## Drill And Ceremonies May 2021

DISTRIBUTION RESTRICTION: Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited.

*This publication supersedes TC 3-21.5, dated 20 January 2012.

## Headquarters, Department Of The Army

This publication is available at the Army Publishing Directorate site
(https://armypubs.army.mil) and the Central Army Registry site
(https://atiam.train.army.mil/catalog/dashboard).

## Drill And Ceremonies Contents

 Page
PREFACE........ ix

## Part One Drill

| Chapter 1                                 | INTRODUCTION 1-1                   |
|-------------------------------------------|------------------------------------|
|                                           |                                    |
| Section I - History 1-1                   |                                    |
|                                           |                                    |
| Section II - Military Music 1-2           |                                    |
|                                           |                                    |
| National and Military Service Music 1-2   |                                    |
|                                           |                                    |
| Bugle Calls 1-3                           |                                    |
|                                           |                                    |
| Chapter 2                                 | DRILL INSTRUCTIONS 2-1             |
|                                           |                                    |
| Section I - Instructional Methods 2-1     |                                    |
|                                           |                                    |
| Explanation 2-1                           |                                    |
|                                           |                                    |
| Demonstration 2-2                         |                                    |
|                                           |                                    |
| Practice 2-4                              |                                    |
|                                           |                                    |
| Section II - Instructional Techniques 2-4 |                                    |
|                                           |                                    |
| Formations 2-4                            |                                    |
|                                           |                                    |
| Instructors 2-6                           |                                    |
|                                           |                                    |
| Cadence Counting 2-6                      |                                    |
|                                           |                                    |
| Chapter 3                                 | COMMANDS AND THE COMMAND VOICE 3-1 |
|                                           |                                    |
| Section I - Commands 3-1                  |                                    |
|                                           |                                    |
| Rules 3-1                                 |                                    |
|                                           |                                    |
| Two-Part Commands 3-1                     |                                    |
|                                           |                                    |
| Combined Commands 3-2                     |                                    |
|                                           |                                    |
| Supplementary Commands 3-2                |                                    |
|                                           |                                    |
| Directives 3-3                            |                                    |
|                                           |                                    |
| Section II - The Command Voice 3-3        |                                    |
|                                           |                                    |
| Voice Control 3-3                         |                                    |
|                                           |                                    |
| Distinctiveness 3-3                       |                                    |
|                                           |                                    |
| Inflection 3-4                            |                                    |
|                                           |                                    |
| Cadence 3-4                               |                                    |
|                                           |                                    |
| Chapter 4                                 | INDIVIDUAL DRILL 4-1               |
|                                           |                                    |
| Section I - Stationary Movements 4-1      |                                    |
|                                           |                                    |
| Position of Attention 4-1                 |                                    |
|                                           |                                    |
| Rest Positions at the Halt 4-2            |                                    |
|                                           |                                    |

DISTRIBUTION RESTRICTION: Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited.

## Preface

TC 3-21.5 provides guidance for Army-wide uniformity in the conduct of drill and ceremonies. (*Ceremonies*
are *formations*the arrangement of elements of a unit in a prescribed mannerand movements in which a number of troops execute movements in unison and with precision just as in drill; however, their primary value is to render honors, preserve traditions, and stimulate esprit de corps.) It includes methods of instructing *drill* (movements by which a unit or individuals are moved in a uniform manner from one formation to another, or from one place to another, with movements executed in unison and with precision), teaching techniques, individual and unit drill, manual of arms for Infantry weapons, and various other aspects of basic drill instruction.

The principal audience for TC 3-21.5 is all members of the profession of arms. Commandersthe Soldiers in chargeand staffs of Army headquarters serving as joint task force or multinational headquarters should also refer to applicable joint or multinational doctrine concerning the range of military operations and joint or multinational forces. Trainers and educators throughout the Army will also use this publication. Since all situations or eventualities pertaining to drill and ceremonies cannot be foreseen, commanders may find it necessary to adjust the procedures to local conditions. However, with the view toward maintaining consistency throughout the Army, the procedures prescribed herein should be followed as closely as possible.

Personnel preparing to give drill instruction must be thoroughly familiar with chapters 3 through 7 before attempting to teach material in chapters 8 and 9.

For ease in distinguishing a preparatory command from a command of execution, the commands of execution appear in **BOLD CAP** letters and preparatory commands appear in *Bold Italic* letters. Reference to positions and movements appear in *Italics*. AR 670-1 should be used as a reference for the proper wearing of uniforms and insignia.

Commanders, staffs, and subordinates ensure that their decisions and actions comply with applicable U.S., international, and in some cases host-nation laws and regulations. Commanders at all levels ensure that their Soldiers operate in accordance with the law of war and the rules of engagement. (See FM 6-27.) TC 3-21.5 uses joint terms where applicable. Selected joint and Army terms and definitions appear in both the glossary and the text. Terms for which TC 3-21.5 is the proponent publication (the authority) are *italicized*
in the text and are marked with an asterisk (*) in the glossary. For other definitions shown in the text, the term is *italicized* and the number of the proponent publication follows the definition.

TC 3-21.5 applies to the Active Army, Army National Guard/Army National Guard of the United States and United State Army Reserve unless otherwise stated.

The proponent for this publication is the United States Army Maneuver Center of Excellence. The preparing agency is the United States Army Maneuver Center of Excellence, Directorate of Training and Doctrine, Doctrine and Collective Training Division. Send comments and recommendations on DA Form 2028 (*Recommended Changes to Publications and Blank Forms*) to Commander, Maneuver Center of Excellence, Directorate of Training and Doctrine, Doctrine and Collective Training Division, ATTN: ATZB TDD, 1
Karker Street, Fort Benning, GA 31905 5410; by email to usarmy.benning.mcoe.mbx.doctrine@mail.mil; or submit an electronic DA Form 2028.

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## Part One Drill

"Gentlemen: you have now reached the last point. If anyone of you doesn't mean business let him say so now. An hour from now will be too late to back out. Once in, you've got to see it through. You've got to perform without flinching whatever duty is assigned you, regardless of the difficulty or the danger attending it. If it is garrison duty, you must attend to it. If it is meeting fever, you must be willing. If it is the closest kind of fighting, anxious for it. You must know how to ride, how to shoot, how to live in the open. Absolute obedience to every command is your first lesson. No matter what comes you mustn't squeal. Think it overall of you. If man wishes to withdraw he will be gladly excused, for others are ready to take his place."
Theodore Roosevelt, Remarks to Recruits, 1898

## Chapter 1 Introduction

The purpose of drill is to enable commanders or noncommissioned officers (NCOs) to move their unit from one place to another in an orderly manner, to aid in disciplinary training by instilling habits of precision and response to the leader's orders, and to provide for the development of all Soldiers in the practice of commanding troops.

## Section I - History

1-1. Military history reveals that armies throughout the world participated in some form of drill. The primary value of drill, historically, is to prepare troops for battle. For the most part, the drill procedures practiced are identical to the tactical maneuvers employed on the battlefield. Drill enables commanders to quickly move their forces from one point to another, mass their forces into a battle formation that affords maximum firepower, and maneuver those forces as the situation develops.

1-2. In 1775, when this country was striving for independence and existence, the Nation's leaders were confronted with the problem of not only establishing a government but also of organizing an Army that was already engaged in war. From the "shot heard around the world," on 19 April 1775, until Valley Forge in
1778, Revolutionary forces were little more than a group of civilians fighting Indian-style against well-trained, highly disciplined British Redcoats. For three years, General George Washington's troops had endured many hardshipslack of funds, rations, clothing, and equipment. They had also suffered numerous losses to the superior British forces. These hardships and losses mostly stemmed from the lack of a military atmosphere in the country, resulting in the creation of an Army with little or no organization, control, discipline, or teamwork.

1-3. Recognizing the crisis, General Washington, through Benjamin Franklin, the American ambassador to France, enlisted the aid of Prussian officer Baron Friedrich von Steuben. Upon his arrival at Valley Forge on
23 February 1778, von Steuben, a former staff officer for Frederick the Great, met an army of several thousand wretched, half-starved men in rags. He commented that a European army could not be kept together in such a state. To correct the conditions that prevailed, he set to work immediately and wrote drill movements and regulations at night and taught them the following day to a model company of 120 men selected from the line.

1-4. Discipline became a part of military life for these selected individuals as they learned to respond to command without hesitation. This new discipline instilled in them a sense of alertness, urgency, and attention to detail. Their confidence in themselves and their weapon grew as each Soldier perfected the fifteen 1-second movements required to load and fire their musket. As the Americans mastered the art of drill, they began to work as a team and to develop pride in themselves and in their units.

1-5. Watching this model company drill, observers were amazed to see how quickly and orderly the troops could be massed and maneuvered into different battle formations. Officers observed that organization, chain of command, and control were improved as each Soldier had a specific place and task within the formation. Later, the members of the model company were distributed throughout the Army to teach drill. Through drill, they improved the overall effectiveness and efficiency of the Army.

1-6. To ensure continuity and uniformity, von Steuben, by then a major general and the Army Inspector General, wrote the first Army field manual in 1779, "The Regulations for the Order and Discipline of the Troops of the United States," commonly referred to as the Blue Book. The drill procedures initiated at Valley Forge were not changed for 85 years, until the American Civil War, and many of the drill terms and procedures are still in effect today.

1-7. Drill commands are about the same as at the time of the War of 1812, except that then the officers and NCOs began them by saying, "Take care to face to the right, right, face." Also, during the American revolutionary period, troops marched at a cadence of 76 steps per minute instead of the current cadence of
120 steps. (*Cadence* is the uniform rhythm in which a movement is executed, or the number of steps or counts per minute at which a movement is executed. Drill movements are normally executed at the cadence of quick time or double-time. Quick time is the cadence of 120 counts or steps per minute; double-time is the cadence of 180 counts or steps per minute.) Then units performed precise movement on the battlefield, and the Army that could best perform them was often able to get behind the enemy, or on their flank, beating them. Speed ruined the winning exactness. Also, firearms shot neither far nor accurately in 1776, so troop formations could take more time to approach the enemy.

1-8. As armament and weaponry improved, drill had to adapt to new tactical concepts. Although the procedures taught in drill today are not normally employed on the battlefield, the objectives accomplished by drillprofessionalism, teamwork, confidence, pride, alertness, attention to detail, esprit de corps, and disciplineare just as important to the modern Army as they were to the Continental Army.

## Section Ii - Military Music

1-9. Military music has been an integral part of the military since the U.S. Army was created. Drummers have provided beats to help with military drill. Bugles have been used on the battlefield to signal various events. Military musicians have been providing ceremonial music and performing in concerts to boost morale since the Revolutionary War. Cadence is sung in the morning to motivate and captivate Soldiers during physical training while keeping the formation in step. There are popular Country and Service songs played at military functions that tell a story and instill pride in the force such as songs like "Blood on the Risers" and "Ballad of the Green Beret," as well as marches like The Stars and Stripes Forever.

1-10. The earliest surviving pictorial, sculptured, and written records show musical or quasi-musical instruments employed in connection with military activity for signaling during encampments, parades, and combat. Because the sounds were produced in the open air, the instruments tended to be brass and percussion. Oriental, Egyptian, Greek, Roman, and American Indian chronicles and pictorial remains show trumpets and drums of many varieties allied to Soldiers and battles.

## National And Military Service Music

1-11. Two of the most distinguished pieces of music in the Army are the national anthem and the official Army song. These two pieces of military music are played at almost every Army function and require Soldiers to stand at attention and sing (as required with the playing of the Army song), or stand at attention and sometimes render the hand salute (as required with the playing of the national anthem). These pieces of military music were written in turbulent times and have significant meaning to all Soldiers and most U.S. citizens.

## National Anthem

1-12. Our national anthem officially became "The Star-Spangled Banner" by law on 3 March 1931, in Section 301, Title 36, U.S Code. The national anthem was written from an inspirational event witnessed by the songwriter, Francis Scott Key, as the British Royal Navy conducted a 25-hour bombardment on Fort McHenry. Francis Scott Key observed "Old Glory" still waving at the Fort after the Royal Navy was unsuccessful in destroying it.

## Official Army Song

1-13. The official Army song, "The Army Goes Rolling Along," was formally dedicated by the Secretary of the Army on Veterans Day, 11 November 1956, and was officially announced on 12 December 1957 (see AR 220-90). In addition to standing at *Attention* during the playing of the official Army song, Army personnel are required to sing the lyrics.

Note. Although there is no Department of Defense (DOD) *directive*no oral order given by a commander to direct or cause a subordinate leader or lead element to take actionin this regard, commanders, officers, and personnel from other military branches can encourage the tribute to the Army by standing at *Attention* when the band plays "The Army Goes Rolling Along."
Army personnel will stand at *Attention* during the playing of official songs of other branches of Service.

## Bugle Calls

1-14. Bugle calls are used in U.S. military service as the result of the Continental Army's contact with European Soldiers and armies during the revolutionary period. After the American Revolution, many of the French and English bugle calls and drum beats were adopted by the U.S. Army. Bugle calls are musical signals which announce scheduled and nonscheduled events on Army military bases. Appendix I, (table I-1
on pages I-9 through I-11) gives detailed instruction of courtesies required to be rendered during bugle calls played on military installations. See TC 1-19.10 for a full list and description of all the Army bugle calls.

There are five classes of bugle calls: warning calls, formation calls, alarm calls, service calls, and ceremonial calls. Some of the most popular and significant bugle calls are


ATTENTION. This is taken from the British "Alarm," at which call the troops turned out under
arms. Attention is a parade bugle call letting Soldiers know that they are going to be called to the
Position of Attention.

ADJUTANT'S CALL. The adjutant's call indicates that the adjutant is about to form the guard, battalion, or regiment.

FIRST CALL. First call is the bugle call that signals to the troops as a warning that personnel will
prepare to assemble for a formation. This bugle call lets Soldiers know to move to the designated formation area.

REVEILLE. Reveille is the bugle call played to signal the troops to awaken for morning roll call and coincides with the raising of the national Color.

MESS CALL. The mess call is the bugle call that signals mealtime.

RETREAT. Retreat is the ceremony that pays honors to the national flag when it is lowered in the
evening.

TO THE COLOR. The old Cavalry call, "To the Standard," in use from about 1835, was replaced
by the present call of "To the Color." This bugle call is played immediately after the playing of
retreat.

TATTOO. Tattoo is a popular bugle call that is played later in the evening prior to "Taps" and
signals to Soldiers that all loud talking and other disturbances must be discontinued within
15 minutes.

"TAPS." "Taps" is played on some military installations late in the evening as it signals "lights
out" (extinguish all unauthorized lights). "Taps" was adapted by Union General Daniel Butterfield
for his brigade back in July of 1862. "Taps" is also played at military funerals and is known to be
one of the military's most recognizable and emotional bugle call.

SOUND OFF. Although technically not a bugle call, the "Sound Off" performed by the band in
ceremonies is derived from the tradition of using bugles to signal and rally troops. The band, in place, plays "Sound Off" (three chords). It then moves forward and, changing direction while playing a stirring march, troops the line and marches past the Soldiers in formation, then returns to its postthe correct place for an officer or NCO to stand in a prescribed formation. Upon halting, the band again plays three chords. *Sound Off* is a parade bugle call.

## Chapter 2 Drill Instructions

"Troops who march in an irregular and disorderly manner are always in great danger of being defeated."
Vegetius: De Re Militari: A.D. 378

## Section I - Instructional Methods

 The progress made by individuals and units in precise and unified action in drill is determined by the following:


The methods of instruction and the thoroughness of the instructor.

The organization of Soldiers into units of the most effective instructional size.
The three methods of instruction used to teach drill to Soldiers are: step by step, talk-through, and by the numbers. The character of the movement being taught will indicate the most effective method to use. As a rule, marching movements are taught using the step-by-step method. Movements that require numerous or simultaneous actions by an individual or unit are best taught using the talk-through method. Movements that have two or more counts are taught using the by-the-numbers method.

 To ensure that a Soldier develops satisfactory proficiency during the time allotted and to ensure a complete and consistent presentation by the drill instructor, each movement, regardless of the method used, should be presented using three teaching stages


Explanation.

Demonstration.

Practice.

## Explanation

In the explanation stage, the instructor must


Give the name of the movement.

Give the practical use for the movement.

Give the command(s) for the movement and explain its elements: the preparatory command and the command of execution.

Also discuss the command(s) necessary to terminate the movement. (Supplementary commands are discussed where appropriate in the explanations.)
This is how an instructor teaches a marching movement using the first teaching stage (explanation):
"*Platoon*, ATTENTION. **AT EASE**. The next movement (position), which I will name, explain, and have demonstrated, and which you will conduct practical work on, is the *30-Inch Step From the Halt*. This movement is used to march an element from point A to point B in a uniform manner. The command to execute this movement is *Forward,* **MARCH**. This is a two-part command: *Forward* is the preparatory command, and **MARCH** is the command of execution. The command to terminate this movement is **HALT**.

Halt is also a two-part command when preceded by a preparatory command such as Squad or *Platoon*. I will use *Demonstrator* as the preparatory command and **HALT** as the command of execution. When given, these commands are as follows: *Forward,* MARCH; *Demonstrator*, **HALT**."

## Demonstration

 In the demonstration stage, the instructor may use the step-by-step, talk-through, or by-the-numbers methods of instruction. The instructor may demonstrate the movement themselves, modifying their position when necessary to maintain eye-to-eye contact with personnel being instructed.

## Step-By-Step Method Of Instruction

 In the step-by-step method of instruction, the explanation and demonstration are combined. The movements are taught one step at a time.

Note. The letters P, I, C, or A that have been added to the end of certain paragraphs to help the reader understand the five-step process used in all marching movements comprise a mnemonic known as the PICAA effect. Put simply, the preparatory command, the command of execution, and the action stepexecuting the movementare all given or executed when the same foot strikes the marching surface. The intermediate step and additional step are executed with the other foot.

 The instructor explains that on the command of execution, the demonstrator takes only one step and then stops in position until the command *Ready*, **STEP** (for the next step) is given. While the demonstrator is stopped in position, the instructor makes on-the-spot corrections and explains the actions for the next step.

The instructor then has the demonstrator execute the movement at normal cadence.

 This is how an instructor teaches the demonstration stage when using the step-by-step method of instruction:


"*Demonstrator*, **POST**. I will use the step-by-step method of instruction. On the preparatory
command Forward of *Forward,* **MARCH**, without noticeable movement, shift the weight of the body onto the right foot. *Forward*."

"On the command of execution MARCH of *Forward***, MARCH**, step forward 30 inches with the
left foot. The head, eyes, and body remain as in the *Position of Attention*. The arms swing in
natural motion, without exaggeration and without bending the elbows, about 9 inches straight to
the front and 6 inches straight to the rear of the trouser seams. The fingers and thumbs are curled as in the *Position of Attention*, just barely clearing the trousers. **MARCH**." (*Front* is defined as
the space from side to side of a formation, including the right and left elements.)

"On the command of execution STEP of *Ready*, **STEP**, execute a 30-inch step with the trail foot.
Once again, ensure that the head, eyes, and body remain as in the *Position of Attention*, and that the arms swing naturally, without exaggeration, and without bending the elbows, about 9 inches
straight to the front and 6 inches straight to the rear of the trouser seams. The fingers and thumbs
are curled, as in the *Position of Attention*, barely clearing the trousers. *Ready*, **STEP**. Notice that
there are two steps explained: one from the *Halt* and one while marching."

"The command to terminate this movement is **HALT**. The preparatory command Demonstrator
of *Demonstrator*, **HALT**, may be given as either foot strikes the marching surface. However, the
command of execution HALT of *Demonstrator*, **HALT**, must be given the next time that same foot strikes the marching surface. The *Halt* is executed in two counts."

"On the command of execution STEP of *Ready*, **STEP**, execute a 30-inch step with the trail foot.
When that foot strikes the marching surface, the demonstrator will receive the preparatory
command Demonstrator of *Demonstrator*, HALT. *Ready*, STEP. *Demonstrator*." (Pstep 1 of
the PICAA process.)

"On the command of execution STEP of *Ready*, **STEP**, execute a 30-inch step with the trail foot.
This is the **intermediate** (or thinking) step required between the preparatory command and the
command of execution. *Ready*, **STEP**." (Istep 2 of the PICAA process.)

"On the command of execution STEP of *Ready*, **STEP**, execute a 30-inch step with the trail foot.
When the foot strikes the marching surface, the demonstrator will receive the command of
execution HALT of *Demonstrator*, HALT. *Ready*, STEP. **HALT**. The *Halt* is executed in two counts." (Cstep 3 of the PICAA process.)


"On the command of execution STEP of *Ready*, **STEP**, execute a 30-inch step with the trail foot,
this being the additional step required after the command of execution. *Ready*, **STEP**." (Astep 4
of the PICAA process.)

"On the command of execution STEP of *Ready*, **STEP**, bring the trail foot alongside the lead foot,
reassuming the *Position of Attention*, thus terminating this movement. (*Ready*, **STEP**. RE-FORM.) At normal cadence, this movement would look as follows: *Forward***, MARCH**.
Demonstrator, HALT. **AT EASE**." (Astep 5 of the PICAA process.) (*RE-FORM* is a
command to restore the previous element or formation [used only during drill instructions].)

"Platoon, what are your questions pertaining to this movement when executed at normal cadence
or when using the step-by-step method of instruction? (Clarify all questions.)"

"*Demonstrator***, ATTENTION**. You will now become my assistant instructor. **FALL OUT**."
Note. Notice that when marching, there are five steps in the step-by-step method of instruction:
1Preparatory command step; 2Intermediate step; 3Command of execution step; 4Additional step; and 5Action step.

## Talk-Through Method Of Instruction

 Demonstrations are combined. Each movement is orally described. In this method, the explanation and action by individuals is executed as the instructor tells the demonstrators what they want them to do and how to do it. The demonstrators execute the movement as the instructor describes it; then, the instructor has the demonstrators execute the movement at normal cadence.

 This is how an instructor teaches the demonstration stage when using the talk-through method of instruction:


"*Demonstrator*, **POST**. I will use the talk-through method of instruction. On the command of
execution ATTENTION or **FALL IN**, sharply bring the heels together and on line, with the toes forming a 45-degree angle. Rest the weight of the body equally on the heels and balls of both feet. The legs are straight without locking the knees; the body is erect; hips level; chest, lifted and arched; and shoulders, square and even. Keep the head erect and face straight to the front with the chin drawn in so that the *alignment***the arrangement of several elements on the same line** of the head and neck is vertical. The arms hang straight without stiffness. The fingers are curled so that the tips of the thumbs are alongside and touching the first joint of the forefingers. Keep the thumbs straight along the seams of the trousers with the first joint of the fingers touching the trouser legs. Remain silent and do not move unless otherwise directed."

"**AT EASE**. This position, executed at normal cadence, is as follows: *Demonstrator*, ATTENTION. AT EASE. FALL IN. **AT EASE**."

"Platoon, what are your questions pertaining to the *Position of Attention* when executed at normal
cadence or when executed using the talk-through method of instruction?" (Clarify all questions.)

"*Demonstrator*, **ATTENTION**. You will be my assistant instructor, **FALL OUT**."
Note. When teaching squad, platoon, or company drills, this method should be modified so that individuals are talked into position rather than through the position.

## By-The-Numbers Method Of Instruction

 **By The Numbers** is the command used to begin instructing one count at a time. *Without The Numbers*
is the command used to terminate single-count instruction and return to normal cadence. The explanation and demonstration are combined. Movements are explained and demonstrated one count at a time.
 The instructor has the demonstrator execute the movement by-the-numbers (one count at a time). The instructor then has the demonstrator execute the movement at normal cadence. The following is how an instructor teaches the demonstration stage using the by-the-numbers method of instruction:


"*Demonstrator*, **POST**. I will use the by-the-numbers method of instruction. *Port Arms* from
Order Arms is a two-count movement. On the command of execution ARMS of *Port*, **ARMS**,
this being count one, grasp the barrel of the rifle with the right hand and raise the rifle diagonally across the body, ensuring that the right elbow remains down without strain. Simultaneously, grasp
the rifle with the left hand at the handguard just forward of the slip ring, keeping the rifle about
4 inches from the belt. By the numbers, *Port*, **ARMS**."

"On count two, release the grasp of the rifle with the right hand and regrasp the rifle at the small
of the stock. Keep the rifle held diagonally across the body, about 4 inches from the belt, elbows
drawn in at the sides, and ensure the right forearm is horizontal, thus assuming the position of Port Arms. *Ready***, TWO**."

"*Order Arms* from *Port Arms* is a three-count movement. On the command of execution ARMS
of *Order*, **ARMS**, this being count one, release the grasp of the rifl with the right hand and move
the right hand up and across the body, approaching the front sight assembly from the right front,
and firmly grasp the barrel without moving the rifle. Ensure the right elbow remains down without
strain. *Order*, **ARMS**."

"On count two, release the grasp of the rifle with the left hand, and with the right hand lower the
rifle to the right side until it is about 1 inch off the marching surface. At the same time, guide the
rifle into place with the left hand at the flash suppressor, fingers and thumb extended and joined,
palm facing the rear. *Ready*, TWO."

"On count three, sharply move the left hand to the left side as in the *Position of Attention* and, at
the same time, gently lower the rifle to the marching surface with the right hand, assuming the position of Order Arms. *Ready*, **THREE**."

At normal cadence, these commands (movements) are as follows:

"Without-the-numbers, *Port, ARMS. Order, ARMS. AT EASE*."

"Platoon, what are your questions pertaining to Port Arms from Order Arms and Order Arms
from Port Arms when executed at normal cadence or when executed by-the-numbers?"
(Clarify all questions.)

"Demonstrator, ATTENTION. You will be my assistant instructor. FALL OUT." (Notice that there is no *Ready*, ONE command.)

## Practice

 The practice stage is executed in the same manner as the demonstration stage except that the instructor uses the proper designator for the size of their element. However, the instructor does not have their element execute the movement at normal cadence until their element has shown a satisfactory degree of proficiency executing the movement using the selected method of instruction.

## Section Ii - Instructional Techniques

 Basic drill instruction includes U, line, circular, and extended rectangular formations. Basic drill instruction also includes stationary and moving cadence counts and dedicated instruction to units and individuals.

## Formations

 Instructors could use one of the four formation types when providing instructions to their formation while conducting drill. In all phases of drill, instruction and practical work can best be presented by using the U-formation or line formation. As a rule, stationary movements are taught using the U-formation; marching movements, including squad, platoon, and company drills, are best taught from the line formation. Instructors also have the option to use the extended rectangular and circular formations. Soldiers should be taught in the smallest formation possible to ensure individual attention; however, squad drill, whenever possible, should be taught to squad-size units, platoon drill to platoon-size units, and company drill to company-size units.

## U-Formation

 The U-formation is formed by the instructor commanding *Count*, OFF. On the command of execution OFF of *Count*, OFF, all personnel, except the right flank personnel, turn their heads and eyes to the right and the right flank personnel count off with "ONE." After the right flank Soldiers have counted their number, the Soldiers to their left count off with the next higher number and simultaneously turn their heads and eyes to the front. All other members of the formation count off in the same manner until the entire formation has counted off. The instructor then commands *First and second squads*, **FALL OUT**.

 On the command of execution **FALL OUT**, the first squad faces to the right, and the second squad faces to the left. After the squads have faced, the instructor commands *U-formation*, **FALL IN**.

 On the command of execution **FALL IN**, the following actions happen simultaneously:


The first squad faces right, executes a *Column Left*, and takes one more step than the highest
number counted when the formation counted off; halts, and faces to the left without command.

The second squad faces left, marches forward until the lead Soldier clears the last vacated position
of the first squad, and then executes a *Column Right*, taking three more steps than the highest
number counted when the formation counted off; halts, and faces to the right without command.

The third squad stands fast, and the fourth squad executes one *15-Inch Step to the Left*. The
instructor ensures that the first and second squads are one step in front of and one step outside the flanks of the third squad before commanding **AT EASE** beginning the instruction.
 To re-form the platoon in a line formation, the commands are: FALL OUT (pause); **FALL IN**. The members of the platoon execute in the reverse manner as prescribed above, taking the same number of steps.

## Line Formation

 When instructing using the line formation at normal interval, it is recommended that the first rank kneels (right knee), second rank executes one *15-Inch Step to the Left* and kneels (left knee), third rank stands fast, and the fourth rank takes one *15-Inch Step to the Left*. (*Rank* **is a line that is one element in-depth**.)
The instructor adjusts any additional ranks as necessary to ensure they are uncovered. This formation can quickly be formed by commanding *Instructional Formation*, **MARCH**. To re-form the unit into a line formation, the command is **FALL IN**. The members of the platoon execute in the reverse manner as prescribed above. (*Normal interval* is the lateral space between Soldiers, measured from right to left by the Soldier on the right holding their left arm shoulder high, fingers and thumb extended and joined, with the tip of their middle finger touching the right shoulder of the Soldier to their left.)

## Extended Rectangular Formation

 The instructor may find using the extended rectangular formation more suitable for use:


To form the extended rectangular formation, the instructor commands *Extend to the left*,
MARCH. All right flank Soldiers stand fast with only their left arm extended sideward with palm
down, fingers and thumbs extended and joined. All other Soldiers turn to the left and double-time
forward. After taking a sufficient number of steps, the Soldiers stop, face to the front, and extend both arms sideward with palms down, with fingers and thumbs extended and joined. The distance
between the fingertips of one Soldier to another is 12 inches, dress is to the right and cover to the
front. The remainder of the body is in the *Position of Attention*. (*Distance* is defined as the space
between elements when the elements are one behind the other. Between units, it varies with the size of the formation; between individuals, it is an arm's length to the front plus 6 inches, or about 36 inches, measured from the chest of one Soldier to the back of the Soldier immediately to their front.

The instructor then commands *Arms downward*, **MOVE**. The Soldiers lower their arms sharply
to the sides as in the Position of Attention.

The instructor then commands *Left*, **Face**. All Soldiers execute a left face.

The instructor then commands *Extend to the left*, **MARCH**. All Soldiers execute as previously
described.

The instructor then commands *Arms downward*, **MOVE**. All Soldiers execute as previously
described.

The instructor then commands *Right*, **FACE**. All Soldiers execute a right face.

The instructor then commands *From front to rear*, **COUNT OFF**. (**COUNT OFF** is the entire
command of execution.) Each member of the first rank turns their head and eyes to the right and
counts off with ONE, then faces back to the front. The remaining ranks execute in the same
manner as the first rank, counting off in the same manner as the first rank until the entire formation
has counted off. The members of the last (rear) rank do not turn their heads and eyes.

The instructor then commands *Even numbers to the left*, **UNCOVER**. All even-numbered
Soldiers jump squarely in the center of the interval, resuming the P*osition of Attention*. The formation is now prepared for instruction.

To return the formation to the original configuration, the instructor commands Assemble to the right, **MARCH**. All Soldiers double-time to their original position in formation.

## Circular Formation

 The instructor may find the circular formation more suitable for training:


The instructor positions themselves in front of the lead Soldier in the lead squad, looks over their right shoulder, and commands *Circle formation*, **FOLLOW ME**. The instructor double-times in
a circle large enough for the formation and moves to the center of the circle. The members of the
lead squad follow at an arm's length plus 6 inches (approximately 40 inches total). The squad
leaders of the following squads begin double-timing at the correct distance from the last Soldier in the preceding squad without command. After the entire formation is in a circle, the instructor
comes to the *Position of Attention* and commands *Quick time*, **MARCH**. The Soldiers begin
marching normally. The instructor then gives directives to individual Soldiers and corrects the
distance between them until each member is at approximately double arm interval.

The instructor then commands the formation to *Halt* using the appropriate preparatory command.

The instructor then commands *Left*, **FACE**. All personnel face toward the instructor. The
formation is now ready for instruction.

To return the formation to its original configuration, the instructor commands the formation to attention and commands **FALL OUT**, then **FALL IN**. On the command **FALL IN**, all Soldiers
return to their original position in formation.
Note. When conditions do not warrant this formation, Soldiers may be directed to remain standing and to uncover. To assemble the unit, the command **FALL IN** is given.

## Instructors

 When acting as instructors or assistant instructors, officers and NCOs go wherever they are needed.

They correct mistakes and ensure steadiness and proper performance in ranks. When Soldiers shows that they are unable to execute the proper movements or assume the proper position, the instructor may physically assist them.

## Cadence Counting

 To enable Soldiers to learn or maintain cadence and develop rhythm, the instructor should have them count cadence while marching.

 To count cadence while marching at quick time, the instructor gives the preparatory command, Count Cadence, as the left foot strikes the marching surface, and the command of execution, **COUNT**, the next time the left foot strikes the marching surface. The Soldier begins to count the next time the left foot strikes the marching surface and counts as each foot strikes the marching surfaceONE, TWO, THREE, FOUR;
ONE, TWO, THREE, FOUR. To count cadence while double-timing, the procedures are basically the same, except the Soldier only counts each time the left foot strikes the marching surface. To maintain cadence when marching, Soldiers will be allowed to sing, or a drummer's beat may provide cadence.

 For stationary movements of two or more counts, the instructor commands *In Cadence, Right,* **FACE**.

Soldiers simultaneously execute the first count of the movement on the command of execution and sounds off, ONE; as they execute the second count, they sound off, TWO.

Note. To halt execution of movements in cadence, the instructor commands *Without Cadence*, and resumes normal drill methods. For example, *Without Cadence*, **MARCH** when marching at Count Cadence or *Without Cadence, Left,* **FACE** for stationary movements.

 As Soldiers begin to master the art of drill, instructors encourage a spirit of competition among individuals and between units. Although repetition is necessary when teaching drill, instructors use competitive drill exercises to ensure that drill does not become boring or monotonous.

 Mass commands are used to develop confidence and promote enthusiasm. They are effective in developing a command voice when instructing a leadership course. Procedures for using mass commands are discussed in chapter 3.

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## Chapter 3 Commands And The Command Voice

"The spirit of discipline, as distinct from its outward and visible guises, is the result of association with martial traditions and their living embodiment."
B. H. Liddell Hart, Thoughts on War, 1944

## Section I - Commands

3-1. A drill command is an oral order of a commander or leader. The precision with which a movement is executed is affected by the way the command is given.

## Rules

3-2. The following rules for giving commands apply to the commander when the unit drills as a separate unit and not as part of a larger formation:


When at the *Halt*, the commander faces the troops when giving commands. On commands that set the unit in motion (marching from one point to another), the commander moves simultaneously
with the unit to maintain correct position within the formation. (See chapter 4, paragraphs 4-7 and 4-27, for more information on facing in marching.)

When the commander is marching, without regard to the formation, the commander turns their head in the direction of the troops to give commands.

Exceptions to these rules occur during ceremonies, which are discussed in chapter 10.

When elements drill as part of a larger unit, the rules for supplementary commands apply (see
paragraph 3-6).

The commander gives the command **AS YOU WERE** to revoke a preparatory command that they
have given. The command **AS YOU WERE** must be given before the command of execution.
The commander cannot cancel the command of execution with **AS YOU WERE**. If an improper
command is not revoked, the personnel execute the movement in the best manner possible.

## Two-Part Commands

3-3. Most drill commands have two parts: the preparatory command and the command of execution. Neither part is a command by itself, but the parts are termed commands to simplify instruction. The commands *Ready*, Port, **ARMS,** and *Ready, Aim,* **FIRE,** are considered two-part commands even though they contain two preparatory commands. The following are the parts of the two-part commands:


Preparatory command. The preparatory command states the movement to be carried out and
mentally prepares the Soldier for its execution. In the command *Forward***, MARCH**, the
preparatory command is *Forward*.

Command of execution. The command of execution tells when the movement is to be carried out. In *Forward***, MARCH**, the command of execution is **MARCH**.
3-4. To change direction of a unit when marching, the preparatory command and command of execution for each movement are given so they begin and end on the foot in the direction of the turn: *Right Flank*, MARCH is given as the right foot strikes the marching surface, and *Left Flank,* **MARCH** as the left foot strikes the marching surface. The interval between the preparatory command and the command of execution is always one step or count. The preparatory command and command of execution are always given when the same foot strikes the marching surface.

## Combined Commands

3-5. In some commands, the preparatory command and the command of execution are combined; for example, **FALL IN, AT EASE,** and **REST**. These commands are given without inflection and at a uniformly high pitch and loudness comparable to that for a normal command of execution.

## Supplementary Commands

3-6. Supplementary commands are verbal orders, given by a subordinate leader, that reinforce and complement a commander's order. They ensure proper understanding and execution of a movement. They extend to the lowest subordinate leader exercising control over an element affected by the command as a separate element within the same formation.

3-7. A supplementary command may be a preparatory command, a portion of a preparatory command, or a two-part command. It is normally given between the preparatory command and the command of execution.

However, when a command requires an element of a unit to execute a movement different from other elements within the same formation, or the same movement at a different time, subordinate leaders give their supplementary commands at the time prescribed by the procedures covering that particular movement.

## Example:

The platoon is in column formation, and the platoon leader commands Column of Twos From the Left (pause), **MARCH**. The first and second squad leaders command Forward; the third and fourth squad leaders command **STAND FAST**. On the command of execution **MARCH**, the first and second squads march forward. At the appropriate time, the squad leader (third squad) nearest the moving element commands *Column Half Left*, **MARCH** (for both remaining squads). As the third and fourth squad leaders reach the line of march, they automatically execute a Column Half Left and obtain normal distance behind the first and second squads.

3-8. Subordinate leaders give all supplementary commands over their right shoulder except when their command is based on the actions of an element on their left or when the subordinate is to execute a Column Left (Half Left) or *Left Flank*. Giving commands over the left shoulder occurs when changing configuration or a formation, such as forming a *file* **(column that has a front of one element**) or a column of fours and re-forming. (See chapter 7, paragraph 7-13, for more information on forming a file and re-forming.)

## Example:

The platoon is in column formation and is going to form a file to the left. The left flank squad leader will give the supplementary command *Column,* **LEFT** over the left shoulder, since the movement will be to the left. The other squad leaders will give the supplementary command **STAND FAST** over the left shoulder as their movement will be to the left and is based on an element to the left.

Note. When in formation at present arms and the preparatory command Order of *Order,* **ARMS** is given, subordinate leaders terminate their salute before giving their supplementary command.

3-9. Supplementary commands are not given by a subordinate leader for the combined commands FALL
IN, AT EASE, REST or for mass drill when their element forms as part of a massed formation. However, supplementary commands are given when forming a mass or when forming a column from a mass.

3-10. Except for commands while in mass formation, platoon leaders give supplementary commands following all preparatory commands of the commander. When the preparatory command is *Company*, the platoon leaders immediately come to *Attention* and command *Platoon*. The company commander allows for all supplementary commands before giving the command of execution.

3-11. When no direction is given, the response is understood to be *Forward*; when no rate of march is given, the response is *Quick Time*. Normally, when a direction or rate of march is included in the preparatory command, only the direction or rate of march is given as a supplementary command.

## Directives

3-12. Directives are oral orders given by the commander that direct or cause a subordinate leader to act. The commander gives directives rather than commands when it is more appropriate for subordinate elements to execute a movement or perform a task as independent elements of the same formation:


TAKE CHARGE OF YOUR UNITS is the only directive on which a commander relinquishes their command and on which salutes are exchanged.

Directives are given in sentence form and are normally prefaced by the terms HAVE YOUR
UNITS or **BRING YOUR UNITS**.

## Example: Have Your Units *Open Ranks* And *Stack Arms*; **Bring Your Units** To Present Arms. Section Ii - The Command Voice

3-13. A correctly delivered command will be understood by everyone in the unit. Correct commands have a tone, cadence, and snap that demand willing, correct, and immediate response.

## Voice Control

3-14. The loudness of a command is adjusted to the number of Soldiers in the unit. Normally, the commander is to the front and center of the unit and speaks facing the unit so that their voice reaches everyone. The voice must have carrying power, but excessive exertion is unnecessary and harmful. A typical result of trying too hard is the almost unconscious tightening of the neck muscles to force sound out. This produces strain, hoarseness, sore throat, and worst of all, indistinct and jumbled sounds instead of clear commands. Ease of giving proper commands is achieved through good posture, proper breathing, correct adjustment of throat and mouth muscles, and confidence.

3-15. The best posture for giving commands is the Position of *Attention*. Soldiers in formation notice the posture of their leader: if the leaders' posture is unmilitaryrelaxed, slouched, stiff, or uneasythe subordinates will imitate it.

3-16. The most important muscle used in breathing is the diaphragmthe large muscle that separates the chest cavity from the abdominal cavity. The diaphragm automatically controls normal breathing and is used to control the breath in giving commands. The throat, mouth, and nose act as amplifiers and help to give fullness (resonance) and projection to the voice.

## Distinctiveness

3-17. Distinctiveness depends on the correct use of the tongue, lips, and teeth, which form the separate sounds of a word and group the sounds into syllables. Distinct commands are effective; indistinct commands cause confusion. All commands can be pronounced correctly without loss of effect. Emphasize correct enunciation (distinctiveness). To enunciate clearly, make full use of the lips, tongue, and lower jaw.

3-18. To develop the ability to give clear, distinct commands, practice giving commands slowly and carefully, prolonging the syllables. Then, gradually increase the rate of delivery to develop proper cadence, still enunciating each syllable distinctly.

## Inflection

3-19. Inflection is the rise and fall in pitch and the tone changes of the voice. Inflection is going to change when giving preparatory command, command of execution, and combined commands.

3-20. The preparatory command is the command that indicates movement. Pronounce each preparatory command with a rising inflection. The most desirable pitch when beginning a preparatory command is near the level of the natural speaking voice. A common fault made by beginners is to start the preparatory command in a pitch so high that, after employing a rising inflection for the preparatory command, it is impossible to give the command of execution with clarity and without strain. A good rule to remember: begin a command near the natural pitch of the voice (see figure 3-1).

3-21. The command of execution is the command that indicates when a movement is to be executed. Give it in a sharper tone and in a slightly higher pitch than the last syllable of the preparatory command. It must be given with plenty of snap. The best way to develop a command voice is to practice.

3-22. In combined commands, such as **FALL IN** and **FALL OUT**, the preparatory command and command of execution are combined. Give these commands without inflection and with the uniform high pitch and loudness of a normal command of execution.

## Cadence

3-23. Cadence, in commands, means a uniform and rhythmic flow of words. The interval between commands is uniform in length for any given troop unit. This is necessary so that everyone in the unit can understand the preparatory command and will know when to expect the command of execution.

3-24. For the squad or platoon in *March*, except when supplementary commands need to be given, the interval of time is that which allows one step (or count) between the preparatory command and the command of execution. The same interval is used for commands given at the *Halt*. Longer commands, such as Right flank, **MARCH**, must be started so that the preparatory command will end on the proper foot, and leave a full count between the preparatory command and command of execution.

3-25. When supplementary commands are necessary, the commander should allow for one count between the preparatory command and the subordinate leader's supplementary command, and an additional count after the subordinate command but before the command of execution.

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## Chapter 4 Individual Drill

"Maintain discipline and caution above all things, and be on the alert to obey the word of command. It is both the noblest and the safest thing for a great army to be visibly animated by one spirit."
Archidamus of Sparta: To the Lacedaemonian expeditionary force departing for Athens, 431 B.C.

Note. The explanation of a movement that may be executed toward either flank is given in this chapter for only one flank. To execute the movement toward the opposite flank, substitute left for right or right for left in the explanation.

## Section I - Stationary Movements

4-1. This section contains most of the individual positions and stationary movements required in drill. These positions and the correct execution of the movement, in every detail, should be learned before proceeding to other drill movements.

4-2. Movements are initiated from the *Position of Attention*. However, some rest movements may be executed from other rest positions.

## Position Of Attention

4-3. Two commands can be used to put personnel at the *Position of Attention*:


FALL IN is used to assemble a formation or return it to its original configuration.

The two-part command for *Attention* is used for Soldiers at a rest position. Assume the Position
of Attention on the command **FALL IN** or the command *Squad (Platoon),* **ATTENTION**.
4-4. To assume this position, bring the heels together sharply on line, with the toes pointing out equally, forming a 45-degree angle. Rest the weight of the body evenly on the heels and balls of both feet. Keep the legs straight without locking the knees. Hold the body erect with the hips level, chest lifted and arched, and shoulders square. Keep the head erect and face straight to the front with the chin drawn in so alignment of the head and neck is vertical.

4-5. Let the arms hang straight without stiffness. Curl the fingers so that the tips of the thumbs are alongside and touching the first joint of the forefingers. Keep the thumbs straight along the seams of the trouser leg with the first joint of the fingers touching the trousers (see figure 4-1 on page 4-2). Remain silent and do not move unless otherwise directed.

Note. This position is assumed by enlisted Soldiers when addressing officers, or when officers are addressing officers of superior rank.

## Rest Positions At The Halt

4-6. Any of the positions of rest may be commanded and executed from the *Position of Attention*. The following are rest positions that could be given at the halt:


Parade Rest. *Parade Rest* is commanded only from the *Position of Attention*. The command for
this movement is *Parade,* **REST**.

On the command of execution **REST**, move the left foot about 10 inches to the left of the right foot. Keep the legs straight without locking the knees, resting the weight of the body equally on the heels and balls of the feet.

Simultaneously, place the hands at the small of the back and centered on the belt. Keep the fingers of both hands extended and joined, interlocking the thumbs so that the palm of the right hand is outward (see figure 4-2).

Keep the head and eyes as in the *Position of Attention*. Remain silent and do not move unless
otherwise directed. *Stand at Ease, At Ease*, and *Rest* may be executed from this position.
Note. Enlisted Soldiers assume this position when addressing all NCOs or when NCOs address NCOs of superior rank.


Stand At Ease. The command for this movement is *Stand at,* **EASE**. On the command of execution
EASE, execute *Parade Rest*, but turn the head and eyes directly toward the person in charge of
the formation. At Ease or *Rest* may be executed from this position.

At Ease. The command for this movement is **AT EASE**. On the command **AT EASE**, Soldiers
may move; however, they must remain standing and silent with their right foot in place. Soldiers
may relax their arms with the thumbs interlaced. *Rest* may be executed from this position.

Rest. The command for this movement is **REST**. On the command **REST**, Soldiers may move,
talk, or drink unless otherwise directed. They must remain standing with their right foot in place.
AT EASE may be executed from this position to allow Soldiers to secure canteens, other equipment, and so forth.

Note. On the preparatory command for *Attention*, immediately assume *Parade Rest* when at the position of Stand at Ease, At Ease, or *Rest.* If, for some reason, a subordinate element is already at attention, the members of the element remain so and do not execute parade rest on the preparatory command, nor does the subordinate leader give a supplementary command.

## Facing At The Halt

4-7. There are five facing movements executed from the *Position of Attention*. They are Left (Right), FACE, *Half Left (Half Right),* **FACE,** and *About,* **FACE**.

Note. *Half Left (Half Right)*, **FACE** should only be used in situations when a 90-degree facing movement would not face an element in the desired direction (for example, for a stationary element to face the direction of the flag to render honors [reveille or retreat]).

## Facing To The Flank

4-8. *Facing to the Flank* is a two-count movement. The command is *Left (Right),* **FACE**:

On the command of execution **FACE**, slightly raise the right heel and left toe, and turn 90 degrees
to the left on the left heel, assisted by a slight pressure on the ball of the right foot. Keep the left leg straight without stiffness and allow the right leg to bend naturally.

On count two, place the right foot beside the left foot, resuming the *Position of Attention*. Arms
remain at the sides, as in the *Position of Attention*, throughout this movement (see figure 4-3).

## Facing To The Rear

4-9. *Facing to the Rear* is a two-count movement. The command is *About*, **FACE**:

On the command of execution **FACE** (count one), move the toe of the right foot to a point touching the marching surface about half the length of the foot to the rear and slightly to the left of the left
heel. Rest most of the weight of the body on the heel of the left foot and allow the right knee to bend naturally.

On count two, turn to the right 180 degrees on the left heel and ball of the right foot, resuming the Position of Attention. Arms remain at the sides, as in the *Position of Attention*, throughout this
movement (see figure 4-4 on page 4-6).
Note. Throughout these movements, the remainder of the body remains in the Position of Attention.

## Hand Salute

4-10. The *Hand Salute* is a one-count movement. The command is *Present,* **ARMS**. The *Hand Salute* may be executed while marching. When marching, only the Soldier in charge of the formation salutes and acknowledges salutes. When double-timing, an individual Soldier must come to *Quick Time* before saluting.

4-11. When wearing headgear with a visor (with or without glasses), on the command of execution **ARMS**, raise the right hand sharply, fingers and thumb extended and joined, palm facing down, and place the tip of the right forefinger on the rim of the visor slightly to the right of the right eye. The outer edge of the hand is barely canted downward so that neither the back of the hand nor the palm is clearly visible from the front. The hand and wrist are straight, the elbow inclined slightly forward, and the upper arm horizontal (see figure 4-5, box 1).

4-12. When wearing headgear without a visor (or uncovered) and wearing glasses, execute the Hand Salute in the same manner as previously described in paragraph 4-11, except touch the tip of the right forefinger to that point on the glasses where the temple piece of the frame meets the right edge of the right brow (see figure 4-5, box 2).

4-13. When wearing headgear without a visor (or uncovered) and not wearing glasses, execute the Hand Salute in the same manner as previously described in paragraph 4-10, except touch the tip of the right forefinger to the forehead near and slightly to the right of the right eyebrow (see figure 4-5, box 3).

4-14. *Order Arms* from the *Hand Salute* is a one-count movement. The command is *Order,* **ARMS**. On the command of execution **ARMS**, return the hand sharply to the side, resuming the *Position of Attention*.

4-15. When reporting or rendering courtesy to an individual, turn the head and eyes toward the person addressed and simultaneously salute. In this situation, the actions are executed without command. The Salute is initiated by the subordinate at the appropriate time (six paces) and terminated upon acknowledgment. (See appendix A for more information on saluting.)

## Section Ii - Steps And Marching

4-16. This section contains all the steps in marching of the individual Soldier. These steps should be learned thoroughly before proceeding to unit drill.

## Basic Marching Information

4-17. This basic marching information pertains to all marching movements:

All marching movements executed from the *Halt* are initiated from the *Position of Attention*.

Except for *Route Step March* and *At Ease March*, all marching movements are executed while
marching at *Attention*. Marching at *Attention* is the combination of the *Position of Attention* and
the procedures for the prescribed step executed simultaneously.

When executed from the *Halt*, all steps except *Right Step* begin with the left foot.

For short-distance marching movements, the commander may designate the number of steps
forward, backward, or sideward by giving the appropriate command: One step to the right (left),
MARCH; or *Two steps backward (forward*), **MARCH**. On the command of execution **MARCH**,
step off with the appropriate foot, and halt automatically after completing the number of steps
designated. Unless otherwise specified, when directed to execute steps forward, the steps will be 30-inch steps.

All marching movements are executed in the cadence of *Quick Time* (120 steps per minute) except
for the 30-inch step, which may be executed in the cadence of 180 steps per minute on the command *Double Time,* **MARCH**.

A step is the prescribed distance from one heel to the other heel of a marching Soldier.

All 15-inch steps are executed for a short distance only.

## The 30-Inch Step

4-18. To march with a 30-inch step from the *Halt*, the command is *Forward***, MARCH**:

On the preparatory command *Forward*, shift the weight of the body to the right foot without
noticeable movement. On the command of execution **MARCH**, step forward 30 inches with the
left foot and continue marching with 30-inch steps, keeping the head and eyes fixed to the front. The arms swing in a natural motion, without exaggeration and without bending at the elbows, approximately 9 inches straight to the front and 6 inches straight to the rear of the trouser seams. Keep the fingers curled as in the *Position of Attention* so that the fingers just clear the trousers.

To *Halt* while marching, the command *Squad (Platoon)*, **HALT** is given. The preparatory
command *Squad (Platoon)* is given as either foot strikes the marching surface as long as the
command of execution **HALT** is given the next time that same foot strikes the marching surface. The *Halt* is executed in two counts. After **HALT** is commanded, execute the additional step
required after the command of execution and then bring the trail foot alongside the lead foot, assuming the *Position of Attention* and terminating the movement.

## Change Step

4-19. This movement is executed automatically whenever Soldiers finds themselves out of step with all other members of the formation. It is only executed while marching forward with a 30-inch step. To change step, the command *Change Step,* **MARCH** is given as the right foot strikes the marching surface. On the command of execution **MARCH**, take one more step with the left foot, then, in one count, place the right toe near the heel of the left foot and step off again with the left foot. Swing arms naturally.

## Marching To The Rear

4-20. This movement is used to change the direction of a marching element 180 degrees in a uniform manner.

It is only executed while marching forward with a 30-inch step. To *March to the Rear*, the command *Rear*, MARCH is given as the right foot strikes the marching surface. On the command of execution **MARCH**, take one more step with the left foot, pivot 180 degrees to the right on the balls of both feet, and step off in the new direction taking a 30-inch step with the trail foot. Do not allow the arms to swing outward while turning.

## Rest Movement, 30-Inch Step

4-21. Rest movements with the 30-inch step include *At Ease March* and *Route Step March*:


At Ease March. The command *At Ease,* **MARCH** is given as either foot strikes the marching
surface. On the command of execution **MARCH**, the Soldier is no longer required to retain cadence; however, silence and the approximate interval and distance are maintained. Quick Time,
MARCH and *Route Step,* **MARCH** are the only commands that can be given while marching at
ease.

Route Step March. *Route Step March* is executed identically to *At Ease March* except that Soldiers
may drink from their canteens and talk.
Note. To change the direction of march while marching at Route Step or *At Ease March*, the commander informally directs the lead element to turn in the desired direction. Before precision movements may be executed, the unit must resume marching in cadence. The troops automatically resume marching at *Attention* on the command *Quick Time*, **MARCH** as the commander reestablishes the cadence by counting eight steps. If necessary, Soldiers individually execute change step to get back in step with the unit.

## The 15-Inch Step, Forward Or Half Step

4-22. Use the following procedures to execute the 15-inch step, forward or half step. The 15-inch step is commonly known as the *Half Step*:


To march with a 15-inch step from the *Halt*, the command is *Half step*, **MARCH**. On the
preparatory command *Half Step*, shift the weight of the body to the right foot without noticeable
movement. On the command of execution **MARCH**, step forward 15 inches with the left foot and
continue marching with 15-inch steps. The arms swing as in marching with a 30-inch step.

To alter the march to a 15-inch step while marching with a 30-inch step, the command is Half
Step, **MARCH**. This command may be given as either foot strikes the marching surface. On the command of execution **MARCH**, take one more 30-inch step and then begin marching with a
15-inch step. The arms swing as in marching with a 30-inch step.

To resume marching with a 30-inch step, the command *Forward***, MARCH** is given as either foot
strikes the marching surface. On the command of execution **MARCH**, take one more 15-inch step
and then begin marching with a 30-inch step.

The *Halt* while marching at the *Half Step* is executed in two counts, the same as the *Halt* from
the 30-inch step. While marching at the *Half Step*, the only commands that may be given are:
Mark Time, MARCH; *Normal Interval, Forward*, MARCH; **MARCH**; and **HALT**.

## Marching In Place

4-23. To march in place, use the following procedures:


To march in place, the command *Mark Time,* **MARCH** is given as either foot strikes the marching
surface and only while marching with a 30-inch or 15-inch step forward. On the command of
execution **MARCH**, take one more step, bring the trailing foot alongside the leading foot, and
begin to march in place. Raise each foot alternately 2 inches off the marching surface; the arms
swing naturally, as when marching with a 30-inch step forward.
Note. While marking time in formation, the Soldier adjusts position to ensure proper alignment and cover. The proper distance between Soldiers while marching is one-arm length plus 6 inches
(approximately 40 inches).


To resume marching with a 30-inch step, the command *Forward***, MARCH** is given as either foot
strikes the marching surface. On the command of execution **MARCH**, take one more step in place
and then step off with a 30-inch step.

The *Halt* from *Mark Time* is executed in two counts, the same as the *Halt* from the 30-inch step.

## The 15-Inch Step, Right Or Left

4-24. To march with a *15-Inch Step Right (Left)*, use the following procedures:


To march with a *15-Inch Step Right (Left)*, the command is *Right (Left) Step,* **MARCH**. The
command is given only while at the *Halt*. On the preparatory command of *Right (Left) Step*, shift
the weight of the body without noticeable movement onto the left (right) foot. On the command
of execution **MARCH**, bend the right knee slightly and raise the right foot only high enough to allow freedom of movement. Place the right foot 15 inches to the right of the left foot, then move
the left foot (keeping the left leg straight) alongside the right foot as in the *Position of Attention*.
Continue this movement, keeping the arms at the sides as in the *Position of Attention*.

To *Halt* when executing Right or *Left* Step, the command is *Squad (Platoon)*, **HALT**. This
movement is executed in two counts. The preparatory command is given when the heels are together; the command of execution **HALT** is given the next time the heels are together. On the
command of execution **HALT**, take one more step with the lead foot and then place the trailing foot alongside the lead foot, resuming the *Position of Attention*.

## The 15-Inch Step, Backward

4-25. To march backward using the 15-inch step, use the following procedures:


To march with a *15-Inch Step Backward*, the command is *Backward,* **MARCH**. The command is
given only while at the *Halt*. On the preparatory command *Backward,* shift the weight of the body without noticeable movement onto the right foot. On the command of execution **MARCH**, take a 15-inch step backward with the left foot and continue marching backward with 15-inch steps. The arms swing naturally.

The *Halt* from *Backward March* is executed in two counts, the same as the *Halt* from the 30-inch
step.

## The 30-Inch Step, Double-Time

4-26. To *Double-Time* using the 30-inch step, use the following procedures:


To march in the cadence of 180 steps per minute with a 30-inch step, the command is Double
Time, **MARCH**. It may be commanded while at the *Halt* or while marching at *Quick Time* with a
30-inch step.

When at the *Halt* and the preparatory command *Double Time* is given, shift the weight of the body
to the right foot without noticeable movement. On the command of execution **MARCH**, raise the
forearms to a horizontal position, with the fingers and thumbs closed, knuckles out, and simultaneously step off with the left foot. Continue to march with 30-inch steps at the cadence of
Double Time. The arms swing naturally to the front and rear with the forearms kept horizontal. (When armed, Soldiers will come to *Port Arms* on receiving the preparatory command of Double
Time.) Guides, when at *Sling Arms*, will *Double-Time* with their weapons at *Sling Arms* upon
receiving the directive **GUIDE ON LINE**.

When marching with a 30-inch step in the cadence of *Quick Time*, the command *Double Time*, MARCH is given as either foot strikes the marching surface. On the command of execution
MARCH, take one more 30-inch step at *Quick Time* and step off with the trailing foot,
double-timing as previously described.

To resume marching with a 30-inch step at *Quick Time*, the command *Quick time*, **MARCH** is given as either foot strikes the marching surface. On the command of execution **MARCH**, take
two more 30-inch steps at double-time, lower the arms to the sides, and resume marching with a
30-inch step at *Quick Time*.
Note. Quick Time, *Column Half Left (Right)*, and *Column Left (Right)* are the only movements that can be executed while double-timing. Armed troops must be at *Port Arms* before the command Double Time, **MARCH** is given.

## Facing In Marching

4-27. *Facings in Marching* from the *Halt* are important parts of the following movements: alignments, column movements, inspecting Soldiers in ranks, and changing from Normal Interval to *Double Interval* or Double Interval to *Normal Interval*. (*Double interval* is defined as the lateral space between Soldiers, measured from right to left by raising both arms shoulder high with the fingers extended and joined [palms down] so that fingertips are touching the fingertips of the Soldiers to the right and to the left.):


For instructional purposes only, the command *Face to the Right (Left) in Marching,* MARCH
may be used to teach the individual to execute the movement properly. On the preparatory command *Face to the Right (Left) in Marching*, shift the weight of the body without noticeable
movement onto the right foot. On the command of execution **MARCH**, pivot to the right (left) on
the ball of the right foot (90 degrees) and step off in the indicated direction with the left foot. Execute the pivot and step in one count and continue marching in the new direction. (See paragraph 4-17, third bullet, and chapter 3, paragraph 3-2, first bullet.)

Facing to the Half-Right (Half-Left) in Marching from the *Halt* is executed in the same manner as
Facing to the Right (Left) in Marching from a *Halt*, except the facing movement is made at a
45-degree angle to the right (left).

The *Halt* from *Facing in Marching* is executed in two counts, the same as the *Halt* from the
30-inch step.
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## Chapter 5 Individual Drill With Weapons

"Feed 'em up and give 'em hell. Teach 'em where they are. Make 'em so mad they'll
eat steel rather than get dressing from you. Make 'em hard but don't break 'em."
Laurence Stallings: What Price Glory? 1926
Note. For individual movements with weapons other than the M4-series carbine, see the following appendixes:


M16-series rifleappendix B.

M14 rifleappendix C.

M1903 or M1917appendix D.

Sword and saberappendix E.

## Section I - Manual Of ArmsM4-Series Carbine

Note. The manual of arms movements for the M16-series, M14, M1903 or M1917 rifle are basically the same as for the M4 carbine. The movements for the M16 are fully described in appendix B; the movements for the M14 are fully described in appendix C; the movements for the M1903or M1917 are fully described in appendix D.

## Basic Procedures

5-2. The following are basic procedures that apply to the M4-series carbine:

At the *Halt*, all movements are initiated from Order Arms or *Sling Arms*, which are the Positions
of Attention with the carbine.

All precision movements are executed in quick-time cadence.

For drill purposes, the magazine is not carried in the carbine. When performing duty requiring the use of the magazine, the carbine is carried at *Sling Arms*.

The command *Port,* **ARMS** must be given before the command for *Double Time*.

Facings, alignments, and short-distance marching movements are executed from *Order Arms* or
Sling Arms. When the movement has been completed, automatically return the carbine to
Order Arms.

Facing movements are executed from Order Arms or *Sling Arms*. When a *Facing* is necessary to
establish the direction of march, the *Facing* movement is executed before the command for the
manual of arms. After a marching movement has been completed, *Order,* ARMS or *Sling,* ARMS
is commanded before the command for the facing movement.

Ready, Port, **ARMS** must be commanded following *Inspection Arms* and before any other
movements can be commanded.

Port Arms is the key position assumed in most manual of arms movements from one position to
another except *Right Shoulder Arms* from *Order Arms* and *Order Arms* from *Right Shoulder Arms*.

Manual of arms movements are a combination of the *Position of Attention* and the procedures for
the prescribed movement. Most manual of arms movements are executed with the head, eyes, and body as in the *Position of Attention*.

Sling Arms is the appropriate position assumed to carry the carbine while marching in most situations. *Port Arms* is only used when slings are unavailable or unless specifically required by
local conditions.
Note. Paragraphs 5-2 through 5-9 refer to slings tight. However, all individual and unit drill movements may be executed with slings loose except when executing Fix *Bayonets* and Unfix Bayonets.

## Order Arms

5-3. *Order Arms* is the *Position of Attention* with a carbine or rifle. To execute *Order Arms*, use the following procedures:


Assume *Order Arms* on the command **FALL IN** or from *Parade Rest* on the command of
execution **ATTENTION** (see figure 5-2 on page 5-4).

At *Order Arms*, maintain the *Position of Attention*. Grasp the weapon by cupping the butt of the
carbine with the right hand, fingers joined with the thumb on the toe of the butt. Hold the carbine vertical with the magazine well to the front with the trailing edge of the right hand on line with the seam of the trousers.

## Rest Position

5-4. The *Rest Positions* are commanded and executed the same as individual drill with the following additions:


On the command of execution REST of *Parade,* **REST**, execute the movement as an individual
drill without moving the right hand or the carbine.

Execute *Stand at Ease* in the same manner as *Parade Rest* except turn the head and eyes toward
the person in charge of the formation.

On the command AT EASE or **REST**, keep the carbine in place as in *Parade Rest*.

## Port Arms

5-5. To execute *Port Arms* (see figure 5-3) use the following procedures:

Port Arms from *Order Arms* is a two-count movement. The command is *Port,* **ARMS**.

On the command of execution **ARMS** (count one), reach across the body with the left hand and
grasp the handguards just above the slip ring.

On count two, release the grasp of the right hand and raise the carbine diagonally across the body so that the carbine is about 4 inches from the waist. At the same time, grasp the small of the stock with the right hand.

Hold the carbine diagonally across the body about 4 inches from the waist, right forearm horizontal, and the elbows close to the sides.
5-6. To execute *Order Arms* from *Port Arms* (see figure 5-4 on page 5-6), use the following procedures:

Order Arms from *Port Arms* is a two-count movement. The command is *Order,* **ARMS**.

On the command of execution **ARMS** (count one), release the grasp of the right hand and move the carbine to the side as in *Order Arms* with the carbine. At the same time, move the right hand to the side and then regrasp the butt of the carbine as in *Order Arms*.

On count two, release the grasp of the left hand and return it sharply to the side and in the Position of Attention.

## Present Arms

5-7. To *Present Arms* from *Order Arms* (see figure 5-5), use the following procedures:

Present Arms is a three-count movement. The command is *Present,* **ARMS**.

On the command of execution **ARMS**, execute *Port Arms* in two counts.

On count three, twist the carbine with the right hand so that the carbine is vertical and centered on
the body about 4 inches from the waist with the magazine well to the front. Lower the carbine
until the left forearm is horizontal and keep the elbows tight against the sides.
5-8. *Orders Arms* from *Present Arms* is a three-count movement. The command is *Order,* **ARMS**. On the command of execution **ARMS**, twist the carbine back to the *Port Arms* position. Counts two and three are executed the same as from *Port Arms*.

## Inspection Arms

5-9. To execute *Inspection Arms* (see figure 5-6 on page 5-8), use the following procedures:


Inspection Arms from *Order Arms* is a seven-count movement. The command is Inspection,
ARMS.

On the command of execution **ARMS**, execute *Port Arms* in the first two counts.

On count three, move the left hand from the handguard and grasp the pistol grip, thumb over the lower portion of the bolt catch.

On count four, release the grasp of the right hand, unlock the charging handle with the thumb, and sharply pull the charging handle to the rear with the thumb and forefinger. At the same time, apply pressure on the lower portion of the bolt catch, locking the bolt to the rear.

On count five, without changing the grasp of the right hand, sharply push the charging handle forward until it is locked into position; then regrasp the carbine with the right hand at the small of the stock.

On count six, remove the left hand, twist the carbine with the right hand so that the ejection port is skyward, regrasp the handguard with the left hand just forward of the slip ring, and
visually inspect the receiver through the ejection port.

On count seven, with the right hand, twist the carbine so that the sights are up and assume Inspection Arms.
Note. The method for inspecting the carbine by an inspecting officer is explained in chapter 8.


Ready, Port, **ARMS** is the only command given from *Inspection Arms*:

On the command *Ready*, move the left hand and regrasp the carbine with the thumb and
fingers forming a "U" at the magazine well and trigger guard, the thumb (without pressure) on the upper part of the bolt catch, fingertips placed below or under the ejection port cover.

On the command *Port*, press the bolt catch and allow the bolt to go forward. With the
fingertips, push upward and close the ejection port cover. Grasp the pistol grip with the left hand and place the left thumb on the trigger.

On the command **ARMS**, pull the trigger and resume *Port Arms*. To return to *Order Arms* the
command is *Order, Arms*.

## Right Shoulder Arms

5-10. To execute *Right Shoulder Arms* (see figure 5-7), use the following procedures:


Right Shoulder Arms from *Order Arms* is a four-count movement. The command is Right
Shoulder, **ARMS**:

On the command of execution **ARMS**, execute count one the same as in *Port Arms*.

On count two, execute the same as *Port Arms* except move the right hand to grasp the butt of
the carbine with the heel of the butt between the first two fingers with the thumb and forefinger touching.

On count three (without moving the head), release the grasp of the left hand (without changing
the grasp of the right hand), twist the carbine so that the sights are up, and place the weapon onto the right shoulder, moving the left hand to the small of the stock to guide the carbine to
the shoulder. Keep the fingers and thumb (left hand) extended and joined with the palm turned toward the body. The first joint of the left forefinger touches the rear of the charging handle. Keep the left elbow down, and keep the right forearm horizontal with the right upper arm
against the side and on line with the back.

On count four, sharply move the left hand back to the left side as in the *Position of Attention*.

Order Arms from *Right Shoulder Arms* is a three-count movement (see figure 5-8). The command
is *Order,* **ARMS**:

On the command of execution **ARMS** (count one), without moving the head and without
changing the grasp of the right hand, press down quickly and firmly on the butt of the carbine with the right hand and twist the weapon (with the sights up), guiding it diagonally across the
body and about 4 inches from the waist. Grasp the carbine with the left hand at the handguard
just forward of the slip ring.

On count two, release the grasp of the right hand and move the carbine to the side as in Order
Arms, then regrasp the butt with the right hand.

On count three, release the grasp of the left hand and return it sharply to the side as in the Position of Attention, resuming *Order Arms*.

## Left Shoulder Arms

5-11. To execute *Left Shoulder Arms*, use the following procedures:


Left Shoulder Arms from *Order Arms* is a four-count movement (see figure 5-9). The command is
Left Shoulder, **ARMS**:

On the command of execution **ARMS**, execute *Port Arms* in two counts.

On count three, release the grasp of the left hand and (without moving the head) place the carbine on the left shoulder with the right hand (with the sights up), keeping the right elbow
down. At the same time, regrasp the carbine with the left hand with the heel of the butt between the first two fingers and with the thumb and forefinger touching. The left forearm is
horizontal, and the left upper arm is against the side and on line with the back.

On count four, move the right hand to the right side as in the *Position of Attention*.

Order Arms from *Left Shoulder Arms* is a four-count movement (see figure 5-10 on page 5-12). The command is *Order,* **ARMS**:

On the command of execution **ARMS** (count one), move the right hand up and across the
body and grasp the small of the stock, keeping the right elbow down.

On count two (without moving the head), release the grasp of the left hand and with the right hand move the carbine diagonally across the body (sights up) about 4 inches from the waist. At the same time, regrasp the handguard just forward of the slip ring with the left hand, and
resume *Port Arms*.

Counts three and four are the same as from *Port Arms*.

## Changing Positions

5-12. To change position with the M4-series carbine, use the following procedures:


Right Shoulder Arms from *Port Arms* is a three-count movement. The command is Right
Shoulder, **ARMS**. On the command of execution **ARMS**, release the grasp of the right hand and
regrasp the carbine with the heel of the butt between the first two fingers, with the thumb and
forefinger touching. Counts two and three are the same as counts three and four from *Order Arms*.
When marching, the command is given as the right foot strikes the marching surface.

Port Arms from *Right Shoulder Arms* is a two-count movement. The command is *Port,* **ARMS**. On the command of execution **ARMS**, execute count one of *Order Arms* from Right Shoulder
Arms. On count two, release the grasp of the right hand and regrasp the carbine at the small of the stock and come to *Port Arms*. When marching, the command is given as the right foot strikes the marching surface.

Left Shoulder Arms from *Port Arms* is a two-count movement. The command is *Left Shoulder*, ARMS. On the command of execution **ARMS**, execute *Left Shoulder Arms* in the same manner
as counts three and four from *Order Arms*. When marching, the command is given as the left foot strikes the marching surface.

Port Arms from *Left Shoulder Arms* is a two-count movement. The command is *Port,* **ARMS**. On
the command of execution **ARMS**, execute the first two counts of *Order Arms* from Left Shoulder
Arms. When marching, the command is given as the left foot strikes the marching surface.

Left Shoulder Arms from *Right Shoulder Arms* is a four-count movement. The command is Left
Shoulder, **ARMS**. On the command of execution **ARMS**, execute the first count the same as
executing *Order Arms*. On count two, remove the right hand from the butt of the carbine and regrasp the small of the stock (*Port Arms*). Counts three and four are the same movements as from
Port Arms. When marching, the command is given as the left foot strikes the marching surface.

Right Shoulder Arms from *Left Shoulder Arms* is a five-count movement. The command is Right
Shoulder, **ARMS**. On the command of execution **ARMS**, execute *Port Arms* in two counts.
Counts three, four, and five are the same as from *Port Arms*. When marching, the command is given as the right foot strikes the marching surface.

Present Arms from Right Shoulder Arms or *Left Shoulder Arms*, while in formation, is executed
from the *Halt* only. The command is *Present,* **ARMS**. On the command of execution **ARMS**,
come to *Port Arms* from either shoulder and then execute *Present Arms* (in one count) from
Port Arms.

To resume *Right (Left) Shoulder Arms* from *Present Arms*, the command is Right (Left) Shoulder, ARMS. On the command of execution **ARMS**, execute *Port Arms* in one count and then execute
the counts as prescribed from *Port Arms*.
Note. Experienced Soldiers should be able to execute the 15-count manual of arms in unison from Order, to Right Shoulder, to *Left Shoulder*, to Present, to *Order Arms*. The command is Fifteen-Count Manual, **ARMS**.

## Fix And Unfix Bayonets

5-13. The command to *Fix or Unfix Bayonets* is given from *Order Arms* only. The movement is executed in a military manner but not in cadence.

Note. The bayonet scabbard is worn on the left side with the tip of the scabbard on line with the trouser leg seam and the barrel ring to the front.

## Fix Bayonets

5-14. To fix bayonets the command is *Fix,* **BAYONETS**. On the command of execution **BAYONETS**, grasp the carbine barrel with the right hand, raise the carbine slightly, and place the butt of the carbine between the feet, with the magazine well to the front. Grasp the carbine barrel with the left hand and move the muzzle to the left front. With the right hand, unsnap the scabbard securing strap and withdraw the bayonet.

Keeping the eyes on the bayonet point, turn the point skyward and attach the bayonet to the carbine. To engage the bayonet stud on the carbine with the base of the bayonet, grasp the handle, apply downward pressure until a click is heard, and then apply limited upward pressure to ensure that the bayonet is seated securely. Re-snap the scabbard securing strap with the right hand and then come to *Order Arms*.

## Unfix Bayonets

5-15. To unfix bayonets the command is *Unfix,* **BAYONETS**. On the command of execution **BAYONETS**, grasp the carbine barrel with the right hand at the handle of the bayonet and place the carbine butt between the feet with the magazine well to the front. Move the muzzle to the left with the left hand and secure it. Unsnap the scabbard securing strap with the right hand, then grasp the bayonet handle with the left hand and release the bayonet from the carbine muzzle with the left hand. Keeping the eyes on the bayonet point, return the bayonet to the scabbard and insert it with the barrel ring facing to the front. Re-snap the scabbard securing strap and come to *Order Arms*. For safety, if the bayonet is difficult to remove from the carbine, stick the bayonet point into the marching surface, bend over, and depress the catch mechanism with the left hand while pulling upward on the carbine with the right hand.

## Section Ii - Sling Arms, M4-Series Carbine

5-16. This section contains the procedures for executing manual of arms movements while at *Sling Arms*.

## Basic Procedures

5-17. These procedures apply to all movements while at *Sling Arms*:

Remain at *Sling Arms* during all rest movements.

All individual and unit drill movements can be executed at *Sling Arms* except Double Time, Stack
Arms, and Fix and *Unfix Bayonets*, which are executed from *Order Arms*.

When in formation at *Sling Arms*, execute the *Hand Salute* on the command *Present,* **ARMS**.

Platoon leaders and platoon sergeants carry their rifles at *Sling Arms* during all drills and
ceremonies, and from this position they execute *Present Arms* only. They do not execute Unsling
Arms. This also applies to squad leaders when squads drill as separate units.

When all members of a unit are carrying their rifles at *Sling Arms*, the platoon leaders and platoon
sergeants execute *Present Arms* only. They do not execute *Unsling Arms*.

## Sling Arms

5-18. To execute *Sling Arms* from *Order Arms* (see figure 5-11), use the following procedures:

To execute *Sling Army* from *Order Arms* with the sling(s) loose, the command for *Sling Arms* is
Sling, **ARMS**.

On the command of execution **ARMS**, grasp the sling near the upper sling swivel with the left
hand, and release the right hand. Place the right hand and arm between the sling and carbine and place the sling over the right shoulder.

Re-grasp the sling with the right hand so that the wrist is straight, the right forearm is horizontal,
the elbow is tight against the side, and the carbine is vertical.

Release the grasp of the left hand and move it sharply to the left side as in the *Position of Attention*.
5-19. To return the carbine to *Order Arms* with the sling tight, the command is *Adjust,* **SLINGS** (see figure 5-12 on page 5-16). On command of execution **SLINGS**, remove the carbine from the shoulder. Then, grasp the barrel with the right hand and raise it vertically. With the left hand, place the butt of the carbine on the right hip and cradle it in the crook of the right arm. Use both hands to tighten the sling on the ejection port side. Grasp the handguards just above the slip ring with the left hand and move the weapon to the Order Arms position. At the same time, move the right hand to the side and grasp the butt of the weapon. After grasping the butt with the right hand, release the grasp of the left hand and return it sharply to the side as in the *Position of Attention* and return to *Order Arms*.

5-20. From *Order Arms* with sling(s) tight, the command is *Sling,* **ARMS**. On the command of execution ARMS, reach across the body with the left hand and grasp the handguards just above the slip ring and, with the right hand, place the butt on the right hip, cradle the carbine in the crook of the right arm, and use both hands to adjust the sling. Grasp the sling with the left hand near the upper sling swivel and execute Sling Arms (as previously described in paragraph 5-17).

5-21. If an element is at *Order Arms* with the sling loose and the commander wants the sling to be tightened, they command *Adjust,* **SLINGS**. On the command of execution **SLINGS**, tighten the sling and guide the carbine to *Order Arms* (as previously described in paragraph 5-18).

Note. Unless otherwise specified, armed elements of a formation fall-in at *Order Arms* with slings loose.

5-22. To return the carbine to *Order Arms* with the sling loose, the command is *Unsling,* **ARMS**. On the command of execution **ARMS**, reach across the body with the left hand and grasp the sling at the right shoulder. Release the right hand grasp of the sling and remove the carbine from the shoulder. Grasp the barrel with the right hand, release the left hand and regrasp the handguards just above the slip ring, release the grasp of the right hand, and move the carbine to the *Order Arms* position (as previously described in paragraph 5-
18). Move the carbine to the position of *Order Arms* and regrasp the butt with the right hand. After grasping the butt with the right hand, release the grasp of the left hand and return it sharply to the side as in the Position of Attention and return to *Order Arms*.

## Salute At Sling Arms

5-23. To execute *Salute* while at *Sling Arms* (see figure 5-13), use the following procedures:


To *Salute* while at *Sling Arms*, the command is *Present,* **ARMS**:

On the command of execution **ARMS**, reach across the body with the left hand and grasp the
sling just above the right hand.

Release the right hand and execute the *Hand Salute*.

To terminate the *Hand Salute*, the command is *Order,* **ARMS**:

On the command of execution **ARMS**, lower the right hand sharply to the side as in the
Position of Attention and then regrasp the sling at the original position.

After grasping the sling with the right hand, release the left hand and return it sharply to the left side as in the *Position of Attention*.

When rendering reports or courtesy to an individual, the same rules apply for the *Hand Salute* (as
explained in the individual drill).
Note. Individuals performing duty in congested areas, which would require frequent salutes, should carry the weapon at *Sling Arms*.

## Port Arms From Sling Arms

5-24. To execute *Port Arms* from *Sling Arms* (see figure 5-14 on page 5-18), use the following procedures:


The command for this movement is *Port,* **ARMS**:

On the command of execution **ARMS**, reach across the body with the left hand and grasp the sling at the shoulder.

Lift the weapon (by the sling), swing it to the front of the body, and grasp the small of the stock with the right hand.

Release the sling (left hand) and regrasp the weapon just forward of the slip ring.

Ensure that the carbine is 4 inches from the belt and held diagonally across the body. Keep the elbows in at the sides and the right forearm horizontal.
5-25. To resume *Sling Arms*, the command is *Sling,* **ARMS**. On the command of execution **ARMS**, grasp the sling near the upper sling swivel with the left hand. Release the right hand and swing the carbine back onto the shoulder by placing the right arm between the sling and carbine, immediately resume the position of *Sling Arms*.

## Inspection Arms From Sling Arms

5-26. To execute *Inspection Arms* from *Sling Arms* the command for this movement is *Inspection,* **ARMS**.

On the command of execution **ARMS**, execute *Port Arms* and then execute counts three through seven in the same manner as for *Inspection Arms* from *Order Arms*:


Ready, Port, **ARMS** is executed in the same manner as explained in the manual of arms.

To resume *Sling Arms*, the procedures are the same as from *Port Arms*.
5-27. To execute *Inspection Arms* when the magazine is in the carbine, remove the magazine (just before count three) with the left hand and place it between the waist (left front) and the clothing. Return the magazine immediately after pulling the trigger and before resuming *Port Arms*. If the pistol belt is worn, the magazine will be placed between the pistol belt and the clothing (left front).

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## Chapter 6 Squad Drill

"The [Soldiers] must learn to keep their ranks, to obey words of command, and signals by drum and trumpet, and to observe good order, whether they halt, advance, retreat, are upon a march, or engaged with an enemy."
Niccolo Machiavelli: Arte della Guerra, 1520

## Section I - Formations And Movements

6-1. This section describes the formations and movements of a squad. Individual drill movements and the manual of arms are executed, as previously described in chapters 4 and 5, while performing as a squad member.

## Basic Information

6-2. The squad has two prescribed formationsline and column. However, the squad may be formed into a column of twos from a column formation. When the squad is in line, squad members are numbered from right to left; when in column, from front to rear. The squad normally marches in column, but for short distances it may march in line.

6-3. When the squad drills as a separate unit, the squad leader carries their weapon at *Sling Arms*. When the squad is in a line formation, the squad leader assumes a post three steps in front of and centered on the squad; when in a column or a column of twos, three steps to the left and centered on the squad. When the squad drills as part of a larger unit, the squad leader occupies the number one (base) position of the squad. Squad leaders carry their weapon in the same manner as prescribed for other rifle bearers in the squad.

## Forming The Squad

6-4. The squad normally forms in a line formation; however, it may re-form in column when each member can identify their exact position (equipment grounded) in the formation (see figure 6-1 on page 6-3).

6-5. To form at normal interval, the squad leader comes to the *Position of Attention* and commands FALL IN. On the command **FALL IN**, the following actions occur simultaneously:


Each member double-times to their position in the formation.

The right flank Soldier positions themselves so that when the squad is formed it is three steps in front of and centered on the squad leader.

The right flank Soldier comes to the *Position of Attention* and raises their left arm laterally at
shoulder level, elbow locked, fingers and thumb extended and joined, and palm facing down. They
ensure that the left arm is in line with the body.

The Soldier to the immediate left of the right flank Soldier comes to the *Position of Attention*,
turns their head and eyes to the right, and raises their left arm in the same manner as the right flank
Soldier. They obtain proper alignment by taking short steps forward or backward until they are on line with the Soldiers on their right flank. They then obtain exact interval by taking short steps left
or right until their shoulder touches the extended fingertips of the Soldier on their right flank. As
soon as the Soldier to the left has obtained equal interval, each Soldier individually lowers their
arm to their side, sharply turns their head and eyes to the front, and assumes the Position of Attention.


The right flank Soldier then sharply returns to the *Position of Attention*.

All other members of the squad form in the same manner except that the Soldiers on the left flank do not raise their left arm.
Note. Right flank Soldiers raise their arms and look straight to the front unless the squad is to align on an element to its right. If they are to align on an element to the right, they turn their head and eyes to the right and align themselves with that element.

6-6. To form at *Close Interval*, the formation is completed in the manner prescribed for *Normal Interval*, except that the command is *At Close Interval*, **FALL IN** as seen in figure 6-1. Squad members obtain Close Interval by placing the heel of the left hand on the left hip even with the waist, fingers and thumb joined and extended downward, and with the elbow in line with the body and touching the arm of the Soldier to the left as seen in figure 6-3 on page 6-6.

6-7. To form in column, the squad leader faces the proposed flank of the column and commands *In Column*, FALL IN. On the command of execution **FALL IN**, squad members double-time to their original positions
(grounded equipment) in formation and cover on the Soldier to their front.

Note. The correct distance between Soldiers in column formation is approximately 36 inches. This distance is one-arm's length plus 6 inches.

6-8. When armed, squad members fall in at Order Arms or *Sling Arms*. For safety, the commands Inspection, ARMS; *Ready, Port,* **ARMS**; and *Order (Sling),* **ARMS** are commanded at the initial formation of the day or when the last command is **DISMISSED**.

## Counting Off

6-9. The squad may count off in line or column formation. The command is *Count,* **OFF**:


When the squad is in a line formation, the counting is executed from right to left. On the command of execution OFF, each member, except the Soldiers on the right flank, turns their head and eyes
to the right, and the right flank Soldier counts off "ONE." After the Soldier on the right counts off their number, the Soldier to their left counts off with the next higher number and simultaneously turns their head and eyes to the front. All the other members execute count off in the same manner until the entire squad has counted off.

When the squad is in column formation, the counting is executed from front to rear. On the
command of execution OFF, the Soldier at the head of the column turns their head and eyes to the
right and counts over their shoulder, "ONE." After counting off their number, they immediately
come to the *Position of Attention*. All other members count their numbers in sequence in the same
manner as the number one Soldier; the last Soldier in the file does not turn their head and eyes to the right.

## Changing Interval While In Line

6-10. To change interval while in line, use the following procedures:
Note. To ensure that each member understands the number of steps to take, the squad leader should command *Count,* **OFF** before giving any commands that cause the squad to change interval. Members do not raise their arms when changing interval.

6-11. To obtain *Close Interval* from *Normal Interval*, the command is *Close Interval,* **MARCH**. On the command of execution **MARCH**, the Soldiers on the right flank (number one person) stands fast. All Soldiers to the left of the number one person execute *Right Step March*, take one step less than their number (for example, number five person takes four steps), and *Halt*.

Note. The squad leader takes the correct number of steps to maintain their position of three steps in front of and centered on the squad.

6-12. To obtain *Normal Interval* from *Close Interval*, the command is *Normal Interval,* **MARCH**. On the command of execution **MARCH**, the Soldiers on the right flank stands fast. All Soldiers to the left of number one person execute *Left Step March*, take one step less than their number (for example, the number nine person takes eight steps), and *Halt*.

6-13. To obtain *Double Interval* from *Normal Interval*, the command is *Double Interval*, **MARCH**. On the command of execution **MARCH**, the Soldiers on the right flank stand fast. All Soldiers to the left of the number one person face to the left as in marching, take one 30-inch step less than their number (for example, number seven person takes six steps), *Halt*, and execute *Right Face*.

6-14. To obtain *Normal Interval* from *Double Interval*, the command is *Normal Interval,* **MARCH**. On the command of execution **MARCH**, the Soldiers on the right flank stand fast. All Soldiers to the left of the number one person face to the right as in marching, take one 30-inch step less than their number (for example, number three person takes two steps), *Halt*, and execute *Left Face*.

## Alignment

6-15. Soldiers align front-to-back by covering on the Soldier to their front and align side-to-side by dressing to the Soldier on their right. To cover, Soldiers position their heads, spines, and insides of the heels directly behind the corresponding locations of the Soldier in front of them. Soldiers dress by ensuring their shoulders are perpendicular to the direction of march and their insteps are in line with the Soldier to their front.

Figure 6-2 shows Soldiers properly aligned at *Normal Interval*.

## Aligning The Squad

6-16. To align the squad at *Normal Interval*, the commands are *Dress Right,* **DRESS** and *Ready,* **FRONT**.

These commands are given only when armed Soldiers are at Order Arms or *Sling Arms*. On the command of execution **DRESS**, the Soldiers on the right flank stand fast. Each member, except the right flank person, turns their head and eyes to the right and aligns themselves with the person on their right. Each member, except the left flank person, extends their left arm laterally at shoulder level, elbow locked, fingers and thumb extended and joined, palm facing down. They ensure their left arm is in line with their body and position themselves by short steps right or left until their right shoulder touches the fingertips of the Soldier on their right. On the command of execution **FRONT**, each member returns sharply to the *Position of Attention* (see figure 6-3 on page 6-6).

Note. The squad leader commands the squad to the appropriate interval before giving the command for alignment.

Note. If the squad leader wants exact alignment, on the command of execution **DRESS**, they face to the *Half Left* in marching and march by the most direct route to a position on line with the squad, halt one step from the Soldiers on the right flank, and face down the line. From their position, they verify the alignment of the squad, directing the Soldiers to move forward or backward, as necessary, calling them by name or number: "Private Miller, forward 2 inches;" "Number eight, backward 4 inches." The squad leader remains at attention, taking short steps to the right or left as necessary to see down the squad. Having aligned the squad, they center themselves on the right flank person by taking short steps left or right. The squad leader then faces to the *Half Right* in marching, returns to their position (center of the squad), halts perpendicular to the formation, faces to the left, and commands *Ready,* **FRONT**. These procedures also apply when aligning the squad at Close or *Double Interval*.

6-17. To align the squad at *Close Interval*, the commands are *At Close Interval, Dress Right,* **DRESS** and Ready, **FRONT**. The movement is executed in the same manner prescribed for alignment at Normal Interval except that the squad members obtain *Close Interval* (see figure 6-3, page 6-6).

6-18. To align the squad at *Double Interval*, the commands are *At Double Interval, Dress Right,* DRESS
and *Ready,* **FRONT**. These commands are given only when the troops are unarmed or at *Sling Arms*. On the command of execution **DRESS**, each member (except the right flank Soldier) turns their head and eyes to the right and aligns themselves to the person to their right. At the same time, each member (except the right and left flank person) extends both arms and positions themselves by short steps right or left until their fingertips are touching the fingertips of the members on their right and left. (The right flank person raises their left arm; the left flank person raises their right arm.)
6-19. To align the squad in column, the commands are **COVER** and **RE-COVER**. On the command COVER, each member (except the number one person) raises their left arm to a horizontal position, elbow locked, fingers and thumb extended and joined, palm facing down, and obtains an arm's length plus about
6 inches (from the fingertips) to the back of the Soldier to their front. At the same time, each Soldier aligns themselves directly behind the Soldier to their front. To resume the *Position of Attention*, the command RE- COVER is given. On this command, each member sharply returns to the *Position of Attention*.

## Marching The Squad

6-20. To march the squad, use the following procedures:


For short distances only, the squad may be marched forward while in a line formation.

When marching long distances, the squad is marched in column.

To form a column formation from a line formation, the command is *Right,* **FACE**.

When a column formation is originated from a line formation at *Close Interval*, the squad may be marched for short distances at the *Half Step* with less than correct distance. To obtain correct
distance while marching with less than correct distance, the command is *Extend,* **MARCH**. On
the command of execution **MARCH**, the number one person takes one more 15-inch step and then
steps off with a 30-inch step. Each squad member begins marching with a 30-inch step at the
approximate point where the number one person stepped off, or as soon as correct distance has been obtained.
Note. See chapter 4 for more information on marching movements.

## Changing The Direction Of A Column

6-21. To change the direction of a column from the *Halt*, the command to start the squad in motion and simultaneously change the direction of march 90 or 45 degrees is *Column Right (Left),* MARCH or Column Half Right (Left), **MARCH**. On the command of execution **MARCH**, the lead person faces to the right (left)
as in marching by pivoting to the right (left) on the ball of the right foot and steps off in the indicated direction taking a 30-inch step with the left foot and continues to march. The number two Soldier adjusts their step by lengthening or shortening as necessary to reach the approximate pivot point of the lead person. When they reach the approximate pivot point of the lead Soldier, they pivot to the right (left) on the ball of the lead foot taking a 30-inch step with the trail foot in the new direction. All other members step off with the left foot and continue to march forward taking 30-inch steps and execute in the same manner as the number two person in approximately the same place until the entire squad has executed the column movement.

6-22. To change the direction of march 90 or 45 degrees when marching, the preparatory command Column Right (Left) or *Column Half Right (Half Left)* is given as the foot (in the desired direction) strikes the marching surface. The command of execution **MARCH** is given the next time the foot in the desired direction strikes the marching surface. On the command of execution **MARCH**, the lead person takes one additional step, pivots in the commanded direction as the pivot foot strikes the marching surface and continues to march in the new direction. Other members continue to march forward and execute the pivot as prescribed from the Halt.

6-23. To avoid an obstacle in the line of march, the squad leader directs **INCLINE LEFT (RIGHT)**. The lead person inclines *Left (Right)* around the obstacle and resumes the original direction. All other members follow the lead person.

## Marching To The Rear

6-24. The command *Rear*, **MARCH** is given to the squad to change the direction of the marching element
180 degrees, in a uniform manner. Just like in individual drill (see paragraph 4-20), this movement is executed while marching forward with a 30-inch step. To *March to the Rear*, the command *Rear***, MARCH** is given as the right foot strikes the marching surface. On the command of execution **MARCH**, take one more step with the left foot, pivot 180 degrees to the right on the balls of both feet, and step off in the new direction taking a 30-inch step with the trail foot. Do not allow the arms to swing outward while turning.

## Marching To The Flank

6-25. The squad may be marched to the flank (for short distances only) when marching in column. The command for this movement is *Right (Left) Flank,* **MARCH**. The preparatory command is given as the foot in the desired direction strikes the marching surface, and the command of execution is given the next time the foot in the desired direction strikes the marching surface. On the command of execution **MARCH**, all members take one more step, pivot 90 degrees in the commanded direction on the ball of the lead foot, and step off in the new direction with the trailing foot. As the members begin to march in the new direction, they glance out of the corner of their right eye and dress to the right.

## Forming A Column Of Twos And Re-Forming

6-26. To form a column of twos and re-form, use the following procedures:


Forming a column of twos from a file is executed only from the *Halt*. The command is Column
of Twos to the Right (Left), **MARCH**. On the preparatory command, the lead team leader
commands **STAND FAST**. The trailing team leader commands *Column Half Right (Left)*. On
the command of execution **MARCH**, the trailing team leader executes a Column Half Right
(Left), inclines to the left or right when the correct interval is obtained, and commands Mark time, MARCH and *Team,* **HALT** to *Halt* abreast of the lead team leader.

Forming a file from a column of twos is executed only from the *Halt*. The command is File from
the Left (Right), **MARCH**. On the preparatory command, the lead team leader commands FORWARD. The trailing team leader commands **STAND FAST**. On the command of execution
MARCH, the lead team marches forward. The trailing team leader commands Column Half Left
(Right) when the second person from the rear of the lead team is abreast. They give the command MARCH when the last person of the lead team is abreast of them and their right foot strikes the
marching surface. They then incline right or left to follow the lead team at the correct distance.
Note. Commands are given over the team leader's right shoulder if the direction of movement is to the right or if the team is following an element to its right. Commands are given over the left shoulder if the direction of movement is to the left or if the team is following an element to its left.

## Dismissing The Squad

6-27. The squad is dismissed with the members at *Attention*. With armed troops, the commands are Inspection, ARMS; *Ready, Port*, ARMS; *Order (Sling),* **ARMS**; and **DISMISSED**. With unarmed troops, the command is **DISMISSED**.

Note. Unless otherwise stated (by the person in charge in their instructions before the command DISMISSED), the command **DISMISSED** terminates only the formation, not the duty day.

6-28. The command **Fall Out** will only be used when an individual or individuals are being removed from the formation and the entire formation is not being dismissed. For example, Sergeant *Jones***, Fall Out** or Third Squad, **Fall Out**. In this situation, the remainder of the formation would stay at the current configuration until the command Dress Right, Dress (At Close Interval, Dress Right, *Dress*) or **Cover** are given.

## Section Ii - Stack And Take Arms (M4-Series Carbine)

6-29. The squad members execute *Stack* and *Take Arms* from their positions in line formation (at Normal Interval) from *Order Arms*. When in line formation, the squad leader commands *Count,* **OFF** and then designates the stack person by numbers (for example, 2-5-8).

Notes. 1. M4-series carbines are not compatible with the M16-series rifles when stacking arms. The two types of weapons must be stacked separately or grounded in a manner that will not damage the sights. (See appendix C for a detailed explanation of *Stack Arms* and *Take Arms* for the M14-series rifle.)
2. When the squad is part of a larger unit, stack arms may be executed in a column formation
(when the formation consists of three or more files and the squads are at normal interval). Second or third squad is designated as the stack squad.

## Prepare Slings

6-30. After the stack person is designated, the squad leader then commands *Prepare***, SLINGS**. On the command of execution **SLINGS**, each stack person (or stack squad) reaches across the body with their left hand and grasp the handguards just above the slip ring. With the right hand they place the butt on the right hip and cradles the carbine in the crook of the right arm. Using both hands, they adjust the sling keeper so that a 2-inch loop is formed from the sling keeper to the upper sling swivel. As soon as the loop is prepared, they return to *Order Arms*.

## Stack Arms

6-31. When all stack personnel have returned to *Order Arms*, the squad leader commands *Stack,* **ARMS**. On the command of execution **ARMS**, each stack person reaches across the body with the left hand and grasps the handguards just above the slip ring. Designated stack persons then grasp the barrel of their carbine with their right hand and place the carbine directly in front of and centered on their body with the sling side to the front. The butt (fully extended) is placed on the marching surface so that the heel of the butt (or side of the butt if the sling is side mounted) is on line with the toes of the stack person's footgear. Stack persons bend deeply forward at the waist and grasp their carbine with their left hand at the upper portion of the handguard, keeping the carbine vertical at all times. The first two fingers of the left hand hold the inner part of the loop against the carbine. Stack persons reach across the front of the carbine with their right hand, grasp the outer part of the loop, and hold it open for insertion of other carbines (see figure 6-4 on page 6-11).

6-32. On the command of execution **ARMS**, the Soldiers to the right and left of the stack person perform the following movements simultaneously:


The Soldier on the stack person's right reach across the body with the left hand and grasps the
handguard. They release the grasp of their right hand and regrasp the carbine at the small of the
stock. They lower both arms with the elbows locked (holding the carbine in a horizontal position
with the muzzle to the left and the magazine well to the front).

The Soldier on the stack person's left reaches across the body with the left hand and grasps the
carbine at the small of the stock, releases the right hand, and regrasps the handguard. They then lower both arms with the elbows locked (holding the carbine in a horizontal position with the muzzle to the right and magazine well to the front).
6-33. As soon as the stack person has placed their carbine in position, both Soldiers move the foot nearest the stack person halfway (Half Right or *Half Left*) toward the stack person. The Soldier on the stack person's left inserts the muzzle of their carbine into the loop to a point about halfway between the flash suppressor and the front sight assembly. They hold their carbine in this position until the Soldier on the stack person's right inserts the muzzle of their carbine in a similar manner and above the other muzzle.

6-34. Without moving the feet, both Soldiers swing the butt of their carbines out and then down to the marching surface, making the stack tight with the butts of the carbines on line and about 1 foot from the base line. When the stack has been completed, all three Soldiers resume the *Position of Attention*.

6-35. Additional carbines are passed to the nearest stack on the right (right or left if stacked in column). The Soldier with additional rifles grasps the handguards with the left hand, release the grasp of the right hand and regrasps the weapon at the barrel. The Soldiers release the grasp of the left hand and raise the carbine vertically with the magazine well to the front, wrist held shoulder high, elbow locked, and right arm extended to the right front. Throughout the pass, the carbine is held vertical with the magazine well to the front:


The Soldier to the left of the stack person then grasps the carbine at the handguard with their left hand. The Soldier passing the additional carbine then releases the carbine and sharply returns to the *Position of Attention*. The Soldier to the left of the stack person then moves the carbine to the right until it is centered on their body, and they grasp the barrel with their right hand, wrist held shoulder high and elbow locked. They then release the left hand and sharply returns their left hand to the left side as in the *Position of Attention*. They then move the carbine to their right front.

The stack person receives the carbine and centers it in the same manner as previously described in paragraph 6-33. The Soldier to the left of the stack person sharply returns to the Position of Attention after they release the carbine. Once the stack person has centered the carbine and grasped
the barrel with the right hand, they bend forward at the waist and places the carbine in the stack so that it is secure (without damaging the front sight assembly). If there are two additional carbines, the second carbine is passed in the same manner as the first.

## Take Arms

6-36. To *Take Arms*, the command is *Take,* **ARMS**. On the command of execution **ARMS**, the Soldier return the additional carbines in the same manner as the carbines were received. The stack person secures the stack and holds the loop in the same manner as for stacking carbines. The Soldiers on the left and right step toward the stack person in the same manner as when stacking arms. Each Soldier reaches down and regrasps their carbine (one hand at the small of the stock and one hand midway of the handguard) and brings it to the horizontal position. The Soldier on the right frees their carbine first and resumes *Order Arms*. The Soldier on the left frees their carbine and resumes *Order Arms*. The stack person cradles their carbine and adjusts the sling and sling keeper to its original position and then resumes *Order Arms*.

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## Chapter 7 Platoon Drill

"If in training Soldiers commands are habitually enforced, the army will be well-disciplined; if not, its discipline will be bad."
Sun Tsu, On the Art of War, trans. 1910

## Section I - Formations

7-1. The platoon has two prescribed formationsline and column (see figure 7-1 on page 7-2 and figure 7-2
on page 7-3). However, the platoon may be formed into a file or a column of twos from a column formation.

When in a line formation, the elements (squads) of a platoon are numbered from front to rear; in a column formation, from left to right.

## Basic Information

7-2. For the most part, platoon drill merely provides the procedures for executing drill movements in conjunction with other squads formed in the same formation. Individual drill movements and the manual of arms are executed, as previously described in chapters 4, 5, and 6, while performing as a squad member during the conduct of platoon drill. For continuity purposes in this chapter, "platoon sergeant" may also denote "platoon leader" when the platoon sergeant is executing drill from their post.

7-3. During all drill and ceremonies, the platoon leader and platoon sergeant carry their rifles at *Sling Arms*.

When the platoon drills as part of a larger unit, the platoon leader and platoon sergeant remain at Sling Arms during all manual of arms movements except when executing the *Hand Salute* while at *Sling Arms*.

7-4. When the platoon drills as a separate unit or as part of a larger unit in a line formation, without officers present, the post for the platoon sergeant is three steps in front of and centered on the platoon. When in column formation, the post for the platoon sergeant is three steps to left flank of and centered on the platoon.

The post for the platoon sergeant with the platoon leader present is one step to the rear and centered on the platoon in line or column formation.

7-5. When assuming their post in column from a line formation with the platoon leader present, the platoon sergeant faces to the left in marching (on the command of execution **FACE**) and marches in the most direct route to their post. The platoon sergeant then halts and faces to the right. When assuming their post in line from a column formation, they face to the right in marching (on the command of execution **FACE**) and march in the most direct route to their post, halt centered on the platoon, and face to the left.

Note. When the files (columns) are uneven, the platoon sergeant normally directs the Soldiers in longer files to move to another file to balance the formation or may fill the vacancy themselves as the last person in the right file.

7-6. When control of the formation is being exchanged between the platoon sergeant and the platoon leader, the platoon sergeant will always travel around the right flank (squad leader) of the formation when marching from post to post. The platoon leader will always travel around the left flank of the formation when marching post to post.

7-7. On the command *Open Ranks,* MARCH; *Backward,* MARCH; *Right (Left) Step,* **MARCH**;
Forward**, MARCH** and on commands that cause the platoon to change interval in line, they move at the same time (with the appropriate step) so as to maintain proper position.

7-8. The leader of the first squad serves as the base when the platoon is in a line formation. The leader of the fourth squad serves as the base when the platoon is in a column formation.

7-9. If for some reason the platoon is authorized a guidon or phase banner (in training units, for example), the bearer's post is one step in front of and two 15-inch steps to the right of and facing the person forming the platoon. When the formation is faced to the right for a marching movement, they execute in the same manner as explained in appendix G, except that their post is three steps in front of and centered on the squad leaders. If the platoon leader is present and at their post, the bearer's post is one step to the rear and two
15-inch steps to the left of the platoon leader.

7-10. When the platoon drills as a separate unit, in a line formation, the post for the platoon leader is six steps in front of and centered on the platoon; when in a column formation, the platoon leader is six steps to the left flank and centered on the platoon. When marching as part of a larger formation, their post is one step in front of and centered on the squad leaders.

7-11. When the platoon leader commands *Open Ranks,* MARCH; *Backward,* MARCH; Right (Left) Step, MARCH; *Forward***, MARCH** or causes the platoon to change interval, they move at the same time (with the appropriate step) so as to maintain proper position:


When assuming their post in column from a line formation, the platoon leader faces to the right in marching (on the command of execution **FACE**) and marches in the most direct route to their post, halts, and faces to the left.

When assuming their post in line from a column formation, the platoon leader faces to the left in marching (on the command of execution **FACE**) and marches in the most direct route to their post, halts perpendicular to the formation, and faces to the right.

## Forming The Platoon

7-12. The platoon normally forms in a line formation; however, it may re-form in a column when each Soldier can identify their exact position (equipment grounded) in the formation.

7-13. The platoon forms basically the same as a squad. The platoon sergeant assumes the Position of Attention and commands FALL IN (*At Close Interval*, FALL IN or *In Column***, FALL IN**). On the command FALL IN (*At Close Interval***, FALL IN**), the squad leader and the first squad (when formed) are three steps in front of and centered on the platoon sergeant. Other squad leaders cover on the first squad leader at the correct distance, which is obtained by estimation. The members of the first squad fall in on their squad leader as prescribed for squad drill. Members of the other squads fall in on their squad leader, assume the *Position of Attention*, and turn their heads and eyes to the right. They obtain correct distance by taking short steps forward or backward and align themselves on the Soldier to their right. They then sharply turn their heads and eyes to the front as in the *Position of Attention* and obtain proper interval by taking short steps left and right to cover on the Soldier to their front. Members of all squads, other than the first squad, will not raise their left arms unless the Soldier to their immediate left has no one to their front in the formation on which to cover.

7-14. When armed, members fall in at Order Arms or *Sling Arms*. For safety, the commands *Inspection*, ARMS; *Ready, Port,* ARMS; *Order (Sling),* **ARMS** are given at the initial formation of the day and just before the last command, **DISMISSED**.

7-15. When a report is appropriate, the platoon sergeant commands **REPORT**. The squad leaders, in succession from front to rear, turn their heads and eyes toward the platoon sergeant and salute (holding the Salute until returned) and report. The squad leaders do not state the unit. For example


Situation 1. When all squad members are in formation, the report is "All present."

Situation 2. When squad members are absent, the Soldiers name and reasons for absence are
reported:

Private Smitcharge of quarter's runner.

Private Millersick call.

Private Rodriguezabsent without leave.
7-16. Platoon sergeants turn their head and eyes toward the reporting squad leader, receive the report, and return the salute. After receiving the report from the squad leaders, the platoon sergeant faces about and awaits the arrival of the platoon leader or a directive from the first sergeant to **REPORT**. When the platoon leader has halted at their post, the platoon sergeant salutes and reports, "Sir or Ma'am, All present," or "Sir or Ma'am, All accounted for," or *"Sir or Ma'am, (so many) Soldiers are absent*." The platoon leader returns the *Salute*. After the *Salute* has been returned, the platoon sergeant faces to the right in marching, inclines around the squad leaders, halts at their post, and faces to the right. If reporting to the first sergeant, the platoon sergeant turns their head and eyes toward the first sergeant, salutes, and reports.

7-17. If the platoon leader is not present for the formation, and the commander is in charge of the formation, the platoon sergeant steps forward three steps to be a total of six steps and centered on their platoon (after receiving the squad leader's report) and, on the command **POST**, assumes the duties of the platoon leader.

7-18. When appropriate, the platoon may be formed by the platoon leader rather than by the platoon sergeant.

The procedures are the same as previously described in paragraph 7-17 except that the first squad forms six steps in front of and centered on the platoon leader, and the platoon sergeant forms at their post to the rear of the platoon. For continuity purposes in this chapter, "platoon sergeant" may also denote "platoon leader"
when the platoon leader is executing drill from their post.

## Breaking Ranks

7-19. When the situation requires, the platoon sergeant directs: "Private Rodriguez (pause), front and center;" or "*The following personnel front and centerPrivate Rodriguez (pause), Private Miller*." When the individual's name is called, they assume the *Position of Attention* and reply, "Here, Sergeant (Sir or Ma'am)." They then take one (15-inch) step backward, halt, face to the right (left) in marching, and exit the formation by marching to the nearest flank. The Soldier does not look left or right. Once the individual has cleared the formation, they begin to double-time and halt two steps in front of and centered on the platoon sergeant.

Note. When a group of individuals are called from the formation, the group forms centered on the platoon sergeant. The platoon sergeant should direct (point) the first Soldier into position so that the rank will be centered when the last Soldier has joined the group.

## Counting Off

7-20. The platoon counts off in the same manner as the squad. When in a line formation, the squads count in unison from right to left; each squad leader sounds off, "ONE." When in a column formation, the Soldiers abreast of each other count in unison from front to rear; each squad leader sounds off, "ONE."

## Changing Interval

7-21. The platoon changes interval in a line formation in the same manner as the squad. To change interval when the platoon is in a column at the Halt, the right file stands fast and serves as the base. All other members (abreast of each other) execute the movement as previously described in paragraph 6-10. To obtain Close Interval from *Normal Interval*, the third squad takes one right step, the second squad takes two right steps, and the first squad takes three right steps. To obtain *Normal Interval*, the procedures are the same except that the squads execute the same number of left steps.

7-22. To change interval when the platoon is marching in a column, the preparatory command Close Interval is given as the right foot strikes the marching surface, and the command of execution **MARCH** is given the next time the right foot strikes the marching surface. On the command of execution **MARCH**, the base squad (right file) takes one more 30-inch step and then executes the *Half Step*. All other Soldiers take one more step, simultaneously execute a *Column Half Right*, and march until *Close Interval* is obtained. They execute a *Column Half Left* and assume the *Half Step* when abreast of the corresponding Soldier of the base squad.

On the command *Forward***, MARCH**, all Soldiers resume marching with a 30-inch step. The commands Mark Time, **MARCH** and *Platoon,* **HALT** may also be given.

7-23. To resume marching at *Normal Interval*, the preparatory command *Normal Interval* is given as the left foot strikes the marching surface, and the command of execution **MARCH** is given the next time the left foot strikes the marching surface. On the command of execution **MARCH**, the platoon members obtain Normal Interval in the same manner prescribed for *Close Interval* except that they each execute Column Half Left and then *Column Half Right*.

7-24. To obtain *Double Interval* from *Normal Interval*, the procedures are the same as from Close Interval to *Normal Interval*.

7-25. To obtain *Normal Interval* from *Double Interval* (closing the formation in column from *Open Ranks*), the procedures are the same as obtaining *Close Interval* from *Normal Interval*.

## Aligning The Platoon

7-26. The platoon is aligned similar to the squad. On the command of execution **DRESS**, the first squad leader stands fast and serves as the base. Other squad leaders obtain correct distance by estimation. The members of the first squad execute in the same manner as in squad drill to obtain exact interval. All other squads execute as the first squad, except that each squad member raises the left arm only for uniformity, covering (glancing out the corner of the left eye) on the Soldier to the front.

7-27. If the platoon sergeant wants exact alignment, they face to the *Half Left (Half Right)* in marching and march (on the command of execution **DRESS**) by the most direct route to a position on line with the first squad, halt one step from the squad leader or left flank Soldier, and face down the line. From this position, they verify the alignment of the first squad, directing the Soldier to move forward or backward, as necessary, calling them by name or number: "*Private Smit, forward 2 inches; Number eight, backward 4 inches*." The platoon sergeant remains at *Attention*, taking short steps to the right or left as necessary, to see down the squad:


Having aligned the first squad, the platoon sergeant, after centering themselves on the first squad, faces to the *Left (Right)* in marching, taking two (three if at open ranks) short steps to the next
squad, halts, faces down the line, and aligns the squad in the same manner.

After the last squad is aligned, the platoon sergeant centers themselves on the squad leader by taking short steps left or right, faces to the *Right (Left)* in marching, returns to their position
(centered on the platoon), halts perpendicular to the formation, faces to the *Left (Right)*, and
commands *Ready***, FRONT**.
Note. When the platoon dresses as part of a larger formation, all squad leaders turn their heads and eyes to their right and align themselves on the unit to their right. The platoon sergeant aligns the platoon from the left flank rather than from the right flank when their platoon is not formed as the right flank platoon.

7-28. To align the platoon in column, the commands are **COVER** and **RE-COVER**. On the command COVER, the fourth squad leader stands fast and serves as base. The squad leaders, except for the left flank squad leader, raise their arms laterally and turn their heads and eyes to the right. The members of the fourth squad raise their left arms horizontally (as in squad drill) to the front and cover the Soldier to their front at correct distance (one arm's length plus 6 inches). Squad members of the third, second, and first squads raise their left arms horizontally to the front (for uniformity only), cover on the Soldier to their front, and, at the same time, glance out of the corner of their right eyes aligning on the Soldiers to their right. To resume the Position of Attention, the command is **RE-COVER**. On this command, each Soldier sharply returns to the Position of Attention.

Note. When the platoon is aligned in column as part of a larger unit but is not the lead platoon, the squad leaders do not raise their arms or turn their heads and eyes but cover on the squad to their front. The platoon sergeant must wait until the platoon to their front has been given the command RE-COVER before giving the command **COVER**. If the platoon leader is at their post, they must wait until the platoon leader of the platoon to their front has commanded **RE-COVER** before they face about and give the command **COVER**.

## Opening And Closing Ranks

7-29. *Open Ranks*, **MARCH** is executed from a line formation while at the halt. It may be executed while at any of the prescribed intervals. The command for this movement is *Open Ranks*, **MARCH**. On the command of execution **MARCH**, the front rank takes two steps forward, the second rank takes one step forward, the third rank stands fast, and the fourth rank takes two 15-inch steps backward. If additional ranks are present, the fifth rank takes four steps backward, and the sixth rank takes six steps backward.

Note. After taking the prescribed steps, the Soldiers do not raise their arms. If the platoon sergeant wants exact interval or alignment, they command At Close Interval (At Double Interval), Dress Right**, DRESS**. If the platoon is to align on an element to the right, the squad leaders turn their heads and eyes to the right and align themselves with that element.

7-30. To *Close Ranks*, the command is *Close Ranks,* **MARCH**. On the command of execution **MARCH**, the first rank takes four steps backward, the second rank takes two steps backward, the third rank stands fast, and the fourth rank takes one step forward. On the command of execution **MARCH**, the platoon leader and platoon sergeant take the appropriate number of steps to maintain their posts.

## Resting The Platoon

7-31. The platoon rests in the same manner prescribed previously in paragraphs 4-6 and 5-4. The platoon sergeant places the platoon at the *Position of Attention* and then into one of the rest positions.

## Dismissing The Platoon

7-32. The procedures for dismissing the platoon are basically the same as prescribed for the squad. If the platoon sergeant so desires, the squads may be released to the control of the squad leaders. The platoon sergeant commands **TAKE CHARGE OF YOUR SQUADS**, and *Salutes* are exchanged. The platoon sergeant is no longer part of the formation.

Note. Without leaving their positions, the squad leaders turn their heads and eyes over the left shoulder and command **FALL OUT**. The squad leaders move to a position in the immediate area, and command **FALL IN**. Then, they carry out the previous instructions and/or give any instructions for actions before the next duty formation.

7-33. At times the platoon sergeant may want to turn the formation over to a subordinate; for example, to have the subordinate march the platoon to a different location:


The platoon sergeant calls on an individual and the individual breaks rank (see paragraph 7-3).
The designated Soldier posts two steps from and facing the platoon sergeant. The platoon sergeant
passes on any additional instructions and *Salutes* are exchanged. After exchanging *Salutes*, the
platoon sergeant moves to a position where they can observe, or they may resume their post at the
rear of the formation.

The subordinate steps forward two steps and assumes the post of the platoon sergeant. The platoon sergeant is no longer part of the formation; however, they may march alongside of, or behind, the
formation to make any corrections or to give further guidance, if necessary.
7-34. If the platoon leader is at their post, they command **PLATOON SERGEANT**. The platoon sergeant faces to the left in marching and inclines around the squad leaders' left flank, halts three steps in front of and centered on the platoon and faces to the right. The platoon leader then commands TAKE CHARGE OF THE PLATOON, and *Salutes* are exchanged. The platoon leader is no longer part of the formation. The platoon sergeant remains at their post, faces about, and carries out the platoon leader's instructions.

## Section Ii - Movements

7-35. The platoon marches in the same manner prescribed for the squad. When the platoon is marching in a line, the first squad leader serves as the guide, and when the platoon is marching in a column, the fourth squad leader serves as the guide. When marching in line, each member of each squad (glancing out of the corner of their right eye) maintains alignment on the Soldier to their right. When marching in column, each member of the first, second, and third squads maintains alignment on the Soldier to their right.

## Eyes Right

7-36. The platoon renders courtesy during ceremonies or when marching past the Colors by executing Eyes Right. The commands for this movement are *Eyes*, **RIGHT** and *Ready*, **FRONT**.

7-37. At the *Halt*, all Soldiers (on the command of execution, **RIGHT**), while keeping their shoulders parallel to the front, turn their heads and eyes to the right at a 45-degree angle. They focus on and follow the person passing to the front until they are again looking forward, at which time their heads and eyes remain fixed to the front. Only the platoon leader renders the *Hand Salute*.

7-38. When marching, the preparatory command *Eyes* is given as the right foot strikes the marching surface and the command of execution **RIGHT** is given the next time the right foot strikes the marching surface. On the command of execution **RIGHT**, all Soldiers, except the right file, turn their heads and eyes to the right and align themselves on the right file while continuing to march. Soldiers in the right file do not turn their heads and eyes but continue looking straight to the front and maintain correct distance. Only the platoon leader salutes. To terminate the courtesy, the preparatory command *Ready* is given as the left foot strikes the marching surface, and the command of execution **FRONT** is given the next time the left foot strikes the marching surface. On the command of execution, the Soldiers turn their heads and eyes sharply to the front and the platoon leader terminates the *Hand Salute*.

## Changing The Direction Of A Column

7-39. The platoon changes the direction of marching basically the same as the squad. During a column movement, the base element is the squad on the flank in the direction of the turn.

7-40. To change the direction 90 degrees, the command is *Column Right (Left),* **MARCH**. On the command of execution **MARCH**, the base squad executes the movement as in squad drill except that the squad leader takes one 30-inch step and then takes up the *Half Step*. The squad leader continues marching with the Half Step until the other squad leaders come abreast. The other squad leaders, while maintaining correct (offset) interval, execute a 45-degree pivot and continue marching in an arc. As they come on line (abreast) with the base squad leader, they take up the *Half Step*. When all squad leaders are abreast, they step off with a 30-inch step without command. All other platoon members march forward on the command of execution and execute the column movement at approximately the same location as their squad leaders and in the same manner.

Note. When the platoon sergeant is marching their platoon as a separate unit or when the company is marching without officers in charge, the platoon sergeant stays centered on the platoon. When the platoon leader and platoon sergeant are marching at their post in column as part of a larger formation, they execute a *Column Half Right (Left)* rather than a 90-degree column movement.

After executing the *Column Half Right (Left)*, they continue marching in an arc, incline as necessary, and resume their correct positions. After sensing that the squad leaders are abreast of each other, the platoon leader resumes the 30-inch step. At times, the platoon leader may find it necessary to shorten or lengthen their step to maintain correct distance from the unit to the front.

7-41. To change the direction 45 degrees, the command is *Column Half Right (Left)*, **MARCH**. On the command of execution **MARCH**, the platoon executes the movement in the same manner as a 90-degree turn except that the base squad leader, as well as the other squad leaders, execute a *Column Half Right (Left)*.

Note. When executing a column movement at *Double Time*, elements adjust the length of their steps so that interval and distance are maintained through and beyond the pivot point.

7-42. To march a platoon in the opposite direction, the command *Rear,* **MARCH** is given by the platoon sergeant the same way as previously discussed in paragraphs 4-20 and 6-26. The platoon marches in the opposite direction (*Rear,* **MARCH**) in the same manner as the squad.

7-43. The platoon inclines in the same manner as the squad discussed in paragraph 6-24. The squad nearest the direction of the turn serves as the base. To avoid an obstacle in the path of the march, the platoon leader directs **INCLINE AROUND LEFT (RIGHT)**.

7-44. When space is limited and the platoon sergeant wants to march their unit in the opposite direction
(reverse), with the squad leaders at the head of their squads, they command *Counter-Column,* **MARCH**. On the command of execution **MARCH** (at the *Halt*), the first squad marches forward three steps, executes a Column Right, marches across the front of the platoon, and executes another *Column Right* just beyond the fourth squad. The second squad steps forward one step, executes a *Column Right*, marches forward, and executes another *Column Right* between the third and fourth squads. The third squad executes two short Column Lefts from the *Halt* and marches between the remainder of the third squad and the second squad. The fourth squad marches forward two steps, executes a *Column Left*, marches across the front of the platoon, and executes another *Column Left* between the first and second squads (see figure 7-3 on page 7-10).

7-45. As the third squad leader marches past the last person in the third squad, they and their squad begin to march at the *Half Step*. After marching past the last Soldier in each file, all other squads incline to the right and left as necessary, obtain *Normal Interval* on the third squad and begin to march with the *Half Step*. When all squads are abreast of each other, they begin marching with a 30-inch step without command.

7-46. If a guidon or phase banner is present, on the command of execution MARCH of *Counter-Column*, MARCH the bearer executes a *Column Right*, marches across the platoon, and executes another Column Right just beyond the fourth squad, and then inclines as necessary to return to the bearers post.

7-47. During the movement, without the platoon leader present, the platoon sergeant marches alongside the first squad. With the platoon leader present, the platoon sergeant marches one step to the rear and centered between the second and third squads (see figure 7-2 on page 7-3) and the platoon leader marches alongside the first squad.

7-48. When marching, the preparatory command *Counter-Column* is given as the left foot strikes the marching surface and the command of execution **MARCH** is given the next time the left foot strikes the marching surface. On the command of execution **MARCH**, the platoon executes the movement basically the same as from the *Halt*, except that the squad takes one additional step to ensure that the pivot foot is in the correct position to execute the movement.

Notes. 1. When there are only three squads in the column, the first squad takes two steps before executing. 2. When the platoon leader and platoon sergeant are marching at their posts as part of a larger formation, the platoon leader takes three steps forward and executes a column right, marches across the front of the platoon, executes another column right (just beyond fourth squad), marches to their post in the most direct manner, takes up the *Half Step*, and then steps off with a 30-inch step when the squad leaders come on line. The platoon sergeant inclines to the right, follows the third squad until the movement is completed, and then resumes their post.

## Marching To The Flanks

7-49. The platoon may be marched to the flank (for short distances only) when marching in column. The command for this movement is *Right (Left) Flank***, MARCH**. The preparatory command is given as the foot in the desired direction strikes the marching surface, and the command of execution is given the next time the foot in the desired direction strikes the marching surface. On the command of execution **MARCH**, all members take one more step, pivot 90 degrees in the commanded direction on the ball of the lead foot, and step off in the new direction with the trailing foot. As the members begin to march in the new direction, they glance out of the corner of their right eyes and dress to the right.

## Forming A File And Re-Forming

7-50. The platoon forms a single file, from the right, left, or as designated, only when in column and at the Halt. The commands are *File from the left (right),* MARCH or File in sequence three-two-four-one, MARCH.

Note. If the squad's direction of travel is to the left, or the squad is immediately following an element on the left, then all supplementary commands will be given over the left shoulder. If the squad's direction of travel is forward or to the right, or is immediately following a squad on the right, all supplementary commands will be given over the right shoulder. The squad leaders give the appropriate command so that they are following the last Soldier in the preceding squad at the correct distance.

7-51. On the preparatory command, the squad leader of the designated squad gives the supplementary command *Forward*. The other squad leaders command **STAND FAST**. On the command of execution MARCH (given by the platoon sergeant), the lead squad marches forward. The squad leader next to the lead element (or as designated) looks over the shoulder nearest the moving element and commands Column Half Left (Right) when the second from the last Soldier is abreast of them and their right foot strikes the marching surface. The squad leader gives the command of execution **MARCH** as the right foot of the last Soldier strikes the marching surface when abreast of them. On the command of execution, the squad leader executes the *Column Half Left (Right)*, then inclines without command to the right (left) and follows the last Soldier of the preceding squad at correct distance. Other members of the squad march forward and execute the same movements as the squad leader. The remaining squads form the file in the same manner as the squad immediately behind the lead element.

7-52. The platoon may form a file and execute a column movement simultaneously from a column formation.

The command for this movement *is File from the left (right), Column Left (Right),* **MARCH**. Following the platoon sergeant's preparatory command, the squad leader of the lead element commands Column Left
(Right), instead of *Forward*. The other squad leaders command **STAND FAST**. On the platoon leader's command of execution **MARCH**, the lead squad executes the *Column Left (Right).* The other squad leaders command *Column Left (Right)* (when the second from the last person is abreast of them) and then gives the command of execution **MARCH** as the right foot of the last person strikes the marching surface abreast of them.

Notes. 1. At this point, the platoon is executing platoon drill. The platoon sergeant will not release control of the squads to the squad leaders. The platoon sergeant will rest personnel on an as needed basis; for example, when filing into a building. 2. The squad leaders give the command of execution **MARCH** as the right foot of the last Soldier strikes the marching surface at the pivot (*Column Left*), or the first time the last Soldier's right foot strikes the marching surface after the pivot (*Column Right*).

7-53. The platoon re-forms to the original column formation only from the *Halt*. The command is Column of fours to the right (left), MARCH:
Note. To re-form the platoon to its original column formation when the file was formed on the command *In Sequence*, **MARCH**, the commands **FALL OUT** and **FALL IN** must be given.


On the preparatory command, the squad leader of the base squad commands **STAND FAST**. All
other squad leaders command *Column Half Right (Left)*. On the platoon sergeant's command of
execution **MARCH**, the base squad stands fast; all other squads execute the Column Half Right
(Left) simultaneously.

As each of the moving squad leaders reach a point (line) that ensures correct interval on the element to their left (right), they automatically incline to the left (right) and command *Mark Time*,
MARCH and *Squad,* **HALT** so that their squad is abreast of the base (other) squad when halted.

## Forming A Column Of Twos And Re-Forming

7-54. The platoon forms a column of twos from the right or left when in a column of fours at the *Halt*. The command is *Column of twos from the left (right),* **MARCH**:


On the preparatory command, the squad leaders of the two lead squads command *Forward*. The other squad leaders command **STAND FAST**:

On the platoon sergeant's command of execution **MARCH**, the two lead squads march
forward. The squad leader (second or third) next to the lead element gives the command to start both remaining squads in motion. Looking over the shoulder nearest the moving
elements, the squad leader gives the preparatory command *Column Half Left (Right)* (when
the second from the last Soldier is abreast of them) and then gives the command of execution
MARCH as the right foot of the last Soldier strikes the marching surface abreast of them.

On the platoon sergeant's command of execution, both squad leaders execute the Column
Half Left (Right), incline to the right (left) without command, and follow the last Soldiers of
the preceding squads at correct distance (do not close the space if the files of the two leading squads are uneven). Other members of the remaining squads march forward and execute the same movements as their squad leaders.

The platoon may form a column of twos and execute a column movement simultaneously from a column formation. The command for this movement is Column of twos from the left (right),
Column left (right), **MARCH**:

The squad leaders of the lead squads command *Column Left (Right)* instead of Forward. The
squad leader of the second (third) squad gives the command *Column Left (Right);* however, they execute *Column Half Left (Right)*. The remaining two squad leaders command STAND
FAST.

On the platoon sergeant's command of execution **MARCH**, the lead squads execute the Column Left (Right). The squad leader (second or third) next to the lead elements gives the command to start both squads in motion. Looking over the shoulder nearest the moving
elements, the squad leader gives the preparatory command *Column Left (Right)* when the
second from the last Soldier is abreast of them. Then they give the command of execution MARCH as the right foot of the last Soldier strikes the marching surface at the pivot (Column
Left) or the first time the last Soldier's right foot strikes the marching surface after the pivot
(*Column Right*). Although the command is *Column Left (Right)*, the outside squads (fourth
or first) execute Column Half Left (Right).

The platoon re-forms to the original column formation only from the *Halt*. The command is
Column of fours to the right (left), **MARCH**:

When re-forming into a column of fours without the platoon leader present, the platoon
sergeant remains at their post centered on the platoon. When re-forming into a column of fours with the platoon leader present, the platoon leader faces as in marching and resumes their original position in the column. The platoon sergeant follows the rear element and
resumes their post in the formation when the element has halted.

On the preparatory command, the squad leaders of the base squads command **STAND FAST**.
The trailing squad leaders command *Column Half Right (Left)*. On the platoon sergeant's
command of execution **MARCH**, the base squads stand fast. The trailing squad leaders execute slightly more than the *Column Half Right (Left)* simultaneously. As the trailing squad
leaders reach a point (line) that will ensure correct interval on the element to their left (right), they automatically incline to the left (right). The squad leader nearest the stationary squads
(second or third) commands *Mark Time,* **MARCH** and *Squads,* **HALT**.

## Section Iii - Inspections

7-55. Inspections at platoon level are typically conducted by the platoon sergeant. If the platoon leader wants to inspect, they conduct the inspection from their post. For continuity purposes, this section will address the platoon sergeant's actions only.

## Basic Information

7-56. The platoon has one prescribed formation for inspecting personnel and equipment in ranksthe line formation. When inspecting crew-served weapons and vehicles, the personnel are normally positioned to the rear of the formation with the operator (gunner) standing by their vehicle (weapon). Typically, the platoons are inspected by the platoon sergeants; however, they may be inspected by the first sergeant or company commander.

7-57. The platoon leader or platoon sergeant may conduct an in-quarters (barracks) inspection to include personal appearance, individual weapons, field equipment, displays, maintenance, and sanitary conditions.

The platoon leader or platoon sergeant will follow local guidelines.

7-58. When field equipment is to be inspected, it should be displayed neatly, organized, and serviceable.

Additional equipment or different models of the equipment should be arranged in a uniform manner established by the local commander. The squad leaders may carry and use materials to record deficiencies if the local chain of command authorizes it.

## In-Ranks Inspection

7-59. To conduct in-ranks inspections, put the platoon use the following procedures in a line formation, the platoon sergeant commands *Count,* **OFF**. On the command of execution OFF, all personnel except right flank personnel turn their heads and eyes to the right and the right flank personnel count off with "ONE."
After the right flank Soldiers have counted their number, the Soldiers to their left count off with the next higher number and simultaneously turn their heads and eyes to the front. All other members of the formation count off in the same manner until the entire formation has counted off.

7-60. After the platoon has counted off, the platoon sergeant commands *Open Ranks,* **MARCH**. On the command of execution **MARCH**, the front rank takes two steps forward, the second rank takes one step forward, the third rank stands fast, and the fourth rank takes two steps backward. If additional ranks are present, the fifth rank takes four steps backward, and the sixth rank takes six steps backward.

Note. After taking the prescribed number of steps, the Soldiers do not raise their arms. If the platoon leader wants exact interval or alignment, they command At Close Interval (At Double Interval), Dress Right, DRESS. (See paragraph 7-28 for more information on aligning the platoon.)
7-61. At this point, the platoon is ready to be inspected. Typically, the squads are inspected by the squad leaders; however they may be inspected by the platoon sergeant or platoon leader.

## Squad Leaders' Inspection

7-62. If the platoon sergeant wants the squad leaders to inspect their squads, they will direct INSPECT
YOUR SQUADS. Salutes are not exchanged.

7-63. The squad leaders face to the half left as in marching and march by the most direct route to a point
15 inches in front of and centered on the first Soldier.

Note. If the members of the platoon are armed, the squad leaders will sling their weapons diagonally across the back with the muzzle down and to the right. This movement will be executed without command and prior to the squad leader stepping off.

7-64. The squad leaders remain at a modified *Position of Attention* moving their heads and eyes only. After inspecting at the center position, they take a short step forward and to the left and inspects, return to the center and step forward and to the right and inspect, and return to the center position.

7-65. Having inspected the first Soldier, the squad leader faces to the right as in marching and takes one (two if at normal interval) step, halts, and faces the next Soldier at the appropriate distance. The squad leader conducts the inspection for the rest of the Soldiers in the squad.

7-66. After inspecting the last Soldier in the squad, the squad leader faces to the right as in marching and marches around behind the squad, inclining as necessary. While the squad leader marches back to their post, they inspect the squad from the rear.

7-67. After resuming their post, the squad leader turns their head and eyes over their left shoulder and commands their squad to assume *At Ease*. The platoon sergeant remains at their post (inspects the guidon or phase bearer as appropriate). After the last squad has been inspected and is at *At Ease*, the platoon sergeant commands the platoon to *Attention*.

7-68. After commanding the platoon to *Attention*, the platoon sergeant commands *Close Ranks,* **MARCH**.

On the command of execution **MARCH**, the first rank takes four steps backward, the second rank takes two steps backward, the third rank stands fast, and the fourth rank takes one step forward. On the command of execution **MARCH**, the platoon leader and platoon sergeant take the appropriate number of steps to maintain their posts.

7-69. If the platoon is being inspected as part of a larger formation and control of the platoon has not been turned over to the platoon sergeant, they face about, and execute *At Ease*. They then wait on further instructions from the first sergeant.

## Platoon Sergeant's Or Platoon Leader's Inspection

7-70. If the platoon sergeant is not going to inspect the entire platoon, they direct the squad leaders of the appropriate squads to inspect their squads. All others will be inspected by the platoon sergeant. When armed, the platoon sergeant slings their weapon in the same manner as the squad leaders.

7-71. The platoon sergeant faces to the *Half Left* as in marching and marches by the most direct route to a point 15 inches in front of and centered on the first squad leader (or the squad leader of the squad to be inspected). As soon as the platoon sergeant halts in front of the squad leader, they command the other squads to *At Ease* and inspect the squad leader.

7-72. The platoon sergeant remains at a modified *Position of Attention* moving their head and eyes only.

After inspecting at the center position, they take a short step forward and to the left and inspect, return to the center and step forward and to the right and inspect, and return to the center position.

7-73. Having inspected the squad leader, the platoon sergeant faces to the right as in marching and takes one
(two if at normal interval) steps, halts, and faces the next Soldier at the appropriate distance. After the platoon sergeant steps off, the squad leader takes a half step forward and faces about. When moving from Soldier to Soldier, the squad leader and platoon sergeant move simultaneously.

7-74. Having inspected the last Soldier in the squad, the platoon sergeant faces to the right as in marching and marches around behind the squad, inclining as necessary. The platoon sergeant inspects the squad from the rear.

7-75. As the platoon sergeant begins to inspect the first squad from the rear, the second squad leader commands their squad to *Attention*. The first squad leader returns to their post. After the platoon sergeant arrives in front of the second squad leader, the platoon sergeant commands the first squad to *At Ease* over their right shoulder. All remaining squads will be inspected in the same manner as the first.

7-76. The platoon sergeant and squad leader execute in the same manner as in inspecting the first squad until the entire platoon has been inspected. After inspecting the rear of the last squad, the platoon sergeant marches by the most direct route to their post, halts, faces to the left and commands the platoon to *Attention*.

7-77. After commanding the platoon to *Attention*, the platoon sergeant commands *Close Ranks*, **MARCH**.

On the command of execution **MARCH**, the first rank takes four steps backward, the second rank takes two steps backward, the third rank stands fast, and the fourth rank takes one step forward. On the command of execution **MARCH**, the platoon leader and platoon sergeant take the appropriate number of steps to maintain their posts.

7-78. If the platoon is being inspected as part of a larger formation and control of the platoon has been not been turned over to the platoon sergeant, they face about and execute *At Ease*. They then await further instructions from the first sergeant.

## In-Quarters (Stand By) Inspection

7-79. When the platoon sergeant wants to conduct an in-quarters inspection, they position the squad members on line with their equipment or as near it as possible. The squad leader positions themselves in the path of the inspector at a point near their area of responsibility. At the approach of the inspector, the squad leader commands, *Squad,* **ATTENTION** and reports, "*Sergeant, the platoon is prepared for inspection*."
Note. When the situation dictates, the squad leader may report to the inspector outside of the quarters. A designated individual commands the members to **ATTENTION** as the inspector enters the area.

7-80. The squad leader then guides the inspector along a route dictated by the physical arrangement of the personnel and equipment. Upon entering the area, the highest ranking Soldier present commands **AT EASE**.

As the inspector approaches each individual or their equipment, the individual automatically assumes the Position of Attention. When the inspector has moved to the next Soldier, the last Soldier inspected resumes the position of *At Ease*. As the inspector begins to exit the area after completing the inspection, CARRY ON
is commanded.

Note. When inspecting Soldiers' rooms, *Attention* is not commanded. The individuals automatically assume the *Position of Attention* as the inspector enters the room. The inspector then commands **AT EASE**. As the inspector approaches each Soldier, the Soldier assumes the Position of Attention and resumes *At Ease* after they have been inspected.

## Chapter 8 Company Drill

"The fundamentals of drill are established daily.... If these maneuvers are all accurately observed and practiced every day then the army will remain virtually undefeatable and always awe inspiring...."
Frederick the Great: "History of My Own Times,"
translated to English in 1789

## Section I - Procedures And Personnel

8-1. The procedures used and personnel required to conduct company drill are described in this section.

## Basic Information

8-2. The following bullets discuss basic information that applies to conducting company drill:


Individual drill movements, manual of arms, and squad and platoon drills are executed as previously described in chapters 4 through 7 while conducting company drill.

For the most part, company drill provides the procedures for executing platoon drill in conjunction
with other platoons in the same formation.

For drill purposes, a company consists of a company headquarters and two or more platoons. The company headquarters personnel are attached to the platoons to equalize platoon strength without
interfering with the permanent squad organization; however, the commander may form the headquarters personnel into a separate platoon at either flank of the company. When headquarters personnel form as a separate element, the senior sergeant serves as the platoon sergeant, and the company executive officer serves as the platoon leader.

When in a line or a mass formation, the right platoon serves as the base; when in a column formation, the lead platoon serves as the base.

The company may be formed by the commander and the platoon leaders or the first sergeant and
the platoon sergeants. If the commander is not scheduled to receive or inspect the company, the
first sergeant and platoon sergeants remain at their posts and execute company drill from their
posts. For continuity purposes, the term "first sergeant" may be used to denote "commander," just
as "platoon sergeant" may be used to denote "platoon leader" when the first sergeant and platoon
sergeants are conducting company drill from their posts.

When the first sergeant directs that the company open or close ranks, align, stack or take arms, extend march, close on the leading platoon, or prepare for inspection, the movements are executed on the command of the platoon sergeants and not on the directives of the first sergeant. The platoon
sergeants command the movement in sequence beginning with the base platoon.

During all drills and ceremonies, the first sergeant and executive officer carry their weapons at Sling Arms. They remain at *Sling Arms* during all manual of arms movements except when they
execute the *Hand Salute* while at *Sling Arms*.

The members of a company break ranks in the same manner as in platoon drill except that the individuals called from the formation form on the first sergeant rather than on the platoon sergeant.

The company marches, rests, and executes *Eyes Right* in the same manner as the platoon.

The company has four prescribed formations: company in line with platoons in line; company in column with platoons in column; company in column with platoons in line (used primarily for
ceremonies); and company mass formation. However, the company may be formed into a column of twos in the same manner as the platoon.

## Posts For Key Personnel

8-3. Key personnel assume their posts as follows:

Company commander. The company commander's post is normally 12 steps in front of the front
rank of troops and centered on the company as seen in figure 8-1. The only exceptions to this rule
are when the company forms as part of a larger unit in a column formation (with the company and platoons in column) or when the company is formed in a mass formation. In these situations, the company commander's post is 6 steps in front of and centered on the front rank of troops and 12 steps behind the last rank of troops of the element to their front as seen in figure 8-2 on page 8-5.

Guidon bearer. The guidon bearer's post is two 15-inch steps to the rear and two 15-inch steps to
the left of the company commander (see figure 8-1). (The manual of the guidon is discussed in
further detail in appendix F.)
Note. The company commander should inconspicuously direct the guidon bearer to remain in position and move with the commander when the company is to be faced to the right and marched for only a short distance.


Executive officer. When the company is in a line formation, the executive officer's post is two
steps to the rear of the first sergeant; in a column or a mass formation, they are three steps to the
rear of the last rank and off center (one 15-inch step to the right) of the company.

Platoon leaders. When the company is in a line formation with the platoons in line, the post for
the platoon leader is six steps in front of and centered on the platoon. When the company is in
column formation with the platoons in column or the company is in column with the platoons in line, the post for the platoon leader is one step in front of and centered on the platoon. When the company is in mass formation, the post for the platoon leaders is one step in front of and evenly spaced across the company front. If the commander is not present, the platoon leaders are not part of the formation.


First sergeant. When the company is in a line formation, the first sergeant's post is three steps to
the rear of the last rank and centered on the company; in a column or a mass formation, they are three steps to the rear of the last rank and off center (one 15-inch step to the left) of the company
(see figure 8-2):

When the company is in mass formation, without the commander present, the post for the first
sergeant is five steps in front of and centered on the formation. When the company is in a line
formation with the platoons in a line without the commander present, the post for the first sergeant is nine steps in front of and centered on the company. When the company is in a
column formation with the platoons in a column without the commander present, the post for
the first sergeant is nine steps to the left flank of and centered on the company.

When marching the company in mass formation with the commander at their post, the first sergeant remains at their post to provide cadence and control.

Platoon sergeant. When the company is in any of the four formations and the officers are present,
the platoon sergeant's post is one step to the rear and centered on their platoon:

When the company is in mass formation, the post for the platoon sergeants is one step to the rear of the company and evenly spaced across the frontage. When the company is in mass formation, *Without the Officers Present*, the post for the platoon sergeants is one step in front
of and evenly spaced across the front.

When the company is in a line formation with the platoons in a line Without the Officers
Present, the post for the platoon sergeant is three steps in front of and centered on their
platoon. When the company is in column formation with the platoons in column Without the
Officers Present, the post for the platoon sergeant is three steps to the left flank of and centered on their platoon.

When marching the company *Without the Officers Present*, and the company is in column formation with the platoons in column, the platoon sergeants remain at their posts and provide for cadence and control of their platoons.

Additional officers. Other officers assigned or attached, who have no prescribed position within
the formation, form evenly to the right and left of the executive officer in a line formation; they fall out and form in one or two ranks at correct distance to the rear of the first sergeant and
executive officer when the company forms in column (see figure 8-4 on page 8-7).
8-4. The executive officer inconspicuously gives the necessary commands (March, Column Half Left, Halt, and *Facings*) for themselves and the first sergeant when changing from one post to another. Once in motion, they incline as necessary and march to their new posts. When the company changes from a line formation to a column formation, the first sergeant and executive officer face with the company but do not march forward. They remain in position until the last platoon has passed. If the company marches forward (column formation) for a short distance only, or if it closes on the base platoon (line formation) at close interval, the first sergeant and executive officer march forward or face to the right in marching and resume their posts. When the company changes from a column (platoons in column) to a line formation, it faces to the right in marching and assumes the posts in line. When the company forms a company in column with platoons in line, as the unit is faced, it faces to the right in marching and assumes the posts to the rear of the last platoon. When the company is formed in mass, it faces to the right in marching and assumes the posts at the center of the company immediately after halting with the last platoon (see figure 8-3). The off-center position explained for the first sergeant and executive officer should place them at normal interval from each other while covering a file to their front. If either one is not present during a formation, the one present changes posts without command and assumes the post at the center of the company rather than off center (see figure 8-4).

## Section Ii - Formations And Movements

8-5. This section discusses the formations and movements used in conducting a company drill.

## Basic Information

8-6. This paragraph discusses basic information that applies to the formations and movements used in conducting a company drill:


The company normally forms in a line formation; however, it may re-form in column when each
Soldier can identify their exact position (equipment grounded) in the formation.

The company forms basically the same as the platoon. On the command fall in; (At Close Interval),
FALL IN, the platoons form in line, centered on and facing the person forming the unit, with five-step intervals between platoons.
Note. To have the company assemble in a company mass formation, the command is Mass Formation, **FALL IN**. Before giving the commands, the person forming the unit announces the interval and the number of personnel in the front and designates the base person. In this situation, the first sergeant and platoon sergeants travel around the right flank of the formation when moving from post to post. The commander and platoon leaders travel around the left flank of the formation when moving from post to post.


When armed, members fall in at *Order (Sling) Arms*. For safety, the person forming the unit
commands Inspection, ARMS; *Ready, Port,* ARMS; *Order (Sling),* **ARMS** at the initial
formation of the day, or when the last command is **DISMISSED**.

The company may be formed by the first sergeant and platoon sergeants or by the company
commander and platoon leaders. When possible, the platoons assemble near the formation site
before the arrival of the first sergeant or company commander. If the company is formed by the
NCOs, the platoon leaders normally observe the procedures from a position to the rear of their
platoons.

When the company is formed by the NCOs, the following procedures apply:

The first sergeant posts themselves nine steps in front of (center) and facing the line where the front rank of each platoon is to form. They then command fall in; *(At Close Interval)*, FALL IN.

On the command of execution, the platoons form in the same manner prescribed in platoon drill. Each platoon sergeant faces their platoon while the platoons are forming and directs their platoon to adjust (if necessary) and align on the platoon to its right at the correct interval (as described in paragraph 8-8). Once the platoon is formed, the platoon sergeants face about.
Note. If the command *At Close Interval*, **FALL IN** is given, the members of the platoon form at close interval; however, the five-step interval between platoons is maintained.


When all platoon sergeants are facing to the front, the first sergeant commands (if appropriate) Inspection, ARMS; *Ready, Port,* ARMS*; Order (Sling),* **ARMS**. The first sergeant then
directs (if appropriate) **RECEIVE THE REPORT**. The platoon sergeants face about and command **REPORT**. The squad leaders report (as described in chapter 7). Having received the report, the platoon sergeants face about. When all platoon sergeants are facing to the front, the first sergeant commands **REPORT**. The platoon sergeants turn their heads and eyes
toward the first sergeant, salute and report (as described in chapter 7) in succession from right
to left. The first sergeant turns their head and eyes toward the reporting platoon sergeant and returns each *Salute* individually. Having received the report from the platoon sergeants, the
first sergeant faces about and awaits the arrival of the company commander if the commander
is scheduled to receive the company.
Note. If the commander is not scheduled to receive or inspect the company, the first sergeant and platoon sergeants remain at their posts and execute company drill from their posts. For continuity purposes, the term "commander" may also be used to denote the first sergeant, just as "platoon leader" may be used to denote the platoon sergeant when the commander and platoon leaders are conducting company drill from their posts.


When the company commander has halted at their post, the first sergeant salutes and reports, "Sir or Ma'am, all present," or "Sir or Ma'am, all accounted for," or "Sir or Ma'am, (so
many) Soldiers absent." The company commander returns the *Salute* and commands **POST**.
The first sergeant faces about and marches to their post three steps to the rear and at the center
of the company, halts, and faces about. The guidon bearer steps forward three steps. The
platoon sergeants face to the right in marching and assume their posts to the rear of their
platoons (if the platoon leader is not present, they step forward three steps). The platoon
leaders march around the left flank of their platoons and assume their posts by inclining facing
to the front. The company executive officer assumes their post two steps to the rear of the first
sergeant.

When the company is formed by the company commander, the procedures are the same as forming with the NCOs except that the platoon leaders form their platoons and the first sergeant, platoon sergeants, and guidon bearer fall in at their posts (see figure 8-1 on page 8-3). The command
POST is not necessary. If a platoon sergeant is to fill the post of platoon leader, they take a position
six steps in front of and centered on the platoon.

## Changing Interval

8-7. The company changes interval in the same manner as prescribed for the platoon:

When the first sergeant wants the company to obtain close interval in a line formation while
maintaining a five-step interval, they direct CLOSE ON THE BASE PLATOON AT CLOSE
INTERVAL. The platoon sergeants face about and command *Count,* **OFF**. After the platoons
have counted off, the platoon sergeants command *Close Interval,* **MARCH**. The second, third, and fourth platoon sergeants command *Right,* **FACE** and in succession command Half Step,
MARCH. They halt at the five-step interval and face the platoon to the left. If the directive
CLOSE ON THE THIRD PLATOON AT CLOSE INTERVAL is given, the platoon sergeants on the right of the designated platoon have their platoons obtain close interval, face their platoons to the left, march (*Half Step*) forward until the five-step interval is obtained, and then halt and face
their platoons to the right.
Note. When the company is at close interval (line formation), the first sergeant may march the company (in column with less than correct distance) at the *Half Step* for short distances. If the first sergeant wants to march with a 30-inch step while marching with less than correct distance, they command *Extend,* **MARCH**. The first platoon sergeant commands *Extend,* **MARCH**. The other platoon sergeants command CONTINUE TO **MARCH**. As the first platoon begins to march with a 30-inch step, the second platoon sergeant commands *Extend,* **MARCH**. The remaining platoons execute the directive in the same manner as the second platoon.


When the first sergeant wants the company to obtain normal interval from close interval in a line
formation while maintaining a five-step interval, they direct EXTEND ON THE BASE PLATOON AT NORMAL INTERVAL. The platoon sergeants face about and march (Half
Step) their platoons to a position that ensures the five-step interval between platoons after they
have obtained normal interval. After halting and facing the platoons to the left, the platoon
sergeants command *Count,* **OFF**. The platoon sergeants then command Normal Interval,
MARCH. If necessary, the platoon sergeant can verify the interval as described in the note of
paragraph 8-8.

## Changing Distance

8-8. To increase the distance between elements of a company (or larger unit) while marching in column to normal distance, use the following procedures:
Note. This movement is only executed from the half step when a company or larger-size element is marching in column at less than normal distance.


To increase the distance between elements of a company (or larger unit) while marching in column at the half step to normal distance, the command is *Extend,* **MARCH**. On the preparatory
command Extend of *Extend,* **MARCH**, the platoon sergeant echoes the preparatory command and all subsequent platoon sergeants issue the supplementary command CONTINUE TO MARCH. On the command of execution MARCH of *Extend,* **MARCH**, the front rank of the
lead element takes one more 15-inch step, then steps off with a 30-inch step. All other ranks
continue to march with a 15-inch step until the rank to their front has stepped off with a 30-inch
step and has obtained normal distance (40 inches).

Subsequent platoon sergeants issue the command *Extend,* **MARCH** after the entire element to
their front has obtained normal distance and has begun marching forward with a 30-inch step.
Note. From the *Halt*, the first sergeant directs HAVE YOUR PLATOONS EXTEND **MARCH**. The lead platoon sergeant gives the command *Extend,* **MARCH**. All subsequent platoon sergeants give the command *Half Step*, **MARCH**. On the command of execution MARCH of *Extend,*
MARCH, the front rank steps off with a 30-inch step. All other ranks step off with a 15-inch step and execute the movement in the same manner as previously described in paragraph 8-6.

## Aligning The Company

8-9. To align the company, use the following procedures:


To align the company in a line formation, the first sergeant directs HAVE YOUR PLATOONS DRESS RIGHT:

On the directive, all platoon sergeants face about. The right flank platoon sergeant commands Dress Right, **DRESS** and aligns their platoon as described in platoon drill. When the alignment of the first rank of the right platoon has been verified (the platoon sergeant has stepped off to align the second rank), the platoon sergeant to the left commands Dress Right,
DRESS. They then face to the half right in marching, moves to a position on line with and
one step to the left of the left flank Soldier of the first rank, and face (*Left Face*) down the
line.

After aligning the first rank, the platoon sergeant centers themselves on the first rank, faces to the right in marching, takes two short steps, halts, executes *Left Face*, and aligns the second
rank. The third and fourth ranks are aligned in the same manner as the second rank.

After aligning the fourth rank, the platoon sergeant faces to the left in marching; returns to their position, center of the platoon; halts perpendicular to the formation; faces to the right; commands *Ready,* **FRONT**; and faces about. All platoon sergeants to the left of the second platoon take the same actions as the second platoon sergeant.
Note. If necessary, the platoon sergeants to the left of the base platoon command VERIFY INTERVAL before commanding *Dress Right,* **DRESS**. On the command VERIFY
INTERVAL, the base (squad leader of the first squad) faces to the right in marching and moves to the left flank member (first squad) of the platoon to the right, halts, faces about, steps forward five steps, halts, faces to the right, and aligns themselves on the element to their right.


To align the company in column, the first sergeant directs **HAVE YOUR PLATOONS COVER**.
On this directive, the first platoon sergeant faces about and commands **COVER**. The other platoon
sergeants command **STAND FAST**. The first platoon covers as in platoon drill. The other platoons then execute the movement in succession as soon as the platoon to their front has completed the movement.

## Opening And Closing Ranks

8-10. To *Open Ranks*, the first sergeant directs HAVE YOUR PLATOONS OPEN RANKS AND DRESS
RIGHT. On the directive, all platoon sergeants face about. The right flank platoon sergeant commands Open Ranks, **MARCH**. When the platoon has completed the movement, they then command *Dress Right,* DRESS
and aligns the platoon the same as in platoon drill. When the first rank of the right platoon has been aligned, the platoon sergeant to the left commands *Open Ranks,* **MARCH** and then commands *Dress Right,* **DRESS**.

Then they align their platoon in the same manner described in paragraphs 7-28 and 8-8. All platoon sergeants to the left of the second platoon take the same actions as the second platoon sergeant.

Note. When clearing grounded equipment, the company may march in column (*Right* **FACE**) from open ranks (*Double Interval*) for short distances. Having cleared the equipment, the first sergeant commands *Normal Interval*, **MARCH**. When returning to the equipment while marching at normal interval, the command *Double Interval,* **MARCH** is given. If the company is marching in reverse order, the commands **FALL OUT** and **FALL IN** should be given.

8-11. To *Close Ranks*, the first sergeant directs **HAVE YOUR PLATOONS CLOSE RANKS**. On the directive, all platoon sergeants face about and in sequence from right to left command *Close Ranks*, MARCH. The platoons execute the movement the same as in platoon drill. After the platoons have completed the movement, the platoon sergeants face about.

## Changing The Direction Of March Of A Column

8-12. To change the direction of march of a column, use the following procedures:


The company changes the direction of march basically the same as the squad and platoon. The
commands are *Column Right (Left), Column Half Right (Left),* **MARCH**.

The base element during a column movement is the lead platoon and the squad on the flank, in the direction of turn.

When at the *Halt*, the leading platoon sergeant repeats the first sergeant's preparatory command.
Succeeding platoon sergeants give the supplementary command *Forward*. On the command of
execution **MARCH**, the leading platoon executes the movement as described in platoon drill;
succeeding platoons execute the movement on their platoon sergeant's command at approximately
the same location.

While marching, the movement is executed as described from the *Halt* except that the succeeding
platoon sergeants give the supplementary command *Continue to March* rather than *Forward*.

The company executes *Rear March* and inclines in the same manner as the platoon.

When executing *Counter-Column March* from the *Halt*, the leading platoon sergeant repeats the
preparatory command. Succeeding platoon sergeants give the supplementary command *Forward*:

On the command of execution **MARCH**, the leading platoon executes the movement as
described in platoon drill and marches through the other platoons. Succeeding platoons execute the movement on the platoon sergeant's command at approximately the same
location.

When the movement is executed while marching, the command of execution is given as the left foot strikes the marching surface. The movement is executed basically the same as from the *Halt* except that the succeeding platoon sergeants give the supplementary command
Continue to March rather than *Forward*.

The guidon bearer faces to the left in marching from the *Halt* or executes a *Column Left* in
marching, marches by the most direct route outside of the formation, and repositions themselves in front of the lead platoon as it clears the rear of the company.

If the first sergeant gives the command from their post in a separate unit, they move in the
most convenient manner to their new position at the left flank of the unit. If they give the command while at the head of the company, they move in the same direction as the guidon bearer.

## Closing The Distance Between Platoons

8-13. This movement is only executed when the company is in column with the platoons in column. The formation has been faced to the right for marching with the first sergeant and platoon sergeants at their posts.

8-14. The first sergeant directs **CLOSE ON THE LEADING PLATOON**. The leading platoon sergeant commands **STAND FAST**. The leading platoon sergeant then faces to the left as in marching and marches, inclining as necessary, to the trail of the company.

8-15. The succeeding platoon's platoon sergeant marches their platoon forward and commands *Mark Time*, MARCH. They ensure that they give the command of execution **MARCH** when the squad leaders are three steps from the last Soldier in the leading platoon so that the Soldiers of the succeeding platoon begin marching in place at the correct distance.

8-16. While *Marking Time* in formation, the Soldiers adjust position to ensure proper alignment and cover.

The proper distance between Soldiers while marching is one-arm's length plus 6 inches (approximately
36 inches). If necessary, the squad leaders take the appropriate number of steps to close any gaps should the trail of the leading platoon be uneven. The rest of the formation adjusts as necessary.

8-17. After sensing that the members of the platoon have obtained proper alignment and cover, the platoon sergeant commands *Platoon,* **HALT**. After commanding the platoon to *Halt*, the platoon sergeant faces to the left as in marching and marches, inclining as necessary, to the trail of the company.

8-18. The remaining platoons execute in the same manner as the succeeding platoon in order from front to rear. The platoon sergeants wait until the platoon sergeant to their front gives the command *Mark Time*, MARCH, before giving the command *Forward***, MARCH**.

8-19. The platoon sergeants form at the trail of the company one step to the rear and evenly spaced. The platoon sergeants are now part of the formation. If the first sergeant wants exact cover and alignment, they command **COVER**. The first sergeant remains at their post and marches the company.

## Correcting The Distance Between Platoons

8-20. The correct distance between platoons is five steps. To obtain correct distance (five steps) when the company is marching in column or is in column at the *Halt*, the first sergeant directs CORRECT ON
LEADING PLATOON.

8-21. When at the *Halt*, on the directive **CORRECT ON LEADING PLATOON**, the platoon sergeant of the leading platoon commands (over the right shoulder) **STAND FAST**. The succeeding platoon sergeants command (over the right shoulder) *Forward***, MARCH** and then command *Mark Time*, **MARCH** and Platoon, **HALT** when correct distance is obtained.

8-22. While marching, on the directive **CORRECT ON LEADING PLATOON**, the platoon sergeant of the leading platoon commands (over the right shoulder) *Half Step***, MARCH**. The succeeding platoon sergeants command (over the right shoulder) CONTINUE TO **MARCH**, and then command Half Step, MARCH as soon as the correct distance is obtained.

8-23. The first sergeant commands *Forward***, MARCH**; (**HALT**) as soon as all platoons have obtained the correct distance and are marching at the *Half Step*.

## Forming A Column Of Twos And Re-Forming

8-24. The company forms a column of twos basically the same as the platoon. The first sergeant must allow sufficient time for the platoon sergeants, and the squad leaders of the lead platoon, to give their supplementary commands before giving the command of execution.

8-25. The command for this movement is *Column of twos from the right (left),* **MARCH**. The leading platoon sergeant repeats the preparatory command. Other platoon sergeants give the supplementary command *Stand Fast*. On the first sergeant's command of execution **MARCH**, the leading platoon executes the movement as in platoon drill. Other platoons execute the movement on their platoon sergeant's command.

Succeeding platoon sergeants give their commands to follow with the prescribed five-step distance between platoons.

8-26. Re-forming into a column of fours is executed only at the *Halt*. The command for this movement is Column of fours to the left (right), **MARCH**. On the first sergeant's command of execution, all platoons execute the movement simultaneously as described in platoon drill. As soon as the platoons are re-formed, the platoon sergeants automatically march the platoons forward and obtain the five-step distance between platoons.

## Forming A Company Mass

8-27. The company may form in mass from a company in column (platoons in column) when halted or while marching. The company must be at Close Interval (*Close Interval*, **MARCH**) before the command Company Mass Left, **MARCH** is given.

8-28. On the preparatory command *Company Mass Left*, given at the *Halt*, the leading platoon sergeant commands *Stand Fast*. The platoon sergeants of the succeeding platoons command *Column Half Left*. On the command of execution **MARCH**, the leading platoon stands fast. The other platoons execute the Column Half Left and then execute a *Column Half Right* on the command of the platoon sergeants to a point (line)
that ensures the platoons will be at *Close Interval* alongside the platoon to their right when halted. As the platoons come abreast of the base platoon, the platoon sergeants command *Mark Time,* **MARCH**. While the platoon is marking time, the members adjust their positions to ensure alignment on the Soldier to their right. The platoon sergeants allow their platoons to *Mark Time* for about eight counts and then command Platoon, HALT.

8-29. On the preparatory command *Company Mass Left* while marching, given as the left foot strikes the marching surface, the leading platoon sergeant gives the supplementary command *Mark Time*. The succeeding platoon sergeants command *Column Half Left*. On the command of execution **MARCH**, the leading platoon begins to march in place. After marking time for about eight counts, the lead platoon sergeant commands *Platoon,* **HALT**. The other platoons form in the same manner as from the *Halt*.

Notes. 1. If the commander is in charge of the formation, on the command of execution **MARCH**, the first sergeant and guidon bearer halt and immediately face to the right (left) in marching and reposition themselves centered on the company. 2. If the platoon sergeants are marching at their posts on the left flank of their platoons, they must wait until the platoon sergeants to their front have commanded **HALT** and have moved to the front of the company before moving into position.

## Aligning A Company In Mass

8-30. To align a company in mass, use the following procedures:


As soon as the company has formed in mass, the first sergeant gives the command *Order,* ARMS
(if appropriate) and then commands *At Close Interval, Dress Right,* **DRESS**.

On the command of execution **DRESS**, the platoon sergeant of the right platoon marches by the
most direct route to the right flank and verifies the alignment of as many ranks as necessary to
ensure proper alignment in the same manner as aligning the platoon. When they have finished the verification, the platoon sergeant returns to a position one step in front of and centered on the third squad, halts, and faces to the right. When the platoon sergeant has returned to their position, the first sergeant commands *Ready,* **FRONT**. Platoon sergeants align themselves to the right. The first sergeant directs the platoon sergeants to move left or right to ensure the platoon sergeants are evenly spaced across the front.

## Changing The Direction Of March Of A Mass Formation

8-31. The company changes the direction of march in mass basically the same as a platoon column movement. This movement is normally executed with the commander at their post. For clarity purposes, the term "commander" is used:


When executed from the *Halt*, the commander has the unit execute *Right Shoulder Arms* (if
appropriate), then faces in the desired direction of march, turns their head toward the formation,
and commands *Right (Left) Turn,* **MARCH**:

On the command of execution **MARCH**, the platoon leaders face to the half right (left) in
marching and continue to march in an arc until parallel to the new direction of march. Then they begin marching with the *Half Step*, dressing on the right (left) flank platoon leader until
the command *Forward***, MARCH** is given.

The right (left) guide (the base squad leader in the direction of turn) faces to the right (left) in marching, takes one 30-inch step in the indicated direction, and then takes up the *Half Step*. All other squad leaders (front rank) face to the half right (left) in marching and continue to
march in an arc until they come on line with the guide.

At this time, they begin marching with the *Half Step* and dress (glancing out of the corner of the eye) in the direction of the turn until the command *Forward***, MARCH** is given. On that
command, the dress is automatically to the right. All other members march forward and
execute the movement in the same manner as their squad leaders.

When executed while marching, the movement is the same as from the *Halt* except that the
company commander faces about (marching backward) to give the command Right (Left) Turn,
MARCH. The commander then faces about and completes the turning movement themselves. After the company has completed the turn, they face about, commands *Forward***, MARCH**, and again faces about.

## Forming A Column From A Company Mass

8-32. This movement is normally executed with the commander at their post. For clarity purposes, the term
"commander" is used. To form a company in column from a company mass at the *Halt*, the command is Column of Platoons, Right Platoon, Column Right (Column Half Right), **MARCH**. The right platoon leader gives the supplementary command of Forward (Column Right or *Column Half Right)*, and the other platoon leaders command *Stand Fast*:


On the command of execution **MARCH**, the right platoon marches in the direction indicated. All
other platoons follow (in sequence) in column, executing *Column Half Right* and Column Half
Left on the commands of the platoon leaders.

To execute the movement when marching, the company commander commands *Port,* ARMS
(unless at *Sling Arms*), and then commands Column of Platoons, Right Platoon, Double Time, MARCH. On the preparatory command, the right platoon leader gives the supplementary
command *Double Time*, and the other platoon leader gives the supplementary command Continue
to March. On the command of execution **MARCH**, the right platoon marches in double-time.
Other platoon leaders (in sequence) command *Column Half Right, Double Time,* **MARCH** and
Column Half Left, **MARCH** to bring the succeeding platoons in column with the leading platoon.

The platoon leader and the platoon sergeant reposition themselves after the supplementary command but before the command of execution.

## Forming A Company In Column With Platoons In Line And Re-Forming

8-33. This movement is normally executed with the commander at their post. For clarity purposes, the term
"commander" is used. To form a company in column with platoons in line from a column formation at the Halt, the command is *Column of platoons in line*, **MARCH**. The platoon leader of the leading platoon gives the supplementary command *Stand Fast*. The second platoon leader gives the supplementary command Column Right. All other platoon leaders give the supplementary command *Forward*:


On the command of execution **MARCH**, the leading platoon *Stands Fast*, and the second platoon
executes a *Column Right*, marches 12 steps past the right file of the first platoon, and executes a
Column Left. As they come on line with the base platoon, the platoon leader commands Mark
Time, **MARCH**. After the platoon has marched in place for eight counts, the platoon leader
commands *Platoon,* **HALT**. The succeeding platoons execute a *Column Right* at approximately the same location as the platoon to their front and execute a *Column Left* and then halt in the same
manner as the second platoon. When the platoons have halted in position, the company
commander commands *Left,* **FACE**. On that command, the platoon leaders and platoon sergeants
face in marching and assume their posts.

When executed while marching, the movements are basically the same as from the *Halt* except
that the commander gives the command of execution as the right foot strikes the marching surface. The leading platoon leader commands *Mark Time*. On the preparatory command, the second
platoon leader commands *Column Right*, and the succeeding platoon leaders command Continue
to March. On the command of execution **MARCH**, the leading platoon executes *Mark Time* and
marches in place (approximately eight counts) until the platoon leader commands Platoon, HALT. The other platoons execute the movement in the same manner as from the *Halt*.

To re-form in column with platoons in column, the company commander commands Right, Face; Column of Platoons, Left Platoon, **MARCH**. On the command *Right, Face,* the platoon leaders
and platoon sergeants face in marching and resume their posts in column. On the preparatory
command *Column of Platoons, Left Platoon*, the left platoon leader commands *Forward*,
(Column Left [Half Left]). All other platoon leaders command *Column Half Left*. On the
command of execution **MARCH**, the left platoon executes the movement. The other platoon
leaders give the appropriate commands to follow the lead platoon at the correct distance.
Note. If necessary, the platoons following the second platoon automatically adjust the length of their step to ensure correct distance from the platoon to their front.

## Dismissing The Company

8-34. The company is dismissed while at *Attention*. It is usually dismissed by the first sergeant:

The first sergeant commands **TAKE CHARGE OF YOUR PLATOONS**. The platoon sergeants
Salute. The first sergeant returns all *Salutes* with one *Salute*. After *Salutes* are exchanged, the first
sergeant and guidon bearer leave the formation. The platoon sergeants then dismiss their platoons as in platoon drill.

When the company is dismissed by the company commander, they command TAKE CHARGE
OF YOUR PLATOONS. The platoon leaders salute. The company commander returns all
Salutes with one *Salute*. After the *Salutes* are exchanged, the company commander, guidon bearer,
first sergeant, and executive officer leave the formation:

The platoon leader(s) faces about and commands **PLATOON SERGEANT**. The platoon
sergeant faces to the right in marching and marches (inclines) around the squad leader(s), halts three steps in front of and centered on the platoon leader and faces to the right. Each platoon leader then directs **TAKE CHARGE OF THE PLATOON**. *Salutes* are exchanged. The platoon leaders leave the formation.

The platoon sergeants step forward three steps, face about, and dismiss the platoons as in the
platoon drill.

## Section Iii - Inspections

8-35. This section discusses the procedures used to conduct inspections for a company drill. The two typical inspections discussed are in-ranks inspections and in-quarters inspections.

## Basic Information

8-36. The following basic information applies to conducting inspections for a company drill:


The company has one prescribed formation for inspecting personnel and equipment in ranks
company in line with platoons in line. When inspecting crew-served weapons and vehicles, the
personnel are normally positioned to the rear of the formation with the operator (gunner) standing by their vehicle (weapon).
Note. If the commander is not scheduled to receive or inspect the company, the first sergeant and platoon sergeants remain at their posts and execute company drill from their posts. For continuity purposes, the term "first sergeant" may also be used to denote the commander, just as "platoon sergeant" may be used to denote the platoon leader when they are executing drill from their posts.

If the commander is inspecting, they and the platoon leaders execute the same as described below.


The first sergeant may conduct an in-quarters (barracks) inspection to include personal appearance, individual weapons, field equipment, displays, maintenance, and sanitary conditions.

When field equipment is to be inspected, it should be arranged neatly and as directed by the leader in charge of the inspection. Lay equipment out in a uniformed manner with all members'
equipment arranged the same.

## In-Ranks Inspection (Line Formations)

8-37. Use the following procedures to conduct an in-ranks inspection (line formation):


With the company in a line formation, the first sergeant directs **PREPARE FOR INSPECTION**.
On that directive, the platoon sergeants face about, open ranks, and align the company as in paragraphs 8-9 and 8-10. When all platoon sergeants are facing the front, the first sergeant commands **AT EASE**.
Note. During the inspection, the guidon bearer, officers, and NCOs not in ranks assume the position of attention as the inspecting officer approaches their positions and resume the at ease position after they have been inspected (they do not execute *Inspection Arms*). The company commander may direct the first sergeant and executive officer to accompany them during the inspection. When so directed, the executive officer and first sergeant take a position at normal interval (close interval if the company is at close interval) to the left of the company commander.


The first sergeant begins the inspection by stepping forward and inspecting the guidon bearer. The
first sergeant then faces to the half left in marching and proceeds to the right of the line. As they approach the right flank platoon, the platoon sergeant commands (over their right shoulder) Platoon, **ATTENTION**. When the first sergeant has halted directly in front of them, they report,
"*First Sergeant, the platoon is prepared for inspection*." (If the commander is inspecting, Salutes
are exchanged.) The first sergeant inspects the platoon sergeant. The first sergeant then directs the
platoon sergeant to lead through the inspection, faces to the half left in marching, and halts directly
in front of the squad leader of the first squad. As the first sergeant faces to the half left in marching, the platoon sergeant faces to the right in marching, inclines, and halts directly in front of the second Soldier in the first squad and on line with and at *Normal Interval (Close Interval)* to the right of
the first sergeant. The other platoon sergeants execute the same actions as the first sergeant approaches their platoons.
Note. As soon as the platoon sergeant and first sergeant have halted in front of the first two Soldiers, the platoon sergeant commands *Second, Third, and Fourth Squads,* **AT EASE**. When moving from Soldier to Soldier during the inspection, the first sergeant and platoon sergeant
(executive officer and first sergeant if the commander is inspecting) simultaneously face to the right in marching, take two short steps (one step if the company is at close interval), halt, and face to the left. After the first sergeant has inspected the last Soldier in the front rank, the platoon sergeant hesitates momentarily and allows the first sergeant to precede them as the first sergeant inspects the front rank from the rear. As the first sergeant begins to inspect the rear of each rank, the platoon sergeant commands the next squad to *Attention*. As they begin to inspect the next rank, the platoon sergeant commands the last rank inspected to stand *At Ease*. Normally, when inspecting the rear of each rank, the first sergeant conducts a walking inspection. As the first sergeant inspects the rear of the last Soldier in each rank, they turn and halt directly in front of the squad leader of the next rank. The platoon sergeant turns and halts directly in front of the second Soldier. If the commander is inspecting, the executive officer and first sergeant march past (behind) the company commander and assume their positions to the commander's left.


As the first sergeant halts and is directly in front of and facing the individual being inspected, the
individual executes *Inspection Arms*. If the first sergeant wants to inspect the individual's weapon, they inspect the weapon first, then the individual's uniform and appearance. As soon as the first
sergeant grasps the weapon, the individual releases the weapon and resumes the Position of Attention. When the first sergeant has finished inspecting the weapon, they return it in the same manner as it was received. The individual receives the weapon by grasping the center of the handguard just forward of the slip ring with the left hand and the small of the stock with the right hand. They then execute Ready, Port Arms; *Order Arms*.
Note. In the event the first sergeant does not want to inspect the weapon, the individual remains at *Inspection Arms* until the first sergeant has halted in front of and is facing the next Soldier. The individual then executes *Ready, Port Arms*, and *Order Arms*. As the first sergeant moves to the rear of the rank being inspected, each Soldier, as the first sergeant approaches, unfastens the snap of their scabbard, grasps the point of the scabbard with the left hand, and moves the point slightly forward. The scabbard is held in position until the bayonet has been replaced or, if the bayonet is not inspected, until the first sergeant has moved to the next Soldier. At that time, the securing straps are fastened and the *Position of Attention* is resumed.


The correct method of manipulating a rifle for inspection is as follows:

When receiving the rifle from the inspected individual, reach forward and grasp the rifle at the upper portion of the handguard with the right hand. Lower the rifle diagonally to the left, twist the rifle slightly, insert the tip of the little finger of the left hand into the ejection port
(do not twist the rifle but insert the thumb into the receiver of the M14-series rifle), and look
into the barrel. The finger reflects sufficient light for the inspection of the barrel.

Grasp the small of the stock with the left hand and raise the rifle to a horizontal position
(sights up) with the muzzle to the right. The rifle is centered on the body with the forearms horizontal and the palms up. Move the rifle horizontally to the left and inspect the upper portion of the rifle beginning with the flash suppressor. Move the rifle slowly to the right inspecting the butt. Return the rifle to the center of the body.

Keeping the rifle horizontal, rotate it 180 degrees (sights toward the body) so that the sights point toward the marching surface. Move the rifle horizontally to the left and inspect the muzzle. Move the rifle slowly to the right and inspect the butt. When moving the rifle across the body, twist the rifle as necessary and inspect the movable parts on the sides of the receiver.
Having completed the inspection of the lower parts of the rifle, return it to the center of the
body.

Keeping the rifle horizontal, rotate the rifle 180 degrees (sights away from the body) so that the sights are up. Release the left hand and return the rifle in the same manner as received.

When inspecting a weapon other than a rifle, the inspector receives the weapon with their right hand and inspects it in the most convenient manner. Having completed the inspection, the weapon is returned with the right hand in the same manner as received.

When the first sergeant has completed the inspection of the platoon, the platoon sergeant commands the platoon to *Attention* and overtakes the first sergeant en route back to the front of the platoon. The platoon sergeant halts at their post facing to the front (*Salutes* are exchanged if
the commander is inspecting). The first sergeant (or commander with or without the inspecting party) faces to the right in marching and moves to the next platoon. As soon as the first sergeant has cleared the first platoon, the platoon sergeant faces about, commands *Close Ranks,* MARCH
and **AT EASE**, and then faces about and executes *At Ease*. When the first sergeant has completed the inspection of the last platoon (exchanged *Salutes* with the platoon sergeant), they return to
their post at the center of the company and commands the company to *Attention*. They then dismiss
the company, as previously described in paragraph 8-32.

When the company is inspected by an officer of a higher command, on the approach of the
inspecting officer, the company commander commands *Company,* **ATTENTION**. They then face
about, salute, and report, "*Sir or Ma'am, the company is prepared for inspection*." The inspection
is conducted as previously described in paragraph 8-37, except that the company commander takes
a position immediately to the left of the inspecting officer. The inspection is terminated by the company commander in the same manner prescribed for a platoon sergeant.

## In-Quarters Inspection (Stand By)

8-38. When the first sergeant wants to conduct an in-quarters inspection, the members are positioned on line with their equipment (or as near it as possible) :


The platoon sergeant positions themselves in the path of the inspecting officer at a point near their area of responsibility. At the approach of the inspecting officer, the platoon sergeant commands Platoon, **ATTENTION**, salutes, and reports, "*Sir, the platoon is prepared for inspection*."
Note. When the situation dictates, the platoon sergeant may report to the inspecting officer outside of the quarters. A designated individual commands the members to *Attention* as the inspector enters the quarters (bay).


The platoon sergeant then guides the inspector along a route dictated by the physical arrangement of the personnel and equipment. Upon entering the area, the highest ranking Soldier present commands **AT EASE**. As the inspector approaches each individual or their equipment, the individual automatically assumes the *Position of Attention*. When the inspector has moved to the
next Soldier, the last Soldier inspected resumes the position of *At Ease*. As the inspector begins to
exit the area after completing the inspection, **CARRY ON** is commanded.
Note. When inspecting Soldiers' rooms, *Attention* is not commanded. The individuals automatically assume the *Position of Attention* as the inspector enters the room. The inspector then commands **AT EASE**. As the inspector approaches each Soldier, the Soldier assumes the Position of Attention and resumes *At Ease* after they have been inspected.

## Chapter 9 Battalion And Brigade Drill

"The exterior splendor, the regularity of movements, the adroitness and at the same time firmness of the massall this gives the individual Soldier the safe and calming conviction that nothing can withstand his particular regiment or battalion."
Colmar von der Goltz, 1843-1916 Rossback und Jena For the most part, battalion and brigade drill merely provides the procedures for executing company or battalion drill in conjunction with other companies or battalions in the same formation. For drill purposes, a battalion or brigade consists of a headquarters (staff), Colors, and two or more companies or battalions. The right flank unit serves as base when in a line formation; the leading element is the base when in column.

Note. Executive officers, first sergeants, and platoon sergeants form the same as in-company drill for all formations, unless otherwise specified.

## Section I - Battalion Formations

9-1. The battalion has two basic formationsa line and a column. Separate elements may be arranged in several variations within either formation: the battalion may be formed in line with the companies in line with platoons in line, or battalion in line with companies in column with platoons in line (see figure 9-1 on page 9-2). From those formations, the battalion may be positioned in a battalion in column with companies in column, or companies in mass, or companies in column with platoons in line (see figure 9-2 on page 9-3).


Forming the battalion. To facilitate the forming of a larger unit, the commander normally alerts
the component units as to the desired formation, time, place, route, uniform, and the sequence in
which the units will form. Unless the right guide's position at the formation site has been
previously marked, the guides report to the site and receive instructions before the arrival of the
troops:

The commissioned staff forms in one rank, at normal interval and centered on the commander.
Staff members are normally arranged in their numerical order from right to left. When enlisted staff personnel form as part of the officer staff, they form two steps to the rear of their
respective staff officer. The command sergeant major (CSM) forms one step to the rear and is centered on the Colors.


When the battalion participates as a separate element of a larger formation, or when space is
limited, it is normally formed in a mass formation in the same manner as forming a company
mass (see figure 9-3).

The adjutant is responsible for the formation of troops. They take a position at the right flank of the line on which the units are to form and faces down the line. The adjutant remains facing down the line until all units are formed and then marches to their post midway between the line of troops and the proposed position of the commander. As the commander and their staff
approach, the adjutant commands (directs) the units to **ATTENTION**, faces the commander, salutes, and reports, "*Sir or Ma'am, the battalion is formed*."
Note. If guides are used, the adjutant takes their post as soon as the guides have been aligned.


The commander returns the *Salute* and commands **POST**. The adjutant marches forward,
passes to the commander's right, and takes their post as the right flank staff officer. The commander then commands or directs such actions as they desire.

Normally, the Colors are positioned at the center of the battalion when formed in line or column, and four steps to the rear of the staff when formed in mass.

Dismissing the battalion. To dismiss the battalion, the commander commands TAKE CHARGE OF YOUR UNITS. The company commanders and battalion commander exchange *Salutes*. The
battalion commander returns all *Salutes* with one *Salute*. They then dismiss their staff.
Note. In a battalion mass formation, the platoon leaders form as the first rank of troops. The right flank platoon leader serves as the guide.


Inspecting the battalion. When the battalion is to be inspected, the adjutant forms the battalion in
line with companies in line and platoons in line:

The adjutant forms the troops, reports, and takes their position with the staff (as previously described in paragraph 9-1). When the adjutant has joined the staff, the battalion commander
directs **PREPARE FOR INSPECTION**. Unit commanders face about and give the same directive. The platoon leaders prepare their platoons for inspection in the same manner as in
company drill. When all of the platoons in each company have completed opening ranks and have dressed right, the company commander faces the battalion commander. When all company commanders are again facing them, the battalion commander commands **AT EASE**.
Note. Because of the time involved in inspecting a battalion, the commander normally directs their staff to inspect the companies while they inspect the Colors and make a general inspection of the battalion. The Color guards do not execute *Inspection Arms*.


As the battalion commander (or their designated staff officer) approaches the company, the company commander faces about, salutes, and reports, "Sir or Ma'am, ______ Company is
prepared for inspection." The inspecting officer then proceeds to the first platoon to be
inspected. The company commander takes a position to the left of the inspecting officer. The
platoons are inspected in the same manner as explained in company drill. In the event a
platoon has already been inspected by a staff officer or is waiting to be inspected by a staff officer and the battalion commander approaches, the battalion commander is invited to inspect the platoon.

When the inspection has been completed and the battalion commander is en route back to their post, the company commanders bring their units to ATTENTION, CLOSE RANKS, and **AT EASE**. When the battalion commander has returned to the front of the formation and all staff officers have completed their inspection, the battalion commander commands Battalion, **ATTENTION** and dismisses the battalion (as previously described).

If the battalion is being inspected by a higher commander and their staff, the battalion commander reports to the inspecting officer in the same manner as the company commanders. The battalion commander's staff takes a position to the left of the higher inspecting staff and
escorts them to the unit. The battalion commander escorts the higher commander.

## Section Ii - Brigade Formations

9-2. The brigade, like the battalion, has two basic formationsa line and a column. The battalions may be arranged in several variations within either formation: the brigade may be formed with battalions in mass, or battalions in line with companies in mass. From those formations, the brigade may be positioned in column with battalions in mass, companies in mass, or battalions in column with companies in column. The formation selected is normally dictated by the space available and the desires of the commander (see figure 9-4).


The brigade is formed and dismissed in the same manner as the battalion.

Normally, the brigade Color is positioned at the center of the brigade. Subordinate Color-bearing
organizations position their Colors to the center of their formation when in a line or column
formation, or four steps to the rear of their staff when in a mass formation (see figure 9-5).
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## Part Two Ceremonies

"A ceremonial parade, impeccably performed, can never fail to be a source of inspiration to those who watch it or take part in it. It is the noblest and proudest form of drill. Based on the 'blunt whetstone' of drill instruction to recruits it was for many hundreds of years the foundation of battle discipline in all Armies..."
"Today, once the elements of discipline have been instilled through drill on the parade square, it develops, naturally, into various forms of crew drill, gun drill, and battle drill but the aim of discipline remains unchanged. This aim is the conquest of fear. Drill helps to achieve this because when it is carried out Soldiers tend to lose their individuality and are unified into a group under obedience to orders." "If Soldiers are to give their best in war they must be united. Discipline seeks through drill to instill into all ranks this sense of unity, by requiring them to obey orders as one. A Ceremonial parade, moreover, provides an occasion for Soldiers to express pride in their performance, pride in the Regiment or Corps and pride in the profession of Arms."
General Sir Harold Alexander, Ceremonial for the Army Ministry for Defense, Army Department November 1968
Note. See appendix G for a checklist for conducting a successful ceremony.

## Chapter 10 Reviews

This chapter discusses the general history of the review and the different types of reviews used in the Army today.

## Section I - History

10-1. Reviews can be traced to the Middle Ages when rulers, as a way of showing their strength, were likely to have military ceremonies. Military ceremonies and reviews are a popular tradition which carries on today in military forces around the world.

and honors, inspection, and a march in review. Today's reviews have incorporated three additional stages: honors to the Nation, remarks, and a conclusion. The presence of the band represents the significant role that the drum, fife, and other musical instruments have played throughout military history for signaling in camp or on the battlefield. The presence of the Colors at the center of the formation represents their presence at the forefront of the unit during the heat of battle.

10-3. At the beginning of the 17th century, armies throughout the world were adopting the regimental system.

Regiments were assigned a specific Color or number for ease of identification and position on the battlefield.

In battle, the Color (or flag) party marched at the front and center of its unit as a point for the unit to dress on. By leading the unit in battle, the Colors became prime targets, as victories in those days were expressed in terms of the number of enemy Colors captured; consequently, the Color party bore the brunt of the battle and suffered heavy casualties. Historically, in the American Army, the Colors have been placed in the center of the formation and have been considered part of the company on the immediate right of the Colors. This company is still called the Color unit:


In Infantry regulations of 1812, the lineup of companies from right to left was determined by the
seniority of the company commander, with the senior on the right. The manual for U.S. Infantry
tactics in 1862 placed the senior commander on the right and the second senior on the left with the
other eight companies in between. After they were lined up, the companies were then numbered first through tenth from right to left. In the Infantry drill regulations of 1892, companies continued
to be aligned by seniority. Between 1910 and 1970, companies were designated by letters of the alphabet and lined up from right to left: headquarters company, rifle companies in alphabetical
order, and then any combat support companies. The Colors, however, remained posted in the center of the formation.

Musical elements (usually drums and fifes, and sometimes a band) were used during actual battle
and marched 12 to 15 paces to the rear of the formation. By 1892, the Infantry drill regulations
posted bands and field music on the right of the formation or at the head of the formation when it moved in column.
10-4. Honors appears to have originated as musical fanfare and later a gun salute was added. The combination of the two now constitute military honors:


The custom of announcing the arrival of royalty and heads of state with a fanfare of trumpets or
drum rolls had its origin in England. It is ironic that drum *Ruffles* and the two-note bugle call
Flourishes, used in this manner today, have all but disappeared in the British Commonwealth
while the tradition is still carried on in the United States.

The colonists brought many of the military customs of their mother country with them when they came to America. At the time of the French-Indian Wars, Soldiers were instructed to "rest (present
arms) and beat two ruffles" for the Royal Governor of Virginia. In 1776, officers of the
Continental Army were advised that "the adjutant is to order a drum and fife to give two ruffles to a major general and one to a brigadier."

When Baron von Steuben wrote his manual of discipline, he stated that there were to be "certain
ruffles" for generals. It is interesting to note that General George Washington was not accorded
ruffles. Instead, his arrival was announced by a marchmore than likely "Washington's
March"that is still played today. In time, this custom was extended to include governors of
sovereign states and visiting foreign dignitaries.

Ruffles were not considered elegant and were used exclusively by the military. In some cases they were even accorded to the officer of the day.

It was some time before trumpets were added to the drum rolls; it is believed they were also used during the War of 1812. Honors for dignitaries were modified to include a flourish of trumpets
called the "Three Cheers." It is likely that this particular salute evolved into the "Ruffles and Flourishes" as they are played today.

Navy records indicate that the regulations of 1876 stipulated there would be a ruffle of drums to
announce the President's arrival but made no mention of the trumpet flourishes. A later regulation
(1893) stated that the chief executive would receive four "Ruffles and Flourishes."

Gun salutes may be traced back to a period when it took a long time to reload guns. By firing all
its guns at once, the battery or fort was left defenseless. The number of guns fired as a salute to
honor a U.S. President was not established until 1841. Before that, presidential honors included one gun for every state. It reached at least 24 guns before it was decided that any more guns would be unrealistic and the number of 21 was adopted in 1841. In 1875, the United States adopted 21 guns for the international salute and that number is currently used as honors for all dignitaries of rank equivalent to the President.

## Section Ii - Types Of Reviews

10-5. A review is a military ceremony used to


Honor a visiting, high-ranking commander, official, or dignitary, and/or permit them to observe
the state of training of a command.

Present decorations and awards.

Honor or recognize unit or individual achievements.

Commemorate events.
10-6. Normally, a review is conducted with a battalion or larger troop unit; however, a composite or representative element consisting of two or more platoons may serve the same purpose. A review consists of the following steps in sequence:


Formation of troops.

Presentation of command and honors (although primarily a characteristic of a parade, "sound off"
may be included here to enhance the ceremony).

Inspection. (The inspection stage may be omitted for decorations, awards, or individual recognition ceremonies.)

Honors to the Nation.

Remarks.

March in review.

Conclusion.
Note. If retreat is conducted as part of the review, it occurs after presentation of the command and honors and before the inspection. Honors to the Nation is omitted.

10-7. Other ceremonial activities, or combinations thereof, that may be incorporated within the framework of a review are reviews with


Decorations, awards, and individual retirement.

Change of command, activation, or inactivation of units.

Retreat.

Retreat and retirement, decorations, and awards.

Retreat and change of command, activation, or inactivation of units.
Note. Review with change of command should not be combined with an awards ceremony. Awarding a decoration to an outgoing command is accomplished separately from, and preferably before, a review at which the responsibility of command is transferred.

10-8. In order that a commander may review their own command or accompany a visiting reviewing officer, they normally designate an officer of their command as commanding officer of troops (known as COT). The COT is responsible for the preparation of the troops for the review.

10-9. The ready line and final line on which the units are to form and the route of march are marked or designated before beginning the ceremony (see figure 10-1 on page 10-4):


The primary function of the ready line is to enable the unit commander to arrange their unit into the prescribed formation before movement to the final line. The ready line is to the rear of the final
line. Flags or appropriate markings are used to designate the post of the reviewing officer and the
points where *Eyes,* **RIGHT** and *Ready,* **FRONT** are to be commanded (6 steps to the reviewing
officer's right and left and from 6 to 20 steps in front of the reviewing officer).

Commanders should determine the length of their formation (steps) so that they know how far beyond the ready front marker (six steps beyond the reviewing officer) they command Ready,
FRONT. This ensures that the last members of their unit are six steps beyond the reviewing officer when the command is given.

The command *Eyes* is given as the right foot strikes the marching surface, and the command of execution **RIGHT** is given the next time the right foot strikes the marching surface. The
commands *Ready* and **FRONT** are given as the left foot strikes the marching surface.
Note. These commands are given when the commander reaches the guide marker. The guide marker is placed so that when the commander reaches it, the last element of their unit is abreast of the ready front marker.

Note. The ready front marker is always six steps to the right of the reviewing officer. The commander uses this point to estimate the placement of the guide marker. The guide marker is used as a visual reference to the commander so that when the commander gives the command of execution FRONT of *Ready,* **FRONT**, the last members of the unit are at the ready front marker.

10-10. Any of the formations described for the battalion or brigade may be used; however, the two recommended formations for conducting reviews are: battalion in line with companies in mass (see figure 10-2), or brigade in line with battalions in mass (see figure 10-3 on page 10-6).

Note. When desired or more appropriate, commands may be substituted for directives. When desired or appropriate, the formation may perform mounted using the mounted drill outlined in appendix H.

10-11. The formation selected is determined by space available and other desires of the commander.

Commanders may alter the formation or prescribed distances to meet local situations. Each unit should be sized uniformly with the tallest Soldier in front and on the right. Commanders should not cause the leaders to change positions because of their size. Officers and key NCOs, including squad leaders and others equivalent by virtue of their rank and time in service, should participate in their deserved positions of dignity.

10-12. If possible, the reviewing officer should arrive at their post (see figure 10-4) after the staff of the COT has reversed and the COT has faced the reviewing stand. Upon arrival, the reviewing officer should immediately take their post and refrain from greeting distinguished spectators until after the review has terminated.

Note. In battalion mass formation, the platoon leaders form as the first rank of troops. The right flank platoon leader serves as the guide.

10-13. The reviewing officer, host or host commander, and distinguished persons invited to attend the review (but not themselves receiving the review), take positions facing the troops. Observe figure 10-4 to see where distinguished guests and their flags are placed when participating in a review.

10-14. When a ceremony is conducted for an individual junior in rank to the host or host commander, the junior takes a position to the left of the host or host commander unless the commander yields the post of honor to them. In all cases, the honor position is the position on the right and is the reviewing officer's post.

The host or host commander gives the appropriate directive, **PRESENT THE COMMAND** and PASS IN
REVIEW, during the conduct of the review.

10-15. When a civilian or foreign dignitary receives the review, they take the honor position to the right of the host. The host or host commander returns all *Salutes* when, in their judgment, it would be more appropriate. As a courtesy, the host or host commander should cue the dignitary and inconspicuously explain the procedures during the conduct of the ceremony. The position in which the flags are displayed at the rear of the reviewing party corresponds to the position taken by the individual in the front rank of the reviewing party. An officer from the local staff is designated to escort and brief members of the reviewing party and show them their positions.

10-16. When a ceremony is conducted honoring a foreign official or dignitary entitled to honors, equivalent honors (*Salutes*) are rendered in the manner prescribed in AR 600-25. When the ceremony includes decorations, awards, or retirements, the host or host commander should be senior in rank or position to the highest ranking individual being honored.

Note. If the honors of dignitaries include their nation's anthem, the honors are played in the following order: four "Ruffles and Flourishes," the foreign anthem, an approximate 3-second drum roll, and the U.S. national anthem.

10-17. Since all situations or eventualities relative to various services or units (military academies, special honor guard, active Army units, Reserve Components [RCs], Reserve Officer Training Corps, and training centers) cannot be foreseen, commanders may make minor changes to stated procedures. However, with a view toward preserving Army tradition and maintaining consistency, they should not alter or modify the sequence of events other than stated.

Note. Ceremonies may be conducted with sabers and swords. See appendix E for the manual of arms for these weapons.

## Section Iii - Sequence Of Events And Individual Actions

10-18. The sequence of events in conducting a review and the individual actions that take place are described herein.

## Formation Of Troops

10-19. Units are moved to their positions on the ready line in the most convenient manner. For a large review, the COT prescribes the routes, sequence, and time of arrival on the ready line:
Note. If the ready line is not used, the units form on the final line. They are aligned and given the command *Parade,* **REST**. To alert the units that the ceremony is to begin, the adjutant (from their position near the band) directs **SOUND ATTENTION**. The band immediately sounds *Attention*.

Unit commanders immediately face about and command their units (in sequence from right to left) to **ATTENTION** and then face about. When the last unit is at *Attention*, the adjutant directs SOUND ADJUTANT'S CALL. The band immediately sounds *Adjutant's Call*. The adjutant then moves to their post midway between the line of troops and the designated post of the COT and faces the COT. When the adjutant has halted at their post, the COT marches their staff to their post midway between the line of troops and the reviewing officer's post. The ceremony then continues as prescribed in this paragraph.


In motorized and mechanized units, occupants of vehicles form dismounted in a formation
corresponding to that of the other units. Their vehicles remain to the rear of the formation.

The band takes its position on the final line 12 steps to the right of the right flank unit's marker.
The adjutant's initial post is three steps to the left of the band. After verification that all units are
positioned on the ready line, the adjutant faces down the final line and over their right shoulder directs the band to **SOUND ATTENTION**.

The band sounds *Attention*, pauses, and waits for the directive to **SOUND ADJUTANT'S CALL**.

Upon hearing ATTENTION, unit commanders *Face About*, bring their units to Attention and Right
Shoulder Arms, when appropriate, and face to the front. (Supplementary commands are not given in mass formations.)

When all units are at *Attention*, the adjutant directs **SOUND ADJUTANT'S CALL**.

The band sounds *Adjutant's Call*, and (without pause) begins playing a march. It continues until the last unit halts on the final line.

Immediately after *Adjutant's Call*, the following events take place simultaneously:

All unit commanders immediately command **GUIDE ON LINE**. The guide of each unit double-times (*Port Arms*) to their position on the final line of markers, halts with their right
foot on the marker, executes *Order Arms*, and then faces to the right.

The adjutant aligns the guides (if necessary) and immediately marches to a position centered on the command and halfway between the post of the COT and the final line. They halt and
face to the left, facing the line of troops.

As soon as the guides are on line, the unit commanders (in sequence from right to left) command *Forward***, MARCH**. As they approach the positions of the guides, commanders
command *Mark Time,* **MARCH** so that the rank of squad leaders begins to *Mark Time* and is on line with the left shoulder of the guide. The commander allows the unit to *Mark Time*
for about eight counts and then commands *Company (Battalion)*, **HALT**. On the command of execution **HALT**, the guide executes left face, which places their right foot on the marker. If the unit is at *Right Shoulder Arms*, the unit commanders command *Order,* **ARMS**. The unit is then aligned by the command *At close interval, Dress Right,* **DRESS**. At the command of execution **DRESS**, the platoon leader of the right platoon moves by the most direct route to the right flank and verifies the alignment of as many ranks as necessary to ensure proper alignment. When they have completed verification, they return to a position directly in front of their third squad leader, halt parallel to the formation, and face to the right. Other platoon leaders, on the command of execution **DRESS**, position themselves directly in line with their third squad by executing one (15-inch) step to the right. The commander then commands Ready, **FRONT** and, immediately, *Parade,* **REST**. They face about and assume *Parade Rest*.

For larger reviews, the command **AT EASE** may be substituted for **PARADE REST**
throughout the ceremony.

Note. If a ceremony is conducted with a company formed in line with platoons in column, the commands **COVER** and **RE-COVER** are given to align the platoons.


When all units are on the final line and are at *Parade Rest*, the adjutant directs BRING YOUR
UNITS TO ATTENTION.

Unit commanders face about and (in sequence starting with the right flank unit) command Company (Battalion), **ATTENTION**. For larger formations, the commands may start with the
center or right center unit, working toward both flanks. The unit commander then faces about.

When all units are at *Attention*, the adjutant faces about. That is the signal for the COT and their
staff to move from their positions near the reviewing stand to their posts midway between the line of troops and the reviewing stand and face the line of troops.

When the COT has halted at their post, the adjutant faces about and directs BRING YOUR
UNITS TO PRESENT ARMS.

Unit commanders face about and in sequence command *Present,* **ARMS**. They then face about
and *Salute*.

After all units are at *Present Arms*, the adjutant faces about, *Salutes*, and reports, "Sir or Ma'am, the command is formed."

The COT returns the salute of the adjutant and directs **TAKE YOUR POST**. (The members of
the staff do not salute.) The adjutant takes their post by facing to the half left in marching, marches forward, halts at normal interval to the right of the right flank staff member and faces about. When
the adjutant is in position, the COT directs BRING YOUR UNITS TO ORDER **ARMS**. Unit
commanders terminate their *Salutes*; face about; command *Order,* **ARMS**; and then face about.
When all units are at *Order Arms*, the left flank staff officer commands *Right,* FACE; *Forward*,
MARCH; *Column Left,* MARCH; *Column Left,* MARCH; *Staff,* **HALT**; and *Left,* **FACE**. At
that time, the staff should be centered on, and two steps in front of, the COT (see figure 10-5 on
page 10-10).

When the units have completed *Order Arms* and the staff has reversed, the COT then faces the
reviewing stand and waits for the reviewing officer to take their post. If, for some reason, the
reviewing officer has been delayed, or if a delay is prearranged, the COT directs the units to Parade, **REST** and then directs them to **ATTENTION** before the reviewing officer's arrival.

## Presentation And Honors During A Review

10-20. Use the following procedures to execute presentation and honors during a review:


When the reviewing officer has halted at their post, the COT faces about and directs BRING
YOUR UNITS TO PRESENT **ARMS**. Unit commanders face about; command Present,
ARMS; face to the front; and *Salute*. When the units have completed this movement, the COT faces about and commands their staff and themselves to *Present,* **ARMS**.
Notes. 1. If the reviewing officer is entitled to honors (see AR 600-25), the COT should verify that the salute battery (executive officer's right arm is raised) and the band (bandmaster's arms are at the ready-play position) are prepared to render honors before the commander faces the reviewing officer. The *Salute* of the COT is the signal for the band and salute battery to render honors. The reviewing party, and all military personnel within sight or hearing, salute on the first note of the music and terminate their *Salute* when honors have been completed.

2. If the reviewing officer is not entitled to honors, only the reviewing officer returns the salute of the COT.

3. During a review, *Salutes* (honors) are directed to the reviewing officer's post. In some reviews, it is appropriate for a person (colonel) not entitled honors to participate as the reviewing officer, and a person (general) entitled honors to participate as host or distinguished guest. In that situation, honors (ruffles and flourishes and cannon salute) are not appropriate.


Upon completion of the presentation and/or honors, the COT commands their staff to Order,
ARMS; faces about; and directs BRING YOUR UNITS TO ORDER ARMS AND PARADE
REST.

Unit commanders terminate their salutes, face about, and command *Order,* **ARMS** and *Parade*,
REST. They then face to the front and execute *Parade Rest*.

When all troops are at *Parade Rest*, the COT faces about. The commander and their staff remain at *Attention*.
Note. When scheduled, retreat is integrated into the review at this point. Procedures are outlined in paragraph 10-43.

## Inspection

10-21. Use the following procedures to conduct an inspection during a review:
Note. The inspection may be omitted for decorations, awards, or retirement ceremonies.


When the COT has faced the reviewing stand, the reviewing officer and the host or host
commander move forward and halt three steps in front of the COT. Staffs, aides-de-camp, flag
bearers, and orderlies do not normally accompany the inspecting party.

The COT salutes and reports "*Sir or Ma'am, the command is prepared for inspection*." The band
begins to play marching music on the *Salute* of the COT and continues to play until the reviewing officer has returned to their post.

The COT guides the reviewing party to the right flank of the band. The COT and the host or host
commander march to the right of the reviewing officer. Whether marching or riding, the reviewing party passes between the line of brigade commanders and staffs, battalion commanders, and company commanders in division or similar-size reviews. In reviews for a battalion, or units of
similar size, the inspecting party passes between the front rank of troops and the line of company
commanders, or they pass immediately in front of the platoon leaders when companies are in a
line formation.

When the inspection is made by motor vehicle, the reviewing party enters the vehicle in front of
the reviewing stand. The reviewing officer enters first and occupies the left rear position. The host or COT, proceeds to the post of the COT and stops. The COT salutes, reports, and enters the
vehicle, occupying the right front position.

Upon the departure of the reviewing party, the senior staff officer commands the staff to *Parade*,
REST. After the inspection has been completed, the senior staff officer commands *Staff*, ATTENTION before the return of the COT.

When the reviewing party approaches the right flank of each unit, the unit commander faces about and commands *Company,* **ATTENTION**. The commander then faces to the front and over their
right shoulder commands *Eyes***, RIGHT**. On the command *Eyes,* **RIGHT**, the company
commander, executive officer, and platoon leaders execute *Eyes Right* and *Salute*. The guidon
bearers execute *Eyes Right* and *Present Guidons*. Each Soldier turns their head to the right and, as
the reviewing officer comes into their line of vision, each Soldier follows the officer with their head and eyes until the reviewing officer reaches the front. At that point, the head and eyes of each Soldier remain to the front. As soon as the reviewing officer has cleared the unit, the commander commands *Order,* **ARMS**. The commander then faces about and commands *Parade***, REST**,
assumes the position themselves, and remains facing their unit. The left flank unit remains at
Attention until the reviewing party has cleared the right rear of the unit. Other commanders remain facing to the rear and command their units to *Attention* as the party passes to the rear of their units.

They then command *Parade,* **REST**, face to the front, and assume *Parade Rest*.

Notes. 1. Platoon leaders give the command *Eyes***, RIGHT** and *Salute* when the company is in a line formation. The company commander faces their unit, but neither they nor their guidon bearer salute. 2. When in battalion mass formations, the battalion commander faces about and commands Battalion**, ATTENTION** and *Eyes,* **RIGHT**, but neither they nor their staff salute or execute eyes right. The unit commanders, executive officers, platoon leaders, and guidon bearers salute. The battalion commander remains facing their unit, until the reviewing officer has passed the left front of their unit, at which time they command *Order,* **ARMS** and *Parade***, REST**. They then command their staff to *Parade,* **REST** but remains facing their unit.


As the reviewing party approaches the Colors, the COT inconspicuously commands Present,
ARMS (six steps from the Colors) and *Order,* **ARMS** (six steps beyond the Colors). They do not
salute when passing to the rear of the Colors. The Color guard and bearers execute *Eyes Right*.
The organizational Color dips (*Salutes*).

After passing in front of the troops (to include the salute battery), the inspection continues along the rear of the troops and terminates at the right flank of the band. The COT commands Party,
HALT. The bandmaster has the band play softly until the reviewing party members begin
marching back to their posts. The COT face to the half left in marching, takes two steps, halts, and
face about. The host or host commander repositions themselves to the left of the reviewing officer. When the host or host commander is in position, the COT and the reviewing officer exchange
Salutes. Upon termination of the *Salutes*, the reviewing officer and host or host commander
immediately face to the half left in marching and return to their posts. The COT hesitates
momentarily and then faces to the right in marching and returns to their post (see figure 10-6).

## Honors To The Nation

10-22. Use the following procedures to execute honors to the Nation when conducting a review:


When the reviewing party members have returned to their posts, the COT faces about and directs
BRING YOUR UNITS TO ATTENTION. After all units are at *Attention*, the COT gives the
command *Colors Center (pause),* **MARCH**. On the preparatory command *Colors Center*, the staff faces to the right. On the command of execution **MARCH**, the staff begins marching forward
to a position offset to the left front of the reviewing stand, halts, and faces to the left. The Colors take seven steps forward and halt. The COT marches forward until they are three steps in front of
the Color detail, halt, and then face about.

To move the Colors forward, the COT commands Colors *Forward***, MARCH**. On the command
of execution **MARCH**, the COT and the Color detail march forward and then halt when the COT
has reached their original post. The COT executes the *Hand Salute* and reports to the host
commander, "*Sir or Ma'am, the Colors are present.*" The host commander then returns the Salute
and directs the COT **ASSUME YOUR POST AND PRESENT THE COMMAND**. On this
directive the COT faces to the right in marching and marches by the most direct route to their post
two steps in front of and centered on their staff, halts perpendicular to their staff, then faces to the
right. After facing to the right, the COT directs BRING YOUR UNITS TO PRESENT **ARMS**.

Unit commanders face about and command Company (Battalion), *Present,* **ARMS**. Each
commander then faces about and salutes. When all units have completed these movements, the COT faces about and commands *Present,* **ARMS** for themselves, their staff, and the Colors detail.
On the execution of the *Hand Salute* by the COT, the band begins to play the national anthem.

The reviewing party and all military spectators salute while the national anthem is being played
(see appendix I).

Upon completion of the national anthem, the COT, their staff, and the Colors detail terminate their
Salutes on their command. They then face about and direct BRING YOUR UNITS TO ORDER
ARMS AND PARADE REST.

Unit commanders terminate their *Salutes*; face about; command *Order,* **ARMS** and *Parade*,
REST; face about; and execute *Parade Rest*.

When the last unit has executed the directive, the COT faces about and commands their staff and themselves to *Parade***, REST**.
Note. Other ceremonial activities may be integrated into the review at this point. The sequence of events and actions of individuals are discussed in paragraphs 10-26 and 10-34.

## Remarks

10-23. After the COT and their staff have assumed *Parade Rest*, the reviewing officer, the host or host commander, or the distinguished guest may address the command:


Upon completion of the remarks, the COT brings their staff to *Attention*, faces about, and directs
BRING YOUR UNITS TO ATTENTION. Unit commanders face about and command Company (Battalion), **ATTENTION**, and then face about. The COT faces about and commands
Detachment, POST (pause), **MARCH**. On the command **POST**, the *Colors Reverse March* and
halt.

On the command **MARCH**, Colors step off, return to their original posts, and the band begins to
play.

As the Colors pass their position, the COT and their staff face to the left. They march their staff back to the center of the field and face them to the right as they face to the left. After the Colors
are in position, the COT then faces the reviewing officer.

## March In Review

10-24. Use the following procedures to conduct a march in review:


Upon completion of the remarks, the COT commands their staff to *Attention*, faces about, and
directs **BRING YOUR UNITS TO ATTENTION**. Unit commanders face about and command
Company (Battalion), **ATTENTION** and face back to the front. When the units are at *Attention*,
the COT faces the reviewing officer.

When the COT has faced the reviewing officer, the host or host commander directs PASS IN
REVIEW.

The COT faces about and directs **PASS IN REVIEW**. The band is then faced to the right and
marched to a position that enables it to move straight forward onto the line of march without an initial turning movement, halts, and faces to the left. The left turn marker should be positioned to
minimize the movement of the band (see figure 10-7).
Note. Commanders take no further action until drum majors turn their heads and eyes and point their arm toward the commander.


Unit commanders face to the right when the COT directs **PASS IN REVIEW**. If weapons are to
be carried at *Right Shoulder Arms*, the commander faces about and commands Right Shoulder, ARMS. The commander then faces to the left. The commander next to the band waits until the band moves into position. They then command *Right Turn,* **MARCH** loud enough for the band to hear. The band takes this command as its signal to begin playing and to march forward onto the line of march.

Other units move out in procession in the same manner and follow in column at the prescribed distance (see figure 10-8). For larger reviews, commanders may command their units (in sequence)
to *Parade Rest* while waiting their turn to move onto the line of march.

The band and each following unit change direction at points indicated by markers. The commander
commands, *Left turn,* **MARCH**. The commander faces about while marching as their unit is making the turn. When their unit has completed the turn, the commander commands, *Forward*,
MARCH, and faces back to the front.

All commanders, except the COT, move with their staff into positions in the column and at the
head of their respective units just before turning onto the reviewing line (see figure 10-9 on
page 10-18).

The COT and their staff move forward and execute turning movements to arrive at a position 12 steps in front of the drum major on the reviewing line.

On command, the COT, the brigade and battalion commanders, their staffs, and the CSM execute
Eyes, **RIGHT** and salute at the *Eyes Right* marker. The commander commands *Ready,* FRONT
and terminates the *Salute* when the staffs have reached the *Ready Front* marker.

The reviewing officer returns only the salute of the COT. (The return of the *Salute* by the reviewing
officer represents the salute for all subordinate commanders. This enables the reviewing officer to
observe the review without being interrupted by frequent *Salutes*.) The reviewing officer, the host or host commander, their staffs, and military spectators *Salute* the national Color when it passes.

After terminating the *Salute*, the COT and their staff (without command) execute three wheeling
movements and take their post with the COT on line with and to the right of the reviewing officer.

Troop units execute *Eyes Right* on command from their company commander or from the center
company commander when in battalion mass. Commanders give the preparatory command Eyes over their right shoulder two steps from the marker as the right foot strikes the marching surface. The command of execution **RIGHT** is given when the right foot strikes the marching surface
again and on line with the marker. On the preparatory command, the guidon bearer executes Raised Guidon. On the command of execution, the company commander, executive officer, and platoon leaders execute *Eyes Right* and the *Hand Salute*. The guidon bearer executes Eyes Right
and *Present Guidon*. The company first sergeant only executes *Eyes Right*. The right file continues
to look straight forward and maintains correct distance. All other members execute *Eyes Right* and
maintain alignment. When the rear of the unit has passed six steps beyond the reviewing officer, company commanders command *Ready* as the left foot strikes the marching surface and FRONT the next time the left foot strikes the marching surface. Unit personnel end their *Salutes* and turn their heads and eyes to the front. The guidon bearer executes *Raised Guidon* on the command
Ready and returns to the *Carry Position* on the command **FRONT**.

When passing the reviewing officer, the bandmaster salutes and continues to look straight forward. Simultaneously, the drum major executes *Eyes Right* and *Salutes*. The other members of the band
continue to play marching music without interruption. When the band has passed the reviewing officer, the drum major has the band execute three left turns into a position in front of and facing the reviewing officer and at least 12 steps from the left flank of the marching troops. As the Colors pass, the bandmaster and drum major salute while the band continues to play marching music without interruption.

As the Color guard passes the reviewing officer, each member, except the right flank Soldier,
executes *Eyes Right* on the command of the senior Color sergeant. The organizational Color is
dipped in *Salute*.

## Conclusion

10-25. Follow these procedures to conclude a review:

When the last troop element has passed the reviewing stand and has executed *Ready Front*, the
band goes into an eight-bar drum cadence.

It is appropriate for spectators to rise, stand at *Attention*, and sing while "The Army Goes Rolling
Along" plays.

On the first beat following the drum cadence, the band begins playing (in place) the official version of "The Army Goes Rolling Along," beginning at the introduction. At the appropriate time, the
drum major has the band march forward and execute a left turn onto the reviewing line while
continuing to play until the completion of the chorus.
Note. The band may play music representative of the command after the last troop element has passed the reviewing stand and before playing "The Army Goes Rolling Along."


At the completion of the Army song, the COT and the reviewing officer face each other and
exchange *Salutes*, thus officially terminating the ceremony.

## Review With Decorations, Awards, And Individual Retirement (Sequence Of Events)

10-26. Unless otherwise specified, the sequence of events for a review with decorations, awards, and individual retirement is the same as described in the Sequence of Events and Individual Actions Section (see paragraph 10-18). Only changes to the sequence of events are listed herein.

Note. The procedures mentioned provide latitude for recognition of one or a group of retirees of various grades. However, the host or host commander should consider it appropriate to have the review conducted in the retiree's honor when only one distinguished individual is retiring and allow that individual to participate as the reviewing officer. When the Colors halt, the reviewing officer (retiree) positions themselves in front of and centered on the Colors facing the reviewing stand. After awards are presented by the host, the retiree returns to the reviewing officer's post. If there are several awardees and or retirees, it may be desirable to have the host or host commander act as the reviewing officer. In such case, the following sequence will apply.

## Formation Of Troops

10-27. Formation of troops is executed the same as described in the Sequence of Events and Individual Actions Section (see paragraph 10-19).

## Presentation And Honors

10-28. Presentation and honors are executed the same as described in the Sequence of Events and Individual Actions Section (see paragraph 10-20).

Note. When scheduled, retreat is integrated into the review at this point. Procedures are outlined in paragraph 10-43.

## Inspection

10-29. The inspection may be omitted for decorations, awards, or retirement ceremonies. If the inspection is omitted, the COT (following *Order Arms* after the presentation and honors, or after "To the Color" is played) commands *Persons to be honored and Colors center (pause)*, **MARCH**. The ceremony then continues (as described in this paragraph). If the inspection is not omitted, use the procedures described in paragraph 10-21 to conduct an inspection during a review.

## Honors To The Nation

10-30. Omit if retreat is conducted as part of the review.
Note. Other ceremonial activities may be integrated into the review at this point.

## Remarks

10-31. After the COT and their staff have assumed *Parade Rest*, the reviewing officer, the host or host commander, or the distinguished guest may address the command:


Upon completion of the remarks, the COT brings their staff to *Attention*, faces about, and directs
BRING YOUR UNITS TO ATTENTION. Unit commanders face about and command Company (Battalion)**, ATTENTION**, and then face about. The COT faces about and commands
Detachment, POST (pause), **MARCH**. On the command **POST**, the following actions occur
simultaneously:

Colors *Reverse March* and halt.

Awardees and or retirees execute a *Right Face*; guidon bearers and commanders execute an About Face.

On the command **MARCH**, Colors and awardees step off and the band begins to play:

Persons who were decorated march forward, execute two *Column Lefts*, halt on line (six steps
to the left of the reviewing officer), and execute a *Left Face*. The commands **HALT** and Left,
FACE are given by the last Soldier in the file.

Colors step off and return to their original posts.

As the Colors pass their position, the COT faces themselves and their staff to the left, marches
their staff back to the center of the field, and faces them to the right. The COT faces to the left;
when the Colors are in position, they then face the reviewing officer.

## March In Review

10-32. March in review is executed the same as described in the Sequence of Events and Individual Actions Section (see paragraph 10-24).

## Conclusion

10-33. Conclusion is executed the same as described in the Sequence of Events and Individual Actions Section (see paragraph 10-25).

## Review With Change Of Command, Activation, Or Deactivation (Sequence Of Events)

10-34. Unless otherwise specified, the sequence of events for a review with change of command, activation, or deactivation is the same as described in the Sequence of Events and Individual Actions Section (see paragraph 10-19).

## Formation Of Troops

10-35. Formation of troops is executed the same as described in the Sequence of Events and Individual Actions Section (see paragraph 10-19).

## Presentation And Honors

10-36. Presentation and honors is executed the same as described in the Sequence of Events and Individual Actions Section (see paragraph 10-20).

## Inspection

10-37. The inspection may be omitted for change of command, activation, or deactivation ceremonies. If the inspection is not omitted, use the procedures described in paragraph 10-23 to conduct an inspection during a review. When the reviewing officer has completed the inspection, the COT faces about and directs BRING YOUR UNITS TO ATTENTION. Unit commanders face about and command Company (Battalion), ATTENTION, then they face about. When the command has completed the movement, the COT commands Colors Center (pause), **MARCH**. On that command, the Colors are brought forward in the same manner as described in paragraph 10-21.

## Honors To The Nation

10-38. Honors to the Nation is omitted if retreat is conducted as part of the review. On the completion of honors to the Nation, the COT commands *Detachment order,* **ARMS**, faces about, and directs BRING
YOUR UNITS TO ORDER ARMS **AND PARADE REST**. Unit commanders terminate their *Salutes*, face about and command *Order,* **ARMS** and *Parade,* **REST**. They then face about and assume *Parade Rest*. The COT faces about and commands *Parade***, REST**; the COT and their staff execute *Parade Rest*.

Note. Other ceremonial activities may be integrated into the review at this point.

## Remarks

10-39. As soon as the COT and their staff have executed *Parade Rest*, the reviewing party moves forward to be within four steps of the Colors and halts. As the party marches forward, the senior commander positions themselves between the old and the new commander. The CSM moves from their post (at the rear of the reviewing party) by the most direct route and halts directly in front of the organizational Color.

Note. At the beginning of the ceremony, the outgoing commander should assume the role of host or host commander. The senior official or commander designated to "pass the organizational Color" should assume the role of an honored guest or reviewing officer except during that brief portion of the ceremony wherein they may be called upon to act as a host or host commander for the purpose of passing the organizational Color. Since the inspection of troops normally occurs early in the ceremony, the incoming commander is also at that time treated as a guest and is expected to accompany the outgoing commander and senior official during the inspection. After the organizational Color has been passed, the incoming commander should assume the role of host or host commander, and the senior official and outgoing commander both become honored guests or reviewing officers at this point and remain as such for the balance of the ceremony (see figure 10-10).

## Change-Of-Command Ceremonies

10-40. The outgoing commander positions themselves four steps in front of their organizational Color; the senior commander is directly to their left. The old and new commanders then take one step forward and execute *Facing Movements* so that they are facing each other:


The CSM removes the organizational Color from the Color bearer's sling (with their right hand
above their left hand) and faces about. The narrator reads the assumption-of-command order.

Upon completion of the reading, the CSM steps forward and presents the organizational Color to the outgoing commander (see figure 10-11, item 1 on page 10-24), who grasps the organizational
Color with their left hand above their right hand. The outgoing commander passes the organizational Color to the senior commander (see figure 10-11, item 2 on page 10-24), who
grasps the Color with their right hand above their left hand and, in turn, passes the organizational
Color to the new commander (see figure 10-11, item 3 on page 10-24), who grasps the
organizational Color with their left hand above their right hand. The incoming commander passes
the organizational Color to the CSM (see figure 10-11, item 4 on page 10-24) who grasps it with
their right hand above their left hand, faces about and returns the organizational Color to the Color
bearer's sling.

As the CSM faces about, both commanders then execute Facing *Movements* back to their original
direction facing the Colors. The CSM and the reviewing party face about and return to their post.
At this point, the commander makes their remarks.
Notes. 1. This procedure allows the organizational Color to be over the heart of the incoming and outgoing commanders. 2. For a company-level change of command, the reviewing party is lined up the same as in larger units. The guidon takes the place of the organizational Color and the first sergeant replaces the CSM. The guidon is passed in the same manner as the organizational Color. The sequence of events remains the same with modifications made to fit available assets.


Upon completion of the remarks, the COT brings their staff to *Attention*, faces about, and directs
BRING YOUR UNITS TO ATTENTION. Unit commanders face about and command Company (Battalion), **ATTENTION**, and then face about. The COT faces about and commands
Detachment, POST (pause), **MARCH**. On the command **POST**, the following actions occur
simultaneously:

Colors *Reverse March* and *Halt*.

Awardees and retirees execute a *Right Face*; guidon bearers and commanders execute an About Face.

On the command **MARCH**, Colors and awardees (if present) step off and the band begins to play:

Persons who were decorated march forward, execute two *Column Lefts*, halt on line (six steps
to the left of the reviewing officer), and execute a *Left Face*. The commands **HALT** and *Left*,
FACE are given by the last Soldier in the file.

Colors step off and return to their original posts.

As the Colors pass their position, the COT and their staff face to the left. They march their staff back to the center of the field and faces them to the right as they face to the left. After the Colors are in position, the COT then faces the reviewing officer.

## Activation Ceremonies

10-41. The position of the senior commander is four steps in front of the Color bearer (with an empty sling for the organizational Color of the unit to be activated) with the unit commander to their left. The CSM moves from their post with the cased organizational Color and positions themselves in front of and facing the senior commander. The narrator reads the activation order:


Upon completion of the reading, the CSM presents the cased organizational Color to the senior
commander and steps backward. The senior commander lowers the cased organizational Color to
allow the CSM to uncase it. The CSM folds the case and places it inside the Color bearer's
cartridge belt (rear center).

With the organizational Color uncased, the senior commander rotates the staff to allow the
organizational Color to unfurl and drape freely. The senior commander presents the organizational
Color to the commander of the unit to be activated. The CSM steps forward and accepts the
organizational Color from the unit commander and places it in the Color bearer's sling.

When the CSM faces about, the reviewing party faces about and returns to the reviewing stand.
The CSM returns to their original post. Procedures from this point forward are the same as for change-of-command ceremonies.

## Deactivation Ceremonies

10-42. The position of the commander is four steps in front of the organizational Color. The CSM moves from their post and positions themselves in front of the organizational Color. The CSM moves the organizational Color from the bearer's sling and faces about. The narrator reads the deactivation order:


Upon completion of the reading, the CSM presents the organizational Color to the commander
and steps backward. The organizational Color is grasped by the commanders and the CSM as
described for change-of-command ceremonies. The commander rotates and lowers the
organizational Color, allowing the CSM to case the organizational Color.

Upon completion of the casing, the commander presents the cased organizational Color to the
senior commander and the CSM steps forward and accepts the organizational Color from the
senior commander. The reviewing party faces about and returns to the reviewing stand.

The CSM hands the cased organizational Color to a designated Soldier who marches from the
field and the CSM returns to their post. The Color bearer of the deactivated unit marches with the
Color guard for the remainder of the ceremony with an empty sling. Procedures from this point forward are the same as for change-of-command ceremonies.

## Review With Retreat (Sequence Of Events)

10-43. Unless otherwise specified, the sequence of events and individual actions for a review with retreat are the same as described in paragraph 10-24. Only changes to the sequence of events are listed herein.

Note. Honors to the Nation is omitted when retreat is conducted as part of a review.

## Formation Of Troops And Presentation And Honors

10-44. Formation of troops is executed the same as described in paragraph 10-19.

## Retreat

10-45. Upon completion of the presentation and honors, the COT commands their staff to *Order,* **ARMS**;
faces about; and directs BRING YOUR UNITS TO ORDER ARMS **AND PARADE REST**. Unit commanders terminate their Salutes, face about, and command *Order,* **ARMS** and *Parade,* **REST**. They then face to the front and execute *Parade Rest*. The COT directs **SOUND RETREAT**, faces about, and commands their staff to *Parade, REST*. As soon as the COT and their staff are at *Parade Rest*, the band sounds retreat. At the conclusion of retreat, the COT commands their staff to **ATTENTION**, faces the troops, and directs BRING YOUR UNITS TO ATTENTION AND PRESENT ARMS. When the units have completed these movements, the commander then faces the reviewing officer and commands their staff to *Present,* **ARMS**. This is the signal for the band to play "To the Color."


When the ceremony is held on an Army post, the cannon is fired on the last note of "Retreat," and
the flag is lowered while "To the Color" is played. (See appendix I regarding appropriate
procedures.)

The reviewing officer and their staff stand at *Attention* during the sounding of the retreat. On the
first note of "To the Color," they *Salute* and hold the *Salute* until the last note is played.

On the last note of the music, the COT commands *Order,* **ARMS** for themselves and their staff,
faces about, and directs BRING YOUR UNITS TO ORDER ARMS **AND PARADE REST**.
When the units have completed these movements, the COT then faces the reviewing officer.

The review then proceeds with the inspection as in a normal review; if omitted, other parts are integrated into the review as described in paragraphs 10-26 and 10-34.

## Special Review

10-46. A special review is conducted by a composite or representative unit and serves the same purposes as a standard review when a larger formation is not practical. The composite unit normally consists of a band, Colors, two or more platoons, and a salute battery (when appropriate). The reduced formation is not a reason to eliminate any of the components of a review or change their sequence:


A special review is essentially the same as a battalion or larger unit review, except

The troops are formed on a final line.

Attention and Adjutant's *Call* are not sounded.

Neither the adjutant nor a staff participate.

Unit guidons are not used in this formation. (Organizational Colors represent the unit
conducting the review.)

The COT gives commands rather than directives.

The band positions itself in front of the reviewing officer by executing a *Left Turn* at a point
midway between the final line and the reviewing line, and then turns right when on line and centered on the reviewing officer.

Platoons pass the reviewing stand in line formation rather than column formation.

On the directive *Pass in review* the COT commands *Right,* FACE *(Right Shoulder,* **ARMS**,
if appropriate); *Forward***, MARCH**. The band steps off playing a march on the command of
Forward**, MARCH**. Platoon leaders remain six steps to the front of and centered on their platoons. Platoon sergeants remain one step to the rear of and centered on their platoon.

Platoon leaders command *Column Left,* **MARCH** at the first turn marker and Left Flank,
MARCH when centered on the reviewing line.

Indoor ceremonies retain the same sequence as a normal review, excluding elements that are
precluded because of space. Generally, a pass in review cannot be conducted indoors.

## Chapter 11 Parades

The term "parade" had various meanings to Continental Army troops camped at Valley Forge. It could mean to form, march, and drill. Present-day parade procedures originated from the daily activities conducted then to form, organize, instruct, and issue parole and countersign words to the various guards on duty (outpost, picket, camp, and quarters). Early parades also enabled commanders to give special instructions to subordinate leaders and to make command announcements. In the U.S. Army regulations of 1863, reviews were a type of parade, and "dress parades" were conducted daily, except on extraordinary and urgent occasions. The parade remains basically the same as the review except that it has retained its original intenta method whereby unit commanders could inspect troops, present awards, and issue information. The sequence of a parade has the following stepsformation of troops, sound off by a band, honors to the Nation, presentation, manual of arms, report, orders published, officers center, pass in review.

## Section I - History

11-1. Battalion and brigade parades are opened by the adjutant's call sounded on a trumpet. This call has opened parades of the American forces for over 150 years. After some preliminaries, the adjutant directs SOUND OFF and the band plays three chords. Having sounded off, the band marches in front of the troops and then countermarches to its original position. This *March* across the front of the line is said to have originated with the Crusades (A.D. 1095 to 1260). The troops offering themselves for holy service were drawn up in a long formation and the band countermarched only before those chosen to serve. In American ceremonies, the sound off has been handed down as a ceremonial tradition.

11-2. After the band sounds off, the commanding officer may, if they wish, give the troops some *Facings* or movements of the manual of arms. This was the traditional way in which they established control over their command, and it has been practiced in the United States since the Revolutionary War.

11-3. Parades in the Revolutionary Army were usually held at "Troops" or about 8 AM and was the time used for sergeants to call the roll and report it to the adjutant. After the sergeants had returned to their posts, the commander directed that necessary orders and information be reported. After the adjutant had read the orders, they announced *Parade is dismissed*. At that time, officers moved to a position centered on the commanding officer. As the commander gave specific instructions to the officers, the first sergeants would march their units back to their respective company areas where they would be dismissed.

## Section Ii - Preparation

11-4. The appearance and movement of troops in formation are the primary characteristics of a parade. The preparation and organization of troops for a parade are similar to that of a review. In a parade, since the COT
is also the reviewing officer, the distance between the troops and the commander is greater than that for a review. Other differences are that the band conducts *Sound Off*, the inspection is omitted, a report is rendered, orders are published, and officers and guidons are marched forward and centered on the commander. If retreat is scheduled, honors to the Nation are conducted concurrently with retreat.

## Section Iii - Types Of Parades

11-5. The procedures for conducting a ceremonial battalion parade, a ceremonial brigade parade, and street parades are discussed herein. The ceremonial battalion parade and ceremonial brigade parade are conducted very similar in nature, but a brigade ceremonial parade is conducted in a larger scale with a few differences.

## Ceremonial Battalion Parade

11-6. The procedures for conducting a ceremonial battalion parade begin with the formation of troops. The adjutant then directs *Sound Off* to the battalion formation followed by honors to the Nation. Immediately after honors, the adjutant announces *Order Arms* and presents the battalion to the battalion commander. The commander may direct manual of arms and then have the commanders report that their unit is accounted for. Orders will then be published, officers will conduct a center march, and then finally the pass in review and the conclusion of the parade.

## Formation Of Troops

11-7. Units are moved to their positions on the ready line in the most convenient manner. The commander prescribes the routes, sequence, and time of arrival on the ready line. The commander and their staff take their posts before adjutant's call. The procedure for moving from the ready line to the final line is the same as for a review.

## Sound Off

11-8. After the battalion has been formed, aligned, and given *Parade Rest* on the final line, the adjutant directs **SOUND OFF** and assumes the position of *Parade Rest*. The adjutant remains facing the formation:


At the directive *Sound Off*, the band plays three sound off chords. At the conclusion of the third chord, the band moves forward playing a march in quick time. The band executes a left turn to march across the front of the troops. At the left of the line of troops, the band countermarches and returns over the same ground to the right of the line. After the band has passed beyond the right of the troops, it executes a right turn, countermarches again, and halts in its original position.

When the band has halted, it ceases playing at the next convenient place in the music and again plays the three sound off chords. (Trooping the line by the band may be eliminated when
ceremonies are conducted indoors during inclement weather and space is limited.)
Note. Retreat, when scheduled, is integrated at this point. Upon completion of the sound off chords, the band pauses briefly and then plays retreat (by the trumpet section) without a command from the adjutant. Upon completion of retreat, the adjutant comes to *Attention* and directs BRING
YOUR UNITS TO ATTENTION AND PRESENT **ARMS**. The commander and their staff assume Parade Rest, *Attention, Present Arms*, and *Order Arms* with the adjutant. The adjutant faces about and salutes. The adjutant's *Salute* is the signal for the band to play "To the Color" or the national anthem. At the conclusion of "To the Color" or the national anthem, the adjutant comes to *Order Arms*, faces about, and directs **BRING YOUR UNITS TO ORDER ARMS**.

After the last unit comes to *Order Arms*, the adjutant faces about.

## Honors To The Nation

11-9. If retreat is not conducted, the adjutant (after the band has completed *Sound Off*) assumes the position of *Attention* and directs BRING YOUR UNITS TO ATTENTION AND PRESENT **ARMS**. Unit commanders assume the position of *Attention*, face about, and command *Company,* ATTENTION, Present, ARMS. They face about and salute. When all units are at *Present Arms*, the adjutant faces about and salutes.

This is the signal for the band to play the national anthem. The battalion commander and their staff execute Present, **ARMS** on their command on the first note of the music.

## Presentation

11-10. Upon completion of the national anthem, the battalion commander and their staff execute Order, ARMS on their command. The adjutant terminates their *Salute*, faces about, and directs BRING YOUR
UNITS TO ORDER ARMS. Unit commanders terminate their *Salute*, face about, command *Order,* **ARMS**, and then face (back) to the front. When all units are at *Order Arms*, the adjutant faces about, salutes, and reports *Sir or Ma'am, the parade is formed*. The battalion commander returns the *Salute* and commands POST. The adjutant marches forward, passes by the battalion commander's right, and takes their post as the right flank member of the staff.

## Manual Of Arms

11-11. After the adjutant has joined the staff, the battalion commander commands such movements in the manual of arms as they may desire. When desired, the commander may direct, rather than command, HAVE YOUR UNITS EXECUTE THE MANUAL OF **ARMS**. The unit commanders, in sequence from right to left, command *Right Shoulder,* ARMS; *Port,* ARMS; *Left Shoulder,* ARMS; *Order,* **ARMS**. When the unit on the right has completed all the movements, the next unit then begins and so on until the last unit has completed the movements.

## Report

11-12. When all units have completed the manual of arms, the battalion commander then directs RECEIVE
THE REPORT. The adjutant returns to their position at the center of the command and commands REPORT. Unit commanders in succession, from right to left, salute and report "________ Company, all present or accounted for." The adjutant returns each commander's *Salute*. After receiving the report, the adjutant faces about, salutes, and reports "*Sir or Ma'am, all present or accounted for*."

## Publishing Of Orders

11-13. The battalion commander returns the *Salute* and directs **PUBLISH THE ORDERS**. The adjutant faces about and directs **ATTENTION TO ORDERS** (they then read the orders). More information about Attention to Orders can be found in appendix G.

## Officers Center March

11-14. After reading the orders, the adjutant directs **BRING YOUR UNITS TO PARADE REST**:


Unit commanders face about and command *Parade***, REST**. They then face about and come to
Parade Rest. When all units are at *Parade Rest*, the adjutant commands (loud enough for the band
to hear) *Officers* (pause), *Center* (long pause), **MARCH**. They then face about and takes their
post with the staff:

On the command *Officers*, all officers come to *Attention* and guidon bearers come to Carry
Guidon.

On the command *Center*, when companies are in mass formation, the company commanders
and guidon bearers face to the center. Officers commanding platoons move one step forward
and face to the center. Executive officers move through the interval between units nearest to
the center and take their posts in the column formed by the platoon leaders.

At the command **MARCH**, the band plays marching music and continues to play until the
officers have halted in front of the commander. Officers and guidon bearers close to the center, halt, and individually face to the front. Company commanders, when moving to the center,
face half right or half left in marching, march to the front, and close on a line four steps in
advance of the line of guidon bearers. The guidon bearers close on their own line, each taking
a post to the rear of their company commander. All other officers close on the line of platoon leaders (see figure 11-1 on page 11-4).

After the officers and guidon bearers have closed and faced to the front, the senior company commander commands *Forward***, MARCH**. The center officer of the leading rank is the guide.
The officers and guidon bearers are halted with the leading rank six steps from the battalion commander, and they salute. The senior company commander commands **HALT** and Present, ARMS. The battalion commander returns the *Salute*. On the command *Order,* **ARMS** by the
senior company commander, the officers execute *Order Arms* and the guidon bearers execute Carry Guidon.

The battalion commander gives such instruction as they deem necessary and then commands Officers, *Post* (pause), **MARCH**:

At the command *Post,* all officers and guidon bearers face about.

At the command of execution **MARCH**, the band begins to play and officers and guidon bearers step off.

The senior commander commands *Officers,* **HALT**. They halt the leading rank in line, three steps
from the line of companies. The senior commander then commands *Post* (pause), **MARCH**:

At the command *Post*, the officers and guidon bearers face outward.

At the command **MARCH**, the officers and guidon bearers step off and return to their posts
and come to *Parade Rest*. The music ceases when the last officer has taken their post and come to *Parade Rest*.

During the execution of *Officers Center and Officers Post*, except when saluting, all guidon bearers remain at *Carry Guidon*.

## Pass In Review

11-15. When all officers have returned to their posts and the band has stopped playing, the battalion commander directs **BRING YOUR UNITS TO ATTENTION**. Unit commanders assume the position of Attention, face about, and command *Company,* **ATTENTION**. Then they face about. When all units are at Attention, the battalion commander directs **PASS IN REVIEW**. The battalion passes in review in the same manner as prescribed for a review except the units render honors when six steps to the left of the COT and staff, and terminate honors when the unit is six steps to the right of the COT and staff. The COT and staff then assume the role of the reviewing party at their location on the field.

## Conclusion

11-16. When the last element of troops has passed the reviewing stand and executed *Ready Front*, the band ceases playing and goes immediately into an eight-bar drum cadence. On the first beat following drum cadence, the band begins playing (in place) the official version of "The Army Goes Rolling Along," beginning at the introduction. On the second time through letter A (or ninth bar), the drum major has the band march forward and execute a left turn onto the reviewing line while continuing to play until the completion of the chorus. The completion of "The Army Goes Rolling Along" terminates the ceremony. It is appropriate for spectators to rise and stand at the position of *Attention* while "The Army Goes Rolling Along" plays.

## Ceremonial Brigade Parade

11-17. The brigade ordinarily is formed in line with battalions in mass formations. The parade is the same as the ceremonial battalion parade with the following exceptions:


The brigade commander is substituted for battalion commander, and brigade for battalion, in the
description.

In moving across the front of the brigade, the band passes in front of the line of battalion
commanders during the *Sound Off*.
11-18. The battalions execute *Present Arms, Order Arms, Parade Rest,* and come to *Attention* on the command of execution of their respective commanders. Reports are made by the battalion commanders instead of company commanders.

11-19. At the command of execution **MARCH**, of *Officers, Center*, **MARCH**, the battalion commanders, their staffs, and Colors close on the line of battalion commanders and staffs. The company commanders face to the half right or half left in marching and close on a line four steps to the rear of the battalion Color. The guidon bearers face half right or half left in marching and close on a line four steps back of the company commanders. The other officers face half right or half left in marching and close on a line four steps behind the guidon bearers. The CSM remains in place and assumes command of the battalion.

11-20. The officers, guidon bearers, and Colors having closed and faced to the front, the senior battalion commander commands *Forward***, MARCH**. The center officer of the leading rank is the guide. On the command of the senior battalion commander, the officers, guidon bearers, and Colors are halted with the leading ranks six steps from the brigade commander. They salute the brigade commander; the brigade commander returns the *Salute*. The commands *Present,* **ARMS** and *Order,* **ARMS** are given by the senior battalion commander.

11-21. The brigade commander commands *Officers, Post* (pause), **MARCH**. On the command *Post*, the Colors execute *Reverse March*. All others execute *About Face*. On the command of execution **MARCH**, the officers, Colors, and guidon bearers march forward. The senior battalion commander commands Officers, HALT so that the rank of battalion commanders is on line with its original position. The senior battalion commander then commands *Post* (pause), **MARCH**. On the command *Post*, the battalion commanders and staffs face outward, the battalion Color guard executes wheeling movements, and on the command of execution **MARCH**, the Color guard marches back to its original position. The company commanders, guidon bearers, and other officers face to the half right or half left in marching and move back to their original positions.

## Street Parades

11-22. For street parades, troops are formed and marched in the most convenient manner. Street parades may include military vehicles. Towed or transported weapons add to the drama of a street parade. Cargo vehicles are included only to increase the size of the display.


Practical formations for street parades are

Columns of threes and fours.

Two or more columns of threes and fours abreast.

Mass formation.

The vehicles move in a single column or column of twos, threes, or fours abreast, as the width of the street permits.

In order to keep military units in the same cadence, units should not march between two bands.
.

## Chapter 12 Honor Guards

In the Continental Army, honor guards were used as a protective measure and as a means of showing the improvement in discipline in the newly formed army. They were probably selected specifically for their size and strength and maybe their proven prowess in combat. Today, the honor guard formation is a special courtesy to visiting dignitaries. Members of the guard are selected for their Soldierly appearance and superior discipline.

## Section I - Basic Information

12-1. The basic information herein applies to all honor guards:

An honor guard consists of a band, Colors, salute battery (when available and appropriate), and a formation of troops. Honor guards render personal honors to persons of high military or civilian
rank or position upon arrival or departure from a military command. Honor guards are not a substitute for those ceremonies appropriate in a review or parade.

An honor guard should not be so large as to compromise the exceptional standards required of honor guards. Uniforms will be those prescribed in Army regulations and tables of allowance.

The senior commander or their appointed representative is the host and takes part in the ceremony. They are briefed on the sequence of events and advises the person to be honored of actions that
will take place.

Before the arrival of the person(s) to be honored, the honor guard commander positions the band, formation of troops, and salute battery from right to left in that order. The troops are formed in line of companies or platoons with the Colors centered. When conditions dictate, the salute battery may be located separately but its control and purpose must not be impaired.

## Section Ii - Sequence Of Events And Individual Actions

12-2. The sequence of events for conducting an honor guard are discussed herein:

At the approach of the person(s) to be honored, the honor guard commander faces about, commands *Honor guard,* **ATTENTION**, and then faces about again. The host welcomes the
person(s) to be honored on arrival, escorts them to the position not more than 20 steps in front of and facing the honor guard commander and takes their position on the guest's left. When the person(s) to be honored has halted in their position, the honor guard commander faces about, commands *Present,* **ARMS**, faces about, and *Salutes*.

As the honor guard commander executes the *Hand Salute*, the band begins the appropriate honors. When a salute battery is employed, the first round is fired simultaneously with the first note of the
music and remaining rounds are fired at 3-second intervals. All military personnel in the vicinity
of the honor guard formation, except those on security duty, salute during the firing of the cannon salute and the rendering of honors (see AR 600-25).
Note. If a foreign dignitary's honors include their national anthem, the sequence of the ceremony is: honors, inspection, and "The Army Goes Rolling Along" concluding the ceremony.


On the completion of the honors, the honor guard commander terminates their *Salute*, faces about,
and commands *Order,* **ARMS**. The honor guard commander then faces about.

At this time, the honoree(s) and host march forward and halt three steps from the honor guard commander. The honor guard commander salutes and reports "Sir or Ma'am, the honor guard is
prepared for inspection." The band begins to play appropriate music upon the salute of the guard
commander and continues to play until the members of the reviewing party have returned to their
posts. The guard commander then guides the honoree(s) and host to the right of the band. The inspecting party passes along the front and rear of the line of troops, to include the salute battery
(if used), with the option of omitting the salute battery from the inspection if its distance from the
remainder of the honor guard is prohibitive.

The honor guard commander takes a position on the right of the person(s) honored and guides them through the inspection. The host takes a position on the right of the honor guard commander.

The inspection begins at the right of the band. The inspecting party passes along the front rank of
troops. Ranks are not opened; the individual members of the honor guard do not come to Inspection Arms or execute *Eyes Right*.

The members of the inspecting party render *Hand Salute*s when they pass in front of the Colors.

The inspection terminates at the right flank of the band. The honor guard commander commands
Party, **HALT**. The bandmaster has the band play softly until the reviewing party members begin marching back to their posts. The honor guard commander faces to the half left in marching, takes two steps, halts, and faces about. The host repositions themselves to the left of the honoree(s).
When the host is in position, the honor guard commander and the honoree(s) exchange *Salutes*.
Upon termination of the *Salutes*, the honoree(s) and the host immediately face to the half left in marching and return to their posts. The honor guard commander hesitates momentarily, then faces to the right in marching, and returns to their post.

After the inspection is terminated and the honoree(s) and host return to their positions, the honor guard is given *Present,* **ARMS** and the band plays the national anthem. If the honoree(s) is a
foreign dignitary, the national anthem of their country is played first, followed by an approximate 3-second drum roll and the playing of "The Star-Spangled Banner."

When "The Star-Spangled Banner" ends, the command *Order,* **ARMS** is given. The honor guard
commander faces about after the command for *Order Arms* is given and remains at *Attention* while the band plays one chorus of "The Army Goes Rolling Along," beginning at the introduction. At the completion of "The Army Goes Rolling Along," the honor guard commander salutes and
announces "*Sir or Ma'am, this concludes the ceremony*." The honor guard remains at Attention
until the honoree(s) has departed. The band may play incidental background music while the
honoree(s) is being introduced to the staff and other guests.

## Section Iii - Honor Cordon Ceremonies

12-3. In addition to a scheduled honor guard ceremony, an honor *cordon*a line of Soldiers to honor a dignitary upon entering or exiting from a given place or vehiclemay be used when welcoming or bidding farewell to distinguished visitors. The ceremony consists of a select group of Soldiers with characteristics associated with honor guards, designated to honor and provide security at the immediate arrival or departure site:


The honor cordon normally consists of two squads, a senior sergeant, a cordon commander, and a
host. When deemed appropriate, the commander may elect to use a band, Colors, and
distinguishing flags:

Arrival. Upon arrival of the craft or vehicle, the cordon is marched to a position near the exit (ramp) in two columns, centered on the exit, faced to the center, and dressed with about three steps distance between the ranks. As the honored guest(s) and greeting party depart the
immediate vicinity of the exit, and approach within three steps of the host, the cordon
commander commands *Present,* **ARMS**, and the entire cordon salutes simultaneously. After
the honored guest(s) and all greeting party members have cleared the formation, the cordon commander commands *Order,* **ARMS**, and the cordon members come to Order Arms
simultaneously (see figure 12-1 on page 12-4).

Departure. The formation for the honor cordon upon departure is basically the same as that for arrival, except the cordon commander and the senior sergeant position themselves on the
flank of the formation away from the departure site. At the approach (about three steps) of the honored guest(s) and host, the cordon commander commands *Present,* **ARMS**, and the cordon salutes simultaneously. After the honored guest has entered the conveyance, the cordon commander commands *Order,* **ARMS** and remains in place until the conveyance has departed. If the conveyance is an aircraft, the cordon commander commands *Order,* **ARMS**;
Guards, **FACE**, and the guards face toward the cordon commander. The honor cordon departs the area.


When a band and Colors are a part of the arrival or departure ceremonies, they are positioned as
shown in figure 12-1 on page 12-4. The band plays appropriate music during the ceremony. The
organizational Color is dipped in salute when the honored guest(s) approaches to within six steps.
After they pass, it is returned to the carry position. As soon as the guest(s) has entered the conveyance during a departure ceremony, the Colors and distinguishing flags depart the area with the honor cordon.

## Chapter 13 Retreats And Reveilles

Retreat is a ceremony in which the unit honors the U.S. flag when it is lowered in the evening. This ceremony is conducted at the direction of the unit commanders. The installation commander sets the time for sounding retreat. Reveille is a ceremony in which a unit honors the U.S. flag as it is raised in the morning. This ceremony is conducted at the direction of the commander. The installation commander sets the time for sounding reveille. (See appendix I for more information on raising the flag.)

## Section I - Retreat

13-1. The term "retreat" is taken from the French word "retraite" and refers to the evening ceremony. The bugle call sounded at retreat was first used in the French army and dates to the Crusades. Retreat was sounded at sunset to notify sentries to start challenging until sunrise, and to tell the rank and file to go to their quarters. The ceremony remains as a tradition. The old Cavalry call "To the Standard," in use from about 1835, has been replaced by the present call of "To the Color." This remains as music honoring the flag as it is lowered in the evening.

## Retreat Sequence Of Events

13-2. The sequence of events for conducting retreat are discussed herein:


The unit is formed facing the flag 5 minutes (if possible) before the sounding of retreat. Four
minutes before the sounding of retreat, the adjutant or other appointed officer takes their position centered on and facing the line of troops and commands *Battalion,* **ATTENTION** and then
Parade, **REST**.

The adjutant faces about and executes *Parade Rest*. On the last note of retreat, the evening gun is
fired. The adjutant then comes to *Attention*, faces about, and commands *Battalion*, ATTENTION
and *Present,* **ARMS** so that the unit is at *Present Arms* when the first note of "To the Color" or
national anthem is sounded. The adjutant then faces about and executes *Present Arms*. The
adjutant's *Salute* is the signal for the band to begin playing "To the Color."

At the last note of "To the Color" or the national anthem, the adjutant faces about, commands
Order, **ARMS**, and then directs **TAKE CHARGE OF YOUR UNITS**. Unit commanders render
the *Hand Salute*. The adjutant returns all *Salutes* with one *Salute*. This terminates the retreat
formation.
Note. When subordinate units stand at retreat, not as a part of a major command, the sequence is the same except the unit commander gives the commands.

## Command Retreat History

13-3. Command retreat is a ceremony conducted with all members of the command present. Normally, it is conducted by a battalion or larger unit. In the 18th century, command retreat was a daily occurrence, not to honor the flag but as a signal for units to call the roll as a final accounting before reveille the following morning.

## Command Retreat Sequence Of Events

13-4. The sequence of events for conducting command retreat are discussed herein:


The unit is formed in line formation facing the flag (if possible). Subunits may be in mass
formation. Subunits are brought to *Attention* at the approach of the commander and their staff, or at a predesignated signal.

The COT forms their staff in line, takes their position two steps in front of the staff, and marches
them to a position centered on and in front of the line of troops. The COT gives the proper
commands to have themselves and their staff facing the line of troops when halted.

The adjutant, as soon as the staff is halted and without command, moves from their position with
the staff to a position midway between the COT and the line of unit commanders. The adjutant
commands **REPORT**. All unit commanders salute and report in succession from right to left "Sir
or Ma'am, company all present or accounted for." The adjutant returns each Salute. The adjutant
then commands *Present,* **ARMS**, faces about, *Salutes*, and reports to the COT "Sir or Ma'am, all
present or accounted for."

The COT returns the *Salute* and directs **POST**. The adjutant moves to their position with the staff.
The COT commands *Order,* **ARMS**.

The left flank member of the staff gives the commands to move the staff from behind the COT to
a position two steps in front of the COT. The COT commands *Parade,* **REST**. If a band or field
music is to be used, the commander comes to *Attention* at the appointed time and commands
SOUND RETREAT. They then return to *Parade Rest*.

On the last note of "Retreat," the evening gun is fired and the COT commands Battalion,
ATTENTION and *Present,* **ARMS**. The COT then executes *About Face* and commands
themselves and their staff to *Present,* **ARMS**. The commander's *Salute* is the signal for the band to begin playing "To the Color" or the national anthem as the flag is lowered.

After the last note of music, the COT commands themselves and their staff to *Order,* **ARMS**,
faces about, commands *Order,* **ARMS** and directs **TAKE CHARGE OF YOUR UNITS**. The
unit commanders render the *Hand Salute*. The COT returns all *Salutes* with one *Salute*. The COT
then marches their staff away or dismisses them.

## Section Ii - Reveille

13-5. Reveille was not originally intended as honors to the flag. In 1812, it was a drum call to signify that Soldiers should rise for day duty and sentries should leave off night challenging. As time passed, reveille came to denote when the flag was raised in the morning and honors paid to it.

## Reveille Sequence Of Events

13-6. The sequence of events for conducting reveille are discussed herein:


The unit is formed facing the flag 5 minutes (if possible) before the sounding of reveille. Four
minutes before the sounding of reveille, the adjutant or other appointed officer (normally the duty
officer) takes their position centered on the line of troops, commands the unit to **ATTENTION**,
and commands **REPORT**.

All subunits (companies, batteries, or troops) report in succession from right to left, "Sir or
Ma'am, _____ Company, all present or accounted for," or "Sir or Ma'am, _____ Company,
____ Soldiers absent." *Salutes* are exchanged with each report.

The adjutant commands *Parade***, REST** and then assumes *Parade Rest* themselves. If a band is
present, about 30 seconds before reveille, the adjutant commands **ATTENTION**, directs SOUND
REVEILLE, commands *Present,* **ARMS**, and then faces about. The adjutant's *Salute* is the signal
for the band to sound reveille and to fire the morning gun. When reveille is sounded by a recording,
the call **ATTENTION** is sounded about 30 seconds before reveille. This ensures that the adjutant has sufficient time to command the units to *Present,* **ARMS** before the first note of reveille.

After the last note of reveille has sounded, the adjutant terminates their *Salute*, faces about,
commands *Order,* **ARMS**, and then directs **TAKE CHARGE OF YOUR UNITS**. The adjutant returns all *Salutes* with one *Salute*. This terminates the ceremony.
Note. When a unit conducts the reveille ceremony not as a member of a major command, battalion, or company, the sequence of events remains the same except the unit commander gives all commands.

## Command Reveille History

13-7. Command reveille is conducted with all members of the command present. Normally, command reveille is conducted by a battalion or larger unit. Command reveille was conducted as a troop in 1812 and was used to muster the unit or for roll call.

## Command Reveille Sequence Of Events

13-8. The sequence of events for conducting command reveille  are discussed herein:


The unit is formed in a line formation facing the flag, if possible. Subunits may be in mass
formation. Subunits are commanded to *Attention* at the approach of the commander and their staff.

The COT takes their post two steps in front of and centered on their staff, commands *Forward*,
MARCH, and marches their staff to a position centered on and in front of the line of troops. The
COT gives the proper commands to halt their staff in a position facing the line of troops.

As soon as the staff is halted by the COT, the adjutant moves (without command) from their position with the staff to a position midway between the COT and the line of unit commanders.
The adjutant commands *Present,* **ARMS**, faces the COT, salutes, and reports "Sir or Ma'am, the
battalion (brigade) is formed."

The COT returns the *Salute* and directs the adjutant to receive the reports. The adjutant faces about
and commands *Order,* **ARMS** and **REPORT**.

Unit commanders salute and report, in succession from right to left, "Sir or Ma'am, ____
Company, all present or accounted for." The adjutant returns each unit commander's *Salute*.
After all unit commanders have reported, the adjutant faces the COT, salutes, and reports "Sir or
Ma'am, all present or accounted for." The COT returns the S*alute* and directs the adjutant to
publish the orders.

The adjutant faces about without saluting and commands **ATTENTION TO ORDERS**. The
adjutant then reads any orders or makes any announcements the COT wishes to publish. The
adjutant, on completion of the publishing of orders, faces about and takes their post with the staff without saluting.

When the adjutant is in position, the left flank staff member commands *Right,* FACE; *Forward*, MARCH; *Column Left,* MARCH*; Column Left,* **MARCH**. When the staff is centered on the
COT, they then command *Staff,* HALT; *Left,* **FACE**. About 30 seconds before the sounding of
reveille, the COT commands *Present,* **ARMS**, executes *About Face* and commands Staff, Present,
ARMS. Reveille is then sounded either by record, field music, or band as the flag is raised.

At the first note of "Reveille," the morning gun is fired. After the last note of music, the COT
commands *Staff, Order,* **ARMS**, executes *About Face*, and commands *Order,* **ARMS**; they then
direct, **TAKE CHARGE OF YOUR UNITS**. The unit commanders salute. The COT returns all
Salutes with one *Salute*. They then march their staff away or dismiss them. This terminates the
ceremony.
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## Chapter 14 Funerals

The funerals of Soldiers, more than any other ceremony, have followed an old pattern as the living honor the brave dead. Military funeral honors reflects the high regard and respect accorded to military service and demonstrates military professionalism to the Nation. Military funeral honors is how the Soldiers and leaders of this great Nation show their gratitude for those who faithfully defended this country, during times of both war and peace.

## Section I - History

14-1. Funeral services of great magnificence evolved as custom (from what is known about early Christian mourning) in the 6th century. To this day, no religious ceremonies are conducted with more pomp than those intended to commemorate the departed.

14-2. The first general mourning proclaimed in America was on the death of Benjamin Franklin in 1791.

The second was the death of George Washington in 1799. The deep and widespread grief occasioned by the death of the first President assembled a great number of people for the purpose of paying him a last tribute of respect. On 18 December 1799 attended by military honors and the simplest but grandest ceremonies of religion, his body was deposited in the family vault at Mount Vernon, Virginia.

14-3. Several military traditions employed today have been brought forward from the past:


Reversed arms, displayed by one opponent on the battlefield, signaled that a truce was requested so that the dead and wounded could be carried off and the dead buried.

Today's customary three volleys fired over a grave probably originated as far back as the Roman
Empire. The Roman funeral rites of casting dirt three times on the coffin constituted the "burial." It was customary among the Romans to call the dead three times by name, which ended the funeral ceremony, after which the friends and relatives of the deceased pronounced the word "vale"
(farewell) three times as they departed from the tomb. In more recent history, three musket volleys were fired to announce that the burying of the dead was completed and the burial party was ready for battle again.

The custom of using a caisson to carry a coffin most likely had its origins in the 1800s when horse-drawn caissons that pulled artillery pieces also doubled as a conveyance to clear fallen
Soldiers from the battlefield.

In the mid to late 1800s a funeral procession of a mounted officer or enlisted Service member was
accompanied by a riderless horse in mourning caparison followed by a hearse. It was also a custom to have the boots of the deceased thrown over the saddle with heels to the front signifying that their march was ended.

## Section Ii - General Information

14-4. Military funerals have been an Army requirement for quite some time, and rightfully so. Military members have honorably served their country and have perished in the defense of the Nation, or later on in life. The service and commitment to the country and their sacrifices are acknowledged by dedicating resources and personnel to assist in the funeral or graveside ceremony and provide burial honors. Soldiers on active duty status, retirees, and Medal of Honor recipients receive a highly trained and dedicated nine-person detail to provide burial support and honors. Veterans receive a minimum of a two military personnel detail to fold and present a folded American flag to the next of kin (NOK), and a bugler to play "Taps" at the gravesite ceremony. Special circumstances may require a special full honor detail with more dedicated resources and personnel.
14-5. Every funeral service is going to be different and the funeral honor team's requirement are going to continually change with each funeral. The funeral director, the family or person authorized to direct disposition of human remains (PADD), the casualty assistance officer (known as CAO), and the chaplain or clergy are all going to coordinate the funeral ceremony for a fallen Soldier and family member and they are all going to have certain requests. The full honor detail requires the team to salute the fallen upon arrival, carry the casket or urn to the gravesite, have the chaplain participate in final words and remarks, salute the fallen once again, fire three-round volley, play "Taps," fold flag, and present flag to NOK. The two-person detail will, at a minimum, salute the fallen upon entering the gravesite or final resting place, play "Taps,"
fold and then present Color to NOK or PADD.

Note. The acronym NCOIC is used when discussing the role for the noncommissioned officer in charge of the funeral honor team. Sometimes that role will be filled by an officer in charge (OIC), but for simplicity and clarity we will use the term NCOIC throughout this chapter.

14-6. Funeral detail NCOICs will develop their own unit funeral detail standard operating procedures (SOPs)
meeting the minimum Soldier requirements, and then be certified by their unit CSM. The detail NCOIC will train their team to conduct all aspects of the funeral team's functions flawlessly. Every gravesite is going to be different just like every chapel, but it is the fundamentals that the honor team must get right. Each separate detail team (pallbearers, firing team, bugler, flag folders, and NCOIC) must know the procedures and conduct them as accurately and flawlessly as possible. The firing party must move as one, fire as one, stack weapons with everyone being in sync with one another. The flag must be folded and presented perfectly. The presenter must memorize and rehearse their tasks until it becomes second nature to them. The goal of the funeral honor team is to provide military burial honors as prestigiously and gracefully as possible.

14-7. The firing detail will be between five and eight personnel with one of the detail members giving commands and acting as the firing party NCOIC. If the unit SOP establishes five firers for each funeral team with one NCOIC, then there are six people for pallbearer duties if a separate detail is not provided. The funeral detail NCOIC must be the one to determine the best way to provide gravesite honors and then rehearse and practice their functions until it becomes muscle memory.

## Individual Responsibilities

14-8. The Casualty Assistance Center (known as CAC) coordinates burial honors, for deceased Army personnel, including active duty and retired personnel as well as eligible RCs and veterans when requested by the family. Active duty Soldiers and retirees will receive burial with full military funeral honors, provided by a nine-person funeral detail as described in paragraph 14-20. Eligible members of the RC and veterans will also receive funeral honors from a two-person detail. Medal of Honor recipients are entitled to full military funeral honors, regardless of status.

14-9. The command or activity responsible for providing military funeral honors will ensure there is an active search for a bugler (see AR 600-25). A live bugler is preferred for all active duty and veteran funeral services;
every effort must be made to obtain a live bugler to play "Taps" (see AR 600-25). However, if a live bugler is unavailable "Taps" may be played on a ceremonial bugle which is a suitable electronic device. Electronic devices are only used as a last resort. For assistance searching for a live bugler visit the U.S. Army Bands website. The family of the deceased (or its representative) may request another clergyman to officiate in lieu of a military chaplain. A civilian clergyman can conduct all religious elements of a military funeral or interment. More information about religious support to funerals and memorial events can be found in ATP 1-05.02.

14-10. The desires of the family are given the fullest consideration possible in the selection of elements involved, but the funeral is conducted as prescribed in this manual. For further information, consult AR 600-25, chapter 7. The responsibilities of the individuals involved in a military funeral are as follows:


The CAC

Receives requests for funeral details and controls funeral operations within their area of responsibility.

Coordinates funeral details with funeral directors and funeral planners.

Issues funeral ceremonial flag that will be presented to designated family members.

Controls a post duty roster for funeral honor team requests.

Issues orders to funeral honor teams to use for travel, transportation, and lodging requests.

Briefs funeral honors NCOIC.

Requests bugler support for funeral honor teams.

Confirms criteria requirements met for burial honors.

Funeral detail NCOIC or OIC. Funeral detail NCOICs

Provide their name and contact information and the bugler pick-up time to the CAC after
notification of funeral detail.

Train their team to perform military burial honors flawlessly.

Inspect burial honor team's uniform.

Request and issue white gloves to be worn during the ceremony.

Request transportation for the funeral detail through the transportation division.

Coordinate specifics with the funeral home, clergy, and chapel concerned.

Coordinate the use of a portable compact disc (CD) player for playing "Taps," if needed.

Ensure all personnel participating in the funeral detail arrive at the designated place in sufficient time to make final coordination.

Conduct a reconnaissance of the chapel, cemetery, and gravesite location.

Conduct at least one full dress rehearsal at the burial site, prior to the arrival of all funeral attendees.

Conduct link up with the CAO to confirm the issue and receiving of the burial flag.

Understand exactly what the family wants the military to provide during the funeral (pallbearers, chaplain, and flag presentation to which family members).

Will conduct the final inspection of the burial flag, and issue it to NOK.

Is overall responsible for each team member's performance while they conduct burial honors.

The CAO

Coordinates the ceremonial aspects of the funeral with the PADD.

Advises and assists the PADD of the deceased Service member in funeral arrangements.

Conducts link up with the funeral NCOIC prior to the funeral service.

Ensures the military honor team arrives at the proper location and conducts military burial honors appropriately.

Identifies the primary NOK of the deceased for the NCOIC for flag presentation.

Memorizes condolence remarks if they choose to assist the NCOIC for flag presentation.

Records military burial honor team's performance and signs the funeral honor detail's paperwork along with the funeral director (if required).

Ensures the chaplain receives a flag from the installation CAC, funeral director, or local post
office.

Prepares to brief family dynamics, funeral specifics, and special requests to the general officer in attendance during a theater-related death.

Accompanies family to the funeral service.

Commanding officer. The commanding officer or their representative, in coordination with the PADD, cemetery superintendent, and the funeral director makes the funeral arrangements and supervises the conduct of the funeral.

## Personal Conduct

14-11. When honorary pallbearers are desired, they are selected by the family of the deceased, or its representative, or by the commanding officer if the family wishes. As a rule, no more than 12 honorary pallbearers should be selected.

14-12. At a military funeral, persons in military uniform attending in their individual capacity face the casket and execute the *Hand Salute* at the following times: when honors, if any, are sounded; at any time the casket is being moved as seen in figure 14-1 (unless the uniformed persons are walking); during cannon salutes, if sounded; during the firing of volleys; and while "Taps" is being played:


Honorary pallbearers in uniform conform to those instructions when not in motion.

Military personnel in civilian clothes in the above cases, and during the service at the grave, stand at *Attention*, uncover, and hold the headdress over the left shoulder with the right hand over the heart. If no headdress is worn, the right hand is held over the heart.
14-13. During the religious graveside service, all personnel bow their heads at the words "Let us pray" for acknowledgment of religious activities. Those choosing to pray could pray as they choose. All mourners at graveside, except the active pallbearers, follow the example of the officiating chaplain. If the chaplain uncovers, they uncover; if the chaplain remains covered, they remain covered. When the officiating chaplain wears a biretta (clerical headpiece) during the graveside service, all personnel, as indicated above, uncover. When the officiating chaplain wears a yarmulke (Jewish skull cap), all personnel remain covered.

14-14. The remains of a member of the armed forces who died while on active duty may be consigned directly to a national cemetery from a military installation. In such cases, the cemetery superintendent will, regardless of time of arrival, if not otherwise provided for, engage a funeral director to receive the remains at the common carrier terminal, hold the remains at their establishment until the date of the funeral, if necessary, and deliver the remains to the cemetery. The superintendent will not authorize a funeral director to render any other service incident to the interment.

14-15. The word "chapel" is interpreted to include the church, home, or other place where services are held, other than the service at the grave. The word "casket" is interpreted to include the receptacle containing the cremated remains of the deceased.

## Presentation Of The Flag

14-16. Funeral honors ceremonies conducted by the Army will use the standardized DOD language for the presentation of the flag to the designated flag recipient. The verbiage below will be used when presenting the U.S. flag during the funeral service. The Service member presenting the flag to NOK of the eligible beneficiary will be from the parent Service branch and oversee the burial honor team.

## Use When Presenting The U.S. Flag During The Funeral Service:

"On behalf of the President of the United States, (**the U.S. Army**, the U.S. Marine Corps, the U.S. Navy, the U.S. Air Force, or the U.S. Coast Guard), and a grateful Nation, please accept this flag as a symbol of our appreciation for your loved one's honorable and faithful service."
14-17. In some situations, there will be more than one family member to be presented the American flag during the gravesite service and the NCOIC will use the CAO or military chaplain to provide the secondary folded flag to the NCOIC for presentation. The NCOIC will coordinate with the CAO or military chaplain to move to their location, face each other, salute as mentioned later in this chapter, and then present the flag to the next individual.

## Section Iii - Types Of Honors And Classes Of Military Funerals

14-18. Military funerals are divided into two classes: chapel service, followed by movement to the grave or place of local disposition with the prescribed escort; and graveside service only. Chapel service may not be requested by the funeral director or PADD, but they may request military honors done graveside then funeral honor teams will only have to perform their duties at the gravesite.

## Types Of Military Funeral Honors

14-19. The Army will either provide full honors with a minimum of a nine-Soldier detail team, or veteran honors with a minimum of a two-person detail. Circumstances sometimes require a special full honor detail to be assembled for a military funeral. Burial honors and the composition of funeral escorts are described in chapter 7 of AR 600-25.

## Full Honors (Nine-Soldier Detail)

14-20. Full military honors are rendered in the event of the death of a Soldier on active duty, retirees, and Medal of Honor recipients (regardless of status). Full military funeral honors consist of a nine-Soldier detail led by an NCOIC (with the appropriate rank and branch of the deceased), six Soldiers to act as pallbearers and conduct firing party duties (dual function), a bugler, and a military chaplain.

14-21. The funeral detail NCOIC makes all coordination with the CAC and makes all necessary arrangements with the members of the funeral detail. The pallbearers are responsible for the carrying of the casket from the hearse to the location of the ceremony, and to the burial site, when requested. The pallbearers could serve in a dual function role responsible to act as the firing party during full military honors, when needed. The bugler is responsible for the playing of "Taps" during the burial site ceremony, at the conclusion of the benediction later discussed in this chapter. If resources permit, a larger funeral detail may be provided, which is composed of all the elements of the nine-person funeral detail, and may also include the following:


Color guard.

Separate firing party (no more than eight, or less than five rifle-bearers).

Hearse (caisson).

Honorary pallbearers.

Personal Colors (if appropriate).

Escort unit(s) (appropriate for the rank of the deceased).

## Veterans Honors (Two-Person Detail)

14-22. A two-person detail consists of an OIC or NCOIC (appropriate for the rank of the deceased), an enlisted Soldier, and a bugler to play "Taps." The two-person military funeral honor team performs flag folding and flag presentation to NOK, or designated personnel for a deceased military veteran. The flag will be presented by a member of the veteran's branch of service and that member is overall in charge of the honor team. "Taps" will be played by a live bugler or an additional detail member using an electronic device. If no bugler is obtained prior to the funeral ceremony then coordination will be done to use an electronic recording.

## Special Full Honor Teams (Twenty-One Soldier Detail)

14-23. Special full honor teams are often composed for special circumstance or when Army leadership are tasked or compelled to provide additional honor ceremony support for situations such as the death of a Soldier killed in action, general officer, and CSM or sergeant major. Special full honor teams will often be led by senior NCOs, have more personnel and support provided by the tasked unit, and have senior leaders in attendance. The person who presents the flag to NOK or PADD must be the same rank or higher than the Soldier or veteran being laid to rest.

14-24. Special full honor teams could be assembled with escorts, Color guards, pallbearers, firing detail, and band personnel. Special full honor ceremonies could have flyovers depending if the Soldier or veteran being laid to rest meets the criteria established in AR 600-25. Special full honors are sometimes a significant event possibly covered by local and national media organizations.

14-25. Special full honors for a general officer in active service will require at the gravesite service a seven-person firing party with one NCOIC to fire the three-round volley. General officers will also have a cannon salute prior to the final benediction with the number of rounds prescribed in AR 600-25, table 3-1.

## Classes Of Military Funerals

14-26. Military funerals are divided into two classes: chapel service, followed by movement to the grave or place of local disposition with the prescribed escort; and graveside service only. This manual will provide the procedures for each class of military funerals with two different types (full military honors and veteran honors).

## Funeral With Chapel Service (Full Military HonorsNine-Person Funeral Honors Detail)

14-27. Use the following procedures to conduct a funeral in a chapel with full military honors. Most military honor teams will not have separate pallbearers and firing party so if the family wants Soldiers to serve as pallbearers than the honor team will have a dual function role. This manual will address both funeral team configurations. Many funeral homes have a chapel on location and the funeral detail NCOIC will need to coordinate with the funeral director of their involvement at the service. The following is conducted at the chapel if the Service member is being brought to the chapel from another location, or their presence and service is requested to carry the deceased from the chapel at the conclusion of the chapel service:


At the chapel, the funeral detail forms as shown in figure 14-2 on page 14-8. The NCOIC has all
participants at the position of *Parade Rest*. The NCOIC and the pallbearers will be on line at normal intervals facing the chapel and close to the designated arrival point of the conveyance. The NCOIC positions themselves at the end of the pallbearers so that the conveyance passes them first as it approaches.

If resources permit and there is a separate firing party, then the firing party will form two ranks facing each other and form an aisle from the conveyance to the entrance of the chapel.

Members of the immediate family, relatives, friends of the deceased, and the CAO will be seated in the chapel before the conveyance arrives and the casket is taken into the chapel. Members of
the immediate family and relatives occupy pews (seats) to the right (front) of the chapel or where
designated from the funeral director.

As the conveyance comes into view, the funeral detail NCOIC will command the pallbearers to
ATTENTION and render a solo hand salute as the conveyance approaches. Once the conveyance stops in front of the chapel, the NCOIC will automatically *Order Arms*

If a separate firing party exists, the funeral detail NCOIC addresses the entire detail and
commands *Escort*, ATTENTION; *Pallbearers, Center*, **FACE**. On the command *Center*,
FACE, just the pallbearers face the designated arrival point of the conveyance (see figure 14-2).

As the conveyance approaches, the NCOIC commands *Present,* **ARMS** and salutes to honor
the national Color draped over the casket, and commands *Order,* **ARMS** after the conveyance
halts.

If necessary, the NCOIC repositions the pallbearers at the rear of the conveyance as seen in figure 14-3.

After the funeral director opens the doors of the hearse, the NCOIC *Present Arms* until the casket
enters the chapel:

If a firing party is present, they will also *Present Arms* as the door to the hearse is open.

The firing party will remain in *Present Arms* until the NCOIC commands *Order***, ARMS**.

The senior pallbearer, designated position 5, and the pallbearer in position 1 grasp the handles at
the head of the casket. (The union of the flag is draped over this end.) They walk backwards, pulling the casket from the conveyance, allowing the pallbearers in positions 2 and 3 to grasp handles on the casket. The pallbearers handle the remains in a dignified, reverent, and military
manner, ensuring the casket is carried level and feet first at all times (see figure 14-1 on page 14-5).

For funerals where there is a separate firing party, once the casket is borne between the firing party
members, and taken into the chapel, the NCOIC commands *Order,* **ARMS**. The firing party
departs under the control of the firing party commander and travels to the gravesite if
transportation is available. Once at the gravesite, the firing party prepares for the gravesite ceremony. The bugler, if not already at the gravesite, travels with the firing party.

Having entered the chapel, the pallbearers carry the casket to the front of the church. If a church truck is available, the casket is placed on the truck at the entrance of the chapel and pushed to the
front by the senior pallbearer and one other. The pallbearers then take seats, as directed by the
chaplain, until the conclusion of the chapel service.

For information on how to display the U.S. flag on the casket, either closed or half-couch, consult
DA Pam 638-2, appendix E.

After the service, the pallbearers either carry the casket or push it on a church truck from the front of the chapel to the exit. The casket is placed directly into the conveyance with the senior and number 1 pallbearers being the last to release their casket handles. The funeral director secures the doors of the conveyance.

The pallbearers board their transportation and travel to the interment site to prepare for the graveside ceremony. The funeral party travels in the following order (see figure 14-4):

Clergy.

Conveyance with casket.

Active pallbearers.

Personal flag (if appropriate).

Family and CAO.

Friends.
Note. The funeral detail will need to swiftly move directly to the gravesite to establish where to place the firing party or to stack weapons if the firing party is performing a dual function as the pallbearers. The NCOIC will place the bugler, and then prepare the detail to perform their gravesite duties. The funeral detail NCOIC must know the exact location of the cemetery and gravesite to eliminate the possibilities of issues.


After the procession is formed, it travels directly to the gravesite. Upon arrival, the funeral detail NCOIC positions themselves between the chaplain and the head of the gravesite. The pallbearers form and remove the casket from the conveyance the same as previously outlined (see figure 14-5
on page 14-12).

Once the casket is removed from the conveyance, the NCOIC commands the firing party (if resources permit a separate firing party) and bugler to *Present Arms*.

The pallbearers carry the casket, feet first, to the grave. Upon reaching the grave, the casket is placed on the lowering device. The pallbearers then execute the appropriate facing movement and march off in two ranks toward the designated firing party location if they are conducting dual functions. While marching, the pallbearers merge into single file in order to form one rank, 45 degrees off the foot of the casket. The firing party commander is positioned on the opposite flank or centered to the rear of the formation (see figure 14-6 on page 14-14). At that time, the
firing party commander will command the firing party to unstack their weapons, which have been pre-positioned under guard at the gravesite, and then to stand at *Parade Rest* during the gravesite service:

If there is a separate firing party, then the pallbearers will move to a predesignated location to observe the funeral ceremony.


The pallbearers will stand at parade rest until the three-round volley and the playing of "Taps."

When the casket is placed over the grave, and the pallbearers march from the casket to become the firing party or spectators, the NCOIC terminates their salute and moves from their place at the head of the casket in order to permit the chaplain to conduct the graveside service. The NCOIC should move to a location where they still face the family but does not interfere with the service. Once in position, they assume the position of *Parade Rest* until the service is completed.

After *Parade Rest* has been commanded, the chaplain conducts the graveside service. At the
conclusion of the benediction, the NCOIC returns to their position at the head of the casket, renders a hand salute, which also cues the firing party commander to commence the firing party sequence, as outlined in paragraph 14-40. The CAO and other military members in attendance also execute
Present Arms. The firing party fires three volleys of blank cartridges, assumes the position of Present Arms at the command of the firing party commander, and remains in this position until
the conclusion of "Taps." The bugler, positioned near the firing party and in view of NOK, sounds
"Taps" immediately following the firing party assuming *Present Arms*.

At the conclusion of "Taps," the firing party comes to *Order Arms* at the command of the firing party commander, and if they are performing a dual function they restack their weapons in a ceremonial manner. After the stacking of weapons is completed, the firing party forms into two ranks and marches in the most direct route back to the lowering device platform so they can perform the ceremonial folding of the interment flag. The CAO and military members in attendance terminate their *Salute*:

If there are a separate firing party and pallbearer detail, then the pallbearers will be the
designated members to conduct the folding of the flag.

The senior pallbearer will quietly march the detail directly to their original positions around the casket.

The pallbearers raise the flag from the casket and hold it in a horizontal position waist high and complete the folding sequence without letting the flag touch the casket as seen in figure 14-6 on
page 14-14. As the flag is folded, it is passed to the senior pallbearer at the head of the casket, who
makes the final tuck and inspection. (See appendix I for detailed information on folding the flag.)

After the flag is folded, the senior pallbearer executes a *Right Face* and places the flag at chest
level, point of flag away from the individual receiving it, and into the hands of the funeral detail
NCOIC. The NCOIC conducts a final inspection of the flag, and then salutes the flag for 3 seconds
before accepting it from the senior pallbearer. The NCOIC could fix any issues with the flag prior to rendering the *Hand Salute*. The senior pallbearer salutes the flag for a total of 9 seconds
(3-seconds up, 3-second salute, and then 3 seconds to lower) after presenting it to the NCOIC.

The NCOIC allows the senior pallbearer to quietly march the flag-folding detail back to their
positions at the firing detail location where they will quietly unstack weapons and stand at Parade Rest until the completion of the ceremony, and guests depart the location, if time is not an issue.

The NCOIC then moves by the most direct route to NOK who is to receive the flag. The NCOIC
spins the flag clockwise with their left hand over their right hand, point toward them and away
from the person receiving it. The NCOIC kneels down in front of NOK for flag presentation and
renders the remarks, "On behalf of the President of the United States, the United States Army, and a grateful Nation, please accept this flag as a symbol of our appreciation for your loved one's honorable and faithful service." After the flag is presented, the NCOIC stands at the Position of
Attention, and salutes the flag one final time. The NCOIC executes the proper facing movement and then moves directly to their original position. The flag is handed to the designated person as seen in figure 14-7.

Once the ceremony is complete and all guests have vacated the area, the firing party NCOIC has
each member of the firing detail clear their weapons. The NCOIC is responsible for ensuring all weapons have been properly cleared and then has the detail police up all brass.

## Graveside Service

14-28. For a funeral without chapel service, all elements of a military funeral are present and used as previously described in paragraph 14-27. However, if troops are not conveniently available, or if the family wishes to eliminate other elements, the following are used (see figure 14-8 on page 14-16):


Military clergy (if available and requested).

OIC or NCOIC, appropriate to the grade of the deceased (see AR 600-25).

Active pallbearers or firing party.

Separate firing party (if resources permit).

Bugler.

Personal Color bearer (if appropriate).
Note. These elements are in position at the graveside before the arrival of the remains.

## Veterans Honors At Graveside Service (Two-Person Detail)

14-29. A two-person honor detail provides graveside honors by the playing of "Taps" and the flag folding and presentation to the appropriate family members. If a live bugler is unavailable, the designated person responsible for the funeral honors may authorize instead the playing of a recording of "Taps" and will ensure that a quality recording is available (see AR 600-25). If a live bugler is not available then an additional detail member will be needed to play "Taps." That bugler will need to acquire a bugle, two sets of batteries, and an extra flag to use during the ceremony if the funeral director did not get one. The use of an alternative electronic device is authorized although highly discouraged. Use the following procedures to conduct a military funeral with a two-person honor detail:


Once the Army CAC is alerted, it arranges for the two-person military honor detail to arrive at the
interment site at the appropriate time to provide graveside honors:

The leader of the detail has many responsibilities to include contacting the funeral director to confirm the date, time, and location of the interment service. The leader ensures that the funeral director has obtained a flag for the ceremony. The detail leader will bring a backup flag to the ceremony in case it is needed.

The leader confirms and coordinates participation of the second member of the detail.

When all coordination is completed, the final pre-interment activity is to train and rehearse
the detail. A mandatory training item is to carefully watch a video demonstration tape
provided by DOD to each installation.

On the day of the interment ceremony, the detail leader confirms arrangements with the
funeral director and coordinates necessary cues at the interment site.

The two-person detail will line up on the curbside with their backs towards the gravesite, side
by side.

The rendition of "Taps" may be by performed by a bugler or by an electronic device:

The CAC actively searches for a bugler (military or civilian). Bugler support may be from an Army band (Active or RC), contracted, or voluntary.

If a live bugler is not available, an additional person will have to perform the role as a bugler using a digital bugle. The CAC issues a digital bugle that plays a prerecorded "Taps." Ensure
the bugle has two sets of batteries.

The person playing the bugle should use the same precision that an Army bugler is trained to
perform. See TC 1-19.10, appendix F, for the proper way to hold the instrument and how to
execute the manual of instruments.

If a bugler is not available, the CAC uses the high-quality recording of the U.S. Army Band
bugler provided by the Office of the Secretary of Defense on CD. Many national and private
cemeteries have sound systems that play "Taps" at the interment site. However, CACs cannot
assume availability of such systems and must have enough high-quality, portable CD players
to provide their own sound system at funerals. (A portable CD player that can be easily heard by all attendees at the interment ceremony is recommended.) Before departing for a funeral, the detail leader must determine if a sound system is available or if the CAC must provide a sound system to the honors detail.

The detail arrives at the interment site early and conducts a reconnaissance and rehearsal. Part of the reconnaissance is the selection of a location for the bugler or CD player that will sound "Taps."
The detail leader sets up and tests the CD player, ensuring the unit and its remote controls are
working properly and that it is out of sight of the family:

When everything is prepared, the detail leader positions the detail in their designated place
before the arrival of the funeral cortege. The detail leader positions themselves near the recording device; the other members(s) will be positioned near the foot of the grave.

The leader brings the team to *Attention* and *Present Arms* as the remains are carried to the
gravesite by civilian pallbearers. The detail leader commands *Order,* **ARMS** when the casket
is placed on the lowering device.

At the conclusion of the committal service, the detail leader directs the bugler to sound "Taps"
electronically. Installations must ensure that honor detail training directs that the digital bugle
movements are executed to Army bands military occupational specialty standard, or the
recording device be positioned out of sight of the family and be played in a dignified manner as shown in the training video from DOD.

The person playing the digital bugle should use the same precision that an Army band bugler
is trained to perform. See TC 1-19.10, appendix F, for the proper way to hold the instrument and how to execute the manual of instruments.

Although the CD player should be out of sight, activating the "play" button should be performed with precision and distinction by bending over, activating the recorder, and then stepping back one step and assuming the *Position of Attention*.

Each detail member will *Present Arms* during "Taps" and will execute *Order Arms* at its
completion. At the conclusion of "Taps," the detail leader ensures the recording device is
turned off and then proceeds in a dignified and military manner to the head of the casket.

For flag folding, upon conclusion of "Taps," the representative and their assistant move closer to
the casket. When the flag is secured and raised, the detail takes three steps away from the mourners and folds the flag. (See appendix I for detailed information on folding the flag.) When the flag is
properly folded, the detail leader inspects and then salutes the flag for 3 seconds. The assistant hands the flag to the detail leader, salutes the flag for 3 seconds, and posts to a position next to the
side or rear of the family.

After the assistant departs, the detail leader presents the flag to NOK using the following wording: "On behalf of the President of the United States, the United States Army, and a grateful Nation, please accept this flag as a symbol of our appreciation for your loved one's honorable and faithful service." After presenting the flag, the detail leader moves to the *Position of Attention* and
conducts a slow salute to the flag. They then execute a facing movement and march out of sight from the funeral ceremony. Presentation of the flag is previously discussed on pages 14-14 and
14-15.


Not all funerals will be authorized the human resources as outlined in this sequence of events;
therefore, the NCOIC will extract those portions of the sequence that apply to their funeral detail
contingent.

Additions to an element of the funeral detail not specifically addressed in this sequence of events are not authorized. Requests for exceptions to policy will be directed to TRADOC.

## Section Iv - Additional Funeral Considerations

14-30. Funeral details will have many other considerations which will have to be addressed by the NCOIC
or OIC. Although each funeral is similar in nature, there are many different events and considerations to be aware of. Cremated remains, cannon salutes, and participation of aviation are a few of the funeral considerations addressed during the planning and execution of a funeral.

## Cremated Remains

14-31. When the remains are cremated and the ashes interred with military honors, the previously stated provisions, with necessary modifications, will govern:


For all phases of the funeral, where the cremated remains are carried by hand, one pallbearer is
detailed to carry the receptacle (casket) containing the ashes and another is detailed to carry the
flag, folded into the shape of a cocked hat. The pallbearer carrying the flag is always positioned to the right of the remains (see figure 14-9). When the receptacle is carried from the hearse into
the chapel and from the chapel to the hearse, these two pallbearers are the only participants in the
ceremony. During the procession to the gravesite, the receptacle and flag are carried by the two
pallbearers followed by four additional pallbearers. When the receptacle has been placed on the
gravesite, all six pallbearers unfold the flag and hold it over the grave. (Honors are the same as a
flag-draped casket.)

When the receptacle and flag are placed before the chancel of the chapel or transported to gravesite
by vehicle, the receptacle and folded flag are placed side by side. If the pallbearers walk to the gravesite, the two bearers who carried the receptacle and the flag join the other four pallbearers
already pre-positioned on either side of the hearse.

When no hearse is used, suitable transportation is provided for the receptacle, flag bearers, and the
other pallbearers.

When the remains are moved to a crematory and the ashes are to be interred with military honors at a later time, the ceremony consists only of the escort to the crematory. All personnel salute as
the remains are carried into the crematory. The firing of volleys and the sounding of "Taps" are
omitted. When the funeral ceremony is held at the crematory, and when no further honors are
anticipated, the volleys are fired and "Taps" is sounded at the discretion of the commanding
officer.

## Ceremony Before Shipment Of Remains

14-32. When the remains of a deceased Soldier are moved to a railway station or other point for shipment to another place for interment or final disposition, funeral services are modified as necessary. When no further military honors are anticipated at the place of interment or final disposition, the volleys are fired and "Taps" sounded at the discretion of the commanding officer. When military honors are anticipated at the place of final disposition, the volleys and "Taps" are omitted.

## Cannon Salute

14-33. When the funeral of a general officer on the active or retired list, who was entitled to a cannon salute, takes place at or near a military installation, guns equal to the number to which the officer was entitled (see AR 600-25) may be fired at noon on the day of the funeral. The military installation mentioned in general orders will fire the prescribed salutes. Immediately preceding the benediction, a cannon salute corresponding to the grade of the deceased (see AR 600-25) is fired at 5-second intervals. Following the benediction, three volleys of musketry are fired.

## Participation Of Aviation

14-34. When aviation participates in a military funeral, it is timed so that the aircraft appear over the procession. Requirements for aviation participation can be found in AR 600-25.

## Participation Of Reserve Components

14-35. The RC, along with the active Army, are required to participate in funeral details. The Army National Guard (ARNG) and U.S. Army Reserve (USAR) have a single point of contact (POC) in each ARNG state area command (known as STARC) or USAR regional support command (known as RSC) to which a request for assistance can be made. When the active Army is unable to support the request, or it is more prudent for the RC unit to provide honors, the CAC contacts the RC POC at either the STARC or RSC for military funeral honors support. If the RC POC does not respond to the request for support within 2 hours, the CAC should again contact the RC POC. When the RC is unable to support the request for assistance, the CAC is responsible for providing the honors. The casualty and memorial affairs operations center, personnel command will provide a list of RC POCs to the CACs. CACs should establish memorandums of agreement with RC POCs and other military organizations within their area of responsibility specifying requirements and responsibilities.

## Participation Of Fraternal Or Patriotic Organizations

14-36. The family or representative of the deceased may request fraternal or patriotic organizations, of which the deceased was a member, to take part in the funeral service. With immediate family approval fraternal or patriotic organizations may conduct graveside service at the conclusion of the military portion of the ceremony, signified by the flag presentation to NOK and escort departure from the cemetery.

## Duties Of The Chaplain

14-37. The chaplain takes their position in front of the chapel before the arrival of the remains. The chaplain precedes the casket when it is carried from the hearse into the chapel and from the chapel to the hearse. While the remains are being placed in the hearse, they stand at the rear and to the side facing the hearse. When the chaplain is wearing vestments, they may, at their discretion, proceed from the chancel to the sacristy (vestry)
at the conclusion of the chapel service and divest, joining the procession before it moves from the chapel. The chaplain then precedes the hearse to the graveside and precedes the casket to the grave.

## Preliminary Arrangements

14-38. The OIC of a military funeral, the commander of the escort, the funeral director, and the superintendent of the cemetery or their representative visit the places involved and make careful arrangements before the time set for the funeral. They determine the positions at the grave for the various elements of the funeral and arrange for traffic control.

## Floral Tributes

14-39. In the absence of the chaplain, the chaplain's assistant helps the funeral director in arranging all floral tributes in the chapel. The commanding officer or their representative coordinates the necessary transportation with the funeral director for prompt transfer of floral tributes from the chapel to the gravesite. The vehicle bearing the floral tributes is loaded promptly at the conclusion of the chapel service. It precedes the funeral procession, moving as rapidly as practicable to the site of the grave. The funeral procession does not move from the chapel until the vehicle carrying the floral tributes has cleared the escort. The funeral director or the cemetery representative is responsible for removing cards and making a record that gives a brief description of the floral piece pertaining to each card. After completion of the funeral services, the cards and records are turned over to a member of the family of the deceased.

## Rules For Ceremonial Firing

14-40. For ceremonial firing, the firing party consists of not more than eight riflemen and not less than five riflemen with one NCOIC (see figure 14-10 on page 14-22). The firing party is normally pre-positioned at the gravesite and facing in the direction that allows it to fire directly over the grave. However, care should be taken to ensure that rifles are fired at a 45-degree angle from the horizontal:


To load

Magazines or clips are loaded with three rounds before forming the firing party.

At the conclusion of the religious services or on the escort commander's command, the
NCOIC commands *With blank ammunition,* **LOAD**. At the command **LOAD**, each
rifle-bearer executes *Port Arms*, faces to the half right, and moves their right foot 10 inches
to the right to a position that gives them a firm, steady stance. The rifle-bearer then chambers
a round, places the weapon in the safe position, and resumes *Port Arms*.

To fire by volley

When the rifle-bearers have completed the movements and the weapons are locked, the commands from the firing detail NCOIC are *Ready, Aim,* **FIRE**. At the command Ready,
each rifle-bearer moves the safety to the fire position. On the command Aim, the rifle is
shouldered with both hands with the muzzle to the front at an angle of 45 degrees from the horizontal. On the command of execution **FIRE**, the trigger is squeezed quickly, and the
weapon is immediately returned to *Port Arms*.

To continue the firing with weapons that function automatically (blank adapter), the
commands Aim and **FIRE** are given and executed as previously prescribed. To continue the
firing with weapons that must be manually operated to chamber another round (without blank
adapters), the commands *Ready, Aim,* **FIRE** are again given. On, the command *Ready*, each
rifle-bearer manually chambers the next round. The commands Aim and **FIRE** are then given and executed as previously prescribed.

When the third round has been fired and the riflemen have resumed *Port Arms*, the NCOIC
commands **CEASE FIRING**. Every rifle-bearer immediately place their weapon on safe, assume the *Position of Attention* (at *Port Arms*), and face to the *half left*. From this position,
the firing party is commanded to *Present Arms* before the playing of "Taps." After "Taps,"
they are commanded to *Order Arms*. The NCOIC executes a Right (Left) *Face* and remains
at *Attention* until the flag has been folded and saluted by the NCOIC of the funeral detail. At
this time, the firing party NCOIC executes a Right (Left) *Face* and commands *Right (Left)*,
FACE; *Port,* **ARMS**; and *Forward***, MARCH**. At the first halt, the rifles of the firing party
are cleared and inspected.

## Chapter 15 Colors

From the earliest times, warriors used a banner or other symbol to identify specific units and to serve as a rallying point for troops. In medieval days, the standard or banner was used to signal a general assault, which was generated by a cry of "Advance your banners." Until comparatively recent years, the flags that identified nations usually were based on the personal or family heraldry of the reigning monarch or ruling nobleman. As autocracies faded or disappeared, dynastic Colors were no longer popular and national flags, as thought of today, came into being. These national flags, such as the Union Jack of Great Britain, the TriColor of France, and the Stars and Stripes, are relatively new to history.

## Section I - History

15-1. Flags are almost as old as civilization itself. Imperial Egypt as well as the armies of Babylon, Chaldea, and Assyria followed the Colors of their kings. The Old Testament frequently mentions banners and standards. Many flags of different designs were present in parts of the American Colonies before the Revolution. When the struggle for independence united the Colonies, the colonists wanted a single flag to represent the new nation. The first flag borne by the Army as a representative of the Thirteen Colonies was the Grand Union flag. It was raised over the Continental Army at Cambridge, Massachusetts, on 2 January
1776. That flag had the familiar 13 stripes (red and white) of the present flag, but the blue square contained the Crosses of Saint George and Saint Andrew from the British flag.

15-2. The Stars and Stripes was born on 14 June 1777, two years to the day after the birth of the Army. On that date, Congress resolved that the flag of the United States be 13 stripes, alternate red and white, and that the union be 13 stars, white in a blue field, representing a new constellation. The arrangement of the stars on the blue field was not specified:


According to some historians, the Stars and Stripes was first raised over Fort Stanwix, New York, on 3 August 1777. In that Army version of the flag, the stars were arranged in a circle. (The
U.S. Navy version had the stars arranged to form crosses similar to the British flag.)

When Vermont and Kentucky joined the Union, the flag was modified so that there were 15 stars
and 15 stripes. It was that flag, flying triumphantly over Fort McHenry, Maryland, on 13 and 14 September 1814, which inspired Francis Scott Key to compose the verses of "The Star-Spangled
Banner." That flag was the national banner from 1795 until 1818. Thus, when it was raised over
Tripoli by the Marines in 1805, it was the first U.S. flag to be hoisted over conquered territory in
the Old World. Later, it was flown by General Andrew Jackson at the Battle of New Orleans.

Realizing that adding a stripe for each new state would soon spoil the appearance of the flag, Congress passed a law in 1818 fixing the number of stripes at 13 and providing for the addition of a star in the Blue Union for each new state. The star is to be added and the new flag to become official on the Fourth of July following the admission of the new state to the Union.

It was not until shortly before the Civil War that the Stars and Stripes became the national Color.
15-3. Before the Civil War, in lieu of a national Color, U.S. Soldiers carried a blue silk Color on which was embroidered the arms of the United States, and an American eagle bearing a shield on its breast, and in its talons an olive branch and arrows, signifying peace and war. After the national Color was authorized, the organizational Color with the eagle became the regimental Color. Because of the high casualty rate among the members of the Color party, plus the advent of modern weapons, the time-honored practice of carrying the Colors in battle was discontinued. Today, the Colors, with battle streamers attached, join their unit in formations during ceremonies to signify their presence during past battles.

## Section Ii - The Color And Colors

15-4. The national and organizational flags carried by Color-bearing units are called the national Color and the organizational Color. When used singularly, the term "Color" implies the national Color. The plural term "Colors" means the national and positional or organizational Colors. By regulation, the organizational Color is not authorized a *Salute*; however, in the past some organizations have observed the custom of saluting the organizational Color.

15-5. In garrison, the Colors are normally kept at the office or headquarters of the commanding officer. They are escorted to and from the headquarters or office by the Color guard. In the field, the Colors are normally displayed from reveille to retreat in front of the commanding officer's tent or command post. During inclement weather, they are cased and placed in the commanding officer's office, headquarters, or tent.

15-6. Individuals or units passing or being passed by uncased Colors out of doors render honors. Individuals, not part of a formation, salute six steps distance from the Colors and hold the *Salute* until they have passed six steps beyond the Colors. The individual in charge of a formation calls the formation to ATTENTION
and *Present,* **ARMS**.

15-7. The Colors will be carried on all ceremonial occasions when two or more companies, honor guards, or representative elements of a command participate. Traditionally, the CSM is responsible for the safeguarding, care, and display of the organizational Color. The CSM is also responsible for the selection, training, and performance of the Color bearers and Color guards.

15-8. During a review, parade, or honor guard ceremony, ordinarily only one national Color is present. The national Color is given the honor position and is carried on the marching right of positional and organizational Colors. The U.S. Army flag or the Army field flag (when authorized) is carried to the immediate left of the national Color. The organizational Color of the senior headquarters sponsoring the ceremony is carried to the left of the Army flag or field flag, if present. The Colors belonging to the headquarters conducting the ceremonies are positioned on line with and centered on the command. Subordinate Color-bearing organizations ordinarily carry only their organizational Colors (four steps to the rear of their staff). The regulation for individual flags and distinguishing flags for general officers and other dignitaries is the same as that for organizational Colors (see AR 840-10).

15-9. When the local commander wishes, or considers it more appropriate, they may authorize subordinate Color-bearing organizations to carry their national Color with their organizational Colors behind their staffs.

Consideration must be given as to the number of times the spectators will be required to stand during the pass in review. Also, consideration must be given to the frequency of *Salutes* required by the reviewing officer:


Another method in which subordinate Color-bearing units may carry their Colors is to have them participate in a massed Colors formation. Because of many complications caused by massed Colors, units should prescribe a local SOP governing the desired procedures.

Examples of complications include: organizational Colors losing their identity, order of
precedence, resizing of Color guards and bearers, uniformity when the first rank consists of five Soldiers rather than four, and presenting a good appearance when returning to the formation after being brought forward while keeping the national Color on the marching right.
15-10. When Colors are participating in a ceremony, they will be received and dismissed. Information pertaining to Colors participating in a ceremony are described in paragraphs 15-20 and 15-24.

## Salutes

15-11. The national Color renders no *Salute* (dip). An exception to this rule is followed by naval vessels when, upon receiving a *Salute* of this type from a vessel registered by a nation formally recognized by the United States, the compliment must be returned.

15-12. The organizational Color *Salutes* (dips) in all military ceremonies while the national anthem, "To the Color," or a foreign national anthem is being played, and when rendering honors to the organizational commander or an individual of higher grade including foreign dignitaries of higher grade, but in no other case. The U.S. Army flag is considered to be an organizational Color and, as such, is also dipped while the national anthem, "To the Color," or a foreign national anthem is being played, and when rendering honors to the Chief of Staff of the U.S. Army, their direct representative, or an individual of equivalent or higher grade, but in no other case:


When marching, organizational Colors salute when six steps from the person entitled to the *Salute*.

They are returned to the *Carry* position when six steps beyond the person.

## Color Guard

15-13. The Color guard consists of two (three) sergeants and two specialists or privates. It is an honor to be selected as a member of the Color guard. The senior (Color) sergeant carries the national Color and commands the Color guard. The senior (Color) sergeant gives the necessary commands for the movements and for rendering honors. The uniform for Color guards should be the same as prescribed for participating troops. In addition to the uniform, the Color guard should be provided white polyester dress gloves, uniform neck scarves, and a white, black, or olive drab flag carrier. The flag carrier could be a single or double leather or web strapped harness with a brass or chrome cup.

15-14. When battalions or brigades carry their organizational Colors in a ceremony as part of a larger command, the battalion or brigade Color is carried four steps to the rear of the staff. A sergeant acts as Color bearer and two experienced specialists or privates, selected by the battalion or brigade CSM, act as members of the Color guard.

15-15. The Color guard is formed and *Marched* in one rank at *Close Interval*, the bearers in the center. They do not execute Rear March or *About Face*. The Color guard marches at *Right Shoulder Arms* and executes Facing movements by wheeling to the right or left. The command for a *Facing* movement is Right (Left) Wheel, **MARCH**. To execute a *Wheeling* movement, the guard nearest the direction of turn serves as the pivot point and executes the movement by marching in place and simultaneously turning in the new direction. Other members shorten their steps and turn in an arc keeping abreast of each other to maintain alignment. When the movement has been completed, each member automatically marches in place until the command HALT or *Forward***, MARCH** is given.

15-16. When passing in review, the Color guard executes *Eyes Right* at the prescribed saluting distance on the command of the Color sergeant. The commands are *Eyes,* **RIGHT** and *Ready,* **FRONT**. The organizational Color salutes at the command **RIGHT** and resumes the *Carry* at the command **FRONT**. The guard on the right flank of the Color guard does not execute *Eyes Right*.

15-17. During ceremonies, the Color guard remains at *Right Shoulder Arms* except when executing Present Arms. When not participating in a ceremony and a situation occurs that warrants a *Salute* by the organizational Color, the Color sergeant commands *Color*, **SALUTE**. The return to the *Carry* is made at the command *Carry***, COLOR**.

15-18. When in formation with the Color company, and not during a ceremony, the Color bearers execute At Ease and *Rest*, keeping the staffs of the Colors vertical. The Color guard executes *Right Shoulder Arms*, Order Arms, and *Present Arms* with the Color company. During ceremonies when the Colors are not forward and remarks are to be made, the Color guards and Color bearers execute *Order Arms* and *Parade Rest* on command of the Color company commander. During any ceremony when the units are *At Ease*, the Color guard and Color bearers are at *Parade Rest*.

## Receiving Or Dismissing The Colors By The Color Guard

15-19. The Color guard uses the following procedures when receiving or dismissing the Colors:


When receiving uncased Colors on display in the commander's office, the Color guard is
positioned in a single rank facing the Colors. The Color sergeant commands *Present,* **ARMS** and
Order, **ARMS**. On completion of *Order Arms*, the Color bearers (without command) secure the
Colors. The Color guard files outside (guard, national Color, organizational Color, guard) and
re-forms in a line formation. The Color guards execute *Right Shoulder Arms* and the Color bearers assume the *Carry Position*.


To dismiss the Colors, the procedures are basically the same except that the Colors are placed back in their stands before executing *Present Arms*.

## Casing And Upcasing The Colors

15-20. To case and uncase the Colors, the Color guard forms in a line formation with the cased Colors at the Carry Position (*Order Position* when indoors). The CSM (or their direct representative) positions themselves six steps in front of and centered on the formation. They then command *Sling,* **ARMS**:


The Color guards immediately adjust their slings and assume *Sling Arms*. The CSM commands
POST. The Color guards face to the *Half Left (Right)* in marching, take four steps, halt, and execute *About Face*.

The CSM then directs **UNCASE THE COLORS**. The Color bearers lower the Colors (same as
Present Guidon). The two guards move forward and untie and uncase the Colors. The Color
bearers unfurl and immediately return the Colors to the Carry (Order) *Position*. While the Colors are being unfurled, the guards fold the cases and secure them in their left hand.

When the Colors are in the *Carry Position*, the CSM commands *Present,* **ARMS**. The CSM, Color
guards, and the organizational Color S*alute*.

The CSM commands *Order,* **ARMS**, and then commands **POST**. On the command of execution
POST, the Color guards place the folded canvas cases inside the cartridge belts (center rear) of the Color bearers. The Color guards assume their original positions, adjust their slings, and return to *Right Shoulder Arms*.

If the CSM or their representative is not present, the senior Color sergeant gives the necessary
commands.
Note. To case the Colors, the procedures are basically the same except *Present Arms* is given before the Colors are lowered.

15-21. When casing or uncasing the Colors with the command present, the commander directs UNCASE
(CASE) THE COLORS. The CSM and Color guards execute the movement (as previously stated in paragraph 15-20) except that they execute *Present Arms* and *Order Arms* with the Color company. When the Colors are uncased and returned to the *Carry Position*, the commander directs BRING YOUR UNITS TO
PRESENT ARMS. After the units have executed this directive, the commander then directs BRING YOUR
UNITS TO ORDER ARMS.

15-22. If the Colors are to be cased or uncased during the receiving or dismissing by the Color company, the Color guards execute *Present Arms* and *Order Arms* on command of the company commander. The CSM
uncases the organizational Color when it is displayed by itself. The CSM major may also assist the Color guards when uncasing more than two Colors.

## Receiving Or Dismissing The Colors By Color Company

15-23. The designated Color company receives and dismisses the Colors as follows:


The Color company should receive the Colors before it forms with the battalion.

The Color company forms at *Attention* with the commander facing to the front as the Colors near
the Color company.

The Color guard, guided by the senior sergeant, approaches from the front and halts 10 steps from the company commander.

The company commander then faces about and commands *Present,* **ARMS**, faces the Colors, and
Salutes. They terminate their *Salute*, faces about, and commands *Order,* **ARMS**.

The specialists or privates of the Color guard execute *Present Arms* and return to Right Shoulder
Arms on the commands of the company commander (*Present Arms* and *Order Arms*).

The senior sergeant then marches the Color guard to its position within the company formation. If
the company is in column formation, the Color guard forms at the rear of the company. When the
company is in line or mass formation, the Color guard forms at the left of the company. The Color company may join the battalion before the battalion forms at the ceremony site or join with the battalion at the ceremony site. When the Color company joins the battalion, the senior Color sergeant marches the Color guard to its appropriate post in the battalion formation.

The Color guard is dismissed at the conclusion of the ceremony. This can occur in the vicinity of
the ceremony site, in the Color company area, or at the battalion headquarters. At the designated
area, the senior sergeant marches and halts the Color guard 10 steps in front of and facing the
commander of the Color company. The actions for dismissing the Colors are the same as receiving
the Colors. After being dismissed, the Color guard marches to the office, headquarters, or tent of the commanding officer.

The Colors are received and dismissed from organizations smaller than a company, such as a
funeral escort, in a similar manner.

Casing and uncasing the Colors may be scheduled in conjunction with receiving and dismissing
the Colors.

## Posting And Retiring The Colors

15-24. Formal assemblies conducted indoors begin with the presentation of the Colors, referred to as posting the Colors, and end with the retirement of the Colors. The following instructions outline the procedures for posting and retiring the Colors, with a head table and without head table. Since indoor areas vary in size, configuration, and intended purpose, these instructions do not apply to all situations. Therefore, persons planning an indoor ceremony can modify these instructions based on their specific floor plan. Color bearers must conduct a reconnaissance of the ceremony location taking note of the dimensions of the room.

Low ceilings will present significant challenges when trying to raise and lower Colors.

## Posting The Colors

15-25. The Color guard forms outside the entrance to the dining area, auditorium, or meeting hall. The audience is directed to stand until the Colors are posted. If the playing of "The Star-Spangled Banner" (or other appropriate music) and the invocation are scheduled, the audience will remain standing until they are completed:


When the arrangements include a head table, the Color guard enters in a line formation, preferably, or forms in a line immediately inside the room and moves to a position centered on and facing the head table:

When the Colors arrive at the predesignated position, the Color sergeant commands Colors, HALT, and *Present,* **ARMS**; and reports "*The Colors are present*." The host acknowledges
the report and directs POST **THE COLORS**. The area should be arranged to allow adequate
space for the Color guard to move between the head table and the flag stand.

The Color sergeant then commands *Order,* ARMS; *Right,* **FACE**; and *Forward***, MARCH**. On the command of execution **MARCH**, the Color guard marches to the rear of the head table
(see figure 15-1 on page 15-7).

Once the Color guard is centered on the flag stand, they *Mark Time* and the Color sergeant
commands *Colors,* **HALT** and *Right,* **FACE**. The Color guard should approach the flag
stands from the right to position the national Color bearer in front of the flag holder on the
right, facing the audience.

The Color bearers, without command, place the Colors in the stand.

When the Colors are in the stand, the Color sergeant commands *Present,* **ARMS** and Order,
ARMS. The guards return to *Right Shoulder Arms*; the Color sergeant commands *Left,* FACE
and *Forward***, MARCH**; and the Color guard exits the area.

When a head table is not used, the Color guard enters and moves to a predesignated position
centered on and facing the audience. This may require the Color guard to move in a column and
use *Facing* movements. The movement must be planned so that the national Color is always on the right when in line and is leading when in column.


When the Colors arrive at the predesignated position, the Color sergeant commands Colors,
HALT; *Left (Right),* **FACE**; and *Present,* **ARMS**. Any scheduled music or the Pledge of
Allegiance then occurs. The Color sergeant then commands *Order,* **ARMS**.

The Color sergeant commands *Right (Left),* **FACE** and *Forward***, MARCH**. On the command of
execution **MARCH**, the Color guard marches to the flag stand where the actions of the Color guard are the same as previously described.

## Retiring The Colors

15-26. The audience is directed to stand for the retiring of the Colors:


When a head table is used, the Color sergeant moves the Color guard to the head table:

The Color sergeant commands *Color guard,* HALT; *Present,* **ARMS**, and reports to the host,
"*Sir or Ma'am, request permission to retire the Colors*." The host acknowledges the report
and directs **RETIRE THE COLORS**.

The Color sergeant commands *Order,* ARMS; *Right,* FACE; *Forward***, MARCH**; and
moves the Color guard until they are centered on the flag stand where they *Mark Time*.

The Color sergeant commands *Color guard,* HALT; *Right,* FACE; *Present,* **ARMS**; and
Order, **ARMS**. Upon completion of *Order Arms* the Color bearers, without command, retrieve
the Colors and assume the *Carry Position*.

The Color sergeant commands **FACE** and *Forward***, MARCH**. The Color guard exits the
area.

When the head table is not used, the Color guard moves directly to the flag stands where the Colors are retrieved. The Color guard exits as previously described.
Note. These procedures will vary when the CSM oversees the Colors during a formal dining-in.

## Section Iii - Color Guard Teams

15-27. The Color guard detail is configured in several different ways with each configuration requiring different steps when conducting a movement of the Color guard to the rear during ceremonies. This section discusses the steps and movements for Color guard in the several different configurations.

## Movement Of Three-Soldier Color Guard To The Rear

15-28. To face a three-Soldier Color guard to the rear, the command is *Colors Reverse,* **MARCH**, and each Soldier simultaneously executes the following movements:


Number 1 faces left while marking time, takes two steps forward, and faces to the left while marking time.

Number 2 takes one full step forward, executes *About Face* while marking time, and takes one full
step in the new direction, marking time.

Number 3 takes one full step and two half steps forward, faces to the right while marking time, takes two full steps, faces to the right in marching, takes two full steps, and marks time.

When all are abreast of each other, they step off together or halt, as commanded (see figure 15-2
on page 15-8).

## Movement Of Four-Soldier Color Guard To The Rear

15-29. To face a four-Soldier Color guard to the rear, the command is *Colors reverse,* **MARCH**. At the command **MARCH**, each Soldier simultaneously executes the following movements:


Number 1 takes two steps forward, faces to the left in marching, takes one full step and three half steps, faces to the left in marching, and takes two steps in the new direction.

Number 2 faces to the left in marching and faces to the left while marking time.

Number 3 takes one step forward, faces to the right in marching, takes two half steps, faces to the
right in marching, and takes one step in the new direction.

Number 4 takes one step forward, faces to the right in marching, takes one full step and three half steps, faces to the right in marching, and takes one step forward in the new direction.

Numbers 2, 3, and 4 mark time after completing their movements until all Soldiers are abreast,
then step off together or halt, as the situation dictates (see figure 15-3).
Note. This command may be given while marching, in which case the commands are given when the left foot strikes the marching surface.

Note. *Left About* may be used in lieu of *Colors Reverse*. The command for this movement is Left about, **MARCH**. The Color sergeant is the pivot person for the movement. On the command of execution, the Color sergeant marches in place and turns to the left. Other members shorten their step and turn in an arc keeping abreast of each other and maintaining alignment. When the movement has been completed, each person marches in place until the command **HALT** or Forward**, MARCH** is given. This movement may be executed from the **HALT** or while marching.

## Movement Of Five-Soldier Color Guard To The Rear

15-30. To face a five-Soldier Color guard to the rear, the command is *Colors Reverse,* **MARCH**. At the command **MARCH**, each Soldier simultaneously executes the following movements:


Number 1 takes four steps forward, faces to the left in marching, takes four full steps forward, faces to the left in marching, takes four full steps in the new direction, and marks time.

Number 2 faces left while marking time, takes two steps forward, and faces to the left while marking time.

Number 3 takes one full step forward, executes about face while marking time, takes one full step in the new direction, and marks time.

Number 4 takes one full step and two half steps, faces to the right while marching, takes two full steps, faces to the right in marching, takes two full steps, and marks time.

Number 5 takes three full steps forward, faces to the right in marching, takes four full steps forward, faces to the right in marching, takes three full steps forward, and marks time.

Numbers 2, 3, 4, and 5 mark time after completing their movements.

When all Soldiers are abreast of each other, they step off together or halt, as the situation dictates
(see figure 15-4).
Note. *Left About* may be used in lieu of *Colors Reverse*. The command for this movement is Left about, **MARCH**. The Color sergeant is the pivot person for the movement. On the command of execution, the Color sergeant marches in place and turns to the left. Other members shorten their step and turn in an arc keeping abreast of each other and maintaining alignment. When the movement has been completed, each person marches in place until the command **HALT** or Forward**, MARCH** is given. This movement may be executed from the **HALT** or while marching.

## Movement Of Six-Soldier Color Guard To The Rear

15-31. To face a six-Soldier Color guard to the rear, the command is *Colors Reverse,* **MARCH**. At the command **MARCH**, each Soldier simultaneously executes the following movements:


Number 1 takes five steps forward, faces to the left in marching, takes six full steps forward, faces to the left in marching, takes five full steps in the new direction, and marks time.

Number 2 faces left while marking time, takes three full steps forward, and faces to the left in the
new direction, while marking time.

Number 3 takes two full steps forward, faces to the left while marching, takes two steps forward,
faces to the left while marching, takes two full steps in the new direction, and marks time.

Number 4 takes one full step forward, faces to the right while marching, takes two half steps forward, faces to the right in marching, takes one full step in the new direction, and marks time.

Number 5 takes three full steps forward, faces to the right in marching, takes three full steps forward, faces to the right in marching, takes three full steps in the new direction, and marks time.

Number 6 takes four full steps forward, faces to the right in marching, takes six full steps forward, faces to the right in marching, takes four full steps in the new direction, and marks time.

Numbers 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6 mark time after completing their movement.

When all Soldiers are abreast of each other, they step off together or halt, as the situation dictates (see figure 15-5).

## Section Iv - Positions Of The Colors

15-32. The position of the Colors will change throughout the ceremony. This section addresses the position of the Colors at the *Order, Carry, Parade Rest*, and *Salute*.

## Position Of The Colors At The Order

15-33. At the *Order*, rest the ferrule of the staff on the marching surface touching the outside of the right footgear opposite the ball of the right foot. Hold the staff in the right hand with the back of the hand facing outward and the fingers wrapped around the staff. Rest the staff against the hollow of the shoulder (see figure 15-6).

## Position Of The Colors At The Carry

15-34. At the *Carry*, rest the ferrule of the staff in the socket of the sling. The socket is below the waist and adjusted to ensure that the finials of all Colors are of equal height (see figure 15-7). Grasp the staff with the right hand (even with the mouth) and incline it slightly to the front with the left hand securing the ferrule in the socket. The left hand may be positioned immediately below the right hand to more firmly secure the Colors on windy days.

## Position Of The Colors At Parade Rest

15-35. *Parade Rest* with the Colors is executed with staffs vertical. The *Order* and *Parade Rest* are executed with the Color company except during ceremonies when the Colors remain at the *Carry Position* (see figure 15-8 on page 15-16).

## Position Of The Organizational Colors At Color Salute

15-36. This position is assumed from the carry by slipping the right hand upward about 4 inches and then thrusting the arm forward shoulder high and horizontal to the marching surface forming an approximate 45-degree angle. When the Colors salute with troops who execute *Present Arms* from the *Order*, the Color bearers assume the position of *Carry* at the command **ARMS** and then execute the Color *Salute* (see figure 15-9). When casing or uncasing Colors indoors (at the *Order*), the organizational Color bearer Salutes
(dips) by slipping the right hand upward and grasping the staff firmly, with the forearm horizontal and the staff thrust forward until the arm is fully extended.

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## Chapter 16 Salute Battery

Ceremonies did not originally use field artillery as a salute battery. In the 19th century, branches of service were lined up from right to left: Infantry, field artillery, and Cavalry, respectively. Field artillery lined up their guns but did not fire them. When honors began to be fired in ceremonies, the guns were moved out of the formation to avoid injury to other elements of the formation.

## Section I - Preparation

16-1. The salute battery should arrive at the ceremonial site early enough to position its pieces before the arrival of units on the ready line:


The pieces are positioned downwind from the ceremony site with the muzzles pointing away from the reviewing stand. When possible, the opened trails are two steps to the rear of the final line and the number six piece is positioned twelve steps from the left flank unit. Other pieces are positioned
about four steps apart (measure from inside wheels) and on line with number six.

Once the pieces are in position, the battery is formed to the left of the number one piece and in front of the line so that the number six and three sections are on the final line (see figure 16-1).

## Section Ii - Sequence Of Events And Individual Actions

16-2. The sequence of events and individual actions necessary to conduct a salute battery are described herein. The COT should verify that the salute battery and band are prepared to render honors.

## Formation Of Troops

16-3. On hearing the band sound *Attention*, the battery commander *Faces About*, commands *Battery*, ATTENTION, and again faces about:


On completion of the adjutant's call, the battery commander *Faces About* and commands *Right*,
FACE. They then command *Section,* **POST**.

The section chiefs in reverse sequence (for example, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1) command *Forward*, MARCH
or *Column Half Right,* **MARCH**. The sections march forward along the final line and halt when
centered on the piece.

The battery commander faces to the left and commands (themselves and their staff) Column Half
Right, **MARCH**. They march forward (inclining as necessary) so that when halted the battery
commander is six steps from and centered on the firing battery. The section chief and the counter should be centered and three steps to the rear of the commander. The executive officer is on line with the guidon bearer.

When the battery commander has halted their staff, they face to the right and command Left,
FACE. Then they command *Dress right*, DRESS; *Ready***, FRONT**; and *Parade,* **REST** (for large
reviews, the command **AT EASE** may be substituted for *Parade,* **REST**). The commander then
faces about and executes *Parade Rest*.

## Presentation Of Honors

16-4. When the COT has directed *Order Arms* (adjutant has taken their post), the battery commander faces about and commands *Order,* **ARMS**. They then direct **FIRE THE SALUTE** and faces about:


The battery commander quietly commands (themselves and their guidon bearer) *Present,* ARMS
and *Order,* **ARMS**, as appropriate.

The executive officer, counter, and chief of the firing battery face about. The executive officer commands *Cannoneers,* **POST**. The cannoneers immediately move to their firing positions.

The executive officer commands *With blank ammunition* (pause), **LOAD**. They then command
STAND BY, NUMBER ONE. As each piece is ready to fire, the section chief raises their arm (nearest the executive officer) and looks at the executive officer.

When all section chiefs have indicated they are ready (arm raised), the executive officer raises their right arm and looks at the COT. The COT takes the raised arm as the signal that the battery
is ready to fire. They then face about and command (themselves and their staff) *Present,* **ARMS**.

As the commander's hand touches their headgear, the executive officer signals the first piece to
fire. The executive officer drops their arm to a horizontal position and then raises it back to a
vertical position for each round. Rounds are fired at 3-second intervals for normal honors and
5-second intervals for funerals (see AR 600-25).

During the *Salute*, as the second to last round is fired, the counter faces about and announces
ELEVEN. As the next to last round is fired, the chief of the firing battery *Faces About* and announces **TWELVE**. This is the signal for the executive officer to fire one more round.

During the firing, each section immediately reloads after each round is fired and is prepared to fire in case of a misfire. When the last round has been fired, the executive officer signals CEASE
FIRE and then signals **UNLOAD**.

When all pieces are unloaded and the cannoneers are at *Attention*, the executive officer commands
to the rear of the piece, **FALL IN** (cannoneers automatically fall in at *Dress Right*); they then
command *Ready,* **FRONT** and *Parade,* **REST**. When all sections are back in position on the final
line, the executive officer faces about.

## Inspection

16-5. As the reviewing party approaches piece number six, the battery commander faces about and commands *Battery,* **ATTENTION**. They then face to the front and (over their right shoulder) command Eyes, **RIGHT**:


The battery commander and executive officer execute *Eyes Right* and *Salute.* The guidon bearer
executes *Eyes Right* and *Present Guidon*. All others execute *Eyes Right* and follow the reviewing
officer, turning the head until facing to the front.

When the reviewing party has passed the last piece, the battery commander commands *Order*, ARMS for themselves, the executive officer, and the guidon bearer. They then face about. When
the reviewing party has cleared the right rear of their unit, they then command *Parade,* **REST**,
faces about, and assumes *Parade Rest*.

## Honors To The Nation And Remarks

16-6. The battery executes appropriate movements on command or directives by the COT. The COT always verifies the battery is prepared for each movement.

## March In Review

16-7. On the command or directive to **PASS IN REVIEW**, the battery commander faces about and commands *Parade,* **REST**. They then face about and assume *Parade Rest*.

## Conclusion

16-8. When the band begins the eight-bar drum beat (before "The Army Goes Rolling Along"), the battery commander faces about and commands *Battery,* **ATTENTION**. They then face about. When the band has finished playing the music, the battery commander faces about and commands **REST**.

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## Chapter 17 Civilian Participation In Military Ceremonies

This chapter serves as a guide for commanders in planning and conducting military ceremonies with civilian participation.

## Section I - History

17-1. Since its inception at the beginning of the American Revolution, the U.S. Army has always seen the importance of civilian control of the military and participation of civilians in military activities. As a result, military ceremonies are frequently held to honor civilians.

## Section Ii - Types Of Ceremonies

17-2. Civilians may participate in three general categories of military ceremonies:

Presenting awards.

Receiving awards.

Being honored.

## Civilians Presenting Awards

17-3. This category includes occasions when an award is made to another civilian and occasions when awards are presented to military personnel by a civilian. These ceremonies are conducted as previously outlined with the following exceptions:


The host or reviewing officer is accompanied to the reviewing stand by the civilian. The reviewing officer may relinquish the place of honor to the civilian.

The reviewing officer accompanies the civilian throughout the sequence of events.

Because of lack of familiarity with military ceremonies, it may be necessary to brief the civilian before and during the conduct of the ceremony.

## Civilians Receiving Awards

17-4. Conduct of these ceremonies should be guided by paragraph 10-25 with the following exceptions:

Civilians should be initially positioned to the left of the reviewing stand and not marched forward with the military personnel, if any, to receive awards.

When the Colors are brought forward, civilians move to a position five steps in front of and
centered on the Colors. When military and civilians receive an award at the same time, they are
aligned from right to left with the highest award on the right.

When the awardees are posted, they remain in the same order. If there are no military awardees, the civilians move to the left of the reviewing stand.

When this ceremony is conducted for presenting posthumous awards, other types of awards are not incorporated. A carefully selected escort officer should accompany relatives of persons receiving posthumous awards.
Note. If there is only one awardee, they may be the reviewing official.

## Reviews In Honor Of Civilians

17-5. Government employees, private citizens; and local, state, national, or foreign officials may be honored by a review. (See AR 600-25 for special honors due for certain officials.) Other civilians may be honored, as noted in paragraphs 17-3 and 17-4, by participating in the place of or with the reviewing officer.

## Appendix A Saluting

The origin of the *Hand Salute* is uncertain. Some historians believe it began in late Roman times when assassinations were common. A citizen who wanted to see a public official had to approach with their right hand raised to show that they did not hold a weapon. Knights in armor raised visors with the right hand when meeting a comrade. This practice gradually became a way of showing respect and, in early American history, sometimes involved removing the hat. By 1820, the motion was modified to touching the hat, and since then it has become the *Hand Salute* used today.

## When To Salute

A-1. Army personnel in uniform are required to salute when they meet and recognize persons entitled (by grade) to a salute except when it is inappropriate or impractical (in public conveyances such as planes and buses, in public places such as inside theaters, or when driving a vehicle):


Salutes are also rendered

When the U.S. national anthem, "To the Color," "Hail to the Chief," or foreign national
anthems are played.

To uncased national Color outdoors.

On ceremonial occasions as prescribed in Part Two, Ceremonies.

At reveille and retreat ceremonies, during the raising or lowering of the flag.

During the sounding of honors.

When the Pledge of Allegiance to the U.S. flag is being recited outdoors.

When turning over control of formations.

When rendering reports.

To officers of friendly foreign countries.

Salutes are not required when

Indoors, except when reporting to an officer or when on duty as a guard.

Addressing a prisoner.

Saluting is obviously inappropriate. In these cases, only greetings are exchanged. (Example: A person carrying articles with both hands, or otherwise occupied so that saluting is
impracticable, is not required to salute a senior person or return the salute to a subordinate.)

Either the senior or the subordinate is wearing civilian clothes.

In any case not covered by specific instructions, the salute is rendered.

## Reporting Indoors

A-2. When reporting to an officer in their office, the Soldier removes their headgear, knocks, and enters when told to do so. They approach within two steps of the officer's desk, *Halts, Salutes*, and *Reports*, "Sir
(Ma'am), Private Smit reports." The salute is held until the report is completed and the salute has been returned by the officer. When the business is completed, the Soldier salutes, holds the salute until it has been returned, executes the appropriate facing movement, and departs. When reporting indoors under arms, the procedure is the same except that the headgear is not removed and the Soldier renders the salute prescribed for the weapon with which they are armed.

Notes. 1. The expression "under arms" means carrying a weapon in your hands, by a sling, or in a holster. 2. When reporting to a NCO, the procedures are the same, except no salutes are exchanged.

## Reporting Outdoors

A-3. When reporting outdoors, the Soldier moves rapidly toward the officer, and halts approximately three steps from the officer, *Salutes*, and *Reports* (as when indoors). When the Soldier is dismissed by the officer, salutes are again exchanged. If under arms, the Soldier carries the weapon in the manner prescribed for saluting.

## Saluting Persons In Vehicles

A-4. The practice of saluting officers in official vehicles (recognized individually by grade or identifying vehicle plates and or flags) is considered an appropriate courtesy. Salutes are not required to be rendered by or to personnel who are driving or riding in privately owned vehicles except by gate guards, who render salutes to recognized officers in all vehicles unless their duties make the salute impractical. When military personnel are drivers of a moving vehicle, they do not initiate a salute (see AR 600-25).

## Other Salutes

A-5. Other instances when saluting may or may not be requiredwhen in formation, not in formation, outdoors, and indoors. Each have different requirements in regards to salutes and are discussed herein.

## In Formation

A-6.  Individuals in formation do not salute or return salutes except at the command *Present,* **ARMS**. The individual in charge salutes and acknowledges salutes for the entire formation. Commanders of organizations or detachments that are not a part of a larger formation salute officers of higher grade by bringing the organization or detachment to attention before saluting. When in the field under battle or simulated battle conditions, the organization or detachment is not brought to attention. An individual in formation at ease or at rest comes to attention when addressed by an officer.

## Not In Formation

A-7. On the approach of an officer, a group of individuals not in formation is called to *Attention* by the first person noticing the officer, and all come sharply to *Attention* and salute. This action is to be taken at approximately six paces away from the officer, or the closest point of approach. Individuals participating in games, and members of work details, do not salute. The individual in charge of a work detail, if not actively engaged, salutes and acknowledges *Salutes* for the entire detail. A unit resting alongside a road does not come to *Attention* upon the approach of an officer; however, if the officer addresses an individual (or group), the individual (or group) comes to *Attention* and remains at *Attention* (unless otherwise ordered) until the termination of the conversation, at which time the individual (or group) *Salutes* the officer.

## Outdoors

A-8. Whenever and wherever the U.S. national anthem, "To the Color," "Reveille," or "Hail to the Chief"
is played, at the first note, all dismounted personnel in uniform and not in formation face the flag (or the music, if the flag is not in view), stand at *Attention*, and render the prescribed *Salute*. The position of Salute is held until the last note of the music is sounded. Military personnel not in uniform will stand at Attention (remove headdress, if any, with the right hand), and place the right hand over the heart. Vehicles in motion are brought to a *Halt*. Persons riding in a passenger car or on a motorcycle dismount and salute. Occupants of other types of military vehicles and buses remain in the vehicle and sit at attention; the individual in charge of each vehicle dismounts and renders the *Hand Salute*. Tank and armored car commanders *Salute* from the vehicle.

## Indoors

A-9. When the national anthem is played indoors, officers and enlisted personnel stand at *Attention* and face the music, or the flag if one is present. There is no saluting indoors except when reporting to a commander and when on duty as a guard as previously mentioned at the beginning of this appendix.

Note. Narrators or printed programs can help inform spectators of appropriate responses.

## Saluting Colors

A-10. National and organizational flags, which are mounted on flagstaffs equipped with finials, are called Colors. Military personnel passing an uncased national Color salute at six steps distance and hold the Salute until they have passed six steps beyond it. Similarly, when the uncased Color passes by, they *Salute* when it is six steps away and hold the *Salute* until it has passed six steps beyond them.

Note. Small flags carried by individuals, such as those carried by civilian spectators at a parade, are not saluted. It is improper to salute with any object in the right hand or with a cigarette, cigar, or pipe in the mouth.

## Uncovering

A-11. Officers and enlisted Soldiers under arms uncover only when


Seated as a member of (or in attendance on) a court or board.

Entering places of divine worship.

In attendance at an official reception.
A-12. Personnel remove their headdress indoors. When outdoors, military headdress is never removed, or raised as a form of salutation. When appropriate, civilians may be saluted in lieu of removing the headdress.

## Saluting Upon Boarding Naval Ships

A-13. When Army personnel board U.S. Navy ships, either as an individual or as a unit leader, they salute according to naval procedures:


When boarding a naval ship, upon reaching the top of the gangway, face and salute the national ensign. After completing this salute, salute the officer of the deck who will be standing on the quarter deck at the head of the gangway. When saluting the officer of the deck, request permission to board, "*Sir or Ma'am, request permission to come aboard*." The officer of the deck will return
the salute.

When leaving the ship, render the same salutes in reverse order, and request permission to leave,
"*Sir or Ma'am, request permission to go ashore*."
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## Manual Of ArmsM16-Series Rifle

The manual of arms movements for the M16-series rifle (see figure B-1) are nearly the same as those for the M4-series carbine. For ease of understanding, the movements are fully explained. The same rules that apply to the M4-series carbine apply to the M16-series rifle.

## Basic Procedures

B-1. The following are basic procedures that apply to the M16-series rifle:


At the *Halt*, all movements are initiated from Order Arms or *Sling Arms*, which are the Positions
of Attention with the rifle.

All precision movements are executed in quick-time cadence.

For drill purposes, the magazine is not carried in the rifle. When performing duty requiring the
use of the magazine, the rifle is carried at *Sling Arms*.

The command *Port,* **ARMS** must be given before the command for *Double Time*.

Facings, alignments, and short-distance marching movements are executed from *Order Arms* or
Sling Arms. When these movements are commanded while at *Order Arms*, automatically raise the
rifle about 1 inch off the marching surface on the command of execution. When the movement has been completed, automatically return the rifle to *Order Arms*.

Facing movements are executed from Order Arms or *Sling Arms*. When a *Facing* is necessary to
establish the direction of march, the *Facing* movement is executed before the command for the
manual of arms. After a marching movement has been completed, *Order,* ARMS or *Sling,* ARMS
is commanded before the command for the *Facing* movement.

Ready, Port, **ARMS** must be commanded following *Inspection Arms* and before any other
movements can be commanded.

Port Arms is the key position assumed in most manual of arms movements from one position to
another except *Right Shoulder Arms* from *Order Arms* and *Order Arms* from *Right Shoulder Arms*.

Manual of arms movements are a combination of the *Position of Attention* and the procedures for
the prescribed movement. Most manual of arms movements are executed with the head, eyes, and body as in the *Position of Attention*.

Sling Arms is the appropriate position assumed to carry the rifle while marching in most situations.
Port Arms is only used when slings are unavailable or unless specifically required by local
conditions.
Note. Paragraphs B-2 through B-10 refer to slings tight. However, all individual and unit drill movements may be executed with slings loose except when executing *Fix* and Unfix *Bayonets*. The manual of arms movements for the M14, M1903 or M1917, and M4 carbine are basically the same as for the M16. The movements for the M4 carbine are fully described in chapter 5. The movements for the M14 are fully described in appendix C; the movements for the M1903 or M1917 are fully described in appendix D.

## Order Arms

B-2. To execute *Order Arms*, use the following procedures:

Assume *Order Arms* on the command **FALL IN** or from *Parade Rest* (see figure B-2) on the
command of execution **ATTENTION**.

At *Order Arms*, maintain the *Position of Attention* with the rifle. Place the butt of the rifle on the
marching surface, centered on the right foot, with sights to the rear. The toe of the butt touches the
foot so that the rear sight and pistol grip form a straight line to the front. Secure the rifle with the
right hand in a "U" formed by the fingers (extended and joined) and thumb. Hold the rifle above the front sight assembly with the right thumb and forefinger pointed downward, and on line with the flat surface of the handguard. Keep the right hand and arm behind the rifle so that the thumb is straight along the seam of the trouser leg.

## Rest Positions

B-3. The *Rifle Rest Positions* are commanded and executed the same as individual drill with the following additions:


On the command of execution REST of *Parade,* **REST**, thrust the muzzle forward,
simultaneously changing the grip of the right hand to grasp the barrel, keeping the toe of the butt of the rifle on the marching surface and the right arm straight.

Execute Stand at Ease in the same manner as *Parade Rest* except turn the head and eyes toward
the commander.

On the command AT EASE or **REST**, keep the butt of the rifle in place as in *Parade Rest*.

## Port Arms

B-4. To execute *Port Arms*, use the following procedures:


Port Arms from *Order Arms* is a two-count movement (see figure B-3). The command is Port,
ARMS.

On the command of execution **ARMS (count one)**, grasp the rifle barrel with the right hand and raise the rifle diagonally across the body, keeping the right elbow down (without strain). With the left hand, simultaneously grasp the handguard just forward of the slip ring so that the rifle is about 4 inches from the waist.

On count two, regrasp the rifle at the small of the stock with the right hand. Hold the rifle
diagonally across the body, about 4 inches from the waist, the right forearm horizontal, and the elbows close to the sides.

Order Arms from *Port Arms* is a three-count movement (see figure B-4). The command is Order,
ARMS:

On the command of execution **ARMS**, release the grasp of the right hand and move the right hand up and across the body to the right front of the front sight assembly, grasp the barrel firmly without moving the rifle, and keep the right elbow down without strain.

On count two, move the left hand from the handguard and lower the rifle to the right side until it is about 1 inch from the marching surface. Guide the rifle to the side by placing the forefinger of the left hand at the flash suppressor, fingers and thumb extended and joined, palm to the rear.

On count three, move the left hand sharply to the left side, lower the rifle gently to the marching surface, and resume the position of *Order Arms*.

## Present Arms

B-5. To execute *Present Arms*, use the following procedures:

Present Arms from *Order Arms* is a three-count movement. The command is *Present,* **ARMS**. On
the command of execution **ARMS**, execute *Port Arms* in two counts. On count three, twist the rifle with the right hand so that the magazine well is to the front, and move the rifle with to a vertical position with the carrying handle about 4 inches in front of and centered on the body. Lower the rifle until the left forearm is horizontal; keep the elbows in at the sides as seen in figure B-5 on page B-7.

Order Arms from *Present Arms* is a four-count movement. The command is *Order,* **ARMS**. On
the command of execution **ARMS**, return the rifle to *Port Arms*. Counts two, three, and four are
the same as *Order Arms* from *Port Arms*.

Port Arms is assumed en route to or from *Present Arms* when going to or from *Right Shoulder* or Left Shoulder Arms. *Present Arms* from or to *Port Arms* is a one-count movement.

When rendering reports or courtesy to an individual from *Order Arms*, execute *Present Arms* and
turn the head and eyes toward the individual addressed. *Order Arms* is executed automatically upon acknowledgment of the *Salute*.

When rendering courtesy to an individual with the rifle at Right Shoulder, *Left Shoulder*, or Port
Arms and not in formation, execute *Present Arms*. Upon acknowledgment of the *Salute*,
automatically return to the original position.

To render courtesy with the rifle at the *Carry* position, execute *Present Arms* from either the Rightor *Left-Hand Carry* position. Bring the rifle in the most convenient manner to *Port Arms*, and then
execute *Present Arms* in one count. To assume the *Carry* position from *Present Arms*, execute Port Arms in one count and then return the rifle in the most convenient manner to the Carry
position.

When double-timing (not in formation), come to *Quick Time* before rendering the courtesy.

## Inspection Arms

B-6. To execute *Inspection Arms*, use the following procedures:


Inspection Arms from *Order Arms* is a seven-count movement. The command is Inspection,
ARMS:

On the command of execution **ARMS**, execute *Port Arms* in two counts.

On count three, move the left hand from the handguard and grasp the pistol grip, thumb over the lower portion of the bolt catch.

On count four, release the grasp of the right hand, unlock the charging handle with the thumb,
and sharply pull the charging handle to the rear with the thumb and forefinger. At the same time, apply pressure on the lower portion of the bolt catch, locking the bolt to the rear.

On count five, without changing the grasp of the right hand, sharply push the charging handle forward until it is locked into position; then regrasp the rifle with the right hand at the small
of the stock.

On count six, remove the left hand, twist the rifle with the right hand so that the ejection port
is skyward, regrasp the handguard with the left hand just forward of the slip ring, and visually
inspect the receiver through the ejection port.

On count seven, with the right hand, twist the rifle so that the sights are up and assume
Inspection Arms.
Note. The method for inspecting the rifle by an inspecting officer is explained in chapter 8.


Ready, Port, **ARMS** is the only command given from *Inspection Arms*:

On the command *Ready*, move the left hand and regrasp the carbine with the thumb and
fingers forming a "U" at the magazine well and trigger guard, the thumb (without pressure)
on the upper part of the bolt catch, fingertips placed below or under the ejection port cover.

On the command *Port*, press the bolt catch and allow the bolt to go forward. With the
fingertips, push upward and close the ejection port cover. Grasp the pistol grip with the left hand and place the left thumb on the trigger.

On the command **ARMS**, pull the trigger and resume *Port Arms*.

## Right Shoulder Arms

B-7. To execute *Right Shoulder Arms*, use the following procedures:


Right Shoulder Arms from *Order Arms* is a four-count movement. The command is Right
Shoulder, **ARMS**:

On the command of execution **ARMS**, grasp the rifle barrel with the right hand and raise it
diagonally across the body, keeping the right elbow down without strain. With the left hand, grasp the handguard just forward of the slip ring, ensuring that the weapon is about 4 inches from the waist.

On count two, move the right hand from the barrel and grasp the heel of the butt between the first two fingers with the thumb and forefinger touching at the first joint.

On count three (without moving the head), release the grasp of the left hand (without changing the grasp of the right hand), twist the rifle so that the sights are up, and place the weapon onto
the right shoulder, moving the left hand to the small of the stock to guide the rifle to the
shoulder. Keep the fingers and thumb (left hand) extended and joined with the palm turned
toward the body. The first joint of the left forefinger touches the rear of the charging handle.
Keep the left elbow down, and keep the right forearm horizontal with the right upper arm against the side and on line with the back.

On count four, sharply move the left hand back to the left side as in the *Position of Attention*.

Order Arms from *Right Shoulder Arms* is a four-count movement. The command is Order,
ARMS:

On the command of execution **ARMS**, without moving the head and without changing the
grasp of the right hand, press down quickly and firmly on the butt of the rifle with the right
hand and twist the weapon (with the sights up), guiding it diagonally across the body and
about 4 inches from the waist. Grasp the rifle with the left hand at the handguard just forward
of the slip ring.

On count two, move the right hand up and across the body, approaching from the right front of the front sight assembly, and firmly grasp the barrel without moving the rifle; keep the right elbow down without strain.

Counts three and four are the same as going to *Order Arms* from *Port Arms* (see figure B-4
on page B-5).

## Left Shoulder Arms

B-8. To execute *Left Shoulder Arms*, use the following procedures:


Left Shoulder Arms from *Order Arms* is a four-count movement. The command is Left Shoulder,
ARMS:

On the command of execution **ARMS**, execute *Port Arms* in two counts.

On count three, release the grasp of the left hand and (without moving the head) place the rifle on the left shoulder with the right hand (with the sights up), keeping the right elbow
down. At the same time, regrasp the rifle with the left hand with the heel of the butt between
the first two fingers and with the thumb and forefinger touching. The left forearm is
horizontal, and the left upper arm is against the side and on line with the back.

On the count four, move the right hand to the right side as in the *Position of Attention*.

Order Arms from *Left Shoulder Arms* is a five-count movement. The command is *Order,* **ARMS**:

On the command of execution **ARMS**, move the right hand up and across the body and grasp the small of the stock, keeping the right elbow down.

On count two (without moving the head), release the grasp of the left hand and with the right hand move the rifle diagonally across the body (sights up) about 4 inches from the waist. At the same time, regrasp the handguard just forward of the slip ring with the left hand, and
resume *Port Arms*.

Counts three, four, and five are the same as going to *Order Arms* from *Port Arms* (see figure B-4 on page B-5).

## Changing Positions

B-9. To change position with the M16-series rifle, use the following procedures:


Right Shoulder Arms from *Port Arms* is a three-count movement. The command is Right
Shoulder, **ARMS**. On the command of execution **ARMS**, release the grasp of the right hand and
regrasp the rifle with the heel of the butt between the first two fingers, with the thumb and
forefinger touching. Counts two and three are the same as counts three and four from *Order Arms*.
When marching, the command is given as the right foot strikes the marching surface.

Port Arms from *Right Shoulder Arms* is a two-count movement. The command is *Port,* **ARMS**.
On the command of execution **ARMS**, execute count one of *Order Arms* from Right Shoulder
Arms. On count two, release the grasp of the right hand and regrasp the rifle at the small of the stock and come to *Port Arms*. When marching, the command is given as the right foot strikes the marching surface.

Left Shoulder Arms from *Port Arms* is a two-count movement. The command is Left Shoulder,
ARMS. On the command of execution **ARMS**, execute *Left Shoulder Arms* in the same manner
as counts three and four from *Order Arms*. When marching, the command is given as the left foot
strikes the marching surface.

Port Arms from *Left Shoulder Arms* is a two-count movement. The command is *Port,* **ARMS**. On
the command of execution **ARMS**, execute the first two counts of *Order Arms* from Left Shoulder
Arms. When marching, the command is given as the left foot strikes the marching surface.

Left Shoulder Arms from *Right Shoulder Arms* is a four-count movement. The command is Left
Shoulder, **ARMS**. On the command of execution **ARMS**, execute the first count the same as executing *Order Arms*. On count two, remove the right hand from the butt of the rifle and regrasp the small of the stock (*Port Arms*). Counts three and four are the same movements as from Port Arms. When marching, the command is given as the left foot strikes the marching surface.

Right Shoulder Arms from *Left Shoulder Arms* is a five-count movement. The command is Right
Shoulder, **ARMS**. On the command of execution **ARMS**, execute *Port Arms* in two counts.
Counts three, four, and five are the same as from *Port Arms*. When *marching,* the command is
given as the right foot strikes the marching surface.

Present Arms from Right Shoulder Arms or *Left Shoulder Arms*, while in formation, is executed
from the *Halt* only. The command is *Present,* **ARMS**. On the command of execution **ARMS**,
come to *Port Arms* from either shoulder and then execute *Present Arms* (in one count) from Port Arms.


To resume *Right (Left) Shoulder Arms* from Present Arms, the command is Right (Left) Shoulder,
ARMS. On the command of execution **ARMS**, execute *Port Arms* in one count and then execute the counts as prescribed from *Port Arms*.
Note. Experienced Soldiers should be able to execute the 15-count manual of arms in unison from Order, to *Right Shoulder*, to *Left Shoulder*, to Present, to *Order Arms*. The command is Fifteen-Count Manual, **ARMS**.

## Fix And Unfix Bayonets

B-10. The command to Fix or Unfix *Bayonets* is given from *Order Arms* only. The movement is executed in a military manner but not in cadence.

Note. The bayonet scabbard is worn on the left side with the tip of the scabbard on line with the trouser leg seam and the barrel ring to the front.

## Fix Bayonets

B-11. To *Fix Bayonets*, the command is *Fix,* **BAYONETS**. On the command of execution **BAYONETS**, grasp the rifle barrel with the right hand, raise the rifle slightly, and place the butt of the rifle between the feet, with the magazine well to the front. Grasp the rifle barrel with the left hand and move the muzzle to the left front. With the right hand, unsnap the scabbard securing strap and withdraw the bayonet. Keeping the eyes on the bayonet point, turn the point skyward and attach the bayonet to the rifle. To engage the bayonet stud on the rifle with the base of the bayonet, grasp the handle, apply downward pressure until a click is heard, and then apply limited upward pressure to ensure that the bayonet is seated securely. Re-snap the scabbard securing strap with the right hand and then come to Order Arms.

## Unfix Bayonets

B-12. To *Unfix Bayonets*, the command is *Unfix,* **BAYONETS**. On the command of execution BAYONETS, grasp the rifle barrel with the right hand at the handle of the bayonet and place the rifle butt between the feet with the magazine well to the front. Move the muzzle to the left with the left hand and secure it. Unsnap the scabbard securing strap with the right hand, then grasp the bayonet handle with the left hand and release the bayonet from the rifle muzzle with the left hand. Keeping the eyes on the bayonet point, return the bayonet to the scabbard and insert it with the barrel ring facing to the front. Re-snap the scabbard securing strap and come to *Order Arms*. For safety, if the bayonet is difficult to remove from the rifle, stick the bayonet point into the marching surface, bend over, and depress the catch mechanism with the left hand while pulling upward on the rifle with the right hand.

## Sling ArmsM16-Series Rifle

B-13. To execute *Sling Arms*, use the following procedures:


From *Order Arms* with the sling(s) loose, the command for Sling Arms is *Sling,* **ARMS**. On the
command of execution **ARMS**, grasp the rifle barrel with the right hand and raise it vertically. Grasp the sling near the upper sling swivel with the left hand and release the right hand. Place the right hand and arm between the sling and rifle and place the sling over the right shoulder. Re-grasp the sling with the right hand so that the wrist is straight, the right forearm is horizontal, the elbow is tight against the side, and the rifle is vertical. Release the grasp of the left hand and move it
sharply to the left side as in the *Position of Attention*.

To return the rifle to *Order Arms* with the sling tight, the command is *Adjust,* **SLINGS**. On
command of execution **SLINGS**, remove the rifle from the shoulder. Then, grasp the rifle barrel with the right hand and raise it vertically. With the left hand, place the butt of the rifle on the right
hip and cradle it in the crook of the right arm. Use both hands to tighten the sling on the ejection port side. Grasp the rifle barrel with the right hand and guide the rifle to the *Order Arms* position.


From *Order Arms* with sling(s) tight, the command is *Sling,* **ARMS**. On the command of
execution **ARMS**, grasp the rifle barrel with the right hand and raise the rifle vertically. With the
left hand, place the rifle butt on the right hip, cradle the rifle in the crook of the right arm, and use both hands to adjust the sling. Grasp the sling with the left hand near the upper sling swivel and execute *Sling Arms* (as previously described).

If an element is at *Order Arms* with the sling loose and the commander wants the sling to be tightened, they command *Adjust* **SLINGS**. On the command of execution **SLINGS**, tighten the
sling and guide the rifle to *Order Arms* (as described in the previous bullet).
Note. Unless otherwise specified, armed elements of a formation fall-in at *Order Arms* with slings loose.


To return the rifle to *Order Arms* with the sling loose, the command is *Unsling,* **ARMS**. On the
command of execution **ARMS**, reach across the body with the left hand and grasp the sling at the
right shoulder. Release the right-hand grasp of the sling and remove the rifle from the shoulder. Grasp the rifle barrel with the right hand, release the left-hand grasp of the sling, and guide the rifle to the *Order Arms* position (as previously described).

## Salute At Sling Arms

B-14. To execute *Salute* while at *Sling Arms*, use the following procedures:


To *Salute* while at *Sling Arms*, the command is *Present,* **ARMS**. On the command of execution
ARMS, reach across the body with the left hand and grasp the sling just above the right hand. Release the right hand and execute the *Hand Salute*.

To terminate the *Hand Salute*, the command is *Order,* **ARMS**. On the command of execution
ARMS, lower the right hand sharply to the side as in the *Position of Attention* and then regrasp the sling at the original position. After grasping the sling with the right hand, release the left hand and return it sharply to the left side as in the *Position of Attention*.

When rendering reports or courtesy to an individual, the same rules apply for the *Hand Salute* (as
explained in individual drill).
Note. Individuals performing duty in congested areas, which would require frequent salutes, should carry the weapon at *Sling Arms*.

## Port Arms From Sling Arms

B-15. To execute *Port Arms* from *Sling Arms*, use the following procedures:


The command for this movement is *Port,* **ARMS**. On the command of execution **ARMS**, reach
across the body with the left hand and grasp the sling at the shoulder. Lift the weapon (by the sling), swing it to the front of the body, and grasp the small of the stock with the right hand. Release the sling (left hand) and regrasp the weapon just forward of the slip ring. Ensure that the
rifle is 4 inches from the belt and held diagonally across the body. Keep the elbows in at the sides
and the right forearm horizontal.

To resume *Sling Arms*, the command is *Sling,* **ARMS**. On the command of execution **ARMS**,
grasp the sling near the upper sling swivel with the left hand. Release the right hand and swing the
rifle back onto the shoulder by placing the right arm between the sling and rifle, immediately resume the position of *Sling Arms*.

## Inspection Arms From Sling Arms

B-16. To execute *Inspection Arms* from *Sling Arms*, use the following procedures:


The command for this movement is *Inspection,* **ARMS**. On the command of execution **ARMS**, execute *Port Arms* and then execute counts three through seven in the same manner as for
Inspection Arms from *Order Arms*.

Ready, Port, **ARMS** is executed in the same manner as explained in the manual of arms.

To resume *Sling Arms*, the procedures are the same as from *Port Arms*.

To execute *Inspection Arms* when the magazine is in the rifle, remove the magazine (just before
count three) with the left hand and place it between the waist (left front) and the clothing. Return
the magazine immediately after pulling the trigger and before resuming *Port Arms*. If the pistol
belt is worn, the magazine will be placed between the pistol belt and the clothing (left front).

## Manual Of ArmsM14 Rifle

The manual of arms with the M14 (see figure C-1) rifle is executed in the same manner as the manual of arms for the M16-series rifle (see appendix B) except *Inspection Arms*, Stack Arms, *Order Arms*, and some movements of *Present Arms*.

## Order Arms

C-1. Execute *Order Arms* in the same manner as explained for the M16-series rifle. The only difference is the butt of the rifle will be placed on the marching surface with the toe of the butt on line with the front of the right foot (see figure C-2 on page C-2).

## Rest Position

C-2. Execute the *Rest* position in the same manner as explained for the M16-series rifle. The only difference is the toe of the butt of the rifle must be on line with the front of the right foot (see figure C-2 on page C-2).

## Port Arms

C-3. Execute *Port Arms* in the same manner as explained for the M16-series rifle. The only difference is the Soldier must grasp the weapon with the left hand "at the balance." (Figure C-2 shows the location of the balance.)

## Present Arms

C-4. To execute *Present Arms* with the M14 rifle (see figure C-3 on page C-4), use the following procedures:

When at *Order Arms*, the left arm moves across the body on count one with the forearm and wrist
straight, fingers and thumb extended and joined, and palm down. The first joint of the forefinger touches the rifle at a point below the bayonet stud. If not in ranks, the head and eyes turn toward the person or Color saluted. On count two, the left hand is moved smartly to the side and the head
and eyes are turned to the front.
Note. When not at *Order Arms*, execute the movement in the same manner as previously described for the M16-series rifle in appendix B.


When at *Right Shoulder Arms*, the movement is executed by moving the left arm across the chest
and touching the first joint of the forefinger to the rear of the receiver. The left elbow is held so that the left forearm is horizontal. Fingers, thumb, and wrist are held as for *Order Arms*. The palm is down. Count two of the rifle Salute at *Right Shoulder Arms* is similar to the return from the rifle
Salute at *Order Arms*.

When at *Left Shoulder Arms*, the *Salute* is executed by moving the right arm across the chest and
touching the first joint of the forefinger to the rear of the receiver. The right elbow is held so that
the forearm is horizontal. The fingers, thumb, and wrist are as described in paragraph C-4. The
palm is down. Count two is similar to the return from the rifle Salute at *Right Shoulder Arms*.

## Right Shoulder Arms

C-5. Execute *Right Shoulder Arms* in the same manner as explained for the M16-series rifle. The only difference is the term "charging" must be changed to "receiver" (see figure C-3 on page C-4).

## Left Shoulder Arms

C-6. Execute *Left Shoulder Arms* in the same manner as explained for the M16-series rifle (see figure C-3
on page C-4).

## Inspection Arms

C-7. *Inspection Arms* with the M14 rifle (see figure C-4) is executed in five counts:


Counts one and two are the same as with the M16-series rifle (*Port Arms*). On count three, release
the small of the stock and move the right hand forward (fingers extended and joined, thumb on the opposite side of the receiver). Place the knife edge on the hand in contact with the operating rod handle. On count four, press the operating rod handle sharply to the rear and lock the bolt to the rear by pressing the bolt lock with the thumb. At the same time, lower the head and eyes to check the receiver. On count five, raise the head and eyes back to the front and regrasp the small of the stock with the right hand, assuming the *Inspection Arms* position.

Ready, Port, **ARMS** is the only command that is given from *Inspection Arms*. On the command
Ready, relax the grip of the right hand and hook the top of the forefinger to the rear. On the
command *Port*, release the operating rod handle (allowing the bolt to go forward) and place the
forefinger on the trigger. On the command of execution **ARMS**, pull the trigger and come to
Port Arms.

## Fix And Unfix Bayonets

C-8. Execute Fix and Unfix *Bayonets* in the same manner as explained for the M16-series rifle. The command for this movement also remains the same.

## Sling Arms

C-9. Execute *Sling Arms* in the same manner as explained for the M16-series rifle. The command for this movement also remains the same.

## Stack And Take Arms

C-10. Execute *Stack Arms* using the following procedures:


Stack Arms is executed from *Order Arms* only. It may be executed while at *Normal Interval* in a
line (squad) or a column formation. *Stack Arms* is not a precise movement; however, it is executed
in a military manner.

The leader designates the stack person by numbers (for example, 2-5-8) when in a line formation,
or by squad (second or third) when in a column formation. After the stack person have been
designated, the leader then commands *Prepare,* **SLINGS**.

On the command **SLINGS**, each stack person places the butt of their rifle on their right hip and
cradles it in the crook of their right arm. They then adjust the sling keeper to form a 2-inch loop next to the upper sling swivel. As soon as they have prepared the loop, they return to *Order Arms*.

When all stack persons have returned to *Order Arms*, the leader commands *Stack,* **ARMS**. On the
command **ARMS**, each stack person places their rifle directly in front of and centered on their body with the sling facing to the front. The heel of the rifle butt is on the marching surface on line with the toes of their shoes. They grasp the rifle by the handguard with their left hand. The first
two fingers of the left hand hold the inner part of the loop against the rifle. They reach across the
front of the rifle with the right hand, grasp the outer part of the loop, and hold it open for the
insertion of the other rifles. They hold the rifle vertical at all times (see figure C-5, item 1).

On the command **ARMS**, the Soldier to the left and right of the stack person perform the following movements simultaneously:

The Soldier on the stack person's left raises and centers their rifle in front of their body so
that their right hand is shoulder high and the rifle is about 4 inches from their chest, with the sling to the front. They then grasp the rifle with their left hand at the small of the stock and
lowers both arms, holding the weapon in a horizontal position (see figure C-5, item 1).

The Soldier on the stack person's right raises and centers their rifle, wrist shoulder high, with
the sling facing the front. They then grasp the rifle with their left hand directly below their
right hand, and, in the most convenient manner, grasp the rifle with the right hand at the small of the stock. They then lower both arms, holding the rifle stock. They then lower both arms,
holding the rifle in a horizontal position (see figure C-5, item 1).

As soon as both Soldiers have completed these movements, each moves the foot nearest the stack person 18 inches (*Half Left or Right*) toward the stack person. In a continuing motion,
the Soldier on the stack person's left inserts the muzzle of their rifle into the loop held by the
stack person until the bayonet stud protrudes past the far end of the loop (see figure C-5,
item 2). They hold their rifle in that position until the Soldier on the stack person's right inserts
the muzzle of their rifle through the loop in the same manner and above the muzzle of the rifle of the left Soldier.

When both rifles have been inserted into the loop, the Soldier on each side of the stack person swing the butts of their rifles out and down to the marching surface until the stack is tight with the
(two) rifle butts on line and about 2 feet from the baseline.

After necessary adjustments have been made, the three Soldiers come to *Attention* (see figure C-5,
item 3).

Extra rifles are passed to the nearest stack on the right. As each rifle is passed, it is grasped at the
upper part of the handguard with the right hand. Then, with the rifle held vertical, it is passed with
fully extended arm to the right front. The Soldier on the right grasps the rifle at the balance with
their left hand, brings the rifle to the center of their body, and regrasps it at the upper part of the handguard with their right hand. This action continues until the stack person receives the rifle and places it on the stack with their right hand as nearly vertical as possible. They place the rifles on the stack with the slings away from the stack (if the second squad is the stack squad, extra rifles are passed to the left).

To *Take Arms*, the leader commands *Take,* **ARMS**.

On the command **ARMS**, the stack person passes each extra rifle toward its bearer. The rifles are handled in the manner described for passing them to the stack (left hand at the balance,
right hand at the upper part of the handguard). As Soldiers receive their rifles, they come to
Order Arms.

After all extra rifles have been returned, the stack person grasps the base rifles, holding the
loop open as in *Stack Arms*.

The Soldiers to the right and left of the stack person take one step to their left and right fronts,
respectively. They reach down, grasp their rifles, and bring the rifles to a horizontal position.
The Soldier to the right of the stack person frees their rifle from the stack first. Each Soldier returns to *Order Arms* after *Unsling Arms* and retrieves their rifle. They do this by guiding
and steadying the rifle with their left hand (as in the next to the last count of *Order Arms*).

The stack person adjusts the sling of their rifle before returning to *Order Arms*.

## Appendix D Manual Of ArmsM1903 Or M1917 Rifle

The manual of arms with the M1903 or M1917 rifle (see figure D-1) is executed in the same manner as the manual of arms for the M16-series rifle (see appendix B) except for minor differences with *Order Arms, Port Arms, Left* and Right Shoulder Arms, Inspection Arms, and *Present Arms*. For ease of understanding, the movements are fully described.

Note. The term "at the balance" refers to where the trailing edge of the top handguard meets the front edge of the breech. The trailing edge of the hand is placed in this area. Figure D-1 shows the location of the balance.

## Order Arms

D-1. Execute *Order Arms* using the following procedures:


Assume *Order Arms* on the command **FALL IN** or from *Parade Rest* on the command of
execution **ATTENTION**.

At *Order Arms*, maintain the *Position of Attention* with the rifle. Place the butt of the rifle on the
marching surface with sights to the rear and touching the right foot. Place the toe of the butt on
line with the front of the right foot. Secure the rifle with the right hand in a "U" formed by the fingers (extended and joined) and thumb. Keep the right arm as in the *Position of Attention* and hold the rifle with the right thumb and fingers with the fingers pointed generally downward and touching the sides of the handguards. Keep the right hand and arm behind the rifle (see figure D-2).

## Rest Position

D-2. The rifle *Rest* positions are commanded and executed the same as individual drill with the following additions:


On the command of execution REST of *Parade,* **REST**, thrust the muzzle forward keeping the toe of the butt on line with the front of the right foot and the right arm straight (see figure D-2).

Execute *Stand at Ease* with the rifle in the same manner as *Parade Rest* except turn the head and
eyes toward the commander.

On the command AT EASE or **REST**, keep the butt of the rifle in place as in *Parade Rest*.

## Port Arms

D-3. Execute *Port Arms* from *Order Arms* using the following procedures:


Port Arms from *Order Arms* is a two-count movement. The command is *Port,* **ARMS**. On the
command of execution **ARMS**, grasp the rifle with the right hand and raise the rifle diagonally across the body, keeping the right elbow down (without strain). With the left hand, simultaneously
grasp the rifle at the balance so that the rifle is about 4 inches from the waist. On count two, regrasp
the rifle at the small of the stock with the right hand. Hold the rifle diagonally across the body,
about 4 inches from the waist, the right forearm horizontal, and the elbows close to the sides (see
figure D-3 on page D-4).

Order Arms from *Port Arms* is executed in three counts. The command is *Order,* **ARMS**. On the
command of execution **ARMS**, move the right hand up and across the body and firmly grasp the
rifle just forward of the lower band without moving the rifle, and keep the right elbow down
without strain. On count two, move the left hand from the balance and lower the rifle to the right
side until it is about 1 inch from the marching surface. Guide the rifle to the side by placing the
forefinger of the left hand at the forward edge of the upper band, fingers and thumb extended and
joined, palm to the rear. On count three, move the left hand sharply to the left side, gently lower
the rifle to the marching surface, and resume the position of *Order Arms* (see figure D-3 on
page D-4).

## Present Arms

D-4. Execute *Present Arms* using the following procedures:


Present Arms from *Order Arms* is a three-count movement. The command is *Present,* **ARMS**. On
the command of execution **ARMS**, execute *Port Arms* in two counts. On count three, twist the rifle with the right hand so that the sights are to the rear, and move the rifle to a vertical position about 4 inches in front of and centered on the body. Lower the rifle until the left forearm is
horizontal; keep the elbows in at the sides. Keep the left thumb alongside and touching the
handguard.
Note. Incline the barrel slightly backward to ensure that the weapon is vertical.


Order Arms from *Present Arms* is a four-count movement. The command is *Order,* **ARMS**. On
the command of execution **ARMS**, return the rifle to *Port Arms*. Counts two, three, and four are
the same as *Order Arms* from *Port Arms* (see figure D-4).

Port Arms is assumed en route to or from *Present Arms* when going to or from *Right Shoul*der or Left Shoulder Arms. *Present Arms* from or to *Port Arms* is a one-count movement. When rendering
reports or courtesy to an individual from *Order Arms*, execute *Present Arms* and turn the head and
eyes toward the individual addressed. *Order Arms* is executed automatically upon
acknowledgment of the *Salute*.

## Right Shoulder Arms

D-5. Execute *Right Shoulder Arms* using the following procedures:


Right Shoulder Arms from *Order Arms* is a four-count movement. The command is Right
Shoulder, **ARMS**. Execute count one, the command of execution **ARMS**, the same as in executing Port Arms. On count two, release the grasp of the right hand and grasp the heel of the butt between
the first two fingers with the thumb and forefinger touching. On count three (without moving the
head), release the grasp of the left hand (without changing the grasp of the right hand), twist the rifle so that the sights are up, and place the weapon onto the right shoulder, moving the left hand to the small of the stock to guide the rifle to the shoulder. Keep the fingers and thumb (left hand) extended and joined with the palm turned toward the body. The first joint of the left forefinger
touches the rear of the cocking piece. Keep the left elbow down, and keep the right forearm horizontal with the right upper arm against the side and on line with the back. On count four, sharply move the left hand back to the left side as in the *Position of Attention* (see figure D-5).

Order Arms from *Right Shoulder Arms* is a four-count movement. The command is *Order,* **ARMS**.
On the command of execution **ARMS**, without moving the head and without changing the grasp
of the right hand, press down quickly and firmly on the butt of the rifle with the right hand and twist the weapon (with the sights up), guiding it diagonally across the body and about 4 inches from the waist. Grasp the rifle with the left hand at the balance. On count two, move the right hand
up and across the body and firmly grasp the rifle just forward of the lower band without moving
the rifle; keep the right elbow down without strain. Counts three and four are the same as from
Port Arms to *Order Arms* (see figure D-5).

## Left Shoulder Arms

D-6. Execute *Left Shoulder Arms* using the following procedures:


Left Shoulder Arms from *Order Arms* is a four-count movement. The command is Left Shoulder,
ARMS. On the command of execution **ARMS**, execute *Port Arms* in two counts. On count three,
release the grasp of the left hand and (without moving the head) place the rifle on the left shoulder with the right hand (with the sights up), keeping the right elbow down. At the same time, regrasp the rifle with the left hand with the heel of the butt between the first two fingers and with the
thumb and forefinger touching. The left forearm is horizontal, and the left upper arm is against the
side and on line with the back. On count four, move the right hand to the right side as in the
Position of Attention (see figure D-6).

Order Arms from *Left Shoulder Arms* is a five-count movement. The command is *Order,* **ARMS**.
On the command of execution **ARMS**, move the right hand up and across the body and grasp the
small of the stock, keeping the right elbow down. On count two (without moving the head), release the grasp of the left hand and with the right hand move the rifle diagonally across the body (sights
up) about 4 inches from the waist. At the same time, regrasp the rifle at the balance with the left
hand, and resume *Port Arms* (see figure D-6). Counts three, four, and five are the same as Order
Arms from *Port Arms*.

## Inspection Arms

D-7. Execute *Inspection Arms* using the following procedures:


Inspection Arms from *Order Arms* is a five-count movement. The command is *Inspection,* **ARMS**.
On the command of execution **ARMS**, execute *Port Arms* in two counts. On count three, grasp
the bolt handle with the thumb and forefinger of the right hand, rotate the handle upward and draw the bolt back. On count four, lower the head and eyes and visually inspect the magazine. On count five, return the head and eyes to the front as in the *Position of Attention*, and come to Inspection
Arms (see figure D-7).
Note. The method for inspecting the rifle by an inspecting officer is explained in chapter 7.


Port, **ARMS** is the only command given from *Inspection Arms*. On the command *Port*, push the
bolt forward and rotate the handle down locking the bolt in place, then release the grasp of the right hand and regrasp the small of the stock with the right forefinger on the trigger. On the
command **ARMS**, pull the trigger and resume *Port Arms* (see figure D-7).
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## Appendix E Manual Of ArmsSaber And Sword

The saber is worn by officers while participating in ceremonies with troops under arms, or as directed. It is carried on the left side of the body attached to the belt by the scabbard chain with the guard of the saber to the rear. The sword is worn by all platoon sergeants and first sergeants while participating in ceremonies with troops under arms, or as directed. It is carried in the same manner as the officer's saber.

## Nomenclature

E-1. The nomenclature for the saber is saber for all officers, model 1902. The blade is 31 inches long. The nomenclature for the sword is NCO's sword, model 1840. Figure E-1 on page E-2 shows the nomenclature for pertinent parts of the saber (sword) and scabbard.

## Standing Manual Of Arms

E-2. Execute *Standing* with the saber (sword) using the following procedures.

## Attention

E-3. *Attention* is the position before the command *Draw,* **SABER (SWORD)** and after the command Return, **SABER (SWORD)**. The hands are behind the trouser seams and the thumbs touch the first joint of the forefingers (see figure E-2).

## Draw Saber (Sword)

E-4. To *Draw Saber (Sword)*, at the preparatory command *Draw*, grasp the scabbard with the left hand turning the scabbard clockwise 180 degrees, tilting it forward to form an angle of 45 degrees with the ground. Take the saber (sword) grip in the right hand and pull the saber about 6 inches from the scabbard. The right forearm should now be roughly parallel to the ground as seen in figure E-3 on page E-4.

E-5. On the command of execution **SABER (SWORD)**, the saber (sword) is pulled out of the scabbard and held in the position of *Carry Saber (Sword)*. The saber (sword) should be held with the inner blade-edge riding in a vertical position along the forward tip of the right shoulder (see figure E-4 on page E-5).

## Carry Saber (Sword)

E-6. The *Carry Saber (Sword)* position is assumed under the following situations:

To give commands.

To change positions.

By officers when officially addressing (or when officially addressed by) another officer, if the
saber is drawn.

By NCOs when officially addressing a Soldier, or when officially addressed by an officer, if the sword is drawn.

Before returning the saber (sword) to the scabbard.

At the preparatory command for (and while marching at) quick time.
E-7. At *Carry Saber (Sword)* (see figure E-4), the officer (NCO) is at the *Position of Attention*. The saber
(sword) is held in the right hand; the wrist is as straight as possible with the thumb along the seam of the trouser leg. The point of the blade rests inside the point of the shoulder and not along the arm. The saber
(sword) is held in this position by the thumb and forefinger grasping the grip, and it is steadied with the second finger behind the grip.

E-8. *Present Saber (Sword)* may be executed from the carry when serving in the capacity of COT or serving in a command that is not part of a larger unit. On the preparatory command of *Present,* the saber (sword) is brought to a position (at the rate, of two counts) approximately 4 inches from the nose so that the tip of the saber (sword) is 6 inches from the vertical (see figure E-5, item 1 on page E-6). At the command of execution ARMS, the right hand is lowered (at the rate of two counts) with the flat of the blade upward, the thumb extended on the left side of the grip (see figure E-5, item 2 on page E-6), and the tip of the saber (sword)
about 6 inches from the marching surface.

E-9. On the command *Order* **ARMS**, the saber (sword) is returned to the position of Carry Saber (Sword).

## Parade Rest

E-10. This position is assumed without moving the saber (sword) from the *Order Arms* position. At the command of execution, the left foot is moved about 10 inches to the left (of the right foot), and the left hand is placed in the small of the back, fingers extended and joined, palm to the rear (see figure E-6). At the command of execution **ATTENTION**, the left hand and foot are returned to the *Position of Attention*.

Note. Whenever the saber (sword) is at the *Order Arms* position the saber (sword) is straight, not at an angle inward or outward in relationship to the body.

## Return Saber (Sword)

E-11. *Return Saber* is executed from *Carry Saber (Sword)* in three counts. At the preparatory command Return of the command officers (NCOs), *Return,* **SABER (SWORD)**, the saber (sword) is brought to a vertical position (see figure E-7, item 1 on page E-8). The forearm (wrist) is held parallel to the marching surface about 3 inches from the body; the guard is pointed to the left.

E-12. At the command of execution **SABER (SWORD)**, three actions take place simultaneously: the saber
(sword) is pivoted downward toward the guard, at the same time grasp the scabbard with the left hand just above the upper brass ring mounting. Tilt it forward and turn it clockwise 180 degrees. The scabbard should form a 45-degree angle with the ground, and the saber (sword) bearer turns their head to the left and, looks down to observe the mouthpiece of the scabbard (the shoulders remain squared to the front and level). As smoothly and as quickly as possible, the saber (sword) is inserted into the scabbard and stopped so that about
12 inches of the blade is showing; the right forearm (wrist) is horizontal to the marching surface and 3 inches from the body (see figure E-7, item 2).

E-13. At the command of execution CUT of the command *Ready,* **CUT**, the saber (sword) is thrust smartly into the scabbard. The scabbard is rotated so that its tip is forward, and the saber (sword) bearer comes to Attention (see figure E-7, item 3).

## Marching Manual Of Arms

E-14. While marching, the saber (sword) is carried with the inner blade edge riding in a vertical position along the forward tip of the right shoulder (see figure E-8). The saber (sword) remains parallel with the right arm as the Soldier marches.

## Eyes Right While Marching

E-15. The command *Ready, Eyes,* **RIGHT** is executed while marching at *Carry Saber (Sword)*. The command *Ready* is given as the right foot strikes the marching surface (no action is taken). The second time the right foot strikes the marching surface, the command *Eyes* is given and the saber (sword) is brought to the position (count one position) of *Present Arms*. No action is taken the third time the right foot strikes the marching surface. The fourth time the right foot strikes the marching surface, the command **RIGHT** is given.

As the foot strikes the marching surface, the head is turned sharply to the right at a 45-degree angle, and the saber (sword) is brought downward (see figure E-9 on page E-10).

Note. The initial preparatory command *Ready* is only used when marching with a guidon bearer.

E-16. While marching at *Present Saber (Sword)*, the right arm is swung naturally (9 inches to the front and
6 inches to the rear) in a vertical plane, flexing the wrist to keep the tip of the blade level (about 6 inches)
above the marching surface. This requires extending the wrist on the forward movement and elevating the wrist on the rearward movement.

E-17. The command *Ready,* **FRONT** is executed as follows: The command *Ready* is given as the right foot strikes the marching surface (no action is taken). The second time the right foot strikes the marching surface, a second command *Ready* is given (again, no action is taken). The saber (sword) is returned to the Order position while maintaining the arm swing as the right foot strikes the marching surface the third time. The fourth time the right foot strikes the marching surface the command **FRONT** is given. The head is turned sharply to the front as the right foot strikes the marching surface and the saber (sword) is returned to the Carry position the next time the left foot strikes the marching surface.

## Port Arms

E-18. *Port Arms* (see figure E-10) is executed on the preparatory command *Double Time* of the command Double Time, **MARCH**. This position is assumed only from the position of *Carry Saber (Sword).* The right arm swings naturally across and 6 inches in front of the body. The saber (sword) is canted 45 degrees from the vertical with the guard pointed to the left. The left hand grasps the scabbard.

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## Appendix F Manual Of The Guidon

The guidon is a company, battery, or troop identification flag. It is present at all unit formations unless otherwise directed by the commander. When armed with a rifle, the guidon bearer slings the weapon behind their back with the sling diagonally across their chest and the muzzle end up and to the right.

## Basic Guidon Positions

F-1. When the unit is formed, the guidon bearer is one step in front of and two 15-inch left steps to the right of and facing the person forming the unit (the person forming the unit is facing the unit). If the first sergeant forms the unit, the guidon bearer steps forward three steps on the command **POST**.

F-2. To face with the guidon, raise the ferrule 1 inch off the marching surface by bending the right elbow slightly. After executing the movement, automatically lower the ferrule to the *Order* position. Keep the staff vertical throughout the movement.

F-3. Execute facing movements, marching movements, *Present Arms (Present Guidon*), and Rest movements with the unit. During manual of arms movements, remain at *Order Guidon* except for Present Arms (see figure F-1 on page F-2).

F-4. When in a line formation and the company is faced to the right for a marching movement, face to the right in marching, assume the *Double-Time* position (see figure F-7 on page F-8) and double-time from that position to a position five steps forward of and centered on the squad leaders of the first platoon. If the company commander joins the formation at the head of the column (six steps in front of and centered on the squad leaders), execute two left steps.

F-5. If a platoon is authorized a guidon or phase banner (in training units for example), the bearer's post is one step in front of and two 15-inch steps to the right of and facing the person forming the platoon. When the formation is faced to the right for a marching movement, the bearer executes in the same manner as explained above, except that their post is three steps in front of and centered on the squad leaders. If the platoon leader is present and at their post, the bearer's post is one step to the rear and two 15-inch steps to the left of the platoon leader.

F-6. When the guidon bearer is marching at their post in a column formation during a *Column Left (Right)*, they execute a *Column Half Left (Right)* on the command of execution and incline as necessary to maintain their post. The guidon bearer inclines as necessary to maintain their post.

Note. Execute raised guidon only on the preparatory commands for *Present,* ARMS; *Eyes,* RIGHT; and on the preparatory command Order of *Order*, **ARMS** following the execution of Present Arms and *Eyes Right*. Also execute *Raised Guidon* on the preparatory command *Ready* of Ready, **FRONT**.

## Order Guidon

F-7. Order Guidon (*Position of Attention*), keep the ferrule on the marching surface and touching the outside of the right foot, opposite the ball of the right foot. Hold the staff in the right hand in the "U" formed by the fingers (extended and joined pointing downward) and thumb. Keep the right hand and arm behind the staff. Rest the staff against the hollow of the shoulder (see figure F-1 on page F-2).

## Rest Positions

F-8. To assume *Rest* positions, execute the following actions:


On the preparatory command *Parade*, slide the right hand up the staff until the forearm is horizontal and grasp the staff (see figure F-2, item 1). On the command of execution **REST**, thrust
the staff straight forward keeping the ferrule on the marching surface until the arm is fully
extended, and at the same time, execute *Parade Rest* as in individual drill (see figure F-2, item 2).

Stand At Ease is the same as *Parade Rest*, except that the eyes and head are turned toward the
commander.

Execute *At Ease* and *Rest* with the guidon from the *Order Guidon* position.

## Carry Guidon

F-9. To assume the position of *Carry Guidon*, execute the following actions:


On the preparatory command for marching movements, execute *Carry Guidon* from Order Guidon
by reaching across the body with the left hand (forearm horizontal) and grasping the staff (see
figure F-3 on page F-4). Raise the staff vertically 6 inches allowing the staff to slide through the
right hand. While the staff is sliding through the right hand, release the grasp and regrasp the staff with right thumb to the front, pointed downward and on line with the seam of the trousers. On the command of execution **MARCH**, return the left hand smartly to the left side and simultaneously
step off (see figure F-3, on page F-4).

To resume *Order Guidon* from *Carry Guidon*, reach across the body with the left hand (forearm
horizontal) and grasp the staff. Let the staff slide through the hands until the ferrule touches the
marching surface. Re-grasp the staff in the same manner as in *Order Guidon* and then return the left hand sharply to the side as in the position of attention.


When *double-timing*, carry the guidon diagonally across the body in the same manner as
Port Arms.

## Raised Guidon

F-10. On the preparatory command Present of *Present,* **ARMS** and Eyes of *Eyes*, **RIGHT**, raise the guidon vertically, by grasping the staff with the right hand. Raise the guidon with the right hand while simultaneously moving the left hand (with palm to the rear) across the body to guide the guidon (see figure F-4, item 1).

Keep raising the guidon until the right hand is on line with the right shoulder. Keep the right elbow into the side. Hold the guidon in this position until the command of execution is given (see figure F-4, item 2).

Note. When executing *Raised Guidon* from *Carry Guidon*, the bearer changes their grip to the Order Guidon position when they grasp the staff with their left hand. The bearer then executes Raised Guidon as previously described in paragraph F-10. The bearer returns to *Carry Guidon*
from *Raised Guidon* as described in paragraph F-9.

## Present Guidon

F-11. To assume this position, execute the following actions:


On the preparatory commands for *Present,* **ARMS** and *Eyes,* **RIGHT**, execute *Raised Guidon*.
On the command of execution, lower the guidon to the front using the right hand, keeping the left
hand in the same position as *Raised Guidon* until the guidon is in the horizontal position resting
under the arm pit. As soon as the staff is horizontal, return the left hand sharply to the left side (see figure F-5 on page F-6).

During a review, execute *Eyes Right* as the guidon is presented on the command of execution
RIGHT. Move the head and eyes to the front as the guidon is raised on the command *Ready* of
Ready, **FRONT**.

On the command Order of *Order,* ARMS or Ready of *Ready,* **FRONT**, regrasp the staff with the
left hand at its original position and execute *Raised Guidon*. On the command of execution ARMS
or **FRONT**, lower the guidon back to the carry or order position.

## Guidon Bearer's Salute

F-12. When the guidon bearer (not in formation) has to salute from the order or carry position, the *Salute* is given with the left hand. To achieve this position, execute the following actions:


Move the left hand sharply to a position so that the first joint of the forefinger is touching the staff. The fingers and thumb are extended and joined, palm down, wrist straight, and forearm horizontal
(see figure F-6).

After the *Salute* is acknowledged, return the left hand sharply to the side.

When at *Double Time* (not in formation), return to *Quick Time*, returning the guidon to the carry
position and render the guidon *Salute* as previously described. Upon completing the *Salute* return
to the carry position and resume *Double Time* (see figure F-7 on page F-8).

## Appendix G Ceremonies

This appendix contains a checklist for successfully conducting military ceremonies. It also shows the sequence of events for a change of command and change of responsibility ceremonies.

G-1. Ceremonies honor lineage and history, thereby requiring the utmost in respect and courtesy. Military ceremonies can honor high-ranking commanders, officials, or dignitaries; or permit them to observe the state of training of an organization. Military ceremonies can also be used to present decorations and awards, honor or recognize unit or individual achievements, commemorate events, mark changes of command and responsibility, and induct newly promoted NCOs into the ranks. Presentation of awards recognizes distinguished accomplishment by the Service member. AR 600-8-22 states that awards will be presented with an appropriate air of formality and with fitting ceremony.

G-2. There are several different types of ceremonies that units will occasionally conduct. Unit CSMs and their staff will develop their own sequence of events for the following types of ceremonies:


Change of command.

Change of responsibility.

NCO induction.

Assumption of responsibility.

Relinquishment of responsibility.

Award.

Deployment and redeployment.

Hail and farewell.

Army school graduation (special units).

Award of Expert Infantry Badge or Expert Field Medical Badge.

Wreath laying.

Special events.

Spurs awarding (Cavalry specific).
G-3. Most ceremonies will include some of the mandatory events listed in the reviews chapter and end with the playing of the Army song. A unit CSM or their designated representative develops their ceremony specific SOP and ensure the preparedness of the unit conducting the ceremony. If the ceremony is conducted at the company or troop level, then the responsibilities for the sequence of events could be delegated to the company first sergeant and command team. Hail and farewells do not require the playing of the national anthem or playing of the Army song. Figure G-1 on page G-2 shows a sample checklist for conducting military ceremonies.

## Change Of Command Sequence Of Events

G-4. Use the following sequence of events for a change-of-command ceremony:

Prelude music.

Formation of troops.

Welcome (narrator).

Introduction of official party (narrator).

Invocation.

Presentation of flowers to outgoing and incoming commander's spouse.

Sound *Attention* and *Adjutant's Call*.

Sound off.

COT moves to parade field.

Honors and cannon salute.

Reviewing party moves to reviewing stand.

Inspection.

Officer and Colors center march.

Honors to the Nation.

COT moves guidon forward.

Official party moves to four steps from guidon.

Official party or first sergeant takes position.

Narrator reads assumption of command orders.

Guidon is passed.

COT returns guidon.

Reviewing officer comments.

Outgoing, then incoming, commander comments.

Army song.

Narrator announces conclusion and administrative remarks.

COT dismisses troops.

## Change-Of-Responsibility Sequence Of Events

G-5. Use the following sequence of events for a change-of-responsibility ceremony:


Prelude music.

Formation of troops (10 minutes prior).

Warning that ceremony is to begin in 10 minutes.

Introduction of official party and distinguished guests.

Silence all cell phones and take seats (2 minutes prior).

Host CSM and reviewing officer assume positions.

Welcome (narrator).

Invocation by the unit chaplain.

Presentation of flowers to outgoing and incoming NCOs' spouses.

Official party marches to their positions.

Colors conduct center march and join official party.

Honors to the Nation.

Units bring themselves to *Attention* and *Present Arms*.

Playing of the national anthem.

Change of responsibility (passing of the unit guidon).

Remarks from commander, then outgoing and incoming NCOs.

Playing and singing of the Army song.

Conclusion of ceremony.

## Attention To Orders

G-6. "**Attention to Orders**" is the statement given prior to the formal presentation of an award or recognition during a ceremony, in both a formal and informal setting. When the adjutant announces "**Attention to Orders**" everyone present at the ceremony silence all conversations and focus on the presentation of the award. If the commander requires military members present at the ceremony to be at the position of *Attention,* then execution command **ATTENTION** is given prior to the presentation of the award.

Please see the example below.

## Example:

Formal setting: During a squadron award ceremony the unit is in a squadron formation. The squadron commander calls all awardees to post. The awardees march to a designated spot in front of the formation and are prepared to receive their awards. The squadron commander announces *Squadron,* **ATTENTION**. They then direct the adjutant to publish the orders. The adjutant reads off all Soldier's awards to the entire formation while the squadron commander and CSM present the awards to the awardees. Informal setting: During a troop hail and farewell ceremony at a local establishment or banquet hall, the troop commander presents a few permanent change of station awards to deserving Soldiers. The troop commander would ask the awardees to move to the front of the crowd to receive their award. The troop commander, at their discretion, would then direct their executive officer or troop representative to publish the orders. The adjutant would announce "**Attention to Orders**." All personnel in attendance of the ceremony would silence all conversations and direct all their attention to the presentation of the award.

## Appendix H Mounted Drill

This appendix contains the procedures for the orderly formation and movement of vehicles during drill and ceremonies for motorized and mechanized units. When necessary, the procedures may be modified to conform to local conditions.

## General

H-1. Motorized and mechanized units, when dismounted, conduct drill and ceremonies in the same manner as prescribed for Infantry units. The COT has the same responsibilities as well.

H-2. When mounted in vehicles, visible troops sit at *Attention*. Those armed with a rifle place the butt of the weapon alongside the right foot in the same manner as *Order Arms*, with the weapon vertical and parallel to the calf of the leg. Grasp the weapon with the right hand so that the right forearm is horizontal. Visible troops not armed with a rifle, fold their arms (right over the left) and raise the elbows so that the upper arms are horizontal.

H-3. When marching units and motorized and/or mechanized units take part in the same ceremony, the units form dismounted (in a formation corresponding to the marching units) with their vehicles to the rear. On the directive **PASS IN REVIEW**, the commander faces about and directs at your vehicles, **FALL IN** or MOUNT (LOAD) YOUR VEHICLES. Subordinate commanders and leaders, in sequence from right to left, command *At your vehicles*, **FALL IN (MOUNT YOUR VEHICLES)** and all vehicle members double-time to their vehicle. On the signal to mount, they mount their vehicle. Drivers observe their commander or leader for the signal to start engines.

## Formations

H-4. The formations for motorized and mechanized units are basically the same as for Infantry units. The interval between vehicles is about five steps. The distance is about 10 steps between vehicles one behind the other. Mass formations may be used for ceremonies or instruction by companies or larger units:


Column. In this formation, the vehicles are placed one behind the other, and the right edges of the vehicles are aligned.

Line. In this formation, vehicles are abreast, and the front edges of the vehicles are aligned.

Mass. A unit formed with two or more columns abreast constitutes a mass. Masses may be grouped as follows:

Line of masses. Masses abreast with 10-step intervals (see figure H-1 on page H-2).

Column of masses. Masses placed one behind another with 10-step intervals between
companies (see figure H-2 on page H-3).

Line of battalions in line of masses. Battalions in line of masses abreast with 20-step intervals
between battalions.

Line of battalions in column of masses. Battalions in column of masses abreast with 20-step
intervals between battalions.

Column of battalions in line of masses. Battalions in line of masses, placed one behind another, with 20-step intervals between battalions.

Column of battalions in columns of masses. Battalions in column of masses, placed one behind another, with 20-step intervals between battalions.

## Formation At Vehicles

H-5. Personnel form at the vehicles before mounting using the following procedures:


To form at the vehicles from any formation, the command is *At your vehicles,* **FALL IN**. At the
command **FALL IN**, the Soldiers move (double-time) to their assigned vehicles and form as
shown in figure H-3 on page H-4. When there are more than five Soldiers, they form two or three
ranks with normal distance. When there are more than 15 Soldiers, the number of Soldiers per
rank may be increased. (Artillery sections form as prescribed in service-of-the-piece manuals.)

To load, the command is *Load,* **VEHICLES**. On the command of execution **VEHICLES**, each
Soldier double-times and forms at their vehicle (as previously described).

## Movement Of Vehicles

H-6. Execute the following actions to move vehicles:


To move forward, the commander gives the warning signal **FORWARD**, and their vehicle moves
out. The other vehicles move forward at the designated distance. They are aligned on the base
vehicle (right).

To halt, the commander signals **HALT**. The driver then slows down and halts the commander's
vehicle. The other vehicles close to the prescribed distance and halt.

To change the direction of travel of mass formation, the commander gives the appropriate signal. On the commander's signal, the base vehicle turns 90 degrees and slows. Other vehicles turn about
45 degrees and continue traveling in an arc at normal speed until on line with the base vehicle. As the vehicles form on line, the base vehicle accelerates as necessary to maintain correct distance on the commander.

To change a line formation to a column formation, the commander signals for a column. The base
vehicle, and those directly behind it, move forward. Other vehicles move at a 45-degree angle until
in line with the lead vehicle and then execute a 45-degree turn.

To change a column formation to a line formation, the commander signals a line formation. The base (right flank vehicle) stops and all other vehicles turn at a 45-degree angle, turn again at a
45-degree angle when the prescribed interval is obtained, and then halt when on line with the base vehicle.

## Mounted Reviews

H-7. Motorized and mechanized units conduct ceremonies as close as possible to the procedures prescribed for other units. They may participate (exactly as prescribed for marching units) as a dismounted unit, and on the directive **PASS IN REVIEW**, mount their vehicles and pass in review mounted. When desired, motorized and mechanized units may position their vehicles in a prescribed formation and remain mounted throughout the ceremony.

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## Appendix I Flags And Colors

Normally, a flag detail consists of one NCOIC, two halyard pullers, and two to eight flag handlers. The purpose of the flag handlers is to ensure correct folding (unfolding) of the flag and to ensure that the flag does not touch the ground. As a guide, two flag handlers are needed when raising or lowering the storm (small) flag, six handlers for the post (medium) flag, and eight handlers for the garrison (large) flag.

The members of the flag detail are equipped according to local SOP and/or letter of instructions. The NCOIC inconspicuously gives the necessary commands or directives to ensure proper performance by the flag detail. On windy days, the NCOIC may assist the flag handlers to secure or fold the flag. In most other situations, it is inappropriate for the NCOIC to touch the flag when it is being folded or unfolded.

## Raising, Lowering, And Folding The Flag

I-1. Installation commanders set the time to play reveille and raise their installations flags. The flag is raised at the first note of reveille. The flag is hoisted all the way to the top of the flagpole unless there are circumstances that require the U.S. flag to be flown at half mass, and those circumstances could be found in AR 600-25. If the flag is flown at half-staff the flag is first hoisted all the way to the top of the pole, and then brought back down to half mass where it will remain until it is lowered.

I-2. Retreat is played at the time established by the installation commander, and the flag detail will lower the flag concurrent with the playing of the national anthem, or "To the Color," and after retreat. A cannon salute will go off (if available) on the final note of retreat. The flag will be lowered to ensure completion of the last note of the music. If the flag is being flown at half mast, it will be raised all the way to the top of the flagpole before being lowered. The flag will be folded as discussed later in this appendix.

## Raising The Flag (Reveille)

I-3. Execute the following actions when raising the flag:

The NCOIC forms the detail in a column of twos at *Double Interval* between files (see figure I-1
on page I-2). The NCOIC secures the flag from its storage area and positions themselves between
the files and on line with the last two Soldiers. The NCOIC then marches the detail to the flagpole.

The detail is halted in a column, facing the flagpole on the downwind side or as appropriate. They are halted so that the flagpole is centered between the halyard pullers. The NCOIC commands POST. On this command, the halyard pullers immediately move to the flagpole and ensure that the halyards are free of the pole. The flag handlers face to the center. The NCOIC then directs UNFOLD THE FLAG. On this directive, the two flag handlers nearest the NCOIC begin to
(carefully) unfold the flag lengthwise, passing the freed end to the other handlers. When the two handlers nearest the flagpole have firmly secured the flag, the other handlers move away from the
flagpole (as necessary) until the flag is fully extended. The flag is not unfolded widthwise. The flag handlers hold the flag waist high with their forearms horizontal to the ground.

At the appropriate time, the NCOIC directs **ATTACH THE FLAG**. On this directive, all flag
handlers take one side step toward the flagpole. The two handlers nearest the flagpole immediately attach the top of the flag to the halyard. The halyard pullers raise the flag until the bottom of the flag can be attached.
Note. When raising the larger flags, the NCOIC may command *Ready*, **STEP** while the halyard pullers raise the halyard until the lower portion of the flag is attached.


At the first note of the music, the reveille gun is fired and the halyard pullers rapidly raise the flag. The NCOIC salutes. As the flag is raised from the handlers' hands, they face the flagpole and
Salute. (Reveille is about 20 seconds in duration.) At the last note of the music, the NCOIC
commands *Order,* **ARMS** for themselves and the flag handlers while the pullers secure the
halyards. The NCOIC then positions themselves between the halyard pullers, executes an About
Face, and commands *Ready,* **FACE**. The detail will face in the appropriate direction to depart the flagpole. They then march the detail from the site.

## Lowering The Flag (Retreat)

I-4. Execute the following actions when lowering the flag:

When lowering the flag. The detail is marched and positioned at the flagpole in the same manner
as when raising the flag. On the command **POST**, the halyard pullers free the halyards, untangle
them, ensure that they are free from the pole, and then temporarily resecure them; the flag handlers do not face to the center. The NCOIC then commands *Parade***, REST**.

At the cannon shot or at the last note of "Retreat" (if a cannon is not fired), each halyard puller
immediately frees the halyards. The NCOIC commands themselves and the flag handlers to
ATTENTION and *Present,* **ARMS**. At the first note of "To the Color," the flag is lowered slowly
and with dignity.

The call, "To the Color," is approximately 40 seconds in duration. As the flag is lowered to within
reach, the two flag handlers farthest away from the flag terminate their *Salute*, move forward
rapidly, secure the flag, and move back from the flagpole between the columns:

As the flag passes each handler, they terminate their *Salute* and assist in securing the flag.
The flag is held palms down, fingers and thumb extended and joined, forearms horizontal. The NCOIC terminates their *Salute* at the last note of the music.

Once the flag is detached, it is then folded. (See figure I-2 on page I-4 for correct folding
techniques.) After securing the halyard, the handlers assist in the folding.
Note. When taking steps forward or backward to fold the flag, the members of the detail always step off with the left foot and always bring the trail foot alongside the lead foot as in the Position of Attention.

## Fold The Flag

I-5. Execute the following actions when folding the flag:


To fold the flag the NCOIC commands *Ready*, **STEP**. All personnel take the appropriate number
of steps backward to ensure that the flag is horizontal, wrinkle free, and centered on the flagpole.

The NCOIC then commands *Ready*, **STEP**. The flag handlers take the appropriate number of steps
toward each other, making the first fold lengthwise. The members on the NCOIC's right ensure
that their edge of the flag is overlapping the left side by about an inch, which prevents any red
from showing when the folding is complete. The NCOIC ensures that the flag is straight.

The NCOIC then commands *Ready,* **TWO**. The members of the column on the NCOIC's left
reach down and secure the fold with the fingers pointing upward and the palms facing away.

The NCOIC then commands *Ready,* **THREE**. The members take the appropriate number of steps backward to ensure that the flag is horizontal, wrinkle free, and centered on the flagpole.

Ready, STEP; *Ready,* **TWO;** and *Ready,* **THREE** are commanded and executed one more time
to get the flag completely folded lengthwise.

The flag handlers nearest the NCOIC then fold a 4-inch cuff and begin folding the flag, starting with the corner on the NCOIC's left. When folding the flag, the handlers are careful to keep the
edges straight and to not bend the flag.

After the flag has reached the position of honor (at the head of the right column), the NCOIC marches by the most direct route to a position directly in front of the flag handler and inspects the
flag. The NCOIC then receives the flag and carries it held against their chest with their forearms, with the point up.

After the flag has been folded and received by the NCOIC, they position themselves between the
halyard pullers and face the storage site. The NCOIC then commands *Ready,* **FACE**. The
members of the detail make the appropriate *Facing* movement toward the storage site. The detail
is then marched to the storage site.
Note. Once the flag has been folded (cocked hat), it is treated as a cased Color and not saluted by persons meeting the flag detail. The flag will be treated with the utmost dignity and respect but not be rendered any sort of honors.

## Display

I-6. The flag of the United States represents the living country and is considered a living thing. Rules and customs for displaying the U.S. flag, adopted by an act of Congress in 1942 and amended in 1976, are found in Title 36 of the U.S. Code.

Note. No other flag or pennant should be placed above or, if on the same level, to the right of the flag of the United States of America, except during church services conducted by naval chaplains at sea, when the church pennant may be flown above the flag and except as required by multinational agreements to which the United States is a signatory.

I-7. The union, the field of blue with the grouping of stars representing the individual states, is the honor point and is the flag's right. When the flag is displayed, the union is always to the top and to the flag's own right (the left of the observer). When carried, the flag is always free, never stretched flat or carried horizontally. In the company of other flags, the U.S. flag is always on the marching right (the flag's own right) (see figure I-3), or, if there is a line of other flags, in front of the center of that line. When flags of states or localities, or pennants of societies, are grouped and displayed from staffs, the U.S. flag is in the center and at the highest point of the group (see figure I-3). If all flags are displayed from staffs of the same height, the flag of the United States is placed in the honor position, to the right of the other flags (to the left of the observer). When flags of two or more nations are displayed, they are flown from separate staffs of the same height, they are of approximately equal size, and the U.S. flag is to the right of the others.

Note. When the U.S. flag is flown in conjunction with other national flags, care must be taken to ensure that the foreign national flag is correct and properly displayed.

I-8. The flag of the United States is never used as drapery. It is displayed hung flat against a wall or flown free from a staff as seen in figure I-4. It is not festooned over doorways or arches, tied in a bow, or fashioned into a rosette. It is not used to cover a speaker's desk or draped over the front of a platform. For those purposes, bunting may be used, giving the blue of the bunting the place of honor at the top of the arrangement or in the center of the rosette. Traditionally, there is one permissible departure from the rules for display of the flag of the United States: in a dire emergency, the flag may be flown upside down as a distress signal.

Note. For a detailed explanation of the regulations concerning the flag of the United States and other flags and Colors, see AR 840-10 and AR 600-25.

## Classification

I-9. A flag, as distinguished from a Color, is not saluted except during the ceremonies of raising and lowering the flag:


U.S. flags used by the Army are classified by size as follows:

Garrison flag. The garrison flag is 20 feet hoist by 38 feet fly of nylon wool and is displayed on holidays and important occasions.

Post flag. The post flag is 8 feet 11 3/8-inch hoist by 17 feet fly of nylon and is used for general
display and flown daily.

Field flag. The field flag is 6 feet 8 inches hoist by 12 feet fly of nylon wool and is used for
display with the positional field flag.

Storm flag. The storm flag is 5 feet hoist by 9 feet 6 inches fly of nylon and is flown during
inclement weather.

Interment flag. The interment flag is 5 feet hoist by 9 feet 6 inches fly of cotton bunting.

A Color is the U.S. flag trimmed on three sides with golden yellow fringe 2 1/2 inches wide. The
Color is primarily for indoor display. U.S. Colors used by the Army are classified by size as follows:

4 feet, 4 inches hoist by 5 feet, 6 inches fly displayed with the U.S. Army flag, positional Colors, the Corps of Cadets Colors, 1st Battalion 3rd Infantry Colors, and the chapel flag.

3 feet hoist by 4 feet fly displayed with the Army field flag, distinguishing flags,
organizational Colors, institutional flags, and the chapel flag.

Other types of military flags include

Colors. These are flags of organizations and certain civilian and military officials.

Standards. Flags of mounted units were formerly called standards.

Distinguished flags. These flags identify headquarters, offices, general officers, and organizations, none of which is authorized organizational or individual Colors.

Ensign. An ensign is a rectangular flag flown from aircraft, ships, and boats.

Guidon. A guidon is a swallow-tailed flag carried by companies, batteries, troops, and certain
detachments.

Pennant. A pennant is a triangular flag used for various utility purposes.

Dismounted organizations traditionally carried the Color while mounted organizations (Cavalry,
mechanized, and motorized) traditionally carried the standard. Colors were larger than standards.
Under present regulations, both are called Colors.

The organizational Color is dipped in *Salute* during the playing of the U.S. national anthem, "To
the Color," "Taps" (funerals only), and during the ceremony at reveille. It is dipped in *Salute* when
rendering honors to the organization's commander or to a person of higher grade, but at no other
time. The U.S. flag is never dipped in *Salute*.

Until 1813, the Colors of an Infantry regiment were carried by ensigns, who were the lowest
ranking officers of the regiment. In that year, the regulations were changed and the work was entrusted to Color sergeants. NCOs carry them today.

## Army Flags

I-10. The U.S. Army flag is 4 feet, 4 inches hoist by 5 feet, 6 inches fly and is trimmed on three sides with yellow fringe 2 12 inches in width. On Flag Day, 14 June 1956, the 181st anniversary of the U.S. Army, the newly adopted U.S. Army flag was publicly unfurled at Independence Hall, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, by the Honorable Wilbur M. Brucker, Secretary of the Army. The flag, of white silk, bears an embroidered replica of the official seal of the Department of the Army in ultramarine blue (without the roman numerals).

A scarlet scroll inscribed "United States Army" in white is centered between the device and the ultramarine blue numerals "1775" denoting the year the Army was founded, by action of the Continental Congress,
14 June 1775. The original War Office seal, constituting the central design of the flag, was authorized by the Continental Congress on 8 May 1779. The U.S. Army flag bears all the streamers representing the Army's campaigns since its inception. (When not being carried, the Yorktown streamer should always be prominently displayed.)
I-11. The Army field flag was authorized in 1962 and is the same as the U.S. Army flag except that it is
3 feet hoist by 4 feet fly, the background is ultramarine blue, the seal is white, the scroll is white, "United States Army" is scarlet, the numerals "1775" are white, and streamers are not authorized. The flag is issued to those organizations and headquarters not authorized the U.S. Army flag. (Units authorized issue are specified in AR 840-10.)

## Courtesies By Individuals

I-12. Table I-1, pages I-9 through I-12, lists courtesies by individuals in various dress and circumstances.

Military Funerals
"To the Color" or national
anthem
1. Military personnel in uniform and in formation (with or without headgear). Reveille
Retreat when Played as Prelude to "To the Color"
When Uncased Colors Pass by or when Passing Uncased Colors
Cannon Salutes Rendered as Honor to a Person (Note 1)
Same as for Reveille.
Execute PARADE REST at the
command of OIC or NCOIC.
Execute PRESENT ARMS at the command of OIC or NCOIC. Hold salute until command ORDER ARMS
is given by OIC or NCOIC.
Execute PRESENT ARMS at the command of OIC or NCOIC whenever casket is moved, and when "Taps" is
played.
Execute PRESENT ARMS and ORDER ARMS at the
command of the officer in charge
(OIC) or noncommissioned officer in charge (NCOIC).
Remain at PARADE REST until
given Attention by OIC or NCOIC.
Colors are Passing: Execute PRESENT ARMS at the command of OIC or NCOIC. Command is given when Colors are within six paces of the flank of the unit, and the salute is held until the Colors are six paces past the flank of the unit, at which time the command ORDER ARMS
is given.
PASSING THE COLORS: Execute orders at the command of OIC or NCOIC.

Notes. 1. When the cannon salute to the Union or Nation is fired, no individual action is required.
2. Military photographers covering ceremonies will render appropriate courtesy during the playing of the national anthem.

| (ADAPTED FROM AR 600-25, APPENDIX B)                                              |              |
|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------|--------------|
| 2. Military personnel in uniform and not in formation (with or without headgear). |              |
| "To the Color"                                                                    |              |
| or national                                                                       |              |
| anthem                                                                            |              |
| Reveille                                                                          | Retreat when |
| Played as                                                                         |              |
| Prelude to "To                                                                    |              |
| the Color"                                                                        |              |
| When                                                                              |              |
| Uncased                                                                           |              |
| Colors Pass by                                                                    |              |
| or when                                                                           |              |
| Passing                                                                           |              |
| Uncased                                                                           |              |
| Colors                                                                            |              |
| At the first note                                                                 |              |
| of music, face                                                                    |              |
| the flag (or                                                                      |              |
| music if flag is                                                                  |              |
| not in view)                                                                      |              |
| and render the                                                                    |              |
| Hand Salute                                                                       |              |
| on last note of                                                                   |              |
| music.                                                                            |              |
| At the first note                                                                 |              |
| of music, face                                                                    |              |
| flag and stand                                                                    |              |
| at attention (if                                                                  |              |
| flag is not in                                                                    |              |
| view, face                                                                        |              |
| direction of                                                                      |              |
| music).                                                                           |              |
| Remain at                                                                         |              |
| Attention                                                                         | until        |
| last note of "To                                                                  |              |
| The Color."                                                                       |              |
| At the first note                                                                 |              |
| of music: if                                                                      |              |
| outdoors,                                                                         |              |
| render                                                                            | Hand         |
| Salute                                                                            | ; if         |
| indoors, stand                                                                    |              |
| at                                                                                | Attention    |
| Hold this                                                                         |              |
| position until                                                                    |              |
| the last note of                                                                  |              |
| music has                                                                         |              |
| been played.                                                                      |              |
| (Note 2.)                                                                         |              |
| COLORS ARE                                                                        |              |
| PASSING:                                                                          |              |
| When Colors                                                                       |              |
| are within six                                                                    |              |
| paces: If                                                                         |              |
| outdoors,                                                                         |              |
| render the                                                                        |              |
| Hand Salute                                                                       | , if         |
| indoors, stand                                                                    |              |
| at                                                                                | Attention    |
| Hold this                                                                         |              |
| position until                                                                    |              |
| the Colors                                                                        |              |
| have passed                                                                       |              |
| six paces.                                                                        |              |
| PASSING THE                                                                       |              |
| COLORS:                                                                           |              |
| Outdoors:                                                                         |              |
| When within                                                                       |              |
| six paces of                                                                      |              |
| the Colors,                                                                       |              |
| turn head in                                                                      |              |
| the                                                                               |              |
| direction of                                                                      |              |
| Colors and                                                                        |              |
| render "                                                                          | Hand         |
| salute                                                                            | ." Hold      |
| salute until six                                                                  |              |
| paces past the                                                                    |              |
| Colors.                                                                           |              |

## Notes. 1. When The Cannon Salute To The Union Or Nation Is Fired, No Individual Action Is Required. 2. Military Photographers Covering Ceremonies Will Render Appropriate Courtesy During The Playing Of The National Anthem.

Military Funerals
Cannon Salutes Rendered as Honor to a Person (Note 1) At the first note of music or first round of salute, face the ceremonial party and render the Hand Salute. End Salute on last note of music or when last round of Salute has been fired.
Each time casket is moved, if outdoors, stand at Attention. When at the graveside service all military personnel should stand at the playing of "Taps" and render the Hand Salute.

## (Adapted From Ar 600-25, Appendix B)

3. All personnel wearing civilian clothes (military and civilian) (includes sports attire with headgear).
"To the Color"
or national
anthem
Reveille
Retreat when Played as Prelude to "To the Color"
At the first note of music, face flag, stand at Attention, remove headgear with right hand and hold over left shoulder with right hand over heart (if flag is not in view, face direction of music).
At the first note of music, face flag, remove headgear with right hand and stand at Attention. Remain at Attention until
last note of "To the Color" has been played (if flag is not in view, face direction of music).
At the first note of music: If outdoors or indoors stand at *Attention*
and hold headgear over the left shoulder with the right hand over the heart. Hold this position until the last note of music has been played. (Note 2.)

Notes. 1. When the cannon salute to the Union or Nation is fired, no individual action is required. 2. Military photographers covering ceremonies will render appropriate courtesy during the playing of the national anthem.

Military Funerals
Cannon Salutes Rendered as Honor to a Person (Note 1)
When Uncased Colors Pass by or when Passing Uncased Colors
Each time casket is moved: Outdoors: stand at Attention, remove headgear with right hand and hold over the left shoulder with right hand over heart. Indoors: Stand.
At the first note of music or first round of salute, face the ceremonial party, remove headgear and stand at Attention. Hold this position until the last note of music or last round of salute has been fired.
COLORS ARE PASSING: When Colors are within six paces: If outdoors, stand at Attention, remove headgear with right hand and hold over left shoulder with right hand over heart; if indoors, stand at *Attention*. Hold this position until the Colors have passed six paces. PASSING THE
COLORS: Outdoors: When within six paces of
the Colors, turn head in direction of Colors, remove headgear with right hand and hold over left shoulder with right hand over heart. Hold position until six paces past
the Colors.

4. Military personnel and civilians in civilian dress without headgear. Personnel engaged in sports and attired in a sports uniform without headgear.

"To the Color" or national anthem
Reveille
Retreat when Played as Prelude to "To the Color"
When Uncased Colors Pass by or when Passing Uncased Colors
At the first note of music, face flag and stand at *Attention*. Remain at Attention until last note of "To the Color" has been played (if flag is not in view, face direction of music).
At the first note of music: If outdoors or indoors, stand at *Attention* with the right hand over the heart. Hold this position until the last note of music has been played. (Note 2.)
At the first note of music, face flag, stand at Attention with the right hand over the heart. Hold this position until the last note of music has been played (if flag is not in view, face direction of music).
COLORS ARE PASSING: When Colors are within six paces: If outdoors, stand at Attention with right hand over heart; if indoors, stand at *Attention*. Hold this position until the Colors have passed six paces.
PASSING THE COLORS: No action is required.

Notes. 1. When the cannon salute to the Union or Nation is fired, no individual action is required. 2. Military photographers covering ceremonies will render appropriate courtesy during the playing of the national anthem.

Military Funerals
Cannon Salutes Rendered as Honor to a Person (Note 1)
Each time casket is moved: Outdoors: stand at Attention with right hand over heart. Indoors: Stand at *Attention*.
At the first note of music or first round of salute, face the ceremonial party and stand at Attention. Hold this position until the last note of music or last round of salute has been fired.

## Glossary

The glossary lists acronyms and terms with Army or joint definitions. Where Army and joint definitions differ, (Army) precedes the definition. Terms for which TC 3-21.5 is the proponent are marked with an asterisk (*). The proponent publication for other terms is listed in parentheses after the definition.

## Section I - Acronyms And Abbreviations

AR
Army regulation
ARNG
Army National Guard
ATP
Army techniques publication
CAC
Casualty Assistance Center
CAO
casualty assistance officer
CD
compact disc
COT
commanding officer of troops
CSM
command sergeant major
DA
Department of the Army
DOD
Department of Defense
FM
field manual
MCTP
Marine Corps tactical publication
NCO
noncommissioned officer
NCOIC
noncommissioned officer in charge
NOK
next of kin
OIC
officer in charge person authorized to direct disposition of human remains
PADD PICAA
preparatory command, intermediate step, command of execution, additional
step, and action step
POC
point of contact
RC
Reserve Component
RSC
regional support command
SOP
standard operating procedure
STARC
state area command
U.S.
United States
TC
training circular
USAR
United States Army Reserve

## Section Ii - Terms *Alignment

The arrangement of several elements on the same line.

## *Cadence

The uniform rhythm in which a movement is executed, or the number of steps or counts per minute at which a movement is executed. Drill movements are normally executed at the cadence or quick time or double-time. Quick time is the cadence or 120 counts or steps per minute; double-time is the cadence of 180 counts or steps per minute.

## *Ceremonies

Formations and movements in which a number of troops execute movements in unison and with precision just as in drill; however, their primary value is to render honors, preserve traditions, and stimulate esprit de corps.

## *Cordon

A line of Soldiers to honor a dignitary upon entering or exiting from a given place or vehicle.

## *Directive

An oral order given by a commander to direct or cause a subordinate leader or lead element to take action.

## *Distance

The space between elements when the elements are one behind the other. Between units, it varies with the size of the formation; between individuals, it is an arm's length to the front plus 6 inches, or about 36 inches, measured from the chest of one Soldier to the back of the Soldier immediately to their front.

## *Drill

Certain movements by which a unit (or individuals) is moved in a uniform manner from one formation to another or from one place to another. Movements are executed in unison and with precision.

## *File

A column that has a front of one element.

## *Formation

The arrangement of elements of a unit in a prescribed manner.

## *Front

The space from side to side of a formation, including the right and left elements.

## *Interval Double

The lateral space between Soldiers, measured from right to left by raising both arms shoulder high with the fingers extended and joined (palms down) so that fingertips are touching the fingertips of the Soldiers to the right and to the left.

## Normal

The lateral space between Soldiers, measured from right to left by the Soldier on the right holding their left arm shoulder high, fingers and thumb extended and joined with the tip of their middle finger touching the right shoulder of the Soldier to their left.

## *Picaa

Five-step process used in all marching movement: P-preparatory command, I intermediate step, C-
command of execution, A-action step, and A-additional step.

## *Rank

A line that is one element in-depth.

## *Re-Form

A command to restore the previous element or formation (used only during drill instructions).

## References

URLs accessed on 23 March 2021.

## Required Publications

These documents must be available to intended users of this publication. DOD Dictionary of Military and Associated Terms. January 2021. Available at https://www.jcs.mil/Doctrine/.

FM 1-02.1. *Operational Terms*. 9 March 2021.

FM 1-02.2. *Military Symbols.* 10 November 2020.

## Related Publications

These documents contain relevant supplemental information.

## Army Publications

Most Army doctrinal publications and regulations are available at https://armypubs.army.mil. AR 220-90. *Army Bands*. 9 November 2016.

AR 600-8-22. *Military Awards.* 5 March 2019. AR 600-25. *Salutes, Honors, and Courtesy*. 10 September 2019. AR 670-1. *Wear and Appearance of Army Uniforms and Insignia.* 26 January 2021.

AR 840-10. *Flags, Guidons, Streamers, Tabards, and Automobile and Aircraft Plates*. 17 July 2020.

ATP 1-05.02. *Religious Support to Funerals and Memorial Events.* 27 November 2018. DA Pam 638-2. *Procedures for the Army Mortuary Affairs Program*. 23 June 2015.

FM 6-27/MCTP 11-10C. *The Commander's Handbook on the Law of Land Warfare.* 7 August 2019.

TC 1-19.10. *Army Ceremonial Music Performance*. 15 April 2017.

## United States Law

Section 301, Title 36, United States Code. Patriotic and National Observances, Ceremonies, and Organizations. Available online at the Office of the Law Revision Counsel, United States Code website: http://uscode.house.gov.

## Websites

U.S. Army Bands: https://www.bands.army.mil.

## Prescribed Forms

This section contains no entries.

## Referenced Forms

Unless otherwise indicated, DA forms are available on the Army Publishing Directorate website at https://armypubs.army.mil/.

DA Form 2028, *Recommended Changes to Publications and Blank Forms*.

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## Index

Entries are by paragraph number.

## 3

30-inch step. 4-18

## A

explanation stage. 2-4 extended rectangular formation. 2-22
Eyes Right. 7-36
align the squad at Normal Interval. 6-16
attention to orders. G-6

## B

bugle calls. 1-14 by the numbers. 2-12
by-the-numbers. 2-2

five facing movements. 4-7
fix or unfix bayonets. 5-13
folding the flag. I-5
form a column of twos and
  re-form. 6-26

## C

four formation types. 2-16
guidon positions. F-1

case and uncase Colors. 15-20
ceremonial firing. 14-40
change interval while in line.
  6-10

Hand Salute. 4-10
honor cordon. 12-3

change step. 4-19
change-of-command
  ceremony, sequence of
  events. G-4

individual Soldier, marching
  steps. 4-16

change-of-responsibility
  ceremony,. G-5

in-quarters inspection. 7-79
in-ranks inspections. 7-59

circular formation. 2-23
Color guard configurations.
  15-27

conducting command retreat,
  sequence of events. 13-4

line and column, two
  prescribed formations. 7-1

conducting command reveille, sequence of events. 13-8
line formation. 2-21
lowering the flag. I-4
conducting retreat, sequence of events. 13-2
conducting reveille, sequence of events. 13-6
count cadence. 2-25
courtesies by individuals. I-12

march in place. 4-23
march to the rear. 4-20, 6-24
marched to the flank. 6-25
military ceremonies, three
  general categories. 17-2

## D

military funerals two classes. 14-18

demonstration stage. 2-6
directives. 3-12
displaying the flag, rules and
  customs. I-6

other types of military flags. I-9

## E P F

PICAA effect. 2-7
platoon counter-column. 7-44
position of attention. 4-3
positions of rest. 4-6
posting Colors. 15-24
preparatory command and the
  command of execution. 3-3

preparatory commands. 3-3

## R

raising the flag. I-3 retiring Colors. 15-24

## G S H

Salute at Sling Arms. 5-23
salute battery. 16-1
squad dismissal. 6-27
Stack and Take Arms. 6-29

## I

standardized DOD language, flag presentation. 14-16
step-by-step. 2-2 step-by-step method of instruction. 2-7
street parades. 11-22

## L T

talk-through. 2-2 talk-through method of instruction. 2-11

## M

teaching stages. 2-3
three teaching stages. 2-3
types of ceremonies. G-2
types of military funeral honors

full military honors. 14-20
special full honor teams.
  14-23

veterans honors. 14-22

## U O

U.S. flags used by the Army.

I-9
U-formation. 2-17
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By Order of the Secretary of the Army:
Chief of Staff Official:
Administrative Assistant to the Secretary of the Army
2111802

## Distribution:

Active Army, Army National Guard, and United States Army Reserve:  Distributed in electronic media only (EMO).