to |
| the presence of hypochlorous acid.       |                                                                                     |
| 5                                        |                                                                                     |

| Skin and eye toxicity                 | Irritant                                                                       |
|---------------------------------------|--------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| 7                                     |                                                                                |
| Inhalation toxicity                   | Can cause pulmonary edema                                                      |
| 7                                     |                                                                                |
| Rate of action                        | Like choking agents, pulmonary edema does not manifest until hours have passed |
| and are aggravated by physical effort |                                                                                |
| 7                                     |                                                                                |
| Protection required                   |                                                                                |
|                                       |                                                                                |
| Protective mask                       |                                                                                |
| 8                                     |                                                                                |
| Decontamination                       | Inhalation - fresh air and rest.  Eyes and skin - rinse with plenty of water.  |
| 7                                     |                                                                                |
| Use                                   | Not authorized for military use                                                |

1*The Merck Index: An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals*, 13th ed., p. 5225, Merck & Company, Inc., Whitehouse Station, NJ, 2001.

2Yaws, C.L., *Matheson Gas Data Book*, 7th ed., p. 162, McGraw-Hill Companies, New York, NY, 2001.

3Abercrombie, P., ECBC Notebook # NB 98-0079, p. 32 (U).

4Beebe, C.H, *Important Constants of Fourteen Common Chemical Warfare Agents*, EACD 328, Chemical Warfare Service, Edgewood Arsenal, Edgewood, MD, December 1924, UNCLASSIFIED Report (ADB958296).
5Macy, R., *Constants and Physiological Action of Chemical Warfare Agents*, EATR 78, Chemical Warfare Service, Edgewood Arsenal, MD July 1932, UNCLASSIFIED Report (ADB956574).

6 TM 3-215/AFM 355-7, *Military Chemistry and Chemical Agents*, December 1963, UNCLASSIFIED Technical Manual
(ADA292141).

7ICSC 0126, "Chlorine (Cl2)."
8FM 8-285/NAVMED P-5041/AFJMAN 44-149/FMFM 11-11, Treatment of Chemical Agent Casualties and Conventional Military Chemical Injuries, 22 December 1995.


        f.
                 Cl2 Toxicity Estimates.  Toxicity estimates for lethal and severe effects are
recommended.  Existing estimates could not be substantiated.

Endpoint
Toxicity
MV (L)
Exposure
Duration
ROE
Probit
Slope
TLE
ROD
DOC
(mg min/m3)
Lethality
LCt50:  NR
N/A
N/A
Inhalation/Ocular
Unknown
Unknown
Unknown
N/A
Severe effects,
incapacitation
ECt50 :  NR
N/A
N/A
Inhalation/Ocular
Unknown
Unknown
Unknown
N/A
Threshold effects, odor
ECt50 :  10a
N/A
Seconds
Inhalation/Ocular
Unknown
N/A
Unknown
Low

aBased on human secondary data and TM 3-215 (1952).

## 4.  Obsolete Riot Control Agents


The following RCAs are considered obsolete for military employment. The following is primarily of academic and historical interest.


        a.
                 Chloroacetophenone (CN) (see Table III-16).  The symbol CN identifies the RCA
popularly known as tear gas or mace.  The USA replaced CN with CS in 1959.3  Inhalation
of CN causes a burning sensation, cough, sore throat, nausea, and shortness of breath.
Exposure to skin causes redness and pain.  Eye exposure causes redness, pain, and blurred
vision.  CN can cause pulmonary edema.9  High concentrations can cause blisters to form,
and CN is a potent skin sensitizer.  The indiscriminate use of large amounts of CN in
confined spaces has caused injuries requiring medical attention and death.3

## Table Iii-16.  Cn

Chemical name:  2-Chloracetophenone  1
Synonyms:  alpha-Chloroacetophenone, 2-Chloro-1-pheylethanone, Chloromethyl phenyl ketone, Mace, Phenacyl chloride, Phenyl chloromethyl ketone, Tear Gas 2
CAS Registry Number:  532-27-4 1
RTECS Number:  AM6300000 1

| Molecular formula                               | C                                                                                  |
|-------------------------------------------------|------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| 8                                               |                                                                                    |
| H                                               |                                                                                    |
| 7                                               |                                                                                    |
| ClO                                             |                                                                                    |
| 1                                               |                                                                                    |
| Molecular weight                                | 154.6                                                                              |
| 1                                               |                                                                                    |
| Physical state                                  | Colorless to gray crystalline solid                                                |
| 3                                               |                                                                                    |
| Odor                                            | Sharp, irritating odor                                                             |
| 3                                               |                                                                                    |
| Boiling point                                   | 244C (472F)                                                                      |
| 3                                               |                                                                                    |
| FP/MP                                           | 57C (134F) (MP)                                                                  |
| 3                                               |                                                                                    |
| Density (g/mL)                                  | 1.3                                                                                |
| 1                                               |                                                                                    |
| Vapor density (relative to air)                 | 5.3 (calculated)                                                                   |
| Vapor pressure (torr)                           | 0.005 @ 20C (68F)                                                                |
| 3                                               |                                                                                    |
| Volatility (mg/m                                |                                                                                    |
| 3                                               |                                                                                    |
| )                                               | Data not available                                                                 |
| Latent heat of vaporization (kcal/mol)          | Data not available                                                                 |
| Flash point                                     | 118C (244F)                                                                      |
| 3                                               |                                                                                    |
| Decomposition temperature                       | Data not available                                                                 |
| Solubility                                      | 1.64 g/100 mL @ 25C,                                                              |
| 1                                               |                                                                                    |
| soluble in carbon disulfide, ether, and benzene |                                                                                    |
| 2                                               |                                                                                    |
| Rate of hydrolysis                              | Slow                                                                               |
| 2                                               |                                                                                    |
| Hydrolysis products                             | HCl                                                                                |
| 2                                               |                                                                                    |
| Stability in storage                            | Sensitive to moisture; incompatible with bases, amines, alcohols, water, and steam |
| 2                                               |                                                                                    |
| Action on metals and other materials            | Reacts slowly with metals, causing mild corrosions                                 |
| 2                                               |                                                                                    |

| Skin and eye toxicity          | Irritant                                                                            |
|--------------------------------|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| 1                              |                                                                                     |
| Inhalation toxicity            | Irritant                                                                            |
| 1                              |                                                                                     |
| Rate of action                 | Instantaneous                                                                       |
| 4                              |                                                                                     |
| Protection required            | Protective mask and ordinary field clothing secured at the neck, wrists, and ankles |
| 5                              |                                                                                     |
| Decontamination                | Move to fresh air.  If necessary, wash with water.                                  |
| 6                              |                                                                                     |
| Skin decontaminants containing |                                                                                     |
| bleach should not be used.     |                                                                                     |
| 7                              |                                                                                     |
| Use                            | Previous RCA still in use by police in some countries                               |
| 6                              |                                                                                     |

1ISCS 0128, "2-Chloroacetophenone."
2National Toxicity Program, "NTP Chemical Repository: Chloroacetophenone." 3NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards, "a-Chloroacetophenone," CAS 532-27-4.

6(B), 1 February 1996.


        b.
                 Chloroacetophenone Mixtures.  Different CN mixtures were produced to include
CN in chloroform (CNC), CN in benzene and carbon tetrachloride (CNB), and CN with PS

in chloroform (CNS).  However, CS proved more effective and less toxic than any of the CN series and largely has replaced them.



## Caution


Benzene is a known carcinogen; carbon tetrachloride and chloroform
are suspected carcinogens.10



        c.
                 Bromobenzylcyanide (CA).  CA was the last irritating agent introduced by the
Allies in World War I (WWI), and it was the most potent.  It corrodes iron and steel, is not
chemically stable in storage, and is sensitive to heatall the characteristics that made it
unsuitable for storage and use in artillery shells.  CA irritates the eyes and causes
lacrimation.3  CA is too toxic for use as an RCA and is considered obsolete.11

## 5. Smokes, Obscurants, And Incendiaries


Smokes, obscurants, and incendiaries are combat multipliers.  Their use provides tactical advantages for offensive and defensive operations.  For example, smoke has long been employed as a means of concealing battlefield targets.  Fire damage causes casualties and material damage and can impact psychologically.12   This section contains the physical and chemical properties of selected smokes, obscurants, and incendiaries.

a.

Smokes and Obscurants.  Smoke is an aerosol that owes its ability to conceal or obscure to its composition of many small particles suspended in the air.  These particles scatter or absorb the light, thus reducing visibility.  When the density or amount of smoke material between the observer and the object to be screened exceeds a certain minimum threshold value, the object cannot be seen.12   Many types and combinations of smokes are used, but the three basic types of screening smokes are hexachloroethane (HC) smoke, phosphorous smoke, and fog oil smoke.6  White phosphorous (WP) and HC are hygroscopic;
they absorb water vapor from the atmosphere.  This increases their diameters and makes them more efficient at reflecting light rays.  Fog oils are nonhygroscopic and depend upon vaporization techniques to produce extremely small diameter droplets to scatter light rays.12  Most smokes are not hazardous in concentrations that are useful for obscuring purposes.  However, any smoke can be hazardous to health if the concentration is sufficient or if the exposure is long enough.  The protective mask gives the respiratory tract and the eyes adequate protection against all smokes.4


CAUTION

The protective mask must be worn when operating in or around smoke material.



                  (1)
                           Hexachloroethane (HC).  HC is a pyrotechnic containing an equal amount
of hexachloroethane and zinc oxide, with approximately 7 percent grained aluminum.  On
combustion, the reaction products are zinc chloride and 10 percent phosgene, carbon
tetrachloride, ethyl tetrachloride, hexachloroethane, hexachlorobenzene, hydrogen chloride,
chlorine, and carbon monoxide.  The toxicity of this chemical compound is generally
attributed to zinc chloride (ZnCl2) (see Table III-17).  The ZnCl2 reacts with the moisture in
the air to form a grayish white smoke.  The more humid the air, the more dense the HC
smoke.13   Immediately after exposure, symptoms include tightness in the chest, sore throat
or hoarseness, and cough.4   Exposures to very high doses of HC smoke commonly result in
sudden, early collapse and death.13

# Caution Hexachloroethane Is A Suspected Carcinogen.10

## Table Iii-17.  Zncl2

Chemical name:  Zinc Dichloride Synonyms:  Zinc Dichloride Flume 1
CAS Registry No.:  7646-85-7 1 RTECS Number.:  ZH1400000 1

Structural Formula:
                                                          Cl  -  Zn -  Cl
Molecular Formula:  ZnCl2 1
Molecular Weight:  136.3 1
Physical state
Hygroscopic white solid 2
Odor
Data not available
Boiling point
732C (1350F) 1
FP/MP
290C (554F) (MP) 1
Liquid density (g/mL)
Data not available
Vapor density (relative to air)
4.7 (calculated)
Vapor pressure (torr)
Approximately 0 @ 20C (68F) 1
Volatility (mg/m3)
Data not available
Specific gravity (water = 1 @ 4C)
2.91 @ 25C 1
Flash point
Data not available
Decomposition temperature
Data not available
Solubility
In water, 432 g/100 mL at 25C 2
Stability in storage
Decomposes upon heating, producing toxic fumes of hydrogen chloride and zinc
oxide 2
Action on metals or other materials
The solution in water is a medium-strong acid. 2
Other Data
Skin and eye toxicity
Corrosive to the eyes and the skin 2
Inhalation toxicity
Irritant; inhalation of fumes may cause lung edema 2
Protection required
Try to remain out of smoke/obscurant clouds, and wear protective mask when
making smoke.  Personnel can reduce exposure to smoke by rolling down their
sleeves and showering after exposure.  3
Decontamination
Remove contaminated clothing and shoes.  Launder clothing following exposure. 3
Use
See FM 3-50, Smoke Operations

1NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards, "Zinc Chloride fume," CAS 7646-85-7.


                 (2)
                          Phosphorous.  Phosphorous occurs in three allotropic forms:  white, red,
and black.  The military uses white and red phosphorous.



## Caution


Phosphorous smoke produces phosphoric acid.  Soldiers must wear
respiratory protection.14



                          (a)
                                   White Phosphorous (WP) (see Table III-18 [page III-18]).   WP
produces a hot, dense, white smoke composed of particles of phosphorous pentoxide, which
are converted by moist air into phosphoric acid.4  WP is a very active chemical that will

readily combine with oxygen in the air, even at room temperature.  As oxidation occurs, WP becomes luminous and bursts into flames within minutes.  Complete submersion in water is the only way to extinguish the flames.13  It is used primarily as a smoke agent and can also function as an antipersonnel flame compound capable of causing serious burns.

Chemical name:  Phosphorus Synonyms:  Bonide-Blue-Death-Rat-Killer, Exolit-LPKN; Exolit VPK-n 361, Forforo-Bianco (Italian), Gelber-Phosphor
(German), Phosphore-Blanc (French), 1 elemental phosphorus, white phosphorus, 2 yellow phosphorus, WP, WP/F, Willie Peter3
CAS Registry No.:  7723-14-0

| Chemical formula                                                                  | P                                                                                 |
|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| 4                                                                                 |                                                                                   |
|                                                                                   |                                                                                   |
| 2                                                                                 |                                                                                   |
| Molecular weight                                                                  | 124.0                                                                             |
| 2                                                                                 |                                                                                   |
| Physical state                                                                    | White to yellow; soft waxy solid                                                  |
| 2                                                                                 |                                                                                   |
| Odor                                                                              | Garlic-like                                                                       |
| 1                                                                                 |                                                                                   |
| Boiling point                                                                     | 280C (536F)                                                                     |
| 2                                                                                 |                                                                                   |
|                                                                                   |                                                                                   |
| FP/MP                                                                             | 44C (111F) (MP)                                                                 |
| 2                                                                                 |                                                                                   |
| Density (g/mL)                                                                    | 1.83                                                                              |
| 4                                                                                 |                                                                                   |
| Vapor density                                                                     | 4.28 (calculated)                                                                 |
| Vapor pressure (torr)                                                             | 0.03 at 20C                                                                      |
| 2                                                                                 |                                                                                   |
| Volatility (relative to air)                                                      | Data not available                                                                |
| Specific Gravity (water = 1 @ 4C)                                                | 1.82 @ 20C                                                                       |
| 2                                                                                 |                                                                                   |
| Flash point (mg/m                                                                 |                                                                                   |
| 3                                                                                 |                                                                                   |
| )                                                                                 | 20C                                                                              |
| 4                                                                                 |                                                                                   |
| Decomposition temperature                                                         | Data not available                                                                |
| Solubility                                                                        | Insoluble in water; soluble in carbon disulfide                                   |
| 1                                                                                 |                                                                                   |
| Rate of hydrolysis                                                                | Data not available                                                                |
| Hydrolysis products                                                               | Data not available                                                                |
| Stability in storage                                                              | Darkens on exposure to light.  This substance spontaneously ignites on contact    |
| with air producing toxic fumes.                                                   |                                                                                   |
| 4                                                                                 |                                                                                   |
| Action on metals or other materials                                               | Incompatible with sulfur, iodine, oil of turpentine, and potassium chlorate       |
| 1                                                                                 |                                                                                   |
| Other Data                                                                        |                                                                                   |
| Skin and eye toxicity                                                             | Burns on skin are usually multiple, deep and variable in size.  Particles on skin |
| continue to burn unless deprived of atmospheric oxygen.  Smoke causes irritation  |                                                                                   |
| to the eyes, nose, and throat.                                                    |                                                                                   |
| 5                                                                                 |                                                                                   |
| Inhalation toxicity                                                               | At room temperature may produce a toxic inhalational injury                       |
| 6                                                                                 |                                                                                   |
| Protection required                                                               | Protective mask.                                                                  |
| 7                                                                                 |                                                                                   |
| Do not handle the charred wedges on the ground without                            |                                                                                   |
| protective covering.                                                              |                                                                                   |
| 5                                                                                 |                                                                                   |
| Decontamination                                                                   | Flush skin with water.  If burning WP strikes the skin, smother the flame with    |
| water, a wet cloth, or mud.  Keep the WP covered with the wet material to exclude |                                                                                   |
| air until the particles can be removed.                                           |                                                                                   |
| 5                                                                                 |                                                                                   |
| Use                                                                               | See FM 3-50, Smoke Operations                                                     |

1Spectrum Chemical Fact Sheet, "Phosphorus," CAS 7723-14-0. 2NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards, "Phosphorus (yellow)," CAS 7723-14-0.

Military Smokes, Obscurants, and Riot-control Agents on Threatened and Endangered Species, Vol. 4:  Chemical Analytical Methods, USACERL Technical Report 99/56, July 1999.

4ISCS 0628, "Phosphorus (Yellow)."
Military Chemical Injuries, 22 December 1995.

of the Surgeon General, 1997, Chapter 9, "Toxic Inhalational Injury."
7FM 3-50, *Smoke Operations*, 4 December 1990.


                          (b)
                                   Red Phosphorous (RP).  RP smoke is deployed explosively from
grenades and mortar shells.  The grenades consist of a 95:5 mixture of RP and butyl
rubber.15  RP is produced by heating WP to 270 to 300 degrees C in the absence of air.  RP
is more dense, has a higher melting point, is much less reactive, is essentially nontoxic, and
is easier and safer to handle than WP.  When RP is heated, WP molecules sublime from the
solid.16  RP will not ignite spontaneously and, therefore, requires ignition to burn and make
smoke.14


                 (3)
                          Titanium Tetrachloride (FM Smoke).  FM smoke is a corrosive substance
typically dispersed by spray or explosive munitions.  It is extremely irritating and corrosive
in both liquid and smoke formulations.  Exposure to liquid may create burns similar to
those of mineral acids on conjunctiva or skin.  A dense, white smoke results from the
decomposition of FM smoke into hydrochloric acid, titanium oxychloride, and titanium
dioxide (TiO2) (see Table III-19).13  TiO2 is the major component of training smoke grenade
XM82 and is also used in conjunction with HC in the production of white screening smoke.6

## Table Iii-19.  Tio2

Chemical name:  Titanium Dioxide1
Synonyms:  Titanium (IV) Oxide,1 Titanium Oxide, Titania, Titanium White, Brookite2
CAS Number:  13463-67-71

1
Molecular formula
TiO2
Molecular weight
79.871
Physical state
White Powder1
Odor
Odorless1
Boiling point
2500 - 3000C (4532 - 5432F) 1
FP/MP
1855C (3371F) (MP) 1
Solid density (g/mL)
4.17 2
Vapor density (relative to air)
2.75 (calculated)
Vapor pressure (torr)
Data not available
Volatility (mg/m3)
Data not available
Specific gravity (H2O = 1)
4.261
Flashpoint
Data not available
Decomposition temperature
Data not available
Solubility
Insoluble in water.1  Insoluble in hydrochloric acid, nitric acid, and alcohol.  It is
soluble in hot concentrated sulfuric acid, hydrogen fluoride, and alkali. 3
Rate of Hydrolysis
Data not available
Hydrolysis Products
Data not available
Stability in storage
Stable under ordinary conditions of use and storage1
Action on metals or other materials
Violent reaction with lithium occurs around 200C with a flash of light; the
temperature can reach 900C.  Violent or incandescent reaction may also occur with other metals such as aluminum, calcium, magnesium, potassium, sodium, and
zinc. 1

| Skin and eye toxicity    | May cause mild irritation and redness    |
|--------------------------|------------------------------------------|
| 1                        |                                          |
| Inhalation toxicity      | May cause mild irritation                |
| 1                        |                                          |
| Protection required      | Protective mask                          |
| 4                        |                                          |
| Decontamination          | Flush with water                         |
| 4                        |                                          |
| Use                      | See FM 3-50,                             |
| Smoke Operations         |                                          |
|                          |                                          |

## Table Iii-19.  Tio2 (Continued) Notes

1Mallinckroct Baker, Inc., MSDS Number T3627, "Titanium Dioxide," effective date: 15 February 1998.

2USA Corps of Engineers, Construction Engineering Research Laboratory, Methods for Field Studies of the Effects of Military Smokes, Obscurants, and Riot-control Agents on Threatened and Endangered Species, Vol. 4:  Chemical Analytical Methods, USACERL Technical Report 99/56, July 1999.

3NRC, *Toxicity of Military Smokes and Obscurants,* Vol. 2, National Academy Press, 1999. 4FM 8-285/NAVMED P-5041/AFJMAN 44-149/FMFM 11-11, Treatment of Chemical Agent Casualties and Conventional Military Chemical Injuries, 22 December 1995.



(4)
Tantalum (Ta).  Ta is a clear, colorless, odorless liquid.  It is a mixture of tantalum pentachloride, hydrogen fluoride, and water.  It is stable at 68 degrees F when stored and used under proper conditions.  On heating to decomposition, it could yield toxic fumes of fluorides.  It attacks glass and other silicon-containing compounds.  It reacts with silica to produce silicon tetrafluoride, a hazardous, colorless gas.  It is incompatible with arsenic trioxide, phosphorus pentoxide, ammonia, calcium oxide, sodium hydroxide, sulfuric acid, vinyl acetate, ethylenediamine, acetic anhydride, alkalis, organic materials, most common metals, rubber, leather, water, strong bases, carbonates, sulfides, cyanides, oxides of silicon, and especially glass, concrete, silica, and fluorine.  It is a corrosive poison.  It is extremely hazardous in liquid and vapor form.  It can cause severe burns that may not be immediately painful or visible.  It can be fatal if swallowed or inhaled.  Liquid and vapor can burn skin, eyes, and the respiratory tract.  It can also cause bone damage.17


                 (5)
                          Synthetic Graphite (see Table III-20).  Graphite is used as an obscurant to
screen electromagnetic tracking and targeting systems.  Graphite flakes perform well in
obscuring mid- and far-infrared (IR) bands as well as a combination of visible, near-, mid-,
and far-IR bands.  Graphite exists naturally and synthetically and is chemically inert.6  It
consists primarily of carbon, with trace impurities totaling less than one percent of the total
weight.18  Inhalation of dust can cause nose and/or throat irritation and shortness of
breath.19

## Caution

Graphite is electrically conductive; exercise caution when handling graphite in areas where contact with electrical circuitry is possible.  Handle and transfer in a manner that
avoids excessive dusting.19

## Table Iii-20.  Synthetic Graphite

Chemical name:  Synthetic Graphite1 Synonyms:  Crystalline carbon1
CAS Number:  N/A2

| Molecular formula               | Carbon             |
|---------------------------------|--------------------|
| Molecular weight                | 12                 |
| Physical state                  | Grey to Black      |
| 1                               |                    |
| Odor                            | Odorless           |
| 1                               |                    |
| Boiling point                   | 3337.7C           |
| 2                               |                    |
| FP/MP                           | N/A                |
| 1                               |                    |
| Density (g/mL)                  | 2.25 g/mL          |
| 2                               |                    |
| Vapor density (relative to air) | N/A                |
| 1                               |                    |
| Vapor pressure (torr)           | N/A                |
| 1                               |                    |
| Volatility (mg/m                |                    |
| 3                               |                    |
| )                               | Data not available |
| Specific gravity (H             |                    |
| 2                               |                    |
| O = 1)                          | 2.20 - 2.26        |
| 1                               |                    |

## Table Iii-20.  Synthetic Graphite (Continued)

| Flashpoint                          | Data not available                                                                    |
|-------------------------------------|---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Decomposition temperature           | Data not available                                                                    |
| Solubility                          |                                                                                       |
| Insoluble in water                  |                                                                                       |
| 1                                   |                                                                                       |
| Rate of hydrolysis                  | Data not available                                                                    |
| Hydrolysis products                 | Data not available                                                                    |
| Stability in storage                | This material is stable and will not polymerize.  Incompatible with oxidizing agents. |
| 1                                   |                                                                                       |
| Action on metals or other materials | Data not available                                                                    |

| Skin and eye toxicity        | Minor                                                                    |
|------------------------------|--------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| 1                            |                                                                          |
| Inhalation toxicity          | Cases of pulmonary fibrosis, emphysema, and corpulmonale may result from |
| prolonged inhalation of dust |                                                                          |
| 1                            |                                                                          |
| Protection required          | Protective mask                                                          |
| 1                            |                                                                          |
| Decontamination              | Move to fresh air; rinse skin with soap and water; rinse eyes with water |
| 1                            |                                                                          |
| Use                          | See FM 3-50,                                                             |
| Smoke Operations             |                                                                          |
|                              |                                                                          |

1Asbury Graphite Mils, Inc., MSDS, "Synthetic Graphite," CAS No. 7782-42-5, January 2003.
2Graphite obscurant materials are purchased from manufacturers in accordance with a specification that have specific purity and performance requirements.  These specifications do not contain CAS number requirements.  The CAS numbers may vary from contract to contract.


                 (6)
                          Brass.  Brass in flake or powder form is one of the components of screening
smoke grenade M76.  Smoke munitions containing metal flakes or powders are used to
screen against range finders, thermal surveillance systems, and laser target designators as
well as to provide protection for armored vehicles.  Smoke screens containing brass
performed the best against far-IR bands but did poorly on visible light bands.  Brass is a
metal alloy composed mostly of copper (70 percent) and zinc (30 percent) with
approximately 1 percent contamination of trace metals.6


                 (7)
                          Fog Oil (SGF-2).  Fog oil is a low-viscosity petroleum oil used to generate
screening smokes.  The fog is generated by evaporating the hydrocarbons in the oil.  Fog oil
is composed of many different types of chemicals, but the predominant class of chemicals is
aliphatic hydrocarbons with very low levels of noncarcinogenic aromatic hydrocarbons.6
Fog oil is the overhead fraction of petroleum.  It contains no additives and is not refined.20
Fog oil is commonly called smoke generator fuel number 2 (SGF-2)  (see Table III-21).

Chemical name:  Mineral Oil 1
Synonyms:  SGF-2, Fog Oil 1
CAS Number:  N/A 2

| Molecular formula               | N/A                |
|---------------------------------|--------------------|
| Molecular weight                | N/A                |
| Physical state                  | Lube Oil           |
| 1                               |                    |
| Odor                            | Hydrocarbon odor   |
| 1                               |                    |
| Boiling point                   | 600F (316C)      |
| 1                               |                    |
| FP/MP                           | Data not available |
| Liquid density (g/mL)           | Data not available |
| Vapor density (relative to air) | > 1                |
| 1                               |                    |
| Vapor pressure (torr)           | < 1                |
| 1                               |                    |
| Volatility (mg/m                |                    |
| 3                               |                    |
| )                               | Data not available |
| Specific gravity (H             |                    |
| 2                               |                    |
| O = 1)                          | 0.9                |
| Flashpoint                      | Data not available |

## Table Iii-21.  Sgf-2 (Continued)

| Decomposition temperature           | Data not available                                                    |
|-------------------------------------|-----------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Solubility                          | In water, negligible                                                  |
| 1                                   |                                                                       |
| Rate of hydrolysis                  | Data not available                                                    |
| Hydrolysis products                 | Data not available                                                    |
| Stability in storage                | Avoid extreme heat and strong oxidants.  No hazardous polymerization. |
| 1                                   |                                                                       |
| Action on metals or other materials | Data not available                                                    |

| Skin and eye toxicity    | Skin:  Prolonged/repeated contact may cause dryness, defatting.  Eyes:  May    |
|--------------------------|--------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| cause irritation.        |                                                                                |
| 1                        |                                                                                |
| Inhalation toxicity      | May cause irritation                                                           |
| 1                        |                                                                                |
| Protection required      | Protective mask                                                                |
| 1                        |                                                                                |
| Decontamination          | Move to fresh air                                                              |
| 1                        |                                                                                |
| Use                      | See FM 3-50,                                                                   |
| Smoke Operations         |                                                                                |
|                          |                                                                                |

1Defense General Supply Center, MSDS MIL-F-12070C, "SGF-2 Type; Fog Oil."
2Fog oil obscurant materials are purchased from manufacturers in accordance with a specification that has specific purity and performance requirements.  These specifications do not contain CAS number requirements.  The CAS numbers may vary from contract to contract.


                 (8)
                          No. 1 Diesel Fuel (DF-1).  DF-1 is clear or straw-colored liquid when undyed
and low-sulfur diesel is red.  Symptoms of overexposure include eye and skin irritation,
dermatitis, upper respiratory tract irritation, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, lung damage,
weakness, headache, confusion, blurred vision, drowsiness, dizziness, slurred speech,
flushed face, aortic plaques, heart beat irregularities, convulsions, unconsciousness, and
death.21


                 (9)
                          Diesel Fuel No. 2 (DF-2).  Symptoms of overexposure include redness,
drying to burns or blistering of skin.  Overexposure by inhalation can produce symptoms of
intoxication such as headache, dizziness, nausea, vomiting, and loss of coordination.22


                 (10) Jet Fuel Grade (JP-8).  High vapor concentrations can be irritating to the
eyes and respiratory tract, causing headaches, dizziness, anesthesia, drowsiness,
unconsciousness, and CNS effects.  Chronic exposure of the skin can cause drying,
defatting, and dermatitis.23

          (11) Signaling Smokes.  These smokes are produced by explosive dissemination
of dyes.  There are no reports of ill effects produced by exposure to these smokes.4


        b.
                 Incendiaries.  The purpose of incendiaries is to cause maximum fire damage on
flammable materials and objects and to illuminate.  The initial action of the incendiary
munition may destroy these materials, or the spreading and continuing of fires started by
the incendiary may destroy them.12


                 (1)
                          Magnesium Incendiaries.  Magnesium is a soft metal, which when raised to
its ignition temperature, spontaneously ignites on contact with air or moisture, producing
irritating or toxic fumes.24  Magnesium (Mg) burns at approximately 2000 degrees C with a
scattering effect.  Its particles produce deep burns.  Healing is slow unless these particles
are removed quickly.  When explosive charges have been added, fragments may be
embedded deep in the tissues, causing the localized formation of hydrogen gas and tissue
necrosis.4


                 (2)
                          Thermite and Thermate Incendiaries.  A thermite reaction occurs when
powdered aluminum metal and iron oxide mix.  It is an exothermic reaction in which the

temperature rises to about 3000 degrees C, causing the aluminum and iron to become a liquid.16   Explosive charges are frequently added.  Particles of iron that lodge in the skin produce multiple small, deep burns.  The particles should be cooled immediately with water and removed.4


                 (3)
                          Oil and Metal Incendiary Mixtures.  Lung damage from heat and irritating
gases may be complications added to the injuries from incendiaries, especially in confined
spaces.4

1USACHPPM TG 204, Glossary of Terms for Nuclear, Biological, and Chemical Agents and Defense Equipment, December 2001.

2FM 3-11.11/MCRP 3-3.7.2, *Flame, Riot Control Agents and Herbicide Operations*, 19
August 1996 (Renumbered from FM 3-11).

3BG Russ Zajtchuk et al (eds), Textbook of Military Medicine:  Medical Aspects of Chemical and Biological Warfare, Office of the Surgeon General, 1997, Chap. 12, "Riot Control Agents."
4FM 8-285/NAVMED P-5041/AFJMAN 44-149/FMFM 11-11, Treatment of Chemical Agent Casualties and Conventional Military Chemical Injuries, 22 December 1995.

5Sharon Reutter, et al., Review and Recommendations for Human Toxicity Estimates for FM
3-11.9, ECBC-TR-349, September 2003.

6USA Corps of Engineers, Construction Engineering Research Laboratory, Methods for Field Studies of the Effects of Military Smokes, Obscurants, and Riot-control Agents on Threatened and Endangered Species, Vol. 4:  Chemical Analytical Methods, USACERL Technical Report 99/56, July 1999.

7ICSC 0126, "Chlorine (Cl2)." 8A.K. Steumpfle, et al., Final Report of International Task Force-25: Hazard From Toxic Industrial Chemicals, March 18, 1996.

9ICSC 0128, "2-Chloroacetophenone."
10US HHS, Public Health Service, National Toxicology Program, 10th Report on Carcinogens, December 2002.

11FM 8-9/NAVMED P-5059/AFJMAN 44-151, NATO Handbook on the Medical Aspects of NBC
Defense Operations AMEDP-6(B), 1 February 1996.

12FM 3-6/FMFM 7-11-H/AFM 105-7, Field Behavior of NBC Agents (Including Smoke and Incendiaries), 3 November 1986.

13BG Russ Zajtchuk, et al. (eds), Textbook of Military Medicine:  Medical Aspects of Chemical and Biological Warfare, Office of the Surgeon General, 1997, Chap. 9, "Toxic Inhalational Injury."
14FM 3-50, *Smoke Operations*, 4 December 1990. 15NRC, *Toxicity of Military Smokes and Obscurants,* Vol. 1, National Academy Press, 1997. 16Henry F. Holtzclaw, Jr., et al., *General Chemistry with Qualitative Analysis*, 9th ed., D.C.

Heath and Company, Lexington, MA, 1991.
17Mallinckrodt Baker, Inc., MSDS Number T0080, "Tantalum, 1,000 g/mL or 10,000
g/mL," effective date 29 October 2001.

18NRC*, Toxicity of Military Smokes and Obscurants,* Vol. 2, National Academy Press, 1999.

19Asbury Graphite Mills, Inc., MSDS, "Synthetic Graphite," CAS No. 7782-42-5, January
2003.

20Defense General Supply Center, MSDS MIL-F-12070C, "SGF-2 Type; Fog Oil." 21Conoco International, Inc., MSDS, "No. 1 Diesel Fuel, No. 1 Fuel Oil." 22Costal Corporation, MSDS, "Diesel fuel 2." 23Exxon Company, MSDS, "Jet Fuel Grade JP-8, 27020-00079." 24ICSC 0701, "Magnesium (Pellets)."


## Chapter Iv Biological Agents And Their Properties 1. Background


The military application of biological agents concerns those microorganisms that may be deliberately employed in weapon systems to cause disease or death to man, animals, or plants.  Biological agents consist of microorganisms such as pathogens (which include disease-causing bacteria, rickettsiae, and viruses) and toxins.

1. See Table IV-1 (page IV-2) for the list of potential biological agents. 2. See Table IV-2 (page IV-3) for the list of animal and plant pathogens with potential biological agent applications. 3. See Appendix I for the properties of selected biological agents. 4. See Appendix J for more detailed information on animal pathogens. 5. See Appendix K for more detailed information on plant pathogens. 6. See Appendix L for information on the dissemination of biological agents


| Viruses                                          | Bacteria                                         |
|--------------------------------------------------|--------------------------------------------------|
| Chikungunya virus                                | Bacillus anthracis                               |
| (Anthrax)                                        |                                                  |
| Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus            | Brucella abortus                                 |
| (Brucellosis)                                    |                                                  |
| Dengue fever virus                               | Brucella melitensis                              |
| (Brucellosis)                                    |                                                  |
| Eastern equine encephalitis virus                | Brucella suis                                    |
| (Brucellosis)                                    |                                                  |
| Ebola virus                                      | Chlamydia psittaci                               |
| (Psittacosis)                                    |                                                  |
| Hantaan virus                                    | Clostridium botulinum                            |
| (Botulism)                                       |                                                  |
| Junin virus                                      | Francisella tularensis                           |
| (Tularemia)                                      |                                                  |
| Lassa  virus                                     | Burkholderia mallei, formerly Pseudomonas mallei |
| (Glanders)                                       |                                                  |
| Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus               | Burkholderia pseudomallei, formerly Pseudomonas  |
| pseudomallei                                     |                                                  |
| (Melioidosis)                                    |                                                  |
| Machupo virus                                    | Salmonella typhi                                 |
| (Typhoid Fever)                                  |                                                  |
| Marburg virus                                    | Shigella dysenteriae                             |
| (Shigellosis)                                    |                                                  |
| Monkeypox                                        |                                                  |
| (Cholera and other Vibrioses)                    |                                                  |
| Rift Valley Fever virus                          | Yersinia pestis                                  |
| (Plague)                                         |                                                  |
| Tick-borne encephalitis virus                    |                                                  |
| (Russian Spring-Summer encephalitis virus)       |                                                  |
| Toxins                                           |                                                  |
| Variola virus                                    | Botulinum toxins                                 |
| Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus             | Clostidium perfringens toxins                    |
| Western equine encephalitis virus                | Conotoxin                                        |
| Yellow fever virus                               | Ricin                                            |
| Japanese encephalitis virus                      | Saxitoxin                                        |
|                                                  | Shiga toxin                                      |
|                                                  | Staphylococcus aureus toxins                     |
| Rickettsia                                       |                                                  |
| Tetrodotoxin                                     |                                                  |
| Coxiella burnetii                                |                                                  |
| (Q Fever)                                        |                                                  |
| Verotoxin                                        |                                                  |
| Bart quintana, formerly  Rochalimaea quintana or |                                                  |
| Rickettsia quintana                              |                                                  |
| (Trench Fever)                                   |                                                  |
|                                                  |                                                  |
| Microcystin                                      |                                                  |
| Trichothecene mycotoxin                          |                                                  |
| (see Note)                                       |                                                  |
|                                                  |                                                  |
| Rickettsia prowasecki                            |                                                  |
| (Typhus Fever)                                   |                                                  |
|                                                  |                                                  |
| Rickettsia rickettsii                            |                                                  |
| (Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever)                   |                                                  |
|                                                  |                                                  |

NOTE: Trichothecene mycotoxin is not on the list of BW agents listed in the reference; however, mycotoxins were alleged to have been used in Southwest Asia in the mid-1980s.


| Animal Pathogens for Export Control                  | Plant Pathogens for Export Control            |
|------------------------------------------------------|-----------------------------------------------|
| Viruses                                              | Bacteria                                      |
| African swine fever virus                            | Xanthomonas albilineans                       |
|                                                      |                                               |
| Highly pathogenic Avian influenza virus              | Xanthomonas campestris pv. citri              |
|                                                      |                                               |
| (synonym:  fowl plague)                              |                                               |
|                                                      |                                               |
| Bluetongue virus                                     |                                               |
| Fungi                                                |                                               |
| Foot and mouth disease virus                         | Colletorichum coffeanum var                   |
|                                                      |                                               |
| Goat pox virus                                       | Cochiliobolus miyabeans                       |
|                                                      |                                               |
| Herpes virus (Aujeszky's disease)                    | (Helminthosporium oryzae)                     |
| Hog cholera virus                                    | Microcylus ulei (syn. Dothidella ulei)        |
|                                                      |                                               |
| (synonym: Swine fever virus)                         | Puccinia graminis                             |
|                                                      |                                               |
| Lyssa virus                                          | (syn. Puccinia graminis fsp. Tritici)         |
| Newcastle disease virus                              | Puccinia striformis (syn. Puccinia glumarium) |
|                                                      |                                               |
| Peste des petits ruminants virus                     | Pyricularia grisea/Pyricularia oryzae         |
|                                                      |                                               |
| Porcine enterovirus type-9                           |                                               |
|                                                      |                                               |
| (synonym: Swine vesicular disease virus)             |                                               |
| Virus                                                |                                               |
| Rinderpest virus (synonym: Cattle plague             | Barley Yellow Dwarf Virus                     |
| Sheep pox virus                                      |                                               |
| Teschen disease virus                                |                                               |
| Items for Inclusions in Awareness-Raising Guidelines |                                               |
| Vesicular stomatitis virus                           |                                               |
|                                                      |                                               |
| Bacteria                                             |                                               |
|                                                      |                                               |
| Bacteria                                             |                                               |
| Xanthomonas campestris pv. oryzae                    |                                               |
| Mycoplasma mycoides                                  | Xylella fastidiosa                            |
|                                                      |                                               |
|                                                      |                                               |
| Other Animal Diseases/Pathogens of Concern           | Fungi                                         |
| Contagious bovine pleuropneumonia                    | Deutrrerophoma tracheiphila                   |
|                                                      |                                               |
| Contagious Equine Metritis                           | (syn. Phoma Tracjeo[jo;a)                     |
| Heartwater (Cowdria)                                 | Monlia rorei (syn. Moniliophtora rorei)       |
| Screwworm Myiasis (synonym: Blowfly                  |                                               |
| Cochliomyia hominivorax)                             |                                               |
| Virus                                                |                                               |
| Swine vesicular disease                              | Banana bunchy top virus                       |


        a.
                 The information presented in this chapter provides descriptions of selected
bacteria, rickettsiae, viruses, and toxins.


        b.
                 The biological agents addressed in this chapter are presented in a standard
format that includes the following information:


                 (1)
                          Infectious Agent.  Identifies the specific pathogen that causes the disease,
classifies the pathogen, and may indicate any of its important characteristics. (2)
                          Occurrence.  Provides information on where the disease is known to be
prevalent and/or in what population groups it is most likely to occur.


                 (3)
                          Reservoir.  Indicates the ultimate and/or intermediate human, animal,
arthropod, plant, soil, or substance (or a combination of these) in which an infectious agent
normally lives and multiplies, on which it depends primarily for survival, and where it
reproduces itself in such a manner that it can be transmitted to a susceptible host.


                 (4)
                          Transmission.1  Describes the mechanisms by which an infectious agent is
spread to humans.  Such mechanisms include direct, indirect, and airborne.


                          (a)
                                   Direct transmission can be by direct contact (such as touching or
biting), or by the direct projection (droplet spread) of droplet spray onto the conjunctiva or
onto the mucous membranes of the eye, nose, or mouth during sneezing, coughing, spitting,
singing, or talking (usually limited to a distance of about 1 meter or less).


                          (b)
                                   Indirect transmission can be vehicle- or vector-borne.  Vehicle-borne
transmission is when contaminated inanimate materials or objects (e.g., soiled clothes,
cooking or eating utensils, water, or food) serve as an intermediate means by which an
infectious agent is transported and introduced into a susceptible host through a suitable
portal of entry.  Vector-borne transmission can be mechanical or biological.  Mechanical
includes simple mechanical carriage by a crawling or flying insect through soiling of its feet
or proboscis, or by passage of organisms through its GI tract.  This does not require
multiplication or development of the organism.  Biological means that the propagation
(multiplication), cyclic development, or a combination of these is required before the
arthropod can transmit the infective form of the agent to humans.  An incubation period is
required following infection before the arthropod becomes infective.


                          (c)
                                   Airborne transmission is the dissemination of microbial aerosols to a
suitable portal of entryusually the respiratory tract.  Microbial aerosols are suspensions
of particles in the air consisting partially or wholly of microorganisms.  They may remain
suspended in the air for long periods of time.


                 (5)
                          Symptoms.  Describes the symptoms of the disease.


                 (6)
                          Incubation period.  Identifies the interval (in hours, days, or weeks)
between initial, effective exposure to an infectious organism and the first appearance of
symptoms of the infection.


                 (7)
                          Communicability.  Describes the time (days, weeks, or months) during
which an infectious agent may be transmitted, directly or indirectly, from an infected
person to another person or from an infected animal to humans.



(8)
Prevention.  Describes prophylaxis measures.


(9)
Delivery.  Describes the most likely means to disseminate the agent.

## 2. Bacterial Agents Of Potential Concern


Bacteria are single-celled, microscopic organisms.  These unicellular forms outnumber all other forms of microorganisms.  However, few bacteria are of military significance.  Of several thousand identified species, only about 100 are known to be pathogenic.2  Some bacteria that infect man are selective human parasites, but many are zoonotic, transmittable from animals to humans.  Zoonotic organisms include anthrax, tularemia, and brucellosis.  Bacteria have primary military potential as antipersonnel agents.

a.

Anthrax.


                 (1)
                          Infectious Agent.  Bacillus anthracis.  This organism forms a protective
spore under adverse environmental conditions or upon exposure to air.  When conditions
improve, the spores germinate to produce vegetative bacteria.  The spores are extremely
hardy and can survive extremes of temperature, dryness, and flooding.3


                 (2)
                          Occurrence.  Worldwide.3


                 (3)
                          Reservoir.  The soil and domestic and wild animals (primarily herbivores,
including goats, sheep, cattle, horses, and swine) serve as reservoirs.4


                 (4)
                          Transmission.  Humans can contract anthrax from the inhalation of
aerosolized spores, contact with infected animals (their hides, wool, or other products), or
ingestion of  contaminated meat.  Usually, humans do not contract anthrax directly from
the soil.3


                 (5)
                          Symptoms.  Symptoms of anthrax depend upon the method of transmission.


                          (a)
                                   Cutaneous anthrax features a painless, necrotic ulcer with a black
scab and local swelling.3  Untreated cutaneous anthrax has a case-fatality rate between 5
and 20 percent.1


                          (b)
                                   Ingestion causes oropharyngeal and GI anthrax.  Initial symptoms of
oropharyngeal anthrax are fever, sore throat, and difficulty swallowing.  Acute symptoms
include ulcer or scab involving the hard palate or tonsils, swelling of neck tissues, and
abnormal enlargement of the lymph nodes.  Initial symptoms of GI anthrax include fever,
loss of appetite, nausea, and vomiting.  Abdominal pain, bloody vomiting, bloody diarrhea,
and possibly massive abdominal swelling may follow.  In both cases, septic shock and death
may follow.3


                          (c)
                                   Initial symptoms of inhalation anthrax are mild and nonspecific and
may include fever, malaise, fatigue, and mild cough or chest discomfort; acute symptoms of
respiratory distress, fever, and shock follow, with death occurring shortly thereafter.1


                 (6)
                          Incubation period.  Hours to 7 days; although most cases occur within 48
hours post-exposure.2   Incubation periods up to 60 days are possible.1 (7)
                          Communicability.  Transmission from person to person is very rare.
Articles and soil contaminated with spores may remain infective for decades.1


                 (8)
                          Prevention.  Anthrax vaccine is available.2


                 (9)
                          Delivery.  Missiles, bomblets, artillery fires, point release, or airborne line
release may deliver aerosolized spores.  Contamination of food and water could also be
used.3

## B. Brucellosis.


                 (1)
                          Infectious Agent.  Brucella abortus, cattle; Brucella melitensis, sheep, goats,
camels; Brucella suis, swine, Brucella canis, dogs and coyotes.3


                 (2)
                          Occurrence.  Worldwide.1


                 (3)
                          Reservoir.  Cattle, swine, goats, and sheep serve as reservoirs.  Infection
may occur in bison, elk, caribou, and some species of deer.1  Dogs and coyotes have been
found to be infected.


                 (4)
                          Transmission.  The disease is transmitted by the inhalation of aerosols or
dusts that contain organisms, ingestion of unpasteurized dairy products and contaminated
meat, or inoculation of abraded skin or mucosal surfaces.3


                 (5)
                          Symptoms.  A bacterial disease with sudden or insidious onset,
characterized by continued, intermittent, or irregular fever of variable duration; headache;
weakness; profuse sweating; chills; severe pain in a joint, especially one not inflammatory
in character; depression; weight loss; and generalized aching.  The disease may last for

several days, months, or occasionally a year or more if not adequately treated.  The untreated case-fatality rate is 2 percent or less.  Some of the original syndrome may reappear as relapses.1



(6)
Incubation period.  Varies from 5 days to 8 weeks, usually 2 to 8 weeks.3


                 (7)
                          Communicability.  This disease is not communicable from person to
person.3


                 (8)
                          Prevention.  Vaccines are not currently available for human use.  Personnel
must avoid consuming unpasteurized dairy products or uncooked foods containing the dairy
products and avoid contact with suspect infected animals.3


                 (9)
                          Delivery.  The primary threat is by aerosol release.  A food-borne
brucellosis attack is unlikely, but could be executed.3


c.
Cholera and other Vibrioses.


(1)
Infectious Agent.  *Vibrio cholerae*1


(2)
Occurrence.  Worldwide.1


                 (3)
                          Reservoir.  Humans and some strains of bacteria found in aquatic
environments, particularly brackish waters.1


                 (4)
                          Transmission.  Through ingestion of food or water contaminated directly or
indirectly with feces or vomit of infected persons.  Ingestion of raw or undercooked seafood
from polluted waters has caused outbreaks.1


                 (5)
                          Symptoms.  Symptoms include profuse painless, watery stools; nausea and
vomiting; and (in untreated cases) rapid dehydration, acidosis, and circulatory collapse.  In
severe untreated cases death may occur within a few hours and the case-fatality rate may
exceed 50 percent.1



(6)
Incubation period.  From a few hours to 5 days, usually 2 to 3 days.1


                 (7)
                          Communicability.  Transmission is negligible from person to person.6
Occasionally the carrier state may persist for several months, but usually only a few days
after recovery.1


                 (8)
                          Prevention.  Following proper field sanitation and personal hygiene are
useful preventive measures.  Do not eat raw seafood.  A vaccine is available.1 (9)
                          Delivery.  The primary threat is from contamination of food and water
supplies and secondly by aerosol spray.5


d.
Glanders.


(1)
Infectious Agent.  *Burkholderia mallei* (formerly *Pseudomonas mallei)*.3


                 (2)
                          Occurrence.  The disease is not widespread.  The cases have been among
workers with jobs that involve horses, donkeys, or mules and laboratory workers.3  Cases
continue to occur in Asia, Africa, the Middle East, and Central and South America.6



(3)
Reservoir.  Horses, mules, and donkeys serve as reservoirs.3


                 (4)
                          Transmission.  The organism is transmitted from animals to humans by
invading the nasal, oral, and mucous membranes around the eyes; by inhaling into the
lungs; and by invading abraded or lacerated skin.3


                 (5)
                          Symptoms.  Symptoms include fever, rigors, sweating, muscle pain,
headache, pleuritis, chest pain, and generalized papular/pustular eruptions.3  Mortality
rate is over 50 percent despite antibiotic treatment.7



(6)
Incubation period.  10 to 14 days after inhalation.3


                 (7)
                          Communicability.  Cases of person-to-person transmission have been
reported.6



(8)
Prevention.  No vaccine is available.3


(9)
Delivery.  The primary threat is aerosol release.3

e.
Melioidosis.


                 (1)
                          Infectious Agent.  Burkholderia pseudomallei (formerly Pseudomonas
pseudomallei).3


                 (2)
                          Occurrence.  In countries between 20 degrees north and south latitudes.3


                 (3)
                          Reservoir.  Soil and water are the reservoirs.  Several animals including
sheep, goats, horses, swine, monkeys, and rodents, can become infected.   There is no
evidence that animals are important reservoirs except that they spread the agent to new
soil and water.3


                 (4)
                          Transmission.  Contact with contaminated soil or water through gross or
unapparent skin lesions, aspiration or ingestion of contaminated water, or inhalation of
contaminated dust.3


                 (5)
                          Symptoms.  Melioidosis will most likely present as an acute pulmonary
infection ranging from mild bronchitis to severe pneumonia.  Other symptoms may include
fever (over 102 degrees F), headache, loss of appetite, and pain in one or more muscles.
Acute pulmonary disease can progress into a rapidly fatal septicemic disease.  The case-
fatality rate for acute septicemic disease exceeds 90 percent.3



(6)
Incubation period.  10 to 14 days following inhalation.3


                 (7)
                          Communicability.  Person-to-person transmission has not been proven.
Laboratory acquired infections are uncommon, but do occur, especially if procedures
produce aerosols.3



(8)
Prevention.  No vaccines are available.3


(9)
Delivery.  The primary threat is aerosol release.3

f.
Plague.


(1)
Infectious Agent.  *Yersinia pestis.*1


                 (2)
                          Occurrence.  Worldwide.8  Plague continues to be a threat because of vast
areas of persistent wild rodent infection.1


                 (3)
                          Reservoir.  The primary reservoir is wild rodents (especially ground
squirrels).  Domestic cats, wild carnivores, rabbits, and hares can also transmit plague to
humans.1


                 (4)
                          Transmission.  The disease is transmitted from infected fleaseither from
rodents to humans, from dogs or cats to humans, or from person to personand by
handling tissues of infected animals.1  In the most likely BW scenario, plague would be

spread via aerosol.  A rapidly person-to-person spread of fulminant pneumonia would occur.8  Cat bites or scratches may also transmit plague.1


                 (5)
                          Symptoms.  Initial signs and symptoms may be nonspecific with fever,
chills, malaise, muscular pain, nausea, exhaustion, sore throat, and headache.  This is
bubonic plague, and it occurs more often in lymph nodes.  The involved nodes become
swollen, inflamed, and tender and may form or discharge pus.  Fever is usually present.
Untreated bubonic plague has a case-fatality rate of about 50 to 60 percent.  Untreated
primary septicemic plague and pneumonic plague are invariably fatal.  Modern therapy
markedly reduces fatality from bubonic plague; pneumonic and septicemic plagues also
respond if recognized and treated early.  However, patients who do not receive adequate
therapy for primary pneumonic plague within 18 hours after onset of respiratory symptoms
are not likely to survive.1


                 (6)
                          Incubation period.  From 1 to 7 days, maybe a few days longer for an
immunized individual.  For primary plague pneumonia, 1 to 4 days, usually short.1


                 (7)
                          Communicability.  Fleas may remain infective for months under suitable
conditions of temperature and humidity.  Bubonic plague is not usually transmitted directly
from person to person unless there is contact with pus from suppurating buboes.
Pneumonic plague may be highly communicable under appropriate climatic conditions;
overcrowding facilitates transmission.1  Fleas flourish at humidity just above 65 percent
and temperatures between 20 to 26 degrees C, and can survive 6 months without a
feeding.8


                 (8)
                          Prevention.  Use of insect repellents, approved for human use, will provide
a level of protection from bites by infected fleas.  A vaccine is available to prevent bubonic
plague.3


                 (9)
                          Delivery.  The primary threat is by aerosol release or by contamination of
food and water.3


g.
Psittacosis.


(1)
Infectious Agent.  *Chlamydia psittaci (c. psittaci)*.1


(2)
Occurrence.  Worldwide.1


(3)
Reservoir.  Parakeets, parrots, pigeons, turkeys, ducks, and other birds
serve as reservoirs.  Apparently healthy birds can be carriers and occasionally shed the infectious agent, particularly when subjected to the stresses of crowding and shipping.1


                 (4)
                          Transmission.  Infection is acquired by inhaling dried droppings, secretions,
and dust from infected feathers of birds.  Household birds, usually psittacine birds, are the
most frequent source of exposure, followed by turkey, squab, and duck farms and in poultry
processing plants.1


                 (5)
                          Symptoms.  In humans, fever, headache, rash, muscle pain, chills, and
upper or lower respiratory tract disease are common.  Respiratory symptoms are mild when
compared with the extensive pneumonia confirmed by X-ray.1  Before antimicrobial agents
were available, 15 to 20 percent of persons with C. psittaci infection were reported to have
died.9



(6)
Incubation period.  From 1 to 4 weeks.1


                 (7)
                          Communicability.  Rare person-to-person transmission has been reported.
Diseased as well as seemingly healthy birds may shed the agent intermittently, and
sometimes continuously, for weeks or months.1



(8)
Prevention.  No vaccine is available.5


(9)
Delivery.  The primary threat is from aerosol release.5

## H. Shigellosis (Bacillary Dysentery).


                 (1)
                          Infectious Agent.  The genus Shigella (S.) is comprised of four species:
Group A, S. dysenteriae; Group B, S. flexneri, Group C, S. boydii, and Group D, S. sonnei.1


                 (2)
                          Occurrence.  Worldwide.1


                 (3)
                          Reservoir.  Man; however, some outbreaks have occurred in primate
colonies.1


                 (4)
                          Transmission.  Transmission is mainly by direct or indirect fecal-oral
transmission from a patient or carrier.  Infection may occur after the ingestion of very few
(10 to 100) organisms.  Individuals primarily responsible for transmission are those who
fail to clean hands and under fingernails thoroughly after defecation.  They may then
spread infection to others directly by physical contact or indirectly by contaminating food.
Water and milk transmission may occur as the result of direct fecal contamination; flies can
transfer organisms from latrines to uncovered food items.1


                 (5)
                          Symptoms.  Symptoms involve the large and distal small intestine,
characterized by diarrhea accompanied by fever, nausea, and sometimes toxemia, vomiting,
cramps, and tenesmus.  In typical cases, the stools contain blood, and mucus (dysentery);
however, many cases present with a watery diarrhea.  S. dysenteriae 1 is often associated
with serious disease.  Case-fatality rates have been as high as 20 percent among
hospitalized cases even in recent years.1


                 (6)
                          Incubation period.  From 12 to 96 hours (usually 1 to 3 days) up to 1 week
for S. Dysenteriae 1.1


                 (7)
                          Communicability.  During acute infection and until the infectious agent is
no longer present in the feces, usually within 4 weeks after illness.1


                 (8)
                          Prevention.  Follow proper personal hygiene and field sanitation
procedures.1


                 (9)
                          Delivery.  The primary threat would be contamination of food and water
supplies.


        i.
                 Tularemia.


                 (1)
                          Infectious Agent.  Francisella tularensis (F. tularensis).3  There are two
biovars:  Jellison type A (F. tularensis biovar tularensis) and type B (F. tularensis biovar
palaerctica).1  The type A strain is highly virulent.  Ten virulent organisms injected
subcutaneously and 10 to 50 organisms given by aerosol can cause infection in humans.10


                 (2)
                          Occurrence.  Tularemia occurs throughout North America and in many
parts of continental Europe, the former Soviet Union, China, and Japan.1


                 (3)
                          Reservoir.  This organism is maintained in numerous and diverse
mammalian (rabbits, hares, and rodents) and tick reservoirs.3  In addition, a rodent-
mosquito cycle has been described.1


                 (4)
                          Transmission.  Transmission is through the bite of arthropods (ticks and
deerflies, also mosquitoes in Sweden, Finland, and Russia), direct contact with infected
animals, aerosols generated by skinning/processing infected animals, and ingestion of
contaminated food or water.3


                 (5)
                          Symptoms.  This bacterial disease has a variety of clinical manifestations
related to the route of introduction and the virulence of the disease agent.  Most often it
presents itself as an ulcer at the site of introduction of the organism, together with swelling
of the regional lymph nodes.  There may be no apparent primary ulcer, but only one or more
enlarged and painful lymph nodes.  Ingestion of organisms in contaminated food or water
may produce painful pharyngitis, abdominal pain, diarrhea, and vomiting.  Inhalation of
infectious material may be followed by pneumonic involvement with a 30 to 60 percent
case-fatality rate if untreated.  Type A has a 5 to 15 percent untreated case-fatality rate,
and type B produces few fatalities even without treatment.1


                 (6)
                          Incubation period.  Related to virulence of infecting strain and to size of
inoculum; the range is 1 to 14 days (usually 3 to 5 days).1


                 (7)
                          Communicability.  Not directly transmitted from person to person.  Unless
treated, the infectious agent may be found in the blood during the first 2 weeks of disease
and in lesions for a month, sometimes longer.  Flies can be infective for 14 days and ticks
throughout their lifetime (about 2 years).  Rabbit meat frozen at 15 degrees C (5 degrees
F) has remained infective longer than 3 years.1


                 (8)
                          Prevention.  The protective mask provides protection of the respiratory
tract from exposure to aerosol organisms.  All food must be thoroughly cooked to kill any
organisms before consumption.  Water must be thoroughly disinfected before consumption.
A live attenuated vaccine is available.3


                 (9)
                          Delivery.  The primary threat is by aerosol release or by contamination of
food or water supplies.3


j.
Typhoid Fever.


(1)
Infectious Agent.  *Salmonella typhi.*1


                 (2)
                          Occurrence.  Worldwide. The annual incidence of typhoid fever is estimated
at about 17 million cases with approximately 600 thousand deaths.1



(3)
Reservoir.  Man.1


                 (4)
                          Transmission.  Transmission is by food and water contaminated by feces
and urine of patients and carriers.  Important vehicles in some parts of the world include
shellfish taken from sewage-contaminated beds (particularly oysters), raw fruits, vegetables
fertilized by human excrement and eaten raw, and contaminated milk and milk products.
Flies may infect foods where the organisms then multiply and achieve an infective dose.1


                 (5)
                          Symptoms.  Systemic bacterial diseases characterized by insidious onset of
sustained fever, severe headache, malaise, loss of appetite, a relative bradycardia,
enlargement of the spleen, rose spots on the trunk, nonproductive cough, and constipation.
Prior to antibiotics the case-fatality rate was 10 to 20 percent.1


                 (6)
                          Incubation period.  The incubation period depends on the size of the
infecting dose; range is from 3 days to 1 month and usually between 8 to 14 days.1


                 (7)
                          Communicability.  Person-to-person transmission is possible.  The period of
communicability is as long as the bacilli appear in excreta, usually from the first week
throughout convalescence; variable thereafter.  About 10 percent of untreated typhoid fever
patients will discharge bacilli for 3 months after the onset of symptoms, and 2 to 5 percent
become permanent carriers.1


                 (8)
                          Prevention.  Following proper field sanitation and personal hygiene are
useful preventive measures.  A vaccine is available.1


                 (9)
                          Delivery.  The primary threat is from the sabotage of food and water
supplies and, secondly, by aerosol.5

## 3. Rickettsiae Of Potential Concern


The rickettsiae are intracellular, parasitic microorganisms that are considered intermediate in size between the bacteria and viruses.  They resemble the bacteria in their shape and resemble the viruses in their strict growth requirements for living host cells. Most rickettsiae are parasites, primarily of lower animals and arthropods.  Rickettsiae are transmitted to man and animals by vectors such as ticks, lice, fleas, and mites.  The rickettsiae have a selective affinity for specific types of cells of the human and animal bodies.  As they require living tissue for reproduction, they are considered parasites.2
Usually, they are easily killed by heat, dehydration, or disinfectants.

a.

Query (Q) Fever.


                 (1)
                          Infectious Agent.  Coxiella burnetii (C. burnetii).   Despite the fact that C.
burnetii is unable to grow or replicate outside host cells, there is a sporelike form of the
organism that is extremely resistant to heat, pressure, desiccation, and many standard
antiseptic compounds; this allows the organism to persist in the environment for long
periods (weeks or months) under harsh conditions.11



(2)
Occurrence.  Worldwide.3


                 (3)
                          Reservoir.  Sheep, goats, cattle, dogs, cats, some wild mammals, birds, and
ticks serve as reservoirs.  Infected animals usually do not develop the disease, but shed
large numbers of organism in placental tissues and body fluids.1


                 (4)
                          Transmission.  The organism is highly communicable by aerosol.  A single
viable organism is enough to cause infection in humans.3   It is commonly transmitted by
airborne dissemination of coxiellae in dust from premises contaminated by placental
tissues, birth fluids, and excreta of infected animals; in establishments processing infected
animals or their byproducts; and in necropsy rooms.  Airborne particles containing
organisms may be carried downwind for a considerable distance (one-half mile or more);
also by direct contact with infected animals and other contaminated materials such as wool,
straw, fertilizer, and laundry.  Raw milk from infected cows contains organisms and may be
responsible for some cases, but this has not been proven.  Direct transmission by blood or
marrow transfusion has been reported.1


                 (5)
                          Symptoms.  Symptoms include fever, fatigue, chills, sweats, muscular pain,
and severe headache in 75 percent of cases.3  The case-fatality rate in untreated acute cases
is usually less than 1 percent, but has been reported as high as 2.4 percent.1


                 (6)
                          Incubation period.  Varies from 10 to 40 days and depends on the size of the
infecting dose.11


                 (7)
                          Communicability.  Direct transmission from person to person occurs rarely,
if ever.  However, contaminated clothing may be a source of infection.1   Coxiella organisms
may persist in the environment and produce infection for weeks or months.11


                 (8)
                          Prevention.  The military protective mask provides protection from
aerosols.  Consume only pasteurized dairy products, and heat all foods sufficiently to
destroy the organisms (see TB MED 530 for food preparation guidelines).  An
investigational vaccine is being tested.11


                 (9)
                          Delivery.   The primary threat is by aerosol or through contamination of
food.3


b.
Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever.


(1)
Infectious Agent.  *Rickettsia rickettsii.*1


                 (2)
                          Occurrence.  Infection has been documented throughout the US, in Canada,
western and central Mexico, Panama, Costa Rica, Colombia, Argentina, and Brazil.1


                 (3)
                          Reservoir.  Maintained in nature in ticks.  The rickettsiae can be
transmitted to dogs, various rodents, and other animals.  Disease in rodents and dogs have
been observed.1


                 (4)
                          Transmission.  Transmission is ordinarily from the bite of an infected tick.
At least 4 to 6 hours of attachment and feeding on blood by the tick are required before the
rickettsiae become reactivated and infectious for people.  Contamination of breaks in the
skin or mucous membranes with crushed tissues or feces of the tick may also lead to
infection.1


                 (5)
                          Symptoms.  This disease is characterized by sudden onset of moderate to
high fever (which ordinarily persists 2 to 3 weeks in untreated cases), significant malaise,
deep muscle pain, severe headache, and chills.  A rash generally appears on the extremities
on about the third to fifth day; this soon includes the palms and soles and spreads rapidly
to much of the body.  The fatality rate ranges between 13 to 25 percent in the absence of
specific therapy.1



(6)
Incubation period.  From 3 to about 14 days.1


                 (7)
                          Communicability.  Not directly transmitted from person to person.  The tick
remains infective for life, commonly as long as 18 months.1 (8)
                          Prevention.  Measures that can be taken to reduce the opportunity for
exposure include good field sanitation and use of insect repellents.  No vaccine is available.1 (9)
                          Delivery. The primary threat would be from aerosol or from infected
vectors.5


c.
Trench Fever.


(1)
Infectious Agent.  *Bartonella quintana* (formerly *Rochalimaea Quintana).*1


                 (2)
                          Occurrence.  The organism probably can be found wherever the human
body louse exists.  Epidemics occurred in Europe during World Wars I and II among troops
and prisoners of war living in crowded, unhygienic conditions.1


                 (3)
                          Reservoir.  Humans serve as reservoirs; the intermediate host and vector is
the body louse, Pediculus humanus corporis.  The organism multiplies extracellularly in the
gut lumen for the duration of the insect's life, which is approximately 5 weeks after
hatching.1


                 (4)
                          Transmission.  The body louse is infected by feeding on the blood of an
infected patient.  The infected louse excrete rickettsiae in their feces and usually defecate at
the time of feeding; people are infected by rubbing feces or crushed lice into the bite or into
superficial abrasions.1


                 (5)
                          Symptoms.  Trench Fever is typically a nonfatal, bacterial disease varying
in manifestations and severity.  It is characterized by headache, malaise, and pain and
tendernessespecially on the shins.  Onset is either sudden or slow, with a fever that may
be relapsing, typhoid-like, or limited to a single episode lasting for several days.1



(6)
Incubation period.  Generally 7 to 30 days.1


                 (7)
                          Communicability.  Not directly transmitted from person to person.
Organisms may circulate in the blood (by which lice are infected) for weeks, months, or
years and may recur with or without symptoms.1


                 (8)
                          Prevention.  Delousing procedures will destroy the vector and prevent
transmission to man.  Dust clothing and body with an effective insecticide.1  Washing
sheets and clothing in hot water will eliminate the louse.  Good hygiene will help prevent
this condition.



(9)
Delivery.  The primary threat would be by aerosol release or infected vector.

d.

Typhus Fever (Epidemic Louse-Borne Typhus Fever).



(1)
Infectious Agent.  *Rickettsia prowazekii*.1


                 (2)
                          Occurrence.  In colder areas where people may live under unhygienic
conditions and are louse-infested; enormous and explosive epidemics may occur during war
and famine.1


                 (3)
                          Reservoir.  Humans are the reservoirs and are responsible for maintaining
the infection between epidemic periods.1


                 (4)
                          Transmission.  The body louse, Pediculus humanus corporis, is infected by
feeding on the blood of a patient with acute typhus fever.  Infected lice excrete rickettsiae in
their feces and usually defecate at the time of feeding.  People are infected by rubbing feces
or crushed lice into the bite or into superficial abrasions.  Inhalation of infective louse feces
in dust may account for some infections.1


                 (5)
                          Symptoms.  Symptoms have variable onsets, often are sudden, and are
marked by headache, chills, exhaustion, fever, and general pains.  A macular eruption
appears on the fifth to sixth day, initially on the upper trunk, followed by spreading to the
entire body (but usually not to the face, palms, or soles).  The case-fatality rate increases
with age and varies from 10 to 40 percent in the absence of specific therapy.1


                 (6)
                          Incubation period.  From 1 to 2 weeks, commonly 12 days.1


                 (7)
                          Communicability.  No direct person-to-person transmission.  Patients are
infective for lice during the febrile illness and possibly for 2 to 3 days after the temperature
returns to normal.  Infected lice pass rickettsiae in their feces within 2 to 6 days after the

blood meal; it is infective earlier if crushed.  The louse invariably dies within 2 weeks after infection; rickettsiae may remain viable in the dead louse for weeks.1


                 (8)
                          Prevention.  Dust clothing and body with an effective insecticide.1  No
vaccine is available.5  Washing sheets and clothing in hot water will eliminate the louse.
Good hygiene will help prevent this condition.


                 (9)
                          Delivery.  The primary threat would be by aerosol release or infected
vectors.5

## 4. Viral Agents Of Potential Concern


The groups of microorganisms called viruses are all parasites that live in the cells of their selected hosts.  Viruses cause about 60 percent of all infectious diseases.  Once a virus enters a living cell, it is capable of replicating itself by taking over the metabolic processes of the invaded cell.  Cells infected with viruses show one of the following responses: degeneration and death, transformation to a nonfunctioning state, or survival without transformation but with the evidence of the presence of one or more viral components.
Diseases of viral origin do not respond to treatment with antibiotics.2  Viruses have primary military potential as antipersonnel agents.

a.

Chikungunya Virus Disease.



(1)
Infectious Agent.  Chikungunya Virus (*alphavirus*).1


                 (2)
                          Occurrence.  This virus is found in Africa, India, southeast Asia, and the
Philippine Islands.1 (3)
                          Reservoir.  The reservoir is unknown for most viruses.  An insect (mosquito)
reservoir is a possibility.1



(4)
Transmission.  Mosquitoes transmit the virus.1


                 (5)
                          Symptoms.  The usual onset of symptoms is characterized by arthalgia
(severe pain in a joint, especially one not inflammatory) or arthritis, primarily in the wrist,
knee, ankle, and small joints of the extremities, which lasts from days to months.  Rashes
are common.  Polyarthritis is a characteristic feature.  Minor hemorrhages have been
attributed to this virus.1



(6)
Incubation period: From 3 to 11 days.1


(7)
Communicability.  No direct person-to-person transmission.1


(8)
Prevention.  Insecticides and proper field sanitation are examples of
preventive measures.1  An experimental vaccine is being tested.5


(9)
Delivery.  The likely method of dissemination is aerosol.5

b.
Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever Virus (HFV).


(1)
Infectious Agent.  Crimean-Congo HFV, genus *Nairovirus.*1


                 (2)
                          Occurrence.  Observed in regions of Russia as well as in Albania and
Bosnia-Herzogovina, Bulgaria, Iraq, the Arabian Peninsula, Pakistan, western China,
tropical Africa, and South Africa.1


                 (3)
                          Reservoir.  In nature, hares, birds and ticks in Eurasia and South Africa
are believed to be reservoirs; reservoir hosts remain undefined in tropical Africa, but ticks,

insectivores, and rodents may be involved.  Domestic animals (sheep, goats, and cattle) may act as amplifying hosts.1


                 (4)
                          Transmission.  Transmission is by a bite of infective adult ticks.  Immature
ticks are believed to acquire infection from the animal hosts and by transovarian
transmission.  Transmission from patients to medical workers after exposure to blood and
secretions has been important in recent outbreaks.  Infection is also associated with
butchering infected animals.1


                 (5)
                          Symptoms.  This is a disease with sudden onset of fever, malaise,
weakness, irritability, headache, severe pain in limbs and loins, and marked anorexia.
Vomiting, abdominal pain, and diarrhea occur occasionally.  Flush on face and chest
develops early.  There may be some bleeding from gums, nose, lungs, uterus, and intestine,
but in large amounts only in serious or fatal cases.  Fever is constantly elevated for 5 to 12
days.  The reported case fatality rate ranges from 2 to 50 percent.1



(6)
Incubation period.  Range is from 1 to 12 days, usually 1 to 3 days.1


(7)
Communicability.  Moderate person-to-person transmission.5


                 (8)
                          Prevention.  Insecticides and proper field sanitation are examples of
preventive measures.1  An experimental vaccine is available.5



(9)
Delivery.  Aerosol is the likely method of dissemination.5

c.

Dengue Fever.


                 (1)
                          Infectious Agent.  Dengue-1, Dengue-2, Dengue-3, and Dengue-4.  They are
all flaviviruses.1


                 (2)
                          Occurrence.  Most countries in the tropics, Africa, Saudi Arabia, and the
Americas.1


                 (3)
                          Reservoir.  The viruses are maintained in a human mosquito cycle in
tropical urban centers; a monkey mosquito cycle serves as a reservoir in southest Asia and
west Africa.1


                 (4)
                          Transmission.  By the bite of infective mosquitoes.1


                 (5)
                          Symptoms.  An acute febrile viral disease that is characterized by sudden
onset, fever for 3 to 5 days, intense headache, myalgia, arthralgia, retro-orbital pain,
anorexia, GI disturbances, and rash.  Minor bleeding may occur.  Epidemics are explosive,
but fatalities in the absence of dengue hemorrhagic fever are rare.1


                 (6)
                          Incubation period.  From 3 to 14 days, commonly 4 to 7 days.1


                 (7)
                          Communicability.  Not directly transmitted from person to person.
Patients are infective for mosquitoes from shortly before to the end of the febrile period,
usually a period of 3 to 5 days.  The mosquito becomes infective 8 to 12 days after the
viremic blood meal and remains so for life.1


                 (8)
                          Prevention.  Use screening, protective clothing, and repellents and try to
eliminate breeding grounds.1  An experimental vaccine is available.5


                 (9)
                          Delivery.  The primary threat is delivery by aerosol release.5


        d.
                 Eastern and Western Equine Encephalitis (EEE and WEE), Japanese
Encephalitis (JE).


                 (1)
                          Infectious Agent.  A specific virus causes each disease; EEE and WEE are
caused by alphaviruses and JE by a flavivirus.1


                 (2)
                          Occurrence.  The EEE is recognized in eastern and north central US,
Canada, Central and South America, and the Caribbean islands; WEE occurs in western
and central US, Canada, and parts of South America.  The JE occurs in western Pacific
islands from Japan to the Philippines.1


                 (3)
                          Reservoir.  The true reservoir or means of winter carryover for these
viruses is unknownpossibly birds, rodents, bats, reptiles, and/or amphibians; or it
survives in mosquito eggs or adult mosquitoes, with the mechanisms probably differing in
each virus.1


                 (4)
                          Transmission.  Transmission is from the bite of infective mosquitoes.1


                 (5)
                          Symptoms.  Symptoms of these diseases are similar, but vary in severity
and rate of progress.  A large percentage of patients with vector-borne infections are either
asymptomatic or present with a nonspecific febrile illness or aseptic meningitis.12  Severe
infections are usually marked by acute onset, headache, high fever, stupor, disorientation,
coma, tremors, occasional convulsions, and spastic (but rarely flaccid) paralysis.  Case-
fatality rates range from 0.3 to 60 percent (JE and EEE among the highest).1


                 (6)
                          Incubation period.  Usually 5 to 15 days.1


                 (7)
                          Communicability.  Not directly transmitted from person to person.  Virus is
not usually demonstrable in the blood of humans after onset of the disease.  Mosquitoes
remain infective for life.  Viremia in birds usually lasts 2 to 5 days, but may be prolonged in
bats, reptiles, and amphibians, particularly if interrupted by hibernation.  Humans and
horses are uncommon sources of mosquito infection.1


                 (8)
                          Prevention.  Use screening, protective clothing, and repellents, and try to
eliminate breeding grounds.  Vaccines are available.1



(9)
Delivery.  The primary threat would be delivery from aerosol release.6

e.
Ebola Viral Hemorrhagic Fever (VHF) and Marburg Viral Disease.


                 (1)
                          Infectious Agent.  The Ebola virus and the Marburg virus are in the
Filoviridea group.1


                 (2)
                          Occurrence.  Confirmed cases of Ebola VHF have been reported in the
Democratic Republic of the Congo, Gabon, Sudan, the Ivory Coast, Uganda, and the
Republic of the Congo.13  Marburg disease was found in Germany and Yugoslavia after
exposure to green monkeys from Uganda, Zimbabwe, Kenya, and the Democratic Republic
of the Congo.1


                 (3)
                          Reservoir.  Unknown despite extensive studies.1


                 (4)
                          Transmission.  Person-to-person transmission occurs by direct contact with
infected blood, secretions, organs, or semen.1


                 (5)
                          Symptoms.  These diseases are usually characterized by sudden onset with
malaise, fever, myalgia, headache, and pharyngitis, followed by vomiting, diarrhea, rash,
and hemorrhagic diathesis.  Approximately 25 percent of reported primary cases of
Marburg virus infection have been fatal; case-fatality rates of Ebola infections have ranged
from 50 to nearly 90 percent.1



(6)
Incubation period.  Ebola2 to 21 days; Marburg3 to 9 days.1


                 (7)
                          Communicability.  Person-to-person transmission is possible as long as
blood and secretions contain the virus.1



(8)
Prevention.  No vaccines are available.5


(9)
Delivery.  The primary threat would be delivery from aerosol release.5

f.
Far Eastern Tick-Borne Encephalitis (Russian Spring-Summer Encephalitis).


(1)
Infectious Agent.  A complex within the flaviviruses.1


                 (2)
                          Occurrence.  The disease is distributed spottily over much of the former
Soviet Union, other parts of eastern and central Europe, Scandinavia, and the United
Kingdom (UK).  Areas of highest incidence are those where humans have intimate
association with large numbers of infected ticks, generally in rural or forested areas, but
also in some urban populations.1


                 (3)
                          Reservoir.  Ticks, or ticks and mammals in combination, appear to be the
true reservoir.  Rodents, other mammals, or birds serve as sources of tick infections.1


                 (4)
                          Transmission.  By the bite of infective ticks or by consumption of milk from
certain infected animals.1


                 (5)
                          Symptoms.  This is a viral disease clinically resembling the mosquito-borne
encephalitides (EEE, WEE, and JE).  Symptoms also include focal epilepsy and flaccid
paralysis (particularly of the shoulder girdle).1



(6)
Incubation period.  Usually 7 to 14 days.1


                 (7)
                          Communicability.  No direct person-to-person transmission.  A tick infected
at any stage remains infective for life.  Viremia in a variety of vertebrates may last for
several days; in humans, up to 7 to 10 days.1


                 (8)
                          Prevention.  Preventive measures can include effective personal hygiene,
field sanitation, and insect control.1  A vaccine is available.6



(9)
Delivery.  The likely method of dissemination is aerosol or through milk.5

g.
Hantaviral Disease (Korean Hemorrhagic Fever [KHF]).


                 (1)
                          Infectious Agent.  Hantaviruses, a genus of the Bunyaviridae family.1  The
prototype virus from this group, Hantaan, is the cause of the KHF.14



(2)
Occurrence.  Worldwide.1


(3)
Reservoir.  Field rodents; man is an accidental host.1


                 (4)
                          Transmission.  Aerosol transmission from rodent excreta is presumed
(aerosol infectivity has been demonstrated experimentally).  Virus is present in urine, feces,
and saliva of persistently infected rodents; highest virus concentration is found in the
lungs.1


                 (5)
                          Symptoms.  An acute viral disease characterized by an abrupt onset of
fever, lower back pain, varying degrees of hemorrhagic manifestations, and renal
involvement.  The case fatality rate is variable, but generally ranges from 5 to 15 percent.1


                 (6)
                          Incubation period.  As short as a few days, as long as nearly 2 months, but
usually 2 to 4 weeks.1


                 (7)
                          Communicability.  Not well-defined.  Person-to-person transmission is
rare.1 (8)
                          Prevention.  Follow rodent control procedures.  Experimental vaccine is
available.5


                 (9)
                          Delivery.  The primary threat would be delivery from aerosol release.5


        h.
                 Junin Hemorrhagic Fever (Argentine Disease) and Machupo Hemorrhagic Fever
(Bolivian Disease).


                 (1)
                          Infectious Agent.  Junin virus for the Argentine disease and closely related
Machupo virus for the Bolivian disease.1


                 (2)
                          Occurrence.  Junin virus in Argentina and Machupo virus in northeastern
Bolivia.1


                 (3)
                          Reservoir.  Rodents.1


                 (4)
                          Transmission.  Airborne transmission may occur via dust contaminated
with infected rodent excreta; both saliva and excreta of infected rodents contain the virus.
Abraded skin may also be a portal of entry for infection.1 (5)
                          Symptoms.  Acute febrile viral illnesses.  The onset is gradual with malaise,
headache, retro-orbital pain, sustained fever, and sweats, followed by prostration.  Case
fatality rates range from 15 to 30 percent or more.1



(6)
Incubation period:  Usually 7 to 16 days.1


(7)
Communicability.  Not often directly transmitted from person to person.1


                 (8)
                          Prevention.  Follow rodent control procedures.  A live-attenuated vaccine is
currently in field trials (unlicensed in the US).1


                 (9)
                          Delivery.  The primary threat would be delivery from an aerosol release.


i.

Lassa Fever.



(1)
Infectious Agent.  Lassa virus.1


(2)
Occurrence.  Africa.1


(3)
Reservoir.  Wild rodents.1


(4)
Transmission.  Primarily through aerosol or direct contact with excreta of
infected rodents deposited on surfaces such as floors, beds, or in food and water.  Person-toperson and laboratory infections occur by direct contact with blood, pharyngeal secretions, or urine, or by sexual contact.1


                 (5)
                          Symptoms.  Lassa fever is an acute viral illness of 1 to 4 weeks duration.
Onset is gradual with malaise, fever, headache, sore throat, cough, nausea, vomiting,
diarrhea, myalgia, and chest and abdominal pain.  Fever is persistent or intermittently
spiking.  In severe cases, hemorrhage, seizures, and edema of the face and neck are
frequent.  The Case-fatality rate is about 15 percent among hospitalized cases.1



(6)
Incubation period.  Commonly 6 to 21 days.1


                 (7)
                          Communicability.  Person-to-person transmission spread may occur during
the acute febrile phase when the virus is present in the throat.  The virus may be excreted
in the urine of patients for 3 to 9 weeks from onset of illness.1


                 (8)
                          Prevention.  Follow specific rodent control procedures.1  No vaccine is
available.5



(9)
Delivery.  The primary threat would be delivery from aerosol release.5

j.
Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis.


(1)
Infectious Agent.  Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus, an arenavirus.1


(2)
Occurrence.  Not uncommon in Europe and the Americas.1


(3)
Reservoir.  The infected house mouse is the natural reservoir.1


                 (4)
                          Transmission.  Virus is excreted in urine, saliva, and feces of infected
animalsusually mice.  Transmission to humans is probably through oral or respiratory
contact with virus-contaminated excreta, food, or dust or by contamination of skin lesions or
cuts.1


                 (5)
                          Symptoms.  This disease is a viral infection of animals, especially mice,
transmissible to humans, with a marked diversity of clinical manifestations.  At times,
there may be influenza-like symptoms, with myalgia and headache.  The acute course is
usually short, very rarely fatal.1


                 (6)
                          Incubation period.  Probably 8 to 13 days, 15 to 21 days until meningeal
symptoms appear.1


                 (7)
                          Communicability.  Transmission from person to person has not been
demonstrated and is unlikely.  Infected female mice transmit infection to the offspring,
which become asymptomatic persistent viral shedders.1


                 (8)
                          Prevention.  Field hygiene and personal hygiene are effective individual
measures.1



(9)
Delivery.  The primary threat would be delivery from an aerosol release.

k.
Monkeypox.


                 (1)
                          Infectious Agent.  Monkeypox virus; it belongs to the genus orthopoxvirus,
which includes the smallpox virus (variola), the virus used in the smallpox vaccine
(vaccinia), and the cowpox virus.15


                 (2)
                          Occurrence.  The rain forest countries of central and western Africa and the
US.16


                 (3)
                          Reservoir.  Studies suggest several species of squirrels and Gambian rats in
Africa16 and pet prairie dogs in the US may be animal reservoirs.15   Other animals may be
possible reservoirs.16   Rats, mice, and rabbits can get monkeypox.13


                 (4)
                          Transmission.  Limited data on the transmission of monkeypox virus are
available from studies conducted in Africa.  Person-to-person transmission is believed to
occur primarily through direct contact and also by respiratory droplet spread.  Airborne
transmission cannot be excluded, especially in patients presenting with cough.17


                 (5)
                          Symptoms.  In humans, the symptoms are similar to those of smallpox, but
usually milder.  The illness begins with fever, headache, muscle aches, backache, swollen
lymph nodes, a general feeling of discomfort, and exhaustion.  A papular rash develops,
often first on the face.  The lesions usually develop through several stages before crusting
and falling off.  In Africa, the reported case-fatality rate is 10 percent.15



(6)
Incubation period.  About 12 days.15


                 (7)
                          Communicability.  The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)
suggests there is a relatively low risk of person-to-person transmission.17


                 (8)
                          Prevention.  Because the monkeypox virus is related to the virus that
causes smallpox, the smallpox vaccine can protect people from getting monkeypox as well
as smallpox.18



(9)
Delivery.  The likely method of dissemination is an aerosol release.

l.
Rift Valley Fever (RVF).


(1)
Infectious Agent.  RVF Virus (RVF is a phlebovirus).1


(2)
Occurrence.  This virus is found in Africa.1


(3)
Reservoir.  Unknown.1


                 (4)
                          Transmission.  Mosquitoes transmit the virus.  Many human infections of
RVF are associated with handling infective material of animal tissues during autopsy and
butchering.  Mechanical transmission by flies and transmission by aerosols or contact with
highly infective blood may contribute to the explosive nature of RVF outbreaks.1


                 (5)
                          Symptoms.  The usual onset is fever, headache, malaise, arthralgia,
myalgia, occasional nausea and vomiting, and generally some conjunctivitis and
photophobia.  Encephalitis, hemorrhage, or retinitis may develop.1



(6)
Incubation period.  Usually 3 to 12 days.1


                 (7)
                          Communicability.  No direct person-to-person transmission.  Infected
mosquitoes probably transmit the virus throughout life.  Epidemics may involve thousands
of people.1


                 (8)
                          Prevention.  Insecticides, field sanitation, and personal hygiene are
examples of preventive measures.  Precautions in the care and handling of infected animals
and their products are important.1  A vaccine is available.5


                 (9)
                          Delivery.  The likely method of dissemination is aerosol or through infected
vectors.5


m.

Smallpox.  In response to concerns that variola stocks may by needed for counterterrorism research in the event that clandestine stocks held by other countries fall into terrorist hands, the World Health Assembly (WHA), in May 1999, authorized that the virus be held at laboratories in the US and Russia until no later than 2002.  The World Health Organization (WHO) reaffirmed that destruction of all the remaining virus stocks is still the organization's ultimate goal and will appoint a group of experts to consider what research needs to be carried out before the virus can be destroyed.  The WHO will also set up an inspection schedule for the two laboratories where the official stocks are kept to make sure that they are secure and that research can be carried out safely.1


                 (1)
                          Infectious Agent.  Variola virus, a species of Orthopoxvirus.1


                 (2)
                          Occurrence.  Formerly, smallpox was a worldwide disease.  The last
naturally acquired case of smallpox occurred in October 1977 in Somalia; global eradication
was certified two years later by the WHO and sanctioned by the WHA in May 1980.1


                 (3)
                          Reservoir.  Humans were the only natural reservoir of variola.  All known
variola virus stocks are held under security at the CDC, Atlanta, Georgia, or the State
Research Center (SRC) of Virology and Biotechnology, Koltsovo, Novosibirsk Region,
Russian Federation (RF).3


                 (4)
                          Transmission.  Usually by respiratory droplet transmission, following close
face-to-face contact.  Smallpox was also transmitted by direct contact with skin lesions or
drainage, or with contaminated objects.  Although uncommon, airborne transmission (long-
distance) also occurred.3



(5)
Symptoms.  Smallpox was a systemic viral disease that generally presented with a characteristic skin eruption.  Onset was sudden, with fever, malaise, headache, prostration, severe backache, and occasional abdominal pain and vomitinga clinical picture that resembled influenza.  After 2 to 4 days, the fever began to fall and a deepseated rash developed in which individual lesions containing infectious virus progressed through successive stages of macules, papules, vesicles, pustules, and crusted scabs, which fell off after 3 to 4 weeks.  The lesions were first evident on the face and extremities and subsequently on the trunk.  Two epidemiologic types of smallpox were recognized during the twentieth century:  variola minor (alastrim), which had a case-fatality rate of less than 1 percent, and variola major (ordinary) with a fatality rate among unvaccinated populations of 20 to 40 percent or more.  Fatalities normally occurred in 5 to 7 days, occasionally as late as the second week.1


                 (6)
                          Incubation period.  From 7 to 19 days; commonly 10 to 14 days to onset of
illness and 2 to 4 days more to onset of rash.1


                 (7)
                          Communicability.  Smallpox is very contagious from the time of
development of the earliest lesions to disappearance of all scabsabout 3 weeks.  The
patient is most contagious during the pre-eruptive period by aerosol droplets from lesions.1


                 (8)
                          Prevention.  There are no routine immunizations of US forces for smallpox.
When the threat indicates, senior leadership may direct vaccination of personnel with
vaccinia.3


                 (9)
                          Delivery.  The primary threat is delivery by aerosol release.3


n.

Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis.


                 (1)
                          Infectious Agent.  VEE virus (alphavirus).3


                 (2)
                          Occurrence.  Present in northern South America, Trinidad, and Central
America.1


                 (3)
                          Reservoir.  During outbreaks, VEE virus is transmitted in a cycle involving
horseswhich serve as the major source of the virusto mosquitoes, which in turn infect
humans.  Humans also serve as hosts in a human-to-mosquito-to-human transmission
cycle.1


                 (4)
                          Transmission.  By the bite of an infected mosquito; laboratory infections by
aerosol are common.1


                 (5)
                          Symptoms.  Clinical manifestations of this viral infection are influenza-like,
with an abrupt onset of severe headache, chills, fever, myalgia, retro-orbital pain, nausea,
and vomiting.  Most infections are relatively mild, with symptoms lasting from 3 to 5 days.
There may be CNS involvement ranging from somnolence to disorientation, convulsions,
paralysis, coma, and death.1


                 (6)
                          Incubation period.  Usually 2 to 6 days, can be as short as 1 day.1


                 (7)
                          Communicability.  Low risk of person-to-person transmission.5  Infected
humans and horses are infectious for mosquitoes for up to 72 hours; infected mosquitoes
probably transmit the virus throughout life.1


                 (8)
                          Prevention.  Use general mosquito control procedures.1  Vaccine is
available.5


                 (9)
                          Delivery.  The primary threat is by aerosol release or through infected
vectors.5


        o.
                 Yellow Fever. (1)
                          Infectious Agent.  Yellow Fever Virus of the genus Flavivirus.1


                 (2)
                          Occurrence.  Sylvatic type: tropical regions of Africa and Latin America.
Urban type: North, Central, and South America, and Trinidad.1 (3)
                          Reservoir.  Sylvatic: vertebrates other than humansmainly monkeys,
possibly marsupials, and mosquitoes. Urban: humans and mosquitoes.1 (4)
                          Transmission.  Sylvatic: from infective monkey to mosquito to man. Urban:
from the bite of an infective mosquito.1


                 (5)
                          Symptoms.  Typical attacks are characterized by a sudden onset of fever,
chills, headache, backache, generalized muscle pain, prostration, nausea, and vomiting.
Jaundice is moderate early in the disease and is intensified later.1


                 (6)
                          Incubation period.  From 3 to 6 days.1


                 (7)
                          Communicability.  No person-to-person transmission.5  Blood of patients is
infective for mosquitoes shortly before onset of fever and for the first 3 to 5 days of illness.
The disease is highly communicable where many susceptible people and abundant vector
mosquitoes co-exist.  The incubation period in mosquitoes is commonly 9 to 12 days at the
usual tropical temperatures.  Once infected, mosquitoes remain so for life.1



(8)
Prevention.  A vaccine is available.5


(9)
Delivery.  The likely method of dissemination is aerosol.5

## 5.  Toxins Of Potential Concern


Toxins are poisonous byproducts of living organisms.  They are very stable and produce severe illness when ingested, inhaled, or introduced into the body by any other means.  Some toxins are susceptible to heat, while others are heat-stable.  Their effects on the human body range from minor illness to death.3

a.

Botulinum Toxins.


                 (1)
                          Toxin Origin.  Botulinum toxins are a group of seven toxins produced by
Clostridium (C.) botulinum.  The spores are ubiquitous; they germinate to give rise to

vegetative bacteria that produce toxins during anaerobic incubation.  Industrial-scale fermentation can produce large quantities of toxins for use as a BW agent.  There are three forms of naturally occurring botulismfood-borne, infantile, and wound.  Botulinum toxin is the most potent neurotoxin known.3



(2)
Occurrence.  Worldwide.1


                 (3)
                          Reservoir.  The reservoirs are soil, animals, and fish.  The organisms can be
recovered from honey and other agriculture products.  High-risk foods are primarily
improperly canned foods and dried meat or fish.3


                 (4)
                          Transmission.  Transmission is from consumption of contaminated food or
contamination of a wound by ground-in soil or gravel.1


                 (5)
                          Symptoms.  The autonomic features of botulism are typical anticholinergic
signs and symptoms: dry mouth, ileus, constipation, and urinary retention.  Nausea and
vomiting can occur.  Dilated pupils occur in approximately 50 percent of cases.  The motor
complications of botulism feature a descending paralysis leading to blurred vision and,
eventually, respiratory failure may occur.  Symptoms usually begin 12 to 36 hours following
intoxication; time can vary according to the amount of toxin absorbed and could be reduced
to hours following a BW attack.3   The case-fatality rate in the US for food-borne botulism is
5 to 10 percent.1


                 (6)
                          Incubation period.  The incubation period for food-borne botulism is usually
24 to 36 hours; for wound botulism it is usually 3 or more days.3



(7)
Communicability.  No person-to-person transmission.6


                 (8)
                          Prevention.  The vaccine currently available is used under Investigational
New Drug (IND) status.19


                 (9)
                          Delivery.  The primary threats are by sabotage of food and water supply
and by aerosol release.5

## B. Clostridium Perfringens (C. Perfringens) Toxins.


                 (1)
                          Toxin Origin.  C. perfringens is a common anaerobic bacillus that produces
at least 12 toxins.3



(2)
Occurrence.   Worldwide.3


                 (3)
                          Reservoir.  The reservoirs are soil and the GI tract of healthy people and
animals.3


                 (4)
                          Transmission.  Transmission is by the ingestion of food that was
contaminated by soil or feces and then held under conditions that permit multiplication of
the organism.  Almost all outbreaks are associated with inadequately heated or reheated
meats.  Spores survive cooking and then germinate and multiply in storage at ambient
temperatures, slow cooling, or inadequate rewarming.1  Gas gangrene results from wound
contamination with soil containing spores.3


                 (5)
                          Symptoms.  Gas gangrene features pathological death of skeletal muscles
and overlying soft tissue and constitutes a surgical emergency.3  Food poisoning is an
intestinal disorder characterized by sudden onset of colic followed by diarrhea; nausea is
common, but vomiting and fever are usually absent.  Generally, it is a mild disease of short
duration, one day or less, and rarely fatal in healthy persons.1



(6)
Incubation period.  The incubation period is 1 to 6 hours.3


(7)
Communicability.  No person-to-person transmission.5


(8)
Prevention.  Educate food handlers.1  No vaccine is available.5


                 (9)
                          Delivery.  The primary threat is delivery of C. perfringens alpha toxin as an
aerosol to the respiratory tract.  This would result in pulmonary disease, vastly different
from the naturally occurring diseases associated with C. perfringens.  The toxin may also be
delivered in combination with other toxins to produce a variety of effects.3


c.
Conotoxins.


                 (1)
                          Toxin Origin.  Conotoxins are a neurotoxin from the mollusks of the genus
Conus, commonly known as cone snails.  There are potentially over 50,000 different
conotoxins present in the venoms of species in the genus Conus.20


                 (2)
                          Occurrence.  These cone snails live in intertidal regions of the Indian and
Pacific Oceans, east to Hawaii, north to Japan, and south to New Zealand and Australia.20



(3)
Reservoir.  Cone snails.20


(4)
Transmission.  Conotoxins are injected by the sting of a cone snail.17


                 (5)
                          Symptoms.  The sting produces a small, deep, triangular puncture wound.
Pain results immediately, ranging from mild to severe, followed by numbness and swelling
at the point of envenomation.  Nausea, vomiting, difficulty swallowing, malaise, and
weakness may occur.  Paralysis of the respiratory muscles might cause the airway to
collapse.  The heart may beat irregularly.  Neurological effects may include impaired
coordination, decreased visual acuity, altered level of consciousness, diminished or absent
reflexes, and paralysis.  The untreated case-fatality rate is 70 percent.20



(6)
Incubation period.  Symptoms begin immediately.20


(7)
Communicability.  No person-to-person transmission.


(8)
Prevention.  No specific antivenom exists.20


(9)
Delivery.  The likely dissemination is by respirable aerosols or
contamination of food or water supply.19


        d.
                 Diarrhea Caused by Enterohemorrhagic (EHEC) Strains (Shiga toxin-producing
E. coli [STEC], E. coli O157:H7, Verotoxin-producing E. coli [VTEC]).


                 (1)
                          Toxin Origin.  The main EHEC serotype in North America is E. coli
O157:H7.  This category of diarrheogenic E. coli produces cytotoxins.  Previously, these
toxins were called Verotoxins 1 and 2 or Shiga-like toxins I and II.1


                 (2)
                          Occurrence.  These infections are now recognized to be an important
problem in North America, Europe, South Africa, Japan, South America, and Australia.1


                 (3)
                          Reservoir.  Cattle are the most important reservoir; however, humans may
also serve as a reservoir for person-to-person transmission.  There is increasing evidence in
North America that deer may also serve as a reservoir.1


                 (4)
                          Transmission.  Transmission occurs mainly by ingestion of contaminated
food.  It is most often due to inadequately cooked beef (especially ground beef), raw milk,

and fruit or vegetables contaminated with ruminant feces.  Waterborne transmission has been documented.  Transmission also occurs directly from person to person.1


                 (5)
                          Symptoms.  The diarrhea may range from mild and nonbloody to stools that
are virtually all blood but no fecal leukocytes.  Approximately 2 to 7 percent of subjects
develop hemolytic uremic syndrome.1


                 (6)
                          Incubation period.  Ranges from 2 to 8 days, with a median of 3 to 4 days.1


                 (7)
                          Communicability.  Person-to-person transmission is possible.  The duration
of excretion of the pathogen is typically a week or less in adults.  Prolonged carriage is
uncommon.1


                 (8)
                          Prevention.  Field sanitation and personal hygiene are useful tools to help
prevent exposure.1


                 (9)
                          Delivery.  The likely method of dissemination is by respirable aerosols or
contamination of food or water supply.19

## E. Microcystin.


                 (1)
                          Toxin Origin.  Common species of the blue-green algae that produce
microcystins include Anabaena, Nostoc, Oscillatoria, Hapalosiphon, and Microcystic.  Their
structural class is cyanobacteria.  Freshwater cyanobacteria accumulate in surface water
supplies and appear as blue-green "scums."21  For microcystin, unlike most toxins, the
toxicity is the same, no matter what the route of exposure.22  Microcystin is extremely
stable and resistant to chemical hydrolysis or oxidation and remain potent even after
boiling.23



(2)
Occurrence.  Worldwide.23


(3)
Reservoir.  Blue-green algae.22


                 (4)
                          Transmission.  Drinking or swimming in contaminated water.  Very limited
available information suggests that inhalation in aerosols may be an equally important
route of exposure.23


                 (5)
                          Symptoms.  Microcystin cause gastroenteritis.20  It is a membrane-
damaging toxin.  Unless uptake of the toxin by the liver is blocked, irreversible damage to
the organ occurs within 15 to 60 minutes after exposure to a lethal dose.  When this
happens, the tissue damage to the liver is so severe that therapy may have little or no
value.22


                 (6)
                          Incubation period.  Data not available.


                 (7)
                          Communicability.  In natural waters and in the dark, microcystins may
persist for months or years.23



(8)
Prevention.  Data not available.


                 (9)
                          Delivery.  The likely method of dissemination is by respirable aerosol or
contamination of food and water supply.


f.

Ricin.


                 (1)
                          Toxin Origin.  Ricin is a potent cytotoxin derived from the beans of the
castor plant (Ricinus communis).  Large quantities of ricin are easily and inexpensively
produced.  Ricin toxins are potent inhibitors of DNA replication and protein synthesis.3



(2)
Occurrence.  N/A.


(3)
Reservoir.  Castor beans.3


                 (4)
                          Transmission.  Transmission has been by inhalation of organism during
industrial operations and ingestion of castor bean meal.3


                 (5)
                          Symptoms.  The clinical signs, symptoms, and pathological manifestations
of ricin toxicity vary with the dose and the route of exposure.  Inhalation results in
respiratory distress and airway and pulmonary lesions; ingestion causes GI signs and GI
hemorrhage with necrosis of liver, spleen, and kidneys; and intramuscular intoxication
causes severe localized pain, muscle and regional lymph node necrosis, and moderate
involvement of the visceral organs.24



(6)
Incubation period.  From 18 to 24 hours.3


(7)
Communicability.  No person-to-person transmission.3


(8)
Prevention.  Candidate vaccines are under development.3


                 (9)
                          Delivery.  The primary threat is delivery by aerosol release.  A large
quantity is required to cover a significant area on a battlefield; however, it can be used for
small-scale operations.  The agent may also be delivered through contamination of food and
water supplies.3

## G. Saxitoxin.3


                 (1)
                          Toxin Origin.  Saxitoxin is the parent compound of a group of related
neurotoxins produced by marine dinoflagellates of the genus Gonyaulax.



(2)
Occurrence.  N/A.


(3)
Reservoir.  Shellfish.


                 (4)
                          Transmission.  Saxitoxin is transmitted to humans by ingesting bivalve
mollusks, which accumulate dinoflagellates during filter feeding.


                 (5)
                          Symptoms.  Paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP) is a severe, life-threatening
neuromuscular condition.  Saxitoxin is rapidly absorbed from the GI tract following
ingestion of contaminated shellfish.  Symptoms begin as early as 10 minutes to several
hours after ingestion, depending on the ingested dose and host factors.  Initial symptoms
include numbness and tingling of the lips, tongue, and fingertips followed by numbness of
the neck and extremities and motor incoordination.  Other symptoms may include light-
headedness, dizziness, weakness, confusion, memory loss, and headache.  Flaccid paralysis
and respiratory failure are life-threatening complications and occur within 2 to 12 hours
after ingestion.  Supportive care is essential.



(6)
Incubation period.  Minutes to hours.
(7)
Communicability.  No person-to-person transmission.
(8)
Prevention.  No vaccine is available.


                 (9)
                          Delivery.  The primary threat is delivery by aerosol release.  Saxitoxin may
also be delivered by projectiles or by contamination of food and water.


h.
Staphylococcal Enterotoxin B.


                 (1)
                          Toxin Origin.  Staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB) is one of numerous
exotoxins produced by Staphylococcus (S.) aureus.  The SEB toxin is heat-stable and is the
second most common source of outbreaks of food poisoning.3


                 (2)
                          Occurrence.  Worldwide and relatively frequent.1


                 (3)
                          Reservoir.  The reservoirs of S. aureus are humans and contaminated milk
and milk products.  The SEB is usually produced in foods contaminated with S. aureus.3


                 (4)
                          Transmission.  Ingestion of food, milk, or milk products containing
preformed toxin.3


                 (5)
                          Symptoms.  Symptoms include the acute onset of fever, nausea, vomiting,
and diarrhea within hours of intoxication.  Illness due to inhalation will result in
respiratory tract disease not encountered in the endemic disease.  Symptoms may also
occur in the GI tract due to inadvertent swallowing of SEB delivered via aerosol and
deposited in the upper aero-digestive tract.3



(6)
Incubation period.  Variable, 4 to 10 hours for GI illness.3


(7)
Communicability.  No person-to-person transmission.3


                 (8)
                          Prevention.  Follow strict food hygiene and sanitation controls.1  Protecting
food and water supplies from contamination and avoiding potentially contaminated food
and water will protect individuals from the effects of ingested toxins.  No vaccine is
available.3


                 (9)
                          Delivery.  The primary threat is SEB aerosol release.  The SEB may also be
employed by sabotage contamination of food and/or water supplies.5

## I. Tetrodotoxin (Puffer Fish Poisoning).


                 (1)
                          Toxin Origin.  The causative toxin is tetrodotoxin, a heat-stable, nonprotein
neurotoxin1 that even in small amounts can cause rapid and violent death in humans.17


                 (2)
                          Occurrence.  Majority of cases occur in Japan where puffer fish is a
traditional delicacy.20


                 (3)
                          Reservoir.  A variety of marine speciesnotably the puffer fish, California
newt,20 porcupine fish, ocean sunfish, and species of newts and salamanders.1


                 (4)
                          Transmission.  Poisoning results from consuming tetrodotoxin.20


                 (5)
                          Symptoms.  Puffer fish poisoning is characterized by onset of paresthesias,
dizziness, GI symptoms, and ataxia, which often progresses rapidly to paralysis and death
within several hours after eating.  The case-fatality rate approaches 60 percent.1


                 (6)
                          Incubation period.  Symptoms can appear 20 minutes to 3 hours after toxin
is introduced.  Death can occur 4 to 6 hours after introduction.20


                 (7)
                          Communicability.  No person-to-person transmission.20


                 (8)
                          Prevention.  There is no specific antidote available.20  Avoid ingesting any
of the fish or amphibians that produce tetrodotoxin.1


                 (9)
                          Delivery.  The likely method of dissemination is by respirable aerosols or
contamination of food or water supply.22


j.
Trichothecene Mycotoxins.


                 (1)
                          Toxin Origin.  Trichothecene (T-2) mycotoxins are a diverse group of over 40
compounds produced by molds of the genus Fusarium.  These toxins inhibit protein and
DNA synthesis and mitochondrial respiration and alter cell membrane structure and
function.3


                 (2)
                          Occurrence.  Worldwide.  Naturally occurring mycotoxicosis occurs in
livestock following ingestion of grains contaminated with molds.  When maintained as
either crystalline powders or liquid solutions, these compounds are stable when exposed to
air, light, or both.  They are not inactivated by autoclaving but require heating at 900
degrees F for 10 minutes or 500 degrees F for 30 minutes for complete inactivation.  A 3 to
5 percent solution of bleach is an effective inactivation agent for them.25



(3)
Reservoir.  Moldy grain.3


(4)
Transmission.  Ingestion of moldy grains.3


                 (5)
                          Symptoms.  Mycotoxins are highly cytotoxic and have effects similar to
vesicants, especially mustard agents.  Delivery to the skin may cause a burning skin pain,
redness, tenderness, blistering, and progression to skin necrosis with eschar formation and
sloughing.  Respiratory exposure may result in nasal itching with pain, rhinorrhea,
sneezing, wheezing, and cough.3



(6)
Incubation period.  The incubation period is minutes after exposure.3


(7)
Communicability.  No person-to-person transmission.3


                 (8)
                          Prevention.  As a pre-exposure prophylaxis, the use of topical antivesicant
cream or ointment may provide limited protection of skin surfaces.  Food and water
contaminated with mycotoxins must not be consumed.3  Washing the exposed skin areas
with soap and water will decrease absorption through the skin.25


                 (9)
                          Delivery.  The toxin may be delivered by aerosol release or through the
contamination of food and water supplies.  These toxins are the agents allegedly delivered
via aerosol during the "Yellow Rain" attacks in Afghanistan and Southeast Asia during
1970s and 1980s.  The T-2 mycotoxins are the only potential BW agents that can harm and
be absorbed through the intact skin.3



1James Chin (ed.), *Control of Communicable Diseases Manual*, 17th ed., United Book Press, Inc., Baltimore, MD, 2000.

2TM 3-216/AFM 355-6, *Technical Aspects of Biological Defense*, 12 January 1971.

3FM 8-284/NAVMED P-5042/AFMAN (I) 44-156/MCRP 4-11.1C, Treatment of Biological Warfare Agent Casualties, 17 July 2000.

4BG Russ Zajtchuk, et al. (eds), Textbook of Military Medicine:  Medical Aspects of Chemical and Biological Warfare, Office of the Surgeon General, 1997, Chap. 22, "Anthrax."
5 FM 8-9/NAVMED P-5059/AFJMAN 44-151, NATO Handbook on the Medical Aspects of NBC Defense Operations AMEDP-6(B), 1 February 1996.

6CDC, Division of Bacterial and Mycotic Diseases, "Disease Information:  Glanders
(Technical Information), 7 March 2003, <http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dbmd/diseaseinfo/glanders_t.htm>, 11 August 2003.

7CDC, Division of Bacterial and Mycotic Diseases, "Disease Information:  Glanders (General Information), 20 June 2001, <http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dbmd/diseaseinfo/glanders_g.htm>, 29 August 2003.
8BG Russ Zajtchuk, et al. (eds), Textbook of Military Medicine:  Medical Aspects of Chemical and Biological Warfare, Office of the Surgeon General, 1997, Chap. 23, "Plague."
9US HHS, CDC, "Compendium of Measures to Control *Chlamydia psittaci* Infection Among Humans (Psittacosis) and Pet Birds (Avian Chlamydiosis), 1998," Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, Vol. 47, N0. RR-10, 10 July 1998.

10BG Russ Zajtchuk, et al. (eds), Textbook of Military Medicine:  Medical Aspects of Chemical and Biological Warfare, Office of the Surgeon General, 1997, Chapter 24, "Tularemia."
11BG Russ Zajtchuk, et al. (eds), Textbook of Military Medicine:  Medical Aspects of Chemical and Biological Warfare, Office of the Surgeon General, 1997, Chapter 26, "Q Fever."
12BG Russ Zajtchuk, et al. (eds), Textbook of Military Medicine:  Medical Aspects of Chemical and Biological Warfare, Office of the Surgeon General, 1997, Chapter 28, "Viral Encephalitides."
13CDC, Special Pathogens Branch, "Ebola Hemorrhagic Fever," 6 August 2003, http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dvrd/spb/mnpages/dispages/ebola.htm, 2 September 2003. 14BG Russ Zajtchuk, et al. (eds), Textbook of Military Medicine:  Medical Aspects of Chemical and Biological Warfare, Office of the Surgeon General, 1997, Chapter 29, "Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers."
15CDC, Monkeypox, "Fact Sheet:  Basic Information About Monkeypox," 12 June 2003, http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/monkeypox/factsheet.htm, 2 September 2003. 16Yvan J.F. Hutin (CDC), et. al., "Research:  Outbreak of Human Monkeypox, Democratic Republic of Congo, 1996-1997," *Emerging Infectious Diseases*, Vol. 7, No. 3, May-June 2001.

17CDC, Monkeypox, "Updated Interim Infection Control and Exposure Management Guidance in the Health-Care and Community Setting for Patients with possible Monkeypox Virus Infection," 18 July 2003, http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/monkeypox/infectioncontrol.htm,
2 September 2003.

18CDC, Monkeypox, "Fact Sheet:  Smallpox Vaccine and Monkeypox," 9 July 2003, http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/monkeypox/smallpoxvaccine_mpox.htm, 2 September 2003. 19BG Russ Zajtchuk, et al. (eds), Textbook of Military Medicine:  Medical Aspects of Chemical and Biological Warfare, Office of the Surgeon General, 1997, Chapter 33, "Botulinum Toxins."
20CDC, HHS, "Regulatory Impact Analysis: 42 CFR Part 73: Select Biological Agents and Toxins, Interim Final Rule (Draft)," 9 December 2002.

21National Cancer Institute (NCI) Nomination Submitted to the National Toxicity Program
(NTP), "Blue-Green Algae," September 2000.

22BG Russ Zajtchuk, et al. (eds), Textbook of Military Medicine:  Medical Aspects of Chemical and Biological Warfare, Office of the Surgeon General, 1997, Chap. 30, "Defense Against Toxin Weapons."
23Ingrid Chorus and Jamie Bartram ed., Toxic Cyanobacteria in Water:  A guide to their public health consequences, monitoring and management, Geneva, WHO, 1999.

24BG Russ Zajtchuk, et al. (eds), Textbook of Military Medicine:  Medical Aspects of Chemical and Biological Warfare, Office of the Surgeon General, 1997, Chap. 32, "Ricin Toxin."
25BG Russ Zajtchuk, et al. (eds), Textbook of Military Medicine:  Medical Aspects of Chemical and Biological Warfare, Office of the Surgeon General, 1997, Chap. 34, "Trichothecene Mycotoxins."
26Office of the US President*, The Biological and Chemical Warfare Threat*, 1999.



## Chapter V Toxic Industrial Chemicals And Their Properties 1.  Background


In April 1915, the Germans released 150 tons of a TIC (chlorine gas) across a 4-mile front in one of the first gas attacks of WWI.  It is estimated that up to 5,000 allied soldiers were killed and 20,000 became casualties.  In addition to chlorine, other gases were used against the Allies in other periods during this war.  Arsine, cyanogen chloride, hydrogen cyanide, phosgene, and hydrogen sulfide were used during WWI.  In most cases, these gases were first developed for industrial purposes, but the potential of these chemicals as war gases was recognized.  In Bhopal, India, in December 1984, an accidental release of methyl isocyanate from a production facility killed an estimated 2,500 persons and left many thousands injured.1

a.

Potential Hazard.  The US troopsthrough the deliberate release, accidental release, or as a result of collateral damagecould encounter TIC.  Military personnel are trained to operate in an environment in which CW weapons may be used.  However, the potential hazards of TIC are a relatively new threat.  These forces must be able to safely operate, survive, and sustain operations in those instances where they may be exposed to toxic industrial hazards.  Commanders have direct responsibility for protecting their forces against these threats and, therefore, must become aware of and plan for defense against the potential release of TIC in their AO.  In future operations, failure to properly plan for the release of TIC may result in significant casualties, disruption of operations, and mission degradation.


        b.
                 Characteristics.  A number of hazards are associated with a release of TIC.
Some key factors are


                 (1)
                          Certain chemicals have the ability to bypass or penetrate current military
protective equipment and, in many cases, are not detectable by current military equipment.


                 (2)
                          Exposure can be through several routes, including inhalation, ingestion, or
surface contact with the material.


                 (3)
                          Many of these chemicals cause a variety of immediate and delayed
symptoms that make detection, diagnosis, and treatment difficult.

(4)
      Symptoms are often difficult to trace back to a specific chemical.


                 (5)
                          Determining the exposure level that constitutes a hazard for the individual
is often difficult due to the variances of susceptibility among individuals.


        c.
                 Protection.  It is important that commanders and troops be aware that the best
defense against TIC is to escape the path of the TIC immediately.  The military field
protective mask can provide limited protection and should only be used to escape the
hazard area.  Personnel or equipment that have been contaminated with TIC can be
decontaminated by washing with large amounts of cold, soapy water.  Contaminated
clothing should be immediately removed and disposed of in a safe manner.


        d.
                 TIC of Concern.  The TIC have important physical properties (such as reactivity,
flammability, or corrosivity), and these properties cause many chemical injuries and
damage annually.  For example, the United Nations Environmental Protection
Organization (UNEPO) developed a list of accidents (1970-98) involving hazardous
substances in which there were at least 25 deaths, 125 injured, 10 thousand evacuated or
deprived of water, or $10 million US damages to third parties.  See Table V-1 for a listing of
the hazardous substances, primarily TIC, that were involved.

| Chemical Class                   |     |     | Frequency %             |                                           | Ever used as a weapon?                      |
|----------------------------------|-----|-----|-------------------------|-------------------------------------------|---------------------------------------------|
| -                                |     |     |                         |                                           |                                             |
| Fuel gases                       |     |     | 15                      |                                           | Yes - Columbia, 2000                        |
| -                                |     |     |                         |                                           |                                             |
| Explosives                       |     |     | 12                      |                                           | Yes - Oklahoma City bomb                    |
| -                                |     |     |                         |                                           |                                             |
| Liquid fuels                     |     |     | 8                       |                                           | Yes - animal rights and environmental arson |
| -                                |     |     |                         |                                           |                                             |
| Petrochemicals                   |     | 8   |                         | Yes - Kutina, Croatia                     |                                             |
| -                                |     |     |                         |                                           |                                             |
| Chlorine                         |     |     | 8                       |                                           | Yes - Jovan, Croatia                        |
| -                                |     |     |                         |                                           |                                             |
| Oil                              |     |     |                         | 7                                         |                                             |
| -                                |     |     |                         |                                           |                                             |
| Ammonia                          |     |     | 6                       |                                           | Yes - Kutina, Croatia                       |
| -                                |     |     |                         |                                           |                                             |
| Acids & bases                    |     | 6   |                         | Yes - abortion clinics                    |                                             |
| -                                |     |     |                         |                                           |                                             |
| Plastics manufacture             | 3   |     | No                      |                                           |                                             |
| -                                |     |     |                         |                                           |                                             |
| Pesticides, including precursors | 3   |     | Yes - Bhopal (sabotage) |                                           |                                             |
| -                                |     |     |                         |                                           |                                             |
| PCBs (slow onset)                |     | 2   |                         | No                                        |                                             |
| -                                |     |     |                         |                                           |                                             |
| Fertilizers                      |     |     | 2                       |                                           | Yes - Oklahoma City bomb                    |
| -                                |     |     |                         |                                           |                                             |
| Dusts (e.g., grain elevator)     | 1   |     | Yes - IEDs              |                                           |                                             |
| -                                |     |     |                         |                                           |                                             |
| Radiation                        |     |     | 1                       |                                           | Yes - RDDs (Moscow)                         |
| -                                |     |     |                         |                                           |                                             |
| Other Chemicals                  |     | 13  |                         | Yes - arsenic, cyanides, phosgene, metals |                                             |
| -                                |     |     |                         |                                           |                                             |
| Not specified                    |     | 5   |                         | NA                                        |                                             |


                 (1)
                          As shown, fuel gases, explosives, liquid fuel, petrochemicals, and oil account
for nearly 50 percent of the incidents.


                 (2)
                          Consideration of a chemical's many hazardous properties is reinforced by
the criteria governing the US chemical manufacturing Risk Management Program (RMP).
The RMP, instituted in June 1999, under US federal regulations, requires certain chemical
facilities to implement chemical accident prevention and preparedness measures and to
submit summary reports to the government every 5 years.  The RMP database contains
information on 14,828 facilities containing 20,210 chemical processes.  Of these processes,
17,529 contain at least one TIC and 8,107 contain at least one flammable chemical.
Chemicals such as anhydrous ammonia, chlorine, propane, and flammable mixtures are
present in nearly 70 percent of all RMP processes.

## 2. Other Information Sources


Multiple data sources are available to support the need for data and information to support the military decision-making process (MDMP).  These sources include


        a.
                 North American Emergency Response Guidebook (NAERG) 2000 (http://
hazmat.dot.gov/gydebook.htm).


                 (1)
                          The US DOT, Transport Canada, and the Secretariat of Communications
and Transportation (SCT) of Mexico developed the Emergency Response Guide (ERG) 2000
jointly for use by firefighters, police, and other emergency services personnel who may be
the first to arrive at the scene of a transportation incident involving a hazardous material.
It is primarily a guide to aid first responders in quickly identifying the specific or generic
classification of the material(s) involved in the incident, and protecting themselves and the
general public during this initial response phase of the incident.  The ERG is updated every
3 years to accommodate new products and technology.  The ERG 2000 incorporates

dangerous goods lists from the most recent United Nations (UN) recommendations as well as from other international and national regulations.


                 (2)
                          The DOT goal is to place one ERG 2000 in each emergency service vehicle,
nationwide, through distribution to state and local public safety authorities.  To date, more
than 7 million copies have been distributed without charge to the emergency responder
community.  Copies are made available free of charge to public emergency responders
through the state coordinators (US only).   In Canada, contact the Canadian Transport.
Emergency Centre (CANUTEC) at 613-992-4624 or e-mail  canutec@tc.gc.ca for
information.  In Mexico, call SCT at 52-5-684-1275.


        b.
                 NIOSH Pocket Guide (NPG) to Chemical Hazards
(http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/npg/npg.html).


                 (1)
                          The NPG is intended as a source of general industrial hygiene information
for workers, employers, and occupational health professionals.  The NPG presents key
information and data in abbreviated tabular form for 677 chemicals or substance groupings
(e.g., manganese compounds, tellurium compounds, inorganic tin compounds, etc.) that are
found in the work environment.  The industrial hygiene information found in the pocket
guide should help users recognize and control occupational chemical hazards.  The
chemicals or substances contained in this revision include all substances for which the
NIOSH has recommended exposure limits (RELs) and those with permissible exposure
limits (PELs) as found in the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA)
General Industry Air Contaminants Standard (29 Code of Federal Regulations [CFR]
1910.1000).


                 (2)
                          The information in the NPG includes chemical structures and formulas,
identification codes, synonyms, exposure limits, chemical and physical properties,
incompatibilities and reactivities, measurement methods, respirator selections, signs and
symptoms of exposure, and procedures for emergency treatment.


        c.
                 Registry of Toxic Effects of Chemical Substances (RTECS)   (http://

www.cdc.gov/niosh/rtecs.html).


                 (1)
                          The RTECS provides toxicological information with citations on over
140,000 chemical substances.  These detailed profiles include toxicological data and
reviews, international workplace exposure limits, references to US standards and
regulations, analytical methods, and exposure and hazard survey data.


                 (2)
                          The data are compiled into substance records for ease of use, and updated
data are fully integrated.


d.

International Chemical Safety Cards (ICSCs) (http://
www.cdc.gov/niosh/ipcs/icstart.html).


                 (1)
                          The International Program on Chemical Safety (IPCS) is a joint activity of
three cooperating International Organizations: the United Nations Environment Program
(UNEP), the International Labor Office (ILO), and the WHO.  The main objective of the
IPCS is to carry out and disseminate evaluations of the hazards posed by chemicals to
human health and the environment.


                 (2)
                          An ICSC summarizes essential health and safety information on TIC.  The
ICSCs are not legally binding documents, but consist of a series of standard phrases,
mainly summarizing health and safety information collected, verified, and peer-reviewed by

internationally recognized experts, taking into account advice from manufacturers and poison control centers.

e.

Chemical Hazard Response Information System (CHRIS) (http://
www.chrismanual.com).


                 (1)
                          The CHRIS database is a comprehensive source of emergency response
information for those involved in the transport of hazardous materials (HAZMAT).  The
database is based upon the text of the United States Coast Guard (USCG) CHRIS manual.
At printing, this site does not yet have an electronic version of CHRIS available.


                 (2)
                          Records for more than 1,300 HAZMAT are provided in English.  Each
record for a HAZMAT contains key identification data, such as synonyms, Chemical
Abstracts Service (CAS) numbers, hazard labels, and observable characteristics.  In
addition, information useful for emergency response situationssuch as health, fire and
reactivity hazards, first aid, water pollution, shipping and hazard classifications, and
physical and chemical propertiesis included in each record.


f.

Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB)  (http:
www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/hsdbfs.html).


                 (1)
                          The HSDB is a nonbibliographic data bank created and maintained by the
National Library of Medicine (NLM) in the US.


                 (2)
                          The data bank provides extensive information on identification,
manufacturing, use, chemical and physical properties, safety and handling, human and
nonhuman toxicity, pharmacology, environmental fate and exposure, regulations, and
analytical determinations of chemical substances.


                 (3)
                          HSDB information is organized into chemical records, with records for over
4,500 chemical substances.


        g.
                 Extremely Hazardous Substance (EHS) Chemical Profiles and Emergency First
Aid Guides. (http://www.epa.gov/swercepp/ehs/ehslist.html).


                 (1)
                          This guide contains information on over 300 EHSs currently listed as part
of Section 302 of the Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act.


                 (2)
                          Each chemical profile includes physical/chemical properties, health
hazards, fire and explosion hazards, reactivity data, precautions for safe handling and use,
and protective equipment of emergency situations.


                 (3)
                          The first aid guide provides signs and symptoms of poisoning and
emergency treatment for first responders.  The chemical profiles and first aid guides may
be accessed from either the CAS number or alphabetical list of EHSs.

## 3. Reach-Back Capability2


a.   General.  Technical reach-back is the ability to contact technical subject matter experts (SMEs) when a technical issue exceeds the on-scene SME's capability.  Reach-back should be conducted using established unit protocols.  Many of the reach-back resources have other primary missions and are not specifically resourced for reach-back.  See FM 3- 11.21 for additional resources.


        b.
                 National Response Center (NRC).  The NRC mans the hotline service and serves
as an emergency resource for first responders to request technical assistance during an

incident.  The intended users include trained emergency personnel (such as emergency operators) and first responders (such as firefighters, police, and emergency medical technicians [EMTs]) who arrive at the scene of a CB terrorist incident.  Other potential users may include the state emergency operations centers (EOCs) and hospitals that may treat victims of agent exposure.


                  (1)
                           The USCG operates the NRC, and trained operators staff the hotline 7 days
a week, 24 hours a day.  NRC duty officers take reports of actual or potential domestic
terrorism and link emergency calls with applicable SMEs (such as United States Army
Soldier and Biological Chemical Command [SBCCOM] and United States Army Medical
Research Institute of Chemical Defense [USAMRICD]) for technical assistance and with the
FBI for federal response actions.  The NRC also provides reports and notifications to other
federal agencies as necessary.  Specialty areas include the following:

(a)
Detection equipment.
(b)
Personal protective equipment (PPE).
 (c)
Decontamination systems and methods.
 (d)
Physical properties of CB agents.
 (e)
Toxicology information.
 (f)
Medical symptoms from exposure to CB agents.
 (g)
Treatment of exposure to CB agents.
 (h)
Hazard prediction models.
 (i)
Federal response assets.
 (j)
Applicable laws and regulations.


                 (2)
                          The CB hotline is a joint effort of the USCG, Federal Bureau of
Investigation (FBI), Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA), EPA, Department of
Health and Human Services (DHHS), and the DOD.  The NRC is the entry point for the CB
hotline.  The NRC receives basic incident information and links the caller to the DOD and
FBI CB and terrorism experts.  These and other federal agencies can be accessed within a
few minutes to provide technical assistance during a potential CB incident.  If the situation
warrants, a federal response action may be initiated.


                 (3)
                          Use the local established policies and procedures for requesting federal
assistance before contacting the CB hot line.  State and local officials can access the hotline
in emergency circumstances by calling 1-800-424-8802.

1A.K. Steumpfle, et al., Final Report of International Task Force-25:  Hazard From Toxic Industrial Chemicals, March 18, 1996.

2FM 3-11.22, Weapons of Mass Destruction Civil Support Team Tactics, Techniques, and
Procedures, 6 June 2003.

## Appendix A Table Of Equivalents

Distance
1 inch


=
2.540 centimeters
1 foot


=
0.3048 meter
1 yard

=
0.9144 meter
1 mile


=
5,280 feet = 1,609 meter
1 millimeter

=
0.03937 inch
1 centimeter

=
0.3937 inch
1 meter

=
3.281 feet
1 kilometer

=
0.6214 miles
Volume
1 gallon (US)

=
4 quarts (liquid)
1 gallon (US)

=
3.785 liters
1 gallon (UK)

=
4.546 liters
1 liter


=
1.057 quart (liquid)
1 milliliter

=
1.0 cm3
Weight
1 ounce (avdp*)
=
28.349527 grams
1 pound (avdp*)
=
16 ounces (avdp*)
1 pound (avdp*)
=
0.4536 kilogram
1 kilogram

=
2.205 pounds (avdp*)
Pressure
1 torr


=
1 millimeter of mercury (mm Hg)
1 atmosphere (atm)
=
760 mm Hg
Wind Speed
1 meter per second (m/s)
=
2.237 miles per hour
Latent Heat of Vaporization
1 kcal/mol

=
(1000 / MW) cal/gram

*avdp = avoirdupois  (Avoirdupois weight is the US system of weights and is based on a pound containing 16 ounces or 7,000 grains.)


| Prefix           | Symbol    |   Factor  |
|------------------|-----------|-----------|
| mega             | M         |        10 |
| 6                |           |           |
| = 1,000,000      |           |           |
| kilo             | k         |        10 |
| 3                |           |           |
| = 1,000          |           |           |
| hecto            | h         |        10 |
| 2                |           |           |
| = 100            |           |           |
| deca             | da        |        10 |
| 1                |           |           |
| = 10             |           |           |
| deci             | d         |        10 |
| -1               |           |           |
| = 0.1            |           |           |
| centi            | c         |        10 |
| -2               |           |           |
| = 0.01           |           |           |
| milli            | m         |        10 |
| -3               |           |           |
| = 0.001          |           |           |
| micro            |          |        10 |
| -6               |           |           |
| = 0.000001       |           |           |
| nano             | n         |        10 |
| -9               |           |           |
| = 0.000000001    |           |           |
| pico             | p         |        10 |
| -12              |           |           |
| = 0.000000000001 |           |           |

1*The Merck Index: An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals,* 12th ed., Merck Research Laboratories, Whitehouse Station, NJ, 1996.



## Appendix B Temperature Conversions


To convert degrees C to degrees F or degrees F to degrees C, use the following formulas; or use Table B-1 as a quick reference.

-
To convert C to F, use this formula:
F = 1.8 (C) + 32
- To convert F to C, use this formula:
C = (F - 32)/1.8



C
F

C
F

C
F
-60
-76

26
79

130
266
-55
-67

28
82

135
275
-50
-58

30
86

140
284
-45
-49

32
90

145
293
-40
-40

34
93

150
302
-35
-31

36
97

155
311
-30
-22

38
100

160
320
-25
-13

40
104

165
329
-20
-4

45
113

170
338
-15
5

50
122

175
347
-10
14

55
131

180
356
-5
23

60
140

185
365
0
32

65
149

190
374
2
36

70
158

195
383
4
39

75
167

200
392
6
43

80
176

205
401
8
46

85
185

210
410
10
50

90
194

215
419
12
54

95
203

220
428
14
57

100
212

225
437
16
61

105
221

230
446
18
64

110
230

235
455
20
68

115
239

240
464
22
72

120
248

245
473
24
75

125
257

250
482


1*The Merck Index: An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals,* 12th ed., Merck Research Laboratories, Whitehouse Station, NJ, 1996.

## Appendix C Periodic Table Of The Elements

| Chemical Element    | Symbol    | Chemical Element    | Symbol    |
|---------------------|-----------|---------------------|-----------|
| Actinium            | Ac        | Molybdenum          | Mo        |
| Aluminum            | Al        | Neodymium           | Nd        |
| Americium           | Am        | Neon                | Ne        |
| Antimony            | Sb        | Neptunium           | Np        |
| Argon               | Ar        | Nickel              | Ni        |
| Arsenic             | As        | Niobium             | Nb        |
| Astatine            | At        | Nitrogen            | N         |
| Barium              | Ba        | Nobelium            | No        |
| Berkelium           | Bk        | Osmium              | Os        |
| Beryllium           | Be        | Oxygen              | O         |
| Bismuth             | Bi        | Palladium           | Pd        |
| Bohrium             | Bh        | Phosphorus          | P         |
| Boron               | B         | Platinum            | Pt        |
| Bromine             | Br        | Plutonium           | Pu        |
| Cadmium             | Cd        | Polonium            | Po        |
| Calcium             | Ca        | Potassium           | K         |
| Californium         | Cf        | Praseodymium        | Pr        |
| Carbon              | C         | Promethium          | Pm        |
| Cerium              | Ce        | Protactinium        | Pa        |
| Cesium              | Cs        | Radium              | Ra        |
| Chlorine            | Cl        | Radon               | Rn        |
| Chromium            | Cr        | Rhenium             | Re        |
| Cobalt              | Co        | Rhodium             | Rh        |
| Copper              | Cu        | Rubidium            | Rb        |
| Curium              | Cm        | Ruthenium           | Ru        |
| Darmstadtium        | DS        | Rutherfordium       | Rf        |
| Dubnium             | Db        | Samarium            | Sm        |
| Dysprosium          | Dy        | Scandium            | Sc        |
| Einsteinium         | Es        | Seaborgium          | Sg        |
| Erbium              | Er        | Selenium            | Se        |
| Europium            | Eu        | Silicon             | Si        |
| Fermium             | Fm        | Silver              | Ag        |
| Fluorine            | F         | Sodium              | Na        |
| Francium            | Fr        | Strontium           | Sr        |
| Gadolinium          | Gd        | Sulfur              | S         |
| Gallium             | Ga        | Tantalum            | Ta        |
| Germanium           | Ge        | Technetium          | Tc        |
| Gold                | Au        | Tellurium           | Te        |
| Hafnium             | Hf        | Terbium             | Tb        |
| Hassium             | Hs        | Thallium            | Tl        |
| Helium              | He        | Thorium             | Th        |
| Holmium             | Ho        | Thulium             | Tm        |
| Hydrogen            | H         | Tin                 | Sn        |
| Indium              | In        | Titanium            | Ti        |
| Iodine              | I         | Tungsten            | W         |
| Iridium             | Ir        | Uranium             | U         |
| Iron                | Fe        | Vanadium            | V         |
| Krypton             | Kr        | Xenon               | Xe        |
| Lanthanum           | La        | Ytterbium           | Yb        |
| Lawrencium          | Lr        | Yttrium             | Y         |
| Lead                | Pb        | Zinc                | Zn        |
| Lithium             | Li        | Zirconium           | Zr        |
| Lutetium            | Lu        |                     |           |
| Magnesium           | Mg        |                     |           |
| Manganese           | Mn        |                     |           |
| Meitnerium          | Mt        |                     |           |
| Mendelevium         | Md        |                     |           |
| Mercury             | Hg        |                     |           |

1Chris Heilman, *The pictorial Periodic Table,* 23 December 2002, http://chemlab.pc.maricopa.edu/periodic/default.html, 20 May 2004.

2*IUPAC Commission on Atomic Weights and Isotopic Abundances: Atomic Weights of the Elements 2001*, http://www.chemgmw.ac.uk/uipac/atwt/>, 25 May 2004.


## Appendix D Chemical Weapons Convention Schedule 1, 2 And 3 Chemicals

Substance
CAS Registry
Number
Toxic Chemicals

O-Alkyl (< C10, including cycloalkyl) alkyl (Me, Et, n-Pr or I-Pr)-phosphonofluoridates

     e.g. Sarin:  O-Isopropyl methylphosphonofluoridate
107-44-8
     e.g. Soman:  O-Pinacolyl methylphosphonofluoridate
96-64-0

O-Alkyl ( C10, including cycloalkyl) N,N-dialkyl (Me, Et, n-Pr or i-Pr)-
phosphoramidocyanidates
     e.g. Tabun:  O-Ethyl N, N-dimethyl phosphoramidocyanidate
77-81-6

O-Alkyl (H or  C10, including cycloalkyl) S-2-dialkyl (Me, Et, n-Pr, or i-Pr)-aminoethyl alkyl
(Me, Et, n-Pr, or i-Pr)-phosphonothiolates and corresponding alkylated or protonated salts
     e.g. VX:  O-ethyl S-2-diisopropylaminoethyl methyl phosphonothiolate
50782-69-9
Sulphur mustards: 2-Chlorethychloromethylsulfide
2625-76-5
     Mustard gas:  Bis(2-chloroethyl)sulfide
505-60-2
     Bis(2-chloroethylthio)methane
63869-13-6
     Sesquimustard:  1,2-Bis(2-chloroethylthio)ethane
3563-36-8
     1,3-Bis(2-chloroethylthio)-n-propane
63905-10-2
     1,4-Bis(2-chloroethylthio)-n-butane
142868-93-7
     1,5-Bis(2-chloroethylthio)-n-pentane

142868-94-8
     Bis(2-chloroethylthiomethyl)ether
63918-90-1
     O-Mustard: Bis(2-chloroethylthioethyl)ether
63918-89-8
Lewisites

     Lewisite 1:  2-Chlorovinyldichloroarsine
541-25-3
     Lewisite 2:  Bis(2-chlorovinyl)chloroarsine
40334-69-8
     Lewisite 3:  Tris(2-chlorovinyl)arsine
40334-70-1
Nitrogen mustards

     HN1:  Bis(2-chloroethyl)ethylamine
538-07-8
     HN2:  Bis(2-chloroethyl)methylamine
51-75-2
     HN3:  Tris(2-chloroethyl)amine
555-77-1
Saxitoxin
35523-89-8
Ricin
9009-86-3
Precursors

Alkyl (Me, Et, n-Pr, or i-Pr) phosphonyldifluorides

     e.g. DF:  Methylphosphonyldifluoride
676-99-3

O-Alkyl (H or <C10, including cycloalkyl) O-2-dialkyl (Me, Et, n-Pr or i-Pr)-aminoethyl alkyl
(Me, Et, n-Pr or i-Pr) phosphonites and corresponding alkylated or protonated salts
     e.g. QL:  O-Ethyl O-2-diisopropylaminoethyl methylphosphonite
57856-11-8
Chlorosarin:  O-Isopropyl methylphosphonochloridate
1445-76-7
Chlorosoman:  O-Pinacolyl methylphosphonochloridate
7040-57-5

Substance
CAS Registry
Number
Toxic Chemicals

78-53-5
Amiton:  O, O-Diethyl S-[2-(diethylamino) ethyl] phosphorothiolate and corresponding alkylated or protonated salts PFIB:  1,1,3,3,3-Pentafluoro-2-(trifluoromethyl)-1-propene
382-21-8
BZ:  3-Quinuclidinyl benzilate*
6581-06-2
Precursors


Chemicals, except for those listed in Schedule 1, containing a phosphorous atom to which is bonded one methyl, ethyl, or propyl (normal or iso) group but not further carbon atoms e.g. Methylphosphonyl dichloride
676-97-1
     e.g. Dimethyl methylphosphonate
756-79-6
     Exemption: Fonofos:  O-Ethyl S-phenyl ethylphosphonothiolothionate
944-22-9
N,N-Dialkyl (Me, Et, n-Pr or i-Pr) phosphoramidic dihalides

Diakyl (Me, Et, n-Pr or i-Pr) N,N-dialkyl (Me, Et, n-Pr or i-Pr)-phosphoramidates

Arsenic trichloride
7784-34-1
2,2-Diphenyl-2-hydroxyacetic acid
76-93-7
Quinuclidine-3-ol
1619-34-7
N,N-Dialkyl (Me, Et, n-Pr or i-Pr) aminoethyl-2-chlorides and corresponding protonated salts

N,N-Dialkyl (Me, Et, n-Pr or i-Pr) aminoethane-2-ols and corresponding protonated salts

    Exemptions:  N,N-Dimethylaminoethanol and corresponding protonated salts
108-01-0
     N,N-Diethylaminoethanol and corresponding protonated salts
100-37-8
N,N-Dialkyl (Me, Et, n-Pr or i-Pr) aminoethane-2-thiols and corresponding protonated salts

Thiodiglycol:  Bis(2-hydroxyethyl)sulfide

111-48-8
Pinacolyl alcohol:  3,3-Dimethylbutane-2-ol
464-07-3

*Subject to special thresholds for declaration and verification, as specified in Part VII of the Verification Annex of the CWC.



Substance
CAS Registry
Number
Toxic Chemicals

Phosgene:  Carbonyl dichloride
75-44-5
Cyanogen chloride
506-77-4
Hydrogen cyanide
74-90-8
Chloropicrin:  Trichloronitromethane
76-06-2
Precursors

Phosphorus oxychloride
10025-87-3
Phosphorus trichloride
7719-12-2
Phosphorus pentachloride
10026-13-8
Trimethyl phosphite
121-45-9
Triethyl phosphite
122-52-1
Dimethyl phosphite
868-85-9
Diethyl phosphite
762-04-9
Sulfur monochloride
10025-67-9
Sulfur dichloride
10545-99-0
Thionyl chloride
7719-09-7
Ethyldiethanolamine
139-87-7
Methyldiethanolamine
105-59-9
Triethanolamine
102-71-6


1Office of the US President*, The Biological and Chemical Warfare Threat*, 1999.


## Appendix E Chemical Warfare Agent Precursor Chemicals: Uses And Equivalents

Precursor Chemical/CAS
Registry Number
Civil Uses
CW Agent Production
Units of Agent per
Unit of Precursora
1.  Thiodiglygol 111-48-8
Organic synthesis
Carrier for dyes in textile industry
Lubricant additives
Manufacturing plastics
2. Phosphorus oxychloride
10025-87-3
Organic synthesis Plasticizers Gasoline additives Hydraulic fluids Insecticides
Dopant for semiconductors
grade silicon
Flame retardants Flame retardant
1.12
3. Dimethyl methylphosphonate
(DMMP) 756-79-6
Organic synthesis
Sarin (GB)
1.40
4. Methylphosphonyl difluoride
676-99-3
Specific uses not identified
Organic synthesis
Sarin (GB)
1.05
5. Methylphosphonyl dichloride
676-97-1
Specific uses not identified
Organic synthesis
Sarin (GB)
1.27
6. Dimethyl phosphite
868-85-9
Lubricant additive
Organic synthesis
Amiton (VG)
1.95
7. Phosphorus trichloride
7719-12-2
Insecticides
Tabun (GA)
1.18
Sarin (GB)
1.02
Gasoline additives Plasticizers
Rearrangement process
1.02/(0.68) b
Soman (GD)
1.32
Surfactants
Dyestuffs
Sulfur mustard (HD)
1.3
Sesqui mustard (Q)
1.79
Tabun (GA)
1.05
Sarin (GB) Soman (GD)
Cyclosarin (GF)
1.45
Soman (GD)
1.82
Cyclosarin (GF)
1.80
Soman (GD)
1.36
Cyclosarin (GF)
1.35
Soman (GD)
1.65
Cyclosarin (GF)
1.65
Salt process
(0.34) b
Salt process
(0.44) b
Rearrangement process
1.32/(0.88) b
Cyclosarin (GF)
1.31
Salt process
(0.44) b
Rearrangement process
1.31/(0.87) b

## Table E-1.  Cw Agent Precursor Chemicals: Uses And Equivalents (Continued)

Precursor Chemical/CAS
Registry Number
Civil Uses
CW Agent Production
Units of Agent per
Unit of Precursora
8. Trimethyl phosphite 121-45-9
Organic synthesis
Used to make dimethyl methylphosphonate
(DMMP)molecular
rearrangement
9. Thionyl chlorideb
Organic synthesis Chlorinating agent
Sesqui mustard (Q)
1.84
7719-09-7 Could serve as chlorinating agent in all of these processesother chlorinating agents could be substituted
Catalyst
Nitrogen mustard (HN-1)
0.714
Pesticides
Nitrogen mustard (HN-2)
0.655
Engineering plastics
Nitrogen mustard (HN-3)
1.145
10. 3-Hydroxy-1-methylpiperidine
3554-74-3
Specific uses not identified;
probably used in pharmaceutical industry Organic Synthesis
VX
1.64
11. N,N-diisopropyl-(beta)- aminoethyl chloride 96-79-7
Organic Synthesis
VX
1.66
12. N,N-diisopropylaminoethanethiol 5842-07-9
Hypotensive agent
13. 3-Quinuclidinol 1619-34-7
Probably used in synthesis of pharmaceuticals
Fluorination of organic compounds
14. Potassium fluoride 7789-23-3
Cleaning and disinfecting brewery, dairy, and other food processing equipment
Glass and porcelain manufacturing
Organic synthesis
Sulfur mustard (HD)
0.99
15. 2-Chloroethanol 107-07-3
Manufacturing of ethylene oxide and ethylene-glycol Insecticides
Solvent
16. Dimethylamine 124-40-3
Organic synthesis Pharmaceuticals Detergents Pesticides Gasoline additive Missile fuels
Vulcanization of rubber
17. Diethyl ethylphosphonate 78-38-6
Heavy metal extraction Gasoline additive Antifoam agent
Plasticizer
See dimethyl
methylphosphonate
Sarin (GB)
1.18
Soman (GD)
1.53
Cyclosarin (GF)
1.51
Sulfur mustard (HD)
1.34

Nonidentified; could be
used in the synthesis of psychoactive compounds such as BZ VS
1.72
VS
1.75
BZ
2.65
Sarin (GB)
2.41
Soman (GD)
3.14
Cyclosarin (GF)
3.10
Sesqui mustard (Q) Nitrogen mustard (HN-1)
0.99 1.06
Tabun (GA)
3.61
Ethyl sarin (GE)
0.93

## Table E-1.  Cw Agent Precursor Chemicals: Uses And Equivalents (Continued)

Precursor Chemical/CAS
Registry Number
Civil Uses
CW Agent Production
Units of Agent per
Unit of Precursora
Specific uses not identified.
Organic synthesis
18. Diethyl N,N-dimethyl phosphoramidate
2404-03-7
Organic synthesis
Amiton (VG)
Catalyst
19. Diethyl phosphite 762-04-9
Paint solvent
Sarin (GB)
1.02
Lubricant additive
20. Dimethylamine HCl 506-59-2
Organic synthesis Pharmaceuticals Surfactants Pesticides
Gasoline additives
Organic synthesis
VE
1.93
21. Ethylphosphonous dichloride
1498-40-4
Specific uses not identified but could be used in manufacturing of flame retardants, gas additives, pesticides, surfactants, etc.
Organic synthesis
22. Ethylphosphonyl dichloride 1066-50-8
Specific uses not identified; see ethylphosphonous dichloride
Organic synthesis
23. Ethylphosphonyl difluoride 753-98-0
Specific uses not identified; see ethylphosphonous dichloride
Fluorinating agent in chemical reactions
24. Hydrogen fluoride 7664-39-3
Catalyst in alkylation and polymerization reactions Additives to liquid rocket fuels
Ethyl sarin (GE)
7.7
Uranium refining

Cyclosarin (GF)
9.01
Organic synthesis
25. Methyl benzilate 76-89-1
Tranquilizers Organic synthesis
VX
2.28
26. Methylphosphonous dichloride 676-83-5
Specific uses not identified
Organic synthesis
27. N,N-diisopropyl-(beta)-
aminoethanol 96-80-0
Specific uses not identified
Soman (GD)
1.79
28. Pinacolyl alcohol 464-07-3
Specific uses not identified
VX
1.14
29. O-ethyl,2-diisopropyl aminoethyl methyl-phosphonate (QL), 57856-11-8 30. Triethyl phosphite 122-52-1
Organic synthesis Plasticizers
Lubricant additives



| Tabun (GA)       |   0.90  |
|------------------|---------|
| Soman (GD)       |    1.32 |
| Cyclosarin (GF)  |    1.3  |
| Tabun (GA)       |    1.99 |
| VS               |    2.14 |
| Ethyl sarin (GE) |    1.18 |
| Ethyl sarin (GE) |    2.1  |
| Ethyl sarin (GE) |    2.7  |
| Sarin (GB)       |    7    |
| Soman (GD)       |    9.11 |
| BZ               |    1.39 |
| VX               |    1.84 |
| Amiton (VG)      |    1.62 |

## Table E-1.  Cw Agent Precursor Chemicals: Uses And Equivalents (Continued)

Precursor Chemical/CAS
Registry Number
Civil Uses
CW Agent Production
Units of Agent per
Unit of Precursora
Organic synthesis
Arsine (SA)
0.43
31. Arsenic trichloride 7784-34-1
Pharmaceuticals
Insecticides
Ceramics Organic synthesis
BZ
1.48
32. Benzilic acid 76-93-7
Organic synthesis
VX
1.97
33. Diethyl methylphosphonite 15715-41-0
Organic synthesis
Ethyl sarin (GE)
1.12
34. Dimethyl ethylphosphonate 6163-75-3
Organic synthesis
VE
2.58
35. Ethylphosphonous difluoride 430-78-4
Organic synthesis
36. Methylphosphonous difluoride 753-59-3
Same as 3-Quinuclidinol3- quinuclidinol
37. 3-Quinuclidone 1619-34-7 38. Phosphorous pentachloride 10026-13-8
Organic synthesis Pesticides
Plastics Specific uses not identified
Soman (GD)
1.82
39. Pinacolone 75-97-8 40. Potassium cyanide 151-50-8
Extraction of gold and silver from ores Pesticide Fumigant
Electroplating
Fluorine production
Sarin (GB)
1.79
41. Potassium bifluoride 7789-29-9
Catalyst in alkylation
Soman (GD)
2.33
Treatment of coal to reduce slag formation
Fluid in silver solder
Ceramics
Sarin (GB)
2.46
42. Ammonium bifluoride 1341-49-7
Disinfectant for food equipment
Soman (GD)
3.20
Electroplating
Etching glass
Pesticide
Sarin (GB)
3.33
43. Sodium fluoride 7681-49-4
Disinfectant
Soman (GD)
4.34
Dental prophylaxis
Glass and steel manufacturing

| Lewisite (L)              |   1.14  |
|---------------------------|---------|
| Adamsite (DM)             |    1.53 |
| Diphenylchloroarsine (DA) |    1.45 |
| Ethyl sarin (GE)          |    1.57 |
| VX                        |    3.18 |
| VM                        |    2.84 |
| Sarin (GB)                |    1.67 |
| Soman (GD)                |    2.17 |
| Cyclosarin (GF)           |    2.15 |
| BZ                        |    2.65 |
| Tabun (GA)                |    0.78 |
| Tabun (GA)                |    1.25 |
| Hydrogen cyanide (AC)     |    0.41 |
| Cyclosarin (GF)           |    2.31 |
| Cyclosarin (GF)           |    3.16 |
| Cyclosarin (GF)           |    4.29 |

## Table E-1.  Cw Agent Precursor Chemicals: Uses And Equivalents (Continued)

Precursor Chemical/CAS
Registry Number
Civil Uses
CW Agent Production
Units of Agent per
Unit of Precursora
Antiseptic
Sarin (GB)
2.26
44. Sodium bifluoride 1333-83-1
Neutralizer in laundry operations
Soman (GD)
2.94
Tin plate production
Cyclosarin (GF)
2.91
Extraction from gold and silver ores
45. Sodium cyanide
143-33-9
Fumigant
Hydrogen cyanide (AC)
0.55
Manufacturing dyes and pigments Core hardening of metals
Nylon production
46. Triethanolamine
102-71-6
Organic synthesis Detergents Cosmetics
Corrosion inhibitor Plasticizer
Rubber accelerator
Organic synthesis
Amiton (VG)
1.21
47. Phosphorus pentasulfide
1314-80-3
Insecticide Mitocides Lubricant oil additives
Pyrotechnics
Organic synthesis
48. Diisopropylamine
108-18-9
Specific uses not identified
Organic synthesis
Amiton (VG)
2.30
49. Diethylaminoethanol
100-37-8
Anticorrosion compositions Pharmaceuticals
Textile softeners
50. Sodium sulfide 1313-82-2
Paper manufacturing Rubber manufacturing Metal refining
Dye manufacturing
51. Sulfur monochloride sulfur chloride
10025-67-9
Organic synthesis Pharmaceuticals
Sulfur dyes
Insecticides Rubber vulcanization Polymerization catalyst Hardening of soft woods
Extraction of gold from ores
52. Sulfur dichloride 10545-99-0
Organic synthesis Rubber vulcanizing Insecticides Vulcanizing oils
Chlorinating agents

| Tabun (GA)              |   1.65 |
|-------------------------|--------|
|                         |        |
| Cyanogen chloride (CK)  |   1.25 |
|                         |        |
| Nitrogen mustard (HN-3) |   1.37 |
|                         |        |
| VX                      |   1.2  |
|                         |        |
| VX                      |   3.65 |
|                         |        |
| VM                      |   2.05 |
|                         |        |
| Sulfur mustard (HD)     |   2.04 |
| Sulfur mustard (HD)     |   1.18 |
| Sulfur mustard (HD)     |   1.54 |

## Table E-1.  Cw Agent Precursor Chemicals: Uses And Equivalents (Continued)

Precursor Chemical/CAS
Registry Number
Civil Uses
CW Agent Production
Units of Agent per
Unit of Precursora
Nitrogen mustard (HN)
1.10
53. Triethanolamine hydrochloride 637-39-8
Organic synthesis Insecticides
Surface active agents Waxes and polishes Textile specialties Lubricants Toiletries Cement additive Petroleum demulsifier
Synthetic resin Organic synthesis
VX
1.34
54. N,N-diisopropyl-2-aminoethyl chloride hydrochloride 4261-68-1

Notes:
aAssumes quantitative reaction yields bFigures in parentheses are based on the use of PCl3 as a chlorine donator in the reaction.

1Office of the US President*, The Biological and Chemical Warfare Threat*, 1999.

## Chemical Warfare Agents And Other Military Chemical Compounds

| Agent Class           | Agent                             | Symbol           |
|-----------------------|-----------------------------------|------------------|
| Choking Agents        | Phosgene                          | CG               |
|                       | Diphosgene                        | DP               |
|                       | Chloropicrin                      | PS               |
| Nerve Agents          | Tabun                             | GA               |
|                       | Sarin                             | GB               |
|                       | Soman                             | GD               |
|                       | Cyclosarin                        | GF               |
|                       | Ethyl Sarin                       | GE               |
|                       | VX                                | VX               |
|                       | Vx                                | Vx               |
|                       | VE                                | VE               |
|                       | Amiton                            | VG               |
|                       | VM                                | VM               |
|                       | VS                                | VS               |
| Blood Agents          | Hydrogen Cyanide                  | AC               |
|                       | Cyanogen Chloride                 | CK               |
|                       | Arsine                            | SA               |
| Blister Agents        | Distilled Mustard                 | H/HD             |
|                       | Nitrogen Mustard                  | HN-1, HN-2, HN-3 |
|                       | Mustard-T Mixture                 | HT               |
|                       | Sesqui Mustard                    | Q                |
|                       | Lewisite                          | L                |
|                       | Mustard-Lewisite Mixture          | HL               |
|                       | Phenyldichloroarsine              | PD               |
|                       | Ethyldichloroarsine               | ED               |
|                       | Methyldichloroarsine              | MD               |
|                       | Phosgene Oxime                    | CX               |
| Incapacitating Agent  | 3-Quinuclidinyl benzilate         | BZ               |
| Riot Control Agents   | O-Chlorobenzylidene Malononitrile | CS               |
|                       | Dibenz(b,f)-1:4-oxazepine         | CR               |
|                       | Capsaicin                         | OC               |
| Respiratory Irritants | Diphenylchloroarsine              | DA               |
|                       | Diphenylcyanoarsine               | DC               |
|                       | Adamsite                          | DM               |
|                       | Chlorine                          | Cl               |
| 2                     |                                   |                  |
|                       |                                   |                  |

## Appendix G Properties Of Chemical Warfare Agents And Military Chemical Compounds



Tables G-1 through G-6 (pages G-2 through G-18) and Figures G-1 through G-7 (pages G-19 through G-25) provide a ready source of data for key CW agents and military chemical compounds.  The data were compiled from the detailed data presented for each agent described in Chapters II and III.


Agents
Chemical Agent; Formula;

Molecular
Weight
State at 20C
Odor
Boiling
Point (C)
FP/MP
Liquid Density
(g/mL)
Vapor Density
(Air=1)
Vapor Pressure
(C)
(torr)
Symbol


Musty hay or rotting fruit
Phosgene;
98.92
Colorless gas that
is readily liquefied
7.8
-128 (MP)
1.360 (25C);
3.4
1400 (25C);
Choking
A
nts
ge
COCl2;
1.402 (7.8C);
760 (7.8C);
CG
1.420 (0C)
560 (0C)


Colorless oily liquid
Musty hay
Diphosgene;
4.41 (20C);
197.83
127
-57 (MP)
Munitions grade:
6.8
C2Cl4O2 ;
0.914 (0C)

1.656 (20C);
DP
1.687 (0C)


Faintly fruity; none when pure
Tabun;
162.13
Colorless to brown liquid
248
-50 (FP)
1.0756 (25C);
5.6
0.0570 (25C);
C5H11N2O2P;
1.0999 (0C)
0.00475 (0C)
GA


Colorless liquid
None when pure
Sarin;
140.09
150
-56 (FP)
Pure:
4.8
248 (25C);
C4H10FO2P;
1.0887 (25C);
0.410 (0C)
GB
1.1182 (0C)


Soman;
Fruity; camphor
when impure
182.17
Colorless liquid
when pure
198
-42 (MP)
1.0222 (25C);
6.3
0.401 (25C);
C7H16FO2P;
1.0456 (0C)
0.0496 (0C)
GD


Colorless liquid
None when pure
Cyclosarin;
180.16
228
-30 to -50 (FP); -
12 (MP)
1.1276 (25C);
6.2
0.0927 (25C);
C7H14FO2P;
1.1525 (0C)
0.00978 (0C)
GF


Odorless when pure
292
Below -51 (FP); -
39 to 60 (FP)
VX;
267.37
Colorless liquid when pure
1.0083 (25C);
9.2
0.000878 (25C); 0.0000422 (0C)
C11H26NO2PS
1.0209 (0C)


Liquid
Odorless
256
Data not available
"V-Sub X";
211.26
1.060 (25C);
7.3
0.00673 (25C);
C7H18NO2PS;
1.0820 (0C)
0.00057 (0C)
Vx


Colorless liquid
Bitter almonds; peach kernels
Hydrogen cyanide;
27.03
25.5
-13.3 (MP)
0.6797 (25C);
0.93
760 (25.5C);
HCN;
0.7162 (0C)
746 (25.0C);

## Blood Agents

AC
265 (0C)


Colorless gas
Lacrimatory and irritating
Cyanogen chloride; CNCl;
61.47
12.8
-6.9 (FP)
1.202 (10C);
2.1
760 (12.8C);

1.222 (0C)
680 (10C);
CK
48 (0C)


Arsine;
Colorless gas
Disagreeable, garlic-like
77.95
-62.2
-116 (MP)
1.667 (-75C); 1.734 (- 100C)
2.7
400 (-75C);
AsH3;
86.9 (-100C)
SA

Latent Heat of
Vaporization


Volatility
Viscosity (cP)
Viscosity of Vapor
Surface Tension
(dynes/cm)
Agents
Flash Point
3)
(mg/m
(cP)

(kcal/mol)


CG
7,460,000 (25C);
4,290,000 (7.8C); 3,530,000 (0C)
5.92 (25C);
Data Not Available in
Samuel, et al. reference
Data Not Available in
Samuel, et al. reference
Data Not Available in
Samuel, et al. reference
Nonflammable
Choking
A ents
g

5.95 (7.8C); 5.96  (0C)


DP
47,700 (20C);
12.2 (20C);
Data Not Available in Samuel, et al. reference
Data Not Available in
Data Not Available in Samuel, et al. reference
None

10,600 (0C)
12.8 (0C)
Samuel, et al. reference


GA
497 (25C);
15.5 (25C);
2.277 (25.0C),
0.00620 (25.0C),
32.5 (25.0C),
78C

45.2 (0C)
16.7 (0C)
4.320 (0C)
0.00560 (0C)
35.0 (0C)


GB
18,700 (25C);
11.6 (25C);
1.397 (25.0C),
0.00719 (25.0C),
25.9 (25.0C),
Nonflammable

3,370 (0C)
11.7 (0C)
2.583 (0C)
0.00651 (0C)
28.8 (0C)


GD
3,930 (25C);
13.2 (25C);
3.167(25.0C),
0.00590 (25.0C),
24.5 (26.5C)
121C

531 (0C)
13.8 (0C)
6.789 (0C)
0.00533 (0C)


GF
898 (25C);
14.3 (25C);
5.431 (25.0C),
0.00615 (25.0C),
32.3 (25.5C)
94C

103 (0C)
14.8 (0C)
14.762 (0C)
0.00555 (0C)


VX
12.6 (25C);
19.2 (25C);
10.041 (25.0C),
0.00513 (25.0C),
31.3 (25.0C),
127C

0.662 (0C)
20.1 (0C)
37.532 (0C)
0.00463 (0C)
34.7 (0C)


Vx
76.4 (25C);
16.0 (25C);
5.628 (25.0C),
0.00556 (25.0C),
31.4 (25.0C),
Data not available

7.02 (0C)
16.1 (0C)
15.335 (0C)
0.00502 (0C)
33.7 (0C)


AC
1,100,000 (25.5C); 1,080,000 (25.0C); 420,000 (0C)
6.72 (25.5C);
Data Not Available in Samuel, et al. reference
Data Not Available in Samuel, et al. reference
Data Not Available in Samuel, et al. reference
-18C; can ignite when explosively disseminated

6.72 (25.0C);

## Blood Agents

6.71 (0C)


CK
2,620,000 (12.8C); 2,370,000 (10C); 1,620,000 (0C)
6.40 (12.8C);
Data Not Available in Samuel, et al. reference
Data Not Available in Samuel, et al. reference
Data Not Available in Samuel, et al. reference
Nonflammable


6.41 (10C); 6.44 (0C)


SA
2,550,000 (-75C);
4.17
Data Not Available in Samuel, et al. reference
Data Not Available in Samuel, et al. reference
Data Not Available in Samuel, et al. reference
Flammable, forms explosive mixtures with air

627,000 (-100C)
|                                                     |                                                        |            |                    |                     |
|-----------------------------------------------------|--------------------------------------------------------|------------|--------------------|---------------------|
| Agents                                              | Decomposition Temperature                              | Solubility | Rate of Hydrolysis | Hydrolysis Products |
|                                                     |                                                        |            |                    |                     |
|                                                     |                                                        |            |                    |                     |
|                                                     |                                                        |            |                    |                     |
|                                                     |                                                        |            |                    |                     |
|                                                     |                                                        |            |                    |                     |
| CG                                                  |                                                        |            |                    |                     |
| 1                                                   |                                                        |            |                    |                     |
| , CO                                                |                                                        |            |                    |                     |
| 2                                                   |                                                        |            |                    |                     |
| Complete @ 800C                                    | Limited in water; miscible with common organic         |            |                    |                     |
| solvents, petroleum, and lubricating oil            |                                                        |            |                    |                     |
| t                                                   |                                                        |            |                    |                     |
| 12                                                   |                                                        |            |                    |                     |
| = 0.25 sec (13C); does not react quickly           |                                                        |            |                    |                     |
| with water vapor but does with liquid water         |                                                        |            |                    |                     |
| HCl                                                 |                                                        |            |                    |                     |
| (aq)                                                |                                                        |            |                    |                     |
| Choking                                             |                                                        |            |                    |                     |
| Agents                                              |                                                        |            |                    |                     |
|                                                     |                                                        |            |                    |                     |
|                                                     |                                                        |            |                    |                     |
|                                                     |                                                        |            |                    |                     |
|                                                     |                                                        |            |                    |                     |
|                                                     |                                                        |            |                    |                     |
|                                                     |                                                        |            |                    |                     |
|                                                     |                                                        |            |                    |                     |
| DP                                                  |                                                        |            |                    |                     |
| 300 to 350C                                        | In water, 44.6 g DP/L (20C); soluble in common        |            |                    |                     |
| organic solvents                                    |                                                        |            |                    |                     |
| Slow at ambient temperature and fairly rapid        |                                                        |            |                    |                     |
| at 100C                                            |                                                        |            |                    |                     |
| HCl, CO                                             |                                                        |            |                    |                     |
| 2                                                   |                                                        |            |                    |                     |
|                                                     |                                                        |            |                    |                     |
|                                                     |                                                        |            |                    |                     |
|                                                     |                                                        |            |                    |                     |
|                                                     |                                                        |            |                    |                     |
|                                                     |                                                        |            |                    |                     |
|                                                     |                                                        |            |                    |                     |
| GA                                                  |                                                        |            |                    |                     |
| 150C (3 to 314 hrs)                                 | In water, 7.2 g GA/100 g (20C); 9.8 g GA/100 g        |            |                    |                     |
| (0C); readily soluble in common organic solvents   |                                                        |            |                    |                     |
| t                                                   |                                                        |            |                    |                     |
| 1/2                                                 |                                                        |            |                    |                     |
| = 8.5 hrs (20C, pH 7); slow in water,              |                                                        |            |                    |                     |
| fairly rapid with strong acids and alkalis with     |                                                        |            |                    |                     |
| self-buffering (pH 4 to 5)                          |                                                        |            |                    |                     |
| HCN and other products                              |                                                        |            |                    |                     |
|                                                     |                                                        |            |                    |                     |
|                                                     |                                                        |            |                    |                     |
|                                                     |                                                        |            |                    |                     |
|                                                     |                                                        |            |                    |                     |
|                                                     |                                                        |            |                    |                     |
| GB                                                  |                                                        |            |                    |                     |
| 150C (212 hrs)                                      | Completely miscible with water and common              |            |                    |                     |
| organic solvents                                    |                                                        |            |                    |                     |
| At 20C, t                                          |                                                        |            |                    |                     |
| 1/2                                                 |                                                        |            |                    |                     |
| = 27 min (pH 1); t                                  |                                                        |            |                    |                     |
| 1/2                                                 |                                                        |            |                    |                     |
| = 312 hrs                                            |                                                        |            |                    |                     |
| (pH 2); t                                           |                                                        |            |                    |                     |
| 1/2                                                 |                                                        |            |                    |                     |
| = 80 hrs (pH 7); t                                  |                                                        |            |                    |                     |
| 1/2                                                 |                                                        |            |                    |                     |
| = 5.4 min (pH                                       |                                                        |            |                    |                     |
| 10); t                                              |                                                        |            |                    |                     |
| 1/2                                                 |                                                        |            |                    |                     |
| = 0.6 min (pH 11)                                   |                                                        |            |                    |                     |
| HF, IMPA, MFPA, MPA, IPA                            |                                                        |            |                    |                     |
|                                                     |                                                        |            |                    |                     |
|                                                     |                                                        |            |                    |                     |
|                                                     |                                                        |            |                    |                     |
| 0.003M                                              |                                                        |            |                    |                     |
| 2                                                   |                                                        |            |                    |                     |
| GD at 25C,                                         |                                                        |            |                    |                     |
|                                                     |                                                        |            |                    |                     |
|                                                     |                                                        |            |                    |                     |
|                                                     |                                                        |            |                    |                     |
| Nerve Agents                                        |                                                        |            |                    |                     |
| GD                                                  |                                                        |            |                    |                     |
| > 150C;                                            |                                                        |            |                    |                     |
| In water, 2.1 g GD/100 g solution (20C); 3.4 g     |                                                        |            |                    |                     |
| GD/100 g (0C); very soluble in organic solvents    |                                                        |            |                    |                     |
| t                                                   |                                                        |            |                    |                     |
| 1/2                                                 |                                                        |            |                    |                     |
| = 3 hrs (pH 2);  t                                  |                                                        |            |                    |                     |
| 1/2                                                 |                                                        |            |                    |                     |
| = 45 hrs (pH 6.65);                                 |                                                        |            |                    |                     |
| PMPA, HF                                            |                                                        |            |                    |                     |
|                                                     |                                                        |            |                    |                     |
| stabilized: 130C (200 hrs);                        |                                                        |            |                    |                     |
| t                                                   |                                                        |            |                    |                     |
| 1/2                                                 |                                                        |            |                    |                     |
| = 60 hrs (pH 10);                                   |                                                        |            |                    |                     |
| unstabilized: 130C (4 hrs)                         |                                                        |            |                    |                     |
|                                                     |                                                        |            |                    |                     |
| < 5 min in 5% NaOH                                  |                                                        |            |                    |                     |
| 3                                                   |                                                        |            |                    |                     |
| solution                                            |                                                        |            |                    |                     |
|                                                     |                                                        |            |                    |                     |
|                                                     |                                                        |            |                    |                     |
|                                                     |                                                        |            |                    |                     |
|                                                     |                                                        |            |                    |                     |
|                                                     |                                                        |            |                    |                     |
| GF                                                  |                                                        |            |                    |                     |
| 150C (2 hrs)                                       | In water, 3.7 g GF/100 g (20C); 5.1 g GF/100 g        |            |                    |                     |
| (0C)                                               |                                                        |            |                    |                     |
| 0.003M GF (distilled water),                        |                                                        |            |                    |                     |
| t                                                   |                                                        |            |                    |                     |
| 1/2                                                 |                                                        |            |                    |                     |
| = 42 hrs (25C)                                     |                                                        |            |                    |                     |
| HF and another product                              |                                                        |            |                    |                     |
|                                                     |                                                        |            |                    |                     |
|                                                     |                                                        |            |                    |                     |
|                                                     |                                                        |            |                    |                     |
| t                                                   |                                                        |            |                    |                     |
| 1/2                                                 |                                                        |            |                    |                     |
| = 502 days (71C);                                  |                                                        |            |                    |                     |
|                                                     |                                                        |            |                    |                     |
| At 22C; t                                          |                                                        |            |                    |                     |
| 12                                                   |                                                        |            |                    |                     |
| = 1.8 min (1.25M NaOH);                             |                                                        |            |                    |                     |
|                                                     |                                                        |            |                    |                     |
| VX                                                  |                                                        |            |                    |                     |
| t                                                   |                                                        |            |                    |                     |
| 1/2                                                 |                                                        |            |                    |                     |
| = 41 days (100C);                                  |                                                        |            |                    |                     |
| Water solubility = 5% (21.5C); miscible with water |                                                        |            |                    |                     |
| below 9.4C; soluble in common organic solvents     |                                                        |            |                    |                     |
| t                                                   |                                                        |            |                    |                     |
| 12                                                   |                                                        |            |                    |                     |
| = 10.8 min (0.25M NaOH);                            |                                                        |            |                    |                     |
| EMPA, EA 2192, and other                            |                                                        |            |                    |                     |
| products                                            |                                                        |            |                    |                     |
|                                                     |                                                        |            |                    |                     |
| t                                                   |                                                        |            |                    |                     |
| 1/2                                                 |                                                        |            |                    |                     |
| = 34.5 hrs (150C);                                 |                                                        |            |                    |                     |
| t                                                   |                                                        |            |                    |                     |
| 12                                                   |                                                        |            |                    |                     |
| = 31 min (0.10M NaOH);                              |                                                        |            |                    |                     |
| t                                                   |                                                        |            |                    |                     |
| 1/2                                                 |                                                        |            |                    |                     |
| = 36 sec (295C)                                    |                                                        |            |                    |                     |
| t                                                   |                                                        |            |                    |                     |
| 1/2                                                 |                                                        |            |                    |                     |
| = 60 hrs (pure water)                               |                                                        |            |                    |                     |
|                                                     |                                                        |            |                    |                     |
|                                                     |                                                        |            |                    |                     |
|                                                     |                                                        |            |                    |                     |
| Rate coefficient is 0.0078 hrs                      |                                                        |            |                    |                     |
| -1                                                  |                                                        |            |                    |                     |
|                                                     |                                                        |            |                    |                     |
| Vx                                                  |                                                        |            |                    |                     |
| Data not available                                  | Soluble in organic solvents; slightly soluble in water |            |                    |                     |
| Ethanol and other toxic products                    |                                                        |            |                    |                     |
|                                                     |                                                        |            |                    |                     |
|                                                     |                                                        |            |                    |                     |
|                                                     |                                                        |            |                    |                     |
|                                                     |                                                        |            |                    |                     |
|                                                     |                                                        |            |                    |                     |
|                                                     |                                                        |            |                    |                     |
|                                                     |                                                        |            |                    |                     |
|                                                     |                                                        |            |                    |                     |
| AC                                                  |                                                        |            |                    |                     |
| Stabilized: >65.5C; forms explosive                |                                                        |            |                    |                     |
| polymer on standing                                 |                                                        |            |                    |                     |
| Miscible with water and common organic solvents     |                                                        |            |                    |                     |
| including alcohol and ether                         |                                                        |            |                    |                     |
| Slow under acidic conditions; rapid with            |                                                        |            |                    |                     |
| traces of base or basic salts                       |                                                        |            |                    |                     |
| NH                                                  |                                                        |            |                    |                     |
| 3                                                   |                                                        |            |                    |                     |
| and other products                                  |                                                        |            |                    |                     |
|                                                     |                                                        |            |                    |                     |
| Blood Agents                                        |                                                        |            |                    |                     |
|                                                     |                                                        |            |                    |                     |
|                                                     |                                                        |            |                    |                     |
|                                                     |                                                        |            |                    |                     |
|                                                     |                                                        |            |                    |                     |
|                                                     |                                                        |            |                    |                     |
| CK                                                  |                                                        |            |                    |                     |
|  149C                                             | Liquefied CK in water, 71.4 g/L (20C); soluble in     |            |                    |                     |
| common organic solvents, sulfur mustard, and HCN    |                                                        |            |                    |                     |
| With tap water, t                                   |                                                        |            |                    |                     |
| 12                                                   |                                                        |            |                    |                     |
| = 180 hrs (ambient                                  |                                                        |            |                    |                     |
| temperature, pH 7)                                  |                                                        |            |                    |                     |
| HCl, CNOH                                           |                                                        |            |                    |                     |
|                                                     |                                                        |            |                    |                     |
|                                                     |                                                        |            |                    |                     |
|                                                     |                                                        |            |                    |                     |
|                                                     |                                                        |            |                    |                     |
|                                                     |                                                        |            |                    |                     |
|                                                     |                                                        |            |                    |                     |
|                                                     |                                                        |            |                    |                     |
| SA                                                  |                                                        |            |                    |                     |
| 300C                                               | In water, 0.028 g/100 g (20C); soluble in alkalis,    |            |                    |                     |
| Rapid in light; slow in absence of light and        |                                                        |            |                    |                     |
| air (15.5C, pH 7); 32% hydrolyzed in 5 hrs,        |                                                        |            |                    |                     |
| 66% in 24 hrs                                       |                                                        |            |                    |                     |
| Arsenic (toxic)                                     |                                                        |            |                    |                     |
|                                                     |                                                        |            |                    |                     |
| halogen alkanes, hydrocarbons, and benzene          |                                                        |            |                    |                     |
|                                                     |                                                        |            |                    |                     |
|                                                    |                                           |                                 |
|----------------------------------------------------|-------------------------------------------|---------------------------------|
|                                                    |                                           |                                 |
|                                                    |                                           |                                 |
| Agents                                             | Stability In Storage                      | Action on Metals                |
| Inhalation Toxicity                                |                                           |                                 |
| Skin and Eye Toxicity                              |                                           |                                 |
|                                                    |                                           |                                 |
|                                                    |                                           |                                 |
|                                                    |                                           |                                 |
|                                                    |                                           |                                 |
|                                                    |                                           |                                 |
|                                                    |                                           |                                 |
| CG                                                 |                                           |                                 |
| If dry, stable in steel for 1 year at ambient      |                                           |                                 |
| temperatures; stability decreases as temperature   |                                           |                                 |
| increases                                          |                                           |                                 |
| None when dry; acidic and corrosive when           |                                           |                                 |
| moist                                              |                                           |                                 |
| Initial effects resemble those of tear gas         | Causes pulmonary edema                    |                                 |
| Choking                                            |                                           |                                 |
| Agents                                             |                                           |                                 |
|                                                    |                                           |                                 |
|                                                    |                                           |                                 |
|                                                    |                                           |                                 |
|                                                    |                                           |                                 |
|                                                    |                                           |                                 |
| DP                                                 |                                           |                                 |
| Unstable; converts to CG                           | Metals act as catalyzers in conversion to |                                 |
| CG; attacks rubber, cork, and cement               |                                           |                                 |
| Lacrimator                                         | Causes pulmonary edema                    |                                 |
|                                                    |                                           |                                 |
|                                                    |                                           |                                 |
|                                                    |                                           |                                 |
| Stabilized GA:  stable in steel for several years  |                                           |                                 |
| (ambient temperatures); stability decreases as     |                                           |                                 |
| temperature increases, 6 months (50C); 3          |                                           |                                 |
| months (65C)                                      |                                           |                                 |
|                                                    |                                           |                                 |
|                                                    |                                           |                                 |
|                                                    |                                           |                                 |
| GA                                                 |                                           |                                 |
| Corrosion rate of steel on crude GA (5-            |                                           |                                 |
| 20% chlorobenene) is 0.000034 in/month             |                                           |                                 |
| (65C)                                             |                                           |                                 |
| Very high toxicity; greater through eyes           |                                           |                                 |
| than through skin; liquid penetrates skin          |                                           |                                 |
| Primarily inhalation hazard                        |                                           |                                 |
|                                                    |                                           |                                 |
|                                                    |                                           |                                 |
| Stabilized GB:  Stable in steel for 5-10 years     |                                           |                                 |
| (ambient temperatures); At elevated                |                                           |                                 |
| temperatures up to 71C storage life decreases     |                                           |                                 |
| slightly                                           |                                           |                                 |
|                                                    |                                           |                                 |
|                                                    |                                           |                                 |
|                                                    |                                           |                                 |
| GB                                                 |                                           |                                 |
| At 71C; slightly corrosive on steel, brass,       |                                           |                                 |
| Very high toxicity; greater through eyes           |                                           |                                 |
| than through skin; liquid penetrates skin          |                                           |                                 |
| Most toxic route of exposure                       |                                           |                                 |
|                                                    |                                           |                                 |
| copper, inconel, K-monel, and lead; slight         |                                           |                                 |
| to severe corrosion on aluminum                    |                                           |                                 |
|                                                    |                                           |                                 |
|                                                    |                                           |                                 |
|                                                    |                                           |                                 |
|                                                    |                                           |                                 |
|                                                    |                                           |                                 |
| Nerve Agents                                       |                                           |                                 |
| GD                                                 |                                           |                                 |
| Relatively stable in glass 512 months (ambient      |                                           |                                 |
| temperature); stabilized GD: 6 months (71C) in    |                                           |                                 |
| glass, steel, and aluminum containers              |                                           |                                 |
| Corrosion rate on steel is 0.00001                 |                                           |                                 |
| in/month (65C)                                    |                                           |                                 |
| Very high toxicity; greater through eyes           |                                           |                                 |
| than through skin; liquid penetrates skin          |                                           |                                 |
| Most toxic route of exposure                       |                                           |                                 |
|                                                    |                                           |                                 |
|                                                    |                                           |                                 |
|                                                    |                                           |                                 |
|                                                    |                                           |                                 |
|                                                    |                                           |                                 |
|                                                    |                                           |                                 |
|                                                    |                                           |                                 |
| GF                                                 |                                           |                                 |
| Stabilized GF (71C):  6 months in glass, and 1    |                                           |                                 |
| year in steel and aluminum containers              |                                           |                                 |
| Corrosion rate on steel is 0.000053                |                                           |                                 |
| in/month (65C)                                    |                                           |                                 |
| Very high toxicity; greater through eyes           |                                           |                                 |
| than through skin; liquid penetrates skin          |                                           |                                 |
| Most toxic route of exposure                       |                                           |                                 |
|                                                    |                                           |                                 |
|                                                    |                                           |                                 |
|                                                    |                                           |                                 |
|                                                    |                                           |                                 |
|                                                    |                                           |                                 |
|                                                    |                                           |                                 |
|                                                    |                                           |                                 |
| VX                                                 |                                           |                                 |
| Stable at ambient temperature; unstabilized VX     |                                           |                                 |
| (95% purity) decomposes 5% a month (71C);         |                                           |                                 |
| purified VX is stable in glass and steel.          |                                           |                                 |
| Negligible on brass, steel, and aluminum,          |                                           |                                 |
| slight corrosion with copper                       |                                           |                                 |
| Extremely toxic by skin and eye                    |                                           |                                 |
| absorption                                         |                                           |                                 |
| Extremely potent                                   |                                           |                                 |
|                                                    |                                           |                                 |
|                                                    |                                           |                                 |
|                                                    |                                           |                                 |
|                                                    |                                           |                                 |
| Vx                                                 |                                           |                                 |
| Data not available                                 | Data not available                        | Extremely toxic by skin and eye |
| absorption                                         |                                           |                                 |
| Extremely potent                                   |                                           |                                 |
|                                                    |                                           |                                 |
|                                                    |                                           |                                 |
|                                                    |                                           |                                 |
|                                                    |                                           |                                 |
|                                                    |                                           |                                 |
|                                                    |                                           |                                 |
| AC                                                 |                                           |                                 |
| Pure: unstable on storage; stabilized AC:  may be  |                                           |                                 |
| stored in metal containers for long periods (65C) |                                           |                                 |
| Corrodes iron, cast iron, chromium steel,          |                                           |                                 |
| and lead                                           |                                           |                                 |
| None                                               | Can cause death within minutes            |                                 |
|                                                    |                                           |                                 |

## Blood Agents



Stable in glass for long periods and elevated temperatures; stable in steel for 1 year at ambient temperatures, only 9 weeks (60C); stabilized CK: long periods (up to 100C)


Can cause death within minutes
CK
None if dry; unstabilized CK slowly polymerizes in steel and other common metals (elevated temperatures)
Irritation to eyes similar to RCAs


SA
Unstable in most metal containers; metals catalyze decomposition on exposure to light, moist arsine decomposes quickly
Corrosive to most metals
Exposure to liquid causes frostbite
Acute toxicity is high


Rate of Action
Means of Detection
Protection Required
Decontamination
Use
Agents


CG
Immediate to 3 hours
depending on concentration
M18A2, MM1
Protective mask
Not required in field except in very cold
climates
Delayed-action casualty
agent
Choking
Agents


DP
Immediate to 3 hours
MM1
Protective mask
Not required in field except in very cold climates
Quick-acting casualty agent


GA
Rapid
M256A1, M8A1, M18A2, M21, M9, M22, CAPDS, CAM/ICAM, M272, IPDS, MM1, M90, AN/KAS-1, M8, M18A3
MOPP4
SDK, IEDK, STB
Quick-acting casualty agent


GB
Rapid
M256A1, M8A1, M18A2, M21, M9, M22, CAPDS, CAM/ICAM, M272, IPDS, MM1, M90,
AN/KAS-1, M8, M18A3
MOPP4
SDK, IEDK, STB
Quick-acting casualty agent


Nerve Agents
GD
Rapid
M256A1, M8A1, M18A2, M21, M9, M22,
CAPDS, CAM/ICAM, M272, IPDS, MM1, M90, AN/KAS-1, M8, M18A3
MOPP4
SDK, IEDK, STB
Quick-acting casualty
agent


GF
Rapid
M256A1, M8A1, M18A2, M21, M9, M22, CAPDS, CAM/ICAM, M272, IPDS, MM1, M90, AN/KAS-1, M8, M18A3
MOPP4
SDK, IEDK, STB
Quick-acting casualty agent


VX
Rapid
M256A1, M8A1, M18A2, M21, M9, M22, CAPDS, CAM/ICAM, M272, IPDS, MM1, M90, AN/KAS-1, M8, M18A3
MOPP4
SDK, IEDK, STB, HTH, household bleach
Quick-acting casualty agent


Vx
Rapid
M8, M9, M18A2, MM1, IPDS, M8A1, CAM/ICAM
MOPP4
SDK, IEDK, STB, HTH, household bleach
Quick-acting casualty agent


AC
Rapid
M256A1, M272, M18A2, M18A3, MM1
Protective mask
Not required under field conditions
Quick-acting casualty agent

## Blood Agents



CK
Rapid
M256A1, M272, M18A2, M18A3, MM1
Protective mask
Not required under field conditions
Quick-acting casualty agent

1-24 hours (dependent on concentration and exposure duration)


SA
MM1
Protective mask
Not required under field conditions
Delayed-action casualty agent

1Hydrochloric acid, HCl (aq)
2M = molarity; molarity is a term for concentration and means moles per liter.

|                            | Chemical Agent;       |
|----------------------------|-----------------------|
| Formula;                   |                       |
|                            |                       |
| Point                      |                       |
| (C)                       |                       |
| Vapor                      |                       |
| Density                    |                       |
| (Air=1)                    |                       |
| Molecular                  |                       |
| Weight                     |                       |
| FP/MP                      | Liquid Density        |
| (g/mL)                     |                       |
| Vapor Pressure             |                       |
| (torr)                     |                       |
| Agents                     | State at 20C         |
| (C)                       |                       |
| Symbol                     |                       |
|                            |                       |
|                            |                       |
|                            |                       |
|                            |                       |
| Distilled mustard;         |                       |
| C                          |                       |
| 4                          |                       |
| H                          |                       |
| 8                          |                       |
| Cl                         |                       |
| 2                          |                       |
| S;                         |                       |
| 159.07                     | Pale yellow to dark   |
| brown oily liquid;         |                       |
| colorless when pure        |                       |
| Garlic-like or horseradish | 218                   |
| 5.5                        | 0.106 (25C)          |
| Solid Density: 1.372       |                       |
| (0C), 1.333 (10C)        |                       |
| HD                         |                       |
|                            |                       |
|                            |                       |
|                            |                       |
|                            |                       |
| Nitrogen mustard;          |                       |
| C                          |                       |
| 6                          |                       |
| H                          |                       |
| 13                         |                       |
| Cl                         |                       |
| 2                          |                       |
| N;                         |                       |
| 170.08                     | Dark oily liquid;     |
| colorless when pure        |                       |
| Faint, fishy or soapy      | 192                   |
| 5.9                        | 0.244 (25C);         |
| 1.110 (0C)                |                       |
| .0332 (0C)                |                       |
| HN-1                       |                       |
|                            |                       |
|                            |                       |
|                            |                       |
|                            |                       |
| Nitrogen mustard;          |                       |
| C                          |                       |
| 5                          |                       |
| H                          |                       |
| 11                         |                       |
| Cl                         |                       |
| 2                          |                       |
| N;                         |                       |
| 156.05                     | Colorless liquid when |
| pure                       |                       |
| Fishy or soapy             | 177                   |
| 5.4                        | 0.416 (25C);         |
| 1.1425 (0C)               |                       |
| 0.0570 (C)                |                       |
| HN-2                       |                       |
|                            |                       |
|                            |                       |
|                            |                       |
|                            |                       |
|                            |                       |
| Nitrogen mustard;          |                       |
| C                          |                       |
| 6                          |                       |
| H                          |                       |
| 12                         |                       |
| Cl                         |                       |
| 3                          |                       |
| N;                         |                       |
| 204.53                     | Oily dark liquid,     |
| colorless when pure        |                       |
| Geranium-like; none if     |                       |
| pure                       |                       |
| 257                        | -3.74 (MP)            |
| 1.2596 (0C)               |                       |
| 7.1                        | 0.011 (25C)          |
| 0.00092 (0C)              |                       |
| HN-3                       |                       |
|                            |                       |
|                            |                       |
|                            |                       |
|                            |                       |
|                            |                       |
|                            |                       |
| Mustard-T Mixture;         |                       |
| 188.96                     |                       |
| (average)                  |                       |
| Pale yellow to brown       |                       |
| liquid                     |                       |
| Garlic-like; less          |                       |
| pronounced than mustard    |                       |
| None                       |                       |
| Constant                   |                       |
| 1.3 (MP)                   | 1.263 (20C)          |
| 60% HD, 40% T;             |                       |
HT


Lewisite;
207.32
Brown liquid; colorless when pure
Geranium-like; none if pure
196
-44.7 to -1.8 (FP)
1.8793 (25C); 1.9210 (0C)
7.1
34.6 (25C);


C2H2AsCl3;

0.0271 (0C)
L


Mustard-lewisite; 37% HD, 63% L;
186.39 (average)
Liquid
Garlic-like (HD)
200
Pure:  -25.4 (FP)
1.6383 (20C)
6.4
0.363 (25C);

Munitions: -42 (FP)
0.0493 (0C)
HL


Phenyldichloroarsine
C6H5AsCl2;
0.022 (250C);
222.93
Colorless to yellow liquid
None
233
-22.5 (FP)
1.645 (25C);
7.7
0.0021 (00C)
1.677 (0C)
PD


Ethyldichloroarsine;
C2H5AsCl2;
2.29 (21.50C)
174.89
Colorless liquid
Fruity, biting, and irritating
156
< -65 (MP)
1.742 (14C)
6.0
ED


Methyldichloroarsine
CH3AsCl2;
160.86
Colorless liquid
Extremely irritating; none when pure
132.6
-54.8 (FP)
1.839 (20C);
5.5
7.593 (20C);
1.875 (0C)
2.063 (0C)
MD


Phosgene Oxime
113.93
Colorless, crystalline, deliquescent solid when pure
Unpleasant and irritating; low concentrations resembles new-mown hay
129;
39 (MP)
Data not available
3.9
24.3 (50C)
CHCl2NO;
CX


nts


Solid Density:
(g/cm3)


BZ;
1.4 x 10-10 (25C);

| 337.42                  |
|-------------------------|
| None                    |
| 412                     |
| 167.5 (MP)              |
| 11.6                    |
| C                       |
| 12                      |
| H                       |
| 23                      |
| NO                      |
| 3                       |
| 4.74 x 10               |
| -13                     |
| (0C)                   |
|                         |
| Bulk: 0.51     Crystal: |
| 1.33                    |


Agents
Volatility
Latent Heat of
Vaporization (kcal/mol)
Viscosity (cP)
Viscosity of Vapor
Surface Tension
Flash Point
(mg/m
3)
(cP)
(dynes/cm)


HD
906 (25C)
15.0 (25C)
3.951 (25.0C),
0.00597 (25.0C),
42.5 (25.0C),
105C
7.746 (0C)
0.00600 (0C)
45.9 (0C)


HN-1
2,230 (25C);
13.0 (25C);
Data Not Available in Samuel, et al. reference
Data Not Available in Samuel, et al. reference
Data Not Available in Samuel, et al. reference
Data not available; flashing on static detonation

331 (0C)
12.9 (0C)


HN-2
3,490 (25C);
12.9 (25C);
Data Not Available in Samuel, et al. reference
Data Not Available in Samuel, et al. reference
Data Not Available in Samuel, et al. reference
Data not available

522 (0C)
12.8 (0C)


HN-3
120 (25C);
15.8 (25C);
0.073 (25.0C),
0.00597 (25.0C),
40.9 (25.0C),
Data not available

11 (0C)
16.0 (0C)
0.177 (0C)
0.00538 (0C)
44.1 (0C)


HT
783 (25C)
Data not available
Data Not Available in Samuel, et al. reference
Data Not Available in Samuel, et al. reference
Data Not Available in Samuel, et al. reference
109 to 115C

Blister Agents


L
3,860 (25C);
15.5 (25C)
2.053 (25.0C),
0.00853 (25.0C),
41.1 (25.0C),
Nonflammable

330 (0C)
17.5 (C)
3.521 (0C)
0.00770 (0C)
44.2 (0C)


HL
3,640 (25C);
12.8 (25C);
Data Not Available in Samuel, et al. reference
Data Not Available in Samuel, et al. reference
Data Not Available in Samuel, et al. reference
Data not available; See HD

539 (0C)
13.1 (0C)


PD
264 (25C);
15.1
Data Not Available in Samuel, et al. reference
Data Not Available in Samuel, et al. reference
Data Not Available in Samuel, et al. reference
Data not available

23 (0C)


ED
21,900 (20C)
9.18
Data Not Available in Samuel, et al. reference
Data Not Available in Samuel, et al. reference
Data Not Available in Samuel, et al. reference
Data not available


MD
66,800 (20C);
10.5 (20C);
Data Not Available in Samuel, et al. reference
Data Not Available in Samuel, et al. reference
Data Not Available in Samuel, et al. reference
Data not available

19,500 (0C)
10.2 (0C)


CX
137,000 (50C)
11.2 (50C)
Data Not Available in Samuel, et al. reference
Data Not Available in Samuel, et al. reference
Data Not Available in Samuel, et al. reference
Data not available


I
acitating
A
nts


BZ
0.00000260 (25)
21.2
Data Not Available in Samuel, et al. reference
Data Not Available in Samuel, et al. reference
Data Not Available in Samuel, et al. reference
Munitions:  220C Pure:  246C
ncap
ge


0.0000000090 (0C)

|                                                              |                                                     |
|--------------------------------------------------------------|-----------------------------------------------------|
|                                                              |                                                     |
| Agents                                                       |                                                     |
|                                                              |                                                     |
| Rate of Hydrolysis                                           |                                                     |
| Hydrolysis                                                   |                                                     |
| Products                                                     |                                                     |
| Decomposition Temperature                                    | Solubility                                          |
|                                                              |                                                     |
|                                                              |                                                     |
|                                                              |                                                     |
|                                                              |                                                     |
| HD                                                           |                                                     |
| 180C                                                        | In distilled water, 0.92 g HD/100 g (22C); freely  |
| soluble in fats and oils, gasoline, kerosene, most           |                                                     |
| organic solvents and CW agents                               |                                                     |
| t                                                            |                                                     |
| 1/2                                                          |                                                     |
| = 5 min (25C); t                                            |                                                     |
| 1/2                                                          |                                                     |
| = 60 min (25C) (salt water); on or                          |                                                     |
| under water only if dissolved.                               |                                                     |
| HCl, thiodiglycol,                                           |                                                     |
| sulfonium ion                                                |                                                     |
|                                                              |                                                     |
|                                                              |                                                     |
|                                                              |                                                     |
|                                                              |                                                     |
|                                                              |                                                     |
| HN-1                                                         |                                                     |
| For HN-1HCl:  12.7% at 149C and >99%                       |                                                     |
| at 426C                                                     |                                                     |
| In water, 4g HN-1/L (ambient temperature); miscible          |                                                     |
| with common organic solvents                                 |                                                     |
| t                                                            |                                                     |
| 1/2                                                          |                                                     |
| = 1.3 min (25C) in aqueous solution                         | HCl                                                 |
| (aq)                                                         |                                                     |
| , EtDEA, and                                                 |                                                     |
| other products                                               |                                                     |
|                                                              |                                                     |
|                                                              |                                                     |
|                                                              |                                                     |
|                                                              |                                                     |
|                                                              |                                                     |
|                                                              |                                                     |
|                                                              |                                                     |
| HN-2                                                         |                                                     |
| Below boiling point; polymerizes with heat                   |                                                     |
| (can cause explosion)                                        |                                                     |
| In water, 13 g HN-2/L (ambient temperature,                  |                                                     |
| aqueous solution); miscible with common organic              |                                                     |
| solvents                                                     |                                                     |
| t                                                            |                                                     |
| 1/2                                                          |                                                     |
| = 4 min (25C); slow except where alkali is present;         |                                                     |
| dimerizes fairly rapidly in water                            |                                                     |
| HCl and other                                                |                                                     |
| products                                                     |                                                     |
|                                                              |                                                     |
|                                                              |                                                     |
|                                                              |                                                     |
|                                                              |                                                     |
|                                                              |                                                     |
|                                                              |                                                     |
|                                                              |                                                     |
| HN-3                                                         |                                                     |
| >150C; remains stable when explosively                      |                                                     |
| disseminated                                                 |                                                     |
| In water, 0.08 g HN-3/L (ambient temperature);               |                                                     |
| miscible with common organic solvents                        |                                                     |
| Very slow, not complete after several days unless alkali is  |                                                     |
| present                                                      |                                                     |
| HCl, TEA, and other                                          |                                                     |
| products                                                     |                                                     |
|                                                              |                                                     |
|                                                              |                                                     |
|                                                              |                                                     |
|                                                              |                                                     |
|                                                              |                                                     |
|                                                              |                                                     |
| HT                                                           |                                                     |
| 165 to 180C                                                 | Slightly soluble in water; soluble in most organic  |
| solvents                                                     |                                                     |
| By prolonged boiling with water or treatment with caustic    |                                                     |
| alkalis                                                      |                                                     |
| HCl                                                          |                                                     |
| (aq)                                                         |                                                     |
| , thiodiglycol,                                              |                                                     |
| sulfonium                                                    |                                                     |
|                                                              |                                                     |
| Blister Agents                                               |                                                     |
|                                                              |                                                     |
|                                                              |                                                     |
|                                                              |                                                     |
|                                                              |                                                     |
|                                                              |                                                     |
| L                                                            |                                                     |
| 5% at 149C                                                  |                                                     |
| Immediately with water to form Lewisite oxide, which         |                                                     |
| dissolves very slowly; soluble in common organic             |                                                     |
| solvents, oils and CW agents                                 |                                                     |
| Rapid                                                        | CVAA, lewisite oxide,                               |
| HCl                                                          |                                                     |
| (aq)                                                         |                                                     |
|                                                              |                                                     |
| > 99.99% at 493C                                            |                                                     |
|                                                              |                                                     |
|                                                              |                                                     |
|                                                              |                                                     |
|                                                              |                                                     |
|                                                              |                                                     |
| HL                                                           |                                                     |
| > 100C                                                      | Probably soluble in most organic solvents, slightly |
| soluble in water                                             |                                                     |
| t                                                            |                                                     |
| 1/2                                                          |                                                     |
| = 5 min (25C); see HD and L                                 | See HD and L                                        |
|                                                              |                                                     |
|                                                              |                                                     |
|                                                              |                                                     |
|                                                              |                                                     |
|                                                              | HCl                                                 |
| (aq)                                                         |                                                     |
| , phenylarsine                                               |                                                     |
| oxide (toxic)                                                |                                                     |
| PD                                                           |                                                     |
| Stable to normal boiling point                               | Immediately with water; miscible with alcohol,      |
| benzene, ether, acetone, kerosene, petroleum, and            |                                                     |
| olive oil                                                    |                                                     |
| Very rapid                                                   |                                                     |
|                                                              |                                                     |
|                                                              |                                                     |
|                                                              |                                                     |
|                                                              |                                                     |
| ED                                                           |                                                     |
| Stable to boiling point                                      | Immediately with water; soluble in ethyl chloride,  |
| alcohol, ether, benzene, acetone, kerosene, and              |                                                     |
| cyclohexane                                                  |                                                     |
| Very rapid                                                   | HCl                                                 |
| (aq)                                                         |                                                     |
| , ethylarsine                                                |                                                     |
| oxide (toxic)                                                |                                                     |
|                                                              |                                                     |
|                                                              |                                                     |
|                                                              |                                                     |
|                                                              |                                                     |
| MD                                                           |                                                     |
| Stable to boiling point                                      | Immediately with water; soluble in common organic   |
| solvents (ambient temperatures)                              |                                                     |
| Very rapid; < 2 min (25C) in dilute solution                | HCl, methylarsenic                                  |
| oxide                                                        |                                                     |
|                                                              |                                                     |
|                                                              |                                                     |
|                                                              |                                                     |
|                                                              |                                                     |
|                                                              |                                                     |
|                                                              |                                                     |
| CX                                                           |                                                     |
| < 129C                                                      | Very soluble in both water and common organic       |
| solvents                                                     |                                                     |
| Slow in water; 5% within 6 days (ambient temperature); acids |                                                     |
| slow down hydrolysis; basic solutions react violently        |                                                     |
| CO                                                           |                                                     |
| 2                                                            |                                                     |
| , HCl,                                                       |                                                     |
| hydroxylmine                                                 |                                                     |
|                                                              |                                                     |
|                                                              |                                                     |
|                                                              |                                                     |
|                                                              |                                                     |
|                                                              |                                                     |
|                                                              |                                                     |
|                                                              |                                                     |
| In                                                           |                                                     |
| acitating                                                    |                                                     |
| A ent                                                        |                                                     |
|                                                              |                                                     |
| Stable to melting point; prolonged heating                   |                                                     |
| at 170C (purity and temperature                            |                                                     |
| dependent)                                                   |                                                     |
|                                                              |                                                     |
|                                                              |                                                     |
|                                                              |                                                     |
| BZ                                                           |                                                     |
| In water, 1.18 g/mL; slightly soluble in water; soluble      |                                                     |
| in dilute acids and common organic solvents such as          |                                                     |
| alcohol and chloroform; insoluble in aqueous alkali          |                                                     |
| t                                                            |                                                     |
| 1/2                                                          |                                                     |
| = 6.7 hrs (25C, pH 9.8);   t                                |                                                     |
| 1/2                                                          |                                                     |
| = 1.8 min (25C, pH 13); t                                   |                                                     |
| 1/2                                                          |                                                     |
| =                                                            |                                                     |
| 3-4 wks (25C, pH 7 and moist air); t                        |                                                     |
| 1/2                                                          |                                                     |
| = 12 min (37C, pH                                           |                                                     |
| 12); t                                                       |                                                     |
| 1/2                                                          |                                                     |
| = 1.4 hrs (50C, pH 8.5); t                                  |                                                     |
| 1/2                                                          |                                                     |
| = 9.5 hrs (100C, pH 0);                                     |                                                     |
| 3-Quinuclidinol and                                          |                                                     |
| benzylic acid                                                |                                                     |


Agents
Stability In Storage
Action on Metals
Skin and Eye Toxicity
Inhalation
Toxicity


HD
Stable in steel for over 50 years (slight degradation)
Very little when pure; for munitions grade, the corrosion rate on steel is 0.0001 in/month (65C)
Eyes very susceptible to low concentrations; skin absorption requires higher concentrations
Most toxic route of exposure


HN-1
Corrosion on steel is 1x10-5 to 5x10-5 in/month (65C)
Polymerizes in steel; slight at ambient temperatures but increases at temperatures > 50C
Eyes very susceptible to low concentrations; skin absorption requires higher concentrations
Most toxic route of exposure


HN-2
Unstable
None on steel and brass
Eyes very susceptible to low concentrations; skin absorption requires higher concentrations
Most toxic route of exposure


HN-3
If dry, no attack on iron; corrodes steel at a rate of 1x10-5
to 5x10-5 in/month (65C)
Relatively stable in steel, if dry
Eyes very susceptible to low concentrations; skin absorption requires higher concentrations
Most toxic route of exposure


HT
Pressure develops in steel
Very little when pure; Canadian HT corrodes steel at a rate of 0.00007 in/month (65C)
Eyes very susceptible to low concentrations; skin absorption requires higher concentrations
Most toxic route of exposure
Blister Agents


L
None if dry; corrosive penetration on steel is 1x10-5 to
5x10-5 in/month (65C); extremely corrosive towards
aluminum and aluminum alloys
Fairly stable in steel and glass; decomposes considerably upon detonation; alkalis decompose L at ambient temperatures
Extremely irritating to the eyes and produces copious tearing; immediate burning sensation on skin
Most toxic route of exposure

Stable in lacquered steel for 3 months (65C); 6 months (50C); >1 yr (ambient temperatures); uncoated:  less stable (>50C); stable in glass @ 65C


HL
If dry, little or none
Equal to L in vesication action; both H and L are irritating to the eyes.
Most toxic route of exposure


PD
Data not available
No serious affects on mild steel and cast iron
Fairly potent vesicant
Toxic lung irritant


ED
Stable
None on steel when pure; noncorrosive toward iron (<50C) when ED is dry; attacks brass (50C) and is destructive to rubber and plastics.
Fairly potent vesicant and lacrimator
Primarily a lung irritant


Toxic lung injurant and respiratory
irritant
MD
Stable in steel for 15 weeks (60C); 1 year (ambient temperatures)
Satisfactory with steel for 1 yr (ambient temperature);
crude pitting within 15 weeks (60C)
Blistering action less than that of HD and L; eye and skin irritant


CX
Pure unstabilized CX decomposes at ambient temperatures; indefinitely (-20C); unstable in presence of impurities such as metals
Metals especially iron causes rapid decomposition of CX; iron chloride may cause explosive decomposition; attacks rubber, especially upon heating
Causes pain, irritation and severe tissue damage on skin.  Causes pain, conjunctivitis and inflammation of the cornea of the eye.
Can cause pulmonary edema


I
acitating
A
nts


BZ
Stable in aluminum and stainless steel for at least 2 years (71C)
Slight pitting of aluminum and stainless steel occurs after 2 yrs (71C)
Can cause blurred vision and dilation of pupils
Primary route of exposure


Agents
Rate of Action
Means of Detection
Protection
Decontamination
Use


HD
Delayed - hrs to days
M8, M9, M256A1, M90, M21, M22, CAM/ICAM, M272, M18A2, M18A3, MM1
MOPP4
SDK, IEDK, HTH, household bleach,
Delayed-action casualty agent


HN-1
Delayed - 12 hrs or longer
M8, M9, M256A1, CAM/ICAM, MM1
MOPP4
HTH, household bleach
Delayed-action casualty agent


HN-2
Delayed - 12 hrs or longer
M8, M9, M256A1, CAM/ICAM, MM1
MOPP4
HTH, household bleach
Delayed-action casualty agent


HN-3
Delayed - 12 hrs or longer
M8, M9, M256A1, CAM/ICAM, MM1
MOPP4
HTH, household bleach
Delayed-action casualty agent


HT
No data available
M8, M9, M256A1, M18A2, M18A3, CAM/ICAM, MM1
MOPP4
HTH, household bleach
Delayed-action casualty agent


Blister Agents


L
Rapid
M9, M256A1, M21, M22, M272, MM1
MOPP4
STB, HTH, household bleach
Quick-acting casualty agent


HL
Prompt stinging; blistering delayed about 12 hrs
CAM/ICAM, M256A1, M18A3, MM1
MOPP4
HTH, household bleach
Delayed-action casualty agent


PD
Immediate eye effect; skin effects delayed @ 1 hr
M18A2, M18A3, MM1
MOPP4
Household bleach
Delayed-action casualty agent


ED
M18A2, M18A3, MM1
Immediate irritation; delayed blistering
MOPP4
Household bleach
Delayed-action casualty agent


MD
Immediate irritation; delayed blistering
M18A1, M18A3, MM1
MOPP4
Household bleach
Delayed-action casualty agent


CX
Almost instantaneous
M256A1, M18A2, M18A3, MM1
MOPP4
SDK or large amounts of water; household bleach
Quick-acting casualty agent


In
acitating
A ent


BZ
Delayed action - 1 to 4 hrs, depending on exposure
MM1
MOPP4
Soap and water; SDK if soap and water are not available
Delayed-action incapacitating agent
cap
g
s


|                                   | Chemical Agent;               |                    |               |
|-----------------------------------|-------------------------------|--------------------|---------------|
| Molecular                         |                               |                    |               |
| Weight                            |                               |                    |               |
| Odor                              |                               |                    |               |
| Boiling Point                     |                               |                    |               |
| (C)                              |                               |                    |               |
| FP/MP                             | Liquid Density                |                    |               |
| (g/mL)                            |                               |                    |               |
| Vapor Density                     |                               |                    |               |
| (Air=1)                           |                               |                    |               |
| Agents                            | Formula;                      | State at 20C      |               |
| (C)                              |                               |                    |               |
| Symbol                            |                               |                    |               |
|                                   |                               |                    |               |
|                                   |                               |                    |               |
|                                   |                               |                    |               |
| Riot Control Agents               |                               |                    |               |
| O-Chlorobenylidene malononitrile; |                               |                    |               |
| C                                 |                               |                    |               |
| 10                                |                               |                    |               |
| H                                 |                               |                    |               |
| 5                                 |                               |                    |               |
| ClN                               |                               |                    |               |
| 2                                 |                               |                    |               |
| ;                                 |                               |                    |               |
| 188.6                             | White crystalline solid       | Pepper-like        | 310 to 315    |
| 6.5                               |                               |                    |               |
| Bulk: 0.24-0.26;                  |                               |                    |               |
| CS                                |                               |                    |               |
|                                   |                               |                    |               |
| Crystal: 1.04                     |                               |                    |               |
|                                   |                               |                    |               |
|                                   |                               |                    |               |
|                                   |                               |                    |               |
| Dibenz-(b,f)-1,4-oxazepine;       |                               |                    |               |
| 195.22                            | Pale yellow crystalline solid | Pepper-like        | Data not      |
| available                         |                               |                    |               |
| 73 (MP)                           | Data not available            | 6.7                |               |
|                                   |                               |                    |               |
|                                   |                               |                    |               |
| C                                 |                               |                    |               |
| 13                                |                               |                    |               |
| H                                 |                               |                    |               |
| 9                                 |                               |                    |               |
| NO;                               |                               |                    |               |
| CR                                |                               |                    |               |
|                                   |                               |                    |               |
|                                   |                               |                    |               |
|                                   |                               |                    |               |
| Capsaicin                         |                               |                    |               |
| 305.42                            | Colorless                     | Pungent,           |               |
| irritating                        |                               |                    |               |
| 340.4                             | 65 (FP)                       | Data not available | 10.5          |
| C                                 |                               |                    |               |
| 18                                |                               |                    |               |
| H                                 |                               |                    |               |
| 27                                |                               |                    |               |
| N0                                |                               |                    |               |
| 3                                 |                               |                    |               |
| OC                                |                               |                    |               |
|                                   |                               |                    |               |
|                                   |                               |                    |               |
|                                   |                               |                    |               |
|                                   |                               |                    |               |
| Adamsite;                         |                               |                    |               |
| 277.58                            | Light yellow to green         |                    |               |
| crystals                          |                               |                    |               |
| None; irritating                  | 410                           | 195 (MP);          | Solid Density |
| 9.6                               |                               |                    |               |
| 1.648 (20                         |                               |                    |               |
|                                  |                               |                    |               |
| C);                               |                               |                    |               |
| C                                 |                               |                    |               |
| 12                                |                               |                    |               |
| H                                 |                               |                    |               |
| 9                                 |                               |                    |               |
| AsClN;                            |                               |                    |               |
| 1.672 (0                          |                               |                    |               |
|                                  |                               |                    |               |
| C)                                |                               |                    |               |
| DM                                |                               |                    |               |

## Respiratory Irritants



Diphenylchloroarsine
264.59
Colorless crystalline solid
when pure
None
383
37.3;
1.3875 (50C)
9.1
C12H10AsCl
39 to 44 (MP)
DA


Diphenylcyanoarsine
255.15
Colorless crystalline solid
Garlic and bitter almonds
341
31.2 (FP)
1.3338 (35C)
8.8
C13H10AsN;
DC


Chlorine;
70.91
Greenish-yellow diatomic gas
Disagreeable and suffocating
-34.7
-101.6 (FP)
Liquefied:
2.4
1.393 (25C);
Cl2
1.468 (0C)


Agents
Vapor Pressure
Volatility
Latent Heat of Vaporization
(kcal/mol)
Flash Point
3)
(torr)
 (mg/m


CS
0.00034 (20C)
0.71 (25C)
Data not available
Data not available
Riot Control Agents


CR
Data not available
Data not available
Data not available
Data not available


OC
0.00000015 (65C)
0.0022 (65C)
33.4
Depends on delivery system


DM
14.2 (410C)
Negligible @ ambient temperatures
Negligible @ ambient temperatures
Nonflammable

Respiratory Irritants


DA
0.0179 (50C)
236 (50C)
350C
15.1


DC
0.00072 (35C)
9.56 (35C)
17.1
Low


Cl2
5,750 (25C);
21,900,000 (25C);
4.86 (25C);
Nonflammable

2,730 (0C)
11,400,000 (0C)
4.80 (0C)

|                                                                   |                                                                    |                                     |                     |
|-------------------------------------------------------------------|--------------------------------------------------------------------|-------------------------------------|---------------------|
|                                                                   |                                                                    |                                     |                     |
| Agents                                                            |                                                                    |                                     |                     |
|                                                                   |                                                                    |                                     |                     |
| Decomposition Temperature                                         | Solubility                                                         | Rate of Hydrolysis                  | Hydrolysis Products |
|                                                                   |                                                                    |                                     |                     |
|                                                                   |                                                                    |                                     |                     |
|                                                                   |                                                                    |                                     |                     |
| Riot Control Agents                                               |                                                                    |                                     |                     |
| CS                                                                |                                                                    |                                     |                     |
| Data not available                                                | Insoluble in water, moderate in alcohol, and good in acetone,      |                                     |                     |
| chloroform, methylene dichloride, ethylacetate and benzene        |                                                                    |                                     |                     |
| Data not available                                                | Data not available                                                 |                                     |                     |
|                                                                   |                                                                    |                                     |                     |
|                                                                   |                                                                    |                                     |                     |
|                                                                   |                                                                    |                                     |                     |
|                                                                   |                                                                    |                                     |                     |
|                                                                   |                                                                    |                                     |                     |
| CR                                                                |                                                                    |                                     |                     |
| Data not available                                                | Sparingly soluble in water                                         | Not hydrolyzed in aqueous solutions |                     |
| Data not available                                                |                                                                    |                                     |                     |
|                                                                   |                                                                    |                                     |                     |
|                                                                   |                                                                    |                                     |                     |
|                                                                   |                                                                    |                                     |                     |
|                                                                   |                                                                    |                                     |                     |
|                                                                   |                                                                    |                                     |                     |
| OC                                                                |                                                                    |                                     |                     |
| > 150                                                             | in water, 0.090 g/L @ 37C; soluble in alcohol, ether, chloroform, |                                     |                     |
| carbon disulfide, conc. HCl, aromatic solvents, hydrocarbons,     |                                                                    |                                     |                     |
| ketones and aqueous alkali.                                       |                                                                    |                                     |                     |
| Data not available                                                | Alkaline hydrolysis yields                                         |                                     |                     |
| vanilylamine and isomeric                                         |                                                                    |                                     |                     |
| decenoic acid                                                     |                                                                    |                                     |                     |
|                                                                   |                                                                    |                                     |                     |
|                                                                   |                                                                    |                                     |                     |
|                                                                   |                                                                    |                                     |                     |
|                                                                   |                                                                    |                                     |                     |
|                                                                   |                                                                    |                                     |                     |
| DM                                                                |                                                                    |                                     |                     |
| Slight at 195                                                     |                                                                    |                                     |                     |
|                                                                  |                                                                    |                                     |                     |
| C; 0.02% per min @                                                |                                                                    |                                     |                     |
| 200C; 0.15% per min @ 250C                                      |                                                                    |                                     |                     |
| In water, 0.044 g/L @ 37C; slightly soluble in benzene exylene,  |                                                                    |                                     |                     |
| carbon tetrachloride, acetone, alcohols, tetrachoethane           |                                                                    |                                     |                     |
| Solid DM  - slowly when covered with                              |                                                                    |                                     |                     |
| water; finely divided - rapidly; acidic                           |                                                                    |                                     |                     |
| solutions prevent hydrolysis                                      |                                                                    |                                     |                     |
| Diphenylaminearsenious oxide,                                     |                                                                    |                                     |                     |
| HCl                                                               |                                                                    |                                     |                     |
| (aq)                                                              |                                                                    |                                     |                     |
|                                                                   |                                                                    |                                     |                     |
| Respiratory Irritants                                             |                                                                    |                                     |                     |
|                                                                   |                                                                    |                                     |                     |
|                                                                   |                                                                    |                                     |                     |
|                                                                   |                                                                    |                                     |                     |
| DA                                                                |                                                                    |                                     |                     |
| 300 to 350                                                        | In water, 0.078 g/L @ 37C; soluble in acetone, ether, ethanol,    |                                     |                     |
| benzene, carbon tetrachloride, ethylene chloride, chloroform, and |                                                                    |                                     |                     |
| dichloroethylene                                                  |                                                                    |                                     |                     |
| Slow in bulk but rapid when finely divided                        | Diphenylarsenious oxide and HCl                                    |                                     |                     |
|                                                                   |                                                                    |                                     |                     |
|                                                                   |                                                                    |                                     |                     |
|                                                                   |                                                                    |                                     |                     |
| DC                                                                |                                                                    |                                     |                     |
| > 240                                                             | In water, 0.021 g/L @ 37C; soluble in chloroform and other        |                                     |                     |
| organic solvents                                                  |                                                                    |                                     |                     |
| Very slow                                                         | HCN and Diphenylarsenious oxide                                    |                                     |                     |
|                                                                   |                                                                    |                                     |                     |
|                                                                   |                                                                    |                                     |                     |
|                                                                   |                                                                    |                                     |                     |
|                                                                   |                                                                    |                                     |                     |
| Cl                                                                |                                                                    |                                     |                     |
| 2                                                                 |                                                                    |                                     |                     |
| > 600                                                             |                                                                    |                                     |                     |
|                                                                  |                                                                    |                                     |                     |
| C                                                                 | In water, 0.63 g/100 g water @25C, solubility in carbon           |                                     |                     |
| tetrachloride is 3.5% @ ambient temperatures                      |                                                                    |                                     |                     |
| Slow                                                              | HCl and HOCl                                                       |                                     |                     |
|                                                                   |                                                                    |                                     |                     |
|                                                                   |                                                                    |                                     |                     |
|                                                       |                                             |                                       |                                |                     |
|-------------------------------------------------------|---------------------------------------------|---------------------------------------|--------------------------------|---------------------|
| Agents                                                | Stability In Storage                        | Action on Metals                      | Skin and Eye Toxicity          | Inhalation Toxicity |
|                                                       |                                             |                                       |                                |                     |
|                                                       |                                             |                                       |                                |                     |
|                                                       |                                             |                                       |                                |                     |
|                                                       |                                             |                                       |                                |                     |
|                                                       |                                             |                                       |                                |                     |
|                                                       |                                             |                                       |                                |                     |
| CS                                                    |                                             |                                       |                                |                     |
| Riot Control Agents                                   |                                             |                                       |                                |                     |
| Combustible material; may burn but does not ignite    |                                             |                                       |                                |                     |
| readily.  Containers may explode when heater;         |                                             |                                       |                                |                     |
| incompatible with strong oxiders.                     |                                             |                                       |                                |                     |
| Contact with metals may evolve flammable              |                                             |                                       |                                |                     |
| hydrogen gas.                                         |                                             |                                       |                                |                     |
| Burning and irritation to eyes; primary skin          |                                             |                                       |                                |                     |
| irritant                                              |                                             |                                       |                                |                     |
| Causes sensation of choking                           |                                             |                                       |                                |                     |
|                                                       |                                             |                                       |                                |                     |
|                                                       |                                             |                                       |                                |                     |
|                                                       |                                             |                                       |                                |                     |
|                                                       |                                             |                                       |                                |                     |
|                                                       |                                             |                                       |                                |                     |
| CR                                                    |                                             |                                       |                                |                     |
| Stable in organic solutions                           | Data not available                          | Irritant; however, CR does not induce |                                |                     |
| inflammatory cell infiltration, vesication, or        |                                             |                                       |                                |                     |
| contact sensitization                                 |                                             |                                       |                                |                     |
| Causes almost no effects in the lower                 |                                             |                                       |                                |                     |
| airways and lungs                                     |                                             |                                       |                                |                     |
|                                                       |                                             |                                       |                                |                     |
|                                                       |                                             |                                       |                                |                     |
|                                                       |                                             |                                       |                                |                     |
|                                                       |                                             |                                       |                                |                     |
| OC                                                    |                                             |                                       |                                |                     |
| Data not available                                    | Data not available                          | Powerful irritant and lacrimator      | Causes bronchoconstriction and |                     |
| edema                                                 |                                             |                                       |                                |                     |
|                                                       |                                             |                                       |                                |                     |
|                                                       |                                             |                                       |                                |                     |
|                                                       |                                             |                                       |                                |                     |
|                                                       |                                             |                                       |                                |                     |
|                                                       |                                             |                                       |                                |                     |
|                                                       |                                             |                                       |                                |                     |
| DM                                                    |                                             |                                       |                                |                     |
| f pure, stable for at least 1 year @ room temperature |                                             |                                       |                                |                     |
| and in aluminum and stainless steel 2 yrs @ 71C;     |                                             |                                       |                                |                     |
| munitions grade, stable for 6 months                  |                                             |                                       |                                |                     |
| After 3 months causes extensive corrosion             |                                             |                                       |                                |                     |
| on aluminum and stainless steel @ 71C;               |                                             |                                       |                                |                     |
| corrodes iron, bronze, and brass                      |                                             |                                       |                                |                     |
| Causes eye irritation and burning                     | Primary action on upper respiratory         |                                       |                                |                     |
| tract                                                 |                                             |                                       |                                |                     |
| Respiratory Irritants                                 |                                             |                                       |                                |                     |
|                                                       |                                             |                                       |                                |                     |
|                                                       |                                             |                                       |                                |                     |
|                                                       |                                             |                                       |                                |                     |
| DA                                                    |                                             |                                       |                                |                     |
| Stable when pure; stable in steel shells for almost 4 |                                             |                                       |                                |                     |
| months at 60C and for 1 year at room temperature     |                                             |                                       |                                |                     |
| None when dry                                         | Irritant                                    | Irritant                              |                                |                     |
|                                                       |                                             |                                       |                                |                     |
|                                                       |                                             |                                       |                                |                     |
|                                                       |                                             |                                       |                                |                     |
|                                                       |                                             |                                       |                                |                     |
|                                                       |                                             |                                       |                                |                     |
|                                                       |                                             |                                       |                                |                     |
| DC                                                    |                                             |                                       |                                |                     |
| Stable at all ordinary temperatures                   |                                             |                                       |                                |                     |
| None on metals                                        | Irritant                                    | Irritant                              |                                |                     |
|                                                       |                                             |                                       |                                |                     |
|                                                       |                                             |                                       |                                |                     |
|                                                       |                                             |                                       |                                |                     |
|                                                       |                                             |                                       |                                |                     |
|                                                       |                                             |                                       |                                |                     |
|                                                       |                                             |                                       |                                |                     |
| Cl                                                    |                                             |                                       |                                |                     |
| 2                                                     |                                             |                                       |                                |                     |
| Stable when dry                                       | None if dry; vigorous action with metals if |                                       |                                |                     |
| moist                                                 |                                             |                                       |                                |                     |
| Irritant                                              | Can cause pulmonary edema                   |                                       |                                |                     |
|                                                       |                                             |                                       |                                |                     |
|                                                       |                                             |                                       |                                |                     |

## Table G-3.  Physical Properties Of Rcas And Respiratory Irritants (Continued)

|                                                 |                                                       |                     |                 |     |
|-------------------------------------------------|-------------------------------------------------------|---------------------|-----------------|-----|
| Agents                                          | Rate of Action                                        | Protection Required | Decontamination | Use |
|                                                 |                                                       |                     |                 |     |
|                                                 |                                                       |                     |                 |     |
|                                                 |                                                       |                     |                 |     |
|                                                 |                                                       |                     |                 |     |
|                                                 |                                                       |                     |                 |     |
| CS                                              |                                                       |                     |                 |     |
| Instantaneous                                   | Protective mask and dry field clothing; personnel     |                     |                 |     |
| handling/loading bulk CS should wear protective |                                                       |                     |                 |     |
| clothing, masks, and gloves                     |                                                       |                     |                 |     |
|                                                 |                                                       |                     |                 |     |
| Move to fresh air, do not use any form of       |                                                       |                     |                 |     |
| bleach                                          |                                                       |                     |                 |     |
| Training and RCA                                |                                                       |                     |                 |     |
| Riot Control Agents                             |                                                       |                     |                 |     |
|                                                 |                                                       |                     |                 |     |
|                                                 |                                                       |                     |                 |     |
|                                                 |                                                       |                     |                 |     |
|                                                 |                                                       |                     |                 |     |
|                                                 |                                                       |                     |                 |     |
| CR                                              |                                                       |                     |                 |     |
| Instantaneous                                   | Protective mask and clothing secured at neck, wrists, |                     |                 |     |
| and ankles                                      |                                                       |                     |                 |     |
| Move to fresh air; do not use any form of       |                                                       |                     |                 |     |
| bleach                                          |                                                       |                     |                 |     |
| RCA                                             |                                                       |                     |                 |     |
|                                                 |                                                       |                     |                 |     |
|                                                 |                                                       |                     |                 |     |
|                                                 |                                                       |                     |                 |     |
|                                                 |                                                       |                     |                 |     |
|                                                 |                                                       |                     |                 |     |
|                                                 |                                                       |                     |                 |     |
|                                                 |                                                       |                     |                 |     |
| OC                                              |                                                       |                     |                 |     |
| Almost immediate                                | Protective mask and field clothing secured at neck,   |                     |                 |     |
| wrists, and ankles                              |                                                       |                     |                 |     |
| Move to fresh air; do not use any form of       |                                                       |                     |                 |     |
| bleach                                          |                                                       |                     |                 |     |
| Incapacitating violent or                       |                                                       |                     |                 |     |
| threatening subjects, SF stability              |                                                       |                     |                 |     |
| and support operations                          |                                                       |                     |                 |     |
|                                                 |                                                       |                     |                 |     |
|                                                 |                                                       |                     |                 |     |
|                                                 |                                                       |                     |                 |     |
|                                                 |                                                       |                     |                 |     |
|                                                 |                                                       |                     |                 |     |
|                                                 |                                                       |                     |                 |     |
| DM                                              |                                                       |                     |                 |     |
| Rapid                                           | Protective mask                                       |                     |                 |     |
| Move to fresh air                               |                                                       |                     |                 |     |
| Former RCA and mask breaker                     |                                                       |                     |                 |     |
|                                                 |                                                       |                     |                 |     |
| Respiratory Irritants                           |                                                       |                     |                 |     |
|                                                 |                                                       |                     |                 |     |
|                                                 |                                                       |                     |                 |     |
|                                                 |                                                       |                     |                 |     |
|                                                 |                                                       |                     |                 |     |
|                                                 |                                                       |                     |                 |     |
| DA                                              |                                                       |                     |                 |     |
| Rapid                                           | Protective mask                                       |                     |                 |     |
| Move to fresh air                               |                                                       |                     |                 |     |
| Previously used as mask breaker                 |                                                       |                     |                 |     |
|                                                 |                                                       |                     |                 |     |
|                                                 |                                                       |                     |                 |     |
|                                                 |                                                       |                     |                 |     |
|                                                 |                                                       |                     |                 |     |
|                                                 |                                                       |                     |                 |     |
|                                                 |                                                       |                     |                 |     |
|                                                 |                                                       |                     |                 |     |
|                                                 |                                                       |                     |                 |     |
| DC                                              |                                                       |                     |                 |     |
| Rapid                                           | Protective mask                                       |                     |                 |     |
| Move to fresh air                               |                                                       |                     |                 |     |
| Previously used as mask breaker                 |                                                       |                     |                 |     |
|                                                 |                                                       |                     |                 |     |
|                                                 |                                                       |                     |                 |     |
|                                                 |                                                       |                     |                 |     |
|                                                 |                                                       |                     |                 |     |
|                                                 |                                                       |                     |                 |     |
|                                                 |                                                       |                     |                 |     |
|                                                 |                                                       |                     |                 |     |
| Cl                                              |                                                       |                     |                 |     |
| 2                                               |                                                       |                     |                 |     |
| Delayed (pulmonary edema)                       | Protective mask                                       |                     |                 |     |
| Move to fresh air                               |                                                       |                     |                 |     |
| Not authorized for military use                 |                                                       |                     |                 |     |
|                                                 |                                                       |                     |                 |     |
|                                                 |                                                       |                     |                 |     |
|                                                 |                                                       |                     |                 |     |
|                                                 |                                                       |                     |                 |     |
| ROE            |                | Liquid             | Inhalation/Ocular    |
|----------------|----------------|--------------------|----------------------|
| Inhalation     | Ocular         | Percutaneous Vapor |                      |
| (mg/70 kg man) | (mg-min/m      |                    |                      |
| 3              |                |                    |                      |
| )              | (mg/m          |                    |                      |
| 3              |                |                    |                      |
| )              | (mg-min/m      |                    |                      |
| 3              |                |                    |                      |
| )              | (mg-min/m      |                    |                      |
| 3              |                |                    |                      |
| )              |                |                    |                      |
| Lethal (LCt    |                |                    |                      |
| 50             |                |                    |                      |
| )              | Severe (ECt    |                    |                      |
| 50             |                |                    |                      |
| )              | Threshold (ECt |                    |                      |
| 50             |                |                    |                      |
| )              |                | Lethal             |                      |
| (LD            |                |                    |                      |
| 50             |                |                    |                      |
| )              |                |                    |                      |
| Severe         |                |                    |                      |
| (ED            |                |                    |                      |
| 50             |                |                    |                      |
| )              |                |                    |                      |
| Lethal         |                |                    |                      |
| (LCt           |                |                    |                      |
| 50             |                |                    |                      |
| )              |                |                    |                      |
| Severe         |                |                    |                      |
| (ECt           |                |                    |                      |
| 50             |                |                    |                      |
| )              |                |                    |                      |
| Mild           |                |                    |                      |
| (ECt           |                |                    |                      |
| 50             |                |                    |                      |
| )              |                |                    |                      |
| Odor Detection |                |                    |                      |
| (EC            |                |                    |                      |
| 50             |                |                    |                      |
| )              |                |                    |                      |
| Severe         |                |                    |                      |
| (ECt           |                |                    |                      |
| 50             |                |                    |                      |
| )              |                |                    |                      |
| Mild (ECt      |                |                    |                      |
| 50             |                |                    |                      |
| )              |                |                    |                      |
| Endpoints      |                |                    |                      |
| Moderate       | Hot            |                    | Moderate             |
|                |                |                    |                      |
| 1,500          |                |                    |                      |
| CG             |                |                    |                      |
|                |                |                    |                      |
| -              |                |                    |                      |
| C oking        |                |                    |                      |
| A              |                |                    |                      |
| h              |                |                    |                      |
| gents          |                |                    |                      |
| (2-60)         |                |                    |                      |
| -              | -              |                    |                      |
| 6 S            |                |                    |                      |
| -              | -              | -                  | -                    |
|                |                |                    |                      |
| DP             |                |                    |                      |
|                |                |                    |                      |
| -              | -              |                    |                      |
| 1,500P         |                |                    |                      |
| (10-60)        |                |                    |                      |
| -              | -              |                    |                      |
| 4 S            |                |                    |                      |
| -              | -              | -                  | -                    |
|                |                |                    | 70                   |
| (30-360)       | GA             | 1,500              | 900                  |
|                |                |                    | 35                   |
| (30-360)       |                |                    |                      |
| Nerve Agents   |                |                    |                      |
| GB             | 1,700          | 1,000              | (2)                  |
|                |                |                    | 35                   |
| (30-360)       | GD             | 350                | 200                  |
|                |                |                    | 35                   |
| (30-360)       | GF             | 350                | 200                  |
|                |                |                    | 15                   |
| VX             | 5              | 2                  | (2-360)              |
| Vx             | NR             |                    |                      |
| AC             |                |                    |                      |
| -              | -              | 2860P (2)          | NR                   |
CK
-



-
NR
NR
12 S
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-



SA
-
-
7,500P
(2)
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-


1,000
-
-
0.6 - 1 S
75
25
10,000
5,000P
500
200
50
25
HD
1400
600
(2)
(2-360)
(2-360)
(30-360)
(30-360)
(30-360)
(30-360)
(30)
(30)
HN-1
1400P
600P
1,000P (2)
-
-
-
75P (2)
25P (2)
10,000P (30)
5,000P (30)
500P (30)
200P (30)
50P (30)
25P (30)


1,000P
-


-
-
75P
25P
10,000P
5,000P
500P
200P
50P
25P
HN-2
1400P
600P
(2)
(2)
(2)
(30)
(30)
(30-360)
(30-360)
(30-360)
(30-360)


1,000P
-


-
-
75P
25P
10,000P
5,000P
500P
200P
50P
25P
Blister Agents
HN-3
1400P
600P
(2-360)
(2-360)
(2-360)
(30-360)
(30-360)
(30-360)
(30-360)
(30-360)
(30-360)


1,000P
-


-
-
75P
25P
10,000P
5,000P
500P
200P
50P
25P
HT
1400P
600P
(2-360)
(2-360)
(2-360)
(30-360)
(30-360)
(30-360)
(30-360)
(30-360)
(30-360)


1,000P
-



-
8 S
75P
25P
5,000 - 10,000P
2,500 - 5,000P
500P
200P
50P
25P
L
1400P
600P
(2-360)
(2-360)
(2-360)
(30-360)
(30-360)
(30-360)
(30-360)
(30-360)
(30-360)
-


-
2 S
75P


1,000P
25P
10,000P
5,000P
500P
200P
50P
25P
HL
1400P
600P
(2-360)
(2-360)
(2-360)
(30-360)
(30-360)
(30-360)
(30-360)
(30-360)
(30-360)


2600P
-



16
1
-
-
N/R
-
200-500P
-
-
-
PD
NR
NR
(2-360)
(1-2)
(1)
(30-50)
ED
-
-
NR
5-10 (1)
-
1 (1)
-
-
NR
-
-
-
-
-
MD
-
-
NR
25P (1)
-
< 1 (1)
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
CX


-
-
3200P
(10)
-
3P (1)
1P (10)
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-


In
acitating
A


gents


BZ


-
-
NR
100P (<5)
-
NR
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
cap

NOTES:  P = Provisional; NR = None Recommended; S = Seconds. The existing estimates are not supported by the available data
Toxicity estimates are followed by exposure duration in parentheses.  Exposure duration given in minutes except when specified.

| ROE                                                                  | Inhalation/Ocular    |
|----------------------------------------------------------------------|----------------------|
|                                                                      |                      |
| Lethal                                                               |                      |
| (LCt                                                                 |                      |
| 50                                                                   |                      |
| )                                                                    |                      |
|                                                                      | 52,000-61,000P       |
| CS                                                                   | (5-90 minutes)       |
|                                                                      |                      |
| CR                                                                   | -                    |
|                                                                      |                      |
| Riot Control                                                         |                      |
| Agents                                                               |                      |
| OC                                                                   | None Recommended     |
|                                                                      | 11,000P              |
| DM                                                                   | (2-240 minutes)      |
|                                                                      |                      |
| DA                                                                   | None Recommended     |
|                                                                      |                      |
| DC                                                                   | None Recommended     |
| Respiratory                                                          |                      |
| Irritants                                                            |                      |
|                                                                      |                      |
| Cl                                                                   |                      |
| 2                                                                    |                      |
| None Recommended                                                     | None Recommended     |
| NOTES                                                                |                      |
| P = Provisional                                                      |                      |
| The existing estimates are not supported by the available data.      |                      |
| Toxicity estimates are followed by exposure duration in parenthesis. |                      |
| CW Agents                                                                   | Persistency   |
|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------|---------------|
| 1,2,3                                                                       |               |
| CG                                                                          | Nonpersistent |
| DP                                                                          | Nonpersistent |
| GA                                                                          | Nonpersistent |
| GB                                                                          | Nonpersistent |
| GD                                                                          | Nonpersistent |
| GF                                                                          | Nonpersistent |
| VX                                                                          | Persistent    |
| Vx                                                                          | Persistent    |
| AC                                                                          | Nonpersistent |
| CK                                                                          | Nonpersistent |
| SA                                                                          | Nonpersistent |
| HD                                                                          | Persistent    |
| HN-1                                                                        | Persistent    |
| HN-2                                                                        | Persistent    |
| HN-3                                                                        | Persistent    |
| HT                                                                          | Persistent    |
| L                                                                           | Persistent    |
| HL                                                                          | Persistent    |
|                                                                             |               |
| PD                                                                          | Persistent    |
|                                                                             |               |
| ED                                                                          | Persistent    |
|                                                                             |               |
| MD                                                                          | Persistent    |
|                                                                             |               |
| CX                                                                          | Nonpersistent |
| BZ                                                                          | Nonpersistent |
| NOTES                                                                       |               |
| 1                                                                           |               |
| Persistent Agent:  A chemical agent that, when released, remains able       |               |
| to cause casualties for more than 24 hours to several days or weeks. (JP    |               |
| 1-02)                                                                       |               |
| 2                                                                           |               |
| Nonpersistent Agent:  A chemical agent that when released dissipates        |               |
| and/or loses its ability to cause casualties after 10 to 15 minutes. (JP 1- |               |
| 02)                                                                         |               |
| Note:  In general, as temperature increases, persistency decreases.         |               |
| Intolerable    | Threshold    |
|----------------|--------------|
| (ECt           |              |
| 50             |              |
| )              | (ECt         |
| 50             |              |
| )              | (ECt         |
| 50             |              |
| )              |              |


1Patrice L. Abercombie, Physical Property Data Review of Selected Chemical Agents and Related Compounds, September 2003.



## Appendix H Toxicity Profile Estimates 1. Background


This appendix gives the Ct profile estimates and the MV profile estimates (when available) for selected CW agents.

## 2. Choking Agents


        a.
                CG Profile.  Table H-1 provides toxicity estimates for a lethal dose from an
inhalation/ocular vapor exposure to CG.

| Ct Profile (15L MV)             |                         | MV Profile (2-Minute Exposure)    |
|---------------------------------|-------------------------|-----------------------------------|
| 3                               |                         |                                   |
| )                               | Concentration (mg/m     |                                   |
| 3                               |                         |                                   |
| )                               | Exposure Duration (min) | LCt                               |
| 50                              |                         |                                   |
| (mg-min/m                       |                         |                                   |
| 3                               |                         |                                   |
| )                               |                         | MV (L)                            |
| 50                              |                         |                                   |
| (mg-min/m                       |                         |                                   |
| 2                               | 1500                    | 750                               |
| 10                              | 1500                    | 150                               |
| 30                              | 1500                    | 50                                |
| 60                              | 1500                    | 25                                |
| Selected Toxicology Information |                         |                                   |
| Probit Slope:  Unknown          | TLE:  1                 | DOC:  Moderate                    |

b.

DP Profile.  Table H-2 provides toxicity estimates for a lethal dose from an inhalation/ocular vapor exposure to DP.

| Ct Profile (15L MV)             |                         | MV Profile (2-Minute Exposure)    |
|---------------------------------|-------------------------|-----------------------------------|
| 3                               |                         |                                   |
| )                               | Concentration (mg/m     |                                   |
| 3                               |                         |                                   |
| )                               | Exposure Duration (min) | LCt                               |
| 50                              |                         |                                   |
| (mg-min/m                       |                         |                                   |
| 3                               |                         |                                   |
| )                               |                         | MV (L)                            |
| 50                              |                         |                                   |
| (mg-min/m                       |                         |                                   |
| 2                               | 1500                    | 750                               |
| 10                              | 1500                    | 150                               |
| 30                              | 1500                    | 50                                |
| 60                              | 1500                    | 25                                |
| Selected Toxicology Information |                         |                                   |
| Probit Slope:  Unknown          | TLE:  1 (Assumed)       | DOC:  Low                         |

## 3. Nerve Agents


a.

GA Profile.


                 (1)
                          Table H-3 provides toxicity estimates for a lethal dose from an
inhalation/ocular vapor exposure to GA.

| Ct Profile (15L MV)    |                         | MV Profile (2-Minute Exposure)    |
|------------------------|-------------------------|-----------------------------------|
| 3                      |                         |                                   |
| )                      | Concentration (mg/m     |                                   |
| 3                      |                         |                                   |
| )                      | Exposure Duration (min) | LCt                               |
| 50                     |                         |                                   |
| (mg-min/m              |                         |                                   |
| 3                      |                         |                                   |
| )                      |                         | MV (L)                            |
| 50                     |                         |                                   |
| (mg-min/m              |                         |                                   |
| 2                      | 70                      | 35                                |
| 10                     | 120                     | 12                                |
| 30                     | 170                     | 6.0                               |
| 60                     | 220                     | 3.6                               |
| 120                    | 270                     | 2.3                               |
| 240                    | 345                     | 1.4                               |
| 360                    | 395                     | 1.1                               |

## Selected Toxicology Information

Probit Slope:  12
TLE:  1.5
DOC:  Moderate


                 (2)
                          Table H-4 provides toxicity estimates for a lethal dose from a percutaneous
vapor exposure to GA.  Personnel are masked with bare skin.

Ct Profiles
Moderate Temperatures

Hot Temperatures
LCt50
LCt50
(mg-min/m
3)
Concentration
(mg/m
3)
(mg-min/m
3)
Concentration
(mg/m
3)
Exposure
Duration (min)

Exposure
Duration (min)
2
15,000
7500

2
7500
3750
10
15,000
1500

10
7500
750
30
15,000
500

30
7500
250
60
15,000
250

60
7500
125
120
15,000
125

120
7500
60
240
15,000
60

240
7500
30
360
15,000
40

360
7500
20
Selected Toxicology Information
Probit Slope:  5
TLE:  1 (Assumed)
DOC:  Low

Probit Slope:  5
TLE:  1 (Assumed)
DOC:  Low


                 (3)
                          Table H-5 provides toxicity estimates for severe effects from an
inhalation/ocular vapor exposure to GA.

| Ct Profile (15L MV)             |                     | MV Profile (2-Minute Exposure)    |
|---------------------------------|---------------------|-----------------------------------|
| 3                               |                     |                                   |
| )                               | Concentration (mg/m | Exposure Duration (min)           |
| 50                              |                     |                                   |
| (mg-min/m                       |                     |                                   |
| 3                               |                     |                                   |
| )                               |                     | MV (L)                            |
| 50                              |                     |                                   |
| (mg-min/m                       |                     |                                   |
| 3                               |                     |                                   |
| )                               |                     |                                   |
|                                 |                     |                                   |
| 2                               | 50                  | 25                                |
| 10                              | 85                  | 8.5                               |
| 30                              | 120                 | 4.1                               |
| 60                              | 155                 | 2.6                               |
| 120                             | 200                 | 1.6                               |
| 240                             | 250                 | 1.0                               |
| 360                             | 280                 | 0.8                               |
| Selected Toxicology Information |                     |                                   |
| Probit Slope:  10               | TLE:  1.5           | DOC:  Moderate                    |


                 (4)
                          Table H-6 provides toxicity estimates for severe effects from a percutaneous
vapor exposure to GA.  Personnel are masked with bare skin.

Ct Profiles
Moderate Temperatures

Hot Temperatures
ECt50
ECt50
Exposure
Duration (min)

Exposure
Duration (min)
(mg-min/m
3)
Concentration
(mg/m
3)
(mg-min/m
3)
Concentration
(mg/m
3)
2
12,000
6000

2
6000
3000
10
12,000
1200

10
6000
600
30
12,000
400

30
6000
200
60
12,000
200

60
6000
100
120
12,000
100

120
6000
50
240
12,000
50

240
6000
25
360
12,000
35

360
6000
15
Selected Toxicology Information
Probit Slope:  5
TLE:  1 (Assumed)
DOC:  Low

Probit Slope:  5
TLE:  1 (Assumed)
DOC:  Low



                 (5)
                          Table H-7 provides toxicity estimates for threshold effects from a
percutaneous vapor exposure to GA.  Personnel are masked with bare skin.

| Moderate Temperatures           |                   | Hot Temperatures    |
|---------------------------------|-------------------|---------------------|
| ECt                             |                   |                     |
| 50                              |                   |                     |
| (mg-min/m                       |                   |                     |
| 3                               |                   |                     |
| )                               |                   |                     |
| Concentration                   |                   |                     |
| (mg/m                           |                   |                     |
| 3                               |                   |                     |
| )                               |                   |                     |
| Exposure                        |                   |                     |
| Duration (min)                  |                   |                     |
| 2                               | 2000              | 1000                |
| 10                              | 2000              | 200                 |
| 30                              | 2000              | 65                  |
| 60                              | 2000              | 30                  |
| 120                             | 2000              | 15                  |
| 240                             | 2000              | 10                  |
| 360                             | 2000              | 5                   |
| Selected Toxicology Information |                   |                     |
| Probit Slope:  5                | TLE:  1 (Assumed) | DOC:  Moderate      |


                 (6)
                          Table H-8 provides toxicity estimates for mild effects from an
inhalation/ocular vapor exposure to GA.  Mild effects include miosis and rhinorrhea.

Ct Profile
Exposure Duration (min)
ECt50 (mg-min/m
2
0.4
0.16
10
0.6
0.07
30
0.9
0.03
60
1.1
0.02
120
1.4
0.01
240
1.7
0.007
360
2.0
0.005
Selected Toxicology Information
Probit Slope:  10


                 (7)
                          Figure H-1 is a graphical representation of GA vapor Ct profile for dosage
from an inhalation/ocular exposure.



ECt50
(mg-min/m
3)
Concentration
(mg/m
3)

Exposure
Duration (min)
3)
Concentration (mg/m
3)


                 (8)
                          Figure H-2 is a graphical representation of GA vapor Ct profile for
concentration from an inhalation/ocular exposure.



b.

GB Profile.


                 (1)
                          Table H-9 provides toxicity estimates for a lethal dose from an
inhalation/ocular vapor exposure to GB.

| Ct Profile (15L MV)             |                         | MV Profile (2-Minute Exposure)    |
|---------------------------------|-------------------------|-----------------------------------|
| 3                               |                         |                                   |
| )                               | Concentration (mg/m     |                                   |
| 3                               |                         |                                   |
| )                               | Exposure Duration (min) | LCt                               |
| 50                              |                         |                                   |
| (mg-min/m                       |                         |                                   |
| 3                               |                         |                                   |
| )                               |                         | MV (L)                            |
| 50                              |                         |                                   |
| (mg-min/m                       |                         |                                   |
| 2                               | 35                      | 17.5                              |
| 10                              | 60                      | 6.0                               |
| 30                              | 86                      | 3.0                               |
| 60                              | 110                     | 1.8                               |
| 120                             | 140                     | 1.1                               |
| 240                             | 175                     | 0.7                               |
| 360                             | 200                     | 0.6                               |
| Selected Toxicology Information |                         |                                   |


                 (2)
                          Table H-10 provides toxicity estimates for a lethal dose from a
percutaneous vapor exposure to GB.  Personnel are masked with bare skin.

Moderate Temperatures

Hot Temperatures
LCt50
LCt50
(mg-min/m
3)
Concentration
(mg/m
3)
(mg-min/m
3)
Concentration
(mg/m
3)
Exposure
Duration (min)

Exposure
Duration (min)
2
12,000
6000

2
6000
3000
10
12,000
1200

10
6000
600
30
12,000
400

30
6000
200
60
12,000
200

60
6000
100
120
12,000
100

120
6000
50
240
12,000
50

240
6000
25
360
12,000
30

360
6000
15
Selected Toxicology Information
Probit Slope:  5
TLE:  1 (Assumed)
DOC:  Low

Probit Slope:  5
TLE:  1 (Assumed)
DOC:  Low


                 (3)
                          Table H-11 provides toxicity estimates for severe effects from an
inhalation/ocular vapor exposure to GB.

| Ct Profile (15L MV)             |                         | MV Profile (2-Minute Exposure)    |
|---------------------------------|-------------------------|-----------------------------------|
| 3                               |                         |                                   |
| )                               | Concentration (mg/m     |                                   |
| 3                               |                         |                                   |
| )                               | Exposure Duration (min) | ECt                               |
| 50                              |                         |                                   |
| (mg-min/m                       |                         |                                   |
| 3                               |                         |                                   |
| )                               |                         | MV (L)                            |
| 50                              |                         |                                   |
| (mg-min/m                       |                         |                                   |
| 2                               | 25                      | 12.5                              |
| 10                              | 45                      | 4.3                               |
| 30                              | 60                      | 2.1                               |
| 60                              | 80                      | 1.3                               |
| 120                             | 100                     | 0.8                               |
| 240                             | 125                     | 0.5                               |
| 360                             | 140                     | 0.4                               |
| Selected Toxicology Information |                         |                                   |
| Probit Slope:  12               |                         |                                   |
|                                 |                         |                                   |
| TLE:  1.5                       |                         |                                   |
|                                 |                         |                                   |
| DOC:  Moderate                  |                         |                                   |
|                                 |                         |                                   |


                 (4)
                          Table H-12 provides toxicity estimates for severe effects from a
percutaneous vapor exposure to GB, and personnel are masked with bare skin.

Ct Profiles
Moderate Temperatures

Hot Temperatures
ECt50
ECt50
(mg-min/m
3)
Concentration
(mg/m
3)
(mg-min/m
3)
Concentration
(mg/m
3)
Exposure
Duration (min)

Exposure
Duration (min)
2
8000
4000

2
4000
2000
10
8000
800

10
4000
400
30
8000
250

30
4000
125
60
8000
130

60
4000
65
120
8000
65

120
4000
30
240
8000
30

240
4000
15
360
8000
20

360
4000
10
Selected Toxicology Information
Probit Slope:  5
TLE:  1 (Assumed)
DOC:  Low

Probit Slope:  5
TLE:  1 (Assumed)
DOC:  Low



                 (5)
                          Table H-13 provides toxicity estimates for threshold effects from a
percutaneous vapor exposure to GB.  Personnel are masked with bare skin.

Ct Profiles
Moderate Temperatures

Hot Temperatures
ECt50
(mg-min/m
3)
Concentration
(mg/m
3)
Exposure
Duration (min)
2
1200
600

2
600
300
10
1200
120

10
600
60
30
1200
40

30
600
20
60
1200
20

60
600
10
120
1200
10

120
600
5
240
1200
5

240
600
2.5
360
1200
3

360
600
1.5
Selected Toxicology Information
Probit Slope:  5
TLE:  1 (Assumed)
DOC:  Moderate

Probit Slope:  5
TLE:  1 (Assumed)
DOC:  Low


                 (6)
                          Table H-14 provides toxicity estimates for mild effects from an
inhalation/ocular vapor exposure to GB.

Ct Profile
Exposure Duration (min)
ECt50 (mg-min/m
2
0.4
0.18
10
0.6
0.06
30
0.9
0.03
60
1.1
0.02
120
1.4
0.01
240
1.7
0.007
360
2.0
0.005
Selected Toxicology Information
Probit Slope:  10
TLE:  1.5
DOC:  Moderate


                 (7)
                          Figure H-3 is a graphical representation of GB vapor Ct profile for dosage
from an inhalation/ocular exposure.

ECt50
(mg-min/m
3)
Concentration
(mg/m
3)

Exposure
Duration (min)
3)
Concentration (mg/m
3)


                 (8)
                          Figure H-4 is a graphical representation of GB vapor Ct profile for
concentration from an inhalation/ocular exposure.


c.

GD Profile.


                 (1)
                          Table H-15 provides toxicity estimates for a lethal dose from an
inhalation/ocular vapor exposure to GD.

| Ct Profile (15L MV)    |                         | MV Profile (2-Minute Exposure)    |
|------------------------|-------------------------|-----------------------------------|
| 3                      |                         |                                   |
| )                      | Concentration (mg/m     |                                   |
| 3                      |                         |                                   |
| )                      | Exposure Duration (min) | LCt                               |
| 50                     |                         |                                   |
| (mg-min/m              |                         |                                   |
| 3                      |                         |                                   |
| )                      |                         | MV (L)                            |
| 50                     |                         |                                   |
| (mg-min/m              |                         |                                   |
| 2                      | 35                      | 17.5                              |
| 10                     | 50                      | 4.8                               |
| 30                     | 60                      | 2.0                               |
| 60                     | 70                      | 1.2                               |
| 120                    | 80                      | 0.7                               |
| 240                    | 90                      | 0.4                               |
| 360                    | 100                     | 0.3                               |


                 (2)
                          Table H-16 provides toxicity estimates for a lethal dose from a
percutaneous vapor exposure to GD.  Personnel are masked with bare skin.

Ct Profiles
Moderate Temperatures

Hot Temperatures
LCt50
LCt50
Exposure
Duration (min)

Exposure
Duration (min)
(mg-min/m
3)
Concentration
(mg/m
3)
(mg-min/m
3)
Concentration
(mg/m
3)
2
3000
1500

2
1500
750
10
3000
300

10
1500
375
30
3000
100

30
1500
150
60
3000
50

60
1500
25
120
3000
25

120
1500
12
240
3000
12

240
1500
5
360
3000
5

360
1500
2
Selected Toxicology Information
Probit Slope:  6
TLE:  1 (Assumed)
DOC:  Low

Probit Slope:  6
TLE:  1 (Assumed)
DOC:  Low


                 (3)
                          Table H-17 provides toxicity estimates for severe effects from an
inhalation/ocular vapor exposure to GD.

| Ct Profile (15L MV)             |                         | MV Profile (2-Minute Exposure)    |
|---------------------------------|-------------------------|-----------------------------------|
| 3                               |                         |                                   |
| )                               | Concentration (mg/m     |                                   |
| 3                               |                         |                                   |
| )                               | Exposure Duration (min) | ECt                               |
| 50                              |                         |                                   |
| (mg-min/m                       |                         |                                   |
| 3                               |                         |                                   |
| )                               |                         | MV (L)                            |
| 50                              |                         |                                   |
| (mg-min/m                       |                         |                                   |
| 2                               | 25                      | 12.5                              |
| 10                              | 35                      | 3.5                               |
| 30                              | 45                      | 1.5                               |
| 60                              | 50                      | 0.8                               |
| 120                             | 55                      | 0.4                               |
| 240                             | 65                      | 0.3                               |
| 360                             | 70                      | 0.2                               |
| Selected Toxicology Information |                         |                                   |
| Probit Slope:  12               |                         |                                   |
|                                 |                         |                                   |
| TLE:  1.25                      |                         |                                   |
|                                 |                         |                                   |
| DOC:  Low                       |                         |                                   |
|                                 |                         |                                   |


                 (4)
                          Table H-18 provides toxicity estimates for severe effects from a
percutaneous vapor exposure to GD.  Personnel are masked with bare skin.

Ct Profiles
Moderate Temperatures

Hot Temperatures
ECt50
ECt50
Exposure
Duration (min)
(mg-min/m
3)
Concentration
(mg/m
3)

Exposure
Duration (min)
(mg-min/m
3)
Concentration
(mg/m
3)
2
2000
1000

2
1000
500
10
2000
200

10
1000
100
30
2000
60

30
1000
30
60
2000
30

60
1000
15
120
2000
15

120
1000
7.5
240
2000
7.5

240
1000
5
360
2000
5

360
1000
2.5
Selected Toxicology Information
Probit Slope:  6
TLE:  1 (Assumed)
DOC:  Low

Probit Slope:  6
TLE:  1 (Assumed)
DOC:  Low



                 (5)
                          Table H-19 provides toxicity estimates for threshold effects from a
percutaneous vapor exposure to GD.  Personnel are masked with bare skin.

Ct Profiles
Moderate Temperatures

Hot Temperatures
ECt50
Exposure
Duration (min)
(mg-min/m
3)
Concentration
(mg/m
3)
2
300
150

2
150
75
10
300
30

10
150
15
30
300
10

30
150
5
60
300
5

60
150
2.5
120
300
2.5

120
150
1.25
240
300
1.25

240
150
0.5
360
300
0.6

360
150
0.3
Selected Toxicology Information
Probit Slope:  6
TLE:  1 (Assumed)
DOC:  Low

Probit Slope:  6
TLE:  1 (Assumed)
DOC:  Low


                 (6)
                          Table H-20 provides a toxicity estimate given for mild effects from an
inhalation/ocular vapor exposure to GD.

Ct Profile
Exposure Duration (min)
ECt50 (mg-min/m
2
0.2
0.1
10
0.3
0.03
30
0.4
0.01
60
0.5
0.009
120
0.6
0.005
240
0.8
0.003
360
0.9
0.0025
Selected Toxicology Information
Probit Slope:  10
TLE:  1.4
DOC:  Low


                 (7)
                          Figure H-5 is a graphical representation of Ct profile for GD vapor dosage
from an inhalation/ocular exposure.

ECt50

Exposure
Duration (min)
(mg-min/m
3)
Concentration
(mg/m
3)
3)
Concentration (mg/m
3)


                 (8)
                          Figure H-6 is a graphical representation of Ct profile for GD vapor
concentration from an inhalation/ocular exposure.



d.

GF Profile.


                 (1)
                          Table H-21 provides toxicity estimates for a lethal dose from an
inhalation/ocular vapor exposure to GF.

| Ct Profile (15L MV)             |                         | MV Profile (2-Minute Exposure)    |
|---------------------------------|-------------------------|-----------------------------------|
| 3                               |                         |                                   |
| )                               | Concentration (mg/m     |                                   |
| 3                               |                         |                                   |
| )                               | Exposure Duration (min) | LCt                               |
| 50                              |                         |                                   |
| (mg-min/m                       |                         |                                   |
| 3                               |                         |                                   |
| )                               |                         | MV (L)                            |
| 50                              |                         |                                   |
| (mg-min/m                       |                         |                                   |
| 2                               | 35                      | 17.5                              |
| 10                              | 48                      | 4.8                               |
| 30                              | 60                      | 2.0                               |
| 60                              | 69                      | 1.0                               |
| 120                             | 79                      | 0.7                               |
| 240                             | 91                      | 0.4                               |
| 360                             | 99                      | 0.3                               |
| Selected Toxicology Information |                         |                                   |
| Probit Slope:  12               |                         |                                   |
|                                 |                         |                                   |
| TLE:  1.25                      |                         |                                   |
|                                 |                         |                                   |
| DOC:  Moderate                  |                         |                                   |
|                                 |                         |                                   |


                 (2)
                          Table H-22 provides toxicity estimates for a lethal dose from a
percutaneous vapor exposure to GF.  Personnel are masked with bare skin.

Ct Profiles
Moderate Temperatures

Hot Temperatures
LCt50
LCt50
Exposure
Duration (min)
(mg-min/m
3)
Concentration
(mg/m
3)

Exposure
Duration (min)
(mg-min/m
3)
Concentration
(mg/m
3)
2
3000
1500

2
1500
7500
10
3000
300

10
1500
375
30
3000
100

30
1500
150
60
3000
50

60
1500
25
120
3000
25

120
1500
12
240
3000
12

240
1500
5
360
3000
5

360
1500
2

## Selected Toxicology Information

TLE:  1 (Assumed)
DOC:  Low

Probit Slope:  5


                 (3)
                          Table H-23 provides toxicity estimates for severe effects from an
inhalation/ocular vapor exposure to GF.

| Ct Profile (15L MV)             |                         | MV Profile (2-Minute Exposure)    |
|---------------------------------|-------------------------|-----------------------------------|
| 3                               |                         |                                   |
| )                               | Concentration (mg/m     |                                   |
| 3                               |                         |                                   |
| )                               | Exposure Duration (min) | ECt                               |
| 50                              |                         |                                   |
| (mg-min/m                       |                         |                                   |
| 3                               |                         |                                   |
| )                               |                         | MV (L)                            |
| 50                              |                         |                                   |
| (mg-min/m                       |                         |                                   |
| 2                               | 25                      | 12.5                              |
| 10                              | 35                      | 3.5                               |
| 30                              | 45                      | 1.5                               |
| 60                              | 50                      | 0.8                               |
| 120                             | 55                      | 0.4                               |
| 240                             | 65                      | 0.3                               |
| 360                             | 70                      | 0.2                               |
| Selected Toxicology Information |                         |                                   |
| Probit Slope:  12               |                         |                                   |
|                                 |                         |                                   |
| TLE:  1.25                      |                         |                                   |
|                                 |                         |                                   |
| DOC:  Moderate                  |                         |                                   |
|                                 |                         |                                   |


                 (4)
                          Table H-24 provides toxicity estimates for severe effects from a
percutaneous vapor exposure to GF.  Personnel are masked with bare skin.

| Moderate Temperatures           |                   | Hot Temperatures    |
|---------------------------------|-------------------|---------------------|
| ECt                             |                   |                     |
| 50                              |                   |                     |
| ECt                             |                   |                     |
| 50                              |                   |                     |
| Exposure                        |                   |                     |
| Duration (min)                  |                   |                     |
|                                 | Exposure          |                     |
| Duration (min)                  |                   |                     |
| (mg-min/m                       |                   |                     |
| 3                               |                   |                     |
| )                               |                   |                     |
| Concentration                   |                   |                     |
| (mg/m                           |                   |                     |
| 3                               |                   |                     |
| )                               | (mg-min/m         |                     |
| 3                               |                   |                     |
| )                               |                   |                     |
| Concentration                   |                   |                     |
| (mg/m                           |                   |                     |
| 3                               |                   |                     |
| )                               |                   |                     |
| 2                               | 2000              | 1000                |
| 10                              | 2000              | 200                 |
| 30                              | 2000              | 60                  |
| 60                              | 2000              | 30                  |
| 120                             | 2000              | 15                  |
| 240                             | 2000              | 7.5                 |
| 360                             | 2000              | 5                   |
| Selected Toxicology Information |                   |                     |
| Probit Slope:  5                | TLE:  1 (Assumed) | DOC:  Low           |
|                                 |                   |                     |
|                                 |                   |                     |
| Probit Slope:  5                |                   |                     |
|                                 |                   |                     |
| TLE:  1 (Assumed)               |                   |                     |
|                                 |                   |                     |
| DOC:  Low                       |                   |                     |
|                                 |                   |                     |


                 (5)
                          Table H-25 provides toxicity estimates for threshold effects from a
percutaneous vapor exposure to GF.  Personnel are masked with bare skin.

Ct Profiles
Moderate Temperatures

Hot Temperatures
ECt50
ECt50
Exposure
Duration (min)

Exposure
Duration (min)
(mg-min/m
3)
Concentration
(mg/m
3)
(mg-min/m
3)
Concentration
(mg/m
3)
2
300
150

2
150
75
10
300
30

10
150
15
30
300
10

30
150
5
60
300
5

60
150
2.5
120
300
2.5

120
150
1.25
240
300
1.25

240
150
0.5
360
300
0.6

360
150
0.3
Selected Toxicology Information
Probit Slope:  6
TLE:  1 (Assumed)
DOC:  Low

Probit Slope:  6
TLE:  1 (Assumed)
DOC:  Low



                 (6)
                          Table H-26 provides toxicity estimates for mild effects from an
inhalation/ocular vapor exposure to GF.

Ct Profile
3)
Concentration (mg/m
3)
Exposure Duration (min)
ECt50 (mg-min/m
2
0.2
0.1
10
0.3
0.03
30
0.4
0.01
60
0.5
0.009
120
0.6
0.005
240
0.8
0.003
360
0.9

(7)
Figure H-7 is a graphical representation Ct profile for GF vapor dosage from an inhalation/ocular exposure.

(8)
Figure H-8 is a graphical representation of Ct profile for GF vapor concentration from an inhalation/ocular exposure.


e.

VX Profile.


                 (1)
                          Table H-27 provides toxicity estimates for a lethal dose from an
inhalation/ocular vapor exposure to VX.

| Ct Profile (15L MV)    |                         | MV Profile (2-Minute Exposure)    |
|------------------------|-------------------------|-----------------------------------|
| 3                      |                         |                                   |
| )                      | Concentration (mg/m     |                                   |
| 3                      |                         |                                   |
| )                      | Exposure Duration (min) | LCt                               |
| 50                     |                         |                                   |
| (mg-min/m              |                         |                                   |
| 3                      |                         |                                   |
| )                      |                         | MV (L)                            |
| 50                     |                         |                                   |
| (mg-min/m              |                         |                                   |
| 2                      | 15                      | 7.50                              |
| 10                     | 15                      | 1.50                              |
| 30                     | 15                      | 0.50                              |
| 60                     | 15                      | 0.25                              |
| 120                    | 15                      | 0.12                              |
| 240                    | 15                      | 0.06                              |
| 360                    | 15                      | 0.04                              |


                 (2)
                          Table H-28 provides toxicity estimates for a lethal dose from a
percutaneous vapor exposure to VX.  Personnel are masked with bare skin.

Ct Profiles
Moderate Temperatures

Hot Temperatures
LCt50
LCt50
Exposure
Duration (min)

Exposure
Duration (min)
(mg-min/m
3)
Concentration
(mg/m
3)
(mg-min/m
3)
Concentration
(mg/m
3)
2
150
75

2
75
38
10
150
15

10
75
7.5
30
150
5

30
75
2.5
60
150
2.5

60
75
1.3
120
150
1.25

120
75
0.6
240
150
0.6

240
75
0.3
360
150
0.4

360
75
0.2
Selected Toxicology Data
Probit Slope:  6
TLE:  1 (Assumed)
DOC:  Low

Probit Slope:  5
TLE:  1 (Assumed)
DOC:  Low


                 (3)
                          Table H-29 provides toxicity estimates for severe effects from an
inhalation/ocular vapor exposure to VX.

| Ct Profile (15L MV)           |                         | MV Profile (2-Minute Exposure)    |
|-------------------------------|-------------------------|-----------------------------------|
| 3                             |                         |                                   |
| )                             | Concentration (mg/m     |                                   |
| 3                             |                         |                                   |
| )                             | Exposure Duration (min) | ECt                               |
| 50                            |                         |                                   |
| (mg-min/m                     |                         |                                   |
| 3                             |                         |                                   |
| )                             |                         | MV (L)                            |
| 50                            |                         |                                   |
| (mg-min/m                     |                         |                                   |
| 2                             | 10                      | 5                                 |
| 10                            | 10                      | 1                                 |
| 30                            | 10                      | 0.3                               |
| 60                            | 10                      | 0.2                               |
| 120                           | 10                      | 0.1                               |
| 240                           | 10                      | 0.04                              |
| 360                           | 10                      | 0.03                              |
| Selected Toxicology Estimates |                         |                                   |
| Probit Slope:  6              |                         |                                   |
|                               |                         |                                   |
| TLE:  1                       |                         |                                   |
|                               |                         |                                   |
| DOC:  Low (ECt                |                         |                                   |
| 50                            |                         |                                   |
| could be less)                |                         |                                   |
|                               |                         |                                   |


                 (4)
                          Table H-30 provides toxicity estimates for severe effects from a
percutaneous vapor exposure to VX.  Personnel are masked with bare skin.

Ct Profiles
Moderate Temperatures

Hot Temperatures
ECt50
ECt50
Exposure
Duration (min)
(mg-min/m
3)
Concentration
(mg/m
3)

Exposure
Duration (min)
(mg-min/m
3)
Concentration
(mg/m
3)
2
25
12.5

2
12
2.5
10
25
2.5

10
12
1.25
30
25
1.25

30
12
0.63
60
25
0.63

60
12
0.30
120
25
0.30

120
12
0.16
240
25
0.16

240
12
0.07
360
25
0.07

360
12
0.04
Selected Toxicology Information
Probit Slope:  6
TLE:  1 (Assumed)
DOC:  Moderate

Probit Slope:  6
TLE:  1 (Assumed)
DOC:  Low



                 (5)
                          Table H-31 provides toxicity estimates for threshold effects from a
percutaneous vapor exposure to VX.  Personnel are masked with bare skin.

Ct Profiles
Moderate Temperatures

Hot Temperatures
ECt50
Exposure
Duration (min)
(mg-min/m
3)
Concentration
(mg/m
3)
2
10
5

2
5
2.5
10
10
1

10
5
0.5
30
10
0.3

30
5
0.15
60
10
0.15

60
5
0.08
120
10
0.08

120
5
0.04
240
10
0.04

240
5
0.02
360
10
0.03

360
5
0.01
Selected Toxicology Information
Probit Slope:  6
TLE:  1 (Assumed)
DOC:  Moderate

Probit Slope:  6
TLE:  1 (Assumed)
DOC:  Low


                 (6)
                          Table H-32 provides toxicity estimates for mild effects from an
inhalation/ocular vapor exposure to VX.

Ct Profile
Exposure Duration (min)
ECt50 (mg-min/m
2
0.1
0.05
10
0.1
0.01
30
0.1
0.003
60
0.1
0.002
120
0.1
0.001
240
0.1
0.0004
360
0.1
0.0003
Selected Toxicology Information
Probit Slope:  4
TLE:  1 (Assumed)
DOC:  Low

(7)
Figure H-9 is a graphical representation of Ct profile for VX vapor dosage from an inhalation/ocular exposure.

ECt50

Exposure
Duration (min)
(mg-min/m
3)
Concentration
(mg/m
3)
3)
Concentration (mg/m
3)


                 (8)
                          Figure H-10 is a graphical representation of Ct profile for VX vapor
concentration from an inhalation/ocular exposure.

## 4. Blood Agents


        a.
                AC Profile.  Table H-33 provides provisional toxicity estimates for a lethal dose
from an inhalation/ocular vapor exposure to AC.

| Ct Profile (15L MV)             |                     | MV Profile (2-Minute Exposure)    |
|---------------------------------|---------------------|-----------------------------------|
| 3                               |                     |                                   |
| )                               | Concentration (mg/m | Exposure Duration (min)           |
| 50                              |                     |                                   |
| (mg-min/m                       |                     |                                   |
| 2                               | 2860                | 1430                              |
| 10                              | 6070                | 607                               |
| 30                              | 20,630              | 685                               |
|                                 |                     |                                   |
| Selected Toxicology Inforamtion |                     |                                   |


        b.
                SA Profile.  Table H-34 provides provisional toxicity estimates for a lethal dose
from an inhalation/ocular vapor exposure to SA.

| Ct Profile (15L MV)    |                     | MV Profile (2-Minute Exposure)    |
|------------------------|---------------------|-----------------------------------|
| 3                      |                     |                                   |
| )                      | Concentration (mg/m | Exposure Duration (min)           |
| 50                     |                     |                                   |
| (mg-min/m              |                     |                                   |
| 1                      | 6000                | 6000                              |
| 2                      | 7500                | 3750                              |
| 5                      | 9500                | 1900                              |
| 10                     | 11,500              | 1150                              |
| 20                     | 14,000              | 700                               |
| 30                     | 16,000              | 530                               |
| 60                     | 19,500              | 325                               |
| 120                    | 23,500              | 195                               |
| 240                    | 26,500              | 120                               |
3)
3)

MV (L)
LCt50 (mg-min/m
3)

3)
MV (L)
LCt50 (mg-min/m

## 5. Blister Agents


a.

HD Profile.


                 (1)
                          Table H-35 provides toxicity estimates for a lethal dose from an
inhalation/ocular vapor exposure to HD.

| Ct Profile (15L MV)             |                         | MV Profile (2-Minute Exposure)    |
|---------------------------------|-------------------------|-----------------------------------|
| 3                               |                         |                                   |
| )                               | Concentration (mg/m     |                                   |
| 3                               |                         |                                   |
| )                               | Exposure Duration (min) | LCt                               |
| 50                              |                         |                                   |
| (mg-min/m                       |                         |                                   |
| 3                               |                         |                                   |
| )                               |                         | MV (L)                            |
| 50                              |                         |                                   |
| (mg-min/m                       |                         |                                   |
| 2                               | 1000                    | 500                               |
| 10                              | 1710                    | 170                               |
| 30                              | 2466                    | 80                                |
| 60                              | 3107                    | 50                                |
| 120                             | 3915                    | 30                                |
| 240                             | 4932                    | 20                                |
| 360                             | 5646                    | 15                                |
| Selected Toxicology Information |                         |                                   |
| Probit Slope:  6                |                         |                                   |
|                                 |                         |                                   |
| TLE:  1.5                       |                         |                                   |
|                                 |                         |                                   |
| DOC:  Low                       |                         |                                   |
|                                 |                         |                                   |


                 (2)
                          Table H-36 provides toxicity estimates for a lethal dose from a
percutaneous vapor exposure to HD.  Personnel are masked with clothed skin.

| Moderate Temperatures           |                   | Hot Temperatures    |
|---------------------------------|-------------------|---------------------|
| LCt                             |                   |                     |
| 50                              |                   |                     |
| LCt                             |                   |                     |
| 50                              |                   |                     |
| Exposure                        |                   |                     |
| Duration (min)                  |                   |                     |
|                                 | Exposure          |                     |
| Duration (min)                  |                   |                     |
| (mg-min/m                       |                   |                     |
| 3                               |                   |                     |
| )                               |                   |                     |
| Concentration                   |                   |                     |
| (mg/m                           |                   |                     |
| 3                               |                   |                     |
| )                               | (mg-min/m         |                     |
| 3                               |                   |                     |
| )                               |                   |                     |
| Concentration                   |                   |                     |
| (mg/m                           |                   |                     |
| 3                               |                   |                     |
| )                               |                   |                     |
| 2                               | 10,000            | 5000                |
| 10                              | 10,000            | 1000                |
| 30                              | 10,000            | 330                 |
| 60                              | 10,000            | 165                 |
| 120                             | 10,000            | 85                  |
| 240                             | 10,000            | 40                  |
| 360                             | 10,000            | 30                  |
| Selected Toxicology Information |                   |                     |
| Probit Slope:  7                | TLE:  1 (Assumed) | DOC:  Low           |
|                                 |                   |                     |
| Probit Slope:  7                |                   |                     |
|                                 |                   |                     |
| TLE:  1 (Assumed)               |                   |                     |
|                                 |                   |                     |
| DOC:  Low                       |                   |                     |
|                                 |                   |                     |
|                                 |                   |                     |
|                                 | True human LCt    |                     |
| 50                              |                   |                     |
| may be lower.                   |                   |                     |


                 (3)
                          Table H-37 provides toxicity estimates for severe effects (vesication) from a
percutaneous vapor exposure to HD.  Personnel are masked with clothed skin.

Ct Profiles
Moderate Temperatures

Hot Temperatures
ECt50
ECt50
Exposure
Duration (min)

Exposure
Duration (min)
(mg-min/m
3)
Concentration
(mg/m
3)
(mg-min/m
3)
Concentration
(mg/m
3)
2
500
250

2
200
100
10
500
50

10
200
20
30
500
15

30
200
5
60
500
10

60
200
3
120
500
5

120
200
1.7
240
500
2

240
200
0.8
360
500
1.4

360
200
0.6
Selected Toxicology Information
Probit Slope:  3
TLE:  1 (Assumed)
DOC:  Moderate
Probit Slope:  3
TLE:  1 (Assumed)
DOC:  Moderate


True human ECt50 may be lower.



                 (4)
                          Table H-38 provides toxicity estimates for severe effects (eyes) from an
ocular vapor exposure to HD.

Ct Profile
3)
Concentration (mg/m
3)
Exposure Duration (min)
ECt50 (mg-min/m
2
75
37.5
10
75
7.5
30
75
2.5
60
75
1.25
120
75
0.63
240
75
0.31
360
75
0.21
Selected Toxicology Information
Probit Slope:  3
TLE:  1
DOC:  High


                 (5)
                          Table H-39 provides toxicity estimates for mild effects from a percutaneous
vapor exposure to HD.  Personnel are masked with clothed skin.

Ct Profiles
Moderate Temperatures

Hot Temperatures
ECt50
ECt50
Exposure
Duration (min)

Exposure
Duration (min)
(mg-min/m
3)
Concentration
(mg/m
3)
(mg-min/m
3)
Concentration
(mg/m
3)
2
50
25

2
25
12.5
10
50
5

10
25
2.5
30
50
1.7

30
25
0.8
60
50
0.8

60
25
0.4
120
50
0.4

120
25
0.2
240
50
0.2

240
25
0.1
360
50
0.1

360
25
0.07
Selected Toxicology Information
Probit Slope:  3
TLE:  1
DOC:  Moderate

Probit Slope:  3
TLE:  1
DOC:  Moderate


                 (6)
                          Table H-40 provides toxicity estimates for mild effects (eyes) from an ocular
vapor exposure to HD.

Ct Profile
3)
Concentration (mg/m
3)
Exposure Duration (min)
ECt50 (mg-min/m
2
25
12.5
10
25
2.5
30
25
0.8
60
25
0.4
120
25
0.2
240
25
0.1
360
25
0.07
Selected Toxicology Information
Probit Slope:  3
TLE:  1
DOC:  High


                 (7)
                          Figure H-11 is a graphical representation of Ct profile for HD vapor dosage
from an inhalation/ocular exposure.

(8)
Figure H-12 is a graphical representation of Ct profile for HD vapor concentration for inhalation/ocular exposure.


b.

HN-1 Profile.


                 (1)
                          Table H-41 provides toxicity estimates for a lethal dose from an
inhalation/ocular vapor exposure to HN-1.

| Ct Profile (15L MV)             |                         | MV Profile (2-Minute Exposure)    |
|---------------------------------|-------------------------|-----------------------------------|
| 3                               |                         |                                   |
| )                               | Concentration (mg/m     |                                   |
| 3                               |                         |                                   |
| )                               | Exposure Duration (min) | LCt                               |
| 50                              |                         |                                   |
| (mg-min/m                       |                         |                                   |
| 3                               |                         |                                   |
| )                               |                         | MV (L)                            |
| 50                              |                         |                                   |
| (mg-min/m                       |                         |                                   |
| 2                               | 1000                    | 500                               |
| 10                              | 1000                    | 100                               |
| 30                              | 1000                    | 35                                |
| 60                              | 1000                    | 15                                |
| 120                             | 1000                    | 10                                |
| 240                             | 1000                    | 5                                 |
| 360                             | 1000                    | 2.5                               |
| Selected Toxicology Information |                         |                                   |
| Probit Slope:  Unknown          | TLE:  1 (Assumed)       |                                   |
|                                 |                         |                                   |
| DOC:  Low                       |                         |                                   |
|                                 |                         |                                   |


                 (2)
                          Table H-42 provides toxicity estimates for a lethal dose from a
percutaneous vapor exposure to HN-1.  Personnel are masked.

Ct Profiles
Moderate Temperatures

Hot Temperatures
LCt50
LCt50
Exposure Duration
(min)

Exposure Duration
(min)
(mg-min/m
3)
Concentration
(mg/m
3)
(mg-min/m
3)
Concentration
(mg/m
3)
2
10,000
5000

2
5000
2500
10
10,000
1000

10
5000
500
30
10,000
330

30
5000
165
60
10,000
165

60
5000
85
120
10,000
85

120
5000
40
240
10,000
40

240
5000
20
360
10,000
30

360
5000
15
Selected Toxicology Information
Probit Slope:  Unknown
TLE:  1 (Assumed)
DOC:  Low

Probit Slope:  Unknown
TLE:  1 (Assumed)
DOC:  Low


                 (3)
                          Table H-43 provides toxicity estimates for severe effects (vesication) from a
percutaneous vapor exposure to HN-1.  Personnel are masked.

Ct Profiles
Moderate Temperatures

Hot Temperatures
ECt50
ECt50
Exposure Duration
(min)

Exposure Duration
(min)
(mg-min/m
3)
Concentration
(mg/m
3)
(mg-min/m
3)
Concentration
(mg/m
3)
2
500
250

2
200
100
10
500
50

10
200
20
30
500
15

30
200
5
60
500
10

60
200
3
120
500
5

120
200
1.7
240
500
2

240
200
0.8
360
500
1.4

360
200
0.6
Selected Toxicology Information
Probit Slope:  Unknown
TLE:  1 (Assumed)
DOC:  Low

Probit Slope:  Unknown
TLE:  1 (Assumed)
DOC:  Low



                 (4)
                          Table H-44 provides toxicity estimates for severe effects on eyes from an
ocular vapor exposure to HN-1.

Ct Profile
3)
Concentration (mg/m
3)
Exposure Duration (min)
ECt50 (mg-min/m
2
75
37.5
10
75
7.5
30
75
2.5
60
75
1.25
120
75
0.63
240
75
0.31
360
75
0.21
Selected Toxicology Information
Probit Slope:  Unknown
TLE:  1 (Assumed)
DOC:  Low


                 (5)
                          Table H-45 provides toxicity estimates for mild effects from a percutaneous
vapor exposure to HN-1.  Personnel are masked.

Ct Profiles
Moderate Temperatures

Hot Temperatures
ECt50
ECt50
Exposure Duration
(min)

Exposure Duration
(min)
(mg-min/m
3)
Concentration
(mg/m
3)
(mg-min/m
3)
Concentration
(mg/m
3)
2
50
25

2
25
12.5
10
50
5

10
25
2.5
30
50
1.7

30
25
0.8
60
50
0.8

60
25
0.4
120
50
0.4

120
25
0.2
240
50
0.2

240
25
0.1
360
50
0.1

360
25
0.07
Selected Toxicology Information
Probit Slope:  Unknown
TLE:  1 (Assumed)
DOC:  Low

Probit Slope:  Unknown
TLE:  1 (Assumed)
DOC:  Low


                 (6)
                          Table H-46 provides toxicity estimates for mild effects on eyes from an
ocular vapor exposure to HN-1.

Ct Profile
3)
Concentration (mg/m
3)
Exposure Duration (min)
ECt50 (mg-min/m
2
25
12.5
10
25
2.5
30
25
0.8
60
25
0.4
120
25
0.2
240
25
0.1
360
25
0.07

## Selected Toxicology Information

| Probit Slope:  Unknown    |
|---------------------------|
|                           |
| DOC:  Low                 |
|                           |


c.

HN-2 Profile.


                 (1)
                          Table H-47 provides toxicity estimates for a lethal dose from an
inhalation/ocular vapor exposure to HN-2.

| Ct Profile (15L MV)             |                         | MV Profile (2-Minute Exposure)    |
|---------------------------------|-------------------------|-----------------------------------|
| 3                               |                         |                                   |
| )                               | Concentration (mg/m     |                                   |
| 3                               |                         |                                   |
| )                               | Exposure Duration (min) | LCt                               |
| 50                              |                         |                                   |
| (mg-min/m                       |                         |                                   |
| 3                               |                         |                                   |
| )                               |                         | MV (L)                            |
| 50                              |                         |                                   |
| (mg-min/m                       |                         |                                   |
| 2                               | 1000                    | 500                               |
| 10                              | 1000                    | 100                               |
| 30                              | 1000                    | 35                                |
| 60                              | 1000                    | 15                                |
| 120                             | 1000                    | 10                                |
| 240                             | 1000                    | 5                                 |
| 360                             | 1000                    | 2.5                               |
| Selected Toxicology Information |                         |                                   |
| Probit Slope:  Unknown          | TLE:  Unknown           |                                   |
|                                 |                         |                                   |
| DOC:  Low                       |                         |                                   |
|                                 |                         |                                   |


                 (2)
                          Table H-48 provides toxicity estimates for a lethal dose from a
percutaneous vapor exposure to HN-2.  Personnel are masked.

| Moderate Temperatures           |                   |   Hot Temperatures  |
|---------------------------------|-------------------|---------------------|
| LCt                             |                   |                     |
| 50                              |                   |                     |
| LCt                             |                   |                     |
| 50                              |                   |                     |
| Exposure Duration               |                   |                     |
| (min)                           |                   |                     |
|                                 | Exposure Duration |                     |
| (min)                           |                   |                     |
| (mg-min/m                       |                   |                     |
| 3                               |                   |                     |
| )                               |                   |                     |
| Concentration                   |                   |                     |
| (mg/m                           |                   |                     |
| 3                               |                   |                     |
| )                               | (mg-min/m         |                     |
| 3                               |                   |                     |
| )                               |                   |                     |
| Concentration                   |                   |                     |
| (mg/m                           |                   |                     |
| 3                               |                   |                     |
| )                               |                   |                     |
| 2                               | 10,000            |               5000  |
| 10                              | 10,000            |               1000  |
| 30                              | 10,000            |                330  |
| 60                              | 10,000            |                165  |
| 120                             | 10,000            |                 85  |
| 240                             | 10,000            |                 40  |
| 360                             | 10,000            |                 30  |
| Selected Toxicology Information |                   |                     |
| Probit Slope:  Unknown          | TLE:  1 (Assumed) |                     |
|                                 |                   |                     |
| DOC:  Low                       |                   |                     |
|                                 |                   |                     |
|                                 |                   |                     |
| Probit Slope:  Unknown          |                   |                     |
|                                 |                   |                     |
| TLE:  1 (Assumed)               |                   |                     |
|                                 |                   |                     |
| DOC:  Low                       |                   |                     |
|                                 |                   |                     |


                 (3)
                          Table H-49 provides toxicity estimates for severe effects (vesication) for
exposure to HN-2.  Personnel are masked.

Ct Profiles
Moderate Temperatures

Hot Temperatures
ECt50
ECt50
Exposure Duration
(min)

Exposure Duration
(min)
(mg-min/m
3)
Concentration
(mg/m
3)
(mg-min/m
3)
Concentration
(mg/m
3)
2
500
250

2
200
100
10
500
50

10
200
20
30
500
15

30
200
5
60
500
10

60
200
3
120
500
5

120
200
1.7
240
500
2

240
200
0.8
360
500
1.4

360
200
0.6
Selected Toxicology Information
Probit Slope:  Unknown
TLE:  1 (Assumed)
DOC:  Low

Probit Slope:  Unknown
TLE:  1 (Assumed)
DOC:  Low



                 (4)
                          Table H-50 provides toxicity estimates for severe effects on eyes from an
ocular vapor exposure to HN-2.

Ct Profile
Exposure Duration (min)
ECt50 (mg-min/m3)
Concentration (mg/m3)
2
75
37.5
10
75
7.5
30
75
2.5
60
75
1.25
120
75
0.63
240
75
0.31
360
75
0.21
Selected Toxicology Information
Probit Slope:  Unknown
TLE:  1 (Assumed)
DOC:  Low


                 (5)
                          Table H-51 provides toxicity estimates for mild effects from a percutaneous
vapor exposure to HN-2.  Mild effects include erythema, itching and some pain.  Personnel
are masked.

Ct Profiles
Moderate Temperatures

Hot Temperatures
ECt50
ECt50
Exposure Duration
(min)

Exposure Duration
(min)
(mg-min/m
3)
Concentration
(mg/m
3)
(mg-min/m
3)
Concentration
(mg/m
3)
2
50
25

2
25
12.5
10
50
5

10
25
2.5
30
50
1.7

30
25
0.8
60
50
0.8

60
25
0.4
120
50
0.4

120
25
0.2
240
50
0.2

240
25
0.1
360
50
0.1

360
25
0.07
Selected Toxicology Information
Probit Slope:  Unknown
TLE:  1 (Assumed)
DOC:  Low

Probit Slope:  Unknown
TLE:  1 (Assumed)
DOC:  Low


                 (6)
                          Table H-52 provides toxicity estimates for mild effects on eyes from an
ocular vapor exposure to HN-2.

Ct Profile
3)
Concentration (mg/m
3)
Exposure Duration (min)
ECt50 (mg-min/m
2
25
12.5
10
25
2.5
30
25
0.8
60
25
0.4
120
25
0.2
240
25
0.1
360
25
0.07

## Selected Toxicology Information

| Probit Slope:  Unknown    |
|---------------------------|
|                           |
| DOC:  Low                 |
|                           |



d.

HN-3 Profile.


                 (1)
                          Table H-53 provides toxicity estimates for a lethal dose from an
inhalation/ocular vapor exposure to HN-3.

| Ct Profile (15L MV)             |                         | MV Profile (2-Minute Exposure)    |
|---------------------------------|-------------------------|-----------------------------------|
| 3                               |                         |                                   |
| )                               | Concentration (mg/m     |                                   |
| 3                               |                         |                                   |
| )                               | Exposure Duration (min) | LCt                               |
| 50                              |                         |                                   |
| (mg-min/m                       |                         |                                   |
| 3                               |                         |                                   |
| )                               |                         | MV (L)                            |
| 50                              |                         |                                   |
| (mg-min/m                       |                         |                                   |
| 2                               | 1000                    | 500                               |
| 10                              | 1000                    | 100                               |
| 30                              | 1000                    | 35                                |
| 60                              | 1000                    | 15                                |
| 120                             | 1000                    | 10                                |
| 240                             | 1000                    | 5                                 |
| 360                             | 1000                    | 2.5                               |
| Selected Toxicology Information |                         |                                   |
| Probit Slope:  Unknown          | TLE:  1 (Assumed)       |                                   |
|                                 |                         |                                   |
| DOC:  Low                       |                         |                                   |
|                                 |                         |                                   |


                 (2)
                          Table H-54 provides toxicity estimates given for a lethal dose from a
percutaneous vapor exposure to HN-3.  Personnel are masked.

Ct Profiles
Moderate Temperatures

Hot Temperatures
LCt50
LCt50
Exposure Duration
(min)

Exposure Duration
(min)
(mg-min/m
3)
Concentration
(mg/m
3)
(mg-min/m
3)
Concentration
(mg/m
3)
2
10,000
5000

2
5000
2500
10
10,000
1000

10
5000
500
30
10,000
330

30
5000
165
60
10,000
165

60
5000
85
120
10,000
85

120
5000
40
240
10,000
40

240
5000
20
360
10,000
30

360
5000
15
Selected Toxicology Information
Probit Slope:  Unknown
TLE:  1 (Assumed)
DOC:  Low

Probit Slope:  Unknown
TLE:  1 (Assumed)
DOC:  Low


                 (3)
                          Table H-55 provides toxicity estimates for severe effects (vesication) from a
percutaneous vapor exposure to HN-3.  Personnel are masked.

Ct Profiles
Moderate Temperatures

Hot Temperatures
ECt50
ECt50
Exposure Duration
(min)

Exposure Duration
(min)
(mg-min/m
3)
Concentration
(mg/m
3)
(mg-min/m
3)
Concentration
(mg/m
3)
2
500
250

2
200
100
10
500
50

10
200
20
30
500
15

30
200
5
60
500
10

60
200
3
120
500
5

120
200
1.7
240
500
2

240
200
0.8
360
500
1.4

360
200
0.6
Selected Toxicology Information
Probit Slope:  Unknown
TLE:  1 (Assumed)
DOC:  Low

Probit Slope:  Unknown
TLE:  1 (Assumed)
DOC:  Low



                 (4)
                          Table H-56 provides toxicity estimates given for severe effects on eyes from
an ocular vapor exposure to HN-3.

Ct Profile
3)
Concentration (mg/m
3)
Exposure Duration (min)
ECt50 (mg-min/m
2
75
37.5
10
75
7.5
30
75
2.5
60
75
1.25
120
75
0.63
240
75
0.31
360
75
0.21
Selected Toxicology Information
Probit Slope:  Unknown
TLE:  1 (Assumed)
DOC:  Low


                 (5)
                          Table H-57 provides toxicity estimates for mild effects from a percutaneous
vapor exposure to HN-3.  Personnel are masked.

Ct Profiles
Moderate Temperatures

Hot Temperatures
ECt50
ECt50
Exposure Duration
(min)

Exposure Duration
(min)
(mg-min/m
3)
Concentration
(mg/m
3)
(mg-min/m
3)
Concentration
(mg/m
3)
2
50
25

2
25
12.5
10
50
5

10
25
2.5
30
50
1.7

30
25
0.8
60
50
0.8

60
25
0.4
120
50
0.4

120
25
0.2
240
50
0.2

240
25
0.1
360
50
0.1

360
25
0.07
Selected Toxicology Information
Probit Slope:  Unknown
TLE:  1 (Assumed)
DOC:  Low

Probit Slope:  Unknown
TLE:  1 (Assumed)
DOC:  Low


                 (6)
                          Table H-58 provides toxicity estimates for mild effects on eyes from an
ocular vapor exposure to HN-3.

Ct Profile
3)
Concentration (mg/m
3)
Exposure Duration (min)
ECt50 (mg-min/m
2
25
12.5
10
25
2.5
30
25
0.8
60
25
0.4
120
25
0.2
240
25
0.1
360
25
0.07

## Selected Toxicology Information

| Probit Slope:  Unknown    |
|---------------------------|
|                           |
| DOC:  Low                 |
|                           |


e.

HT Profile.


                 (1)
                          Table H-59 provides toxicity estimates for a lethal dose from an
inhalation/ocular vapor exposure to HT.

| Ct Profile (15L MV)             |                         | MV Profile (2-Minute Exposure)    |
|---------------------------------|-------------------------|-----------------------------------|
| 3                               |                         |                                   |
| )                               | Concentration (mg/m     |                                   |
| 3                               |                         |                                   |
| )                               | Exposure Duration (min) | LCt                               |
| 50                              |                         |                                   |
| (mg-min/m                       |                         |                                   |
| 3                               |                         |                                   |
| )                               |                         | MV (L)                            |
| 50                              |                         |                                   |
| (mg-min/m                       |                         |                                   |
| 2                               | 1000                    | 500                               |
| 10                              | 1000                    | 100                               |
| 30                              | 1000                    | 35                                |
| 60                              | 1000                    | 15                                |
| 120                             | 1000                    | 10                                |
| 240                             | 1000                    | 5                                 |
| 360                             | 1000                    | 2.5                               |
| Selected Toxicology Information |                         |                                   |
| Probit Slope:  Unknown          | TLE:  1 (Assumed)       |                                   |
|                                 |                         |                                   |
| DOC:  Low                       |                         |                                   |
|                                 |                         |                                   |


                 (2)
                          Table H-60 provides toxicity estimates for a lethal dose from a
percutaneous vapor exposure to HT.  Personnel are masked.

| Moderate Temperatures           |                   |   Hot Temperatures  |
|---------------------------------|-------------------|---------------------|
| LCt                             |                   |                     |
| 50                              |                   |                     |
| LCt                             |                   |                     |
| 50                              |                   |                     |
| Exposure Duration               |                   |                     |
| (min)                           |                   |                     |
|                                 | Exposure Duration |                     |
| (min)                           |                   |                     |
| (mg-min/m                       |                   |                     |
| 3                               |                   |                     |
| )                               |                   |                     |
| Concentration                   |                   |                     |
| (mg/m                           |                   |                     |
| 3                               |                   |                     |
| )                               | (mg-min/m         |                     |
| 3                               |                   |                     |
| )                               |                   |                     |
| Concentration                   |                   |                     |
| (mg/m                           |                   |                     |
| 3                               |                   |                     |
| )                               |                   |                     |
| 2                               | 10,000            |               5000  |
| 10                              | 10,000            |               1000  |
| 30                              | 10,000            |                330  |
| 60                              | 10,000            |                165  |
| 120                             | 10,000            |                 85  |
| 240                             | 10,000            |                 40  |
| 360                             | 10,000            |                 30  |
| Selected Toxicology Information |                   |                     |
| Probit Slope:  Unknown          | TLE:  1 (Assumed) |                     |
|                                 |                   |                     |
| DOC:  Low                       |                   |                     |
|                                 |                   |                     |
|                                 |                   |                     |
| Probit Slope:  Unknown          |                   |                     |
|                                 |                   |                     |
| TLE:  1 (Assumed)               |                   |                     |
|                                 |                   |                     |
| DOC:  Low                       |                   |                     |
|                                 |                   |                     |


                 (3)
                          Table H-61 provides toxicity estimates for severe effects (vesication) from a
percutaneous vapor exposure to HT.  Personnel are masked.

Ct Profiles
Moderate Temperatures

Hot Temperatures
ECt50
ECt50
Exposure Duration
(min)

Exposure Duration
(min)
(mg-min/m
3)
Concentration
(mg/m
3)
(mg-min/m
3)
Concentration
(mg/m
3)
2
500
250

2
200
100
10
500
50

10
200
20
30
500
15

30
200
5
60
500
10

60
200
3
120
500
5

120
200
1.7
240
500
2

240
200
0.8
360
500
1.4

360
200
0.6
Selected Toxicology Information
Probit Slope:  Unknown
TLE:  1 (Assumed)
DOC:  Low

Probit Slope:  Unknown
TLE:  1 (Assumed)
DOC:  Low



                 (4)
                          Table H-62 provides toxicity estimates for severe effects on eyes from an
ocular vapor exposure to HT.

Ct Profile
3)
Concentration (mg/m
3)
Exposure Duration (min)
ECt50 (mg-min/m
2
75
37.5
10
75
7.5
30
75
2.5
60
75
1.25
120
75
0.63
240
75
0.31
360
75
0.21
Selected Toxicology Information
Probit Slope:  Unknown
TLE:  1 (Assumed)
DOC:  Low


                 (5)
                          Table H-63 provides toxicity estimates for mild effects from a percutaneous
vapor exposure to HT.  Personnel are masked.

Ct Profiles
Moderate Temperatures

Hot Temperatures
ECt50
ECt50
Exposure Duration
(min)

Exposure Duration
(min)
(mg-min/m
3)
Concentration
(mg/m
3)
(mg-min/m
3)
Concentration
(mg/m
3)
2
50
25

2
25
12.5
10
50
5

10
25
2.5
30
50
1.7

30
25
0.8
60
50
0.8

60
25
0.4
120
50
0.4

120
25
0.2
240
50
0.2

240
25
0.1
360
50
0.1

360
25
0.07
Selected Toxicology Information
Probit Slope:  Unknown
TLE:  1 (Assumed)
DOC:  Low

Probit Slope:  Unknown
TLE:  1 (Assumed)
DOC:  Low


                 (6)
                          Table H-64 provides toxicity estimates for mild effects on eyes from an
ocular vapor exposure to HT.

Ct Profile
3)
Concentration (mg/m
3)
Exposure Duration (min)
ECt50 (mg-min/m
2
25
12.5
10
25
2.5
30
25
0.8
60
25
0.4
120
25
0.2
240
25
0.1
360
25
0.07

## Selected Toxicology Information

| Probit Slope:  Unknown    |
|---------------------------|
|                           |
| DOC:  Low                 |
|                           |


f.

L Profile.


                 (1)
                          Table H-65 provides toxicity estimates for a lethal dose from an
inhalation/ocular vapor exposure to L.

| Ct Profile (15L MV)             |                         | MV Profile (2-Minute Exposure)    |
|---------------------------------|-------------------------|-----------------------------------|
| 3                               |                         |                                   |
| )                               | Concentration (mg/m     |                                   |
| 3                               |                         |                                   |
| )                               | Exposure Duration (min) | LCT                               |
| 50                              |                         |                                   |
| (mg-min/m                       |                         |                                   |
| 3                               |                         |                                   |
| )                               |                         | MV (L)                            |
| 50                              |                         |                                   |
| (mg-min/m                       |                         |                                   |
| 2                               | 1000                    | 700                               |
| 10                              | 1000                    | 140                               |
| 30                              | 1000                    | 45                                |
| 60                              | 1000                    | 25                                |
| 120                             | 1000                    | 10                                |
| 240                             | 1000                    | 5                                 |
| 360                             | 1000                    | 4                                 |
| Selected Toxicology Information |                         |                                   |
| Probit Slope:  Unknown          | TLE:  1 (Assumed)       |                                   |
|                                 |                         |                                   |
| DOC:  Low                       |                         |                                   |
|                                 |                         |                                   |


                 (2)
                          Table H-66 provides toxicity estimates for a lethal dose from a
percutaneous vapor exposure to L.  Personnel are masked.

| Moderate Temperatures    |                   | Hot Temperatures    |
|--------------------------|-------------------|---------------------|
| LCt                      |                   |                     |
| 50                       |                   |                     |
| LCt                      |                   |                     |
| 50                       |                   |                     |
| Exposure Duration        |                   |                     |
| (min)                    |                   |                     |
|                          | Exposure Duration |                     |
| (min)                    |                   |                     |
| (mg-min/m                |                   |                     |
| 3                        |                   |                     |
| )                        |                   |                     |
| Concentration            |                   |                     |
| (mg/m                    |                   |                     |
| 3                        |                   |                     |
| )                        | (mg-min/m         |                     |
| 3                        |                   |                     |
| )                        |                   |                     |
| Concentration            |                   |                     |
| (mg/m                    |                   |                     |
| 3                        |                   |                     |
| )                        |                   |                     |
| 2                        | 5000-10,000       | 2500-5000           |
| 10                       | 5000-10,000       | 500-1000            |
| 30                       | 5000-10,000       | 165-330             |
| 60                       | 5000-10,000       | 85-165              |
| 120                      | 5000-10,000       | 40-85               |
| 240                      | 5000-10,000       | 20-40               |
| 360                      | 5000-10,000       | 15-30               |

## Selected Toxicology Information

| Probit Slope:  Unknown    | TLE:  1 (Assumed)   |
|---------------------------|---------------------|
|                           |                     |
| DOC:  Low                 |                     |
|                           |                     |
| Probit Slope:  Unknown    |                     |
|                           |                     |
| TLE:  1 (Assumed)         |                     |
|                           |                     |
| DOC:  Low                 |                     |
|                           |                     |
|                           |                     |
| True human LCt            |                     |
| 50                        |                     |
| may be lower.             | True human LCt      |
| 50                        |                     |
| may be lower.             |                     |


                 (3)
                          Table H-67 provides toxicity estimates for severe effects (vesication) from a
percutaneous vapor exposure to L.  Personnel are masked.

Ct Profiles
Moderate Temperatures

Hot Temperatures
ECt50
ECt50
Exposure Duration
(min)

Exposure Duration
(min)
(mg-min/m
3)
Concentration
(mg/m
3)
(mg-min/m
3)
Concentration
(mg/m
3)
2
500
250

2
200
100
10
500
50

10
200
20
30
500
15

30
200
5
60
500
10

60
200
3
120
500
5

120
200
1.7
240
500
2

240
200
0.8
360
500
1.4

360
200
0.6
Selected Toxicology Information
Probit Slope:  Unknown
TLE:  1 (Assumed)
DOC:  Low

Probit Slope:  Unknown
TLE:  1 (Assumed)
DOC:  Low



                 (4)
                          Table H-68 provides toxicity estimates for severe effects on eyes from an
ocular vapor exposure to L.

Ct Profile
3)
Concentration (mg/m
3)
Exposure Duration (min)
ECt50 (mg-min/m
2
75
37.5
10
75
7.5
30
75
2.5
60
75
1.25
120
75
0.63
240
75
0.31
360
75
0.21
Selected Toxicology Information
Probit Slope:  Unknown
TLE:  1 (Assumed)
DOC:  Low


                 (5)
                          Table H-69 provides toxicity estimates for mild effects from a percutaneous
vapor exposure to L.  Personnel are masked.

Ct Profiles
Moderate Temperatures

Hot Temperatures
ECt50
ECt50
Exposure Duration
(min)

Exposure Duration
(min)
(mg-min/m
3)
Concentration
(mg/m
3)
(mg-min/m
3)
Concentration
(mg/m
3)
2
50
25

2
25
12.5
10
50
5

10
25
2.5
30
50
1.7

30
25
0.8
60
50
0.8

60
25
0.4
120
50
0.4

120
25
0.2
240
50
0.2

240
25
0.1
360
50
0.1

360
25
0.07
Selected Toxicology Information
Probit Slope:  Unknown
TLE:  1 (Assumed)
DOC:  Low

Probit Slope:  Unknown
TLE:  1 (Assumed)
DOC:  Low


                 (6)
                          Table H-70 provides toxicity estimates for mild effects on eyes from an
ocular vapor exposure to L.

Ct Profile
3)
Concentration (mg/m
3)
Exposure Duration (min)
ECt50 (mg-min/m
2
25
12.5
10
25
2.5
30
25
0.8
60
25
0.4
120
25
0.2
240
25
0.1
360
25
0.07

## Selected Toxicology Information

| Probit Slope:  Unknown    |
|---------------------------|
|                           |
| DOC:  Low                 |
|                           |


g.

HL Profile.


                 (1)
                          Table H-71 provides toxicity estimates for a lethal dose from an
inhalation/ocular vapor exposure to HL.

| Ct Profile (15L MV)             |                         | MV Profile (2-Minute Exposure)    |
|---------------------------------|-------------------------|-----------------------------------|
| 3                               |                         |                                   |
| )                               | Concentration (mg/m     |                                   |
| 3                               |                         |                                   |
| )                               | Exposure Duration (min) | LCt                               |
| 50                              |                         |                                   |
| (mg-min/m                       |                         |                                   |
| 3                               |                         |                                   |
| )                               |                         | MV (L)                            |
| 50                              |                         |                                   |
| (mg-min/m                       |                         |                                   |
| 2                               | 1000                    | 500                               |
| 10                              | 1000                    | 170                               |
| 30                              | 1000                    | 80                                |
| 60                              | 1000                    | 50                                |
| 120                             | 1000                    | 30                                |
| 240                             | 1000                    | 20                                |
| 360                             | 1000                    | 15                                |
| Selected Toxicology Information |                         |                                   |
| Probit Slope:  Unknown          | TLE:  1 (Assumed)       |                                   |
|                                 |                         |                                   |
| DOC:  Low                       |                         |                                   |
|                                 |                         |                                   |


                 (2)
                          Table H-72 provides toxicity estimates for a lethal dose from a
percutaneous vapor exposure to HL.  Personnel are masked.

| Moderate Temperatures           |                   |   Hot Temperatures  |
|---------------------------------|-------------------|---------------------|
| LCt                             |                   |                     |
| 50                              |                   |                     |
| LCt                             |                   |                     |
| 50                              |                   |                     |
| Exposure Duration               |                   |                     |
| (min)                           |                   |                     |
|                                 | Exposure Duration |                     |
| (min)                           |                   |                     |
| (mg-min/m                       |                   |                     |
| 3                               |                   |                     |
| )                               |                   |                     |
| Concentration                   |                   |                     |
| (mg/m                           |                   |                     |
| 3                               |                   |                     |
| )                               | (mg-min/m         |                     |
| 3                               |                   |                     |
| )                               |                   |                     |
| Concentration                   |                   |                     |
| (mg/m                           |                   |                     |
| 3                               |                   |                     |
| )                               |                   |                     |
| 2                               | 10,000            |               5000  |
| 10                              | 10,000            |               1000  |
| 30                              | 10,000            |                330  |
| 60                              | 10,000            |                165  |
| 120                             | 10,000            |                 85  |
| 240                             | 10,000            |                 40  |
| 360                             | 10,000            |                 30  |
| Selected Toxicology Information |                   |                     |
| Probit Slope:  Unknown          | TLE:  1 (Assumed) |                     |
|                                 |                   |                     |
| DOC:  Low                       |                   |                     |
|                                 |                   |                     |
|                                 |                   |                     |
| Probit Slope:  Unknown          |                   |                     |
|                                 |                   |                     |
| TLE:  1 (Assumed)               |                   |                     |
|                                 |                   |                     |
| DOC:  Low                       |                   |                     |
|                                 |                   |                     |


                 (3)
                          Table H-73 provides toxicity estimates for severe effects (vesication) from a
percutaneous vapor exposure to HL.  Personnel are masked.

Ct Profiles
Moderate Temperatures

Hot Temperatures
ECt50
ECt50
Exposure Duration
(min)

Exposure Duration
(min)
(mg-min/m
3)
Concentration
(mg/m
3)
(mg-min/m
3)
Concentration
(mg/m
3)
2
500
250

2
200
100
10
500
50

10
200
20
30
500
15

30
200
5
60
500
10

60
200
3
120
500
5

120
200
1.7
240
500
2

240
200
0.8
360
500
1.4

360
200
0.6
Selected Toxicology Information
Probit Slope:  Unknown
TLE:  1 (Assumed)
DOC:  Low
Probit Slope:  Unknown
TLE:  1 (Assumed)
DOC:  Low



                 (4)
                          Table H-74 provides toxicity estimates for severe effects on eyes from an
ocular vapor exposure to HL.

Ct Profile
3)
Concentration (mg/m
3)
Exposure Duration (min)
ECt50 (mg-min/m
2
75
37.5
10
75
7.5
30
75
2.5
60
75
1.25
120
75
0.63
240
75
0.31
360
75
0.21
Selected Toxicology Information
Probit Slope:  Unknown
TLE:  1 (Assumed)
DOC:  Low


                 (5)
                          Table H-75 provides toxicity estimates for mild effects from a percutaneous
vapor exposure to HL.  Personnel are masked.

Ct Profiles
Moderate Temperatures

Hot Temperatures
ECt50
ECt50
Exposure Duration
(min)

Exposure Duration
(min)
(mg-min/m
3)
Concentration
(mg/m
3)
(mg-min/m
3)
Concentration
(mg/m
3)
2
50
25

2
25
12.5
10
50
5

10
25
2.5
30
50
1.7

30
25
0.8
60
50
0.8

60
25
0.4
120
50
0.4

120
25
0.2
240
50
0.2

240
25
0.1
360
50
0.1

360
25
0.07
Selected Toxicology Information
Probit Slope:  Unknown
TLE:  1 (Assumed)
DOC:  Low

Probit Slope:  Unknown
TLE:  1 (Assumed)
DOC:  Low


                 (6)
                          Table H-76 provides toxicity estimates for mild effects on eyes from an
ocular vapor exposure to HL.

3)
Concentration (mg/m
3)
Exposure Duration (min)
ECt50 (mg-min/m
2
25
12.5
10
25
2.5
30
25
0.8
60
25
0.4
120
25
0.2
240
25
0.1
360
25
0.07

## Selected Toxicology Information

| Probit Slope:  Unknown    |
|---------------------------|
|                           |
| DOC:  Low                 |
|                           |


        h.
                 PD Profile.  Table H-77 provides toxicity estimates for a lethal dose from an
inhalation/ocular vapor exposure to PD.

| Ct Profile (15L MV)             |                         | MV Profile (2-Minute Exposure)    |
|---------------------------------|-------------------------|-----------------------------------|
| 3                               |                         |                                   |
| )                               | Concentration (mg/m     |                                   |
| 3                               |                         |                                   |
| )                               | Exposure Duration (min) | LCt                               |
| 50                              |                         |                                   |
| (mg-min/m                       |                         |                                   |
| 3                               |                         |                                   |
| )                               |                         | MV (L)                            |
| 50                              |                         |                                   |
| (mg-min/m                       |                         |                                   |
| 2                               | 2600                    | 1300                              |
| 10                              | 2600                    | 260                               |
| 30                              | 2600                    | 85                                |
| 60                              | 2600                    | 45                                |
| 120                             | 2600                    | 20                                |
| 240                             | 2600                    | 10                                |
| 360                             | 2600                    | 5                                 |
| Selected Toxicology Information |                         |                                   |
| Probit Slope:  Unknown          | TLE:  1 (Assumed)       |                                   |
|                                 |                         |                                   |
| DOC:  Low                       |                         |                                   |
|                                 |                         |                                   |


        i.
                 CX Profile.  Table H-78 provides toxicity estimates for a lethal dose from an
inhalation/ocular vapor exposure to CX.

| Ct Profile (15L MV)             |                         | MV Profile (2-Minute Exposure)    |
|---------------------------------|-------------------------|-----------------------------------|
| 3                               |                         |                                   |
| )                               | Concentration (mg/m     |                                   |
| 3                               |                         |                                   |
| )                               | Exposure Duration (min) | LCt                               |
| 50                              |                         |                                   |
| (mg-min/m                       |                         |                                   |
| 3                               |                         |                                   |
| )                               |                         | MV (L)                            |
| 50                              |                         |                                   |
| (mg-min/m                       |                         |                                   |
| 2                               | 3200                    | 1600                              |
| 10                              | 3200                    | 320                               |
| 30                              | 3200                    | 105                               |
| 60                              | 3200                    | 55                                |
| 120                             | 3200                    | 25                                |
| 240                             | 3200                    | 15                                |
| 360                             | 3200                    | 10                                |
| Selected Toxicology Information |                         |                                   |
| Probit Slope:  Unknown          | TLE:  1 (Assumed)       |                                   |
|                                 |                         |                                   |
| DOC:  Low                       |                         |                                   |
|                                 |                         |                                   |

## 6. Respiratory Irritants


Table H-79 provides toxicity estimates for a lethal dose from an inhalation/ocular vapor exposure to DM.

| Ct Profile (15L MV)             |                         | MV Profile (2-Minute Exposure)    |
|---------------------------------|-------------------------|-----------------------------------|
| 3                               |                         |                                   |
| )                               | Concentration (mg/m     |                                   |
| 3                               |                         |                                   |
| )                               | Exposure Duration (min) | LCt                               |
| 50                              |                         |                                   |
| (mg-min/m                       |                         |                                   |
| 3                               |                         |                                   |
| )                               |                         | MV (L)                            |
| 50                              |                         |                                   |
| (mg-min/m                       |                         |                                   |
| 2                               | 11,000                  | 5500                              |
| 10                              | 11,000                  | 1100                              |
| 30                              | 11,000                  | 365                               |
| 60                              | 11,000                  | 185                               |
| 120                             | 11,000                  | 90                                |
| 240                             | 11,000                  | 45                                |
| Selected Toxicology Information |                         |                                   |
| Probit Slope:  Unknown          | TLE:  1 (Assumed)       |                                   |
|                                 |                         |                                   |
| DOC:  Low                       |                         |                                   |
|                                 |                         |                                   |
|                                 |                         |                                   |

1Sharon Reutter, et al., Review and Recommendations for Human Toxicity Estimates for FM 3-
11.9, ECBC-TR-349, September 2003.



## Appendix I



## Properties Of Selected Biological Agents



This appendix provides information on the properties of selected biological agents.

BW Agents1
Likely Methods of
Dissemination
Transmissibility
Person-to-Person
Infectivity
Lethality2
Stability2
Anthrax (Inhalation)
Spores in aerosols
None
Moderate
High
Spores are highly stable
Brucellosis


1. Aerosol
None
High
Low
Long persistence in wet soil and
food
2. Sabotage (food supply)
Cholera
1. Sabotage (food/water supply)
Negligible
Low
Moderate to high
Unstable in aerosol and pure water; more so in polluted water
2. Aerosol
Glanders


Aerosol
DNA
DNA
DNA
DNA
Melioidosis


Aerosol
Negligible
High
Variable
Stable
Plague (Pneumonic)
1.
Aerosol
High
High
Very high
Less important because of high
transmissibility
2.
Infected Vectors
Psittacosis


Aerosol
Negligible
Moderate
Very low
Stable
Shigellosis
Sabotage (Food/Water Supply)
DNA
DNA
DNA
DNA
Tularemia
Aerosol
Negligible
High
Moderate if untreated
Not very stable
Typhoid Fever
1. Sabotage (food/water supply)
Negligible
Moderate
Moderate if untreated
Unknown
2. Aerosol
Q Fever
1. Aerosol
None


High
Very low
Stable
2. Sabotage (food supply)
Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever
1. Aerosol
None
High
High
Not very stable
2. Infected Vectors
Trench Fever
1. Aerosol
None


DNA
Low
DNA
2. Vector
Typhus Fever
1. Aerosol
None
High
High
Not very stable
2. Infected vectors
Chikungunya
Aerosol
None
High
Very low
Relatively stable
Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever
Aerosol
Moderate
High
High
Relatively stable
Dengue Fever
Aerosol
None
High
Low
Relatively unstable
Eastern Equine Encephalitis
Aerosol
None
High
High
Relatively unstable
Western Equine Encephalitis
Aerosol
None
High
Low
Relatively unstable
Ebola Fever
Aerosol
Moderate
High
High
Relatively unstable
Far Eastern Tick-borne Encephalitis
1. Aerosol
None


High
Moderate
Relatively unstable
2. Milk
Hantaan Virus (Korean HFV)
Aerosol
None
High
Moderate
Relatively stable
Juinn Hemorrhagic Fever
Aerosol
DNA
DNA
DNA
DNA
BW Agents1
Likely Methods of
Dissemination
Transmissibility
Person-to-Person
Infectivity
Lethality2
Stability2
Machuo Hemorrhagic Fever
Aerosol
DNA
DNA
DNA
DNA
Lassa Fever
Aerosol
Low to moderate
High
Unknown
Relatively stable
Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis
Aerosol
None
DNA
Low
DNA
Monkeypox


Aerosol
DNA
Rift Valley Fever
1. Aerosol
Low


High
Low
Relatively stable
2. Infected vectors
Smallpox


Aerosol
High
High
High
Stable
Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis
1. Aerosol
Low


High
Low
Relatively unstable
2. Infected vectors
Yellow Fever
Aerosol
None
High
High
Relatively unstable
Botulinum Toxin
1. Sabotage (food/water supply)
None


N/A
High
Stable
2. Aerosol
Clostridium Perfringens Toxins
1. Sabotage
None


N/A
Low
Stable
2. Aerosol
Conotoxins


1.
Aerosol
None
N/A
High
DNa
2. Sabotage (food/water)
Shigatoxins


1. Aerosol
DNA
N/A
DNA
DNA
2. Sabotage (food/water)
Microcystin


1. Aerosol
None
N/A
DNA
DNA
2. Sabotage (food/water)
Ricin


Aerosol
None
N/A
High
Stable
Saxitoxin


1. Sabotage
None
N/A
High
Stable
2. Aerosol
Staphylococcal Enterotoxin B
1. Aerosol
None


N/A
Low
Stable
2.  Sabotage
Tetrodotoxin


1. Sabotage
None
N/A
High
Stable
2. Aerosol
Trichothecene Mycotoxins
Aerosol
None
N/A
High
Stable

1FM 8-9/NAVMED P-5059/AFJMAN 44-151, NATO Handbook on the Medical Aspects of NBC Defense Operations AMEDP-6(B), 1 February 1996.

2Lethality and stability information is based on studies of natural, endemic strains of these agents. There is potential that the lethality and/or stability of some agents may be changed through various laboratory alterations and/or the use of stabilizing chemicals.

## Appendix J Selected Animal Pathogens 1. Background


This appendix provides summaries of animal diseases listed in The Biological and Chemical Warfare Threat (1999).  The information generally addressed in this appendix provides descriptions, treatment, and control measures.  The military role, if any, would likely be in a consequence management support role, and the brief descriptions provided furnish an awareness of the agents that could be used.  For further information, contact the Army Medical Department (AMEDD).

## 2. Animal Diseases


a.
African Swine Fever (ASF).1


                 (1)
                          ASF is a tick-borne and contagious disease of swine caused by a virus and
characterized by hemorrhages of internal organs, high fever, moderate anorexia, and
leukopia.  Mortality rates may reach 100 percent.  It occurs in Africa and on the island of
Sardinia.



(2)
There is no treatment available.


                 (3)
                          Control.   Slaughter and disposal of all acutely infected pigs, widespread
testing and elimination of all seropositive animals, and good herd isolation and sanitary
practices can accomplish control and eradication of ASF in developed countries.  There is no
vaccine.



(4)
Human beings are not susceptible to ASF.

b.
Avian Influenza (AI) (Fowl Plague).2


                 (1)
                          AI is a disease of viral etiology that ranges from a mild or even
asymptomatic infection to an acute, fatal disease of chickens, turkeys, guinea fowls, and
other avian species, especially migratory waterfowl.  Highly pathogenic AI viruses have
periodically occurred in recent years in Australia, England, South Africa, Scotland, Ireland,
Mexico, Pakistan, and the US.  It is generally accepted belief that waterfowl, sea birds, or
shore birds are generally responsible for introducing the virus into poultry.  Death may
occur within 24 hours of first signs of disease, frequently within 48 hours, or can be delayed
for as long as a week.


                 (2)
                          The practice of accepted sanitation and biosecurity procedures in the
rearing of the poultry is of utmost importance.  In areas where waterfowl, shore birds, or
sea birds are prevalent, the rearing of poultry on open range is incompatible with a sound
AI prevention program.  Cleaning and disinfection procedures are critical.


                 (3)
                          The AI viruses are Type A influenza viruses, and the possibility exists that
they could be involved in the development, through genetic reassortment, of new
mammalian strains.  The infection and deaths of 6 of 18 humans infected with an AI virus
in Hong Kong in 1997 has resulted in a reconsideration of the role that the avian species
have on the epidemiology of human influenza.


                 (4)
                          The AI viruses are Type A influenza viruses, and the possibility exists that
they could be involved in the development, through genetic reassortment, of new
mammalian strains.

## C. Bluetongue (Sore Muzzle).3


                 (1)
                          Bluetongue is an acute, noncontagious, insect-borne disease of sheep, goats,
cattle, and wild ruminants caused by a virus.  Occurrence is probably worldwide.  Cattle
and goats with inapparent infections are important reservoirs of the virus.


                 (2)
                          The only applicable treatment available is to minimize animal stress and
administer broad-spectrum antibiotics to combat secondary infections.


                 (3)
                          A live attenuated vaccine is available for use in sheep in the US.


                 (4)
                          There is only one documented human infection, and that was a laboratory
worker.

## D. Foot-And-Mouth Disease (Fmd).4


                 (1)
                          FMD is a highly contagious disease of cloven-footed domestic and wild
animals caused by a virus.  The morbidity is essentially 100 percent, and the mortality is
less than 1 percent.  Great economic loss results from the effects of the disease, which
include lameness, low milk production, weight loss, mastitis, debilitation, and abortion.
FMD occurs in many major livestock-producing countries.


                 (2)
                          A number of inactivated vaccines, including those prepared in cell cultures
containing the appropriate types or subtypes, are used in countries where the disease is
endemic.  The duration of immunity may be as short as 4 months.  Treatment to prevent
and cope with secondary infection may be necessary.


                 (3)
                          In countries free of FMD, a policy of quarantine and slaughter is usually
practiced with the goal of complete eradication.


                 (4)
                          In a review of the zoonotic aspects of FMD by K. Bauer in 1997, he reported
that, since 1921, the FMD virus has been isolated and typed from slightly over 40 human
cases.  The cases occurred on three continents: Europe, Africa, and South America.
Because infection is uncommon, FMD is not considered to be a public health problem.


e.
Sheep Pox and Goat Pox.5


                 (1)
                          Sheep pox and goat pox, in fully susceptible animals, are highly contagious
and often fatal diseases caused by a capripoxvirus and characterized by fever and pox.  The
diseases are endemic in Africa, the Middle East, the Indian subcontinent, and much of Asia.
Transmission is by direct and indirect contact, and the viruses can survive on contaminated
premises for many months.



(2)
There is no treatment available.


                 (3)
                          When a new case is confirmed, the area should be quarantined, infected
and exposed animals should be slaughtered, and the premises cleaned and disinfected.
Vaccination of susceptible animals on premises surrounding the infected flock should be
considered.



(4)
There is no conclusive evidence that SGPV infects humans.

f.
Aujeszky's Disease (AJD) (Pseudorabies).6


                 (1)
                          AJD is caused by porcine herpesvirus-1.  Pigs are the main host, but
sporadic cases have occurred in cattle, sheep, goats, horses, dogs, cats, foxes, and rodents.
AJD is highly contagious and is principally spread via the respiratory route.  It is endemic
in the swine of many countries.  It occurs frequently in the US, but not in Canada and
Australia.



(2)
There is no treatment available.


                 (3)
                          Live attenuated and inactivated virus vaccines are available to reduce
losses in herds in which the disease is a continuing problem.  Vaccination does not
necessarily prevent infection or shedding of the virus.



(4)
There is no transmission to humans.

g.
Hog Cholera (Swine Fever).7


                 (1)
                          Hog cholera, a highly contagious disease, is caused by a virus and is
characterized in fully susceptible pigs by high mortality.   The disease occurs in many
countries of Europe, Africa, and Asia.  It has been eradicated in Australia, Canada, and the
US.  The disease is spread by direct and indirect contact.



(2)
There is no treatment available.


                 (3)
                          A strict regimen of vaccination will reduce the number of outbreaks to a
level at which complete eradication by sanitary measure alone will be feasible.



(4)
Human beings are not susceptible to Hog Cholera infection.

h.
Lyssa Virus (Rabies).8


(1)
Rabies infections are usually established following introduction of virusinfected saliva into a bite or scratch, although animals can also be infected by the oral and nasal (olfactory) routes.  Bat-infested caves may result in infectious aerosols; nonbite transmission of the disease from this source has been reported in a number of animal species, including humans.  The disease generally takes one of two forms:  "furious," with sporadic episodes of rage; or "dumb," in which there is an early progressive paralysis.  Both forms almost invariably result in death.  A normally lively and sociable dog, for example, may become anorexic, withdrawn, irritable, or restless.  This behavior may suddenly change, with the animal becoming highly affectionate.  At this stage, the dog may try repeatedly to lick the hands and face of its owner or handler.    As the disease progresses, the animal may appear to have difficulty swallowing, as if a bone were caught in its throat. Any attempt to alleviate the problem manually exposes the handler to considerable risk, either through a bite or the deposition of virus-infected saliva on mucous membranes or minor scratches.  The dog's bark becomes high pitched and hoarse, indicating the onset of paralysis.  The animal drools saliva.  Convulsive seizures and muscular incoordination become apparent, followed by progressive paralysis, usually terminating in death within 7 days of the onset of symptoms.  In about 25 to 50 percent of cases, apparently as a result of limbic lobe dysfunction, dogs with rabies develop the furious form of the disease.  Affected animals may eat abnormal objects, and during paroxysms of rage, will attack almost anything.  Rabies is present in most of Europe, throughout Africa, the Middle East, and most of Asia and the Americas.  The UK, Ireland, parts of Scandinavia, Japan, Singapore, Australia, New Zealand, Papua New Guinea, and the Pacific Islands are free of rabies.


                 (2)
                          There is no treatment available.


                 (3)
                          Once a virulent strain of rabies virus has established itself in the CNS of an
infected animal, the outcome is almost always death.  At a practical level, however, the only
ways of preventing rabies are by preexposure immunization.


                 (4)
                          All warm blooded animals, including humans, are susceptible.


        i.
                 Velogenic Newcastle Disease (VND) (Exotic Newcastle Disease, Asiatic
Newcastle disease).9


                 (1)
                          VND is likely the most serious disease of poultry throughout the world.  In
chickens it is characterized by morbidity rates near 100 percent and mortality rates as high
as 90 percent in susceptible chickens.


                 (2)
                          The establishment of a strict quarantine, destruction of all infected and
exposed birds followed by thorough cleaning, and disinfection of the premises are the main
actions necessary for eradication of VND virus.  VND virus has been recovered from
effluent water for as long as 21 days and from carcasses for 7 days when the daytime
temperatures were over 90 degrees.


                 (3)
                          Although people may become infected with VND virus, the resulting
disease is typically limited to conjunctivitis.  Recovery is usually rapid, and the virus is no
longer present in eye fluids after 4 to 7 days.  Infections have occurred mostly in laboratory
workers and vaccinating crews, with rare cases in poultry handlers.  No instance of
transmission to humans through handling or consuming of poultry products is known.
Individuals with conjunctivitis from VND virus should not enter poultry premises or come
in contact with live avian species.


        j.
                 Peste Des Petits Ruminants (PPR) (Pest of Small Ruminants).10


                 (1)
                          PPR is an acute or subacute disease of sheep and goats caused by a virus.
The disease is not contagious, and transmission requires close contact.  The mortality,
depending on the form, varies form 50 to 80 percent.  The disease has been reported from
west and central Africa, the Middle East, and the Indian subcontinent.


                 (2)
                          There is no specific treatment for PPR.  Drugs that control bacterial and
parasitic complications may decrease mortality.


                 (3)
                          Eradication is recommended when PPR appears in new areas.  Methods
should include quarantine, slaughter, and proper disposal of carcasses and contact fomites;
decontamination; and restrictions on importation of sheep and goats from affected areas.



(4)
PPR is not infectious to humans.

## K. Swine Vesicular Disease (Svd).11


                 (1)
                          SVD is a contagious disease of swine.  This disease produces lesions that
are grossly indistinguishable from those of FMD.  In the natural disease, the prognosis is
favorable; however, in most countries, as soon as it is recognized, the pigs are slaughtered.
This disease, which has been reported from several European countries and Asia, does not
occur in North America.


                 (2)
                          There is no treatment available.


                 (3)
                          Preventive measures include control of animals imported from infected
areas and sanitary disposal of garbage from international aircraft and ships.  Eradication

measures consist of quarantining infected farms and areas, slaughtering and disposing of infected and exposed pigs, and cleaning and disinfecting infected premises.


                 (4)
                          Human infection has been reported in laboratory personnel working with
the virus.  Caution should be taken when working with infected material.


l.

Rinderpest.12


                 (1)
                          Rinderpest is a contagious viral disease of cattle, domestic buffalo, and
some species of wildlife.  The disease is found only in the Indian subcontinent, Near East,
and sub-Saharan Africa.  Transmission is by direct and indirect contact.  Aerosol
transmission is not a significant means of transmission except in confined areas and over
short distances.  In fully susceptible cattle, the mortality may approach 100 percent with
some virulent strains.


                 (2)
                          There is no treatment available.


                  (3)
                           If an outbreak occurs, the area should be quarantined, infected and exposed
animals slaughtered and buried or burned, and ring vaccination considered.


                 (4)
                          There are no reports of Rinderpest infection in humans.


        m.
                 Enterovirus Encephalomyelitis (Porcine Polioencephalomyelitis, Teschen
Disease, Talfan Disease).13


                 (1)
                          These diseases are caused by several closely related enteroviruses.  They
occur in pigs of all ages and are characterized by a fever and convulsions, stiffness, spasms,
and paralysis.  The highly virulent strain (Teschen Disease) has a mortality rate of 70 to 90
percent.  Transmission is made by direct or indirect contact, swill feeding, and fomites.
Teschen disease is found in central and eastern Europe, Madagascar, and Uganda.


                 (2)
                          There is no treatment available for this pathogen.


                 (3)
                          Live attenuated and inactivated vaccines are effective in controlling the
disease.  Quarantine and hygienic measures should be applied.  In the US, strict import
regulations must be followed for Teschen disease.



(4)
Pigs are the only susceptible species.

n.
Vesicular Stomatitis.14


                 (1)
                          Vesicular stomatitis is a contagious disease of cattle, horses, and pigs.  The
disease occurs in North and Central America and the northern part of South America.  The
incubation period is usually 24 hours; and direct contact, biting insects, and fomites spread
the disease rapidly.  Humans may be infected by contact and by aerosol.


                 (2)
                          There is no treatment except the use of mild antiseptics and astringents on
the mucosa of the mouth.


                 (3)
                          Infected and exposed animals should be quarantined.  A vaccine is
available in some countries.


                 (4)
                          Vesicular stomitis (New Jersey and Indiana) infection frequently occurs in
man and causes influenza-like symptoms, but rarely results in vesicles.  Other vesicular
stomitis viruses (Piry, Isfahan, and Chandipura) are much more infectious for man.


o.
Contagious Bovine Pleuropneumonia (CBPP).15


                 (1)
                          CBPP is caused by Mycoplasma mycoides and primarily affects cattle.  The
principal mode of infection is by inhalation.  The disease occurs in Africa and some regions
of Asia (especially India and China), with occasional outbreaks in Europe.


                 (2)
                          Treatments are generally ineffective for this pathogen.


                 (3)
                          CBPP is a notifiable disease in most countries.  A live attenuated vaccine is
employed in areas where eradication is not feasible.


                 (4)
                          There is no evidence to indicate that humans are susceptible to this
disease.


p.
Contagious Equine Metritis (CEM).16


                 (1)
                          CEM is a highly contagious disease of horses.  It has been reported from
Australia, Ireland, a number of European countries, Japan, Belgium, Denmark,
Netherlands, Norway, Sweden, Switzerland, and Luxembourg.  The disease has been
eradicated from the US.


                 (2)
                          Treatment of mares with antimicrobial drugs is not always effective, even
though the disease-causing organism is generally susceptible to antibiotics.


                 (3)
                          This is a reportable disease in North America.  Quarantine or isolation with
attempts to eliminate actively infected animals and positive carriers is generally used.


                 (4)
                          There is no evidence that man is affected by the CEM.


q.
Heartwater (Cowdriosis).17


                 (1)
                          Heartwater is a disease of ruminants caused by rickettsia and transmitted
by ticks.  It occurs in Africa, Madagascar, Guadeloupe, and other islands of the Caribbean.
Cattle, sheep, and goats are affected; and indigenous breeds are more resistant than
imported ones.


                 (2)
                          Treatment involves administering tetracyclines.


                 (3)
                          Preventive measures include control of ticks.  Simultaneous infection with
infectious blood and treatment with tetracyclines provides protection against some strains.


                 (4)
                          Humans are not known to be affected by Heartwater.


r.
Screwworm Myiasis.18


                 (1)
                          Myiasis is the infestation of live vertebrate animals with larvae, which for
at least a certain period, feed on the host's dead or living tissue, liquid body substances, or
ingested food.  Screwworm larvae penetrate deeply into a wound of a warm-blooded animal
and feed on living tissue and body fluid.


                 (2)
                          Screwworm myiasis is treated with topical application of an approved
larvacide directly into the infested wound.


                 (3)
                          Where screwworm is endemic, animals must be inspected at least every 3 to
4 days to discover and treat cases of screwworm myiasis.



(4)
Humans are susceptible to screwworm myiasis.

s.
Enterovirus Infections of Swine (Virus Infection of Swine).19


                 (1)
                          This virus causes stillbirths, mummification, embryonic death, and
infertility.  These infections can be widespread where swine are raised intensively.


                 (2)
                          There is no treatment for this virus.


                 (3)
                          Enterovirus can be controlled by comingling new replacement boars or gilts
by fence-line contact or exchange of manure for 30 days before breeding begins.

1 C.A. Mebus, "African Swine Fever (Peste porcine Africaine, fiebre porcina Africana, maladie de Montgomer)," *Foreign Animal Diseases "The Gray Book*", 1998 ed., http://www.vet.uga.edu/vpp/gray_book/FAD/asf.htm (31 March 2003). 2 C.W. Beard, "Avian Influenza (Fowl Plague)," *Foreign Animal Diseases "The Gray Book*",
1998 ed., http://www.vet.uga.edu/vpp/gray_book/FAD/avi.htm (31 March 2003).

3 O.L Stott,  "Bluetongue and Epizootic Hemorrhagic Disease (Sore muzzle, pseudo foot-andmouth disease, muzzle disease)," *Foreign Animal Diseases "The Gray Book*", 1998 ed., http://www.vet.uga.edu/vpp/gray_book/FAD/blt.htm (31 March 2003). 4 James House and C.A. Mebus, "Foot-and-Mouth Disease (Afta epizootica, Bek-en-klouseer, Fiebra aftosa, Fievre aphteuse, Maul-und-Klauenseuche)," Foreign Animal Diseases "The Gray Book", 1998 ed., http://www.vet.uga.edu/vpp/gray_book/FAD/fmd.htm (31 March
2003).

5 James A. House, "Sheep and Goat Pox", *Foreign Animal Diseases "The Gray Book*", 1998
ed., http://www.vet.uga.edu/vpp/gray_book/FAD/sgp.htm (31 March 2003).

6 Alexandre Fediaevsky, "B052-Aujeszky's Disease," Manual for the Recognition of Exotic Diseases of Livestock, 17 December 2002, http://www.spc.int/rahs/Manual/Porcine/AUJESZKYSE.HTM (1 April 2003). (Developed by G. Garner and Peter Saville).

7 Gilles C. Dulac, "Hog Cholera (Classical swine fever, peste du porc, colera porcina, Virusschweinepest)," *Foreign Animal Diseases "The Gray Book*", 1998 ed., http://www.vet.uga.edu/vpp/gray_book/FAD/hoc.htm (31 March 2003). 8 Alexandre Fediaevsky, "B058-Rabies," Manual for the Recognition of Exotic Diseases of Livestock, 17 December 2002, http://www.spc.int/rahs/Manual/Multiple_Species/RABIESE.HTM (31 March 2003).

(Developed by G. Garner and Peter Saville).

9 Charles W. Beard, "Velogenic Newcastle Disease (Exotic Newcastle disease, Asiatic Newcastle disease)," *Foreign Animal Diseases "The Gray Book*", 1998 ed., http://www.vet.uga.edu/vpp/gray_book/FAD/vnd.htm (31 March 2003). 10 J.T. Saliki, "Peste Des Petits Ruminants (Pest of Small Ruminants, stomatitispneumoenteritis complex or syndrome pseudorinderpest of small ruminants and kata [Pidgin English for catarrh])," *Foreign Animal Diseases "The Gray Book*", 1998 ed., http://www.vet.uga.edu/vpp/gray_book/FAD/pdp.htm (31 March 2003).

11 C.A. Mebus, "Swine Vesicular Disease," *Foreign Animal Diseases "The Gray Book*", 1998
ed., http://www.vet.uga.edu/vpp/gray_book/FAD/svd.htm (31 March 2003).

12 C.A. Mebus, "Rinderpest," *Foreign Animal Diseases "The Gray Book*", 1998 ed., http://www.vet.uga.edu/vpp/gray_book/FAD/rin.htm (31 March 2003). 13 Alexandre Fediaevsky, "B256-Enterovirus Encephalomyelitis (Previsously Teschen Disease)," *Manual for the Recognition of Exotic Diseases of Livestock*, 17 December 2002, http://www.spc.int/rahs/Manual/Porcine/PEVE.HTML (1 April 2003).(Developed by G.

Garner and Peter Saville).

14 C.A. Mebus, "Vesicular Stomatitis," *Foreign Animal Diseases "The Gray Book*", 1998 ed., http://www.vet.uga.edu/vpp/gray_book/FAD/vst.htm (31 March 2003). 15 Corrie Brown, "Contagious Bovine Pleuropneumonia," Foreign Animal Diseases "The Gray Book", 1998 ed., http://www.vet.uga.edu/vpp/gray_book/FAD/CBP.htm (31 March
2003).

16 T.W. Swerczek, "Contagious Equine Metritis," *Foreign Animal Diseases "The Gray Book*",
1998 ed., http://www.vet.uga.edu/vpp/gray_book/FAD/cem.htm (31 March 2003).

17 C. John Mare, "Heartwater (Cowdriosis)," *Foreign Animal Diseases "The Gray Book*",
1998 ed., http://www.vet.uga.edu/vpp/gray_book/FAD/hea.htm (31 March 2003).

18 James E. Novy, "Screwworm Myiasis (Gusanos, Mosca Verde, Gusano barrendor, Gusaneras)," *Foreign Animal Diseases "The Gray Book*", 1998 ed., http://www.vet.uga.edu/vpp/gray_book/FAD/SCM.htm (8 April 2003). 19 Alex Hogg and Donald G Levis, "Swine Reproductive Problems:  Infectious Causes),"
NebGuide, February 1997, http://www.ianr.unl.edu/pubs/swine/g926.htm (8 April 2003).



## Appendix K Selected Plant Pathogens 1. Background


The purpose of this appendix is to provide a brief summary of select plant diseases listed in *The Biological and Chemical Warfare Threat* (1999).  The military could potentially be involved in a consequence management support role, and brief descriptions are provided to furnish an awareness of these agents.  For further information, contact AMEDD.

## 2. Bacterial Diseases


a.
Xanthomonas albilineans.1


(1)
Description.  Leaf Scald (Sugar Cane).


(2)
Specific Bacteria.  Xanthomonas albilineans.


                 (3)
                          Symptom.  The initial characteristic symptom is one or more narrow, white
"pencil lines" running longitudinally down the leaf blade into the sheath.  Under severe
disease conditions, entire plants may die. (4)
                          Transmission.  The bacterium lives from year to year in infected plants.  It
is spread by the harvester and possibly by other cultivation practices that cause plant
wounding.  The disease can be spread aerially in windblown rain. (5)
                          Control Measures.  The main control measures are use of disease-free or
treated seed and crop rotation.  Additionally, the disease is kept out of production areas
through quarantine of varieties introduced from other areas.


b.
Xanthomonas campestris pv. citri.2


(1)
Description.  Citrus Canker (citrus plants).


(2)
Specific Bacteria.  Bacterium-Xanthomonas campestris pv. citri.


                 (3)
                          Symptom.  On leaves, first appearance is as oily-Looking, 2- to 10-mm
circular spots.  The lesions are often similarly sized.  Later, they become white or yellow
spongy pustules.  The pustules darken and thicken into tan to brown corky cankers.
Sunken craters are noticeable on fruits.  Defoliation occurs on severely infected trees.


                 (4)
                          Transmission.  The bacterium is spread primarily by wind-driven rain,
overhead irrigation, and contaminated equipment.  Citrus canker seems to be much more
severe in areas in which the periods of high rainfall coincide with the period of high mean
temperature (such as Florida and other Gulf Coast states).


                 (5)
                          Control Measures.  In canker-free, citrus-producing areas, strict quarantine
measures are practiced.  When the canker bacterium is found in such an area, control is
attempted by burning all infected and adjacent trees to prevent the spread of the pathogen.


c.

Xanthomonas campestris pv. oryzae.3



(1)
Description.  Bacterial Leaf Blight (rice).


(2)
Specific Bacteria.  Bacterium-Xanthomonas campestris pv. oryzae.


                 (3)
                          Symptom.  The first symptom of the disease is a water-soaked lesion on the
edges of the leaf blades near the leaf tip. (4)
                          Transmission.  High rainfall and strong winds are thought to provide
conditions for the bacteria to multiply and enter the leaf through injured tissue.


                 (5)
                          Control Measures.  Fall plowing or rolling of stubble to hasten decay of the
rice debris should help to manage the disease by destroying the tissue in which the
bacterium is maintained.


d.
Xylella fastidiosa (grapevines).4


(1)
Description.  Pierce's disease (PD) (grapevines).


(2)
Specific Bacteria.  Bacterium-Xylella fastidiosa.


                 (3)
                          Symptom.  In grapes, symptoms appear as a sudden drying and scorching
of much of the margin area of the leaf while the rest of the leaf is still green.  Grape clusters
on vines with leaf symptoms stop growing, wilt, and dry up.  The bacterium also causes leaf
scorching in the American elm, maple, mulberry, and plum.  In the peach and alfalfa
plants, the bacterium slows and stunts growth.


                 (4)
                          Transmission.  The pathogen is transmitted by certain kinds of leafhoppers
known as sharpshooters.  The leafhopper vectors transmit the bacteria from diseased to
healthy plants.


                 (5)
                          Control Measures.  There is no practical control of Pierce's disease of grapes
in the field.  All commercial grape varieties are susceptible to the disease.

## 3. Fungal Diseases


a.
Colletotrichum Coffeanum.5


(1)
Description.  Coffee Berry Disease (CBD) (coffee).


(2)
Specific Fungi.  Colletotrichum Coffeanum.


(3)
Symptom.  CBD attacks the green tissues at the beginning stage of berry
development, often penetrating into the interior of the berry and destroying the bean.


                 (4)
                          Transmission.  Infected berries are the major source of transmission.  Rain
is also a major factor responsible for spreading spores.  Windblown rain also results in local
dispersal from tree to tree or over relatively short distances.  If an infected seed is planted,
systemic seed-borne inoculum could easily infect the bark of young seedlings and become
established in mature orchards.


                 (5)
                          Control Measures.  Since CBD is limited to Africa, precautions should be
taken with coffee seeds from this region.

b. Cochiliobolus miyabeans (Helminthosporium oryzae).6


(1)
Description.  Brown Spot (rice).


(2)
Specific Fungi.  Cochliobolus miyabeanus (Helminthosporium oryzae).


                 (3)
                          Symptom.  Leaf spots initially appear as small circular to oval spots on the
first seedling leaves.  Leaf spots are observed throughout the growing season and can vary
in size, shape, and color.  Small spots are dark brown to reddish brown while large spots
have a light, reddish-brown or gray center surrounded by a dark to reddish-brown margin.
Older spots may have a bright yellow halo surrounding the  lesion.  Severely infected leaves
will produce lightweight or chalky kernels.


                 (4)
                          Transmission.  The disease spreads from plant to plant in the field by
airborne spores.  Disease development is favored by high relative humidity (86 to 100
percent) and temperatures between 68 and 78 degrees F.  Leaves must be continuously wet
for 8 to 24 hours for infection to occur.


                 (5)
                          Control Measures.  The best management strategy is balanced nutrition
because plants that grow in soils with nutritional deficiencies or in soils where nutrient
uptake is hindered are more susceptible to infection.  Fungicidal seed treatment has proven
very effective in reducing seedling brown spot disease.


c.
Microcyclus ulei.7


(1)
Disease.   South American Leaf Blight (Hevea species only, yields latex).


(2)
Specific Fungi.  Microcyclus ulei *(M. ulei)*.


                 (3)
                          Symptom.  The symptoms vary with the age of the leaves; however, on
young leaves up to 10 days old, slightly colored hypertrophic deformations are visible 3 to 4
days after inoculation.


                 (4)
                          Transmission.  Plants older than 4 to 5 years normally change leaves once a
year at the onset of the dry season.  This change behavior is very important for an epidemic
of M. ulei because leaves are only susceptible when they are less than 10 to 15 days old.
The spores of M. ulei are disseminated mainly by rain splash or wind.


                 (5)
                          Control Measures.  The disease threatens the rubber cultivation in the
tropical regions of the globe.


d.
Puccinia graminis tritici.8


(1)
Disease.  Wheat Stem Rust (wheat; some varieties of barley, oats, and rye;
wild barley; and goat grass).


                 (2)
                          Specific Fungi.  Puccinia graminis.


                 (3)
                          Symptom.  Wheat stem rust is encountered during growing season and may
occur on any aboveground parts.  Rust spots are very small, circular or elongated, and vivid
orange-red in color.  Later in the year, the rust pustules darken because of the production of
dark brown spores that are the over-wintering stage of the rust.


                 (4)
                          Transmission.  Virtually all of the stem rust infections come by way of
spores blown in from infected fields of other regions. (5)
                          Control Measures.  Plant-resistant wheat varieties are available.  If
necessary, apply a foliar fungicide at the very early stage of disease development.


e.
Puccinia striiformis.9


                 (1)
                          Disease.  Stripe Rust of Wheat (mainly wheat, can occasionally infect
barley, triticale, and cereal rye).


                 (2)
                          Specific Fungi.  Puccinia striiformis.


                 (3)
                          Symptom.  Initially, small areas 1 to 10 meters in diameter will appear as
yellow patches in paddocks.  Infected leaves develop yellow-orange spore masses (pustules)
in long stripes on the leaves, but rarely on the stems and heads.  As the crop matures, the
spore masses turn from yellow to black stripes.


                 (4)
                          Transmission.  The disease, like leaf rust, develops from spores blown in
from other wheat-growing areas.  Stripe rust spores can be spread on contaminated
clothing.


                 (5)
                          Control Measures.  Resistant varieties can be selected if this disease
becomes serious.  Foliar fungicides also are labeled for stripe rust.


f.
Pyricularia grisea.10


(1)
Disease.  Rice Blast (rice).


(2)
Specific Fungi.  Pyricularia grisea.


                 (3)
                          Symptom.  Lesions that occur on the leaf are usually diamond-shaped with
a gray or white center and brown or reddish brown border.  Panicle lesions are usually
brown, but may also be black.


                 (4)
                          Transmission.   Shortly after the fungus infects and produces a lesion on
rice, fungal strands called "conidiophores" grow and produce spores called "conidia."  These
conidia are dispersed in the air.  The disease is favored by long periods of free moisture,
high humidity, little or no wind at night, and night temperatures between 63 and 73
degrees F.  Leaf wetness from dew or other sources is required for infection.  Sporulation is
greatest when relative humidity is above 93 percent.


                 (5)
                          Control Measures.  Resistant varieties are available.  Continuous flooding
is recommended to limit blast development.  Avoid field drainage, especially for extended
periods because it allows the formation of nitrate and may cause drought stress.


g.
Deuterophoma tracheiphila.11


(1)
Disease.  Citrus.


(2)
Specific Fungi.  Deuterophoma tracheiphila.


                 (3)
                          Symptom.  The first symptoms appear in the spring, followed by a dieback
of twigs and branches. Gradually, the pathogen affects the entire tree, and it eventually
dies.


                 (4)
                          Transmission.  Prunings containing affected twigs or branches can be a
source of inoculum for several weeks.  The fungus can survive within infected twigs in the
soil for more than 4 months.  The disease can also be transmitted by rain, hail, and wind.
Dissemination by birds and contaminated insects is also suspected.



(5)
Control Measures.  Resistant varieties of lemon trees are available.

h.
Moniliophthora roreri.12


(1)
Disease.  Monilia Pod Rot (cocoa).


(2)
Specific Fungi.  Moniliophthora roreri.


                 (3)
                          Symptom.  Moniliophthora roreri completes its entire life cycle on the pods
in the tree.  There will be conspicuous bumpy swellings on the pod surfaces.  Sporulation
begins over the pod causing a tan discoloration within 12 days after pod swellings.


                 (4)
                          Transmission.  To monitor for Moniliophthora Pod Rot, "sanitation sweeps"
are made through the planting after pod set and should be continued on 7- to 10-day
schedules.  This is well within infected pod surface sporulation, which disperses spores
throughout the trees during rainy periods.


                 (5)
                          Control Measures.  Detection of cocoa-infected pods and their removal is the
real and only key to pest management.  Good surface drainage and removal of weeds should
be practiced on a regular basis.

## 4. Viral Diseases


a.
Barley Yellow Dwarf (BYD) Virus.13


(1)
Disease.  BYD (wheat, barley, and oat).


(2)
Specific Virus.  BYD.


                 (3)
                          Symptom.  Symptoms include uneven, blotchy leaf discoloration in various
shades of yellow, red, or purple, progressing from leaf tip to base and margin to midrib.
The most striking symptoms occur on older leaves  Wheat and barley leaves usually turn
yellow, while oat leaves are more red.


                 (4)
                          Transmission.  Transmitted by more than 20 aphid species (e.g., corn leaf
aphid).


                 (5)
                          Control Measures.  The main hope of control of BYD is the use of resistant
varieties.  Most of the commercial varieties of oats, barley, and wheat are susceptible to
BYD, but some are less susceptible than others.  A number of varieties have been found or
developed that show some tolerance or resistance to BYD.  Also, avoid very early or very
late planting dates during active aphid populations.


b.
Banana Bunchy Top Virus (BBTV).14


(1)
Disease.  BBTV (bananas).


(2)
Specific Virus.  BBTV.


(3)
Symptom.  New leaves of infected plants develop dark green streaks.  On
mature plants, new leaves emerge with difficulty, are narrower than normal, are wavy rather than flat, and have yellow leaf margins.  They appear to be "bunched" at the top of the plant.


                 (4)
                          Transmission.  BBTV is transmitted from plant to plant by aphids and
transmitted from place to place by people transporting planting materials obtained from
infected plants.


                 (5)
                          Control Measures.  The most important factors in controlling this disease
are killing the aphid vector and removing and destroying infected banana plants.



1Kenneth Witam, et al., "Field Crops: Sugarcane" *2001 Plant Disease Control Guide*, 2001, http://www.lsuagcenter.com/Subjects/guides/plantdisease/01disease.html (31 March 2003).

2Dean W. Gabriel, *Citrus Canker Disease*, 5 August 2002, http://www.biotech.ufl.edu/PlantContainment/canker.htm (31 March 2003). 3Texas Extension Plant Pathologists, "Bacterial Leaf Blight Symptoms on Rice," February
1996, http://plantpathology.tamu.edu/Texlab/Grains/Rice/riceblb.html (8 April 2003).

4A.H. Purcell, "An Introduction to Pierce's Disease," *Xylella Fastidiosa Web Site*, November
1999, http://www.cnr.berkeley.edu/xylella/page2.html (31 March 2003).

5Stephen A. Ferreira and Rebecca A. Boley, "Colletrotrichum Coffeanum," Crop Knowledge Master, November 1991, http://www.extento.hawaii.edu/kbase/crop/Type/c_coffee.htm (April
1, 2003).

6Lawrence E. Datnoff and Richard S. Lentini, "Brown Spot in Florida Rice," May 1994, http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/BODY_RH007 (2 April 2003). 7The International Rubber Research and Development Board, "South American Leaf Blight," http://www.irrdb.com/irrdb/NaturalRubber/Diseases/salb.htm (1 April 2003).

8J.E. Partridge, "Stem Rust of Wheat," University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Department of Plant
Pathology, 1997,
http://plantpath.unl.edu/peartree/homer/disease.skp/agron/wheat/WhStRst.html (8 April
2003).

9Department of Agriculture-Western Australia, "Stripe Rust of Wheat: Puccinia striiformis
f.sp. tritici," August 2002,
http://www.agric.wa.gov.au/agency/Pubns/factsheets/2002/fs002_2002.rtf (8 April 2003).

10R.K. Webster, "Rice: Rice Blast," UC Pest Management Guidelines, July 2000,
http://www.ipm.ucdavis.edu/PMG/r682100611.html (2 April 2003).

11Data Sheets on Organisms Cuarentenarios for the Paises Members of the Cosave Card
Cuarentenaria, "Xanthomonas campestris (Pammel) Dowson pv. Oryzae (Ishiyama) Dye,"
July 1999, http://www.cosave.org.py/lpcdeuterophomatracheiphila.htm (1 April 2003).

12 "Monilia (Moniliophthora roreri)," http://www.oardc.ohio-state.edu/cocoa/monilia.htm (1
April 2003).

13R.M. Davis, "Small Grains: Barley Yellow Dwarf," University of California Statewide
Integrated Pest Management Program, December 2002,
http://www.ipm.ucdavis.edu/PMG/r730101911.html (1 April 2003).

14College of Tropical Agriculture & Human Resources, University of Hawaii, "Banana
Bunchy Top Virus," Plant Disease, December 1997,
http://www2.ctahr.hawaii.edu/oc/freepubs/pdf/PD-12.pdf (8 April 2003).



## Appendix L Dissemination Of Biological Agents 1. Background


The term "dissemination" refers to the intentional release of a biological agent by an adversary so that it will reach the portals of entry of target personnel in a viable and virulent state.  Based on the portals of entry, the characteristics of agents used, and the results desired, certain methods of dissemination are feasible for biological attacks.  The effectiveness of these methods is determined by physical and environmental factors that limit the ability of the agent to establish infection.  Dissemination methods are related to the routes of entry through which pathogens may be introduced into the body to establish infection.1  These routes of entry are inhalation, percutaneous, and oral.

## 2. Inhalation Or Aerosol Route Of Entry


The primary route of exposure to biological agents is through the respiratory tract.
This would be accomplished by disseminating the agent as an aerosol.  An aerosol is comprised of finely divided particles, either liquid or solid, suspended in a gaseous medium. Examples of common aerosols are dust, fog, and smoke.  A biological agent aerosol is defined as an airborne suspension of particles containing biological agents.

a.

Characteristics of Aerosol Dissemination.


                 (1)
                          Difficulty of Detection.  A biological agent aerosol in field concentrations
cannot be detected by the physical senses.


                 (2)
                          Capability of Penetration.  Aerosol particles tend to diffuse in much the
same manner as a gas.  The aerosol cloud travels with the wind and is capable of diffusing
into nonairtight structures that are not equipped with adequate filtering devices.


                 (3)
                          Difficulty of Diagnosis.  The classical symptoms of a disease associated with
a particular agent can mimic the symptoms of diseases, such as the flu.


                 (4)
                          Increased Severity and Mortality Rate.  Certain diseases have altered
incubation periods and incapacitation times and increased mortality rates when the agent
enters the body through the respiratory tract.  This is the result of the organism diffusing
directly into the bloodstream and being carried by the blood directly to the body tissues.


                 (5)
                          Massive Overdoses.  Personnel might be exposed to massive overdoses of an
agent through the use of an aerosol.  Thus, the acquired immunities of target personnel
might be overcome by the use of selected agents.


                 (6)
                          Increased Susceptibility.  Man has a constant requirement for oxygen;
therefore, he is breathing continually.  This increases the probability of contacting an
airborne organism. b.
                 Particle Size.  For the biological agent aerosol to be effective, it must reach target
personnel.  Particle size is a critical factor in lung infections.  Particles in the size range
from 1 to 5 microns are much more capable of passing through the defensive barriers of the

upper respiratory tract and of being retained in the lungs than those below or above this size range.


        c.
                 Formation of Aerosol Particles.    Particles in the proper size range can be formed
by physically breaking up a substance.  This can be accomplished by release through a
nozzle or a spray or by an explosive force. There are three general methods of forming
biological agent aerosols


                 (1)
                          Generator.  Particles can be formed by forcing the wet (slurry form) agent
through a nozzle at a regulated pressure.  The amount of pressure, the size of the orifices,
the viscosity of the agent, and the relative humidity determine particle size.  Size control of
solid particles (dry form of agent) can be achieved by presizing before dissemination.


                 (2)
                          Spray.  Releasing the agent in slurry form into a high-velocity air stream
can produce aerosol particles in the proper size range.


                 (3)
                          Explosive Force.  Biological agents can be disseminated by explosive means.
The use of an explosive means for aerosol production is feasible because large numbers of
organisms can be packaged in a munition.  The total volume and agent concentration will
support low efficiencies and still produce aerosols that result in adequate area coverage
with high infective dose concentrations.


d.

Agent Aerosol Stability.  From the instant an aerosol is created, certain physical and environmental factors affect its stability.  Aerosols eventually diffuse and become too dilute to be effective; environmental conditions cause the agent in the aerosol to gradually lose its ability to establish infection.  This decline in aerosol effectiveness is called the "aerosol decay rate," which is usually expressed as percent decay (death) of microorganisms per minute.  The decay rate differs from agent to agent and for meteorological conditions. Some of the factors that determine aerosol stability are


                 (1)
                          Settling.  The rate of fall of the particle is directly related to its size.  The
terminal velocity of a 1- to 5-micron particle is relatively small (5 inches per hour for a 1-
micron-diameter particle in still air).  This slow settling rate and the presence of convection
currents within the target area cause fallout of 1- to 5-micron particles to be negligible.


                 (2)
                          Impaction.  As the aerosol cloud moves downwind from its release point,
particles within the cloud strike and stick to objects in their path.  While a number of
particles will impact, the overall effect is negligible.


                 (3)
                          UV Radiation.  The UV radiation in sunlight kills microorganisms.  In spite
of the low penetrating power of UV radiation, its killing effect for most pathogens is
complete and takes place in a relatively short period of time upon direct contact.


                 (4)
                          Wind Direction and Speed.  These determine the direction in which the
aerosol cloud will travel and the size of the area that it will cover.  Aerosols of biological
agents with a high decay rate can be employed effectively at high wind speeds (8 to 18
knots).  At these speeds, the aerosol may be carried over extensive areas during the agent's
survival period.  Low wind speeds decrease downwind travel, which reduces area coverage.
However, low wind speeds also tend to lengthen the time the aerosol is on the target and
thereby increase the inhaled dose in target personnel.


                 (5)
                          Relative Humidity and Evaporation.  Liquid particles in a biological aerosol
may be reduced in size by evaporation.  A decrease in the amount of liquid in the particle
creates a corresponding increase in the percentage of salts remaining in the liquid

surrounding the agent.  This results in increased osmotic pressure, which tends to draw fluids out through the cell membrane and results in dehydration of the living microorganisms.  The rate of evaporation is dependent upon the relative humidity and the temperature in the environment surrounding the particle.  Disseminating the agents affected during conditions of high relative humidity reduces the rate of evaporation.  Low relative humidity is conducive to the stability of some biological agents.  These agents would be disseminated during conditions of low relative humidity.


                 (6)
                          Temperature.  Temperature has little direct effect on the living portion of a
biological aerosol.  Indirectly, however, an increase in temperature is normally followed by
an increase in evaporation rate.  High temperatures (170 to 180 degrees F) tend to kill most
vegetative bacteria as well as the viral and rickettsiae agents; however, these temperatures
are not normally encountered under field conditions.  Subfreezing temperatures tend to
freeze the aerosol (if it is in liquid form) after its dissemination.  This freezing tends to
preserve the agent and decrease its rate of decay.


                 (7)
                          Air Stability.  The temperature gradient conditions of lapse, inversion, and
neutral affect the biological agent aerosol in much the same manner as they affect a
chemical agent cloud.  Inversion and neutral conditions are most effective for aerosol travel
because the cloud is kept at a height conducive to inhalation by target personnel.
Turbulence, which occurs during lapse conditions, will cause vertical diffusion of the cloud
with a resulting loss of agent to higher altitudes and a reduction of area coverage.


                 (8)
                          Precipitation.  Heavy and prolonged precipitation will substantially reduce
the number of agent particles in the air.  The high relative humidity associated with very
light rain makes it less important in aerosol effectiveness than the rainout effect of heavy
rainfall.


        e.
                 Effects of Terrain on Cloud Travel.  Terrain affects cloud travel of biological
agent aerosols in the same general manner as it affects chemical agent clouds.  The ground
contour of rough terrain creates wind turbulence, which in turn influences the vertical
diffusion of the aerosol cloud.  Soil will have an effect only as related to heat absorption and
reflection, which aid in determining temperature gradients.

## 3. Percutaneous Route Of Entry


        A second portal of entry that can be utilized for biological agent employment is the
skin.  Penetration of the skin can be accomplished by the bite of an arthropod vector
(carrier), injection, or absorption.


        a.
                 Arthropod Vector.  These insects are capable of transferring pathogens to man
through breaks in the skin.  For the purpose of this manual, the definition of "vector" is
limited to the arthropods.  The spread of pathogens by arthropod vectors to man is well-
established in history.  Some examples of vectors and the pathogens that they have shown
to be capable of transmitting are as follows:


                 (1)
                          Mosquitoes.  The virus of yellow fever is transmitted from man to man by
the bite of a mosquito.  Other important mosquito-borne viral diseases are dengue fever and
several types of encephalitis.


                 (2)
                          Flies.  Most varieties of true flies have sucking mouthparts, but those few
that have mouthparts capable of piercing the skin of man or animals carry pathogens that
cause some of the most feared human diseases.  The sucking flies introduce pathogens

through previously injured body surfaces or mechanically transport them on their body surfaces to exposed food and water.  Typhoid fever, bacillary and amoebic dysentery, and Asiatic cholera are examples of diseases that may be spread mechanically by nonbiting flies.  Pathogens transported by the biting flies include those that cause the dreaded African sleeping sicknessan infection of man, domestic animals, and wild game.  The vector responsible for this disease is the tsetse fly (*Glossina morsitans*).  Tularemia, a bacterial disease of man and wild animals, is sometimes transmitted by the deer fly.


                 (3)
                          Lice.  Lice are sucking, dorsoventrally flattened, wingless insect parasites
of the skin of mammals and birds.  The human body louse, Pediculis humanus, is the vector
for the rickettsiae that cause epidemic typhus and trench fever.


                 (4)
                          Fleas.  Fleas are small, wingless insect parasites of the skin of mammals
and birds.  Their bodies are flattened laterally, and they have mouthparts for piercing the
skin.  While different species show preferences for certain hosts, when hungry they will
attack any warm-blooded animal.  This habit increases their potential to transmit disease
to man.  The common rat flea, Xenopsylla cheopis, is the vector of endemic typhus.


                 (5)
                          Ticks and Mites.  These arthropod vectors are known as acarids and are not
true insects.  As adults, they possess eight legs while insects have six.  Most of these are
merely parasitic skin pests of land vertebrate animals, but a few are important disease
vectors.  Certain mites transport the causative organism of scrub typhus.  The wood tick,
Dermacentor andersoni, indigenous to the western US, is known to transmit to man the
rickettsia of Rocky Mountain spotted fever, the bacterium of tularemia, and the virus of
Colorado tick fever.


        b.
                 Injection.  Biological agents can be injected through the skin.  In 1978, Bulgarian
exile Georgi Markov, was attacked in London, England, with a device disguised as an
umbrella.  The weapon discharged a tiny pellet in the subcutaneous tissue of his leg while
he was waiting for a bus.  He died days later.  The pellet, which contained Ricin, was found
during autopsy.2  A Flechette is another penetrating device.


        c.
                 Absorption.  Biological agents may be absorbed through the skin or placed on the
skin to do damage to the integument.

## 4. Oral Route Of Entry


Another possibility is through the oral route by ingestion of contaminated food or water supplies.  Contamination with toxins of chlorinated water, rivers, lakes, or reservoirs would be difficult because of dilution effects.5

## 5. Covert Dissemination1


        a.
                 Characteristics.  Biological agents lend themselves well to covert or hidden
operations because of detection difficulties, the variety of potential agents, the ways they
might be employed, and the small amounts of materials required to cause infection.
Sabotage is the direct application, by a person, of material to the target.  It is generally
covert in nature. b.
                 Targets.  Covert use of biological agents might be aimed primarily at the
respiratory tract and secondly at the digestive tract.  Since many pathogens are spread
naturally in food and water, these provide proven vehicles in which the saboteur could
employ an agent.  The respiratory tract is an excellent target for the small-scale
employment of a biological antipersonnel agent aerosol.



1TM 3-216/AFM 355-6, *Technical Aspects of Biological Defense*, January 1971.

2BG Russ Zajtchuk et al. (eds), Textbook of Military Medicine:  Medical Aspects of Chemical and Biological Warfare, Office of the Surgeon General, 1997, Chapter 28, "Viral Encephalitides."
3BG Russ Zajtchuk et al. (eds), Textbook of Military Medicine:  Medical Aspects of Chemical and Biological Warfare, Office of the Surgeon General, 1997, Chapter 32, "Ricin Toxin."
4BG Russ Zajtchuk et al. (eds), Textbook of Military Medicine:  Medical Aspects of Chemical and Biological Warfare, Office of the Surgeon General, 1997, Chapter 20, "Use of Biological Weapons."
21BG Russ Zajtchuk et al. (eds), Textbook of Military Medicine:  Medical Aspects of Chemical and Biological Warfare, Office of the Surgeon General, 1997, Chapter 30, "Defense Against Toxic Weapons."

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## Glossary Part I - Abbreviations And Acronyms A

| AC     | hydrogen cyanide                                |
|--------|-------------------------------------------------|
| ACAA   | automatic chemical agent alarm                  |
| ACADA  | automatic chemical agent detector/alarm         |
| ACh    | acetylcholine                                   |
| AChE   | acetycholinesterase                             |
| AFJMAN | Air Force Joint Manual                          |
| AFM    | Air Force Manual                                |
| AI     | area of interest, Avian Influenza (fowl plague) |
| AJD    | Aujeszky's disease                              |
| AMAD   | automatic mustard agent alarm                   |
| AMEDD  | Army Medical Department                         |
| AO     | area of operations                              |
| APHIS  | Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service      |
| ASF    | African swine fever                             |
| ASTM   | American Society for Testing and Materials      |
| atm    | atmosphere                                      |
| ATSDR  | Agency for Toxic Substance and Disease Registry |
| avdp   | avoirdupois weight                              |

## B

| BBTV    | banana bunchy top virus                             |
|---------|-----------------------------------------------------|
| BG      | Brigadier General                                   |
| BMBL    | Biosafety in Microbiological and Biomedical Labs    |
| BW      | biological warfare                                  |
| BWC     | Biological Weapons Convention                       |
| BYD     | Barley Yellow Dwarf (plant disease)                 |
| BZ      | 3-Quinuclidinyl benzilate (an incapacitating agent) |

## C

| C     | Celsius                                    |
|-------|--------------------------------------------|
| CA    | bromobenzylcyanide                         |
| CADK  | chemical agent detector kit                |
| CAM   | chemical agent monitor                     |
| CANA  | convulsant antidote for nerve agents       |
| CAPDS | Chemical Agent Point Detection System      |
| CARC  | chemical agent-resistant coating           |
| CAS   | Chemical Abstract Service                  |
| CB    | chemical-biological                        |
| CBD   | coffee berry disease                       |
| CBPP  | contagious bovine pleuropneumonia          |
| CBR   | chemical, biological, and radiological     |
| CBW   | chemical and biological warfare            |
| Cd    | Cadmium                                    |
| CDC   | Centers for Disease Control and Prevention |
| CEM   | contagious equine metritis                 |
| CFR      | Code of Federal Regulations                                  |
|----------|--------------------------------------------------------------|
| CG       | commanding general, phosgene                                 |
| ChE      | cholinesterase                                               |
| CHPPM    | US Army Center for Health Promotion and Preventive Medicine  |
| CHRIS    | Chemical Hazard Response Information System                  |
| CIC      | chloroacetophenone in chloroform                             |
| CK       | cyanogen chloride                                            |
| Cl       |                                                              |
| 2        |                                                              |
| chlorine |                                                              |
| CMPF     | cyclohexyl methylphosphonafluoridate                         |
| CN       | chloroacetophenone (tear gas or mace)                        |
| CNB      | chloroacetophenone-in benzene                                |
| CNC      | chloroacetophenenone-in chloroform                           |
| CNOH     | cyanic acid                                                  |
| CNS      | central nervous system                                       |
| cP       | centipoises                                                  |
| CR       | dibenz (b,f)-1:4-oxazepine                                   |
| CS       | o-chlorobenzylidene malononitrile (a tear agent)             |
| Ct       | concentration time                                           |
| CW       | chemical warfare                                             |
| CWA      | chemical warfare agent                                       |
| CWC      | Chemical Weapons Convention                                  |
| CWDD     | Chemical Warfare Directional Detector                        |
| CX       | phosgene oxime                                               |
| CZ       | combat zone                                                  |
| D        |                                                              |
|          |                                                              |
| DA       | diphenylchloroarsine (a vomiting agent), Department of the   |
| Army     |                                                              |
| DC       | diphenylcyanoarsine (a vomiting agent), District of Columbia |
| DF       | methylphosphonic difluoride                                  |
| DM       | diphenylaminochloroarsine (Adamsite) (a vomiting agent)      |
| DMDS     | dimethyl disulfide                                           |
| DNA      | deoxyribonucleic acid                                        |
| DOC      | degree of confidence                                         |
| DOD      | Department of Defense                                        |
| DOT      | Department of Transportation                                 |
| DP       | diphosgene                                                   |
| dynes/cm | dynes per centimeter                                         |
| E        |                                                              |
|          |                                                              |
| ECBC     | Edgewood Chemical and Biological Center                      |
| ECt      | effective dosage of an aerosol                               |
| ED       | ethyldichloroarsine, effective dose                          |
| EEE      | eastern equine encephalitis                                  |
| EHEC     | enterohemorrhagic                                            |
| EHS      | extremely hazardous substances                               |
| EMPA     | ethyl methylphosphonate                                      |
| EMT      | emergency medical technician                                 |
| EPA      | Environmental Protection Agency                              |
| ERG      | Emergency Response Guide                                     |
|          |                                                              |
|          |                                                              |

## F

| F        | Fahrenheit                        |
|----------|-----------------------------------|
| F        |                                   |
| 2        |                                   |
| fluorine |                                   |
| FAO      | Food and Agriculture Organization |
| FM       | field manual                      |
| FMD      | foot and mouth disease            |
| FMFM     | Fleet Marine Field Manual         |
| FP       | freezing point                    |

## G

| g                          | gram(s)                    |
|----------------------------|----------------------------|
| GA                         | tabun (a nerve agent)      |
| GB                         | sarin (a nerve agent)      |
| g/cm                       |                            |
| 3                          |                            |
| grams per cubic centimeter |                            |
| GD                         | soman (a nerve agent)      |
| GF                         | cyclosarin (a nerve agent) |
| GI                         | gastrointestinal           |
| g/ml                       | grams per milliliter       |

## H

| H              | Levinstein mustard (a blister agent)          |
|----------------|-----------------------------------------------|
| H              |                                               |
| 2              |                                               |
| S              | hydrogen sulfide                              |
| H              |                                               |
| 2              |                                               |
| SO             |                                               |
| 4              |                                               |
| sulphuric acid |                                               |
| HAZMAT         | hazardous material                            |
| HBr            | hydrogen bromide                              |
| HC             | hexachloroethane                              |
| HCl            | hydrogen chloride                             |
| HCN            | hydrogen cyanide                              |
| HD             | distilled mustard (a blister agent)           |
| HF             | hydrogen fluoride                             |
| HFV            | hemorrhagic fever virus                       |
| H/HD           | sulfur mustards                               |
| HHS            | health and human services                     |
| HL             | mustard-lewisite mixture                      |
| HN             | nitrogen mustard (HN-1, HN-2, HN-3)           |
| HNO            |                                               |
| 3              |                                               |
| nitric acid    |                                               |
| hr             | hour                                          |
| HSBD           | Hazardous Substance Data Bank                 |
| HT             | mustard-T mixture                             |
| HTH            | high test hypochlorite (calcium hypochlorite) |

## I

| ICAM    | improved chemical agent monitor             |
|---------|---------------------------------------------|
| IDA     | Institute for Defense Analysis              |
| IDLH    | immediately dangerous to life and health    |
| IEDK    | individual equipment decontamination kit    |
| ILO     | International Labor Office                  |
| in      | inch(es)                                    |
| IND     | investigational new drug                    |
| IPB     | intelligence preparation of the battlespace |
| IPCS    | International Program on Chemical Safety    |
| IPDS    | improved point detection system             |
| IR                                                        | infrared                                              |
|-----------------------------------------------------------|-------------------------------------------------------|
| ISBN                                                      | International Standard Book Number                    |
| ISCS                                                      | International Chemical Safety Cards                   |
| ITF                                                       | International Task Force                              |
| J                                                         |                                                       |
|                                                           |                                                       |
| JE                                                        | Japanese encephalitis                                 |
| JP                                                        | joint publication                                     |
| JP-8                                                      | jet fuel grade                                        |
| K                                                         |                                                       |
|                                                           |                                                       |
| kg                                                        | kilogram(s)                                           |
| KHV                                                       | Korean hemorrhagic fever                              |
| L                                                         |                                                       |
|                                                           |                                                       |
| L                                                         | lewisite, liters                                      |
| LCt                                                       |                                                       |
| 50                                                        |                                                       |
| medial lethal dosage of a chemical agent vapor or aerosol |                                                       |
| LD                                                        | lethal dose                                           |
| LD                                                        |                                                       |
| 50                                                        |                                                       |
| median lethal dosage of a liquid chemical agent           |                                                       |
| L/min                                                     | liters per minute                                     |
| LSD                                                       | d-lysergic acid diethylamide                          |
| M                                                         |                                                       |
|                                                           |                                                       |
| M                                                         | molarity (moles per liter)                            |
| MA                                                        | Massachusetts                                         |
| MCCDC                                                     | Marine Corps Combat Development Command               |
| MCPDS                                                     | Marine Corps Publication Distribution System          |
| MCRP                                                      | Marine Corps Reference Publication                    |
| MD                                                        | Maryland, methyldichloroarsine                        |
| MDMA                                                      | 3, 4-methylene dioxymethamphetimine (ecstasy)         |
| MDMP                                                      | military decision making process                      |
| MFPA                                                      | methylfluorophosphonic acid                           |
| mg                                                        | milligrams                                            |
| mg/kg                                                     | milligrams per kilogram                               |
| mg/m                                                      |                                                       |
| 3                                                         |                                                       |
|                                                           |                                                       |
| mg-min/m                                                  |                                                       |
| 3                                                         |                                                       |
| milligram-minute(s) per cubic meter                       |                                                       |
| mg/mL                                                     | milligram per milliliter                              |
| MILSTRIP                                                  | military standard requisitioning and issue procedures |
| min                                                       | minute                                                |
| MOPP                                                      | mission oriented protective posture                   |
| MP                                                        | melting point                                         |
| MPA                                                       | methylposphonic acid                                  |
| MSHA                                                      | Mine Safety and Health Administration                 |
| MV                                                        | minute volume                                         |
| MV(L)                                                     | minute volume (in liters)                             |
| MW                                                        | molecular weight                                      |
| N                                                         |                                                       |
|                                                           |                                                       |
| N/A                                                       | not applicable                                        |
| NAERG                                                     | North American Emergency Response Guide               |
| NATO                                                      | North Atlantic Treaty Organization                    |
| NAVMED                                                    | Navy medical                                          |
| NBC                                                       | nuclear, biological and chemical                      |
| NBCC                                                      | nuclear, biological, chemical, and conventional       |
| NCI                    | National Cancer Institute                             |
|------------------------|-------------------------------------------------------|
| NCO                    | noncommissioned officer                               |
| NE                     | sulphur with small amounts of silica gel              |
| ng                     | nanograms                                             |
| NH                     |                                                       |
| 3                      |                                                       |
| ammonia                |                                                       |
| NIOSH                  | National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health |
| NJ                     | New Jersey                                            |
| NM                     | Dimethylpolysulfide                                   |
| NPG                    | NIOSH Pocket Guide                                    |
| NPL                    | National Priorities List                              |
| NR                     | none recommended                                      |
| NRC                    | National Response Center                              |
| NTIS                   | National Technical Information Service                |
| NTP                    | National Toxicity Program                             |
| NWDC                   | Navy Warfare Development Command                      |
| NTRP                   | Navy Tactical Reference Publication                   |
| NY                     | New York                                              |
| O                      |                                                       |
|                        |                                                       |
| OC                     | capsaicin                                             |
| OCONUS                 | outside the continental United States                 |
| OH                     | Ohio                                                  |
| OPA                    | isopropylamine and isopropyl alcohol                  |
| OPR                    | office of primary responsibility                      |
| OSD                    | Office of the Secretary of Defense                    |
| OSHA                   | Occupational Safety and Health Administration         |
| P                      |                                                       |
|                        |                                                       |
| PB                     | pyridostigmine bromide                                |
| PCB                    | polychlorinated biphenyls                             |
| PCl                    |                                                       |
| 3                      |                                                       |
| phosphorus trichloride |                                                       |
| PCP                    | phencyclidine                                         |
| PD                     | phenyldichloroarsine, Pierce's disease                |
| PEL                    | permissible exposure limit                            |
| pH                     | potential of hydrogen                                 |
| PHS                    | Public Health Service                                 |
| PIC                    | prior informed consent                                |
| PMPA                   | pinacolyl methylphosphonic acid                       |
| ppm                    | parts per million                                     |
| PPR                    | peste des petits ruminants (pest of small ruminants)  |
| PS                     | chloropicrin (a choking agent)                        |
| PSP                    | paralytic shellfish poisoning                         |
| PTP                    | Porton Technical Paper                                |
| PVNTMED                | preventive medicine                                   |
| Q                      |                                                       |
|                        |                                                       |
| QL                     | 2-diisopropylanminoethyl                              |
| R                      |                                                       |
|                        |                                                       |
| RCA                    | riot control agent                                    |
| REL                    | recommended exposure limit                            |
| RF                     | Russian Federation                                    |
| RMP                    | risk management program                               |
| ROA             | rate of action                                              |
|-----------------|-------------------------------------------------------------|
| ROD             | rate of detoxification                                      |
| ROE             | route of exposure                                           |
| RP              | red phosphorous                                             |
| RTECS           | Registry of Toxic Effects of Chemical Substances            |
| RVF             | Rift Valley Fever                                           |
| S               |                                                             |
|                 |                                                             |
| SA              | arsine                                                      |
| SCP             | Standards Completion Program                                |
| SCT             | Secretariat of Communications and Transportation (Mexico)   |
| SDK             | skin decontamination kit                                    |
| SEB             | staphylococcal enterotoxin B                                |
| SGF             | smoke generation fuels                                      |
| SGF-2           | fog oil                                                     |
| SME             | subject matter expert                                       |
| SMEDI           | stillbirths, mummification, embryonic death and infertility |
| SO              |                                                             |
| 2               |                                                             |
| sulphur dioxide |                                                             |
| SOF             | special operations forces                                   |
| SRC             | State Research Center                                       |
| STB             | supertropical bleach                                        |
| STEC            | Shiga toxin-producing                                       |
| STEL            | short-term exposure limit                                   |
| SVD             | swine vesicular disease                                     |
| SWO             | staff weather officer                                       |
| T               |                                                             |
|                 |                                                             |
| t               |                                                             |
| 12               |                                                             |
|                 | half-life of a reaction                                     |
| TIB             | toxic industrial biological                                 |
| TIC             | toxic industrial chemical                                   |
| TIM             | toxic industrial material                                   |
| TIR             | toxic industrial radiological                               |
| TLE             | toxic load exponent                                         |
| TLV             | threshold limit value                                       |
| TM              | technical manual                                            |
| TO              | theater of operation                                        |
| TOF             | trioctylophosphite                                          |
| TRADOC          | United States Army Training and Doctrine Command            |
| TWA             | time-weighted average                                       |
| U               |                                                             |
|                 |                                                             |
| UK              | United Kingdom                                              |
| UN              | United Nations                                              |
| UNEP            | United Nations Environment Program                          |
| UNEPO           | United Nations Environmental Protection Organization        |
| US              | United States                                               |
| USA             | United States of America                                    |
| USACMLS         | United States Army Chemical School                          |
| USAF            | United States Air Force                                     |
| USAMRIID        | United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious |
| Diseases        |                                                             |
| USCG            | United States Coast Guard                                   |
| USDA                  | United States Department of Agriculture       |
|-----------------------|-----------------------------------------------|
| USEPA                 | United States Environmental Protection Agency |
| USMC                  | United States Marine Corps                    |
| USN                   | United States Navy                            |
| USSR                  | Union of Soviet Socialist Republics           |
| UV                    | ultraviolet                                   |
| V                     |                                               |
|                       |                                               |
| VEE                   | Venezuelan equine encephalitis                |
| VHF                   | viral hemorrhagic fever                       |
| VND                   | velogenic Newcastle disease                   |
| vol                   | volume                                        |
| FP                    | vapor pressure                                |
| VTEC                  | vertoxin-producing                            |
| VX                    | a persistent nerve agent                      |
| Vx                    | a persistent nerve agent                      |
| W                     |                                               |
|                       |                                               |
| WEE                   | western equine encephalitis                   |
| WF                    |                                               |
| 6                     |                                               |
| tungsten hexafluoride |                                               |
| WHA                   | World Health Assembly                         |
| WHO                   | World Health Organization                     |
| WMD                   | weapons of mass destruction                   |
| WP                    | white phosphorous                             |
| WWI                   | World War I                                   |
| WWII                  | World War II                                  |
| Z                     |                                               |
|                       |                                               |
| ZnCl                  |                                               |
| 2                     |                                               |
| zinc chloride         |                                               |
|                       |                                               |
|                       |                                               |
| Symbols               |                                               |
|                       |                                               |
|                      |                                               |
| g                     |                                               |
| g/kg                 | micrograms per kilogram                       |
|                       |                                               |



## Part Ii - Terms And Defintions

 acetylcholine - The neurotransmitter of the cholinergic portion of the nervous system. (The Textbook of Military Medicine) acetylcholinesterase - An enzyme that hydrolyzes acetylcholine very rapidly
(thereby stopping its activity).  Acetylcholinesterase is found at the receptor sites of tissue supplied with nerves by the cholinergic nervous system.  Most cholinesteraseinhibiting compounds are either organophosphates or carbamates. (The Textbook of Military Medicine) acid - 1. A compound yielding a hydrogen ion in a polar solvent (e.g., in water);a.'s form salts by replacing all or part of the ionizable hydrogen with an electropositive element or radical. An a. containing one ionizable atom of hydrogen in the molecule is called monobasic; one containing two such atoms, dibasic; and one containing more than two, polybasic.  2. In popular language, any chemical compound that has a sour taste (given by the hydrogen ion). 3. Sour; sharp to the taste.  4. Relating to a.; giving an a. reaction.  For individual acids, see specific names.  Bilea.'s, taurocholic and glyocholic a.'s, used when bilary secretion is inadequate and for biliary colic.   (Stedman's Medical Dictionary) acidosis - A state characterized by actual or relative decrease of alkali in body fluids in relation to the acid content.  (Stedman's Medical Dictionary) acute - Of short and sharp course, not chronic; said of a disease.  (Stedman's Medical Dictionary) acute toxicity - Toxic effects occurring within moments to a few days of toxic exposure. (Review and Recommendations for Human Toxicity Estimates for FM 3- 11.9, ECBC-TR-349) aerosol - A liquid or solid composed of finely divided particles suspended in a gaseous medium.  Examples of common aerosols are mist, fog, and smoke. (JP 1-02) alga, algae (p) - A division of eukaryotic, photosynthetic, nonflowering organisms that includes many seaweeds.  (Stedman's Medical Dictionary)
alkali - A strongly basic substance yielding hydroxide ions (OH-) in solution; e.g., sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxid.  (Stedman's Medical Dictionary) ambient temperature - Temperature of the surrounding air or other medium. (EPA, Terms of Environment) amino acids - An organic acid in which one of the CH hydrogen atoms has been replaced by NH2.  An -amino acid is an amino acid of the general formula R-
CHNH2COOH; the L forms of these are the hydrolysis products of proteins.
(Stedman's Medical Dictionary) analogue - A compound that resembles another in structure but is not necessarily as isomer.  (Stedman's Medical Dictionary) anthrax - An acute bacterial disease caused by *Bacillus anthracis*. (Control of Communicable Diseases Manual)
antibiotics - a soluble substance derived from a mold or bacterium that inhibits the growth of other microorganisms.  (Stedman's Medical Dictionary) antibody - A protein made by vertebrates as the immune response to a foreign macromolecule or antigen.  (The Biological & Chemical Warfare Threat) antigen - a molecule capable of eliciting a specific antibody or T-cell response.
(USACHPPM TG 204) antiplant (biological) - Living organisms that cause disease or damage to plants. (Textbook of Military Medicine) antitoxin - An antibody formed in response to and capable of neutralizing a biological poison; an animal serum containing antitoxins. (Medical Management of Biological Casualties Handbook) aqueous - Watery; of, like, or containing water.  (Stedman's Medical Dictionary) arrhythmia - Loss of rhythm; denoting especially an irregularity of the heartbeat. (Stedman's Medical Dictionary) arthralgia - Severe pain in a joint, especially one not inflammatory in character.

(Medical Management of Biological Casualties Handbook) arthropods - A member of the phylum Arthropoda that includes the classes Crustacea (crabs, shrimps, crayfish, lobsters), Insecta, Arachnida (spiders, scorpions, mites, ticks), Chilopoda (centipedes), Diplopoda (millipedes), Merostomata (horseshoe crabs), and various other extinct or lesser known groups.  (Stedman's Medical Dictionary) arsenical - Drug or agent, the effect of which depends o its arsenic content. (Stedman's Medical Dictionary) ataxia - An inability to coordinate muscle activity during voluntary movement, so that smooth movements occur. (Medical Management of Biological Casualties Handbook) atropine - Is used as an antidote for nerve agent poisoning.  It inhibits the action of acetylcholine at the muscle junction by binding to acetylcholine receptors. (Textbook of Military Medicine) bacteria - Single-celled, microscopic, plant-like organisms. (TM 3-216/AFM 355-6)
base - Any molecule or ion that combines with a hydrogen ion; e.g., OH-, CN-, NH3.
(Stedman's Medical Dictionary) binary chemical munition - A munition in which chemical substances, held in separate containers, react when mixed or combined as a result of being fired, launched, or otherwise initiated to produce a chemical agent. (JP 1-02) binary precursors - The component chemicals that combine to produce binary chemical agents.  Examples of two common binary chemical agent components are as follows: a.  The components for binary GB (GB2) are methylphosphonic difluoride (DF) and isopropyl alcohol with an amine added (OPA). b.  The components for binary VX (VX2) are ethyl 2-didsopropyl aminoethyl methylphosphonite (QL) and dimethylpolysulfide (NM). (AR 50-6)
boiling point - The temperature at which the vapor pressure of a liquid equals the pressure of the gas above it.  Normal boiling point is the temperature at which vapor pressure of a liquid equals one atmosphere (atm). (General Chemistry with Qualitative Analysis, 9th ed.)
biological agent - A microorganism that caused disease in personnel, plants, or animals or causes the deterioration of materiel. (JP 1-02) biological ammunition - a type of ammunition, the filler of which is primarily a biological agent. (JP 1-02) biological defense The methods, plans, and procedures involved in establishing and executing defensive measures against attacks using biological agents. (JP 1-02) biological environment - Conditions found in an area resulting from direct or persisting effects of biological weapons. (JP 1-02) biological operation - employment of biological agents to produce casualties in personnel or animals or damage to plants. (JP 1-02) biological threat - A threat that consists of biological material planned to be deployed to produce casualties in personnel or animals or damage plants. (JP 1-02) biological weapon - An item of materiel which projects, disperses, or disseminates a biological agent including arthropod vectors. (JP 1-02) bioregulator - Organic chemicals that regulate cell processes. (The Biological &
Chemical Warfare Threat) biovar - A group of bacterial strains distinguishable from other strains of the same species o the basis of physiological characters.  Formerly called biotype.  (Stedman's Medical Dictionary) blepharospasm - Spasmodic winking, or contraction of the orbicularis oculi muscle.  (Stedman's Medical Dictionary) blister agent - A chemical agent which injures the eyes and lungs, and burns or blisters the skin.  Also called vesicant agent. (JP 1-02)
blood agent - A chemical compound, including the cyanide group, the affects bodily functions by preventing the normal utilization of oxygen by body tissues. (JP 1-02) botulism - Poisoning by toxin derived from the microorganism Clostridium botulinum. (Control of Communicable Diseases Manual) brucellosis - A systemic bacterial disease characterized by irregular fever .

(Control of Communicable Diseases Manual) bubo - Inflammatory swelling of one or more lymph nodes in the groin.  (Stedman's Medical Dictionary) carcinogen - Any cancer-producing substance.  (Stedman's Medical Dictionary) case-fatality rate - Usually expressed as the percentage of persons diagnosed as having a specified disease who die as a result of that illness within a given period. This term is most frequently applied to a specific outbreak of acute disease in which all patients have been followed for an adequate period of time to include all attributable deaths.  (Control of Communicable Diseases Manual)
casualty -  Any person who is lost to the organization by having been declared dead, duty status - whereabouts unknown, missing, ill, or injured. (JP 1-02) catalyst - A substance that accelerates a chemical reaction but is not consumed or changed permanently thereby.  (Stedman's Medical Dictionary) central nervous system - The nervous system consisting of the brain and spinal cord. (Hazardous Chemicals in Human and Environmental Health, WHO) chemical agent - Any toxic chemical intended for use in military operations. (JP 1- 02) chemical agent cumulative action - the building up, within the human body, of small ineffective doses of certain chemical agents to a point where eventual effect is similar to one large dose. (JP 1-02) chemical ammunition - a type of ammunition, the filler of which is primarily a chemical agent. (JP 1-02) chemical ammunition cargo - cargo such as white phosphorous munitions (shell and grenades). (JP 1-02) chemical, biological, and radiological operation - a collective term used only when referring to a combined chemical, biological, and radiological operation (JP 1- 02) chemical defense - the methods, plans and procedures involved in establishing and executing defensive measures against attack utilizing chemical agents. (JP 1-02) chemical dose - the amount of chemical agent, expressed in milligrams, that is taken or absorbed by the body. (JP 1-02) chemical environment - conditions found in an area resulting from direct or persisting effects of chemical weapons. (JP 1-02) chemical monitoring - the continued or periodic process of determining whether or not a chemical agent is present. (JP 1-02) chemical operations - employment of chemical agents to kill, injure, or incapacitate for a significant period of time, man or animals, and deny or hinder the use of areas, facilities, or material; or defense against such employment. (JP 1-02) chemical survey - the directed effort to determine the nature and degree of chemical hazard in an area and to delineate the perimeter of the hazard area. (JP 1- 02) chemical warfare - All aspects of military operations involving the employment of lethal and incapacitating munitions/agents and the warning and protective measures associated with such offensive operations.  Since riot control agents and herbicides are not considered to be chemical warfare agents, those two items will by referred to separately or under the broader term "chemical," which will be used to include all types of chemical munitions/agents collectively.  Also called CW. (JP 1-02) Chikungunya virus disease - A febrile viral disease characterized by arthalgia or arthritis. (Control of Communicable Diseases Manual)
cholera - An acute bacterial disease of serious consequence. (Control of Communicable Diseases Manual) cholinergic - Relating to nerve cells or fibers that employ acetylcholine as their neurotransmitter. (Medical Management of Biological Casualties Handbook) coagulate - To convert a fluid or a substance in solution into a solid or gel. (Stedman's Medical Dictionary) compound - A substance formed by the covalent or electrostatic union of two or more elements, generally differing entirely in physical characteristics from any of its components.  (Stedman's Medical Dictionary) concentration - The quantity of a substance per unit volume or weight. (Stedman's Medical Dictionary) conjunctiva, pl. conjunctivae - The mucous membrane inventing the anterior surface of the eyeball and the posterior surface of the lids. (Medical Management of Biological Casualties Handbook) contamination - 1. The deposit, absorption, or absorption of radioactive material, or of biological or chemical agents on or by structures, areas, personnel, or objects. 2. Food and/or water made unfit for consumption by humans or animals because of the presence of environmental chemicals, radioactive elements, bacteria or organisms, the byproduct of the growth of bacteria or organisms, the decomposing material (to include the food substance itself), or waste in the food or water. (JP 1- 02) contamination control - Procedures to avoid, reduce, remove, or render harmless, temporarily or permanently , nuclear, biological, and chemical contamination for the purpose of maintaining or enhancing the efficient conduct of military operations. (JP 1-02) convulsion - A violent spasm or series of jerkings of the face, trunk, or extremities. (Stedman's Medical Dictionary) coronary - Specifically, denoting the blood vessels of the heart.  (Stedman's Medical Dictionary) corrosive - Causing gradual deterioration or consummation of a substance by another, especially by biochemical or chemical reaction.  (Stedman's Medical Dictionary) cutaneous - Relating to the skin. (Medical Management of Biological Casualties) cyanosis - A dark  bluish or purplish coloration of the skin and mucous membrane due to deficient oxygenation of the blood, evident when reduced hemoglobin I the blood exceeds 5 g/mL. (Medical Management of Biological Casualties) cytotoxin - A specific substance, usually with reference to antibody, that inhibits or prevents the functions of cells, causes destruction of cells, or both. (Stedman's Medical Dictionary) decomposition temperature - The temperature at which a chemical breaks down into two or more substances. (College Chemistry with Qualitative Analysis)
decontamination - The process of making any person, object, or area safe by absorbing, destroying, neutralizing, making harmless, or removing chemical or biological agents, or by removing radioactive material clinging to or around it. (JP 1- 02)
decontamination station - A building or location suitably equipped and organized where personnel and material are cleansed of chemical, biological or radiological contaminants. (JP 1-02) defoliant operation  - The employment of defoliating agents on vegetated areas in support of military operations. (JP 1-02) defoliating agent - A chemical which causes trees, shrubs, and other plants to shed their leaves prematurely. (JP 1-02) degree of confidence - An indication of the level of confidence in each toxicity estimate.  It is a subjective evaluation based on the quality and quantity of the underlying data and the method(s) by which the estimate was derived. (Review and Recommendations for Human Toxicity Estimates for FM 3-11.9, ECBC-TR-349). dehydrate - To extract water from; to lose water.  (Stedman's Medical Dictionary)
density (liquid/solid) - Is the mass per unit volume of the substance. (General Chemistry with Qualitative Analysis, 9th ed.)
desiccate - Exsiccation; to dry thoroughly; to render free from moisture. (Stedman's Medical Dictionary) detection - The act of locating NBC hazards by use of NBC detectors or monitoring and/or survey teams. (JP 1-02) diathesis - The constitutional or inborn state disposing to a disease, group of diseases, or metabolic or structural anomaly.  (Stedman's Medical Dictionary) dilate - To perform or undergo a physiologic or artificial enlargement of a hollow structure or opening.  (Stedman's Medical Dictionary) dilute solution - Solutions of chemical agents in concentration and quantities reduced by admixture (dilution) to levels that present significantly reduced hazards. Also called RDTE dilute solution. (AR 50-6) dimer - A compound or unit produced by the combination of two like molecules; in the strictest sense, without loss of atoms (thus nitrogen tetroxide, N2O4, is the dimmer of nitrogen dioxide, NO2).  (Stedman's Medical Dictionary)
disease - Morbus; illness; sickness; an interruption, cessation, or disorder of body functions, systems, or organs.  (Stedman's Medical Dictionary) deoxyribonucleic acid - the genetic material of all organisms and viruses (except for a small class of RNA-containing viruses) that code for structures and materials used in normal metabolism. (The Biological & Chemical Warfare Threat) dosage - The amount of substance administered (or received) per body weight.
(USACHPPM TG 204)
dose - The amount of substance or energy that is taken into or absorbed by the body; the amount of substance, radiation, or energy absorbed in a unit volume, an organ, or an individual.  (USACHPPM TG 204)
dysentery - A disease marked by frequent watery stools, often with blood and mucus, and characterized clinically by pain, tenesmus, fever, and dehydration. (Stedman's Medical Dictionary) dyspnea - Shortness of breath, a subjective difficulty or distress in breathing, usually associated with disease of the heart or lungs. (Medical Management of Biological Casualties Handbook) Eastern and Western Equine Encephalitis, Japanese Encephalitis (EEE, WEE, JE) - A group of acute inflammatory disease involving the brain, spinal cord, and meninges. (Control of Communicable Diseases Manual) edema - An accumulation of an excessive amount of watery fluid in cells, tissues, or serous cavities. (Medical Management of Biological Casualties Handbook) endemic Present in a community or among a group of people; said of a disease prevailing continually in a region.  (Stedman's Medical Dictionary) end point - A biological effect used as an index of the effect of a chemical on an organism. (Hazardous Chemicals in Human and Environmental Health, WHO, 2000) endogenous - Originating or produced within the organism or one of its parts. (Stedman's Medical Dictionary) endotoxin - A bacterial toxin not freely liberated into the surrounding medium, in contrast to exotoxin.  (Stedman's Medical Dictionary) enterotoxin - Intestinotoxin; a cytotoxin specific for the cells of the intestinal mucosal.  (Stedman's Medical Dictionary) environment - The milieu; the aggregate of all the external conditions and influences affecting the life and development of an organism.  (Stedman's Medical Dictionary) enzyme - Organic catalyst; a protein, secreted by cells, that acts as a catalyst to induce chemical changes in other substances, itself remaining apparently unchanged by the process.  (Stedman's Medical Dictionary) epidemic - A disease whose frequency of occurrence is in excess of the expected frequency in a population during a given time interval; distinguished from endemic, since the disease is not continuously present but has been introduced from outside. (Stedman's Medical Dictionary) eruption - A breaking out, specially the appearance of lesions on the skin. (Stedman's Medical Dictionary) erythema - Inflammatory redness of the skin.  (Stedman's Medical Dictionary) exotoxin - Extracellular toxin; a specific, soluble, antigenic, usually heat labile, injurious substance elaborated by certain gram-positive bacteria (rarely by gramnegative species); it is formed within the cell, but is released into the environment where it is rapidly active in extremely small amounts.  (Stedman's Medical Dictionary) Far Eastern Tickborne Encephalitis - A tick-born viral diseases often associated with focal epilepsy and flaccid paralysis. (Control of Communicable Diseases Manual) febrile - Denoting or relating to a fever. (Medical Management of Biological Casualties) flaccid - Relaxed, flabby, or without tone.  (Stedman's Medical Dictionary) flash point - The temperature at which a liquid or volatile solid gives off sufficient vapor to form an ignitable mixture near the surface of the liquid. (Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, 13th ed.)
foliar - Pertaining to or resembling a leaf or leaflet.  (Stedman's Medical Dictionary) freezing point/melting point - The temperature at which the solid and liquid phases of a given substance are in equilibrium and is generally equivalent to the melting point. (General Chemistry with Qualitative Analysis, 9th ed.)
gene - A functional unit of heredity which occupies a specific place or locus on a chromosome, is cable of reproducing itself exactly at each cell division, and is capable of directing the formation of an enzyme or other protein.  (Stedman's Medical Dictionary) genetic engineering - The directed alteration or manipulation of genetic material.
(The Biological & Chemical Warfare Threat) glanders - Communicable disease of horses, mules, and donkeys. (Control of Communicable Diseases Manual) G-series nerve agents - Chemical agents of moderate to high toxicity developed in the 1930s that act by inhibiting a key nervous system enzyme.  Examples are Tabun (GA), sarin (GB), soman (GD), and GF. (The Biological & Chemical Warfare Threat) half-life - Of a reaction-time required for half of the original concentration of the limiting reactant to be consumed Also called t1/2. (College Chemistry with Qualitative Analysis, 8th ed.)
hazard - A condition with the potential to cause injury, illness, or death of personnel; damage to or loss of equipment or property; or mission degradation. (JP 1-02) hemolysis - Alteration, dissolution, or destruction of red blood cells in such a manner that hemoglobin is liberated into the medium in which the cells that are suspended, e.g., by specific complement-fixing antibodies, toxins, various chemical agents, tonicity, alteration of temperature.  (Stedman's Medical Dictionary) hemorrhage - Bleeding; an escape of blood through ruptured or unruptured vessel walls.  (Stedman's Medical Dictionary) hepatitis - Inflammation of the liver; usually from a viral infection, but sometimes from toxic agents.  (Stedman's Medical Dictionary)
herbicide - A chemical compound that will kill or damage plants. (JP 1-02)
hydrolysis - The reaction of a compound with water whereby decomposition of the substance occurs.  (General Chemistry with Qualitative Analysis, 9th ed.)
hygiene - Cleanliness that promotes health and well being, especially of a personal nature.  (Stedman's Medical Dictionary) ileus - Mechanical, dynamic, or adynamic obstruction of the bowel; may be accompanied by severe colicky pain, abdominal distention, vomiting, absence of passage of stool, and often fever and dehydration.  (Stedman's Medical Dictionary) incapacitating agent - An agent that produces temporary physiological or mental effects, or both, which will render individuals incapable of concerted effort in the performance of their assigned duties. (JP 1-02) incapacitating illness or injury - The casualty status of a person (a) whose illness or injury requires hospitalization but medical authority does not classify as very seriously ill or injured; or (b) seriously ill or injured and the illness or injury makes the person physically or mentally unable to communicate with the next of kin. Also called III. (JP 1-02) incubation period - The interval (in hours, days, or weeks) between the initial, effective exposure to an infectious organism and the first appearance of symptoms of the infections. (Control of Communicable Diseases Manual) indigenous - Native; natural to the country where found.  (Stedman's Medical Dictionary) industrial chemicals - Chemicals developed or manufactured for use in industrial operations or research by industry, government, or academia. These chemicals are not primarily manufactured for the specific purpose of producing human casualties or rendering equipment, facilities, or areas dangerous for human use. Hydrogen cyanide, cyanogen chloride, phosgene, and chloropicrin are industrial chemicals that also can be military chemical agents. (JP 1-02) infectivity - The infectivity of an agent reflects the relative ease with which microorganisms establish themselves in a host species.  Pathogens with high infectivity cause disease with relatively few organisms.  (FM 8-9) inflammation - aA fundamental pathologic process consisting of a dynamic complex of cytologic and histologic reactions that occur in the affected blood vessels and adjacent tissues in response to an injury or abnormal stimulation caused by a physical, chemical, or biologic agent.  (Stedman's Medical Dictionary) insecticide - An agent that kills insects.  (Stedman's Medical Dictionary) intoxication - Poisoning.  (Stedman's Medical Dictionary) intravenous - Within a vein or veins.  (Stedman's Medical Dictionary) inversion - An increase of air temperature with increase in altitude (the ground being colder than the surrounding air).  When an inversion exists, there are no convection currents and wind speeds are below 5 knots.  The atmosphere is stable and normally is considered the most favorable state for ground release of chemical agents. (FM 3-6)
ion - An atom or group of atoms carrying an electric charge by virtue of having gained or lost one or more valence electrons.  (Stedman's Medical Dictionary) jaundice - A yellowish staining of the integument, sclerae, and deeper tissues and the excretions with bile pigments, which are increased in the plasma.  (Stedman's Medical Dictionary) lachrymator (lacrimator) - An agent (such as tear gas) that irritates the eyes and produces tears.  (Stedman's Medical Dictionary) lapse - A marked decrease in air temperature with increasing altitude because the ground is warmer than the surrounding air.  This condition usually occurs when skies are clear and between 1100 and 1600 hours, local time.  Strong convection currents exist during lapse conditions.  For chemical operations, the state is defined as unstable.  This condition is normally considered the most unfavorable for the release of chemical agents. (FM 3-6) latent heat of vaporization - The quantity of energy absorbed or given off as a substance undergoes a change in state with no change in temperature. (Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, 13th ed.)  Also called Enthalpy of vaporization
(Hv).

lesion - One of the individual points or patches of a multifocal disease.  (Stedman's Medical Dictionary) Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis - A viral infection of animals, transmissible to humans. (Control of Communicable Diseases Manual) macular - Relating to or marked by a small spot, perceptibly different in color from the surrounding tissue.  (Stedman's Medical Dictionary) malaise - A feeling of general discomfort or uneasiness, an out-of-sorts feeling, often the first indication of an infection or other disease.  (Stedman's Medical Dictionary) mass casualty - Any large number of casualties produced in a relatively short period of time, usually as the result of a single incident such as a military aircraft accident, hurricane, flood, earthquake, or armed attack that exceeds local logistical support capabilities. (JP 1-02) mean lethal dose - The dose of chemical agent that would kill 50 percent of exposed, unprotected and untreated personnel. (JP 1-02) median incapacitating dose - The amount or quantity of chemical agent which when introduced into the body will incapacitate 50 percent of exposed, unprotected personnel. (JP 1-02) Melioidosis - An uncommon bacterial infection with manifestations ranging from benign to fatal septicemia. (Control of Communicable Diseases Manual) membrane - A thin sheet or layer of pliable tissue, serving as a covering or envelope of a part, the lining of a cavity, as a partition or septum or to connect two structures. (Stedman's Medical Dictionary) meningitis - Inflammation of the membranes of the brain or spinal cord. (Stedman's Medical Dictionary)
microbes - Any very minute organism.  (Stedman's Medical Dictionary) minute volume - The amount of air expelled from the lungs in a minute that is assumed to be 15 L, unless otherwise stated.  This amount represents mild activity.
(USACHPPM TG 204) miosis - The excessive smallness or contraction of the pupil of the eye.  The pupil is unable to dilate and remains contracted; thus, performance of tasks, navigating on foot, identifying or engaging targets, or driving vehicles is practically impossible. Miosis is often accompanied by pain, headaches, and pinpointing of the pupils. (USACHPPM TG 204) miscible - Capable of being mixed and remaining so after the mixing process ceases.  (Stedman's Medical Dictionary) molecular weight - The value represented by the sum of the atomic weights of all the atoms in a molecule. (General Chemistry with Qualitative Analysis, 9th ed.)
molecule - The smallest possible quantity of a di-, tri-, or polyatomic substance that retains the chemical properties of the substance.  (Stedman's Medical Dictionary) Monkeypox - A sporadic zoonosic infection resembling smallpox. (Control of Communicable Diseases Manual) morbidity - The ratio of sick to well individuals in a community; sick rate. (USACHPPM TG 204) myalgia - Muscular pain. (Medical Management of Biological Casualties Handbook) mycotoxin - A fungal toxin.  They can cause illness or death upon ingestion skin contact, or inhalation.  They exhibit great stability and heat resistance.  Mycotoxins are difficult to detect, to identify, and to decontaminate.  (USACHPPM TG 204) mydirasis - Dilation of the pupil. (Steadman's Medical Dictionary) myiasis - Any infection due to invasion of tissues or cavities of the body by larvae of dipterous insects.  (Stedman's Medical Dictionary) myocardia - The middle layer of the heart, consisting of cardiac muscle. (Steadman's Medical Dictionary) neat chemical agent - A nondiluted, full-strength (as manufactured) chemical agent.  A chemical agent manufactured by the binary synthesis route will also be considered a neat agent regardless of purity. (AR 50-6) necrosis - Pathologic death of one or more cells, or of a portion of tissue or organ, resulting from irreversible damage.  (USACHPPM TG 204) nerve agent - A potentially lethal chemical agent which interferes with the transmission of nerve impulses. (JP 1-02) neural - Relating to any structure composed of nerve cells or their processes, or that o further development will evolve into nerve cells.  (Stedman's Medical Dictionary)
neuro- - Combining form denoting a nerve or relating to the nervous system. (Stedman's Medical Dictionary) neuron - The functional unit of the nervous system; conducts or transmits nerve impulses. (Hazardous Chemicals in Human and Environmental Health, WHO) neurotoxin - Any substance that is capable of destroying or adversely affecting nerve tissue. (Hazardous Chemicals in Human and Environmental Health, WHO) neurotransmitter - Chemical responsible for the transfer of information along the nervous system. (Hazardous Chemicals in Human and Environmental Health, WHO) neutralization - The act of altering chemical, physical, and toxicological properties to render the chemical agent ineffective for use as intended. (AR 50-6). nonpersistent agent - A chemical agent that when released dissipates and/or loses its ability to cause casualties after 10 to 15 minutes. (JP 1-02) nuclear, biological, and chemical capable nation - A nation that has the capability to produce and employ one or more types of nuclear, biological, and chemical weapons across the full range of military operations and at any level of war in order to achieve political and military objectives. (JP 1-02) odor - Emanation from any substance that stimulates the olfactory cells in the organ of smell.  (Stedman's Medical Dictionary) operational decontamination - Decontamination carried out by an individual and/or a unit, restricted to specific parts of operationally essential equipment, material and/or working areas, in order to minimize contact and transfer hazards and to sustain operations.  This may include decontamination of the individual beyond the scope of immediate decontamination, as well as decontamination of mission-essential spares and limited terrain decontamination. (JP 1-02) organic solvent - An organic chemical compound that dissolves another to form a solution.  (General Chemistry with Qualitative Analysis) organophosphorus compound - A compound, containing phosphorus and carbon, whose physiological effects include inhibition of cholinesterase; many pesticides and virtually all nerve agents are organophosphorus combpounds.  (Stedman's Medical Dictionary) oxidize - To combine or cause an element or radical to combine with oxygen or lose electrons.  (Stedman's Medical Dictionary)
oxime - A compound resulting from the action of hydroxylamine, NH2OH, on a ketone or an aldehyde to yield the group N-OH attached to the former carbonyl carbon atom.  (Stedman's Medical Dictionary) parenteral - By some other means that through the GI tract; referring particularly to the introduction of substances into an organism by intravenous, subcutaneous, intramuscular, or intramedullary injection.  (Stedman's Medical Dictionary) pathogen - A disease-producing microorganism. (JP 1-02) pathogenic - Causing disease or abnormality. (Steadman's Medical Dictionary)
peptide - Molecules formed from two or more amino acids linked by peptide bonds.

(General Chemistry with Qualitative Analysis, 9th ed.)
percutaneous - Through the skin; when applied to chemical agents, refers to route of entry into the body.  (The Biological & Chemical Warfare Threat) persistency - In biological or chemical warfare, the characteristics of an agent which pertains to the duration of its effectiveness under determined conditions after its dispersal. (JP 1-02) persistent agent - A chemical agent that, when released, remains able to cause casualties for more than 24 hours to several days or weeks. (JP 1-02) pesticide - General term for an agent that destroys fungi, insects, rodents, or any other pest.  (Stedman's Medical Dictionary) pH - A measure of the acidity or alkalinity of a solution.  A value of seven is neutral; low numbers are acid, large numbers are alkaline.  Strictly speaking, pH is the negative logarithm of the hydrogen-ion concentration. (FM 10-52) physical state - Chemical agents may exist as solids, liquids, or gases. (General Chemistry with Qualitative Analysis, 9th ed.)
plague - A zoonosis involving rodents and their fleas, which transfer the bacterial infection to various animals and to people. (Control of Communicable Diseases Manual) plasma - The fluid (noncellular) portion of the circulating blood, as distinguished from the serum obtain after coagulation.  (Stedman's Medical Dictionary) polymerize - To bring about a reaction in which a high molecular-weight product is produced by successive addition to or condensations of a simpler compound. (Stedman's Medical Dictionary) polypeptide - A petide formed by the union of an indefinite (usually large) number of amino acids by peptide likes (-NH-CO-).  (Stedman's Medical Dictionary) postmortem - Pertaining to or occurring during the period after death.  (Stedman's Medical Dictionary) potable - Water that is free from disease-producing organisms, poisonous substances, and chemical or biological agents and radioactive contaminants that make it unfit for human consumption and many other uses. (FM 10-52) prophylaxis - Prevention of disease or of a process which can lead to disease. (Stedman's Medical Dictionary) prostration - A marked loss of strength, as in exhaustion. (Medical Management of Biological Casualties Handbook) proteins - Macromolecules consisting of long sequences of -amino acids in peptide
(amide) linkage.  (Stedman's Medical Dictionary) protective clothing - Clothing especially designed, fabricated, or treated to protect personnel against hazards cause by extreme changes in physical environment, dangerous working conditions, or enemy action. (JP 1-02)
Psittacosis - An acute, generalized chlamydial disease caused by Chlamydia psittaci. (Control of Communicable Disease Manual) pulmonary - Relating to the lungs.  (Stedman's Medical Dictionary)
pyridostigmine bromide - An antidote enhancer that blocks acetylcholinesterase, protecting it from nerve agents.  When taken in advance of nerve agent exposure, PB increases survival provided that atropine and oxime (Mark I NAAK) and other measures are taken.  Also called PB. (Textbook of Military Medicine) Q fever - An acute febrile rickettsial disease caused by *Coxiella burnetii*. (Control of Communicable Disease Manual) quarantine - The isolation of a person with a known or possible contagious disease. (Stedman's Medical Dictionary) rate of action - The rate at which the body reacts to or is affected by agent.  Also called ROA. (DA PAM 385-61) rate of detoxification - The rate at which the body is able to counteract the effects of poisonous substance (DA PAM 385-61) ratification - The declaration by which a nation formally accepts with or without reservation the content of a standardization agreement. (JP 1-02) reaction - In chemistry, the intermolecular action of two or more substances upon each other, whereby these substances are caused to disappear, new ones being formed in their place.  (Stedman's Medical Dictionary) reagent - Any substance added to a solution of another substance to participate in a chemical reaction.  (Stedman's Medical Dictionary) receptor - A structural protein molecule on the cell surface or within the cytoplasm that binds to a specific factor, such as hormone, antigen, or neurotransmitter. (Stedman's Medical Dictionary) recombinant DNA - DNA resulting from the insertion into the chain, by chemical or biological means, of a sequence (a whole or partial chain of DNA) not originally present in that chain.  (Stedman's Medical Dictionary) rhabdovirus - Any virus of the family Rhabdoviridae, a family of rod- or bulletshaped viruses of vertebrates, insects, and plants, including radies virus and vesicular stomatitis virus (of cattle).  (Stedman's Medical Dictionary) rickettsiae - Intracellular parasitic organisms in size between bacteria and viruses. (TM 3-216/AFM 355-6) riot control agent - Any chemical that is not listed in the Chemical Weapons Convention, which can produce rapidly in humans sensory irritate or disabling physical effects which disappear within a short time following termination of exposure.  Also called RCA. (JP 1-02) riot control operations - The employment of riot control agents and/or special tactics, formations and equipment in the control of violent disorders. (JP 1-02) Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever - A disease of the spotted fever group rickettsiae caused by *Rickettsia rickettsii*. (Control of Communicable Disease Manual)
rodenticide - An agent legal to rodents.  (Stedman's Medical Dictionary) ruminant - An animal that chews the cud, material regurgitated from the rumen for rechewing; e.g., the sheep, cow, deer, or antelope.  (Stedman's Medical Dictionary) Salmongellosis - A bacterial disease manifested by acute enterocolitis. (Control of Communicable Disease Manual) septicemia - Systemic disease caused by the spread of microorganisms and their toxins via the circulating blood.  (Stedman's Medical Dictionary) Shigellosis - An acute bacterial disease involving the large and distal small intestine. (Control of Communicable Disease Manual) slurry - A thin semifluid suspension of a solid in a liquid.  (Stedman's Medical Dictionary) Smallpox - A systemic viral disease caused by the Variola virus. (Control of Communicable Disease Manual) smoke screen - A cloud of smoke used to conceal ground maneuver, obstacle breaching, recovery operations, and amphibious assault operations as well as key assembly areas, supply routes, logistic facilities. (JP 1-02) solubility - The quantity of solute that will dissolve in a given amount of solvent to produce a saturated solution. (General Chemistry with Quyalitative Analysis, 9th ed.) specific heat - The quantity of heat required to raise the temperature of 1 gram of a substance one degree C. (General Chemistry with Qualitative Analysis, 9th ed.)
spore - Resistant, dormant cell of some bacteria; primitive reproductive bodies of fungi.  (USACHPPM TG 204) sternutator - A substance, such as a gas, that induces sneezing.  (Stedman's Medical Dictionary) stupor - A state of impaired consciousness in which the individual shows a marked diminution in his reactivity to environmental stimuli.  (Stedman's Medical Dictionary) symptoms - Information related by an individual about himself/herself that may indicate illness or injury.  Signs or observations are made about an individual or an animal that may indicate illness or injury.  (USACHPPM TG 204) synapse - The functional membrane-to-membrane contact of the nerve cell with another nerve cell, an effector (muscle, gland) cell, or a sensory receptor cell. (Stedman's Medical Dictionary) synergistic - Acting together to enhance the effect of another force or agent. (USACHPPM TG 204) synthesize - The formation of compounds by the union of simpler compounds or elements.  (Stedman's Medical Dictionary) systemic - Spread throughout the body, affecting all body systems and organs, not localized in one spot or area.  (USACHPPM TG 204)
tenesmus - A painful spasm of the anal sphincter with an urgent desire to evacuate the bowel or bladder, involuntary straining, and the passage of but little fecal matter or urine.  (Stedman's Medical Dictionary)
terrorism - The calculated use of unlawful violence or threat of unlawful violence to inculcate fear; intended to coerce or to intimidate governments or societies in the pursuit of goals that are generally political, religious, or ideological. (JP 1-02) terrorist - An individual who uses violence, terror, and intimidation to achieve a result. (JP 1-02) terrorist groups - Any element regardless of size or espoused cause, that commits acts of violence or threatens violence in pursuit of its political, religious, or ideological objectives. (JP 1-02) tetrodotoxin - A highly poisonous fugu toxin. (Textbook of Military Medicine) thickened agent - An agent to which a polymer or plastic has been added to minimize vaporization prior to its deposition on the target.  (Joint CB Technical Data Source Book, Volume V, Part One:  Agent H) toxemia - A condition caused by the circulation of toxins in the blood. (USACHPPM TG 204) toxic - Harmful to living organisms; oisonous. (USACHPPM TG 204) toxic chemical, biological, or radiological attack - An attack directed at personnel, animals, or crops, using injurious agents of chemical, biological, or radiological origin. (JP 1-02) toxicity - The degree to which a substance or mixture of substances can harm humans or animals.  Acute toxicity involves harmful effects in an organism through a single or short-term exposure.  Chronic toxicity is the ability of a substance or mixture of substances to cause harmful effects over an extended period, usually upon repeated or continuous exposure sometimes lasting for the entire life of the exposed organism.  Subchronic toxicity is the ability of the substance to cause effects for more than one year but less than the lifetime of the exposed organism.  (EPA, Terms of Environment) toxins -  Poisonous substances produced by living organisms.  (The Biological & Chemical Warfare Threat) toxin agent - A poison formed as a specific secretion product in the metabolism of a vegetable or animal organism, as distinguished from inorganic poisons.  Such poisons can also be manufactured by a synthetic process. (JP 1-02) toxoid - A toxin biologically inactivated by chemical or physical means, usually for vaccine production purposes.  Because a prerequisite for toxoid generation is toxin production, the technology involved has applicability to BW.  (The Biological & Chemical Warfare Threat) Trench fever - A nonfatal bacterial disease. (Control of Communicable Disease Manual)
trichothecene mycotoxin - A very large family of chemically related toxins produced by various species of mold to include *Fusarium*. (Textbook of Military Medicine)
Tularemia - A zoonotic bacterial disease. (Control of Communicable Disease Manual) Typhus fever - A rickettsial disease transmitted by body lice. (Control of Communicable Disease Manual) ultraviolet - Denoting electromagnetic rays beyond the violet end of the visible spectrum.  (Stedman's Medical Dictionary) urticant - The third group listed under blister agent, although not a true vesicant. Causes erythema, wheals, and urticaria.  (Textbook of Military Medicine) V-series nerve agents - A class of chemical agents developed in the 1950s that act by inhibiting a key nervous system enzyme.  The are generally persistent and have a moderate to high toxicity.  Examples are VE, VG, VM, VS, and VX.  (The Biological & Chemical Warfare Book) vaccine - A substance administered to induce immunity in the recipient.  (The Biological & Chemical Warfare Threat) vapor density - The ratio of the weight of a given volume of a gaseous substance and that of the same volume of another gas measured under the same conditions of pressure and temperature. (Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, 13th ed.)
vapor pressure - The pressure exerted by a vapor when a state of equilibrium exists between the vapor and its liquid (or solid) state. (General Chemistry with Qualitative Analysis, 9th ed.)
vector - An animal, insect, or other organism that carries and transmits a virus or other microorganism.  (USACHPPM TG 204) Venezuelan Equine Encephalomyelitis Virus Disease - A viral infection involving a cycle with horses, mosquitoes and man. (Control of Communicable Disease Manual) venom - A poisonous fluid secreted by snakes, spiders, scorpions, etc.  (Stedman's Medical Dictionary) vesicle - A small circumscribed elevation of the skin containing fluid.  (Stedman's Medical Dictionary) viable - Capable of living.  (Stedman's Medical Dictionary) viremic - The presence, as in smallpox, of a virus in the bloodstream.  (Stedman's Medical Dictionary) virulence - The capacity of a microorganism to produce disease.  (The Biological & Chemical Warfare Threat)  The virulence of an agent reflects the relative severity of disease produced by that agent.  Different microorganisms and different strains of the same microorganism may cause diseases of different severity. (FM 8-9)
virus - Any of a large group of submicroscopic agents infecting plants, animals, and bacteria and unable to reproduce outside the tissues of the host.  (USACHPPM TG 204)
visceral - Relating to an organ of the digestive, respiratory, urogenital, and endocrine systems as well as the spleen, the heart, and great vessels; hollow and multilayered walled organs.  (Stedman's Medical Dictionary) viscosity - In general, the resistance to flow or alteration of shape, by any substance as a result of molecular cohesion; most frequently applied to liquids as the resistance of a fluid to flow because of a shearing force.  (Stedman's Medical Dictionary) volatile - Capable of vaporizing or evaporating readily. (Hazardous Chemicals in Human and Environmental Health, WHO) volatility - The tendency of a solid or liquid material to pass into the vapor state at a given temperature. (Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, 13th ed.)
weapons of mass destruction - Weapons that are capable of a high order of destruction and/or of being used in such a manner as to destroy large numbers of people.  Weapons of mass destruction can be high explosives or nuclear, biological, chemical, and radiological weapons, but exclude the means of transporting or propelling the weapon where such means is a separable and divisible part of the weapon.  Also called WMD. (JP 1-02) weapon(s) system - A combination of one or more weapons with all related equipment, materials, services, personnel, and means of delivery and deployment (if applicable) required for self-sufficiency. (JP 1-02) zoonosis - An infection or infestation shared in nature by humans and other animals that are the normal or usual host; a disease of humans acquired from an animal source.  (USACHPPM TG 204)

## Index A

blood agent I-4, II-1, II-4, II-32, F-1, G-2, G-3, G-4, G-5, G-14, H-16
bluetongue IV-28, K-2, K-7

AC I-4, I-5, II-1, II-15, II-32, II-33, II-
34, II-35, E-4, E-5, F-1, G-2, G-3, G- 4, G-5, G-14, G-15, H-16
Bolivian Disease IV-16 botulinum toxin IV-20, IV-27, IV-30, J-
3
brucella abortus IV-3, IV-27 brucella melitensis IV-3, IV-27 brucella suis IV-3, IV-27

Aerosol I-3, I-5, I-9, I-10, II-4, II-5, III-
3, III-8, III-17, IV-2, IV-3, IV-4, IV-5, IV-6, IV-7, IV-8, IV-9, IV-10, IV-11, IV-12, IV-13, IV-14, IV-15, IV-16, IV- 17, IV-18, IV-19, IV-20, IV-21, IV-22, IV-23, IV-24, IV-25, IV-26, IV-27, I-
1, I-2, I-3, I-5, K-3, K-5
brucellosis IV-2, IV-3, IV-27, J-2
aerosol stability I-2
bubonic plague IV-5, IV-6
African Swine Fever IV-28, K-1, K-7

anthrax I-9, I-10, IV-2, IV-3, IV-27, IV-
29, J-2
BZ II-1, II-65, II-67, II-69, D-2, E-2, E-
3, E-4, F-1, G-6, G-7, G-8, G-9, G-14, G-15
Argentine Disease IV-16

## C

arsenicals II-38, II-51, III-10, III-12, III-14
arsine    See SA

CG II-1, II-9, II-10, II-11, II-12, II-13,
F-1, G-2, G-3, G-4, G-5, G-14, G-15, H-1
Asiatic Newcastle Disease K-4, K-7 atomic weight II-1, C-3

## B

bacillary dysentery IV-6

chemical agent I-1, I-2, I-4, I-5, I-6, I-
7, I-9, I-11, I-13, II-1, II-2, II-4, II-5, II-6, II-9, II-10, II-11, II-13, II-16, II- 19, II-22, II-25, II-28, II-31, II-33, II- 35, II-37, II-39, II-42, II-45, II-47, II- 49, II-52, II-55, II-58, II-60, II-62 II- 64, II-67, II-78, III-5, III-9, III-11, III-13, III-14, III-15, III-17, III-18, III-19, III-23
bacteria I-7, I-8, I-10, IV-1, IV-2, IV-3,
IV-4, IV-7, IV-8, IV-9, IV-11, IV-20, IV-23, IV-27, IV-28, IV-29, IV-30, I- 3, I-4, K-4, L-1, L-2, L-6
banana bunchy top IV-28, L-5, L-6

chemical compound I-4, I-5, I-6, I-7, II-
4, III-1, III-6, III-16, F-1, G-1, G-15
barley yellow dwarf IV-28, L-5, L-6

chikungunya virus IV-12, IV-27 chlamydia psittaci IV-6, IV-27, IV-29
biological agent I-1, I-2, I-3, I-7, I-8, I-
9, I-10, IV-1, IV-30, I-1, I-2, I-3, I-4, I-5, J-1, J-2, J-3
biological weapons I-2, I-15

chlorine II-34, III-1, III-7, III-13, III-
14, III-16, III-23, V-1, V-2, C-2, E-6, F-1, G-10
blister agent I-5, I-6, II-1, II-4, II-6, II-
38, II-78, F-1, G-6, G-7, G-8, G-9, G- 14, H-17
choking agent I-4, II-1, II-4, II-9, II-77,
III-13, III-14, F-1, G-2, G-3, G-4, G-
5, G-14, H-1
cholera I-9, IV-4, IV-27, IV-28, I-4, J-2

ED II-1, II-58, II-59, II-60, F-1, G-6, G-
7, G-8, G-9, G-14, G-15
ethyldichloroarsine See ED
CK I-4, II-15, II-31, II-33, II-34, II-35, E-5, F-1, G-2, G-3, G-4, G-5, G-14, G-
15
exotoxin IV-24
clostridium botulinum IV-20, IV-27

## F

clostridium perfringens toxin IV-21, J-
3
far eastern tick-borne encephalitis IV-
14, J-2
cochiliobolus miyabeans IV-28, L-2 colletorichum coffeanum IV-28, L-2
foot-and-mouth disease IV-28, K-2, K-
7
conotoxin IV-22, IV-27, J-3
fowl plague IV-28, K-1, K-7 francisella tularensis IV-7, IV-27
contagious bovine pleuropneumonia IV-28, K-6, K-8
G
contagious equine metritis IV-28, K-6, K-8
crimean-congo hemorrhagic fever IV-
12, IV-27, J-2

GA II-1, II-14, II-15, II-16, II-17, II-19,
E-1, E-2, E-3, E-4, E-5, F-1, G-2, G-3, G-4, G-5, G-14, G-15, H-1, H-2, H-3, H-4
CX II-1, II-3, II-7, II-62, II-63, II-64, F-
1, G-6, G-7, G-8, G-9, G-14, G-15, H- 32
GB II-1, II-13, II-16, II-17, II-18, II-19,
II-20, II-23, II-26, II-29, II-40, II-69, II-70, II-74, E-1, E-2, E-3, E-4, E-5, F-1, G-2, G-3, G-4, G-5, G-14, G-15, H-4, H-5, H-6, H-7
cyanide I-4, II-14, II-32, II-33, II-34,
II-35, II-79, III-12, III-16, III-20, IV- 1, IV-2, E-4, E-5
cyanogen chloride   See CK cyclosarin  See GF

GD I-7, II-1, II-14, II-20, II-21, II-22,
II-23, II-25, II-26, E-1, E-2, E-3, E-4, E-5, F-1, G-2, G-3, G-4, G-5, G-14, G- 15, H-7, H-8, H-9, H-10
cytotoxin IV-22, IV-23

## D

dengue fever IV-13, IV-27, I-4, J-2

GF II-1, II-22, II-23, II-24, II-25, II-26,
E-1, E-2, E-3, E-4, E-5, F-1, G-2, G-3, G-4, G-5, G-14, G-15, H-10, H-11, H- 12, H-13
diphosgene  See DP

glanders IV-4, IV-27, IV-29, J-2
distilled mustard See HD
goat pox IV-28, K-2, K-7

## H

DP II-1, II-11, II-12, II-13, F-1, G-2, G-
3, G-4, G-5, G-14, G-15, H-1
hantavirus IV-15
dysentery IV-6, IV-7, I-4

## E

eastern equine encephalitis (EEE) IV-
13, IV-14, IV-15, J-2

HD II-1, II-37, II-38, II-39, II-40, II-43,
II-46, II-48, II-49, II-50, II-53, II-54, II-55, II-56, II-58, II-61, E-1, E-2, E- 5, F-1, G-6, G-7, G-8, G-9, G-14, G- 15, H-17, H-18, H-19
hog cholera IV-28, K-3, K-7

Ebola Viral Hemorrhagic Fever IV-14,
IV-27, IV-29
HT II-1, II-48, II-49, II-50, F-1, G-6, G-
7, G-8, G-9, G-14, G-15, H-26, H-27
hydrogen cyanide I-4, II-32, II-33, III-
12, V-1, E-4, E-5, F-1, G-2

## I

molecular weight II-1, II-3, II-10, II-
12, II-15, II-18, II-21, II-24, II-27, II- 30, II-32, II-34, II-36, II-38, II-41, II- 44, II-46, II-48, II-51, II-54, II-57, II-
59, II-61, II-63, II-65, II-70, II-72, II- 73, II-75, II-76, III-2, III-4, III-5, III- 7, III-10, III-12, III-13, III-15, III-17, III-18, III-19, III-20, III-21, G-2, G-6, G-10
incapacitating agent I-4, I-5, I-13, II-1,
II-64, II-65, II-67, II-68, II-69, II-79, III-9, III-11, III-13, F-1, G-6, G-7, G- 8, G-9, G-14
monkeypox IV-17, IV-18, IV-27, IV-29,
IV-30, J-3
mustard-lewisite  See HL mustard-T mixture See HT mycotoxin I-9, IV-25, IV-26, IV-27, IV-
30, J-3
incubation period I-9, IV-2, IV-3, IV-4,
IV-5, IV-6, IV-7, IV-8, IV-9, IV-10, IV-11, IV-12, IV-13, IV-14, IV-15, IV- 16, IV-17, IV-18, IV-19, IV-20, IV-21, IV-22, IV-23, IV-24, IV-25, IV-26, I- 1, K-5
infective dose I-9, IV-8, I-2

## J

japanese encephalitis (JE) IV-13, IV-
14, IV-15
junin IV-16, IV-27

nerve agent I-4, I-9, I-11, II-1, II-4, II-
6, II-13, II-14, II-15, II-19, II-20, II- 22, II-24, II-25, II-28, II-30, II-39, II- 77, II-78, F-1, G-2, G-3, G-4, G-5, G- 14, H-1

## L

Newcastle Disease IV-28, K-4, K-7

nitrogen mustard II-27, II-40, II-41, II-
42, II-43, II-46, II-47, D-1, E-2, E-5, E-6, F-1, G-6
L II-1, II-37, II-39, II-42, II-47, II-48,
II-50, II-51, II-52, II-53, II-54, II-56, II-59, II-61, II-62, E-4, F-1, G-6, G-7, G-8, G-9, G-14, G-15, H-28, H-29
lassa fever IV-16, J-3
organophosphate I-12 oxidase II-31

lethal dose I-9, II-64, II-68, IV-23, H-1,
H-2, H-4, H-5, H-7, H-8, H-10, H-13, H-14, H-16, H-17, H-20, H-22, H-24, H-26, H-28, H-30, H-32
lewisite  See L
pathogens I-2, I-7, I-8, I-9, IV-1, IV-28, IV-29, I-1, I-2, I-3, I-4, I-5, K-1, L-1
lyssa virus IV-28, K-3

## M

persistent I-1, I-4, II-31, II-33, II-37,
III-4, III-7, IV-5, IV-15, IV-16, IV-17, G-15
Machupo IV-16, IV-27 Marburg IV-14, IV-27
pesticide I-10, I-12, I-14, V-2, E-2, E-3, E-4
phosgene See CG
melting point I-5, II-39, II-65, III-18, G-7
phosgene oxime See CX plague IV-5, IV-6, IV-28, IV-29, J-2
microorganism I-3, I-7, I-9, IV-1, IV-2, IV-9, IV-12, I-2, I-3
prophylaxis IV-2, IV-26, E-4
toxic industrial chemical See TIC
pseudomonas mallei IV-4, IV-27
tularemia IV-7, IV-27, IV-29, I-4, J-2
psittacosis IV-6, IV-27, IV-29, J-2
typhus fever IV-11, IV-27, J-2

## R

rabies K-3, K-4, K-7

## V

rate of detoxification I-6, II-5 rate of evaporation I-3 ricin I-10, IV-23, IV-24, IV-27, IV-30, D-1, I-4, I-5, J-3
rickettsiae I-7, I-8, IV-1, IV-9, IV-10, IV-11, IV-27, I-3, I-4, K-6
rickettsia quintana IV-27

vapor density I-5, II-2, II-10, II-12, II-
 15, II-18, II-21, II-24, II-27, II-30, II-
 32, II-34, II-36, II-38, II-41, II-44, II-
 46, II-49, II-51, II-54, II-57, II-59, II-
 61, II-63, II-65, II-70, II-72, II-74, II-
 75, II-76, II-78, III-2, III-4, III-6, III-
 8, III-10, III-12, III-13, III-15, III-17,
 III-18, III-19, III-20, III-21, G-2, G-6,
 G-10

rickettsia rickettsii IV-10 rift valley fever IV-18, IV-27, J-3 rinderpest IV-28, K-5 Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever IV-10, IV-27, I-4, J-2

## S

vapor pressure I-5, I-6, II-1, II-2, II-3,
II-10, II-11, II-12, II-15, II-16, II-18, II-19, II-21, II-22, II-24, II-25, II-27, II-28, II-30, II-32, II-33, II-34, II-36, II-38, II-39, II-41, II-44, II-46, II-49, II-51, II-54, II-57, II-59, II-61, II-62, II-63, II-64, II-65, II-70, II-72, II-74, II-75, II-76, II-77, II-78, III-2, III-4, III-6, III-8, III-9, III-10, III-12, III- 13, III-15, III-17, III-18, III-19, III- 20, III-21, G-2, G-6, G-10
SA I-4, II-1, II-31, II-35, II-36, II-37,
E-4, F-1, G-2, G-3, G-4, G-5, G-14, G- 15, H-16
sarin  See GB

## Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis (Vee) I-10, Iv-19, J-3

saxitoxin IV-24, IV-27, D-1, J-3 sheep pox IV-28, K-2 shiga toxin IV-22, IV-27

viruses I-7, I-8, I-10, IV-1, IV-9, IV-12,
IV-13, IV-14, IV-15, IV-27, IV-28, K- 1, K-2, K-5, K-6
shigellosis IV-6, J-2 smallpox IV-17, IV-18, IV-19, IV-30, J-
3
soman  See GD sternutator II-58 swine fever IV-28, K-1, K-3, K-7

volatility I-5, I-6, II-3, II-10, II-12, II-
13, II-15, II-18, II-21, II-24, II-27, II- 30, II-32, II-34, II-36, II-38, II-41, II- 44, II-46, II-49, II-51, II-54, II-57, II- 59, II-61, II-63, II-65, II-70, II-72, II- 74, II-75, II-76, III-2, III-4, III-6, III- 8, III-10, III-12, III-13, III-15, III-17, III-18, III-19, III-20, III-21, G-2, G-6, G-10
swine vesicular disease IV-28, K-4, K-
8

## T

tabun  See GA

VX II-1, II-22, II-26, II-27, II-28, II-29,
II-39, II-72, II-73, II-74, II-75, II-76, II-77, D-1, E-2, E-3, E-4, E-5, E-6, F- 1, G-2, G-3, G-4, G-5, G-14, G-15, H- 13, H-14, H-15, H-16
TIC I-1, I-10, I-11, I-12, III-13, V-1, V-
2, V-3

Vx II-1, II-29, II-30, II-31, F-1, G-2, G-
3, G-4, G-5, G-14, G-15


## Y

yellow fever IV-20, IV-27, I-4, J-3 yersinia pestis IV-5, IV-27

                                                                      FM 3-11.9
                                                                 MCRP 3-37.1B
                                                                  NTRP 3-11.32
                                                                AFTTP(I) 3-2.55
                                                                 10 JANUARY 2005

By Order of the Secretary of the Army:

                                                 PETER J. SCHOOMAKER
                                               General, United States Army
                                                        Chief of Staff

Official:

        SANDRA R. RILEY
Administrative Assistant to the
      Secretary of the Army
                            0434903

DISTRIBUTION:

Active Army, Army National Guard, and US Army Reserve:  To be distributed in
accordance with initial distribution number 110738, requirements for FM 3-11.9.

By Order of the Secretary of the Air Force:

BENTLEY B. RAYBURN
Major General, USAF
Commander
Headquarters Air Force Doctrine Center

Air Force Distribution: F

Marine Corps distribution: PCN 144 000154 00