# The Soviet Army: Troops, Organization, And Equipment

## Preface

This field manual is part of FM series 100-2,The Soviet Army. The other volumes in this series are FM 100-2-1, The Soviet Army: Operations and Tactics, and FM 100-2-2, The Soviet Army: Specialized Warfare and Rear Area Support.

The three volumes complement each other. Used together, they provide a thorough reference on the Soviet Army.

These manuals are the US Army's definitive source of unclassified information on Soviet ground forces and on their interaction with other services in combined arms warfare. The Threats Directorate, Combined Arms Command, Fort Leavenworth, Kansas, updates these manuals periodically to provide the most current unclassified information available.

The proponent of this publication is HQ TRADOC. Users are encouraged to recommend changes improving this manual to Commander, US Army Combined Arms Command, ATTN: ATZL-SWW-L,Fort Leavenworth, KS 66027-6900, using DA Form 2028 (Recommended Changes to Publications and Blank Forms).

Unless otherwise stated, whenever the masculine gender is used, both men and women are included.

This publication contains photographs from copyrighted sources. The citations for these materials accompany the individual photographs.

DISTRIBUTION RESTRICTION: Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited.

## Contents


Preface ........i.
Chapter 1. Soviet Ground Forces
Administrative Control ........ 1-1
Troop Categories ........ 1-2
Force Structure ........ 1-4
Chapter 2. Personnel
Manpower Procurement ........ 2-0
Conditions of Service ........ 2-3
Ranks ........ 2-6
Reserve System ........ 2-8
Chapter 3. Training
Premilitary Programs ........ 3-1
Military Educational Institutions ........ 3-4
Individuals and Units ........ 3-6
Chapter 4. Organization

Motorized Rifle Regiment Structure (BTR) ........ 4-3
Motorized Rifle Regiment Structure (BMP) ........4-26
Motorized Rifle Division ........4-37
Tank Regiment Structure ........ 4-107
Tank Division ........ 4-1 12
Combined Arms Army ........ 4-1 16
Tank Army ........ 4-1 18
Front ........ 4-1 30
Airborne Regiment Structure (BMD) ........ 4-144
Airborne Division ........ 4-149
Naval Infantry Regiment/Brigade Structure ........ 4-1 55
Naval Infantry Division ........ 4-157
Chapter 5. Equipment
Small Arms ........ 5-2
Armored Fighting Vehicles ........ 5-21
Artillery ........ 5-60
Antitank Weapons ........ 5-94
Air Defense ........ 5-1 14
Engineer Equipment ........ 5-139
NBC Equipment ........ 5-186
Logistic Equipment ........ 5-206
Helicopters ........ 5-21 1
Fixed-Wing Aircraft ........ 5-225
Radios ........ 5-234
Glossary ........ Glossary-1
References ........ References-1
Index
General ........ General Index-1
Equipment ........ Equipment Index-l

## Chapter 1 Soviet Ground Forces Contents

ADMINISTRATIVE CONTROL ........ 1-1
Veterinary ........ 1-3
TROOP CATEGORIES ........ 1-2
Military Topographic ........ 1-3

Combat Arms Branches ........ 1-2
Finance ........
Motorized Rifle ........ 1-2
Justice ........

Tank ........ 1- 2
Military Band ........
Missile Troops and Artillery ........ 1-2
lntendance ........
Air Defense Troops *(Voyska*PVO) ....... 1-2
Administrative ........
Airborne ........ 1-2
FORCE STRUCTURE ........
Special Troops ........ 1-2
Major Geographical and Force Groupings ...
Engineer ........ 1-3
TV ........
Signal ........ 1-3
TVD ........
Chemical ........ 1-3
Military Districts and Groups of Forces ..
Motor Transport ........ 1-3
Front ........
Railroad ........ 1-3
Army ........
Road ........ 1-3
Maneuver Divisions ........
1-3 1-4
1-4
1-4
1-4 1-4 1-4 1-4 1-4
1-5 1-5
1-5 1-5
1-5
Services ........ 1-3
Reorganization and Modernization .......
Medical ........ 1-3

  The Soviet armed forces include five separate
                                                     components, the Soviet ground forces. Highly
components: the strategic rocket forces, the ground
                                                     modernized organization and equipment combine
forces, the air forces, the air defense forces, and
                                                     to make the present Soviet ground forces the most
the naval forces. The generic term "Soviet Army"
                                                     powerful land army in the world, with unprece-
normally includes all but the naval forces. This
                                                     dented flexibility, mobility, and firepower.
manual concentrates on the largest of these

## Administrative Control

  The Commander in Chief (CINC) of the Ground
                                                   Defense (MOD) General Staff on ground forces
Forces is a Deputy Minister of Defense. He is
                                                   matters. It also acts as a consolidation point for
equal in status to the CINCs of the other com-
                                                   the work of the ground forces directorates. Among

ponents. His duties include supervision of technical
                                                          the principal directorates of the Ground Forces

affairs and research and development, direct
                                                 Headquarters are the Political Directorate, the
control of nonoperational training, and supervision
                                                 Combat Training Directorate, and the Military
of ground forces administrative organs. He does
                                                 Educational Institutions Directorate, all of which
not have direct operational control over the troops.
                                                 have counterparts at MOD level.

  This lack of operational control is not imme
                                                       Large technical directorates exist for those troop
diately apparent from the composition of the
                                                    branches peculiar to the ground forces. Each troop
Ground Forces Headquarters. Its composition
                                                    branch directorate acts as a branch or service
includes the Main Staff and several technical
                                                    headquarters which prescribes the organization,

directorates. The Main Staff, however, apparently
                                                      equipment, tactics, and training for its branch and

fills a traditional role of coordinating, planning,
                                                        operates the career management program for its
and maintaining liaison with the Ministry of
                                                        leading personnel.

## Troop Categories

   For administrative purposes, the Soviet ground
forces comprise three categories: combat arms
branches (troops), special troops, and services.
These are administrative categories pertaining to
personnel, not organization categories pertaining
to units. Thus, troops of one combat arms branch,
such a s  artillery, may organizationally be in
support units subordinate to a unit made up of
troops of another combat arms branch (for
example, motorized rifle
    . .
                         or tank). These support
units may also include special troops and services.

## Combat Arms Branches

  The firing elements of the ground forces com
prise combat arms branches (troops). They differ
from one another in organization, armament,
tactics, and role in combat. Directorates of Ground
Forces Headquarters administer the troop branches
peculiar to the ground forces.

## Motorized Rifle

   Motorized rifle troops generally parallel the
infantry and mechanized infantry of other armies.
These troops constitute the basic arm of the
ground forces; therefore, various agencies under
the Ground Forces CINC, rather than one special
organization, administer their affairs. These
agencies prescribe motorized rifle and combined
arms tactics and organization. They prepare
training schedules for motorized rifle and combined
arms units. They also administer motorized rifle
schools and manage motorized rifle officer person-
nel. Other arms and services provide them with
logistic support.

## Tank

  The Chief of Tank Troops in Ground Forces
Headquarters heads this branch. A Main Direc-
torate of Tank Troops supports him. The Main
Directorate is an intricate organization which acts
as an administrative headquarters. Tank troop
officers command tank units at all levels. Com-
bined arms formations feature a special staff
officer as chief of tank troops. He commands sub-
ordinate tank elements and reports to the com-
bined arms commander.

## Missile Troops And Artillery

  This is one of the most prestigious branches
of the ground forces or the MOD. Artillery troops
have long held an honorable position in Russian
military annals. In recent decades, technological
advances in missile weaponry have enhanced that
position. Since missile armaments have also

become important to other components, the MOD
generally oversees missile equipment development.
However, a Chief of Missile Troops and Artillery
is present in Ground Forces Headquarters. His
supporting administrative agency is large and
contains a coordinating staff. Also, chiefs of
missile troops and artillery appear in the special
staffs of combined arms units down to, and
including, regiments. At regimental level, this
official is simply called the chief of artillery.
            ..
                             .

## Air Defense Troops *(Voyska* Pvo)

  This branch recentlv became a s e p a r a t ecom
ponent combining air defense elements formerly
under the National Air Defense Troops (PVO
Strany) and the Air Defense Troops of the Ground
Forces (PVO Sukhoputnykh Voysk). Although
MOD headquarters now administers them, the
troops may serve under combined arms command
in t h e  field during wartime. They coordinate
closely with aviation and radiotechnical elements
in operational matters. Air defense schools pre-
viously under the ground forces now belong to the
Air Defense Troops.

## Airborne

Airborne troops form a reserve force of the Supreme High Command (VGK) or the wartime Stauka VGK, although operational control of them specifically belongs to the Chief of the General Staff. The VGK may-
.- Control their combat employment directly.

Place them under the command of a theater headquarters.

Place them under operational control of a front or army to support operational missions.

The troops are not subordinate to a ground forces
field command until the VGK commits them. This
definite separation suggests that they have the
status of a sixth distinct component of the armed
forces, even though they are nominally subordinate
to the CINC, Ground Forces, because of this
special status.

## Special Troops

  The special troops provide combat support to
the combined arms field forces of the ground
forces. They also support the other components of
the armed forces. For this reason, they are admin-
istered centrally from directorates in the MOD.
Ground Forces Headquarters, however, contains
specialized directorates or departments in each of

the combat support areas to deal with specific
ground forces problems. These directorates act as
a ground forces administrative echelon for the
superior MOD directorates.

## Engineer

  As ground elements of the combined arms field
forces, engineer troops serve only a s  combat
engineers. The Chief of Engineer Troops of the
MOD manages them. These engineers are not part
of the engineer-technical service, which comprises
the logistic units of the various arms and services.
Other Soviet troop branches perform civil engi-
neering, sanitation, and mapping functions; they
are comparable to organizations like the US Corps
of Engineers. Engineer troops found in units at
division level or higher are simply called engineers.
Those at a lower level, in closer contact with the
enemy, are called sappers.

## Signal

  Signal troops are organic to all levels using
signal equipment that requires special training for
operation and maintenance. The Chief of Signal
Troops of the MOD administers them because they
perform tasks that are common to more than one
component of the armed forces. They include radio
technical troops that serve mainly in the units
whose missions require radar reconnaissance and
electronic warfare. They also perform missions
such as electronic deception and radioelectronic
reconnaissance, which include electronic intelli-
gence (ELINT) or signals intelligence (SIGINT).

## Chemical

   Chemical troops are organic to all tactical regi-
ments and divisions. They are allocated to armies
and fronts. Similar to engineer and signal troops,
they are directly subordinate to the MOD. The
Chief of Chemical Troops administers them at
that level.

## Motor Transport

   The Chief of the Central Military Transportation
Directorate (VOSO), under the Chief of the Rear
in the MOD, may administer motor transport
troops. The VOSO is primarily responsible for
management and planning of defense transpor-
tation. It controls the training of all transport
officers at and beyond the military college level.
The actual operation of the various modes of
transport is the duty of the force components,
which in this case are the ground forces. At lower
levels, the deputy commander for the rear controls
these troops.

## Railroad

  Railroad troops support the field forces by
operating the railway links between the front and
the central logistical base. They are responsible
for the construction, operation, and maintenance
of railroads in a theater of operations. Since
March 1989, these troops are no longer considered
part of the armed forces.

## Road

  Road troops maintain military roads. They are
often called road building troops or road service
troops. The troops consist of separate traffic
control, road construction, and bridge construction
units. Operationally controlled by the chief of the
rear at various levels, their administrative subor-
dination has been obscure since World War II.
They may be a component of VOSO.

## Services

  The Soviet concept of services includes all
troops, installations, and duty positions which
perform rear area support for the combat arms
branches and special troops. Such services are not
specific to the ground forces, but support the other
armed forces components as well; therefore, various
agencies in the MOD administer them. These
services differ from the special troops because they
apparently have no intermediate administrative
directorates at Ground Forces Headquarters.

## Medical

  These units and personnel are organic to all
levels of command down through company level.
The Central Military Medical Directorate under the
Chief of the Rear supervises their activities at the
MOD level. The divisional and regimental surgeons
supervise personnel at their respective levels.

## Veterinary

  The Veterinary Service falls under the control
of the Chief of the Rear. It inspects the meat used
by the armed forces, supervises animal slaughter,
and deals with prevention and control of conta-
gious diseases among animals used for meat.

## Military Topographic

  The Central Military Topographic Directorate
of the General Staff of the MOD administers and
controls the Military Topographic Service. The
General Staff also probably disseminates the
products of this service.

## Finance

The Finance Service is locally supervised. However, it has a direct technical channel running vertically to the Central Finance Directorate, under the Deputy Minister for Rear Services in the MOD.

## Justice

  The military procurator (prosecutor) and the
military tribunal are the central elements of the
Justice Service. These elements are attached to
each major headquarters down to division level.
This hierarchy is independent of the military
command. It is subordinate to the Procurator
General of the USSR and the Supreme Court of
the USSR, although its officers are considered
active duty military personnel.

## Military Band

  This service provides bands to headquarters
down through division. The Military Band Service
Directorate (or Directorate of Military Music) in
the MOD administers it.

## Force Structure

  The Soviets have organized and equipped their
ground forces to support their defensive doctrine.
Moreover, they are constantly strengthening and
modernizing their organization and equipment to
improve their capabilities to fight either nuclear
or nonnuclear war. A nuclear exchange in Europe
could easily cause tremendous damage to the Soviet
Union. Therefore, the Soviets clearly want to be
able to fight and win a war in Europe quickly,
before either side employs nuclear weapons.

  The Soviets have determined that the only way
to win such a war is by offensive operations. The
Soviet concept of the offensive emphasizes surprise
and high rates of advance combined with over-
whelming firepower. The concept of combined
arms is at the heart of Soviet combat doctrine.

## Major Geographical And Force Groupings

  The Soviets organize ground forces by geo-
graphical boundaries into theaters of war (TVs),
theaters of military operation (TVDs), and military
districts and groups of forces. They can organize
forces into large field formations called fronts
and armies.

## Tv

   The Soviets envision that hostilities might occur
in any of three TVs: the Western, the Southern,
and the Far Eastern. A TV is a broad, geo-
graphically oriented designation within which
Soviet armed forces would function in wartime. A

## Lntendance

This service corresponds to the US Quartermaster Corps. It uses the same insignia as the Administrative Service.

Administrative
. . .. . ....

-.

  This service may provide clerical and adminis-
trative support at higher headquarters. According
to Soviet regulation, the highest rank provided for
this service is colonel. Personnel doing adminis-
trative management, accounting, and similar
housekeeping tasks may be members of the
administrative service,the management service. or
the intendance service. Since there are no exclu
sively administrative units, these titles are probably
just personnel categories with the individuals in
them administered by the Main Personnel Direc
torateof the MOD and supervised locally.

continental TV can include land, air space, and
assorted internal and coastal waterways. The
Western TV, for example, includes the European
land mass and associated islands, the associated
air space, the Baltic and Mediterranean Seas, and
portions of the Arctic and Atlantic Oceans. The
TVs have political and economic significance in
shaping Soviet military goals. They contain one
or more TVDs.

  The TVD geographical concept is the focus of
planning and control for employment of Soviet
armed forces in major theater strategic actions.
The Soviet planners divide the world into 14
TVDs: 10 continental TVDs and 4 oceanic TVDs.
The continental TVDs include not onlv the land
masses, but also the air space, inland waterways,
and a segment of the surrounding oceans and
seas. The Western TVD of the Western TV, for
example, includes NATO's Central Region plus
Denmark and the Danish Straits.

  In wartime, the Soviets would employ inter-
mediate High Commands of Forces (HCF) that
would be responsible to the VGK. In keeping with
the Soviet concept of centralized control and com-
bined arms operations, the TVD HCF not only
controls the assets available in the ground forces,
but also the naval and air assets. Some, if not
all, of the non-Soviet Warsaw Pact forces might
also be subordinate to a TVD HCF. The TVD's
most important function in wartime would be to

orchestrate and control TVD-wide strategic
operations as directed by the HCF in support of
VGK campaign plans.

  Forces within a TVD can consist of as few as
one front or as many as five or six. Other forces
allocated to a TVD can include fleets, airborne
divisions, tactical aviation, strategic aviation,
military transport aviation, air defense forces, and
strategic rocket forces.

   Military Districts and Groups of Forces
   There are 14 military districts in the USSR and
4 groups of forces in Eastern Europe. The Eastern
European groups of forces include-
* The Western Group of Forces (WGF) in Germany.

The Northern Group of Forces (NGF) in Poland.

The Central Group of Forces (CGF) in
Czechoslovakia.

The Southern Group of Forces (SGF) in Hungary.

In peacetime, each of these districts and groups
of forces is an administrative headquarters directly
subordinate to the MOD. In wartime, the Soviets
will organize them into fronts for combat
operations. The military districts will continue to
function a s  territorial commands, serving as
mobilization and training bases and providing
logistical and other support services.

## Front

  The front is the largest field formation in war-
time. It is an operational and administrative unit
whose size and composition are subject to wide
variation depending on its mission and situation.
Roughly equivalent to a US/NATO army group,
a front can include three to five armies. Other
forces organic or attached to a front can include
artillery, missile, air defense, engineer, chemical,
signal, reconnaissance, and rear service units.
They can also include aviation, airborne, air
assault, airmobile, and special purpose forces.

## Army

  The Army is the highest peacetime combined
arms formation. The Soviet ground forces desig-
nate two types of armies: the combined arms army
(CAA) and the tank army (TA). While both types
are actually combined arms organizations, a Soviet
CAA will normally have a greater number of
motorized rifle divisions (MRDs), while a TA will
have a greater number of tank divisions (TDs).
By altering the mix of MRDs, TDs, and artillery
and missile support in the army organizations, the

Soviets gain flexibility in either offensive or defen-
sive roles. An army can operate in different geo-
graphical areas and under various operational
constraints. Besides its complement of two to five
maneuver divisions, a typical army of either
type will normally have artillery, missile, air
defense, aviation, engineer, chemical, signal,
reconnaissance, and rear support units.

## Maneuver Divisions

  Soviet maneuver divisions are well-balanced,
powerful, and mobile fighting units. They have a
combined arms structure as well as a comprehensive
array of combat support (CS) and combat service
support (CSS) elements. In early 1987, there were
211 active Soviet maneuver divisions: 150 MRDs,
52 TDs, 7 airborne divisions, and 2 static defense
divisions. The totals did not include 2 new army
corps (NAC) and 5 mobilization divisions.

  The basic structures of the three types of
divisions (motorized rifle, tank, and airborne)
appear in Figure 1-1.While this manual presents
"type" Soviet divisions, different configurations
and different categories of readiness exist among
actual divisions.

  Divisions receive new items of equipment
according to the priorities established by the MOD.
High-priority formations, such as the Soviet forces
in the Western TVD, are usually the first to receive
modern equipment. When they replace older
material, the Soviets send that older equipment to
lower-priority units in the interior of the USSR or
to reserve stocks. Late-model T-64/72/80 tanks
constitute about one-third of the USSR's tanks.
While older T-55 and T-62 tanks constitute moat
of the remainder, over 1,500 T-80s are currently
deployed opposite NATO and nearly 75 percent of
the 19,000 Soviet tanks in the Western Theater are
T-64/72/80 models.

## Reorganization And Modernization

Since the mid-1960s, the Soviets have been
building a force capable of fighting decisively at
all levels of conflict. Recent improvements in force
capability include-
*  Modernization of nuclear and conventional
weapons.
Marked increases in the quantity and quality of
conventional fire support (air and artillery)
available to ground maneuver formations.
Changes in organizational structure that generally
make fire support systems (air and artillery) more
directly responsive to the supported commander.

## Basic Organizational Comparison Of The Motorized Rifle, Tank, Andairborne Divisions

| MOTORIZED RIFLE DIVISION       | TANK DIVISION                  | AIRBORNE DIVISION              |
|--------------------------------|--------------------------------|--------------------------------|
| Division Headquarters          | Division Headquarters          | Division Headquarters          |
| Motorized Rifle Regiment (BMP) | Motorized Rifle Regiment (BMP) | Airborne Regiment (BMD)        |
| Motorized Rifle Regiment (BTR) | Tank Regiment                  | Airborne Regiment (BMD)        |
| Motorized Rifle Regiment (BTR) | Tank Regiment                  | Airborne Regiment (BMD)        |
| Tank Regiment                  | Tank Regiment                  | Assault Gun Battalion          |
| Artillery Regiment             | Artillery Regiment             | Artillery Regiment             |
| SAM Regiment                   | SAM Regiment                   | AA Battalion                   |
| SSM Battalion                  | SSM Battalion                  |                                |
| Antitank Battalion             |                                |                                |
| Reconnaissance Battalion       | Reconnaissance Battalion       | Reconnaissance Company         |
| Engineer Battalion             | Engineer Battalion             | Engineer Battalion             |
| Signal Battalion               | Signal Battalion               | Signal Battalion               |
| Materiel Support Battalion     | Materiel Support Battalion     | Transportation and Maintenance |
| Battalion                      |                                |                                |
| Maintenance Battalion          |                                |                                |
| Maintenance Battalion          |                                |                                |
| Chemical Protection Company    | Chemical Protection Company    |                                |
| Chemical Protection Company    |                                |                                |
| Medical Battalion              |                                |                                |
| Medical Battalion              | Medical Battalion              |                                |
| Artillery Command Battery      |                                |                                |
| Artillery Command Battery      |                                |                                |
| Helicopter Squadron            |                                |                                |
| Helicopter Squadron            |                                |                                |
| Other Support Elements         |                                |                                |
| Other Support Elements         | Other Support Elements         |                                |

NOTES. **1.**  In 1989, the Soviets began replacing one tank regiment with an additional BMP-
equipped **M R R**  in both the MRD and TD.
2.  Armies in WGF are consolidating division-level SSM battalions into army-level
SSM brigades.
3.  **Not** all MRDs and TDs have a helicopter squadron.
Refinement and exercise of types of operations that take greater advantage of the increased firepower, mobility, and weapons sophistication of the generalpurpose forces.

.  .

includes the main features of the most current
organizational changes. The addition of new sub-
units and the upgrade of existing elements have
expanded both MRDs and TDs. The greatest
changes are in the TDs.

##



  The BTR- and BMP-equipped motorized rifle
battalions (MRBs)have expanded the mortar
battery from six to eight tub&. They have added
a machine gun/antitank platoon to each company
in the BTR-equipped MRB. The BMP-equipped MRB
has added machine gun platoons, with no extra
antitank weapons. Also, the Soviets have now
consolidated the automatic grenade launcher and
antiaircraft (AA) squads in platoons at the bat-
talion level of both BTR- and BMP-equipped MRBs.

  In the 1980s, the Soviets began to form new
corps-type structures. These corps are divisions
expanded to almost twice the size of a TD. Thev
are ideally suited to act as an operational maneuver
group (OMG)for the front, conducting high-speed
operations deep in an enemy's rear area. These
NAC formations contain around 400 tanks, 750
infantry fighting vehicles (IFVs)and armored
personnel carriers (APCs),and 300 artillery pieces
and multiple rocket launchers (MRLs).Additional
units of this type may appear once testing and
operational evaluation end.

  In order to support the fast-moving maneuver
units envisioned for future battlefields, the Soviets
have formed materiel support units within combined
arms units from tactical to front levels. Within,

  Soviet maneuver divisions are continuously
undergoing a reorganization that significantly
upgrades their combat capability. This manual

divisions and regiments, respectively, materiel sup-
port battalions and companies combine formerly
fragmented motor transport, supply, and service
functions. The new rear area units will provide a
30-percent increase in motor transport assets and
a streamlined command structure. A similar re-
organization at army and front levels has created
materiel support brigades with centralized control
for ammunition, fuel, and other supplies.

  The airborne division is now a fully mechanized
combined arms organization. Airborne divisions
now consist of three regiments equipped with the
air-droppable BMD, affording these units greater
firepower and mobility. The Soviets have also
produced a new 120-millimeter 2S9 airborne self-
propelled (SP) howitzer with a mortar capability
for airborne and air assault units.

  Concurrent with these organizational changes,
the Soviets have pursued a comprehensive equip-
ment modernization program that affects many
divisional subunits. The main thrusts of the
equipment upgrade are in the following areas:

Medium tanks.

Armored IFVs.

Armored command and reconnaissance vehicles.

Antitank guided missiles (ATGMs).
Surfaceto-surface missiles (SSMs).

Surfaceto-air missiles (SAMs).

   Since the late 1970s,the Soviets have developed
the tank regiment (TR) into a combined arms
team (tank, motorized rifle, and artillery) that
promises to be as flexible in its employment as
the motorized rifle regiment (MRR). (The MRR
already had a tank battalion (TB) and an artillery
battalion.) The addition of an MRB to the TR of a
TD eliminates the necessity for the TD commander
to reinforce each of his TRs with MRR assets.
This leaves the TD with four maneuver regiments.
The addition of an artillery battalion to the TR
places a great deal more firepower under direct
control of the regimental commander. The division
commander then has greater flexibility in the use
of his artillery resources to influence the battle.

Hence, the capability of the TR and TD to conduct
largely self-supported combined arms combat has
increased greatly.

  Large-caliber SP guns and mortars and long-
range MRLs have increased the artillery available
to army and front commanders. Additionally, some
army-level regiments have grown to brigade size
with the addition of a fourth artillery battalion.
These battalions are currently expanding from 18
to 24 tubes, primarily in units opposite NATO. All
of the Soviet's SP and towed guns/howitzers
(152-millimeter and larger) are nuclear-capable.
The Soviets are also adding newer nuclear-capable
pieces such as the 203-millimeter SP gun 2S7 and
the 240-millimeter SP mortar 2S4. They are
deploying the BM-22 220-millimeter MRL, which
can fire deep into the enemy's rear. These improve
ments greatly enhance area coverage and counter-
battery support to subordinate divisions. The new
T-64/72/80-seriestanks feature improved firepower,
with a 125-millimeter main gun and an improved
fire control system. Both the T-80 and a variant
of the T-64 can fire an ATGM through the main
tube. The T-80 can mount reactive armor which
further protects against the West's antitank
capabilities. At the same time, the establishment
of army aviation has given ground forces a vertical
dimension. The helicopter now provides CAAsand
TAs with a highly maneuverable and versatile
platform for reconnaissance, command and control
(C2), and fire support. General-purpose and attack
helicopter units can move with armies and divisions
at the high rates of advance they will need to
conduct combined arms operations in depth.

  While changes in the organization and equip-
ment of the ground forces are significant in them-
selves and have serious implications for Western
defense planning, they do not take place in
isolation. Instead, these shifts appear to be part
of a larger change in the concept for employment
and organization of the armed forces. This change
should greatly enhance the flexibility with which
Soviet military planners can apply force to achieve
military objectives. (For more information on
Soviet operations and tactics, see FM 100-2-1.)

## Chapter 2 Personnel Contents


MANPOWER PROCUREMENT ........ 2-0
conscription ........2-0
Upper Ranks ........2-2
Officers ........2-2
Warrant Officers ........2-2
Noncommissioned Officers ........ 2-3
Women in the Armed Forces ........2-3

CONTDITIONSOF SERVICE ........2-3
Officer Promotions ........2-4

  Over 60 million males between the ages of 15
                                                    the total population. Soviet youths are physically
and 49 live in the Soviet Union. About 80 percent
                                                    hardy as a result of participation in active sports
of these men are fit for military service. Each year,
                                                    programs. They are also better educated, more
some 2 to 21/2 million young men reach the military
                                                    sophisticated, and substantially better trained than
registration age of 17. The government will induct
                                                    their World War I I  predecessors. Although the
at least one-half of them when they become 18
                                                    conscript receives stern discipline and intensive
years old. These conscripts constitute approximately
                                                    political indoctrination, works hard, and has few
75 percent of Soviet ground force personnel. The
                                                    comforts or luxuries and little time to himself, his
remainder, who are deferred for various reasons,
                                                    morale is relatively high. He has a genuine love
serve at a later time on active duty unless they
                                                    of his native land. His hatred is easily aroused
are declared physically unfit for military service.
                                                    against an invading enemy, of which there have
If deferred beyond their twenty-seventh birthday,
                                                    been many in Russia's and the Soviet Union's
they remain in the reserves, subject to periodic
                                                    history. Moreover, Soviet soldiers and sailors have
refresher training. All qualified male citizens
                                                    the capacity to withstand deprivations. The Soviet
remain in the armed forces reserve until their
                                                    officer is a well-regarded professional who occupies
fiftieth birthday.
                                                    a high social and economic position in society. The
                                                    officer corps, with its prestige and privileges,
                                                    stands apart from the troops. In summary, the

  The quality of military manpower, particularly
                                                      Soviet armed forces, loyal to the regime, constitute
of the Great Russian element, is generally good.
                                                      a serious adversary; they are on a par with their
The Great Russians comprise about 53 percent of
                                                      counterparts in the West.

## Manpower Procurement

  The 1967 Law on Universal Military Service
                                                  (R0TC)-type programs in institutions of higher
provides for the mandatory semiannual conscription
                                                  education. Enlisted men, noncommissioned officers
of 18-year old males. This law also governs the
                                                  (NCOs), and warrant officers are eligible to compete
system of drafting young men into the armed
                                                  for entry into the officer corps by passing an
forces. Those who are not drafted enter immediately
                                                  examination for promotion to officer rank.
into the reserves. On completion of conscriptduty,
                                                                CONSCRIPTION
men remain in the reserves until age 50. Women
who have medical or other specialized training are
                                                    The Council of Ministers and the MOD deter-
also subject to call. Officers enter the armed forces
                                                  mine the personnel requirements for each semi-
from several sources. Most receive commissions
                                                  annual call-up period. They assign quotas based
upon graduation from officer schools. Others par-
                                                  on the number of draft-age males residing in each
ticipate in Reserve Officers' Training Corps
                                                  of the 16 military districts. A system of draft

Pay ........ 2-5
In-Service Benefits ........ 2.5
Pensions ........ 2-5
Political Indoctrination ........ 2-5

RANKS ........ 2-6
RESERVE SYSTEM
2-8
Enlisted Obligations ........ 2-8
Officer Obligations ........2-8
Mobilization ........ 2-9

boards, called military commissariats, is subor-
dinate to the military district. Military commis-
sariats in Soviet civil jurisdictions roughly
correspond to US civil jurisdictions as follows:

Republic, which is a geographic region similar
to the US South, West, or New England; there
is no exact US counterpart.

Kray and oblast, which are provinces similar to
US states.

Gorod, which is a city.
Rayon, which is similar to a US county or city
ward.

  Military commissariats at the district level
function as overall administrators of the system.
They provide supervision to all subordinate officers.
Those at republic, kray, oblast, and rayon levels
perform administrative functions, though not all
republics have military commissariats. Each of
these levels also serves as a collection point for
inductees. The center of the registration and draft
process is the rayon military commissariat. It
registers draft-age males, issues draft notices, and
processes conscripts. It also transports conscripts
to the next higher military commissariat for move
ment to their assigned units. The rayon offices also
have mobilization and reserve management respon-
sibilities. There are about 4,700 military commis-
sariat offices, of which at least 3,600 are at the
rayon level.

  During February and March of the year in
which they reach their seventeenth birthday, young
men report to the military commissariat to register.
They receive a physical examination and an inter-
view to determine their educational background,
family situation, personal interests, attitude toward
the military, and special knowledge or skills (if
any) that would benefit the military. Each young
man receives a booklet as proof of registration.
He must report changes in residence, family situa-
tion, educational status, or the acquisition of
additional skills to the military commissariat so
officials can enter the new data in the registration
booklet.

   Each individual receives a final interview and
a physical examination shortly before he is sched-
uled for conscription. Then the draft commission
recommends that the young man be drafted, be
deferred for one year because of temporary unfit-
ness for active military service due to illness, be
exempted from military service altogether if unfit,
or be granted a deferment for family reasons or
for continuation of education.

  Twice each year-at the end of the spring
planting season and at the end of the fall harvest-
the military commissariats call males who have
reached their eighteenth birthday to active duty.
Older men up to age 27 whose periods of deferment
have expired also face call-up. In peacetime, women
19 to 40 years of age who have medical or other
specialized training may face military service. The
1967 Law on Universal Military Service reduced
the required length of active service from three to
two years for all except naval personnel.

  Within the framework of quotas fixed by the
Council of Ministers and the MOD, the commis-
sariats assign inductees to the various branches,
arms, and services of the component forces based
on their abilities, occupational expertise, or special-
ties learned in training courses conducted by the
Voluntary Society for Cooperation with the Army,
Aviation, and Navy (DOSAAF). The DOSAAF is
subordinate to the MOD. It conducts premilitary
training in secondary schools. Its programs ac-
quaint students with military life. The programs
can include tracked- and wheeled-vehicle driver
training, parachuting, radio operation and mainte-
nance, along with drill and rifle training. This
training is one of the prime considerations for
future soldiers' selection to a particular program,
such as a military academy.

   Draftees report to their military commissariat
on the date set. Inductees go directly to their as-
signed units for a period of orientation, drill, and
some refresher training. This lasts approximately
a month, after which the conscripts become young
soldiers and young sailors by reciting the military
oath in a public ceremony. (See figure on next
page.)
   The Soviets probably only rarely grant per-
manent exemption from active or reserve duty
except for clearly medical reasons. They usually
give deferments for stated periods of time and then
review them at the expiration of the period. The
1967 Law on Universal Military Service reduced
the number of educational deferments and extended
hardship or compassionate deferments.
   There are three general categories of criteria for
deferment: physical reasons, family circumstances,
and continuation of education. The authorities may
grant three-year deferments for physical problems
or one-year deferments for illnesses. After this
time, depending on the deferred citizen's state of
health, the government will call him up for active
duty, enroll him in the reserves, or acknowledge
him to be altogether unfit and thus exempt from
military service.

## The Military Oath

    I, (name), a citizen of the Union of Soviet
Socialist Republics, by joining the ranks of the
armed forces; take an oath and solemnly swear
to be an upright, brave, disciplined, vigilant soldier,
to strictly preserve military and government secrets,
and to execute without, contradiction, all military
regulations and orders of commanders and supe-
riors. I swear to learn conscientiously the trade
of war, to protect with all means the military and
peoples' property, and to be devoted to my people,
my Soviet homeland, and the Soviet Government
to my last breath. I will always be ready to report,
by order of the Soviet Government, as a soldier
of the armed forces forthe defense of my home-
land, the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. I
swear to defend it bravely and wisely with all my
strength and in honor, without sparing my blood
and without regard for my life to achieve a com-
plete victory over the enemy. Should I break my
solemn oath, may severe penalties of the Soviet
Law, the overall hatred, and the contempt of the
working masses strike me.

  An individual who must remain at home to
support or care for his family may qualify for a
deferment due to family circumstances. The 1967
law set specific criteria for this category. The
military commissariat can defer draftees up to 27
years of age.

   Military commissariats can also defer full-time
students at universities, in high schools (for stu-
dents up to age 20), and in technical institutions
(until graduation). They can also defer students
studying in reserve officer training programs at
technical institutions Draftees who receive educa-
tional deferments face call-up for active duty before
they turn 27.

## Upper Ranks Officers

  Officers for the Soviet armed forces enter the
service from several sources. The largest number
are commissioned upon graduation from military
colleges. There are at least 143 military colleges,
with average enrollments of 1,000, serving all
branches of the armed forces. Besides commissions,
graduates receive technical degrees from three-year
schools and engineering degree8 from schools whose
programs can last up to five years.

  The Soviets also conduct programs similar to
the US ROTC in their universities. These programs
give training in subjects of military value and
provide the Soviets with a large number of reserve
officers. Military training for the duration of the
civilian curriculum leads to a reserve commission,
but only infrequently does it lead to active duty.
Reserve officer graduates of this program remain
liable for active duty call-up until age 30; they may
face up to three years of service.

   A third source of officer recruitment is the rank
and file of soldiers and sailors. Upon completion
of their active duty service, conscripts who have
a secondary or higher education can earn a lieu-
tenant's commission in the reserves by passing a
commissioning examination. Warrant officers, too,
can use the commissioning examination as a route
to active duty officer rank; they can also receive
a direct commission after ten years of active service

   Approximately 500,000 officers are on active duty
in the Soviet armed forces at any given time. Three
to five thousand of these officers are generals and
admirals. Nearly 90 percent of Soviet officers belong
to the Communist Party or to the Komsomal. Seven
percent of the members of the Communist Party
of the Soviet Union (CPSU) Central Committee are
military officers.

## Warrant Officers

   In January 1972, the Soviets created the warrant
officer ranks of praporshchik (army) and michman
(navy). This action was an attempt to give the
career NCO more incentive, to eliminate the ex-
tended service conscript (though this action was
later rescinded), and to improve the quality of small
unit leadership. Conscriptscompleting their service
obligations and desiring to remain on active duty
may apply for these positions if they possess the
required education, demonstrated ability, and polit
ical reliability. The initial term of service for a
warrant officer is five years.

  These warrant officers serve in close contact
with the soldiers and occupy positions as first
sergeants, sergeants major, and technical special
ists. Although the Soviet press publicizes them as
the closest assistants to the officers, the warrant
officer ranks are apparently less popular than
anticipated. To date, this new program has received
too few qualified applicants. The Law of Military
Service permits a warrant officer to take an exam-
ination to become a lieutenant after five years;
after ten years, he may be certified as an officer
if he is serving in an officer's position.

## Noncommissioned Officers

amendment permits officer or enlisted women to
voluntarily enter active service at age 19 with
duties according to their specialties and general
education. It extends the age of eligibility to age
40. Those with medical or technical specialties can
register during peacetime and can then conduct
military training courses.

  The majority of NCOs in the armed forces are
conscripts. During registration and induction,
authorities identify outstanding conscripts as po-
tential NCOs. Immediately after entering active
service, these individuals attend NCO schools for
six months of training before they report to units
for their remaining active duty. Other outstanding
individuals missed during this initial screening
receive on-the-job NCO training in their units.

   Noncommissioned officers also fill the extended
service personnel category. To qualify for this cate
gory, a candidate for reenlistment must have com-
pleted high school or the equivalent; he cannot
he over 35 years of age. He may apply (or reapply)
for extensions of two, four, or six years. His branch
of service then prolongs his tour of duty according
to the branch personnel requirements. As with
warrant officer selection, acceptance depends on
the candidate's political reliability and military
record. Recruiting takes place three months before
discharge, with screening conducted by a permanent
committee. This committee includes the political
officer and secretaries of the Communist Party and
Komsomol organizations. Final approval rests with
the individual's commander. Former service person-
nel can return to active duty under this program.

  The Soviets suspended the extended service
program in 1972, after the establishment of the
warrant officer ranks. The intention was for war-
rant officers to fill some of the higher NCO posi-
tions; conscripts would then fillthe remaining NCO
ranks. Because the plan was not completely success-
ful, the Soviets reinstituted the extended service
category the following year to provide essential
personnel for various high qualification specialties.
These specialties require long periods of training;
they include aviation mechanics, naval specialties,
electronics, and personnel management.

## Women I N  The Armed Forces

The 1967 Law on Universal Military Service pro-
vided for compulsory military service for women
only in time of war or emergency. The government
will draft women with special skills, normally those
in the communications and health fields.

   Recognizing that the pool of conscripts is dwin-
dling, the Soviet government amended the 1967
Universal Military Service Law in 1985. This

## Conditions Of Service

  Service in the Soviet armed forces offers poten-
                                                        vigorous training, strict discipline, thorough politi-
tial rewards such as promotion, pay, in-service
                                                        cal indoctrination, and adherence to Communist
benefits, and a pension. Conversely, it requires
                                                        Party policies.

   Most service regulations for women are identical
to those for men. Training is similar in the initial
phases, though women stay in special dormitories
in garrison. When off duty, women may wear civil-
ian clothes. The military disciplinary regulations
specify separate penalties for women commensurate
with those for men.

  Women enlistees may extend their service and
remain on active duty. At least one woman in the
medical service field has completed thirty years
of military service. Pensions and leave plans are
similar to those for servicemen, with the exception
of pregnancy leave, which is authorized before and
after childbirth.

  Women rarely achieve officer rank; therefore,
few have attended command and general staff
colleges. Most women officers attending midlevel
professional schools are in the medical services.

  The first women warrant officers came from the
Soviet Army Parachute Team, but women should
find increasing opportunities in the high technology
fields of the Soviet armed forces. Expanding the
role of women in the Soviet Military could adversely
affect the civilian labor force, however, since
women now constitute one-halfof that force.

  Some military wives have formed women coun-
cils which provide a reserve force of dependents
available to augment Soviet forces in the forward
areas such as WGF. Their training consists of
basic courses in weapons use, combat skills, and
nuclear, biological, and chemical (NBC)protection.
There is an ongoing effort to expand this program
to other military installations.

   Although Soviet society proclaims equality for
men and women, the Soviet armed forces still
channel women into well-defined occupational roles.
Generally, women do not participate in operational
military activity during peacetime. Approximately
10,000 women currently serve in the Soviet armed
forces.

## O F F I C E R  Promotions Officers Or A Component Or Branch Academy.

  After graduation from one of the military col-
                                                     Promotions to the next higher grade, up through
leges, an officer normally rotates through a number
                                                     colonel, depend on academic training, service expe-
of command and staff assignments. Some officers
                                                     rience, duty assignment, job performance, and
then attend one of the advanced institutes for
                                                     political reliability.

## Minimum Time-In-Grade Requirements For Officer Promotion

GRADE
T I M E
Junior lieutenant to lieutenant and equivalent ranks ........ 2 years
Lieutenant to senior lieutenant and equivalent ranks ........ 3 years
Senior lieutenant to captain and equivalent ranks ........ 3 years
Captain to major and equivalent ranks ........ 4 years
Major to lieutenant colonel and equivalent ranks ........ 4 years
Lieutenant colonel to colonel and equivalent ranks ........ 5 years
To ranks above colonel ........No fixed minimum

fulfilled national goals, or has been assigned to a higher position.

   An officer's immediate superior, in consultation
with his political deputy, prepares the officer's
efficiency report. He evaluates the officer's work
and rates his political and job qualities. Officers
receive reports once every two or three years, upon
either transfer or recommendation for promotion.



  Promotions up to and including the rank of
colonel follow procedures determined by the USSR
Council of Ministers. They probably result from
the recommendations of an officer's immediate
superior and branch chief. The Council of Ministers
grants promotions to generals and admirals, while
the Presidium of the USSR Supreme Soviet must
approve promotions to the ranks of army general,
marshals of arms of the service, fleet admirals,
chief marshals of arms of the service, Fleet Ad-
mirals of the Soviet Union, Marshals of the Soviet
Union, and Generalissimo of the Soviet Union. The
USSR Minister of Defense can order the awarding
of the next higher rank before the end of the
prescribed period of service in the previous rank.
He may do this when an officer has demonstrated
excellence in combat training, has successfully

  Officers remain on active duty until reaching
the statutory age for retirement, which varies accord-
ing to grade. (See "Stat'utory age for retirement,"
below.) Officers who reach these respective age
limits without being promoted must leave active
duty and transfer to'the reserves. If granted an
exception, however, a n  officer may serve a n
additional ten years in his grade before being
discharged.

## Statutory Age For Retirement

| RANK                                                                                     | AGE                  |
|------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|----------------------|
| Junior lieutenants, lieutenants and equivalent ranks                                     |                      |
|                                                                                          |                      |
| 40                                                                                       |                      |
| Senior lieutenants, captains, and equivalent ranks                                       |                      |
|                                                                                          |                      |
| 40                                                                                       |                      |
| Majors                                                                                   | and equivalent ranks |
|                                                                                          |                      |
| 45                                                                                       |                      |
| Lieutenant colonels and equivalent ranks                                                 |                      |
|                                                                                          |                      |
| 45                                                                                       |                      |
| Colonels and equivalent ranks                                                            |                      |
|                                                                                          |                      |
| 50                                                                                       |                      |
| Generals and admirals up to lieutenant general and equivalent ranks                      |                      |
|                                                                                          |                      |
| 55                                                                                       |                      |
| Generals, admirals, and marshals below Marshal of the Soviet Union, and equivalent ranks |                      |
|                                                                                          |                      |
| Exempted                                                                                 |                      |

## Pay



   Basic pay for members of the Soviet  armed
forces is the sum of pay for rank,  position assign
ment, and  length of service. Unlike the US which
pays all service personnel of the same rank the
same salary, the Soviets do not pay conscripts as
much as career  personnel serving  in the same
position.Typically, conscripts receive less than the
equivalent of $10 per month.

   forces pays career personnel a subsistence subsidy
   at the rate of about 20 rubles per month when
   rations are not available, per diem when on tem
      porary duty (TDY),and a dislocation allowance
   based o n  the distance traveled when making a
    permanent change of station. Conscripts receive
    only daily subsistence allowance when on TDY.
   Families of first-time servicemen receive free
   postal privileges for letters sent to soldiers at their
   duty station.

  Rank pay is a constant factor. Only officers
and warrant officers receive it. Position pay is the
major factor in the system. Its level may vary
greatly, reflecting the command responsibility or
technical requirement. Position pay does not vary
with rank; thus, it is not unusual for the incomes
of personnel of the same rank to be substantially
different. Although tables of organization specify
nominal ranks for certain positions, personnel of
different ranks may frequently fill the positions.
There is a growing tendency to place majors in
command of battalions, lieutenant colonels in
command of regiments, and colonels in command
of divisions.

  The Soviets do not publish pay scales for mili-
tary personnel. The estimated average pay for
officers in 1975 was about 150 rubles a month. (A
ruble is officially equal to $1.66.) A lieutenant may
realize a combined pay of about 150 rubles a
month, a major about 225, and a lieutenant colonel
about 250. Marshals may earn as much as 2,000
rubles a month.

## In-Service Benefits

  The provision of housing, rations, and other
service benefits depends on whether one is a con-
script or a career serviceman. Conscripts cannot
marry while serving. If already married, they can
not be accompanied by their families.



   Since 1984, wives of noncareer military personnel
have received a payment for the education of chil
dren. Another benefit which they, along with
members of their families, receive is retention on
the waiting list for living space. Families retain
the living area that they occupy before the service
man went into service for the effective length of
military service. In 1986, privileges for families of
noncareer military personnel increased to allow a
monthly payment of 35 rubles per child.

Officers. warrant officers. and extended service

personnel receive free living quarters, assigned
according to marital status, position, assignment,
and size of family. When housing is not available,
they get a small allowance instead. Also, the armed

  Career personnel with less than 25 years of
active duty may take 30 days of annual leave; those
with over 25 years' service receive 45 days of leave.
Conscripts serving their normal tour of duty may
take no leave except for verified family emergencies
or for outstanding performance in military or politi-
cal training. They may have only one such leave
during their period of service. Pass policy depends
on the local commander. He will issue conscripts
stationed within the Soviet Union passes perhaps
once a week. Passes are a luxury for conscripts
assigned outside the country.

  The armed forces provide service personnel and
their families with free medical and health care,
including treatments at sanatoria-resorts when
prescribed. The resorts also are available at reduced
rates on a nonprescriptionbasis to career personnel.

## Pensions



  Military personnel receive pensions for long
service or disability. After 25 years of service, all
servicemen are eligible for pensions amounting to
at least 50 percent of their rate of pay at the time
of discharge. Personnel separated from service with
between 20 and 25 years of retirement credit qualify
for benefits at a reduced rate of 30 to 40 percent
of their last military pay. Disabled veterans receive
pensions of up to 75 percent. When nonregular
servicemen die, their families receive a pension and
retain for six months all privileges to which they

were

      entitled. The All-Union Pension Fund, which
is similar t o  other national retierement programs,
handles pensions; pensions are not part of the
Soviet defense budget.



## Political Indoctrination

  The Party exerts its control over the armed
forces through the Main Political Directorate (MPA).
The MPA has subordinate branches throughout the
military chain of command. These branches serve
as political directorates at force component, military
district,and group of forces levels. Political depart-
ments are their equivalents at army and division

levels. Below division, MPA affairs are the respon-
sibility of the deputy commander for political
affairs, the zampolit. A zampolit is present in each
regiment, battalion, and company. His authority
exists independently of that of the military com-
mander. The next higher agency appoints the best
trained and most experienced political workers to
these political organs.

  Besides handling MPA affairs, the zampolit
organizes and conducts both nonmilitary and mili-
tary political work in his unit. His responsibilities
include-
- Supervising the activities of t h e  Communist
 Party and Komsomol organizations.

Improving combat readiness and political loyalty
of the troops.
Explaining Soviet domestic and foreign policies.
Strengthening discipline.
Instilline patriotism.

Participating i n  t h e  development of combat training programs and in the selection, place
ment, and rating of officers.



  At the MOD, military district, army, and fleet
levels, the Party organizations are responsible for
improving the efficiency of the command apparatus
by ensuring that the headquarters and other
command bodies strengthen military discipline.
They are also responsible for promoting progress
and innovation in training and equipment. Under
the direction of the political officer, all military
elements and units participate in activities such
as compulsory lectures and meetings, publication

## Ranks

  The highest military rank in the Soviet Union
is that of Generalissimo. Only Stalin ever held that
rank. All other military ranks fall into five
categories:

Marshals, generals, and admirals.
Officers.
Warrant officers.
Sergeants and petty officers. Soldiers and sailors.

(The figure on page 2-7represents the basic rank
structure of the Soviet armed forces, translated into
     .
US terms.)

  The Minister of Defense. other t o o  personnel
of the MOD, and high-level' combined arms field

of unit newspapers, and other cultural events with
propaganda potential. Political indoctrination is a
scheduled part of the training curriculum.



   The Communist Party and Komsomol organiza-
tions for military personnel who are members are
the most visible and prevalent instruments of
political control in the military. They involve the
largest number of personnel and exist at almost
every level in the chain of command, even down
to platoon and squad. The basic element of Party
membership is t h e  primary Party organization
(PPO). The Party may establish a PPO wherever
three Party members are present. A PPO with fewer
than 15 members elects a secretary; one with 15
or more elects a bureau and a secretary to direct
its activities. The Party and Komsomol organiza
tions politicize t h e military by recruiting as many
personnel a s  possible for membership and by
involving them in political activities. While the
Party encourages all military personnel to join,
membership for officers is virtually required.

There are presently some 16 million Party

members and 30millionKomsomolmembers inthe
Soviet Union. This represents a little over 20 per
cent of the total population. In contrast, over 80
percent of all military personnel and 90 percent
of the officer corps are Party or Komsomol mem-
bers. The USSR subjects the majority of its citizens
to indoctrination for their entire lives; military
personnel, because they are a captive audience,
receive constant exposure to it. Occasionally i r r
tating, mostly taken for granted, but nonetheless
effective, propaganda and indoctrination, both in
and out of the military, are established fixtures
of the Soviet society.

commanders normally bold the rank of Marshal
of the Soviet Union. Only combined arms officers
can achieve this rank. The equivalent Navy rank
is Admiral of the Fleet of the Soviet Union.

  The armed forces further classify officers as
senior or junior. The warrant officer group includes
the ranks of praporshchik for nonnavalpersonnel
and michman for naval warrant officers. Sergeants
and petty officers comprise the NCO ranks, and
the term soldiers and sailors refers to the two
ranks of private and seaman.



  The ground/avaition ranks apply to all ground-
based servicemen, inclucingnonseagoing naval per
sonnel and all aviation personnel in the air force,
naval aviation. and fighter aviation of air defense.
The naval ranks are for shipboard personnel.

Soviet military ranks (translated into US terms)

GROUND/AVIATION
NAVY

Generalissimo of the Soviet Union

## Marshals. Generals. And Admirals

Marshal of the Soviet Union/Chief Marshal
Admiral of the Fleet of the
(of specific arm)
Soviet Union
Army General/Marshal(of specific arm)
Fleet Admiral
Colonel General (3-star)
Admiral
Lieutenant General (2-star)
Vice Admiral
Major General (1-star)
SENIOR OFFICERS
Colonel
Captain 1st Rank
Lieutenant Colonel
Captain 2nd Rank
Major
Captain 3rd Rank
JUNIOR OFFICERS
Captain
Captain-Lieutenant
Senior Lieutenant
Senior Lieutenant
Lieutenant
Lieutenant
Junior Lieutenant
Junior Lieutenant

## Warrant Officers

Praporshchik
Michman

## Sergeants And Petty Officers

| Master Sergeant    | Ships Chief Petty Officer    |
|--------------------|------------------------------|
| Senior Sergeant    | Chief Petty Officer          |
| Sergeant           | Petty Officer 1st Class      |
| Junior Sergeant    | Petty Officer 2nd Class      |

## Soldiers And Sailors

| Private 1st Class    | Seaman 1st Class    |
|----------------------|---------------------|
| Private              | Seaman              |

   Officer personnel in the ranks of major general
through chief marshal in aviation, artillery,
engineer troops, and signal troops and major
general through colonel general in tank troops
carry the designation of the branch as part of their
rank; for example, chief marshal of aviation, mar-
shal of armored troops, colonel general of tank
troops (who, upon promotion, would become a
marshal of armored troops), lieutenant general of
signal troops, and major general of engineer troops.
The same criteria apply to technical troops
(chemical, railroad, road, motor transport, and units
of military topographic service). There is, however,
no chief marshal or marshal rank for these troops;
for example, colonel general of technical troops.

Rear Admiral

   Likewise, generals and officers of special services
(intendance (quartermaster), administrative, medical,
veterinary, and justice) use the special service
designation. These special services have no mar-
shals or chief marshals. So, one refers to a colonel
general of intendance service, a colonel of medical
service, a major of veterinary service, and a junior
lieutenant of justice. There are, however, no general
officers in the administrative service and no colonel
general of veterinary service.

   Special rank designations also apply to engineer
officer ranks of all branches of the armed forces.
Officers who complete studies at a higher engineer
officer school or a military engineering academy

earn the title of engineer, which is combined with
the rank; for example, lieutenant-engineer, colonel-
engineer, or colonel general-engineer. In the navy,
the equivalent ranks would be lieutenant-engineer,
captain 2nd rank-engineer, and admiral-engineer.
Officers with a secondary military technical edu

## Reserve System

  The Soviet reserve system ensures that all citi
zensfit for military service have a definite reserve
commitment when not on active duty or deferred
for a specific reason. The military commissariats,
in conjunction with other administrative organs,
manage the system at the lower levels to make
evasion of this responsibility practically impossible.
The military service booklets issued to all reservists
are necessary for residence permits when changing
locale and for work permits when changing jobs.

   All former service personnel released from active
duty for reasons other than retirement or disability
transfer to the reserves. These personnel, together
with individuals who for various reasons serve in
the reserves exclusively, form the Soviet reserve
force. There are no reserve units as such. The
closest equivalents to US reserve units are the
transport, repair, and construction groups that
function as normal parts of the economy in peace-
time and move as a whole when mobilized. Re-
servists called to active duty receive assignments
based on their occupational specialties.

  In any five-year period, an estimated 3,500,000
Soviets complete military training. Under a system
where reserve obligations for NCOs run to age 50
and for officers as high as age 65, the reserve
capability reaches into the tens of millions. The
reserve manpower pool currently comprises more
than 55 million men subject to call-up, of which 9
million have been discharged within the past five
years. Noncommissioned servicewomen remain in
the reserves to age 40.

## Enlisted Obligations

  Enlisted and NCO reserve personnel fall into
two categories according to experience and three
groups according to age. Category I includes those
with at least one year of active duty, twelve months
of accumulated reserve refresher training, or combat
experience of any duration. Category I I  consists
of all personnel with less than one year of active
military duty, men subject to military service who
for various reasons have not been drafted into
active military service, and all women reservists.
Each category divides into three groups on the

cation use the title technical service combined with
the rank; for example, junior lieutenant of tech-
nical service, captain of technical service, and
colonel of technical service. There are no general
officers of the technical service.

basis of age: 18 to 35 years of age, 36 to 45 years
of age, and 46 to 50 years of age.

  Air reservists in Category I, Group I, must
participate in up to five 40-day refresher flying
training sessions, as well as in the required re-
fresher training. All reservists may have to attend
examination periods lasting up to ten days. This
is in addition to the required refresher training.

   In the past, few reservists have been called for
training at the maximum level provided for by law.
However, because of the shortened active duty
tours enacted in 1967, the Soviets have accelerated
their reserve training programs. (See "Training
periods," below.)

## Officer Obligations

  The officer reserve comprises the graduates of
university reserve officer training programs; the
body of soldiers, sailors, sergeants, and petty
officers who have qualified for, and passed, com-
missioning examinations upon completion of active
duty; and a small number of officers who have

Training periods
CATEGORY I
Group I
Up to four periods of up to three
months each
Group II
Up to two periods of up to two
months each
One period of one month
Group III
CATEGORY I I
Group I
Up to six periods of up to three
months each
Group II
Up to two periods of up to two
months each
One period of one month
Group III

left active service before the expiration of their full
obligation. Rank and age are the determinants of
an officer's reserve class. (See the figure below for
maximum ages.) Women officers accepted for mili-
tary service with an acquired specialty enter in
Reserve Group III, regardless of the military ranks
they hold. The age limit for their reserve status
is 50.

##

   Reserve officers train more frequently than con-
scripts. Those in Group I may be called up every
year for a period of up to three months; those in
Group II, up to two sessions lasting up to three
months each; and those in Group III, up to one
two-month session. The Minister of Defense has
the authority to detain reserve officers at training
sessions for up to two months longer than the
periods established by law. He can increase the
number of training sessions without exceeding the
total amount of time required for all three classes.
The maximum time spent at the various reserve
sessions cannot exceed thirty months. Besides
active duty refresher training, reserve officers must
attend 30 to 60 hours of refresher training in
evenings and on weekends at military facilities
near their place of work. Officers in Group I receive
this training between annual active duty refresher
tours. A
          l
            l
          others must attend sessions every three



years

            MOBILIZATION
  In the Soviet Union, the Presidium of the USSR
Supreme Soviet orders mobilization. The MOD

## Officer Reserue Classes: Maximum Ages

RANKS
Junior lieutenants, lieutenants, and equivalent ranks ........
40
45
50
Senior lieutenants, captains, and equivalent ranks ........
45
50
55
Majors and equivalent ranks
Lieutenant colonels and equivalent ranks
Colonels and equivalent ranks
55
60
Generals and admirals up to lieutenant general, vice-admiral, and
corresponding ranks
Colonel generals, admirals, and corresponding ranks, generals of
the army, marshals of arms of service, and fleet admirals

S o v i e t  law does not prescribean age *limit* for these groups

orders all call-ups for mobilization based on resolu-
tions of the USSR Council of Ministers. At the
time of mobilization, all personnel of the armed
forces stay active until further notice. Reservists
subject to military service receive notification of
the places and times to report in their mobilization
instructions, in call-up notices, or in ordersof the
rayon military commissariats. Mobilization may be
partial or universal, open or secret; it may involve
all the armed forces or only part of them. In
peacetime, only a few members of the reserves may
mobilize for training purposes; but in wartime,
mobilization affects the whole economy. Only about
2.1 million reservists, or about 5 percent of the
total reserve manpower pool, are needed to bring
the Soviet armed forces to full wartime strength.
Thus, a substantial base would remain available
to create new units and provide replacementa. Mili-
tary law in the Soviet Union also subjects women
to conscription during wartime, thereby ensuring
a large reservoir for expanding the force and
releasing men for active duty.

   The General Staff of the army and navy, through
its Organization and Mobilization Directorate,
controls military mobilization. The Directorate plans
and directs the mobilization of the armed forces
and supervises the mobilization planning activities
of the military districts and subordinate military
commissariats. It also may be responsible for
mobilization supply stockpiles in the armed forces.

RESERVE
GROUP I I
RESERVE
GROUP III
RESERVE
GROUP I
45
50
55
50
55
60
60
65 65

  The personnel mobilization plan contains two
phases. The firstinvolves the call-up of fully trained
reservists (Category I) to bring active units up to
authorized strength and to man additional line
divisions as well as new nondivisional service and
support units. The second phase deals generally
with the induction, assembly, and training of par-
tially trained reservists (Category II) for further
expansion of the forces,replacement, and related
activities.

  The Soviets use a number of methods to mobilize
and expand units. First, a peacetime unit may
expand and convert to the next higher level. So
an MRB may becomea regiment. Second, a peace
time unit may retain its organization, release part

of its personnel as cadre for new units, and expand
to wartime strength. Finally, new units may form
directly from the reserves.

  The Soviet mobilization system also provides
for the mobilization directly from the civilian
economy of cargo trucks and other specialized
equipment interchangeable for military and civilian
use. In August 1968, for example, the Soviet Union
freely announced in the press that it would call
up reservists and mobilize equipment from the
civilian economy for participation in a largescale
rear services exercise called NEMAN. As it turned
out, the exercise, though carried out as announced,
was a method of mobilizing reservists and civilian
equipment to support the Soviet troops that moved
into Czechoslovakia in late August of that year.

## Chapter 3 Training Contents

| PREMILITARY              | PROGRAMS                 |
|--------------------------|--------------------------|
| 3-1                      |                          |
| INDIVIDUALS              | A N D                    |
| 3-6                      |                          |
| MILIATARY                | EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS |
| .                        |                          |
| .                        |                          |
| 3-4                      |                          |
| Initial Processing       |                          |
| and                      |                          |
| Instruction              |                          |
|                          |                          |
| 3-6                      |                          |
| Officer                  |                          |
| 3-4                      |                          |
| Training Characteristics |                          |
|                          |                          |
| 3-6                      |                          |
| Warrant Officer          |                          |
| 3-5                      |                          |
| The Yearly Cycle         |                          |
|                          |                          |
| 3-7                      |                          |
| Noncommissioned Officer  |                          |
| 3-6                      |                          |

military personnel to a peak of combat effective-
ness, the training programs are usually identical
from year to year. Their major elements are tactics,
firing, physical education, and political indoctrina-
tion. Field training is frequent and rigorous.

  A system of military high schools and colleges,
command and staff schools, and a  general staff
academy provides career military personnel with
professional a n d  f o r m a l academic training.
Qualified conscripts receive a less formalized
education for NCO positions.


                                       s

   Military training in the Soviet Union includes
civilian premilitary training, in-service training,
and reserve training. The 1967 Law on Universal
Military Service established a compulsory system
of premilitary training for all young men and
women aged 16 through 18. The government
conducts this training in the final two grades of
t h e ten-year public high schools; i n specialized
secondary schools; i n  professional trade schools;
and, for thosewhohaveleft school,inthefactories,
offices, or farms where they work. Theseyoung
people gain a fundamental knowledge of the mili
tary and basic military-technical skills which make
their transition from civilian to military life easier.
The training helps them master modern military
equipment more quickly after they are drafted.

attending civilian schoolsand universities o r while
working in the national economy.Refresher training
through drills, classes, and active duty call-ups
continues until individuals pass out of the reserve
at age 50. (Chapter 2 of this manual discusses
maximum ages for the officer reserve classes.)

   In-service training of a conscript begins when
he arrives at a tactical unit. It normally continues
throughout his tour of service. Designed to bring all

## Premilitary Programs

  The MOD, together with the DOSAAF, manages,
implements, and conducts premilitary training.
Formed in mid-1968, the MOD's Directorate for
Premilitary Training has assumed responsibility for
planning and organizing the Ministry's input into
the premilitary and specialist training programs.
It is the logical organ to transmit the future needs
of the armed forces to the premilitary and specialist
training system in the form of quotas. Its tasks
embrace the implementation of the MOD mandate
to supervise and support the DOSAAF premilitary
training mission.

and number of programs on the quotas of the
Organization and Mobilization Directorate, for
which they keep records. The military districts and
commissariats plan the overall program. They
selectthe training cadres; they organize individual
training groups according to the nature of the local
population; and they establish evening training
sessions, military libraries, weapons rooms, and
military-technical training courses for local training
centers. The directors of the schools and enter-
prises control the physical operation of the centers,
while DOSAAF conducts the actual training.

  The Directorate for Premilitary Training is
subordinate to the Central Committee of DOSAAF.
It h a s  overall responsibility for premilitary
training. Also, the DOSAAF Central Committee
contains, among others, separate directorates for

   Under the technical guidance of the Directorate
for Premilitary Training, the military districts and
the military commissariats within the districts
assume responsibility for basic military training
in the schools and enterprises. They base the types

Reservists prepare for military service while

##



military-technical training and sports, naval
training and sports, and aviation training and
sports. The DOSAAF operates its program through
a hierarchy of committees at all levels from the
republics down to the rural counties and urban
wards (rayon), which supervise most of the day-
to-day work.

  Likewise, both the Ministry of Education and
the State Committee for Vocational and Technical
Education of the USSR Council of Ministers have
departments for premilitary training. They coop-
erate with the MOD and DOSAAF in implementing
the premilitary training courses in their respective
civilian educational institutions. They develop the
courses that make up the premilitary as well as
civil defense training programs. They provide
DOSAAF with logistical support such as training
sites, equipment, visual and other aids, and
resource funds. They also participate in the
training of instructors. Apparently, all Soviet
ministries must provide support for premilitary
training programs conducted for their 16- to 18
year-old employees by territorial DOSAAF com-
mittees and training centers at factories, farms,
institutes, and other locations.

  The premilitary training program presented to
high school students and working youth at training
points and centers provides them with the equiva-
lent of the basic training formerly given to recruits
after they were drafted. Phased into operation in
1968, its results have been uneven. The Soviets
have continuously expressed concern over the
quality of this program. They complain about the
large differences in skills and knowledge acquired
by youths throughout the country. The differences
make it necessary for many new draftees to be
retrained after they enter active military service.
This significantly reduces the training time for
concepts and usage of complex, modern equipment.

  The standard program of premilitary basic
training provides 140 hours of familiarization with
militaryorganization and regulations, small arms
use, and civil defense techniques. School students
typically spend two hours weekly during two 35
week school years studying these topics. Workers,
on the other hand, attend three week-long, full-
time sessions at training centers. These sessions
are spaced over a year; this minimizes the time
workers spend away from their jobs. Both young
men and women participate in the standard
program. The curriculum for females, however,
requires more hours spent in civil defense and first
aid training and, in compensation, fewer hours in
practical military training.

   In their basic premilitary studies, trainees attend
field exercises varying in duration from five to
fifteen days. These camps provide facilities for
practical training in weapons familiarization and
other areas. They operate with the maximum
possible cooperation of local military forces.

   There has been a trend to offer courses to local
preinduction trainees using the facilities of the
more than 130 Soviet military colleges scattered
throughout the country. Professional military
college instructors present the standard 140-hour
program, encouraging those selected for the training
to enroll in commissioning schools.

   Besides requiring basic premilitary training, the
1967 Law on Universal Military Service also
directed that educational institutions of the tech-
nical-vocational system and DOSAAF organizations
annually train specialists for the armed forces. The
USSR Council of Ministers, in conjunction with
the MOD, determines the number and types of
specialists to be trained. Youths in their second
year of premilitary training (generally 17 years
old) are eligible.

  The 1972 DOSAAF regulations state that
DOSAAF will provide leadership for the develop-
ment of military-technical skills. Among these
skills are the following: aircraft and glider use and
maintenance, parachuting, automobile and motor-
cycle use and maintenance, radio communications,
underwater diving, motarboating, marksmanship,
and modeling. Thus, DOSAAF has the basic
responsibility for creating, guiding, and assisting
in the operation of the extensive network of clubs,
schools, and other training organizations. These
organizations prepare specialists in military knowl-
edge and skills for service in the armed forces.
At the same time, they train individuals in the
technical professions for eventual employment in
the national economy.

  Entry into DOSAAF specialist training pro-
grams, conducted at specialized DOSAAF schools,
is either voluntary or as directed by local com-
missariats. Military commissariats receive their
annual quotas for the training of various groups
of specialists according to the MOD's projected
personnel requirements. They then screen the
individuals who have registered for the draft for
special aptitudes and assign those selected for
specialist training to the DOSAAF programs.

  The recently revised curriculum for training
youths to drive freight trucks with a cargo capacity
exceeding 3.5 tons is one example of a specialist

program. The DOSAAF conducts this program,
                                              special time to general military training, the
which reduces the total number of hours from the
                                              instructors still have the responsibility to teach
previous program, over a ten-month period. (See
                                               students primary military skills.
figure below.) Instructors give a program in three
nonconsecutive sessions to youths engaged in
                                                 For each training session, there are eight groups
productive work. There are two nonconsecutive
                                              of 30 to 34 students. Each automotive school has
sessions for youths still in school. The course
                                              15 to 17 training trucks. In many instances, the
attempts to give the students as much experience
                                               program changes to compensate for the school's
as possible in driving, maintaining, and repairing
                                              lack of equipment or space (or both). This creates
trucks. Although the program does not devote any
                                               wide variation in the quality of training.


DOSAAF specialist training curriculum frieght truck driver
SUBJECT
TOTAL HOURS
HOURS I N
Theory
Lab
Practice
20
0
0
Equipment and Use of Vehicle
Political Training
0
0
0
Theoretical Classes
116
0
0
Practical Shopwork-Equipment
0
88
0
Practical Shopwork-Maintenance
0
122
0
Traffic Rules
80
0
0
Traffic Safety
40
6
0
Driving
0
0
60
Examinations
0
0
0
TOTALS

  An extensive program of physical toughening
                                                  Technical Complex Ready for Labor and Defense
and training in endurance, dexterity, and courage
                                                  of the USSR (GTO).
for draft and predraft-age youths accompanies the
premilitary and specialist training conducted in
                                                     Within the framework of the GTO complex,
schools and training centers. The physical edu-
                                                   there are five stages of national physical training
cation classes are held in schools, enterprises, and
                                                  standards. The entire complex encompasses not
DOSAAF clubs. They conform to a general system
                                                   only draft-age youth, but also the rest of the
of physical training known as the All-Union Sports-
                                                   population.



National physical training
STAGE
PROGRAM NAME
AGE GROUP
(MALE AND FEMALE)

Courage and Skill
Young Sportsmen
Strength and Courage
Physical Perfection
Cheerfulness and Health
10-13 ("Pioneers")
14-15
16-18
19-34 (females)
19-39 (males)
34 plus (females)
39 plus (males)

  The appropriate Committees for Physical Cul-
ture and Sports, under the Council of Ministers,
provide overall guidance of the third-level GTO
program for draft-age youth. The third level
consists of ten types of exercises. Participants
receive points for meeting minimum standards and

## Military Educat Officer

  The Soviet Union possesses the world's most
extensive network of military schools and reserve
officer commissioning programs. The total annual
output of all its officer candidate establishments
is approximately 60,000 students. Over the forty
years between the end of World War I I  and the
present, the schools have trained nearly one and
one-half million officers, 500,000 of whom form the
regular officer corps of the Soviet armed forces.

   The first stage of the formal system of Soviet
military schools is the military high school; this
includes the Suvorov schools for the army compo-
nents and Nakhimov schools for the navy. These
institutions conduct two-year programs for boys
15 years of age and older who have completed
eight grades of public education. There are
presently nine Suvorov schools and one Nakhimov
school, with average student bodies of 900 young
men. Cadets wear uniforms, live at the schools,
and receive a well-rounded civil and military
education, as well as liberal doses o f  Marxist-
Leninist theory. Graduates of these schools may
enter Soviet military colleges without taking
competitive examinations.

   The military colleges are the backbone of the
Soviet commissioning program. On a par with
civilian technical colleges, they offer degrees in a
wide variety of specialties. (See figure on next
page.) There are at least 6 military colleges or
schools (three-year, mostly technical schools) and
136 higher military colleges or schools (four- to
five-year schools). Graduates of both types of
colleges are commissioned lieutenants.



   For one and one-halfmonths each year, students
at these institutions train in an appropriate troop
unit in the field. Generally, the higher military
schools devote 60 percent of their curriculum to
specialized military subjects such as regulations,
branch tactics, weapons and equipment, and
physical training; 30 percent to academic subjects,
including mathematics, physics, methods and
principles of teaching, psychology, various technical
studies (depending on the school's specialty), and

badges and certificates for passing. The DOSAAF
clubs and training centers administer the exam-
ination, while DOSAAF committees supervise
particular aspects, such as grenade throwing,
small arms marksmanship, and 500-and 1,000
meter cross-country running.

## Ional Institutions

a foreign language; and at least 10 percent to political studies.

  Graduates of Suvorov and Nakhimov schools,
reserve and regular enlisted personnel, and
individuals undergoing preinduction military
training may apply for the officer commissioning
schools. Civilians and reservists apply through
their local commissariats. Active duty personnel
apply through their immediate commanders.



   Besides the commissioning schools, the force com-
ponents and arms and services operate advanced
courses designed to improve the professional
qualifications of officers; to familiarize them with
the latest developments in tactics and equipment;
and to prepare them for command and staff
positions at battalion, regimental, and equivalent
levels. These courses generally use the facilities
of the higher military schools or academies.
Officers selected for attendance normally are
captains, majors, or lieutenant colonels who are
not scheduled to attend a service or a branch
academy. The advanced courses run from four to
ten months, with approximately 10 percent of the
time allotted to tactical and staff work on the
company level, 70 percent on the battalion level,
and 20 percent on the regimental level.

##

   Soviet military academies are roughly equivalent
to a combined US staff and war college. They are
the highest formal institutions of Soviet military
education. Their commanders are senior general
officers.
           The USSR maintains 17 of these
academies, which exist on all-service levels and
in each armed forces component in a manner
similar to specialized military colleges. They train
selected officers for command and staff positions
from regimental to army or equivalent levels.
Besides providing three- to five-year resident
instruction, the academies conduct and supervise
nonresident extension and correspondence courses.
They also are responsible for research and develop-
ment in tactical doctrine and equipment engineering
in their particular fields. They disseminate tactical
and technical information through service journals
and periodicals.

NUMBER
SPECIALTY
OF SCHOOLS
Combined **Arms** ........
9
Air Defense of the Country ........
14
Air Defense of Troops ........
5
Air Force ........
23
Navy ........
10
Strategic Rocket Forces ........
5
Political ........
9
Airborne ........
1
Artillery ........
10
Automotive ........
4
Chemical ........
3
Construction ........
4
Engineering ........
3
Railroad/Military Transport ........
1
Rear Services/Finance ........
4
Signal/Communication ........
11
Tank ........
8
Technical ........
1
Topographic ........
1
MVD ........
5
KGB ........
3
Miscellaneous ........
8

days off each month for study, and time away
from some unit training activity. They may also
receive up to four months' free time to research a
diploma thesis. Upon successful completion of all
requirements, the enrollee graduates with a
diploma of the same status as that granted to
resident students.

  The senior academy of the Soviet army and
navy, which represents the ultimate in military
education in the Soviet Union, is the Voroshilov
Military Academy of the General Staff of the USSR
Armed Forces. It trains carefully selected officers,
usually colonels and major generals (captains first
rank and rear admirals for the Navy), for the
highest command and staff assignments. The
course length is two years.

   Military educational institutions offer extension
and correspondence courses in over 100 specialties
to interested personnel throughout the armed
forces who pass a qualification examination or
meet prerequisites. Students supplement these
courses through resident retraining of up to one
month per year at the parent school. Consultation
teams of instructors visit all major gamsons to
give advice and assistance. Personnel enrolled in
extension and correspondence courses receive three
evenings each week free of unit duties, three duty

  Coincidental with the introduction of the
warrant officer grades in 1972, the military
districts and groups of forces organized six to
nine-month courses to train extended service
personnel to become warrant officers. Subjects
covered in these schools include political education,
tactics, training regulations, and physical training.
At the same time, the armed forces made pro-
visions for warrant officers and warrant officer
candidates to attend departmental courses at
officers' schools. The 1985 guidelines on the service

## Warrant Officer


of warrant officers emphasized the importance of
their political and professional training. The
guidelines also stressed mastering the techniques
of small unit military instruction.

## Noncommissioned Officer

  The Soviets select their NCOs from conscript
classes based on the initial screening at military
commissariats or based on the commander's
recommendations. The components and arms and

## Individuals Initialprocessing And Instruction

   Twice each year, the local military commissariat
calls up its quota of recruits based on the requi-
sitions received from the military district. On a
specified day, each commissariat sends its inductees
to the next higher military commissariat office,
which then transports the recruits to specific units
designated by military district headquarters.



  When the recruits arrive at a camp, they
undergo medical examinations, receive their
clothing issue, and begin intensive initial military
training that lasts an average of four weeks. This
period of training is known as the course of the
young soldier. At its close, each recruit takes the
soldier's oath of allegiance. By this time, recruits
presumably have a basic knowledge of military
life, and they know how to fire a rifle. The
combination of preinduction training and the initial
military instruction may be very loosely compared
to basic training in the US Armed Forces.

## Training Characteristics



   Soviet training is repetitive. All soldiers, sailors,
and airmen undergo individual training each year
of their military service, regardless of rank. The
aim of such repetitive training is the development
of instinctive reflexes to cope with any situation.

Soviet trainine concentrates on field exercises

under realistic conditions. While training in NBC
warfare, the troops sometimes use live chemical
agents under credible conditions. They must wear
protective masks and clothing for several hours
at a time and practice decontamination techniques
in actual contamination situations.

  The Soviet ground forces conduct small unit
training in habitual combat situations focusing
upon squad, platoon, and company levels, but
sometimes involving an entire battalion. Battle
drills are not stereotypes; they produce a known
asset that the commander can apply in an antici
pated combat situation. Large unit training in

services operate specialized technical schools
instructing NCOs in various military-technical
skills. The courses range from a few weeks to a
year in duration. On-the-job NCO training is
almost continuous in regimental-sized units, which
provide refresher courses and equipment familiari-
zation exercises. Due to the cyclical nature of the
Soviet conscription process, most NCO training
lasts for six months to allow for overlapping
resources required by the semiannual draft.

## And Units

regiments and divisions will involve live field
firing and night training. Artillery and close air
and/or attack helicopters will support tactical live
fire exercises. These exercises include evaluations
by the next higher headquarters based upon
established training objectives.

  The Soviets place great importance on physical
conditioning. Exercise, calisthenics, diet, and
organized sports are all factors in their integrated
training concept.

  They also believe that proper mental condi-
tioning is necessary for effective combat action.
To achieve such conditioning,Soviet commanders
emphasize realism during long combat training,
especially during field exercises. They apparently
try to teach techniques which soldiers can use to
cope with battlefield conditions. To achieve the
proper attitude among all military personnel, the
services conduct political training and discussions
on a rigorous schedule of at least five hours per
week. Political officers are organic to all units
down to company and equivalent levels. These
officers are devoted Communists, the products of
special training schools. Their tasks are to create
the desired attitudes in the minds of all personnel
and to work closely with the commanders in
motivating soldiers.



   Above all, Soviet military training fosters pro-
fessionalism. Self-improvement is a constant
requirement for career personnel who desire to
remain on active duty. An extensive array of
publications dealing with practical matters of every
part of the defense establishment is available at.
little or no cost. Besides taking extension and
correspondence courses, servicemen can participate
in organized evening study, in the evening
uniuersity. Due to an annual output of officers
which is greater than the active requirement, all
personnel must strive to improve their professional
knowledge to preserve their tenure.

organization look good. In other words, Soviet
training shortcomings are the same as those found
in any army throughout the world. There is no
doubt, however, that the Soviet armed forces are
among the world's most professional and best-
trained military organizations.

## The Yearly Cycle

   Soviet training also has negative aspects. These
include the uneven quality of academic training
caused by incompetent teachers (the inevitable
result of a military educational program the size
of the Soviet one) and the stifling of young leaders'
initiative by overbearing superiors. Since over 100
languages are spoken among the many various
ethnic groups in the Soviet Union, the Soviet Army
has some difficulty in training the large numbers
of non-Russian-speaking conscripts. This problem
will grow in the future as the Soviet Army must
rely more on nonethnic Russian manpower. An
additional training problem results from the
government's power to divert the conscripts to
complete economic tasks such as construction
projects and harvesting crops. This lost training
time can hinder the efforts of the cadre to achieve
the required training objectives; but it is not yet
a significant weakness in providing a well-trained
soldier for the Soviet Army.

  Other negative features include performance
parameters which encourage faculties to inflate
grades and pad exercise results to make the

  The yearly training program includes a winter
and a summer period. Each period, in turn, divides
into several stages. Every stage stresses a specific
theme or objective. The cycle stays basically
unchanged for several consecutive years. To ensure
that they cover all material in sufficient detail,
instructors may conduct different levels of training
simultaneously. Young soldiers in their first year
of service may receive more elementary instruction,
while senior servicemen get advanced training in
their occupational skills. Instructors also conduct
unit training on various levels at the same time.
Both winter and summer periods contain all levels
of training activity as well as division maneuvers,
where possible.

## Yearly Training Cycle

| Septernber                                                                                      | -      | October    |
|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|--------|------------|
| Summer training period in progress. Newly commissioned junior officers arrive from military     |        |            |
| schools and civilian universities.                                                              |        |            |
| November                                                                                        |        |            |
| Summer training period ends. Newly trained NCOs arrive from the training division. New con      |        |            |
| -                                                                                               |        |            |
| scripts arrive and receive four weeks of basic training. Soldiers who complete their two        | -      | year       |
| active duty obligation are released and transferred to the reserves. Preparations begin for the |        |            |
| coming winter training period. Training year ends.                                              |        |            |
| New training year begins. Winter training period begins.                                        |        |            |
| December                                                                                        |        |            |
| Winter training period continues.                                                               |        |            |
| January                                                                                         |        |            |
| -                                                                                               | April  |            |
| May                                                                                             |        |            |
| Winter training period ends. Newly trained NCOs arrive from the training division. New con      |        |            |
| -                                                                                               |        |            |
| scripts arrive and receive four weeks of basic training. Soldiers who complete their two        | -      | year       |
| active duty obligation are released and transferred to the reserves. Preparations begin for the |        |            |
| coming summer training period.                                                                  |        |            |
| June                                                                                            |        |            |
| Summer training period begins.                                                                  |        |            |
| July                                                                                            |        |            |
| -                                                                                               | August |            |
| Summer training period continues.                                                               |        |            |
| September-October                                                                               |        |            |
| Summer training period continues. Newly commissioned junior officers arrive in the divisions    |        |            |
| from military schools and civilian universities.                                                |        |            |
| November                                                                                        |        |            |
| Summer training period ends. Newly trained NCOs arrive from the training division. New con      |        |            |
| -                                                                                               |        |            |
| scripts arrive and receive four weeks of basic training. Soldiers who complete their two        | -      | year       |
| active duty obligation are released and transferred to the reserves. Preparations begin for the |        |            |
| coming winter training period. Training year ends.                                              |        |            |
| December                                                                                        |        |            |
| New training year begins. Winter training period begins.                                        |        |            |

receive special instructions and prepare for the coming term.

##

  The number of hours of daily training is the
same in winter and summer. Intense instruction
throughout the year leaves the soldier little free
time. The Soviets devote at least six hours of each
training day exclusively to scheduled instruction.
Most of the remaining time goes to political indoc-
trination, maintenance of clothing and equipment,
and personal needs. The training schedule for
Saturdays is two to four hours shorter to allow
time for cleaning and inspection of unit equipment.
Finally, required participation in organized sports
and cultural activities on weekends keeps free time
to a minimum. (See figure below.)

  The winter period lasts five to six months,
depending upon the type of unit, its location, and
the length of the winter season. It usually ends
by the beginning of May. Units in warm climates
may start moving to summer camps earlier than
units in the central USSR. Winter training takes
place mainly in garrison, with local training
areas providing firing ranges, classrooms, work-
shops, and other facilities. Most garrisons are on
the outskirts of towns, using the adjoining country-
side for command post exercises, field training,
and marches.

  Following the annual celebration of the
Bolshevik Revolution on 7 November, the Soviets
make preparations for the new training year.
During this time, incoming recruits begin their
initial training; instructors and students hold
critiques of the previous year's program; and
soldiers inspect and overhaul training facilities,
equipment, and vehicles. The appropriate
directorates formulate all necessary training plans
for the winter period while command personnel

  Summer training usually begins on the day
after May Day, a Soviet national holiday. It is
similar to the winter training in content. The
major difference is that soldiers spend a greater
amount of time out of garrison during the summer
period. The summer training activity usually
culminates in autumn divisional maneuvers, which
may be part of a combined Warsaw P a d  exercise.

## Typicnl Soviet Armed Forces Training Schedule

ACTIVITY
HOUR
TIME ELAPSED
5 minutes
Reveille
30 minutes
Physical Training ........
20 minutes
Personal Hygiene ........
15 minutes
Roll Call and Inspection ........
30 minutes
6 hours
Training
Breakfast ........
Lunch
40 minutes
30 minutes
20 minutes
Care of Personal Equipment ........
Afternoon Rest ........
a)
Political Education (Monday and Thursday)
b)
Equipment Maintenance (Tuesday and Friday)
C)
Organized Sports (Wednesday and Saturday)
3 hours
70 minutes
Supper
Self-Study
15 minutes
30 minutes
90 minutes
Roll Call
Free Time (Supervised) ........
Taps
7

## Chapter 4 Organization Contents

GROUND FORCES

MOTORIZED RIFLE REGIMENT
STRUCTURE (BTR)
4-3
MOTORIZED RIFLE REGIMENT
STRUCTURE (BMP)
4-26
MOTORIZED RIFLE DIVISION ........ 4-37
TANK REGIMENT STRUCTURE ........ 4-107
TANK DIVISION
4-1 12
COMBINED ARMS ARMY
4-116
TANK ARMY
4-118

Although one expects to find many organizational variations in a force the size of the Soviet ground forces, descriptions in this chapter present a single model for each type of organization. The structures portrayed here mirror forward-deployed Soviet forces such as those found in the Western TVD as of the end of 1988. They include all known structural elements, full assessed war-authorized strengths, and the most modern equipment. The text and tables note several structural variations.

## Presentation Of Information

  Stacked blocks in the charts indicate multiple,
identical elements subordinate to a particular or-
ganization. Dashed blocks indicate elements which
may or may not be present in the type of organi-
zation shown.

  The organization charts in this chapter focus
on maneuver units, starting at the lowest level
(motorized rifle squad and tank squad) and building
up to the highest level (army and front). At each
level, the chapter breaks down subordinate CS and
CSS units and subunits whenever possible for
greater detail.

   Figures inside the organization blocks reflect the
assessed total war-authorized personnel strength of
the organization. At lower levels, the chapter often
divides personnel figures between officers (at the
left) and enlisted personnel (at the right). At bat-
talion level and above, the chapter gives a single
figure for the officers and enlisted personnel
combined.

   Personnel totals, as well as equipment lists, are
cumulative, although recapitulation tables for larger
units may show the breakdown among subordinate
units and subunits. Otherwise, the user may deter-
mine the distribution of personnel and equipment
by wnsulting cross-referenced charts for lower-level
organizations.

  The chapter begins with the structure of the
MRRs, the most common type in the Soviet ground
forces. Among these regiments, the BTR-equipped
units are the most numerous. The chapter discusses
them first. Then it addresses the BMP-equipped
units. Discussion of the MRD and its support units
follows. Next the chapter repeats the process for
the TR and the TD. Organizations above division
(army and front) complete the description of purely
ground force organizations. The next set of charts
deals with the airborne regiment and the airborne
division. These are not technically part of the
ground forces but may fall under the control of a
ground forces front. The final set of charts ad-
dresses the amphibious forces: the naval infantry
regiment/brigade and the naval infantry division.

FRONT ........4-1 30
AIRBORNE FORCES
AIRBORNE REGIMENT
STRUCTURE (BMD)
4 1 4 4
AIRBORNE DIVISION
4 1 4 9

AMPHIBIOUS FORCES
NAVAL INFANTRY REGIMENT/
BRIGADE STRUCTURE
........4-155
NAVAL INFANTRY DIVISION
4-157

## Ground Forces

There is no fixed organizational structure above division level.

The army is the largest peacetime combined



  With approximately one-sixth of the earth's land
surface within its boundaries, the Soviet Union
has traditionally maintained large, well-equipped
ground forces as a primary instrument of military
power. T h e  s o v i e t  g r o u n d  f o r c e s  a r e  t h e
largest o f  t h e  f i v e  components of their armed
forces. Ground forces organizations may be either
tactical (division level and below) or operational
(army and front).

arms formation. It normally consists of two to
five divisions and numerous nondivisional CS and
CSS elements. Armies are capable of independent
operations, but normally fight as part of a front,
in which case their CS elements will be supple-
mented with front assets.

## Tactical-Level Organizations

There are two types of armies. While both types The basic tactical units in the Sovietground forces are the MRRs and TRs. There are two distinct types of MRR: those equipped with BTRs
(APCs) and those equipped with BMPs (infantry vehicles). The MRR and TR normally operate as part of a MRD or TD.

## Operational-Level Organizations

are actually combined arms organizations, a Soviet
combined arms army (CAA) will normally have a
greater number of MRDs, and a tank army (TA)
will normally have a greater number of TDs. Of
the armies identified, no two are exactly alike. The
number of divisions, as well as the numbers and
types of nondivisional elements, can vary greatly
depending on the mission, the situation, and the
area of operations.

  The front is the largest operational-level or-
ganization. When formed in wartime, a typical
front may have three to five armies.

   Soviet ground forces organizations at levels of
command between division (tactical) and TVD
(strategic) constitute the operational level. These
large formations include armies and fronts.

## Motorized Rifle Regiment Structure (Btr)

Motorized Rifle Squad (BTR)

MOTORIZED
RIFLE SQUAD
Personnel
Equipment
Personnel
Equipment
Squad Leader/BTR Commander
AK-74
Senior Rifleman/Asst. Squad Leader
AK-74
BTR Driver/Mechanic
PM
Rifleman/Assistant Grenadier
AK-74
BTR Machine Gunner
PM
Rifleman/Medic
AK-74
Machine Gunner
RPK-74
Rifleman
AK-74/SVD
Grenadier
RPG-7V. PM

NOTES. 1.  The dismounted squad element consists of seven personnel. The BTR driver/
mechanic and BTR machine gunner remain with the BTR to provide fire support.

The dismounted squad does not have a portable radio.

2. One squad in each platoon has an **SVD** sniper rifle.

Motorized Rifle Platoon (BTR)


Equipment
Total
Equipment
Total
9 - m m  Pistol, P M
1 0
APC, BTR-60/70/80
3
5.45-mm Assault Rifle, AK-74
1 6
Radios:
5.45-mm Light Machine Gun, RPK-74
3
VHF, Portable. Low-Power, R-148 ........ 1
7.62-mm Sniper Rifle. SVD
1
VHF, Vehicle Mount. Medium-Power, R-123 ... 3
Antitank Grenade Launcher, RPG-7V
3

NOTES. I.
With a standard nine-man squad, each BTR has one empty seat (threeper platoon).

which can accommodate the platoon leader and the assistant platoon leader.

2. One squad in each platoon has an **SVD** sniper rifle.
3. Firepower calculations should include the 14.5-mm and 7.62-mm coaxial machine
guns mounted on each BTR.

Motorized Rifle Company, Motorized Rifle Battalion, Motorized Rifle Regiment (BTR), M R D



Gunner
 PKM. PM
PM
3 x Assistant
First Sergeant...... Ak - 7 4
Gunner
 AK-74
BTR Driver/Mechanic..
PM
3 x
ATGM
BTR Machine
O perator
 AT-7

Gunner
 AK - 7 4
3  x  Assistant
Operator ........ AH-74
2
BTR D r i v e r /
Mechanic
PM
2
BTR Maching
Gunner
PM



Total
Equipment
Total
Equipment
9-mm Pistol. P M
42
ATGM, ManpackLauncher, AT-7/SAXHORN
3
5.45-mm Assault Rifle, AK-74
56
APC. BTR-60/70/80
12
5.45-mm Light Machine Gun, RPK-74 ........ 9
Radios:
VHF. Portable. Low-Power, R-148
5
7.62-mm Sniper Rifle. SVD
3
VHF. Manpack, Low-Power, R-107
1
7.62-mm General Purpose MG, PKM
3
VHF. Vehicle Mount. Medium-Power, R-123 .. 12
Antitank Grenade Launcher. RPG-7V
9

Motorized Rifle Battalion,
Motorized Rifle Regiment (BTR), MRD

Equipment
Total
Equipment
Total
120-mm Mortar M1943/M-120 or 82-mm
Truck. POL (4,000 or 5,000-Liter)
2
Automatic Mortar. 2 B 9
8
Truck. Ambulance, UAZ-450A/452
7.62-mm General Purpose MG, PKM
9
Trailer. POL. 1-Axle
1
ATGM, Manpack Launcher, AT-7/SAXHORN
9
Trailer. Cargo, 1-Axle
2
ATGM, Manpack Console, AT-3/SAGGER
Trailer, Generator, 1-Axle
1
or AT-4/SPIGOT
4
Trailer. Water
1
73-mm Recoilless Gun. SPG-9
2
Trailer. Kitchen
3
ATGL, RPG-7V ........
37
Rangefinder
1
SAM, SA-7/GRAIL or SA-14/GREMLIN or
Radios:
SA-16
9
HF. Vehicle Mount. Medium-Power, R-130
2
30-mm Automatic Grenade Launcher, AGS-17 ... 6
VHF. Portable. Low-Power. R-148
2 4
5.45-mm LMG. RPK-74
27
VHF, Manpack. Low-Power, R-107
14
APC, BTR-60/70/80
47
VHF. Vehicle Mount, Medium-
........
ACV. BTR ........
3
Power. R-123 ........
5 0
1
4
Warning Receiver, R-31 1
Radio Transceiver, Portable,
Very-Low-Power, R-147
Truck. UAZ-69/469
3
Truck, GAZ-66
15
Truck, ZIL/Ural ........
4
Truck. Van, ZIL (Maintenance)
1
Truck, Van. Kitchen, PAC-170/200
1

Battalion Headquarters. Motorized Rifle Battalion, Motorized Rifle Regiment (BTR), MRD

## Battalion Headquarters Principal Items Of Equipment

Equipment
Total
Equipment
Total
9-mm Pistol, PM
4
Radios:
5.45-mm Assault Rifle, AK-74
8
HF. Vehicle Mount. Medium-Power, R-130 ..... 1
ACV, BTR-6OPU
1
VHF. Portable, Low-Power, R-148 ........ 1
Truck, UAZ-69/469
1
VHF. Manpack. Low-Power, R-107 ........ 2
Truck. GAZ-66
1
VHF. Vehicle Mount. Medium-Power, R-123 ... 1
Warning Receiver, R-311
1

NOTE.  The signal platoon leader is also the battalioncommunications officer. The praporshchik in charge of the supply platoon and the fel'dscher in charge of the medical aid station are also part of the battalion staff. However, these three positions are not part of the personnel figures for the battalion headquarters.

Mortar Battery, Motorized Rifle Battalion, Motorized Rifle Regiment, MRD and TD

Total
Equipment
9-mm Pistol, PM
5.45-mm Assault Rifle. AK-74
ATGL. RPG-7V
Truck, UAZ-69/469
Total
15
62
8
1
Equipment
Stereoscopic Rangefinder, DS-1 or
DM-09/DAK-1
Periscope Aiming Circle, PAB2A
Collimator (Aiming Stakes)
1 1
8

...
Truck, GAZ-66 ........ 9
Redio:
120-mm Mortar M1943/M-120 or 82-mm
VHF, Manpack. Low-Power, R-107 ........ 4
Automatic Mortar. 289
8

Antitank Platoon, Motorized Rifle Battalion, Motorized Rifle Regiment (BTR), M R D

Equipment
Total
Equipment
Total
ATGM, Manpack,Console, AT-3/SAGGER
APC. BTR
5
or AT-4/SPIGOT
4
Radios:
73-mm Recoilless Gun, SPG-9
2
VHF, Vehicle Mount, Medium-Power, R123 ... 5
ATGL, RPG-7V
2
VHF. Portable, Low-Power. R-148
4

NOTE.

High-readiness BTR-equipped MRBs may have six AT-4 SPIGOTS and three SPG-9s

Signal Platoon, Motorized Rifle Battalion,
Motorized Rifle Regiment, MRD end TD

## Signal Platoon Principal Items Of Equipment

Equipment
Total
Equipment
Total
9-mm Pistol. PM
1
Radios:
5.45-mm Assault Rifle. AK-74
13
HF, Vehicle Mount, Medium-Power, R-130
1
ACV. BTR
2
VHF, Manpack, Low-Power. R-107
3
Truck. UAZ-69/469
1
VHF. Vehicle Mount, Medium-Power, R-123 ... 2
Truck. GAZ-66
1

Supply Platoon. Motorized Rifle Battalion, Motorized Rifle Regiment, MRD and TD

|                                        | Equipment            | Total           | Equipment                  | Total    |
|----------------------------------------|----------------------|-----------------|----------------------------|----------|
| 9-mm Pistol. PM                        | 1                    | Trailer, POL,   | 1-Axle                     | 1        |
| 5.45                                   |                      |                 |                            |          |
| -                                      | mm Assault Rifle, AK | -               | 74                         | 19       |
| Truck,GAZ-66                           | 4                    | Trailer. Water, | 1-Axle                     | 1        |
| Truck, ZIL-130/131/151/157             | or Ural-375          | 4               | Trailer, Field Kitchen, KP |          |
| -                                      | 125                  |                 |                            |          |
| 3                                      |                      |                 |                            |          |
| Truck. POL (4.000 or 5,200             | -                    | Liter)          | 2                          | Radio:   |
| Truck, Van, Field Kitchen. PAC-170/200 |                      |                 |                            |          |
| 1                                      |                      |                 |                            |          |
| VHF. Manpack, Low                      | -                    | Power, R-107    |                            |          |
|                                        |                      |                 |                            |          |
| 1                                      |                      |                 |                            |          |

Repair Workshop, Motorized Rifle Battalion.

Motorized Rifle Regiment, MRD and TD


PRINCIPAL ITEMS OF EQUIPMENT
Equipment
Total
Truck. Van. ZIL (Maintenance)
1
Trailer, Generator, l-Axle
1

Medical Aid Station, Motorized Rifle Battalion.

Motorized Rifle Regiment, MRD and TD


PRINCIPAL ITEMS OF EQUIPMENT

Equipment
Total
Truck. Ambulance, UAZ-450A/452 ........ 1
Trailer. Cargo, 1-Axle
1
Radio:
VHF, Manpack, Low-Power. R-107
1

## Motorized Rifle Regiment (Btr), Mrd

The MRR is the basic combined arms organitypes of MRRs has been that BMP-equipped regization and most common maneuver element of the ments had an organic battalion of 122-mm S P
Soviet ground forces. Motorized rifle, tank, artillery, howitzers (2S1s),while BTR-equipped regiments antiaircraft, antitank, engineer, signal, and CSS
had a battalion of 122-mm towed howitzers (D-30s).

assets are organic to the MRR. The regiment is However, some BTR regiments, especially those in the smallest organization which bas all of these the forward area, now have the 2S1. Also, BTR

elements.
                                                           regiments have antitank platoons within the MRBs,
                                                           a feature not found in the BMP regiments.
    Regimental organization includes three MRBs
and one TB. A 122-mm howitzer battalion and
                                                              The TBs of both BMP- and BTR-equipped MRRs
three 120mm mortar batteries or 82-mm automatic
                                                           have 31 medium tanks. This chapter lists all tanks
mortar batteries provide fire support. While battalion-
                                                           within the MRR as T-64/72/80, but older types are
sized elements support the division, corresponding
                                                           often present outside the Western TVD.
company-sized units support MRRs.
                                                               Although the regiment normally operates as

The MRRs have either the BMP amphibious
                                           part of the division, it is capable of short-term

infantry combat vehicle (AICV) or one of the BTR
                                                     independent operations. It has the assets to react

series of APCs as the primary troop-carrying
                                               independently to changes in the combat situation.

vehicle. Another key difference between the two
                                                    Much of its equipment is amphibious.

NOTES. 1. If the TB of this regiment has T-54/55/62 tanks, regimental strength will increase
by 31 or 40 enlisted personnel.
2. Approximately 220 personnel are officers.
3.  In some BTR-equipped regiments, the howitzer battalion may have the 122-mm
SP howitzer 2S1. (See p. 4-36 for the organization and equipment of a 2S1-
equipped battalion.)

4.  In the late 1980s, forces in Eastern Europe began to standardize tank battalions
at 31 tanks. (See p. 4-108.)
Personnel and Equipment Recapitulation


FOOTNOTES.
'This vehicle includes the TALL MIKE radar, which appears separately in
(continued)
this list.
**The SA-9 system has a transporter-erector-launcher (TEL), while the SA-13
system has a transporter-erector-launcher and radar (TELARI.
"'This vehicle includes the SMALL FRED radar, which appears separately in
this list.

Personnel and Equipment Recapitulation (continued)


## Personnel And Equipment Recapitulation (Continued) Personnel And Equipment Recapitulation (Continued)



## Motorized Rifle Regiment (Btr). Mrd

Dashed linesbetweenblocks indicate relationships with elements which are not actually

Equipment
MRR
MRR
TR
Equipment
MRR
MRR
TR
(BTR) (BMP)
(BTR) (BMP)
SAM, SA-7/GRAIL or S A - 1 4 /
Truck. Van. ZIL **(Command)**.
3 .
3 .
3
GREMLIN or **511~16**. . . . . . . . .  **3 . .**  . 3 . . .  3
Sedan. GAL.24
.
1
I
.
.
 . 1
Medium Tank. T - 6 4 / 7 2 / 8 0
Radios
(Command **Vehicle)**........ 0 .
0 . . .  1
HF. Vehicle Mount. **M e d i u m -**
APC, BTR-60/70/80
. . . . . . . . .  2 . . .  1 .
1
Power. **A-130** .
.
. **0 . .**. 0 . . .  1
ACV. **BMP-1KSh** ........ *0 .*  . 1 .
0
VHF, **Manpack, Low-power,**
FOOTNOTES The Special Staff normallyconsists
o f  about seven KGBpersonnelT h e y  are
APC. B T R - 6 0 P A**IFACI** ........ 1 . . .  1 .
1
R - 1 0 7
.
3
3 .
2
n o tsubordinate tothe regimental commander *and* are not part o f**their**person-
Truck. **UAZ-69/469** ........ 3 . . .  3 .
3
VHF. V e h i c l eMount,
nel total for the regimental **headquarters**
Truck. **Ural-375** ........ I .
1 .
I
Medium-Power, **R - 1 2 3**  .
2 .
2 .
2
**Usually the FirstDeputy**Commander**

Tank Battalion, Motorized Rifle Regiment, M R D  and TD


## Battalion

Equipment
Total
Equipment
Total
Medium Tank. T-64/72/80 ........4 0
Trailer, Cargo, 1-Axle ........ 1
ATGL, RPG-7V ........ 2
Trailer. Generator ........1
ACV. BTR-50/60 ........ 2
Trailer, Water ........ 1
Truck. ZIL-157 or Ural-375 ........ 7
Radios:
Truck, POL ........3
HF. Manpack, Low-Power. R-104M ........ 2
Truck, Van. ZIL (Maintenance) ........ 2
HF, Vehicle Mount, Medium-Power, R-130 .... 5
Truck. Van. Kitchen, PAC-170/200 ........ 1
VHF, Manpack, Low-Power, R-107 ........ 1
Truck. Ambulance, UAZ-450A ........ 1
VHF, Vehicle Mount, Medium-Power, R-123.. . 41
Trailer, Cargo. 2-Axle ........ 8
Warning Receiver, R-311 ........1

NOTES. 1. TBs equipped with T-54/55/62 tanks have 31 or 40 additional enlisted personnel.

Tank Company, Tank Battalion, Motorized Rifle Regiment, MRD and TD


| Equipment                     | Total                 |
|-------------------------------|-----------------------|
| Medium Tank, T                |                       |
| -                             | 64/72/80              |
|                               |                       |
| 13                            |                       |
| 9                             |                       |
| -                             | mm Pistol, PM         |
|                               |                       |
| 3 0                           |                       |
| 5.45                          |                       |
| -                             | mm Assault Rifle. AKS |
|                               |                       |
| 9                             |                       |
| Radios:                       |                       |
| Platoon Leader/               |                       |
| HF, Vehicle Mount. Medium     | -                     |
|                               |                       |
| 1                             |                       |
| Tank Commander                |                       |
| ...                           |                       |
| PM                            |                       |
| Tank                          |                       |
| Commander                     |                       |
| . .                           |                       |
| A K S - 7 4                   |                       |
| VHF. Vehicle Mount, Medium    | -                     |
| D r i v e r / M e c h a n i c |                       |
|                               |                       |
| PM                            | Driver/Mechanic       |
|                               |                       |
| PM                            |                       |
| R                             | -                     |
|                               |                       |
| 13                            |                       |
| Gunner                        |                       |
|                               |                       |
| PM                            | Gunner                |
|                               |                       |
| PM                            |                       |

NOTES. 1. The personnel total of 39 will be rounded off to 40 in the organization chart for the TB, MRR. Tank companies with T-54/55/62 tanks have 10 or 13 additional enlisted personnel.

2.  I n  the late 1980s,forces in Eastern Europe began to standardize tank companies
at 10 tanks. (Seep. 4-107.)
122-rnrn Howitzer Battalion,
Motorized Rifle Regiment (BTR), MRD and TD


| Equipment                                   | Total                 |
|---------------------------------------------|-----------------------|
| Equipment                                   | Total                 |
| 122                                         |                       |
| -                                           | mm Towed Howitzer. D  |
|                                             |                       |
| 18                                          |                       |
| Truck, Ambulance,                           | UAZ-450/452a          |
|                                             |                       |
| 1                                           |                       |
| ATGL. RPG                                   | -                     |
|                                             |                       |
| 18                                          |                       |
| Trailer. Cargo. 2                           |                       |
| -                                           | Axle                  |
|                                             |                       |
| 11                                          |                       |
| 5.45                                        |                       |
| -                                           | mm LMG. RPK           |
|                                             |                       |
| 18                                          |                       |
| Trailer. POL                                |                       |
|                                             |                       |
| 2                                           |                       |
| ACRV, M1979 (1)                             |                       |
|                                             |                       |
| 3                                           |                       |
| Trailer. Water                              |                       |
|                                             |                       |
| 1                                           |                       |
| ACRV.                                       | M 1                   |
|                                             |                       |
| 4                                           |                       |
| Trailer, Field Kitchen                      |                       |
|                                             |                       |
| 4                                           |                       |
| ACRV.                                       | M 1 9 7 9             |
|                                             |                       |
| 1                                           |                       |
| Rangefinder. Laser. SAGE GLOSS              |                       |
|                                             |                       |
| 4                                           |                       |
| Mobile                                      | Recon                 |
| -                                           | 3 (BMP                |
|                                             |                       |
| 1                                           |                       |
| Radar. Battlefield Surveillance, SMALL FRED |                       |
|                                             |                       |
| 1                                           |                       |
| Truck, UAZ-69/469                           |                       |
|                                             |                       |
| 1                                           |                       |
| Radios:                                     |                       |
| Truck. GAZ                                  |                       |
| -                                           | 66                    |
|                                             |                       |
| 12                                          |                       |
| HF/VHF,                                     | Vehicle Mount, Medium |
| -                                           | Power                 |
|                                             |                       |
| 4                                           |                       |
| Truck. ZIL/Ural                             |                       |
|                                             |                       |
| 34                                          |                       |
| VHF. Portable. Low                          |                       |
| -                                           | Power. R-148 or Very  |
| Truck, POL (4,000 or 5.200                  | -                     |
|                                             |                       |
| 2                                           | Low Power R           |
| -                                           | 126                   |
|                                             |                       |
| 2                                           |                       |
| Truck, Van. GAZ                             |                       |
|                                             |                       |
| 2                                           |                       |
| VHF,                                        | Manpack,              |
| -                                           | Power. R              |
|                                             |                       |
| 20                                          |                       |
| Truck. Van. ZIL (Maintenance)               |                       |
|                                             |                       |
| 1                                           |                       |
| Warning Receiver. R                         |                       |
| -                                           | 311                   |
|                                             |                       |
| 2                                           |                       |

NOTE.  This howitzer battalion may also be found in the artillery regiment of a MRD. TD. or airborne division.

FOOTNOTE. 'This vehicle includes the SMALL FRED radar, which appears separately in this list.

122-mmHowitzer Battery. 122-mm Howitzer Battalion, Motorized Rifle Regiment (BTR), M R Dand TD


|                 |                                                                      |
|-----------------|----------------------------------------------------------------------|
|                 |                                                                      |
|                 |                                                                      |
| Equipment       |                                                                      |
| Total           | Equipment                                                            |
|                 |                                                                      |
| 122             | -                                                                    |
|                 |                                                                      |
| 6               |                                                                      |
| ACRV,           | M1                                                                   |
|                 |                                                                      |
| 1               |                                                                      |
| ATGL. RPG       | -                                                                    |
|                 |                                                                      |
| 6               | Trailer. Cargo                                                       |
|                 |                                                                      |
| 1               |                                                                      |
| 5.45            | -                                                                    |
|                 |                                                                      |
| 6               | Rangefinder, Laser. SAGE GLOSS                                       |
|                 |                                                                      |
| 1               |                                                                      |
|                 |                                                                      |
|                 |                                                                      |
| Truck. GAZ-66   |                                                                      |
|                 |                                                                      |
| 1               | Radios:                                                              |
| Truck. ZIL/Ural |                                                                      |
|                 |                                                                      |
| 8               |                                                                      |
| V               |                                                                      |
| H               | F                                                                    |
| ,               |                                                                      |
| Manpack, Low    | -                                                                    |
|                 |                                                                      |
| 5               |                                                                      |
| ACRV.           | M 1 9 7 9                                                            |
|                 |                                                                      |
| 1               | VHF, Vehicle Mounted. Medium                                         |
|                 |                                                                      |
| 1               |                                                                      |

| Equipment                  | Total               | Equipment           | Total                 |
|----------------------------|---------------------|---------------------|-----------------------|
|                            |                     |                     |                       |
| SAM.                       | SA-9/GASKIN         | TEL or SA-13/GOPHER | Trailer, Generator, 2 |
| -                          | Axle                |                     |                       |
|                            |                     |                     |                       |
| 2                          |                     |                     |                       |
| TELAR                      |                     |                     |                       |
|                            |                     |                     |                       |
| 4                          |                     |                     |                       |
| Radios:                    |                     |                     |                       |
|                            |                     |                     |                       |
| SPAA Gun, ZSU-23-4 or      | 2 S 6               |                     |                       |
|                            |                     |                     |                       |
| 4                          |                     |                     |                       |
| VHF, Manpack, Low          | -                   | Power. R            | -                     |
|                            |                     |                     |                       |
| 2                          |                     |                     |                       |
| ACV, BTR-60                |                     |                     |                       |
|                            |                     |                     |                       |
| 3                          |                     |                     |                       |
| VHF.                       |                     |                     |                       |
| Vehicle Mount, Medium      | -                   | Power.              |                       |
| Truck. GAZ                 |                     |                     |                       |
| -                          | 66                  |                     |                       |
|                            |                     |                     |                       |
| 2                          |                     |                     |                       |
| R                          | -                   | 123                 |                       |
|                            |                     |                     |                       |
| 11                         |                     |                     |                       |
| Truck, ZIL-131/157 or Ural |                     |                     |                       |
| -                          | 375                 |                     |                       |
|                            |                     |                     |                       |
| 4                          | Warning Receiver. R | -                   | 311                   |
|                            |                     |                     |                       |
| 3                          |                     |                     |                       |



NOTE,  instead of this battery, same MRRs and TRs now have an air defense battalion consistingof a battery of six 2S6 30-mm SP antiaircraft systems and a battery of six BMP-2 ICVs(with each BMP-2 carrying three SA-16 SAM launchers).

## Reconnaissance Company

|             |     |           |
|-------------|-----|-----------|
| 1  BRM-1    |     |           |
| 3           | X   |           |
| BMP-1/BMP-2 | 4   |           |
| x           |     |           |
| BRDM-2      | 3 M | otorcycle |

Equipment
Total
Equipment
Total
ATGL, RPG-7V ........ 4
Radios:
5.45-mm LMG, RPK-74 ........ 3
HF, Manpack, Low-Power, R-104M ........ 1
ACV, BRM-1* ........ 1
HF. Vehicle Mount, Medium-Power, R-130 .... 1
AICV. BMP-1/BMP-2 ........ 3
VHF. Manpack, Low-Power, R-107 ........ 3
ASC, BRDM-2 ........ 4
VHF, Vehicle Mount, Medium-Power, R-123 ... 7
Motorcycle. M-72/K-750V/Ural-3 ........ 3
Warning Receiver, R-311 ........ 1
Radar. Battlefield Surveillance. TALL MIKE ...... 1

FOOTNOTE. ' This vehicle includes the TALL MlKE radar. which appears separately in this list.


| Equipment                             | Total       | Equipment          | Total    |
|---------------------------------------|-------------|--------------------|----------|
| ATGM Launcher Vehicle (BRDM-2). AT-3/ | Rangefinder |                    |          |
|                                       |             |                    |          |
| 1                                     |             |                    |          |
| SAGGER or AT-5/SPANDREL               |             |                    |          |
|                                       |             |                    |          |
| 9                                     |             |                    |          |
| R                                     | a           | d                  | i        |
| ATGL, RPG-7V                          |             |                    |          |
|                                       |             |                    |          |
| 9                                     | VHF.        | Manpack,           | Low      |
|                                       |             |                    |          |
| 4                                     |             |                    |          |
|                                       |             |                    |          |
| ACV, BRDM-2                           |             |                    |          |
|                                       |             |                    |          |
| 4                                     |             |                    |          |
| VHF. Vehicle Mount, Medium            | -           | Power,             |          |
| Truck.                                | Ural/ZIL    |                    |          |
|                                       |             |                    |          |
|                                       |             |                    |          |
| 3                                     | R-123       |                    |          |
|                                       |             |                    |          |
| 13                                    |             |                    |          |
| Truck, Van,                           | ZIL         | (AT-3/5 Simulator) |          |
|                                       |             |                    |          |
| 1                                     |             |                    |          |

NOTE. I n  the late 1980s. MRRs began to add 100-mm AT guns (MT-12) to expand the battery


Engineer Company,
Motorized Rifle and Tank Regiment, M R D  and T D


| Equipment                          | Total                  | Equipment    | Total    |
|------------------------------------|------------------------|--------------|----------|
| ATGL. RPG                          |                        |              |          |
| -                                  | 7V                     |              |          |
|                                    |                        |              |          |
| 4                                  | Bucket Excavator. PZM  |              |          |
|                                    |                        |              |          |
| 3                                  |                        |              |          |
| APC. BTR-60                        |                        |              |          |
|                                    |                        |              |          |
| 3                                  |                        |              |          |
| Minelayer, Towed. PMR              | -                      | 3            |          |
|                                    |                        |              |          |
| 3                                  |                        |              |          |
| Truck. UAZ-69/469                  |                        |              |          |
|                                    |                        |              |          |
| 1                                  | Mineclearing Plow, KMT | -            | 4/6      |
|                                    |                        |              |          |
| 9*/28**                            |                        |              |          |
|                                    |                        |              |          |
| Truck, KrAZ/Ural/ZIL               |                        |              |          |
|                                    |                        |              |          |
| 8*/9**                             |                        |              |          |
| Mine Roller                        |                        |              |          |
| -                                  | Plow. KMT-5M           |              |          |
|                                    |                        |              |          |
| 3 * / 9 * *                        |                        |              |          |
|                                    |                        |              |          |
| Truck, Dump, MMZ                   |                        |              |          |
| -                                  | 555                    |              |          |
|                                    |                        |              |          |
| 2                                  |                        |              |          |
| Water Filtration Set. MAFS, on ZIL |                        |              |          |
| Truck. Van. ZIL (Maintenance)      |                        |              |          |
|                                    |                        |              |          |
| 1                                  |                        |              |          |
| with Trailer                       |                        |              |          |
|                                    |                        |              |          |
| 1                                  |                        |              |          |
| Truck. Crane. K                    |                        |              |          |
| -                                  | 61                     |              |          |
|                                    |                        |              |          |
| 1                                  |                        |              |          |
| Trailer. Cargo. 2                  | -                      | Axle         |          |
|                                    |                        |              |          |
| 2                                  |                        |              |          |
| Truck. Crane Shovel.               | E - 3 0 5 V            |              |          |
|                                    |                        |              |          |
| 2                                  |                        |              |          |
| Radios:                            |                        |              |          |
| Bridge, Tank                       |                        |              |          |
| -                                  | Launched. MTU/MT-55    |              |          |
|                                    |                        |              |          |
| 1 * / 3 * *                        |                        |              |          |
| HF or VHF.                         | Manpack,               | Low          |          |
| -                                  | Power.                 |              |          |
| Bridge. Truck                      |                        |              |          |
| -                                  | Launched. T M M        |              |          |
|                                    |                        |              |          |
| 4                                  |                        |              |          |
| R                                  | -                      |              |          |
| 104M or R                          | -                      | 107          |          |
|                                    |                        |              |          |
| 4                                  |                        |              |          |
| Ditching Machine. BTM/MDK          |                        |              |          |
|                                    |                        |              |          |
| 1                                  |                        |              |          |
| VHF. Vehicle Mount. Medium         |                        |              |          |
| -                                  | Power.                 |              |          |
| R                                  |                        |              |          |
| -                                  | 123                    |              |          |
|                                    |                        |              |          |
| 4 * / 7 * *                        |                        |              |          |
|                                    |                        |              |          |
| Dozer. BAT/BAT-M/PKT               |                        |              |          |
|                                    |                        |              |          |
| 1                                  |                        |              |          |
| Dozer Blade. BTU                   |                        |              |          |
|                                    |                        |              |          |
| 3                                  |                        |              |          |

NOTE. The following variations may exist:

a. Frogmen may be attached to assist i n the reconnaissance of water obstacles.
b. Some companies may have five KMM truck-launched bridge spans instead of four
b. TMM bridge spans.
C.  Trucks normally tow PMR minelayers. Some units may have BTR-152s for this
purpose. Some units may have GMZ armored tracked minelayers instead of PMR
towed minelayers.
d. Some units may have  **u p**  to six one-axle cargo trailersbesides the two-axle cargo
trailers.
e. Some units may have tractor-trailers to carry heavy tracked equipment on long
road movements.
FOOTNOTES. "Personnel and equipment levels for the engineer company. MRR. BTR-
01
BMP-equipped.

"Personnel and equipment levels for the engineercompany. TR.

Equipment
Total
ACV, BTR ........ 3
Truck, UAZ-69/469 ........ 5
Truck, GAZ-66 ........ 3
Truck, Van. GAZ (Signal) ........ 3
Truck, Van. ZIL (Signal) ........ 2
Motorcycle. M-72/K-750V/Ural-3 ........ 3
Trailer, Generator. 2-Axle ........ 1
Radios:
HF. Manpack, Low-Power. R-104M ........ 2
HF. Vehicle Mount. Medium-Power. R-130 .... 2
HF. Van Mount. High-Power, R-118 ........ 1
HF/VHF. Vehicle Mount. Medium-Power ...... 2
HF/VHF. Vehicle Mount. High-Power ........ 2
VHF, Manpack, Low-Power. R-107 ........ 7
VHF, Vehicle Mount. Medium-Power. R-123 ... 2
Warning Receiver. R-311 ........ 3
Radio Relay. VHF/UHF, R-401/405 ........ 2

NOTES. **1 .**  The radios listed support the regimental headquarters.

2.  Motorcycles provide the regimental commander with messenger/courier service.
3.  The TA-57 field telephone and P-193M Switchboard are standard equipment in
the wire/telephone platoon.
Chemical Protection Platoon.
Motorized Rifle and Tank Regiment, M R D  and TD

Equipment
Total
Equipment
Total
Chemical Reconnaissance Vehicle,
Radios:
BRDM-Zrkh or RKhM ........ 3
HF, Manpack, Low-Power, R-104M ........ 1
Truck. Decontamination ....
4
VHF. Vehicle Mount, Medium-Power. R-123 ... 3

Materiel Support Company,
Motorized Rifle and Tank Regiment, MRD and TD


Equipment
Total
Equipment
Total
Truck. UAZ-69/469 ........ 2
Trailer. POL ........ 15
Truck. GAZ-66 ........4
Trailer. Field Kitchen ........2
Truck. ZIL-131/157 or Ural-375 ........ 45
Trailer, Water ........1
Truck. Van. ZIL (Maintenance) ........1
Trailer, Generator. 1-Axle ........1
Truck. ZIL-130/131 (Water) ........4
Radio:
Truck. POL (4,000 or 5.200-Liter) ........ 15
VHF, Manpack. Low-Power. R-107 ........ 1
Trailer, Cargo, 2-Axle ........30

Maintenance Company,
Motorized Rifle and Tank Regiment, M R Dand TD

Equipment
MRR' MRR**TR***
Equipment
MRR* MRR**TR***
(BTR) (BMP)
(BTR) (BMP)
ATGL, RPG-7V ........4 . .  .. 4 . . . .  4
Armored Recovery Vehicle .......3 .... 3 . . . .  5
Truck, UAZ-69/469 ........1 ....1 . . . .  1
Trailer, Cargo. 2-Axle ........6 ....6 . . . .  6
Truck, ZIL ........1 .... 1 . . . .  1
Trailer, Generator, 2-Axle ........ 1 .... 1 . . . .  1
Truck. Ural-375 ........1 .... 1 . . . .  1
Trailer, Generator, 1-Axle ........ 2 .... 2 . . . .  2


Truck, Van. ZIL-131
Radios:
(Maintenance) ........4 .... 4 . . . .  4
VHF, Manpack, Low-Power,
Truck. Van. ZIL-157
R-107 ........1 .... 1 . . . .  1
(Maintenance) ........8 .... 8 . . . .  8
VHF, Vehicle Mount,
Armored Maintenance Vehicle,
Medium-Power. R-123 .......3 . . . .  6 . . . .  5
MTP ........O . . . .  3 . .  .. 0

repair and recharging section, and electrical repair section.
2.  The mobile repair workshop platoon consists of three sections, each equipped
with an MTP armored maintenance vehicle. During field operations, one MTP will
support each MRB (BMP).
FOOTNOTES.

'Personnel and equipment levels for the maintenance company. MRR. BTR-
equipped.

"Personnel and equipment levels for the maintenance company, MRR. BMP-
equipped.

"'Personnel and equipment levels far the maintenance company. TR.

| Equipment                      | Total            | Equipment    |
|--------------------------------|------------------|--------------|
|                                |                  |              |
|                                |                  |              |
|                                |                  |              |
|                                |                  |              |
|                                |                  |              |
|                                |                  |              |
| Truck. Van. GAZ                |                  |              |
|                                |                  |              |
| 1                              | Trailer. Kitchen |              |
|                                |                  |              |
| 1                              |                  |              |
| Truck, ZIL-130/131/151/157     |                  |              |
|                                |                  |              |
| 2                              | Trailer, Water   |              |
|                                |                  |              |
| 1                              |                  |              |
| Truck, Decontamination. DDA    |                  |              |
| -                              | 53/66            |              |
|                                |                  |              |
| 1                              | Radio:           |              |
| Truck. GAZ                     |                  |              |
| -                              | 66               |              |
|                                |                  |              |
| 1                              | V                |              |
| HF,                            |                  |              |
| Manpack, Low                   | -                | Power, R-107 |
|                                |                  |              |
| 1                              |                  |              |
| Truck, Ambulance. UAZ-450A/452 |                  |              |
|                                |                  |              |
| 4                              |                  |              |
|                                |                  |              |
|                                |                  |              |
|                                |                  |              |
|                                |                  |              |

## Motorized Rifle Regiment Structure (Bmp)

Motorized Rifle Squad (BMP)


| Personnel                                                                    | Equipment                    | Personnel    | Equipment    |
|------------------------------------------------------------------------------|------------------------------|--------------|--------------|
| Squad                                                                        | LEADER/BMP                   | Commander    |              |
|                                                                              |                              |              |              |
| AK                                                                           | -                            | 74           | Grenadier    |
|                                                                              |                              |              |              |
| RPG-7V, P M                                                                  |                              |              |              |
| Assistant Squad                                                              | Leader/BMP                   | Gunner       |              |
|                                                                              |                              |              |              |
| PM                                                                           | Senior Rifleman              |              |              |
|                                                                              |                              |              |              |
| AK                                                                           |                              |              |              |
| -                                                                            | 74                           |              |              |
| BMP Driver/Mechanic                                                          |                              |              |              |
|                                                                              |                              |              |              |
| PM                                                                           | Rifleman/Assistant Grenadier |              |              |
|                                                                              |                              |              |              |
| AK                                                                           | -                            | 74           |              |
| Machine Gunner                                                               |                              |              |              |
|                                                                              |                              |              |              |
| RPK                                                                          | -                            | 74           | Rifleman     |
|                                                                              |                              |              |              |
| AK-74/SVD                                                                    |                              |              |              |
| Rifleman/Medic                                                               |                              |              |              |
|                                                                              |                              |              |              |
| AK                                                                           | -                            | 74           |              |
| NOTES.                                                                       |                              |              |              |
| 1. The dismounted squad assault element consists of seven personnel. The BMP |                              |              |              |
| driver/mechanic                                                              | and assistant squad          | leader/BMP   |              |
| gunner                                                                       |                              |              |              |
| remain with the BMP                                                          |                              |              |              |
| to provide fire support. The dismounted squad does                           | not                          | have         |              |
| a                                                                            |                              |              |              |
| portable radio.                                                              |                              |              |              |

2. One squad in each platoon has an SVD sniper rifle.
Motorized Rifle Platoon (BMP)

Equipment
Total
Equipment
Total
9-mm Pistol, P M  ........10
Amphibious Infantry Combat Vehicle.
5.45-mm Assault Rifle. AK-74 ........ 1 6
BMP/BMP-l/BMP-2 ........ 3
5.45-mm Light Machine Gun, RPK-74 ........ 3
Radios:
7.62-mm Sniper Rifle. SVD ........1
VHF. Portable, Low-Power, R-148 ........ 1
Antitank Grenade Launcher. RPG-7V ........ 3
VHF. Vehicle Mount. Medium-Power. R-123 ... 3

NOTES. 1. With a standard nine-man squad. each BMP has two empty seats (six per platoon], which can accommodate the platoon leader and the assistant platoon leader.

TheBMP-2 has one empty seat (three per platoon).


2. One squad in each platoon has an SVD sniper rifle.
3. Firepower calculations should include the 73-mm smoothbore gun or 30-mm
cannon. ATGM. and the 7.62-mm machine gun mounted on each BMP.
Motorized Rifle Company, Motorized Rifle Battalion, Motorized Rifle Regiment (BMP). MRD and TD


Gunner ........ AK-74
6 x BMP Cdr/
Gunner ........ AK-74
BMP Driver/
Mechanic........PM

| Equipment                           | Total                     | Equipment    | Total                      |
|-------------------------------------|---------------------------|--------------|----------------------------|
| VHF, Vehicle Mount. Medium          | -                         | Power.       |                            |
| 9-mm Pistol, PM                     |                           |              |                            |
|                                     |                           |              |                            |
| 43                                  | 7.62                      | -            | mm General Purpose MG. PKM |
|                                     |                           |              |                            |
| 6                                   |                           |              |                            |
| 5.45                                |                           |              |                            |
| -                                   | mm Assault Rifle. AK-74   |              |                            |
|                                     |                           |              |                            |
| 58                                  | Radios:                   |              |                            |
| 5.45                                |                           |              |                            |
| -                                   | mm Light Machine Gun. RPK | -            | 74                         |
|                                     |                           |              |                            |
| 9                                   |                           |              |                            |
| VHF, Portable. Low                  | -                         | Power. R     | -                          |
|                                     |                           |              |                            |
| 5                                   |                           |              |                            |
| 7.62                                |                           |              |                            |
| -                                   | mm Sniper Rifle, SVD      |              |                            |
|                                     |                           |              |                            |
| 3                                   | VHF, Manpack. Low         | -            | Power. R                   |
|                                     |                           |              |                            |
| 1                                   |                           |              |                            |
| Antitank Grenade Launcher. RPG      | -                         | 7V           |                            |
|                                     |                           |              |                            |
| 9                                   |                           |              |                            |
| Amphibious Infantry Combat Vehicle, |                           |              |                            |
| BMP/BMP-1/BMP-2                     |                           |              |                            |
|                                     |                           |              |                            |

NOTES. **1.**  The company commander's RTO comes from the battalion signal platoon and is
not part of the BMP company personnel total.
2. The same BMP company organizationis also organic to the **MRB** (BMP). TR, TD.
Motorized Rifle Battalion,
Motorized Rifle Regiment (BMP), MRD and TD

| Equipment                                    | Total                      |
|----------------------------------------------|----------------------------|
| Equipment                                    | Total                      |
| 120-mm Mortar. M1943/M120 or 82-mm           |                            |
| Automatic Mortar, 289                        |                            |
|                                              |                            |
| 8                                            |                            |
| 7.62                                         |                            |
| -                                            | mm General Purpose MG. PKM |
|                                              |                            |
| 18                                           |                            |
| ATGL. RPG                                    |                            |
| -                                            | 7V                         |
|                                              |                            |
| 35                                           |                            |
| SAM. SA-7/GRAIL or SA-14/GREMLIN or          |                            |
| Trailer. POL. 1                              |                            |
| -                                            | Axle                       |
|                                              |                            |
| 1                                            |                            |
| Trailer. Cargo. 1                            |                            |
| -                                            | Axle                       |
|                                              |                            |
| 2                                            |                            |
| Trailer. Generator. 1                        |                            |
| -                                            | Axle                       |
|                                              |                            |
| 1                                            |                            |
| Trailer. Water                               |                            |
|                                              |                            |
| 1                                            |                            |
| Trailer, Kitchen                             |                            |
|                                              |                            |
| 3                                            |                            |
| Rangefinder. Stereoscopic, DS-1 or           |                            |
| DM-O9/DAK-1                                  |                            |
|                                              |                            |
| 1                                            |                            |
| Radios:                                      |                            |
| HF. Vehicle Mount. Medium                    |                            |
| -                                            | Power. R-130               |
|                                              |                            |
| 2                                            |                            |
| VHF. Portable. Low                           |                            |
| -                                            | Power. R-148               |
|                                              |                            |
| 20                                           |                            |
| VHF. Manpack. Low                            |                            |
| -                                            | Power. R-107               |
|                                              |                            |
| 14                                           |                            |
| VHF. Vehicle Mount. Medium                   |                            |
| -                                            | Power,                     |
| R-123                                        |                            |
|                                              |                            |
| 45                                           |                            |
| Warning Receiver. R-311                      |                            |
|                                              |                            |
| 1                                            |                            |
| Radio Transceiver, Portable, Very-Low-Power, |                            |
| R-147                                        |                            |
|                                              |                            |
| 4                                            |                            |
| SA                                           |                            |
| -                                            | 16                         |
|                                              |                            |
| 9                                            |                            |
| 5.45                                         | -                          |
|                                              |                            |
| 27                                           |                            |
| 30-mm Automatic Grenade Launcher. AGS        |                            |
| -                                            | 17                         |
| ...                                          |                            |
| 6                                            |                            |
| AICV, BMP-1 /BMP-2                           |                            |
|                                              |                            |
| . 4 2                                        |                            |
| ACV, BRDM/BTR/BMP                            |                            |
|                                              |                            |
| 3                                            |                            |
| Truck. UAZ-69/469                            |                            |
|                                              |                            |
| 3                                            |                            |
| Truck, GAZ                                   |                            |
| -                                            | 66                         |
|                                              |                            |
| 15                                           |                            |
| Truck. ZIL/Ural                              |                            |
|                                              |                            |
| 4                                            |                            |
| Truck. Van, ZIL (Maintenance)                |                            |
|                                              |                            |
| ..                                           |                            |
| 1                                            |                            |
| Truck, Van, Kitchen. PAC-170/200             |                            |
|                                              |                            |
| 1                                            |                            |
| Truck. POL (4.000 or 5.200                   | -                          |
|                                              |                            |
| 2                                            |                            |
| Truck. Ambulance. UAZ-450A/452               |                            |
|                                              |                            |
| 1                                            |                            |


NOTE. The same BMP battalion organization is also found in the **TR.** TD
Battalion Headquarters, Motorized Rifle Battalion, Motorized Rifle Regiment (BMP), M R D  and TD


## Headquarters Principal Items Of Equipment


Equipment
Total
Equipment
Total
9 -mm Pistol. PM ........4
Radios:
5.45-mm Assault Rifle, AK-74 ........ 8
HF. Vehicle Mount, Medium-Power, R-130 .... 1
ACV. BMP-1K ........1
VHF. Portable, Low-Power. R-148 ........ 1
Truck, UAZ-69/469 ........ 1
VHF, Manpack, Low-Power. R-107 ........ 2
Truck, GAZ-66 ........1
VHF. Vehicle Mount, Medium-Power, R-123 ... 1
Warning Receiver. R-311 ........1



##

NOTE. The signal platoon leader is also the battalion communications officer. The prapor
shchik in charge of the supply platoon and the *fel'dscher* in charge of the medical
aid station are also part of the battalion staff. However, these positions are not part
of the personnel figures for the battalion headquarters.
Air Defense Platoon, Motorized Rifle Battalion,
Motorized Rifle Regiment. MRD and TD



| Equipment    |
|--------------|
| PLATOON      |
| S A M  Launcher.              | SA-7/GRAIL    |   or SA-14/ |
|-------------------------------|---------------|-------------|
| 1                             |               |             |
| 12                            |               |             |
| GREMLIN or SA                 | -             |         16  |
|                               |               |             |
| 9                             |               |             |
| I                             |               |             |
| AICV. BMP-1/-2/BTR-60/-70/-80 |               |             |
|                               |               |             |
| 3                             |               |             |
| Radios:                       |               |             |
VHF. Vehicle Mount. Medium-Power, R-123 ... 3
Radio Transceiver. Portable. Very-Low-Power.
R-147 ........4
NOTE. Each MRC normally has one section attached.

Automatic Grenade Launcher Platoon, Motorized Rifle Battalion, Motorized Rifle Regiment, M R D  and TD



Equipment
Total
PRINCIPAL ITEMS OF EQUIPMENT
30-mm Automatic Grenade Launcher. AGS-17 ... 6
AICV. BMP-1/-2/BTR-60/-70/-80
........ 3
Squad Leader ...... AK-74
Radios:
2 x Grenadier .
AGS-17, PM
Senior Rifleman .... AK-74
VHF. Vehicle Mount. Medium-Power. R-123 ... 3
2
VHF. Portable Low-Power. R-148 ........ 4



Rifleman/Assis-
.
t a n t  Grenadier ..... AK-74
BTR/BMP D r i v e r /
Mechanic ........ PM

## Motorized Rifle Regiment (Bmp). M R D  And Td

  The MRR is the basic combined arms organiza-
tion and the most common maneuver element of
the Soviet ground forces. Motorized rifle, tank,
artillery, antiaircraft, antitank, engineer, signal,
and CSS assets are organic to the MRR. The regi-
ment is the smallest organization which has all
of these elements.

  Regimental organization includes three MRBs
and one TB. A 122-mm howitzer battalion and
three 120-mmmortar batteries or 82-mm automatic
mortar batteries provide fire support. While
battalion-sized elements support the division,
corresponding company-sized units support MRRs.

  The MRRs have either the BMP AICV or one
of the BTR series of APCs as the primary troop-
carrying vehicle. Both BMP and BTR regiments
now have the AGS-17 automatic grenade launcher

NOTES.

If the TB of this regiment has T-54/55/62 tanks. regimental strength will increase by 31 or 40 enlisted personnel.

2 .  In the late 1980s, forces in Eastern Europe began to standardize tank battalions
at 31 tanks. (See p . 4-108.)

within MRBs. In most other respects, the two
regiments are similar. Exceptions are as follows:
BMP-equipped regiments each have an organic
battalion of 122-mm SP howitzers (2S1),while BTR
regiments may have 122-mm towed howitzers
(D-30). Also, BTR regiments have antitank platoons
within the MRBs, a feature not found in the BMP
regiments.

  The TBs of both BMP- and BTR-equipped MRRs
have 40 medium tanks. This chapter lists all tanks
within the MRR as T-64/72/80, but older types are
often present outside the Western TVD.

  Although the regiment normally operates as
part of the division, it is capable of short-term
independent operations. It has the assets to react
independently to changes in the combat situation.
Much of the equipment is amphibious.

## Materiel Support I



MOTORIZED RIFLE
REGIMENT (BMP).
MRD AND TD
Minelayer. lowed. PMR-3
Water Filtration Set. MAFS
TRAILERS
Trailer. POL
3
2
15
20
Trailer. Cargo, I-Axle
6
1
7
Trailer. Cargo, 2-Axle
8
10
7
30
6
56

SP Howitzer Battalion (122-mm).
Motorized Rifle Regiment (BMP) and Tank Regiment. MRD and TD

| Equipment                                   | Total           |
|---------------------------------------------|-----------------|
| Truck, Ambulance, UAZ-450A/452              |                 |
|                                             |                 |
| 1                                           |                 |
| Trailer, Cargo, 2                           |                 |
| -                                           | Axle            |
|                                             |                 |
| 1 0                                         |                 |
| Trailer. POL                                |                 |
|                                             |                 |
| 2                                           |                 |
| Trailer. Water                              |                 |
|                                             |                 |
| 1                                           |                 |
| Trailer. Field Kitchen                      |                 |
|                                             |                 |
| 3                                           |                 |
| Rangefinder. Laser, SAGE GLOSS              |                 |
|                                             |                 |
| 4                                           |                 |
| Radar, Battlefield Surveillance. SMALL FRED |                 |
|                                             |                 |
| 1                                           |                 |
| Radios:                                     |                 |
| Equipment                                   | Total           |
| 122                                         |                 |
| -                                           | mm SP Howitzer, |
|                                             |                 |
| 1 8                                         |                 |
| ATGL. RPG                                   |                 |
| -                                           | 7V              |
|                                             |                 |
| 1 8                                         |                 |
| 5.45                                        |                 |
| -                                           | mm LMG. RPK     |
|                                             |                 |
| 1 8                                         |                 |
| ACRV 1V13                                   |                 |
|                                             |                 |
| 3                                           |                 |
| ACRV 1V14                                   |                 |
|                                             |                 |
| 3                                           |                 |
| ACRV 1V15                                   |                 |
|                                             |                 |
| 1                                           |                 |
| ACRV 1 V16                                  |                 |
|                                             |                 |
| 1                                           |                 |
| Mobile Recon Post, PRP                      |                 |
| -                                           | 3 (BMP          |
|                                             |                 |
| 1                                           |                 |
| VHF. Manpack, Low                           |                 |
| -                                           | Power. R        |
|                                             |                 |
| 1 0                                         |                 |
| VHF. Vehicle Mount. Medium                  |                 |
| -                                           | Power,          |
| R                                           |                 |
| -                                           | 123             |
|                                             |                 |
| 28                                          |                 |
| Warning Receiver, R                         | -               |
|                                             |                 |
| 2                                           |                 |
| Truck, UAZ-69/469                           |                 |
|                                             |                 |
| 1                                           |                 |
| Truck. GAZ                                  |                 |
| -                                           | 66              |
|                                             |                 |
| 7                                           |                 |
| Truck. Ural                                 |                 |
| -                                           | 375             |
|                                             |                 |
| 2 0                                         |                 |
| Truck. POL (4.000 or 5.200                  |                 |
| -                                           | Liter)          |
|                                             |                 |
| 2                                           |                 |
| Truck, Van. ZIL (Maintenance)               |                 |
|                                             |                 |
| 2                                           |                 |

NOTE.  This SP howitzer battalion may also be present in the BTR-equippedMRR in lieu of a battalion of 122-mm towed howitzers (D-30).

FOOTNOTE. 'This vehicle includes the SMALL FRED radar, which appears separately in this list.

SP Howitzer Battery (122-mm). SP Howitzer Battalion,
Motorized Rifle Regiment (BMP) and Tank Regiment. MRD and TD

|                                |                                                                      |
|--------------------------------|----------------------------------------------------------------------|
|                                |                                                                      |
| Equipment                      | Total                                                                |
|                                |                                                                      |
| Truck. Ural-375                |                                                                      |
|                                |                                                                      |
| 6                              |                                                                      |
| Trailer. Cargo                 |                                                                      |
|                                |                                                                      |
| 1                              |                                                                      |
|                                |                                                                      |
| Rangefinder. Laser. SAGE GLOSS |                                                                      |
|                                |                                                                      |
| 1                              |                                                                      |
| Radios:                        |                                                                      |
| 122-mm SP Howitzer. 2S1        |                                                                      |
|                                |                                                                      |
| 6                              |                                                                      |
| ATGL. RPG-7V                   |                                                                      |
|                                |                                                                      |
| 6                              |                                                                      |
| 5.45-mm                        |                                                                      |
| LMG.                           | RPK                                                                  |
|                                |                                                                      |
| 6                              |                                                                      |
| ACRV                           |                                                                      |
| 1V13                           |                                                                      |
|                                |                                                                      |
| 1                              |                                                                      |
| ACRV                           |                                                                      |
| 1V14                           |                                                                      |
|                                |                                                                      |
| 1                              |                                                                      |
| Truck, GAZ                     | -                                                                    |
|                                |                                                                      |
| 1                              |                                                                      |

## Motorized Rifle Division Motorized Rifle Division

medical battalions provide limited but highly mobile CSS.

  The MRD is organized around a six-regiment
structure: three MRRs, one TR, one artillery regi-
ment, and one SAM regiment. An SSM battalion,
an antitank battalion, and a helicopter squadron
provide additional CS. Other support elements
include engineer and signal battalions, a chemical
protection company, and an artillery command
battery. Materiel support, maintenance, and

   As a result of the reorganization which began
in the late 1970s, the TR of the MRD has an SP
howitzer battalion, the MRL battalion is part of
the artillery regiment, the reconnaissance bat-
talion has medium tanks, and the helicopter
squadron provides additional fire support. The



##

VHF. Manpack, Low-Power. R-107 ........ 2
VHF. Vehicle Mount. Medium-Power. R-123 .... 8

current trend in the MRD is to replace BTR-
generally keep pace with increases in the fire-


equipped MRRs with additional BMP-equipped
                                                   power and mobility of combat organizations.
MRRs. The modernization of equipment includes
the deployment of increasing numbers of T-64,
                                                    With the exception of the MRRs already
T-72,and T-80 tanks. It also includes the intro
                                                   described, the remaining elements of the MRD
duction o f  SS-21 tactical ballistic missiles t o
                                                    appear on the following pages. The organization
replace free rockets over ground (FROGs).
                                                    charts show the latest upgrades in organization
  All subunits benefit from continuous upgrade.
                                                    and equipment, even though these changes may
The capabilities of the organic support elements
                                                    not have yet occurred in all divisions.

an AAA regiment equipped with the S-60 AA Gun (p. 4-104) instead of the SA-6
SAM regiment.
4. Armies in  WGF are consolidating division-level SSM battalions into army-level
SSM brigades.

5. Starting in 1989, the Soviets are converting the TR of the MRD into a fourth MRR.
6. Not all divisions have a helicopter squadron.

## And Equipment Recapitulation And Equipment Recapitulation

  'This vehicle includes
                             TALL
                                         radar, which appears separately in this list.
 '"This vehicle includes the SMALL FRED radar, which appears separately in this list.
"'This vehicle includes the
                                 FRED radar. which appears separately in this list.

## And Equipment Recapitulation (Continued) Onnel And Equipment Recapitulation (Continued] Onnel And Equipment Recapitulation (Continued) End Equipment Recapitulation (Continued) Tank Regiment (T-64/72/80), Mrd

  The TR of the MRD prpvides the division with
                                                    This TR (of the MRD) lacks organic motorized
a highly integrated armor threat in addition to
                                                    rifle assets. It does have reconnaissance, air de-
the TBs that are organic to the MRRs. The TR
                                                    fense, signal, engineer, and chemical protection
has three TBs of 31 medium tanks each. It also
                                                    assets as well as a limited CSS capability similar
has a battalion of 18 2S1 122-mm SF howitzers.
                                                   to that found in the MRR.

NOTES.
1. If this TR has T-54/55/62 tanks. personnel strength will increase by 94 enlisted
personnel.
2. Approximately 150 personnel in the regiment are officers
3.  Starting in 1989. the Soviets are converting the TR. MRD to a BMP-equipped
MRR.
FOOTNOTE.
*In some TRs. the howitzer battalion may still have the 122-mm tawed howitzer
D - 3 0 (See p .  4-16 for the organization and equipment of a D-30 howitzer
battalion.)

Total
Equipment
Total
MG.
7 V
REMLIN /GRAIL
-69/469
12
Generator, 1 - A x l e
or ........6
Truck, **POL** ........1
or 51\16
Truck, Ambulance, UAZ-450A/452 ........ 1
........3
Sedan,
GAZ-24 ........2
RPK-74 ........3
Trailer, Cargo. 2-Axle ........4
D/60/70........3
Trailer, Generator. 2 - A x l e........2
T r a i l e r ,
........
........ 1
| -                 | 66    |
|-------------------|-------|
|                   |       |
| 9                 |       |
| Trailer,          | POL   |
|                   |       |
| 1                 |       |
| /ZIL/Ural         |       |
|                   |       |
| 4                 |       |
| Trailer,          |       |
| Water             |       |
|                   |       |
| 1                 |       |
|                   |       |
| ZIL/Ural          |       |
| (Command)         |       |
|                   |       |
| ( 2               |       |
| Kitchen           |       |
|                   |       |
| I                 |       |
| T r a i l e r ,   |       |
| 3                 |       |
| ZIL (Maintenance0 |       |
|                   |       |
| 1                 |       |
| Radio:            |       |
|                   |       |
. UAZ-452 ........2
VHF. Vehicle Mount, Medium-Power. R-123 ... 3

this page t oprovide

## Personnel And Equipment Recapitulation

'This vehicle includes the TALL MIKE radar, which appears separately in this list.

*+This vehicle includes the SMALL FRED radar, which appears separately in this list.

## Personnel And Equipment Recapitulation (Continued)

(continued)

Personnel and Equipment Recapitulation (continued)

## Artillery Regiment, M R D  And T D

  The artillery regiment of an MRD normally
                                                ever, some divisions may not yet conform to this
consists of three battalions of 152-mm SP howitzers
                                                standard; such divisions may still have one or
(2S3) and one battalion of 122-mm rocket launchers
                                                more battalions with older weapon systems such
(BM-21). In a TD, it normally has only two bat-
                                                as the 122-mm towed howitzer D-30.
talions of 2S3s and one battalion of BM-21s.How-

## Personnel And Equipment Recapitulation

Truck. Van. CAZ (Command)
I
1
Truck. Van. GAZ (Signal)
2
2
Truck. Van. Z I L  (Maintenance)
3
3
(continued)


FOOTNOTES.

'Some artillery regiments may have one battalion of eighteen 122-mm towed howitzers D-30 instead of **one** of the 2S3 battalions. Some 2S3 battalions may have 24 tubes rather than the 18 shown here.

"This vehicle includes the BIG FRED radar, which appears separately in this
"'This vehicle includes the SMALL FRED radar, which appears separately in this list.

## Personnel And Equipment Recapitulation (Continued)

ARTILLERY REGIMENT.
MRD AND TD

## (Continued) Personnel And Equipment Recapitulation (Continued)

Command and Control Battery. Artillery Regiment. M R D  and T D


| Equipment                       | Total                         |
|---------------------------------|-------------------------------|
| Equipment                       | Total                         |
| Radios:                         |                               |
| ATGL. RPG                       |                               |
| -                               | 7V                            |
|                                 |                               |
| 4                               |                               |
| ACV. BTR-50/60                  |                               |
|                                 |                               |
| 2                               |                               |
| Truck. UAZ-69/469               |                               |
|                                 |                               |
| 6                               |                               |
| Truck. GAZ-66                   |                               |
|                                 |                               |
| 2                               |                               |
| Truck, ZIL/Ural                 |                               |
|                                 |                               |
| ..                              |                               |
|                                 |                               |
| 1                               |                               |
| HF, Manpack, Low                |                               |
| -                               | Power, R-104M                 |
|                                 |                               |
| 1                               |                               |
| HF, Vehicle Mount, Medium       |                               |
| -                               | Power, R-130                  |
|                                 |                               |
| 5                               |                               |
| HF/VHF. Vehicle Mount. Medium   | -                             |
|                                 |                               |
| 3                               |                               |
| HF/VHF, Vehicle Mount, High     |                               |
| -                               | Power                         |
|                                 |                               |
| 1                               |                               |
| VHF. Portable. Low              |                               |
| -                               | Power. R-148 or               |
| Chemical                        | Recon Vehicle, BRDM-2rkh/RKhM |
|                                 |                               |
| 1                               |                               |
| Truck. Van.                     | GAZ                           |
|                                 |                               |
| 2                               |                               |
| Truck, Van, ZIL                 |                               |
|                                 |                               |
| 1                               |                               |
| Trailer, Cargo                  |                               |
|                                 |                               |
| ..                              |                               |
|                                 |                               |
| 1                               |                               |
| Rangefinder. Laser, SAGE GLOSS  |                               |
|                                 |                               |
| 1                               |                               |
| Very                            |                               |
| -                               | Low                           |
|                                 |                               |
| 1                               |                               |
| VHF, Manpack. Low               |                               |
| -                               | Power. R-107                  |
|                                 |                               |
| 6                               |                               |
| VHF, Vehicle Mount, Medium      |                               |
| -                               | Power. R-123                  |
| ...                             |                               |
| 3                               |                               |
| Warning Receiver. R-311         |                               |
|                                 |                               |
| 1                               |                               |
| Radio Relay, VHF/UHF, R-401/405 |                               |
|                                 |                               |
| 1                               |                               |

152-mm SP Howitzer Battalion.

Artillery Regiment, MRD and TD

| Equipment                                   | Total                  |
|---------------------------------------------|------------------------|
| Equipment                                   | Total                  |
| 152                                         |                        |
| -                                           | mm SP Howitzer, 2S3*   |
|                                             |                        |
| 18                                          |                        |
| Truck. POL                                  |                        |
|                                             |                        |
| 2                                           |                        |
| ATGL, RPG-7V                                |                        |
|                                             |                        |
| 18                                          |                        |
| Truck. Ambulance. UAZ-450A/452              |                        |
|                                             |                        |
| 1                                           |                        |
| 5.45-mm LMG. RPK                            |                        |
| -                                           | 74                     |
|                                             |                        |
| 18                                          |                        |
| Trailer, Cargo                              |                        |
|                                             |                        |
| 10                                          |                        |
| Mobile Reconnaissance Post, PRP             |                        |
| -                                           | 3                      |
| Trailer. Water                              |                        |
|                                             |                        |
| 1                                           |                        |
| (BMP                                        | M1975)**               |
|                                             |                        |
| 1                                           | Trailer. Field Kitchen |
|                                             |                        |
| 3                                           |                        |
| ACRV, 1V13                                  |                        |
|                                             |                        |
| 3                                           |                        |
| Trailer, POL                                |                        |
|                                             |                        |
| 2                                           |                        |
| ACRV. 1V14                                  |                        |
|                                             |                        |
| 3                                           |                        |
| Rangefinder, Laser. SAGE GLOSS              |                        |
|                                             |                        |
| 4                                           |                        |
| ACRV, 1V15                                  |                        |
|                                             |                        |
| 1                                           |                        |
| Radar. Battlefield Surveillance. SMALL FRED |                        |
|                                             |                        |
| 1                                           |                        |
| ACRV, 1V16                                  |                        |
|                                             |                        |
| 1                                           |                        |
| Radios:                                     |                        |
| Truck. UAZ-69/469                           |                        |
|                                             |                        |
| 1                                           |                        |
| VHF,                                        | Manpack,               |
| -                                           | Power, R               |
|                                             |                        |
| 10                                          |                        |
| Truck, GAZ                                  |                        |
| -                                           | 66                     |
|                                             |                        |
| 7                                           |                        |
| VHF,                                        |                        |
| Vehicle Mount. Medium                       | -                      |
| Truck. ZIL/Ural                             |                        |
|                                             |                        |
| 20                                          |                        |
| R                                           |                        |
| -                                           | 123                    |
|                                             |                        |
| 28                                          |                        |
| Truck, Van, ZIL (Maintenance)               |                        |
|                                             |                        |
| 2                                           |                        |
| Warning Receiver. R                         |                        |
| -                                           | 311                    |
|                                             |                        |
| 2                                           |                        |

FOOTNOTES. 'Some 2S3 battalions may have 24 tubes rather than the 18 shown here.

"This vehicle includes the SMALL FRED radar, which appears separately in this list.

152-mm SP Howitzer Battery, 152-mm SP Howitzer Battalion, Artillery Regiment, M R D  and TD


| Equipment         | Total                      | Equipment         | Total    |
|-------------------|----------------------------|-------------------|----------|
|                   |                            |                   |          |
| 152-mm            | SP Howitzer.               | 2S3*              |          |
|                   |                            |                   |          |
| 6                 | Truck. Ural-375            |                   |          |
|                   |                            |                   |          |
| 6                 |                            |                   |          |
| ATGL, RPG         | -                          | 7V                |          |
|                   |                            |                   |          |
| 6                 |                            |                   |          |
| Trailer. Cargo    |                            |                   |          |
|                   |                            |                   |          |
| 1                 |                            |                   |          |
|                   |                            |                   |          |
| 5.45-mm           | LMG. RPK                   |                   |          |
| -                 | 74                         |                   |          |
|                   |                            |                   |          |
| 6                 | Rangefinder,               | Laser. SAGE GLOSS |          |
|                   |                            |                   |          |
| 1                 |                            |                   |          |
| ACRV,             | M 1 9 7 4                  | (1)               |          |
|                   |                            |                   |          |
| 1                 | Radios:                    |                   |          |
| ACRV, 1V14        |                            |                   |          |
|                   |                            |                   |          |
| 1                 |                            |                   |          |
| VHF. Manpack. Low |                            |                   |          |
| -                 | Power. R                   | -                 | 107      |
|                   |                            |                   |          |
| 2                 |                            |                   |          |
| Truck. GAZ-66     |                            |                   |          |
|                   |                            |                   |          |
| 1                 | VHF. Vehicle Mount, Medium | -                 | Power, R |
| ...               |                            |                   |          |
| 8                 |                            |                   |          |

FOOTNOTE. *Some 2S3 battalions may have expanded from 6-tube to 8-tube batteries, adding a fourth gun section to each firing platoon.



| Equipment                      | Total        |
|--------------------------------|--------------|
| 122-mm Rocket Launcher (40     |              |
| -                              | Round) BM-21 |
| ...                            |              |
| 18                             |              |
| ACV,                           | BTR-60/70/80 |
|                                |              |
| 1                              |              |
| ACRV                           | M 1 9 7 9    |
|                                |              |
| 3                              |              |
| ACRV                           | M 1          |
|                                |              |
| 4                              |              |
| ACRV M1979 (3)                 |              |
|                                |              |
| 1                              |              |
| Truck, UAZ-69/469              |              |
|                                |              |
| 5                              |              |
| Truck, GAZ-66                  |              |
|                                |              |
| 6                              |              |
| Truck, ZIL-130/131/151/157     |              |
|                                |              |
| 8                              |              |
| Truck, Ural                    | -            |
|                                |              |
| 36                             |              |
| Truck, Van, GAZ (Command)      |              |
|                                |              |
| 1                              |              |
| Truck, Van, GAZ (Signal)       |              |
|                                |              |
| 2                              |              |
| Truck, ZIL (Maintenance)       |              |
|                                |              |
| 3                              |              |
| Equipment                      | Total        |
| Truck, POL                     |              |
|                                |              |
| 2                              |              |
| Truck. Ambulance, UAZ-450A/452 |              |
|                                |              |
| 1                              |              |
| Trailer. Cargo. 2              |              |
| -                              | Axle         |
|                                |              |
| 36                             |              |
| Trailer, Generator. 2          |              |
| -                              | Axle         |
|                                |              |
| 2                              |              |
| Trailer. Water                 |              |
|                                |              |
| 1                              |              |
| Trailer, POL. 2                |              |
| -                              | Axle         |
|                                |              |
| 2                              |              |
| Trailer. Kitchen               |              |
|                                |              |
| 3                              |              |
| Radios:                        |              |
| HF/VHF, Vehicle Mount, Medium  |              |
| -                              | Power        |
|                                |              |
| 2                              |              |
| VHF, Manpack, Low              |              |
| -                              | Power, R-107 |
|                                |              |
| 18                             |              |
| Warning Receiver, R-311        |              |
|                                |              |
| 1                              |              |

Headquarters a n d  Headquarters Platoon. Rocket Launcher Battalion, Artillery Regiment, MRD a n d  TD


| Equipment                  | Total                          | Equipment    | Total     |
|----------------------------|--------------------------------|--------------|-----------|
| ACV, BTR-60/70/80          |                                |              |           |
|                            |                                |              |           |
| 1                          | Truck. Ambulance. UAZ-450A/452 |              |           |
|                            |                                |              |           |
| 1                          |                                |              |           |
| ACRV.                      | M1979                          | (2)          |           |
|                            |                                |              |           |
| 1                          | Trailer. Generator. 2          | -            | Axle      |
|                            |                                |              |           |
| 1                          |                                |              |           |
| ACRV,                      | M 1                            | 979 (3)      |           |
|                            |                                |              |           |
| 1                          | Radios:                        |              |           |
| Truck. UAZ-69/469          |                                |              |           |
|                            |                                |              |           |
| 1                          | HF/VHF. Vehicle Mount. Medium  | -            | Power     |
|                            |                                |              |           |
| 2                          |                                |              |           |
| Truck. ZIL-130/131/151/157 |                                |              |           |
|                            |                                |              |           |
| 1                          | VHF. Manpack. Low              | -            | Power.    |
|                            |                                |              |           |
| 5                          |                                |              |           |
| Truck, Van, GAZ (Command)  |                                |              |           |
|                            |                                |              |           |
| 1                          | Warning Receiver. R-311        |              |           |
|                            |                                |              |           |
| 1                          |                                |              |           |
| Truck. Van, GAZ (Signal)   |                                |              |           |
|                            |                                |              |           |
| 2                          |                                |              |           |

Firing Battery, Rocket Launcher Battalion, Artillery Regiment, M R D  a n d  TD

Equipment
Total
Equipment
Total
122-mm Rocket Launcher (40-Round) BM-21 .... 6
Truck. Ural-375 ........6
ACRV, M1979 (1) ........1
Trailer. Cargo. 2-Axle ........6
ACRV, M 1979 (2) ........1
Radio:
Truck. UAZ-69/469 ........1
VHF. Manpack, Low-Power. R-107 ........ 4
Truck, GAZ-66 ........2

Service Battery. Rocket Launcher Battalion, Artillery Regiment, M R D  and TD


| Equipment                     | Total                 | Equipment    | Total        |
|-------------------------------|-----------------------|--------------|--------------|
| Truck, UAZ-69/469             |                       |              |              |
|                               |                       |              |              |
| 1                             | Trailer, Generator. 2 | -            | Axle         |
|                               |                       |              |              |
| 1                             |                       |              |              |
| Truck, ZIL-130/131/151/157    |                       |              |              |
|                               |                       |              |              |
| 7                             |                       |              |              |
| Trailer. Water                |                       |              |              |
|                               |                       |              |              |
| 1                             |                       |              |              |
| Truck, Ural-375               |                       |              |              |
|                               |                       |              |              |
| 18                            | Trailer, POL, 2       | -            | Axle         |
|                               |                       |              |              |
| 2                             |                       |              |              |
| Truck. Van. ZIL (Maintenance) |                       |              |              |
|                               |                       |              |              |
| 3                             |                       |              |              |
| Trailer. Kitchen              |                       |              |              |
|                               |                       |              |              |
| 3                             |                       |              |              |
| Truck, POL.                   |                       |              |              |
|                               |                       |              |              |
| 2                             |                       |              |              |
| Radio:                        |                       |              |              |
| Trailer, Cargo. 2             |                       |              |              |
| -                             | Axle                  |              |              |
|                               |                       |              |              |
| 18                            | VHF, Manpack. Low     | -            | Power, R-107 |
|                               |                       |              |              |
| 1                             |                       |              |              |



| Equipment                                   | Total        |
|---------------------------------------------|--------------|
| Equipment                                   | Total        |
| ACV, BTR-60/70/80                           |              |
|                                             |              |
| 2                                           |              |
| APC. Radar, MT-LB                           | M1975*       |
|                                             |              |
| 1                                           |              |
| Mobile Recon Post,                          | PRP-3**      |
|                                             |              |
| Sound Ranging Set                           |              |
|                                             |              |
| 1                                           |              |
| Radar, Direction Finder                     |              |
|                                             |              |
| 3                                           |              |
| Radar, Meteorological, END TRAY             |              |
|                                             |              |
| 1                                           |              |
| Radar, Battlefield Surveillance, BIG FRED   |              |
|                                             |              |
| 1                                           |              |
| Radar. Battlefield Surveillance, SMALL FRED |              |
|                                             |              |
| 1                                           |              |
| Radar,                                      |              |
| Countermortar/Counterbattery                |              |
|                                             |              |
| 1                                           |              |
| Radios:                                     |              |
|                                             |              |
| (BMP M1975)                                 |              |
|                                             |              |
| 1                                           |              |
| Truck, UAZ-69/469                           |              |
|                                             |              |
| 6                                           |              |
| Truck, GAZ                                  | -            |
|                                             |              |
| 7                                           |              |
| Truck. Van, GAZ                             |              |
|                                             |              |
| 4                                           |              |
| Truck, Van,                                 |              |
| UAZ-452                                     |              |
| (Computer)                                  |              |
|                                             |              |
| 1                                           |              |
| Trailer, Generator, 1                       |              |
| -                                           | Axle         |
|                                             |              |
| 2                                           |              |
| Rangefinder. Laser, SAGE GLOSS              |              |
|                                             |              |
| 2                                           |              |
| VHF,                                        | Manpack,     |
| -                                           | Power. R-107 |
|                                             |              |
| 13                                          |              |
| VHF, Vehicle Mount. Medium                  |              |
| -                                           | Power. R-123 |
| ...                                         |              |
| 4                                           |              |
| Warning Receiver, R-311                     |              |
|                                             |              |
| 1                                           |              |

FOOTNOTES. 'This vehicle includes the BIG **FRED** radar, which appears separately in this list.

"This vehicle includes the SMALL **FRED** radar. which appears separately in this list.

Maintenance Company.
Artillery Regiment, MRD and TD

Equipment
Total
Equipment
Total
ATGL. RPG-7V ........4
Armored Recovery Vehicle ........ 1
5.45-mm LMG, RPK-74 ........ 2
Trailer, Cargo, 2-Axle ........ 3
Truck, UAZ-69/469 ........1
Trailer, Generator. 2-Axle ........ 2
Truck, ZIL/Ural ........3
Radio:
Truck, Van. ZIL (Maintenance) ........ 6
VHF, Manpack, Low-Power, R-107 ........ 1
Truck. Van. GAZ ........ 2

Motor Transport Company, Artillery Regiment. M R Dand TD


Equipment
Total
Equipment
Total
Truck. UAZ-69/469 ........1
Truck. POL ........8
Truck. GAZ-66 ........1
Trailer, POL ........
8
Truck. ZIL/Ural ........36
Trailer. Cargo ........30
Truck. Van. ZIL (Maintenance) ........2
Radio:
Truck. ZIL-130/131 (Water) ........3
VHF. Manpack. Low-Power. R-107 ........1

Supply and Service Platoon, Artillery Regiment, M R D  and TD


## Supply And Principal Items Of Equipment

| Equipment      | Total                  |
|----------------|------------------------|
| Truck,         | ZIL/Ural               |
|                |                        |
| 3              | Trailer. Water         |
|                |                        |
| 1              |                        |
| Trailer, Cargo |                        |
|                |                        |
| 1              | Trailer. Field Kitchen |
|                |                        |
| 2              |                        |

## Sam Regiment (Sa-6). M R D  And Td

  The SAM regiment makes up an important part
                                                   regiments equipped with the 57-mm towed antiair-
of an extensive air defense envelope over the bat-
                                                   craft gun S-60 still exist in some divisions in rear
tlefield. This chapter depicts the SA-6 SAM regi-
                                                   areas. Although the SA-6 SAM regiment appears
ment as standard at division level.However, many
                                                   here, this chapter also provides organization charts

divisional SAM regiments have the SA-8 as an al-
                                                   and equipment tables for the SA-8 SAM regiment
ternativeto the SA-6. Antiaircraft artillery (AAA)
                                                   (p. 4-101)and the S-60 AAA regiment (p.4-104).

| SAM.                             |   SA-7/GRAIL  |
|----------------------------------|---------------|
| or SA                            |               |
| -                                |           16  |
| 3                                |               |
| 3                                |               |
| 15                               |               |
| Truck. Decontamination           |               |
| 4                                |               |
| 4                                |               |
| CHEMICAL RECONNAISSANCE          |               |
| Chemical Reconnaissance Vehicle. |               |
| BRDM-2rkh/RKhM                   |               |
| 3                                |            3  |
| (continued)                      |               |

## Personnel And Equipment Recapitulation (Continued)

Regimental Headquarters.
SAM Regiment (SA-6). MRD and TD


| Equipment                        | Total        |
|----------------------------------|--------------|
| SAM, SA-7/GRAIL or SA-14/GREMLIN |              |
| Equipment                        | Total        |
| Trailer. Generator. 1            |              |
| -                                | Axle         |
|                                  |              |
| 2                                |              |
| Trailer, Kitchen                 |              |
|                                  |              |
| 1                                |              |
| Radios:                          |              |
| HF/VHF. Vehicle Mount, Medium    |              |
| -                                | Power        |
|                                  |              |
| 4                                |              |
| HF/VHF, Vehicle Mount. High      |              |
| -                                | Power        |
|                                  |              |
| 2                                |              |
| VHF. Manpack, Low                |              |
| -                                | Power. R     |
|                                  |              |
| 1                                |              |
| VHF, Vehicle Mount, Medium       |              |
| -                                | Power, R     |
| ...                              |              |
| 1                                |              |
| Warning Receiver, R-311          |              |
|                                  |              |
| 2                                |              |
| Radio Relay. VHF/UHF, R-401/405  |              |
|                                  |              |
| 1                                |              |
| or SA                            |              |
| -                                | 16           |
|                                  |              |
| 3                                |              |
| ACV. BTR                         |              |
| -                                | 60 PA        |
|                                  |              |
| 1                                |              |
| Truck. UAZ-69/469                |              |
|                                  |              |
| 1                                |              |
| Truck, GAZ                       |              |
| -                                | 66           |
|                                  |              |
| 3                                |              |
| Truck. Van, Ural                 |              |
| -                                | 375          |
|                                  |              |
| 2                                |              |
| Truck, Van. Ural                 |              |
| -                                | 375 (Signal) |
|                                  |              |
| 4                                |              |
| Truck, Ambulance, UAZ-450A/452   |              |
|                                  |              |
| 2                                |              |
| Trailer. Van, 2                  |              |
| -                                | Axle         |
|                                  |              |
| 4                                |              |

Artillery Reconnaissance (Target Acquisition/Early Warning) Battery.

SAM Regiment (SA-6). MRD and TD


Equipment
Total
Equipment
Total
Radios:
HF, Manpack, Low-Power, R-104M ........ 2
VHF, Manpack, Low-Power. R-107 ........ 2
VHF. Vehicle Mount, Medium-Power, R-123 ... 3
Radars:
Radar, Aerial Surveillance/Target Acq..
Truck. UAZ-69/469 ........ 3
Truck. GAZ-66 ........ 1
Truck, Van. Utal-375 (Maintenance) ........ 1
Truck. Van, UAZ-452 (Computer) ........ 1
Trailer. Cargo. 2-Axle ........ 1
Trailer. Van. 2-Axle ........ 1
Trailer. Kitchen ........ 1
LONG TRACK ........ 2
Radar, Height Finding, THIN SKIN ........ 1

Missile Technical Battery.
SAM Regiment (SA-6). M R D  and TD

| Equipment                          | Total                          |
|------------------------------------|--------------------------------|
| SAM, SA-7/GRAIL or SA-14/GREMLIN   |                                |
| or SA                              |                                |
| -                                  | 16                             |
|                                    |                                |
| 3                                  |                                |
| Truck. UAZ-69/469                  |                                |
|                                    |                                |
| 1                                  |                                |
| Truck,                             | GAZ-66                         |
|                                    |                                |
| 6                                  |                                |
| Truck, ZIL/Ural                    |                                |
|                                    |                                |
| 5                                  |                                |
| Truck, Crane, Ural                 |                                |
| -                                  | 375                            |
|                                    |                                |
| 2                                  |                                |
| Truck, Van. Ural (Missile Testing) |                                |
|                                    |                                |
| 6                                  |                                |
| Truck                              |                                |
| -                                  | Tractor. SA                    |
| ZIL-157/131V                       |                                |
|                                    |                                |
| 15                                 |                                |
| Truck, SA                          |                                |
| -                                  | 6 Missile Transloader, ZIL-131 |
|                                    |                                |
| 5                                  |                                |
| Equipment             | Total        |
|-----------------------|--------------|
| Trailer. Cargo, 2     |              |
| -                     | Axle         |
|                       |              |
| 1                     |              |
| Trailer. Generator, 1 |              |
| -                     | Axle         |
|                       |              |
| 1                     |              |
| Trailer. Van. 2       |              |
| -                     | Axle         |
|                       |              |
| 1                     |              |
| Trailer, Kitchen      |              |
|                       |              |
| 2                     |              |
| Semitrailer, SA       | -            |
|                       |              |
| 15                    |              |
| Radios:               |              |
| VHF. Portable, Low    |              |
| -                     | Power. R-148 |
|                       |              |
| 3                     |              |
| VHF.                  | Manpack,     |
|                       |              |
| 1                     |              |

Missile Firing Battery,
SAM Regiment (SA-6),MRD and TD


Equipment
Total
Equipment
Total
SAM. SA-6a/GAINFUL TEL or SA-6b/GAINFUL
TELAR ........ 4
SAM. SA-7/GRAIL or SA-14/GREMLIN or
Trailer, Cargo. 2-Axle ........1
Trailer. Van, 2-Axle ........ 1
Trailer, Kitchen ........1
Radar. Fire Control. STRAIGHT FLUSH ........ 1
Radios:
SA-16 ........3
ACV, BRDM-2 ........1
Truck, GAZ-66 ........1
Truck. Van, Ural/ZIL ........1
Truck. Missile Transloader. ZIL-131 ........ 2
VHF. Manpack, Low-Power, R-107 ........ 1
VHF, Vehicle Mount. Medium-Power. **R-123**... 6
Warning Receiver. R-311 ........ 1

Motor Transport Company.
SAM Regiment (SA-6). MRD and TD

| Equipment                | Total    | Equipment    | Total    |
|--------------------------|----------|--------------|----------|
| Truck, UAZ-69/469        |          |              |          |
|                          |          |              |          |
| 1                        |          |              |          |
| Trailer. POL, 2          |          |              |          |
| -                        | Axle     |              |          |
|                          |          |              |          |
| 7                        |          |              |          |
| Truck, GAZ               |          |              |          |
| -                        | 66       |              |          |
|                          |          |              |          |
| 1                        |          |              |          |
| Trailer. Generator, 1    |          |              |          |
| -                        | Axle     |              |          |
|                          |          |              |          |
| 3                        |          |              |          |
| Truck. ZIL/Ural/KrAZ     |          |              |          |
|                          |          |              |          |
| 33                       |          |              |          |
| Trailer, Water, 1        | -        | Axle         |          |
|                          |          |              |          |
| 3                        |          |              |          |
| Truck, POL, ZIL/Ural     |          |              |          |
|                          |          |              |          |
| 15                       |          |              |          |
| Trailer. Kitchen         |          |              |          |
|                          |          |              |          |
| 1                        |          |              |          |
| Truck. Van, Ural/ZIL     |          |              |          |
|                          |          |              |          |
| 4                        |          |              |          |
| Trailer. Van. 2          |          |              |          |
| -                        | Axle     |              |          |
|                          |          |              |          |
| 2                        |          |              |          |
| Truck, Van (Maintenance) |          |              |          |
|                          |          |              |          |
| 3                        |          |              |          |
| Radio:                   |          |              |          |
| Trailer, Cargo. 2        |          |              |          |
| -                        | Axle     |              |          |
|                          |          |              |          |
| 5                        |          |              |          |
| VHF.                     |          |              |          |
| Manpack,                 | Low      | -            | Power. R |
|                          |          |              |          |
| 1                        |          |              |          |

Maintenance Company.
SAM Regiment (SA-6). M R D  and TD

Equipment
Total
Equipment
Total
Truck. UAZ-69/469 ........1
Trailer. Generator, 1 -Axle ........7
Truck. GAZ-66 ........1
Trailer. Water ........1
Truck. ZIL-151/157 ........3
Trailer, Kitchen ........1
Truck. Van. Ural or ZIL (Maintenance) ........ 8
Radio:
Trailer. Cargo. 2-Axle ........
3
VHF. Manpack, Low-Power. A-107 ........ 1

Artillery Reconnaissance (Target Acquisition/Early Warning) Battery.

SAM Regiment (SA-6). MRD and TD



Equipment
Total
Equipment
Total
Radios:
HF, Manpack, Low-Power, R-104M ........ 2
VHF, Manpack, Low-Power. R-107 ........ 2
VHF. Vehicle Mount, Medium-Power, R-123 ... 3
Radars:
Radar, Aerial Surveillance/Target Acq..
Truck. UAZ-69/469 ........ 3
Truck. GAZ-66 ........ 1
Truck, Van. Utal-375 (Maintenance) ........ 1
Truck. Van, UAZ-452 (Computer) ........ 1
Trailer. Cargo. 2-Axle ........ 1
Trailer. Van. 2-Axle ........ 1
Trailer. Kitchen ........ 1
LONG TRACK ........ 2
Radar, Height Finding, THIN SKIN ........ 1

SSM Firing Battery, SSM Battalion, MRD and TD

Total
or SS-21/
2
1
1
1
1
Equipment
FROG/SSM TEL, FROG-7/7B
SCARAB
Truck, UAZ-69/469
Truck, GAZ-66
Truck. ZIL/Ural
Truck, Van. GAZ
Equipment
Truck. Van. ZIL
Truck. Van. UAZ-452
Trailer, Generator
Radar, Meteorological, END TRAY
Radio:
VHF, Manpack, Low-Power, R-107
Total
1
2
1
1
6


## Antitank Battalion, Mrd

The division antitank battalion exists only in the MRD. The standard structure is now two 6-gun batteries o f  100-mm antitank guns (T-12/MT-12)
and one 9-vehicle battery of mounted ATGM s y s
tems. The latter may consist of the AT-3/SAGGER
or the newer A T - 5 / S P A N D R E L  mounted on the

(Each Battery)
100-mm Antitank
Gun, T12/MT-12
Prime Mover, MT-LB/AT-P
Truck, ZIL-131/157
Trailer, Cargo. 2-Axle
Rangefinder
Radar, Battlefield
Surveillance. Man-
Portabie PSNR-1
VHF, Manpack, Low-
Power, R-107
VHF, Vehicle Mount,
Medium-Power, R-123

Total
Equipment
ATGM Launcher Vehicle (BRDM-2). AT-3/5 . . . . . 9
100-mmAntitank Gun, T-12/MT-12 ........ . . 12
ATGL. RPG-7V .... . ........ .. . . . ...... 9
ACV. BTR-60PU/BRDM-2 . . . .. . . . . . ... . .. . . . .. 5

Prime Mover. MT-LB/AT-P .. . . . .,.. . . ... . . . . . 1 4
Truck, UAZ-69/469 ..... . . . .. . .. . ... . . ....... 3
Truck. GAZ-66 ........ 4
Truck. ZIL-131/157 . . .. . .... . .. . . . . . . . .. . .. 11
Truck, Ural-375 . . . . . . . ........ . .. 1
Truck, Van, GAZ ...... . .. . . .. . ..... . . .... . .. . 2
Truck, Van, ZIL (Maintenance) ... . . . ... . . . . .. . . 2
Truck, POL ........2
Truck, Van, ZIL. ATGM Simulator ...... . ..... .. 1
Truck. Ambulance. UAZ-450A/452 ... . . .. . .... . 1 Trailer. Cargo. 2-Axle .. . ....... .. . ...... . ... 10

BRDM-2 chassis. The prime mover for the T-12/
MT-12 antitank gun i s  normally the MT-LB.

Some MRDs may not yet have vehicle-mounted

ATGMs in the antitank battalion. In such cases, the  battalion consists o f  three 6 - g u nbatteries of T-12/MT-12.

4
VHF, Manpack, Low-
Power, R-107
13
VHF, Vehicle Mount.

Medium-Power, R-123
1 Trailer, POL. 2-Axle
1 Trailer, Generator, 2-Axle
1
Trailer, Water
2
Trailer, Kitchen
1
HF/VHF, Vehicle   Mount, Medium-Power


3 VHF, Manpack, Low-Power, R-107
1 Radio Relay, VHF/UHF

Equipment
Total
Trailer, POL. 2-Axle . . . ... . .. . ..... . .. . . .. .. .. 1
Trailer. Generator. 2-Axle .... . . . . .. . . .. . .. . . . 1
Trailer. Water ... . .. . .. . . .. . .. . .. . .. . . .. .. ... 1
Trailer, Kitchen ... . ... . . . . . .. . . . . . . ... . . .. . . . 2
Rangefinder ........ 3
Radar, Battlefield Surveillance,
Man-Portable PSNR-1 . . . . ... . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . 3

Radios:
HF, Vehicle Mount. Medium-Power, R-130 . . . . 1
HF/VHF. Vehicle Mount, Medium-Power . . . ... 3
VHF. Manpack, Low-Power. R-107 .. . ... . .. . 10
VHF, Vehicle Mount. Medium-Power.
R-123 ........ 28
Warning Receiver. R-311 . . .. . . .. . . . . . . . .... 1
Radio Relay. VHF/UHF. R-401/405 ... . . ...... 1

## Reconnaissance Principal Items Of Equipment

| Equipment                                  | Total       |
|--------------------------------------------|-------------|
| Equipment                                  | Total       |
| Trailer. Kitchen                           | 4           |
| Trailer, POL                               | 2           |
| ATGL. RPG                                  |             |
| -                                          | 7V          |
|                                            |             |
| 13                                         |             |
| 5.45                                       |             |
| -                                          | mm LMG, RPK |
| Chemical Reconnaissance Vehicle.           |             |
| ACV. BRDM-2U                               |             |
|                                            |             |
| 1                                          |             |
| ACV. BTR-6OPA                              | 2           |
| Radar. Battlefield Surveillance, TALL MIKE | 3           |
| Radar Direction Finder                     | 3           |
| Radio Direction Finder. HF/VHF/UHF         |             |
| 3                                          |             |
| ACV, Recon,                                | BRM-1**     |
|                                            |             |
| 3                                          |             |
| AICV. BMP-l/BMP-2                          |             |
|                                            |             |
| 12                                         |             |
| Medium Tank, T                             |             |
| -                                          | 64/72/80    |
| ASC, BRDM-2 or APC. BTR-60/70/80           |             |
| 12                                         |             |
| Intercept Receiver, VHF/UHF                | 9           |
| Truck, UAZ-69/469                          | 5           |
| Radios:                                    |             |
| Truck. GAZ-66                              | 2           |
| Truck, ZIL Series                          | 5           |
| Truck, Ural                                |             |
| -                                          | 375         |
|                                            |             |
| 4                                          |             |
| Truck, Van, GAZ (Command)                  | 4           |
| Truck, Van. GAZ (Radio/Radar Recon)        | 13          |
| Truck. Van. ZIL (Maintenance)              | 2           |
| Truck, Van, ZIL                            | 6           |
| Truck, POL. ZIL/Ural/KrAZ                  | 2           |
| Truck, Ambulance, UAZ-450A/452             | 1           |
| Trailer. Generator                         |             |
| 2                                          |             |
| Trailer. Water                             |             |
|                                            |             |
| 1                                          |             |

## Footnotes. 'Also Called The Long-Range Reconnaissance Company Or The Airborne Reconnaissance Company. '"This Vehicle Includes The Tall Mlke Radar, Which Appears Separately In This List.

| BRDM-2rkh/RKhM                  | 4                   |
|---------------------------------|---------------------|
| HF,                             |                     |
| Manpack,                        | Low                 |
| HF, Vehicle Mount, Medium       |                     |
| -                               | Power, R-130        |
| 4                               |                     |
| HF/VHF, Vehicle Mount. Medium   | -                   |
| 6                               |                     |
| HF/VHF,                         | Vehicle Mount. High |
| VHF. Manpack, Low               |                     |
| -                               | Power. R-107        |
| VHF, Vehicle Mount, Medium      |                     |
| -                               | Power.              |
| R-123                           |                     |
| 40                              |                     |
| Radio Relay. VHF/UHF. R-401/405 |                     |
| 1                               |                     |
| Warning Receiver, R-311         |                     |
|                                 |                     |
| 5                               |                     |
| Radio Telegraph                 | 6                   |


Headquarters and ServicesCompany, Reconnaissance Battalion. MRD and TD

| Equipment                                  | Total                 |
|--------------------------------------------|-----------------------|
| Equipment                                  | Total                 |
| ACV. Reconnaissance,                       | BRM-1*                |
| .                                          |                       |
| . .                                        |                       |
| .                                          |                       |
| ..                                         |                       |
| .                                          |                       |
| .                                          |                       |
| .                                          | .                     |
| . .                                        |                       |
| .                                          | .                     |
| .                                          | .                     |
| 1                                          |                       |
| Radar, Battlefield Surveillance, TALL MlKE |                       |
| ..                                         |                       |
| .                                          |                       |
| .                                          |                       |
| .                                          |                       |
| .                                          |                       |
| 1                                          |                       |
| ACV. BTR-60PA                              |                       |
| .                                          |                       |
| ..                                         |                       |
| .                                          |                       |
|                                            |                       |
| .                                          |                       |
| ..                                         |                       |
| .                                          |                       |
| ..                                         |                       |
| ...                                        |                       |
| .                                          |                       |
| ...                                        |                       |
| ..                                         |                       |
| .                                          |                       |
| ..                                         |                       |
| .                                          |                       |
| 2                                          |                       |
| Intercept Receiver. VHF/UHF                |                       |
| .                                          | .                     |
| .                                          |                       |
| .                                          |                       |
| .                                          | .                     |
| .                                          |                       |
| .                                          | .                     |
| .                                          |                       |
| . .                                        |                       |
| .                                          |                       |
| ..                                         |                       |
| .                                          |                       |
| .                                          |                       |
| .                                          |                       |
| 1                                          |                       |
| Truck. UAZ-69/469                          |                       |
| ..                                         |                       |
| . .                                        |                       |
| .                                          |                       |
| . . .                                      |                       |
| .                                          |                       |
| . .                                        |                       |
| .                                          |                       |
| . .                                        |                       |
| . .                                        |                       |
| . .                                        |                       |
| .                                          |                       |
| . . .                                      |                       |
|                                            |                       |
| 4                                          |                       |
| Radios:                                    |                       |
| Truck, ZIL Series                          |                       |
| . .                                        | .                     |
| . . .                                      |                       |
| . .                                        |                       |
| ..                                         |                       |
| . .                                        |                       |
| .                                          |                       |
| . . .                                      |                       |
| .                                          |                       |
| .                                          |                       |
| . .                                        |                       |
| . .                                        |                       |
| 5                                          |                       |
| HF.                                        | Manpack,              |
| -                                          | Power. R              |
| .                                          |                       |
| ..                                         |                       |
| .                                          |                       |
| .                                          |                       |
|                                            |                       |
| 2                                          |                       |
| Truck, Ural                                |                       |
| -                                          | 375                   |
| .                                          |                       |
| . .                                        |                       |
| .                                          |                       |
| . . .                                      |                       |
| .                                          |                       |
| .                                          | .                     |
| . .                                        |                       |
| .                                          |                       |
| . . .                                      |                       |
| .                                          |                       |
| .                                          |                       |
| .. .                                       |                       |
| .                                          |                       |
| ..                                         |                       |
| . .                                        |                       |
| .                                          | .                     |
| .                                          |                       |
| 4                                          |                       |
| HF, Vehicle Mount, Medium                  |                       |
| -                                          | Power. R              |
| .                                          |                       |
| .                                          |                       |
| . .                                        |                       |
| 1                                          |                       |
| Truck, Van, GAZ (Command)                  |                       |
| .                                          | .                     |
| . . .                                      |                       |
| .                                          |                       |
| .                                          |                       |
| .                                          |                       |
| . . .                                      |                       |
| .                                          |                       |
| .                                          | .                     |
| .                                          |                       |
| . .                                        |                       |
| 2                                          |                       |
| HF/VHF,                                    | Vehicle Mount. Medium |
|                                            |                       |
| 2                                          |                       |
| Truck. Van, ZIL (Maintenance)              |                       |
| .                                          |                       |
|                                            |                       |
| .                                          |                       |
| . .                                        |                       |
| .                                          |                       |
| . . .                                      |                       |
| .                                          |                       |
| .                                          |                       |
| .. .                                       |                       |
| 1                                          |                       |
| HF/VHF, Vehicle Mount, High                | -                     |
| . . .                                      |                       |
| . .                                        |                       |
| .                                          |                       |
| .                                          |                       |
| . .                                        |                       |
| 1                                          |                       |
| Truck. POL. ZIL/Ural/KrAZ                  |                       |
| ..                                         |                       |
| .                                          |                       |
| .                                          | .                     |
| . .                                        |                       |
| .                                          |                       |
| . .                                        |                       |
| .                                          |                       |
|                                            |                       |
| .                                          |                       |
| 2                                          |                       |
| VHF.                                       | Manpack,              |
| -                                          | Power, R              |
| .                                          |                       |
| .                                          | .                     |
| .                                          |                       |
|                                            |                       |
| .                                          |                       |
| .                                          |                       |
| 2                                          |                       |
| Truck. Ambulance, UAZ-450A/452             |                       |
| .                                          |                       |
| .                                          |                       |
| .                                          | .                     |
| .                                          |                       |
| .                                          | .                     |
| .                                          |                       |
| . . .                                      |                       |
| .                                          |                       |
| 1                                          |                       |
| VHF. Vehicle Mount. Medium                 |                       |
| -                                          | Power. R              |
| .                                          |                       |
| .                                          |                       |
| .                                          |                       |
| 3                                          |                       |
| Trailer, POL                               |                       |
| . .                                        |                       |
| ..                                         |                       |
| .                                          |                       |
| ..                                         |                       |
| .                                          |                       |
| .                                          |                       |
| .                                          |                       |
| ...                                        |                       |
| ..                                         |                       |
| .                                          |                       |
| ..                                         |                       |
| .                                          |                       |
| ...                                        |                       |
| .                                          |                       |
| ..                                         |                       |
| ...                                        |                       |
| .                                          |                       |
| 2                                          |                       |
| Radio Relay.                               | VHF/UHF, R-401/405    |
| ..                                         |                       |
| . .                                        |                       |
| . .                                        |                       |
| .                                          |                       |
| .                                          |                       |
| . .                                        |                       |
| .                                          |                       |
| 1                                          |                       |
| Trailer. Generator                         |                       |
| . .                                        |                       |
| . . .                                      |                       |
| .                                          |                       |
| .                                          |                       |
| .                                          | .                     |
| .                                          | ..                    |
| .                                          | .                     |
| .                                          |                       |
| .                                          |                       |
| .                                          |                       |
| 2                                          |                       |
| Warning Receiver, R                        |                       |
| -                                          | 311                   |
| .                                          |                       |
|                                            |                       |
| .                                          |                       |
| . .                                        |                       |
| .                                          |                       |
| .                                          |                       |
| .                                          |                       |
| . .                                        |                       |
| .                                          |                       |
| .                                          |                       |
| .                                          |                       |
| 2                                          |                       |
| Trailer. Water                             |                       |
| . .                                        |                       |
|                                            |                       |
| ...                                        |                       |
| ...                                        |                       |
| .                                          |                       |
| ..                                         |                       |
| .                                          |                       |
| .. .                                       |                       |
| ...                                        |                       |
| ...                                        |                       |
|                                            |                       |
| 1                                          |                       |
| Radio Telegraph                            |                       |
| . .                                        |                       |
| .                                          |                       |
|                                            |                       |
| ..                                         |                       |
| .                                          |                       |
| . .                                        |                       |
| . .                                        |                       |
| .                                          |                       |
| .                                          |                       |
| .                                          |                       |
| .                                          |                       |
| . .                                        |                       |
| . .                                        |                       |
| .                                          |                       |
|                                            |                       |
| 6                                          |                       |
|                                            |                       |
| Trailer, Kitchen                           |                       |
| .                                          |                       |
| . .                                        |                       |
| .                                          | .                     |
| . .                                        |                       |
| . .                                        |                       |
| . .                                        |                       |
| . .                                        |                       |
| . .                                        |                       |
| .                                          |                       |
| . .                                        |                       |
| .                                          |                       |
| .                                          |                       |
| .                                          | .                     |
| .                                          |                       |
| . .                                        |                       |
| .                                          | .                     |
| .                                          |                       |
| . .                                        |                       |
| 4                                          |                       |

FOOTNOTE. *This vehicle includes the TALL MlKE radar, which appears separately in this list.

Reconnaissance Company (Trackad), Reconnaissance Battalion, MRD and TD


|                                  |              | Equipment                 |
|----------------------------------|--------------|---------------------------|
| Total                            |              |                           |
| Equipment                        |              |                           |
| Total                            |              |                           |
| 5.45                             | -            | mm LMG, RPK               |
|                                  |              |                           |
| 1                                |              |                           |
| ACV, Reconnaissance,             | BRM-1*       |                           |
| 1                                |              |                           |
| Radios:                          |              |                           |
| AICV, BMP-1/2                    | 6            | HF, Vehicle Mount, Medium |
| -                                | Power, R-130 | 1                         |
| Medium Tank, T                   |              |                           |
| -                                | 64/72/80     | 3                         |
| Truck, GAZ-66                    |              |                           |
| 1                                |              |                           |
| R-123                            |              |                           |
|                                  |              |                           |
| 12                               |              |                           |
| Chemical Reconnaissance Vehicle. | BRDM-2rkh    | Warning Receiver, R-311   |
|                                  |              |                           |
| 1                                |              |                           |
| or RKhM                          | 2            |                           |

FOOTNOTE. 'This vehicle includes the TALL MlKE radar. which appears separately in this list.

Reconnaissance Assault Company.

Reconnaissance Battalion, MRDand TD

## Reconnaissance Assault Company Principal Items Of Equipment

Total
Equipment
Total
Equipment


ATGL. RPG-7V ........ 1 3
VHF. Manpack, Low-Power. R-107
3
5.45-mm LMG, RPK-74 ........13
VHF. Vehicle Mount, Medium-Power.
ACV, BRDM-2U
1
R-123
13
ASC, BRDM-2 or APC, BTR-60/70/80 ........ 1 2
Warning Receiver. R-311 ........ 1
Radios:
HF, Vehicle Mount. Medium-Power. R-130 .... 1



NOTE  Personnel in the reconnaissance assault company (also called the long-range reconnaissancecompany) have parachute training Small teams of fiveto six men can enter the enemy rear area by parachute, helicopter and vehicle, or on foot They can also land by transport helicopter (MI-6A/HOOKor MI-26/HALO A) along withtheir
combat vehicles Radio/Radar Reconnaissance Company.

Reconnaissance Battalion, M R D  and TD



Equipment
Total
Equipment
Total
Truck, UAZ-69/469
1
Radar Direction Finder ........ 3
Truck. Van, GAZ (Command)
2
Radios:
Truck. Van. GAZ (Radio/Radar
HF, Manpack. Low-Power. R-104M........ 4
Reconnaissance)
13
HF/VHF, Vehicle Mount, Medium-Power
4
Truck, Van, ZIL (Maintenance)
1
HF/VHF. Vehicle Mount. High-Power
1
Truck, Van. Z I L
6
VHF. Manpack, Low-Power. R-107
7
Intercept Receiver, VHF/UHF
8
Warning Receiver. R-311
1
Radio Direction Finder. HF/VHF/UHF
3


Personnel and Equipment Recapitulation

## Personnel And Equipment Recapitulation (Continued)

| Trailer,          | POL    |
|-------------------|--------|
| I                 | I      |
| I I               |        |
| I                 |        |
| I                 |        |
| I                 |        |
| 2                 |        |
| Trailer, Water    |        |
| Trailer. Kitchen  |        |
| Warning Receiver. |        |
| R                 | -      |

Battalion Headquarters, Engineer Battalion, M R D  and T D


## Battalion Headquarters Principal Items Of Equipment

| Equipment                | Total                       | Equipment    | Total                 |
|--------------------------|-----------------------------|--------------|-----------------------|
| Truck,                   | UAZ-69/469                  |              |                       |
|                          |                             |              |                       |
| 2                        |                             |              |                       |
| Radios:                  |                             |              |                       |
| Truck,                   | ZIL-130/131/151/157         |              |                       |
| 1                        |                             |              |                       |
| HF.                      |                             |              |                       |
| Manpack,                 | Low                         | -            | Power, R              |
| Truck, Van, GAZ (Signal) | 1                           | HF/VHF,      | Vehicle Mount. Medium |
| -                        | Power                       | 1            |                       |
| Trailer, Cargo, 1        | -                           | Axle         |                       |
|                          |                             |              |                       |
| 1                        | HF/VHF, Vehicle Mount, High | -            | Power                 |

Combat Engineer (Sapper) Company. Engineer Battalion, M R D  and T D


## Combat Engineer (Sapper) Company Principal Items Of Equipment


Equipment
Total
Equipment
Total
ATGL, RPG-7V
2
Mineclearer. MTK/MTK-2
2
ACV, BTR-50/60
1
Minelayer. Armored, SP. GMZ ........3
Truck, ZIL-130/131/151/157 ........ 3
Trailer. Cargo. 1 -Axle ........2
Truck, Ural-375 ........2
Radios:
Truck, UAZ-69, DIM Mine Detector
2
HF, Manpack, Low-Power, R-104M
1
Armored Engineer Tractor, IMR
2
VHF. Vehicle Mount. Medium-Power, R-123 ... 4


Assault Crossing Company. Engineer Battalion, M R D  and TD

## Assault Crossinc5Companyi

RECONN&ISSANCE
PLATOON(K-61/PTS)
DIVING PLATOON

| Equipment                  | Total         | Equipment                  | Total                    |
|----------------------------|---------------|----------------------------|--------------------------|
| ACV. BRDM                  |               |                            |                          |
| -                          | 2             | 1                          | Trailer. Amphibious. PKP |
| Truck. ZIL-130/131/151/157 | 2             | Trailer, Cargo. 2          |                          |
| -                          | Axle          | 1                          |                          |
| Truck. Crane. K            |               |                            |                          |
| -                          | 61            | 1                          | Trailer. Compressor      |
|                            |               |                            |                          |
| 1                          |               |                            |                          |
| Tracked Amphibian.         | K-61/PTS      | 12                         | Radios:                  |
| Tracked Ferry, GSP         | 6             | HF,                        | Manpack,                 |
| -                          | Power. R-104M |                            |                          |
|                            |               |                            |                          |
| 1                          |               |                            |                          |
| Assault Boat. NDL-10       | 10            | VHF. Vehicle Mount. Medium |                          |
| -                          | Power. R      | -                          | 123                      |
| ...                        |               |                            |                          |


Technical Company, Engineer Battalion, M R D  and TD

PRINCIPAL ITEMS OF EQUIPMENT
Equipment
Total
Equipment
Total
Truck, UAZ-69/469
1
Dozer, BAT/BAT-M
6
Truck. ZIL-130/131/151/157
3
Piledriver Set. KMS (on 3 ZIL Trucks)
1
Truck. Ural-375
10
Tractor, K-700 ........2
Truck. Crane, Ural-375
2
Trailer. Cargo, 2-Axle ........1
Truck, Crane Shovel, E-305V
1
Trailer. Generator. 2-Axle
1
Truck, Dump. MMZ-555
1
Radios:
Truck, Water Purification ........1
HF, Manpack, Low-Power, R-104M
1
Ditching Machine. BTM/MDK-2 ........ 4
VHF. Vehicle Mount, Medium-Power. R-123 ... 3

Road/Bridge Construction Company. Engineer Battalion, MRD and TD

| Equipment                   | Total    |
|-----------------------------|----------|
| Equipment                   | Total    |
| Truck. UAZ-69/469           | 1        |
| Concrete Mixer              | 1        |
| Truck. ZIL-130/131/151/157  | 2        |
| Trailer, Cargo, 1           |          |
| -                           | Axle     |
| Truck. Crane Shovel. E      |          |
| -                           | 305V     |
| Trailer. Generator, 1       |          |
| -                           | Axle     |
| Truck. Dump. MMZ            |          |
| -                           | 555      |
| Trailer. Saw. 2             |          |
| -                           | Axle     |
| Truck. Sawmill. Ural        |          |
| -                           | 375      |
| Radios:                     |          |
| Bridge. TMM on KrAZ-214/255 |          |
| 8                           |          |
| HF,                         | Manpack, |
|                             |          |
| 1                           |          |
| Dozer, BAT/BAT-M            | 2        |
| VHF, Vehicle Mount, Medium  |          |
| -                           | Power, R |
| ...                         |          |
| 3                           |          |
| Grader,                     | D 1 1 4  |

NOTE. The eight TMM spans make up two TMM bridge sets

## P O N T O N  Bridge Company. Engineer Battalion, Mrd And Td Principal Items Of Equipment

Equipment
Total
Equipment
Total
Truck, UAZ-69/469
1
Powerboat. BMK-90/150
6
PMP Center on KrAZ-214 ........ 16
Radios:
PMP Ramp on KrAZ-214
2
HF, Manpack,Low-Power, R-104M
1
PMP Service on KrAZ-214
1
VHF, Vehicle Mount, Medium-Power, R-123 ... 4

NOTE.  A full bridge set consists of 32 center and 4 ramp sections. The half-set held by the engineer battalion can make up a bridge or several raffs.

Combat and Combat Service Support Structure.

Engineer Battalion, MRD and TD


## Communications Platoon Engineer Reconnaissance Platoon I Maintenance Platoon

Signal Battalion, MRD and TD

## Signal Battalion Principal Items Of Equipment

| Equipment                      | Total                       |
|--------------------------------|-----------------------------|
| Equipment                      | Total                       |
| ACV. BTR-50/60                 |                             |
| 8                              |                             |
| Trailer. Generator             | 10                          |
| Truck, UAZ-69/469              | 12                          |
| Truck, GAZ                     |                             |
| -                              | 66                          |
| Truck, ZIL/Ural                |                             |
| 9                              |                             |
| Radios:                        |                             |
| Truck. Van. ZIL (Maintenance)  | 4                           |
| HF,                            |                             |
| Manpack,                       | Low                         |
| -                              | Power. R                    |
| 5                              |                             |
| Truck, Van, GAZ (Signal)       | 21                          |
| -                              | Power. R                    |
| 8                              |                             |
| Truck. Van.                    | ZIL                         |
| -                              | Power                       |
| Truck. POL. ZIL/Ural           |                             |
| 1                              | HF/VHF, Vehicle Mount, High |
| Truck. Ambulance, UAZ-450A/452 | 1                           |
| Truck, Van. UAZ                |                             |
| -                              | 452 (Bus)                   |
| VHF. Vehicle Mount, Medium     |                             |
| -                              | Power. R                    |
| ...                            |                             |
| 6                              |                             |
| Motorcycle,                    | K-750V/Ural-3               |
| -                              | 31 1                        |
| Trailer. Cargo, 1              |                             |
| -                              | Axle                        |
| Trailer, POL, 2                |                             |
| -                              | Axle                        |
| Communications Center          | 2                           |

Battalion Headquarters, Signal Battalion. MRD and TD


## Headquarters Principal Items Of Equipment

1
Equipment
Total Equipment
Total
Truck, UAZ-69/469
4
Radio:
HF. Manpack, Low-Power. R-104M

Radio Company, Signal Battalion, MRD and TD


| Equipment                  | Total        | Equipment                     | Total               |
|----------------------------|--------------|-------------------------------|---------------------|
|                            |              |                               |                     |
| ACV,                       | BTR-50/60    |                               |                     |
|                            |              |                               |                     |
| 8                          |              |                               |                     |
| HF, Vehicle Mount. Medium  | -            | Power. R                      | -                   |
|                            |              |                               |                     |
| 8                          |              |                               |                     |
| Truck, UAZ-69/469          | 4            | HF/VHF. Vehicle Mount. Medium | -                   |
|                            |              |                               |                     |
| 6                          |              |                               |                     |
| Truck, ZIL/Ural            | 1            | HF/VHF. Vehicle Mount. High   | -                   |
| 8                          |              |                               |                     |
| Truck. Van. GAZ            | -            | 66 (Signal)                   | 7                   |
| VHF,                       | Manpack,     | Low                           |                     |
| -                          | Power. R     | -                             | 107                 |
|                            |              |                               |                     |
| Truck, Van, ZIL            |              |                               |                     |
| -                          | 157 (Signal) |                               |                     |
| 5                          |              |                               |                     |
| VHF, Vehicle Mount. Medium | -            | Power. R                      | -                   |
| ...                        |              |                               |                     |
| 6                          |              |                               |                     |
| Trailer. Cargo. 1          |              |                               |                     |
| -                          | Axle         | 1                             | Warning Receiver, R |
| Trailer. Generator         | 3            |                               |                     |
| Radios:                    |              |                               |                     |
| HF.                        | Manpack. Low | -                             | Power. R-104M       |
|                            |              |                               |                     |
| 1                          |              |                               |                     |

Radio Telephone a n d  Telegraph Company, Signal Battalion, MRD and TD



## Telephone And Telegraph Company Principal Items Of Equipment

| Equipment                           | Total        |
|-------------------------------------|--------------|
| Equipment                           | Total        |
| Radios:                             |              |
| Truck. UAZ-69/469                   | 3            |
| HF, Manpack, Low                    |              |
| -                                   | Power,       |
| Truck, GAZ                          |              |
| -                                   | 63/66        |
| HF/VHF. Vehicle Mount. Medium Power | 1            |
| 2                                   |              |
| Truck, Van. GAZ                     | -            |
| 14                                  |              |
| VHF, Manpack. Low                   |              |
| -                                   | Power. R     |
| Truck, Van, ZIL                     |              |
| -                                   | 157 (Signal) |
| 7                                   |              |
| Warning Receiver. R                 |              |
| -                                   | 311          |
| 2                                   |              |
| Radio Relay,                        | VHF/UHF,     |
| Motorcycle, K-750V/Ural-3           |              |
|                                     |              |
| 13                                  |              |
| Trailer, Cargo, 1                   |              |
| -                                   | Axle         |
| Communications Center               | 2            |
| Trailer. Generator                  |              |
| 5                                   |              |

## Supply And Maintenance Platoon, Signal Battalion, Mrd And Td Maintenance Platoon Principal Items Of Equipment

| Equipment                      | Total    |
|--------------------------------|----------|
| Equipment                      | Total    |
| Truck, UAZ-69/469              | 1        |
| Trailer. Cargo, 1              |          |
| -                              | Axle     |
|                                |          |
| 5                              |          |
| Truck. GAZ                     |          |
| -                              | 63/66    |
| 3                              |          |
| Trailer. POL. 2                | -        |
|                                |          |
| 1                              |          |
| Truck. ZIL/Ural                | 6        |
| Trailer, Generator             |          |
| 2                              |          |
| Truck, Van. ZIL (Maintenance)  | 4        |
| Trailer. Water                 |          |
| 1                              |          |
| Truck, POL. ZIL/Ural           | 1        |
| Trailer. Kitchen               |          |
| 2                              |          |
| Truck. Ambulance. UAZ-450A/452 | 1        |
| Radio:                         |          |
| Bus. UAZ                       |          |
| -                              | 452      |
| HF.                            |          |
| Manpack,                       | Low      |
|                                |          |
| 1                              |          |

Materiel Support Battalion, M R D  and T D


| Equipment                         | Total                 |
|-----------------------------------|-----------------------|
| Equipment                         |                       |
| Total                             |                       |
|                                   |                       |
| ATGL. RPG                         |                       |
| -                                 | 7V                    |
|                                   |                       |
| 19                                |                       |
| Truck, Field Kitchen. PAC-170/200 |                       |
|                                   |                       |
| 2                                 |                       |
| Truck, UAZ-69/469                 | 7                     |
| Truck. Ambulance, UAZ-450A/452    |                       |
|                                   |                       |
| 1                                 |                       |
| Truck, GAZ                        | -                     |
| 33                                |                       |
| Trailer, Cargo. 2                 | -                     |
| Truck, ZIL-130/131/151/157        |                       |
| 38                                |                       |
| Trailer. Cargo, 1                 |                       |
| -                                 | Axle                  |
| Truck. Ural                       |                       |
| -                                 | 375                   |
| Trailer. POL. 2                   |                       |
| -                                 | Axle                  |
| Truck. Van. GAZ                   |                       |
|                                   |                       |
| 1                                 |                       |
| Trailer, Generator                | 6                     |
| Truck, Van, ZIL                   |                       |
|                                   |                       |
| 2                                 |                       |
| Trailer. Water                    |                       |
| 7                                 |                       |
| Truck, Van. ZIL (Maintenance)     |                       |
| 9                                 |                       |
| Radios:                           |                       |
| Truck, Van, UAZ                   |                       |
| -                                 | 452                   |
|                                   |                       |
| 1                                 |                       |
| HF.                               | Manpack,              |
| -                                 | Power. R              |
|                                   |                       |
| 1                                 |                       |
| Truck. POL. Ural                  |                       |
| -                                 | 375 (5.200            |
| HF/VHF,                           | Vehicle Mount. Medium |
| -                                 | Power                 |
|                                   |                       |
| 1                                 |                       |
| Truck. Crane, K                   |                       |
| -                                 | 61                    |
| VHF,                              | Manpack,              |
| -                                 | Power. R              |
|                                   |                       |
| 5                                 |                       |
| Truck, Water Tank                 | 6                     |
| Warning Receiver, R               |                       |
| -                                 | 311                   |
|                                   |                       |
| 1                                 |                       |
| Truck. Van. Mobile Field Bakery   |                       |
| 4                                 |                       |

Battalion Headquarters, Materiel Support Battalion, M R D  and TD


PRINCIPAL ITEMS OF EQUIPMENT

Equipment
Total
Truck, UAZ-69/469
2
Truck. Van. GAZ
1
Truck. Van. ZIL
1
HEADQUARTERS
Trailer. Cargo. 2-Axle
2
Radios:
HF. Manpack, Low-Power. R-104M
1
HF/VHF. Vehicle Mount, Medium-Power
1
Warning Receiver, R-311
1

Ammunition Transport Company, Materiel Support Battalion, M R D  and TD

| C                 | OMPANY   |
|-------------------|----------|
|                   |          |
|                   |          |
|                   |          |
| AMMUNITION        |          |
| HEADQUARTERS      |          |
| TRANSPORT PLATOON |          |
|                   |          |
| I                 |          |
| PRINCIPAL ITEMS   |          |
| OF                |          |
| EQUIPMENT         |          |
| Equipment         | Total    |
| ATGL. RPG         |          |
| -                 | 7V       |
|                   |          |
| 60                |          |
| Truck, UAZ-69/469 | 1        |
| Truck, Ural       |          |
| -                 | 375      |
| 60                |          |
| VHF, Manpack, Low | -        |
| Truck. Crane, K   |          |
| -                 | 61       |

## Petroleum. Oil. And Lubricants (Pol) Transport Company, Materiel Support Battalion, M R D  And Td Pol Transport Company 90 Principal Items Of Equipment


Equipment
Total
Equipment
Total
ATGL, RPG-7V
4
Trailer. POL. 2-Axle
80
Truck. UAZ-69/469
1
Radio:
Truck, POL, Ural-375 (5.200 Liter)
80
VHF. Manpack. Low-Power, R-107
1
Truck, Crane. K-61
1

Cargo Transport Company, Materiel Support Battalion, M R D  and TD



Total
Equipment
Total
Equipment
ATGL, RPG-7V ........ 3
Truck, Crane, K-61 ........1
Truck, UAZ-69/469
Radio:
Truck, GAZ-66 ........ 30
VHF, Manpack, Low-Power, R-107
1
Truck, ZIL-151/157 ........30

Service Support Structure, Materiel Support Battalion.

M R D  and TD

## And Service Medical Section Platoon I Principal Items Of Equipment


Equipment
MRD*
TD**
Equipment
MRD*
TD"
ATGL, RPG-7V
11 ....
12
Armored Recovery Vehicle
5 . .  ... 5
Truck, UAZ-69/469
5 . .  ... 5
Trailer. Cargo, 2-Axle
1 3 . .  .. 14
Truck, GAZ-66
4 . . . . .
4
Trailer, Generator, 2-Axle
1
1
Truck, ZIL Series
1 4 . .  ..
16
Trailer, Generator, l-Axle
6 . .  ... 6
Truck, Ural-375
6 . .  ...
6
Trailer, POL, 2-Axle
4 . .  ... 4
Truck, ZIL-555
1
1
Trailer. Lowboy
2 . .  ... 2
Truck, Van, GAZ
3 . .  ... 3
Trailer. Water
1
1
Truck. Van, Ural
1
1
Trailer. Field Kitchen
3 . .  ... 3
Truck. Van, ZIL (Maintenance)
40.. ..
42
Radios:
Truck. POL
4  **. . . . .**  4
HF, Vehicle Mount. Medium-Power.
Truck. Tractor, KrAZ-214/255
2 .
2
R-130
1 . .  ... 1
Truck, Crane, Ural-375
3 . .  ... 3
HF/VHF, Vehicle Mount, Medium-
Truck, Recovery, ZIL-157
2 . .  ...
2
Power ........1 ..... 1
Truck, Water Tank
1 .....
1
VHF, Manpack, Low-Power. R-107
5 .
5
Truck, Ambulance, UAZ-450A/452
1
1
VHF, Vehicle Mount, Medium-Power,
Tracked Amphibian, K-6l/PTS
1 .....
1
R-123
4 . . . . .  4
Tractor. Artillery. AT-S
1
1
Warning Receiver. R-311
1
1
Motorcycle, M-72/K-750/Ural-3
3 . .  ...
3

NOTE. Page 4-92 outlines differences in personnel and equipment levels

FOOTNOTES.

+Personneland equipment levels for the maintenance battalion, MRD
'"Personnel and equipment levels for the maintenance battalion. TD.

## Headquarters Principal Items Of Equipment

Equipment
Total
Equipment
Total
Truck, UAZ-69/469
2
VHF, Manpack, Low-Power. R-107 ........ 1
Truck. Van. Ural
1
Warning Receiver. R-311 ........ 1
Motorcycle. M-72/K-750/Ural-3
3
Radios:
HF/VHF, Vehicle Mount. Medium-Power
1

Tank/Tracked Vehicle Maintenance Company.

Maintenance Battalion, MRD and TD



TD"
4
MRD*
TD"
1 ......
1
......
3
4
2
2
Equipment
ATGL. RPG-7V
Truck, UAZ-69/469
Truck, ZIL Series Truck, Van, GAZ Truck, Van. ZIL (Maintenance)
MRD*
3
1
4
1
12
1
6
1
14
Equipment
Truck, Crane, Ural-375
Trailer. Cargo. 2-Axle
Trailer, Generator, 1-Axle
Radio:
VHF. Manpack, Low-Power, R-107
1
1

NOTE. This company comprises two platoons when organic to an MRD. but three platoons when organic to a TD.

FOOTNOTES. 'Personnel and equipment levels for the tank/tracked vehicle maintenance company, maintenance battalion. MRD.

"Personnel and equipment levels for the tank/tracked vehicle maintenance company, maintenance battalion, TO.


Parachute Battalion, Air Assault Brigade and Airmobile Assault Brigade, Front



Total
27
Equipment
73-mm Recoilless AT Gun. SPG-9
120-mm Mortar, M 1 9 4 3or M-120



Total
........ 3
........8

9
6
6
Equipment
ATGL. RPG-16D
SAM. SA-7/GRAIL or SA-14/GREMLIN
or SA-16
ATGM, Manpack Console. AT-4/SPIGOT
30-mm Automatic Grenade Launcher. AGS-17 ...



NOTE. In the airmobile assault brigade, the parachute battalion may be called an airmobile assault battalion.

Supply and Service Platoon, Maintenance Battalion.

MRD and TD


PRINCIPAL ITEMS OF EQUIPMENT
Equipment
Total
ATGL, RPG-7V ........1
Truck. GAZ-66 ........4
Truck, ZIL Series
4
SUPPLY AND
SERVICE
PLATOON
25
Truck. Ural-375 ........ 6
Truck, ZIL-555 ........1
Truck. POL
4
Truck, Water Tank
1
Truck, Ambulance. UAZ-450A/452 ........ 1
Trailer. Cargo. 2-Axle ........4
Trailer, POL, 2-Axle ........4
Trailer, Water ........1
Trailer, Field Kitchen
3
Radio:
VHF. Manpack, Low-Power. R-107 ........ 1


Recovery Platoon, Maintenance Battalion, MRD and TD

PRINCIPAL ITEMS OF EQUIPMENT
RECOVERY
PLATOON
Equipment
Total
Truck. Tractor. KrAZ-214/255
2
Truck, Recovery. ZIL-157 ........ 2
Tracked Amphibian. K-61/PTS
1
Tractor, Artillery. AT-S
1
Armored Recovery Vehicle
5
Trailer. Lowboy ........2
Radios:
HF. Vehicle Mount. Medium-Power. R-130 .... 1
VHF, Vehicle Mount, Medium-Power, R-123 ... 4

Special Maintenance Platoon, Maintenance Battalion.

M R D  and TD


PRINCIPAL ITEMS OF EQUIPMENT
MAINTENANCE
PLATOON

Equipment
Total
Truck, Van, ZIL (Maintenance) ........ 6
Trailer. Generator. 2-Axle ........ 1



Total
27
Equipmentotal
73-mm Recoilless AT Gun. SPG-9
120-mm Mortar, M 1 9 4 3or M-120
........ 3
........ 8



9
6
6
ATGL. RPG-16D
SAM. SA-7/GRAIL or SA-14/GREMLIN
or SA-16
ATGM, Manpack Console. AT-4/SPIGOT
30-mm Automatic Grenade Launcher. AGS-17 ...



Medical Battalion, MRD and TD



| Equipment                            | Total    |
|--------------------------------------|----------|
| Equipment                            | Total    |
| Truck. UAZ-69/469                    | 4        |
|                                      |          |
| 3                                    |          |
| Truck, GAZ                           |          |
| -                                    | 66       |
| Truck. ZIL Series                    | 21       |
| -                                    | Axle     |
| Truck. Van. GAZ                      | 1        |
| Trailer, POL                         | 2        |
| Truck. Van, ZIL (Maintenance)        | 2        |
| Truck, Van, ZIL                      | 1        |
|                                      |          |
| 4                                    |          |
| Truck, Van, Generator                | 1        |
|                                      |          |
| 1                                    |          |
| Truck. Van. Hospital                 | 9        |
| Truck. POL (5.200                    |          |
| -                                    | Liter)   |
| HF,                                  |          |
| Manpack,                             | Low      |
| Truck. Decontamination, DDA          |          |
| -                                    | 53/66..  |
| Truck. Decontamination. ARS-12U/14.. | 3        |
| -                                    | Power. R |
| Truck, Ambulance. UAZ-450A/452       | 20       |
| -                                    | 31       |
|                                      |          |
| 1                                    |          |

## Battalion Headquarters, Medical Battalion, Mrd And Td Principal Items Of Equipment


Equipment
Total
HEADQUARTERS
Truck. UAZ-69/469 ........1
Truck, Van. GAZ ........1
Radios:
HF, Manpack. Low-Power. R-104M ........ 1
HF/VHF, Vehicle Mount. Medium-Power
1
Warning Receiver, R-311 ........ 1

Medical Company, Medical Battalion. MRD and TD

Total
Equipment
Radio:
VHF. Manpack. Low-Power. R-107
1
Equipment
Truck. UAZ-69/469
Truck, ZIL Series
Trailer. Cargo. 2-Axle
Total
1
7
7

Collection and Evacuation Platoon, Medical Battalion.

M R D  and TD


Total
9
Equipment
Truck. UAZ-69/469
Truck. Van. ZIL
Truck. Van, Generator
Total
1
1
1
Equipment
Truck. Van. Hospital
Radio:
VHF, Manpack. Low-Power. R-107
........ 1

Disinfection and Decontamination Platoon.

Medical Battalion, M R Dand TD


PRINCIPAL ITEMS OF EQUIPMENT

Equipment
Total
DISINFECTION
Truck. GAZ-66
1
........
Truck, Decontamination. DDA-63/66
1
Truck. Decontamination, ARS-12U/14
3
DECONTAMINA-
TION PLATOON
Trailer, Cargo. 2-Axle ........1
Trailer. Decontamination. DDP
3
Trailer. Water ........1

Transport Section. Medical Battalion, MRD and TD


PRINCIPAL ITEMS OF EQUIPMENT

Equipment
Total
Truck, UAZ-69/469
1
Truck. ZIL Series
8
Truck, Van, ZIL (Maintenance)
 2

SECTION
Truck, POL (5,200-Liter) ........ 2
Truck. Ambulance, UAZ-450A/452
20

Trailer, Generator ........2
Trailer, POL
2
Radio:
VHF. Manpack, Low-Power, R-107 ........ 1

Supply and Service Platoon, Medical Battalion.

M R Dand T D


PRINCIPAL ITEMS OF EQUIPMENT

Equipment
Total
SERVICE
PLATOON
Truck. ZIL Series ........ 6
Truck, Water Tank
3
Trailer. Cargo, 2-Axle ........ 2
Trailer. Kitchen
4

## Artillery Command Battery, Mrd And Td Principal Items Of Equipment

| Equipment                     | Total    |
|-------------------------------|----------|
| Equipment                     | Total    |
| ATGL, RPG-7V                  | 4        |
| Trailer. Cargo                |          |
|                               |          |
| 2                             |          |
|                               |          |
| 5.45                          | -        |
|                               |          |
| 4                             |          |
| Trailer, Generator            |          |
|                               |          |
| 2                             |          |
| ACV. BTR-6OPA                 |          |
| 2                             |          |
| Rangefinder                   |          |
|                               |          |
| 2                             |          |
|                               |          |
| Truck, UAZ-69/469             |          |
| 2                             |          |
| Radar, Meteorological.        |          |
| END                           |          |
| TRAY                          |          |
|                               |          |
| 2                             |          |
|                               |          |
|                               |          |
| Truck. GAZ                    | -        |
| 5                             |          |
| Radios:                       |          |
| Truck. ZIL                    |          |
| -                             | 157      |
| 2                             |          |
| HF. Manpack. Low              | -        |
|                               |          |
| 2                             |          |
| Truck, Van. GAZ               | 1        |
| HF/VHF, Vehicle Mount. Medium |          |
| -                             | Power    |
| Truck, Van, Ural              |          |
| 2                             |          |
| VHF, Manpack. Low             | -        |
|                               |          |
| 6                             |          |

Equipment
Total
Equipment
Total
Truck, ZIL-130/131/151/157
8
Trailer. Water
4
Truck. Van, Mobile Field Bakery
4

## Helicopter Squadron. Mrd And Td

  Some MRDs and TDs have an organic helicopter
                                                    have a helicopter detachment that performs mostly
squadron, which is also known as a fire support
                                                    administrative/liaison roles. The detachment has
squadron. The squadron has 18 helicopters which
                                                    6 HOPLITEs, 2 H I P  airborne command post
may be armed with various combinations of
                                                    variants, and approximately 100 personnel. The
weapons, including antitank guided missiles and
                                                    detachment does not have significant fire support
air-to-surface rocket pods.
                                                    or troopcarrying capabilities.

  Even in the forward area, not all divisions
have a helicopter squadron. Instead, they may

Total
Equipment



Total
6
Airborne Command Post. Mi-8T/HIP D/G
Attack Helicopter, Mi-24/HIND D/E/F
2
6
4
Equipment
Light Helicopter. Mi-2/HOPLITE
Medium Helicopter. Mi-8T/HIP C or
Mi-1 7/HIP H

## Notes. 1. Squadron Structure And The Totals Of 18 Aircraft (3 Per Flight) And 200 Personnel Are Estimates Only. 2. In Some Squadrons, The Number Of Hlnd Attack Helicopters Has Increased.

SAM Regiment (SA-8). MRD and TD

## Personnel And Equipment Recapitulation (Continued) Personnel And Equipment Recapitulation (Continued) Principal Items Of Equipment

Equipment
Total


57-mm AA Gun S-60
24
SAM, SA-7/GRAIL or SA-14/GREMLIN
or SA-16
15
ACV, BTR-6OPA
2
Truck, UAZ-69/469
1 0
Truck, ZIL-131/157
12
Truck, Ural-375
65
Truck, GAZ-66 ........ 3
Truck, Van, GAZ
2
Truck, Van, Ural (Radar) ........4
Truck, Van. ZIL (Radar)
2
Truck. Van. ZIL (Maintenance)
4
Truck, POL. KrAZ/Ural/ZIL ........ 4
Truck, Crane. K-61
1
Truck, Water Tank
1
Truck, Ambulance. UAZ-450A/452
1
Truck, Chemical Reconnaissance, UAZ-69rkh ..... 1
Trailer, POL
2
Equipment
Total
Trailer. Cargo, 2-Axle
4
Trailer, Cargo, 1 -Axle
1
Trailer, Generator, 2-Axle
4
Trailer, Generator, 1-Axle
4
Trailer. Field Kitchen
8
Trailer, Water
7
Radars:
Radar, Fire Control, FLAP WHEEL ........ 4
Radar. Aerial Surveillance/Target Acquisition.
FLAT FACE
2
Radios:
HF, Manpack,Low-Power, R-104M ........ 1
HF. Vehicle Mount. Medium-Power, R-130 .... 2
HF/VHF, Vehicle Mount. High-Power ........ 2
VHF, Portable. Very-Low-Power. R-126 ....... 15
VHF, Manpack, Low-Power. R-107 ........ 24
VHF. Vehicle Mount. Medium-Power, R-123 ... 2
Warning Receiver, R-311 ........ 5

## Independent Tank Battalion. M R D

Some M R D s  h a v e  an independent tank battalion M R D s ,  t h i s  chapter includes an o r g a n i z a t i o n  c h a r t
p a r t  o f  t h e  t y p i c a l  MRD. F o r  that reason, i t s
TB)
iscussed.

in a d d i t i o n  t o  t h e  tank assets p r e v i o u s l y
a n d  an e q u i p m e n t  table o f  t h e  ITB a s  an alterp e r s o n n e l  and e q u i p m e n t  do n o t  a p p e a r  in t h e
T h e  ITB n o r m a l l y  has 51 t a n k s .  Since n a t i v e  structure. However, t h e  ITB i s  n o t  a l w a y s
MRD totals.

e ITB i s  frequently present in forward-deployed

I
I
I
I
BATTALION
TANK COMPANY
ENGINEER SECTION
MEDICAL SECTION
SUPPORTPLATOON
MAINTENANCE
SECTION
HEADQUARTERS
(10 Medium Tank)+
1 0
15
5
COMMUNICATIONS
SECTION
10
15
( 1  Medium Tank)
3 2
12
Truck, GAZ-66
1
Medium lank.
page 4-106
1 * Bridge, Tank-
1
ASC, BRDM-2
I Truck, Van, ZIL
1
Truck, Ambulance,
7-64/72/80
Launched, MTU/MT-55
1
Truck, Van, GAZ
1
Truck, UAZ-69/469
(Maintenance)
4
Truck. ZIL-131/157
GAZ-450A/452
ACV. BTR-50/60
1 * DitchingMachine
1
Truck, Crane, K-61
4 X Truck. Ural.375
Truck, UAZ-69/469
BTM/MDK-2
(Signal)
2
Armored Recovery
2 XTruck. POL
ATGL. RPG-7V
1
x
Dozer, BAT/
1 HF. Manpack, Low-
Vehicle
I Truck. Kitchen,
Low-Power, R-107
I VHF. Vehtcle Mount,
2
Trailer, POL,
HF, Vehtcle Mount,
Medium-Power, R-123
2-Axle
Medium-Power, R-130
1Trailer, Water
VHF, VehicleMount,
Medium-Power,R-123
*Radio Relay.
VHF/UHF,R - 4 0 1 / 4 0 5
NOTES. 1.
The I T Bexists only in some MRDs.
1 HF, Manpach, Low-
BAT-M
Power, R-104M
1 Trailer. Generator.
PAC-I 70/200
Power, R-104M
1  HF. Vehicle Mount
I-Axle
2
Trailer, Cargo,
1 * VHF. Manpack,
Medium-Power. R-130
2-Axle

1 * Warning Receiver,
2 .  **I f**  the ITB has T-54/55/62 tanks, its strength will increase by 31 or 51 enlisted
R-311
personnel.
tank battalions.(See p. 4-108.)

uipment
Total
Equipment
Total
Equipment
Total
dium Tank, T-64/72/80 ... . ........ . .. . . . 51
Truck. Ambulance. U A Z - 4 5 0 A / 4 5 2  . . ........ 1
Trailer, POL. 2-Axle ... . . ..... . .. . ..... .. ..... 2
G I  RPG-7V
. . . . .
. .
3
Truck Crane
K - 6 1
1
T
r
a
i
l
e
r
1
Water

3. In the late 1980s, ITBs began to adopt a 31-tank structure similar to other

## Tank Company, Independent Tank Battalion, Mrd Principal Items Of Equipment

Total
1 0
25
7
3
Equipment
Radios:
HF. Vehicle Mount, Medium-Power. R - 1 3 0
VHF. Vehicle Mount. Medium-Power.
R-123
1

Equipment Medium Tank, T-64/72/80
9 - m m  Pistol. P M
5.45-mm Assault Rifle, AKS-74
Mineclearing Plow/Roller, KMT-4/5M/6
Truck. ZIL-131/157

NOTE. If the ITB has T-54/55/62 tanks. company strength will increase by ten enlisted personnel.

Total
1
1 0

## Tank Regiment Structure

Tank Company, Tank Battalion, Tank Regiment, M R D  and TD


| Equipment             | Total      | Equipment    |   Total  |
|-----------------------|------------|--------------|----------|
|                       |            |              |          |
| Medium Tank,          | T-64/72/80 |              |          |
| 10                    |            |              |          |
| Radios:               |            |              |          |
| 9-mm                  |            |              |          |
| Pistol. PM            | 24         |              |          |
| HF.                   |            |              |          |
| Vehicle Mount. Medium | -          | Power.       |          |
| R-130                 |            |              |          |
| 1                     |            |              |          |
| 5.45-mm               |            |              |          |
| Assault Rifle, AKS    | -          | 74           |       6  |
| VHF,                  |            |              |          |
| Vehicle Mount, Medium | -          | Power,       |          |
| R-123                 |            |              |          |
|                       |            |              |          |
| 10                    |            |              |          |

NOTE. Tank companies equipped with T-54/55/62 tanks have 10 additional enlisted personnel Tank Battalion,
Tank Regiment, MRD and TD

Equipment
Total
Equipment
Total

Medium Tank, T-64/72/60 ........ 31
ATGL, RPG-7V ........2
ACV, BTR-50/60/152/BRDM ........ 2
Truck. ZIL-157
7
Trailer, Generator ........ 1
Trailer, Water ........ 1
Radios:
HF. Manpack, Low-Power. R-104M
2
HF, Vehicle Mount, Medium-Power, R-130
5
VHF, Manpack, Low-Power, R-107
1
VHF. Vehicle Mount, Medium-Power.
R-123 ........ 33
Warning Receiver. R-311 ........ 1
Truck. POL ........ 3
Truck. Van, ZIL (Maintenance)
1
Truck, Van. Kitchen. PAC-170/200
7
Trailer. Ambulance. UAZ-450A/452
1
Trailer, Cargo, 2-Axle
6
Trailer. Cargo. 1 -Axle
1

NOTE. TBs equipped with T~54/55/62 tanks will have 31 additional enlisted personnel.

## Tank Regiment (T-64/72/80). Td

The TR of the TD consists of five combat and MRD and the TD. The TR retains all other CS
CS battalions: three TBs, each of which has 31
and CSS subunits common to all MRRs and TRs.

tanks; one MRB; and, one battalion of 18 2 S 1
The one major exception is t h a t  this TR, like
122-mm S P  howitzers. The MRB is identical to t h a t  of t h e  MRD, does not have a n  antitank those found in BMP-equipped MRRs of both the missile battery.

NOTES. *1 .*   If the TR. TD. has T-54/55/62 tanks. personnel strength will increase by 94
enlisted personnel.

2. Approximately 180 personnel are officers.
FOOTNOTE.
In some TRs, the howitzer battalion may still have the 122-mm towed howitzer D-30. (See p. 4-16 for the organization and equipment of a D-30 howitzer battalion.)
TANK REGIMENT
(T-64/72/80). TO

## (Continued

FOOTNOTES T h i s  vehicle **includes** the **TALL** MIKE**radar** which a p p e a r sseparately i n  t h i s
l i s t

**This v e h i c l ei n c l u d e sthe
                                 SMALL FAED radar
                                                         which
                                                                  appears separately in

this
        l i s t

## Tank Division Tank Division (T-64/72/80)

  In the reorganization that began in the late
1970s, the Soviet TD gained more combat equip-
ment and personnel than the MRD. It is now a
more balanced combined arms formation. The TD,
like the MRD, comprises six regiments: three TRs,
one MRR, one artillery regiment, and one SAM
regiment.

the MRD. Likewise, the SAM regiment, SSM bat-
talions, and helicopter squadron have similar
structures, whether they are organic to an MRD
or to a TD. The same variations in equipment are
possible. Some differences also exist in the con-
figuration of the artillery regiment, the engineer
battalion, and the maintenance battalion. The user
of this document should consult the organization
charts a n d  the personnel and equipment tables
presented under the MRD for a more complete
explanation of such differences.

   All other elements of the TD are virtually iden-
tical to those of the MRD, except that there is no
antitank battalion in the TD. The MRR is BMP-
equipped and is identical to the BMP regiment of

NOTES. 1
SAM regiment.

2.  Armies in WGF are consolidating division-level SSM battalions into army-level
SSM brigades.
3. Starting in 1989. the Soviets are converting one of the TRs of the TD into a
second MRR.
4. Not all divisions have a helicopter squadron.

FOOTNOTES
           Thisvehicle includesthe TALL MIKE radar, whichappearsseparately in this list
           **Thisv e h i c l e
                                                   a p p e a r s
                                                                in this list
                     inlcudestheSMALLFRED radar, which
                                                         separately

This vehicleincludes the BIG FRED radar,which appears
                                                   separatelyin this list

## Combined Arms Army Combined Arms Army

balanced 2:2. However, other combinations may be
possible. Therefore, the organizational charts below
depict a variable number of divisions and all the
different nondivisional CS and CSS elements which
could be part of any given CAA.

  A typical CAA consists primarily of two to three
MRDs and up to two TDs. Based on army struc-
tures identified in WGF in recent years, the ratio
of MRDs to TDs in a CAA can vary from a pure
3:O to a perhaps more typical 3:1 or a more

FOOTNOTES.

"In 1989, the Soviets began converting independent tank regiments (TRs)to independent motorized rifle regiments (IMRRs), presumably organized like other MRRs. (See p. 4-30.)
**Also known as a mobile computation and analysis station.

***Also known as a radio intercept and direction-finding battalion.

****Also known as a radio and radar intercept and direction-finding battalion.

NOTE:  Armies in *WGF* are consolidating division-level SS-21 battalions into army-level SSM brigades.

## Combined Arms Army Combined Arms Army



##

  A typical CAA consists primarily of two to three
                                                  balanced 2:2. However, other combinations may be
MRDs and up to two TDs. Based on army struc-
                                                  possible. Therefore, the organizational charts below
tures identified in WGF in recent years, the ratio
                                                  depict a variable number of divisions and all the
of MRDs to TDs in a CAA can vary from a pure
                                                  different nondivisional CS and CSS elements which

3:O to a perhaps more typical 3:1 or a more
                                                           could be part of any given CAA.



FOOTNOTES.

**Also known as a mobile computation and analysis station.

***Also  known as a radio intercept and direction-finding battalion.

****Also known as a radio and radar intercept and direction-finding battalion.

NOTE: Armies in WGF are consolidating division-level SS-21 battalions into Combined Arms Army (continued)


## Tank Army Tank Army

  A typical TA consists primarily of three to four
                                                     However, other combinations may be possible.
TDs and perhaps one MRD. Based on army struc-
                                                    Therefore, the organizational charts below depict
tures identified in WGF in recent years, the 'ratio
                                                    a variable number of divisions and all the different
of TDs to MRDs in a TA can vary from a pure
                                                    nondivisional CS and CSS elements which could



4:O to more balanced 4:1 3:1,or 2:1 structures.
                                                       be part of any given TA.

## Artillery Brigade, Army

| Equipment    | Total          |
|--------------|----------------|
| 5            | 18             |
| -            | Tube Battalion |
|              |                |
| 152          |                |
| -            | mm             |
| 152          |                |
| -            | mm             |
| SP           |                |
| Gun 2S5 or   |                |
| 130          |                |
| -            | mm Field Gun M |
| 152          |                |
| -            | mm Gun         |
| or M I 9 8 7 | 54             |
|              |                |
| 48           |                |

NOTES. 1. While some armies, particularlythose in the forward area, have an artillery brigade
with four 24-tube battalions, most armies have an artillery b r i g a d econsisting of
two gun battaltons and three gun-howitzerbattaltons. with only 18 tubes per
battalion.
2.  Some battalions still have the older 130-mm field gun M-46 or 152-mm g u n -
howitzer M L - 2 0 .

## Rocket Launcher Regiment, Army

| Equipment    | Total                  |
|--------------|------------------------|
| 122          |                        |
| -            | mm Rocket Launcher (40 |
| ...          |                        |
| 54           |                        |


Tank Army (continued)

## Antitank Regiment I

BATTALION .

(See page 4-72)

Equipment
Total
100-mm Antitank Gun T-12/MT-12 .. . . . ...... 36
ATGM Launcher Vehicle (BRDM-2). AT-3/5 ....
27



SSM Brigade (SCUD). Army or Front

Equipment
Total
Equipment
Total
SSM, SS-lc/SCUD B TEL ... . ...... . ... 12 or 18*
Meteorological Radar, END TRAY .... . . . .. . .... 3

NOTE, The 1987 INF Treaty calls for elimination of the SS-23 from the Soviet inventory FOOTNOTE. *An SSM battalion may consist of either two or three firing batteries; therefore, a battalion may have 4 or 6 TELs, and a brigade may have 12 or 18 TELs.

There is at least one reload missile per TEL.

SAM Brigade (SA-4). Army or Front

| Equipment                             |
|---------------------------------------|
| SAM. SA-4/GANEF TEL                   |
| 27                                    |
| Radar. Target Acquisition, LONG TRACK |
| 5                                     |
| Radar, Fire Control, PAT HAND         |
| 9                                     |
| Radar, Height Finding, THIN SKIN      |
| 1                                     |

NOTES: 1. This chart depicts the key subunits of an SA-4 brigade: thus. not all of the brigade's subunits are shown.

2.  The SA-11 is replacing the SA-4 in army-level SAM brigades, but under a different organization. The SA-12a/GL4DIATOR and the SA-12b/GIANT are replacing the SA-4 in nondivisional SAM units, but under an organization different
from that of the SA-4 or the SA-11
Chemical Protection Battalion, Army Engineer Brigade, Army or Front

| Equipment                        | Total               |
|----------------------------------|---------------------|
| Bridge Ramp, PMP on KrAZ-255     |                     |
| 4                                |                     |
| Tracked Ferry, GSP               | 24                  |
| Equipment                        |                     |
| Total                            |                     |
| ACV. BRDM-2                      | 4                   |
| APC, BTR                         | -                   |
| 6                                |                     |
| Tracked Amphibian, K-61/PTS      | 28                  |
| Truck, UAZ                       | -                   |
|                                  |                     |
| 19                               |                     |
| Truck. ZIL-131/151/157           |                     |
| 82                               |                     |
| Ditching Machine. BTM/MDK-2      | 12                  |
| Truck, KrAZ-255                  |                     |
|                                  |                     |
| 25                               |                     |
| Armored Recovery Vehicle         |                     |
| 6                                |                     |
| Bridge. TMM on KrAZ-255          | 2 0                 |
| Bridge, Tank                     |                     |
| -                                | Launched. MTU/MT-55 |
|                                  |                     |
| 12-74                            |                     |
| Bridge. Section, PMP on KrAZ-255 | 32                  |
| Dozer. BAT/BAT-M/PKT             |                     |
|                                  |                     |
| 15                               |                     |
| Powerboat. BMK                   |                     |
| -                                | 150                 |
| Minelayer, PMR-3/GMZ             | 13                  |
| Armored Engineer Tractor, IMR    | 6                   |
| Mineclearer, MTK/MTK-2           | 3                   |

NOTE: Structure and number/type of equipment vary.

## Assault Crossing Battalion, Army Or Front Principal Items Of Equipment

|                                  |           |
|----------------------------------|-----------|
| Equipment                        |           |
| Total                            | Equipment |
| ACV, BRDM                        |           |
| -                                | 2         |
| Truck. UAZ                       |           |
| -                                | 469       |
| 2                                |           |
| Tracked Amphibian.               | K-61/PTS  |
| Truck. ZIL-131/151/157           | 10        |
| Armored Engineer Tractor. IMR    | 3         |
| Armored Recovery Vehicle         | 3         |

## Ponton Bridge Regiment. Army Or Front Principal Items Of Equipment

Equipment
Total
Equipment
Total
ACV. BRDM-2
10
Bridge Section, PMP on KrAZ-255
96
Truck, UAZ-469
5
Bridge Ramp. PMP on KrAZ-255
12
Truck, ZIL-131/151/157
60
Tracked Amphibian. K-61/PTS
8
Truck, KrAZ-255
5
Ditching Machine, BTM/MDK-2
3
Armored Recovery Vehicle
3
Dozer, BAT/BAT-M/PKT
7
Bridge, TMM on KrAZ-255
4
Powerboat. BMK-l5O/BMK-T
36

Signal Regiment. Army

Radiotechnical Reconnaissance Battalion, Army

NOTE: This battalion is also known as a radio and radar intercept and direction-finding battalion.


Material Support Brigade. Army

FOOTNOTE: 'A tank transport/heavy lift battalion, equipped with MAZ-537 heavy tank trans-
Attack Helicopter Regiment, Army



Equipment
Total
Equipment
Total
Attack Helicopter. Mi-24/HIND D/E/F . . ... . . . . 40
Medium Helicopter, Mi-8T/HIP **C/E** or
Mi-17/HIP H ........20



Total
27
13
3
1
Equipment
ATGL, RPG-16D
AAICV. BMD-1
APC, BMD M1979/1 ACV, BMD-1KSh
Equipment
Total
120-mm Mortar. M 1 9 4 3or M-120
8
SAM. SA-7/GRAIL or SA-14/GREMLIN or ........
SA-16
9
30-mm Automatic Grenade Launcher. AGS-17 ...
6

NOTES. 1. This represents a provisional assessment of the strength, organization, and equipment of the independent air assault battalion, based on fragmentary information from several sources.

2. An army may have more than one of these battalions.

3. The battalion has no organic lift capability.

Material Support Brigade. Army

FOOTNOTE: 'A tank transport/heavy lift battalion, equipped with MAZ-537 heavy tank transporters. may be attached to the brigade when the mission dictates.

Attack Helicopter Regiment, Army



Equipment
Total
Equipment
Total
Attack Helicopter. Mi-24/HIND D/E/F . . ... . . . . 40
Medium Helicopter, Mi-8T/HIP **C/E** or
Mi-17/HIP H ........20

## Front Front



  The front is the highest Soviet operational com-
mand in wartime. It is both an administrative and
an operational entity, incorporating the air and
ground forces required for operations in a given
area. No fronts exist in peacetime, although the
basic elements of a wartime front (that is, the
combat and CS units and the rudimentary frame-
work of the CSS units) are present in the peacetime
structures of the military districts in the USSR
and Soviet groups of forces in Eastern Europe. In
wartime, Soviet force developers will activate fronts.
They will organize each front for a specific stra-
tegic operation within a TVD, based on their
analysis of the objectives, enemy, and terrain. Thus,
there is no fixed front organization. Historically,
fronts have varied greatly in size, consisting of
as few as two and as many as nine armies. Today,
however, a typical front may have three to five
Soviet/non-Soviet CAAs or TAs.

  Most fronts which could be formed throughout
the Soviet Army would have three to four CAAs
and perhaps one TA. This may not be the case
in the Western TVD, where there is a greater
percentage of TDs versus MRDs and, consequently,
a greater percentage of TAs versus CAAs. For
example, the WGF, which could form the nucleus

of a front in wartime, currently has three TAs and
only two CAAs.

  In addition to these ground armies, a typical
front may have air forces of the front, one or two
artillery divisions, SSM brigades, a SAM brigade,
an air assault brigade, and a SPETSNAZ brigade.
If required, the front may receive support from
airborne and amphibious forces. The TVD may
receive additional assets from the Reserve of the
Supreme High Command (RVGK), which it, in
turn, may allocate to the front. The front may also
receive support from assets of the Strategic Rocket
Forces (SRF), strategic aviation, naval forces, rail-
road troops, and Ministry of Internal Affairs (MVD)
and KGB units.

   Due to the wide variety in types and numbers
of units which may make up a given front, con-
struction of a sample front structure is impossible.
Instead, the following charts depict all of the dif-
ferent units that could be allocated to any given
front, depending on its mission within the context
of the overall strategic operation. Not all fronts
would have all these units present. Many of the
units may be modified to suit the particular needs
of the front. More than one of some types of unite
will probably be present; for example, SSM brigades
or ponton bridge regiments.


Front (continued)

NOTES. *1 .*   The Air Forces of the Front have no fixed organization and may tailor their structure to meet specific needs. A typical Air Farces of the Front would include two
or three divisions of fighters and fighter-bombers and one or more independent
regiments of reconnasissance aircraft, in addition to helicopter units of the types
shown above.
2.  The Air Forces of the WGF, which comprise the largest concentration of air forces
in peacetime. include more than 700 combat aircraft. over 350 attack helicopters.
and about 300 other aircraft and helicopters. These assets are organized into
five air divisions (one fighter division. two fighter/fighter-bomber divisions, and
two fighter-bomber divisions) and at least ten independent regiments (three air
reconnaissance regiments, two transport helicopter regiments, and five attack helicopter regiments). While the five attack helicopter regiments belong organi
zationally to the Air Forces of the WGF. they *are* under the operational control
of the five CAAs and TAs of the WGF.
"A fighter/fighter-bomber division has a mix of the aircraft types shown for the fighter division and the fighter-bomber division.

""The general-purpose helicopter squadron normally has 20 to 30 helicopters.

Fighter or Fighter-Bomber Division, Air Force of the Front Transport Helicopter Regiment.

Air Forces of the Front

Total
Total
C
Equipment
Medium Helicopter, Mi-BT/HIP
or Mi-17/HIP H
3 2
24
Equipment
Heavy-Lift Helicopter. Mi-6A/HOOK
or Mi-26/HALO A .. . . ........ . ........

Artillery Division, Front

| Equipment     | Total                      | Equipment                   | Total                  |
|---------------|----------------------------|-----------------------------|------------------------|
| 122           |                            |                             |                        |
| -             | mm Howitzer D              | -                           | 30 or                  |
| M             | -                          | 30                          |                        |
| 7 2           | 220                        | -                           | mm Rocket Launcher (16 |
| 1 5 2         | -                          |                             |                        |
| m m  Gun      | -                          | Howitzer                    |                        |
| D-20          |                            |                             |                        |
| or ML         | -                          | 20 or                       |                        |
| EM            |                            |                             |                        |
| -             | 22 or 122                  | -                           | mm Rocket Launcher     |
| M 1 9 8 7     | or 152                     |                             |                        |
| -             | mm SP Howitzer 2S3         | 144                         | (40                    |
|               |                            |                             |                        |
| 72            |                            |                             |                        |
| 152           | -                          | mm Field Gun 2A36 or 203    | -                      |
| 100           |                            |                             |                        |
| -             | mm Antitank Gun T-12/MT-12 |                             |                        |
|               |                            |                             |                        |
| 4 8           |                            |                             |                        |
| SP. Gun 2S7   | 7 2                        | ATGM Launcher Vehicle (BRDM |                        |
| -             | 2). AT                     | -                           | 3/5                    |

NOTE:  In some artillery divisions, howitzer, gun-howitzer, and gun brigades consist of four
18-tube battalions, while in other artillery divisions, these brigades consist of three
24-tube battalions

FOOTNOTES.
'Some gun brigades (for example, one in WGF) may have the 203-mm SP
gun 2S7. In some artillery divisions, gun brigades may still have the older
130-mm field gun M-46.
"Most artillery divisions have a mixture of 122-mm howitzer and 152-mm
gun-howitzer brigades: others (for example, in WGFI employ only 152-mm
howitzers or gun-howitzers.
"'The
rocket launcher brigade normally consists of four battalions, each with
18 EM-22 rocket launchers. Some brigades may still have the 122-mm
rocket launcher (40-round) EM-21, which the EM-22 is replacing in the
forward area.

'""Equipment totals given are for an antitank brigade with four antitank battalions of the type shown on p. 4-72, although some artillery divisions. such
as those in WGF, may have no antitank unit.
High-Powered Artillery Brigade. Front

| Equipment    | Total                       | Equipment    | Total     |
|--------------|-----------------------------|--------------|-----------|
| 203          |                             |              |           |
| -            | mm SP                       |              |           |
| Gun,         |                             |              |           |
| 2S7          |                             |              |           |
| or 203       | -                           | mm Howitzer  |           |
| 240          |                             |              |           |
| -            | mm SP Mortar, 2 S 4  or 240 | -            | mm Mortar |
|              |                             |              |           |
| M 1          |                             |              |           |
| 931          |                             |              |           |
| ( B - 4 M    |                             |              |           |
| )            |                             |              |           |
| .            | .                           | .            |           |
| .            |                             |              |           |
| .            | . . .                       | .            |           |
| .            |                             |              |           |
| .            | .                           | . .          |           |
| .            |                             |              |           |
| .            | .                           | .            | .         |
| 24           | M                           | -            | 240       |
| .            |                             |              |           |
| .            |                             |              |           |
| ..           |                             |              |           |
| .            |                             |              |           |
| ..           |                             |              |           |
| .            |                             |              |           |
| ..           |                             |              |           |
| .            |                             |              |           |
| ..           |                             |              |           |
| ..           |                             |              |           |
| .            |                             |              |           |
| .            | .                           |              |           |
| .            |                             |              |           |
| ..           |                             |              |           |
| .            |                             |              |           |
| .            |                             |              |           |
| . .          | .                           |              |           |
| .            |                             |              |           |
| ..           |                             |              |           |
| .            |                             |              |           |
| .            |                             |              |           |
| .. .         |                             |              |           |
| 24           |                             |              |           |

NOTE.  A high-powered artillery brigade from the Reserve of the Supreme High Command
(RVGK) will probably be allocated to a front. This nuclear-capable brigade is not part of the front'sartillery division.

## Radiotechnical Reconnaissance Regiment, Front

Materiel Support Brigade. Front

|                                          | Equipment                      | Total                     | Equipment    | Total    |
|------------------------------------------|--------------------------------|---------------------------|--------------|----------|
| 120                                      |                                |                           |              |          |
| -                                        | mm Mortar,                     | M 1 9 4 3                 | or M         | -        |
| 122-mm Howitzer, D                       |                                |                           |              |          |
| -                                        | 30                             | 12                        | -            | 18       |
| 122-mm Rocket Launcher (12-Round) 8M-21V |                                |                           |              |          |
| ...                                      |                                |                           |              |          |
| 6                                        | ATGL. RPG-16D                  | 150                       |              |          |
| SAM, SA-7/GRAIL or SA-14/GREMLIN         |                                |                           |              |          |
| 30                                       |                                |                           |              |          |
| -                                        | mm Automatic Grenade Launcher, |                           |              |          |
| or SA                                    |                                |                           |              |          |
| -                                        | 16                             |                           |              |          |
| 45                                       |                                |                           |              |          |
| AGS                                      | -                              | 17                        | 2 4          |          |
| 23-mm A A  Gun. ZU-23                    | 6                              | AAICV, BMD-1 and variants |              |          |
|                                          |                                |                           |              |          |
| 6 8                                      |                                |                           |              |          |

NOTES. 1.This represents a provisional assessment of the strength, organization, and equipment of the air assault brigade, based on fragmentary information from several sources.



2. Air transport support units required for deployment may be allocated t othe brigade
from Military Transport Aviation (VTA) assets. Either transportaircraft or heavy-lift
helicopters couldair-land the BMD-equippedbattalions or insertthe parachute battalions by parachute. Helicopters could also air-land the parachute battalions.


## Footnote. 'Some Air Assault Brigades May Have A Different Mix, Consisting Of One Bmd- Equipped Assault Battalion And Three Parachute Battalions.

Airmobile Assault Brigade. Front


Equipment
Total
Equipment
Total
120-rnrn Mortar. M 1 9 4 3or M -1 2 0
24
ATGM Manpack Console, AT-4/SPIGOT
18
122 -mm Howitzer. D-30
6
73-mm Recoilless AT Gun. SPG-9
9
SAM, SA-7/GRAIL or SA-14/GREMLIN
ATGL, RPG-16D ........ 1 1 4
or SA-16
3 6
30-mm Auto Grenade Launcher, AGS-17
18
ATGM Launcher Vehicle (BRDM-2).
ACV. BRDM-2
4
AT-3/SAGGER or AT-5/SPANDREL ........ 9

NOTES. 1. This represents a provisional assessment of the strength, organization, and equipment of the airmobile assault brigade, based on fragmentary information from several sources.

2. The helicopter is the primary mode of transportation for the airmobile assault
brigade. Helicopters organic to the Air Forces of the Front may come under the
operational control of the brigade headquarters. However, Military Transport
Aviation (VTA)assets may also lift the brigade.
F*OOTNOTE,* *The parachute battalions in the airmobile assault brigade are sometimes called airmobile assault battalions.

8
120-rnrn Mortar.
9
SAM, SA-7/ GRAIL or
M1943OR M - 1 2 0
SA-14/GREMLIN
9
ATGL, RPG-16D
or SA-16
30-mm Automatic
Grenade Launcher,
AGS-17
APC, BMD M1979/1



Equipment
Total
Equipment
T o t a l
ATGL. RPG-l6D
27
120-mm Mortar, M 1 9 4 3or M-120
8
SAM, SA-7/GRAIL or SA-14/GREMLIN or
AAICV. BMD-1 ........30
SA-16
9
APC. BMD M1979/1
3
30-mm Automatic Grenade Launcher. AGS-17 ... 6
ACV. BMD-1KSh
1


Parachute Battalion, Air Assault Brigade and Airmobile Assault Brigade, Front



Total
27
Equipment
73-mm Recoilless AT Gun. SPG-9
120-mm Mortar, M 1 9 4 3or M-120
Total
........
3
........ 8



9
6
6

Equipment
ATGL. RPG-16D
SAM. SA-7/GRAIL or SA-14/GREMLIN
 or SA-16
ATGM, Manpack Console. AT-4/SPIGOT
30-mm Automatic Grenade Launcher. AGS-17 ...

NOTE. In the airmobile assault brigade, the parachute battalion may be called an airmobile assault battalion.

Composite Artillery. Battalion, Air Assault Brigade, Front

Equipment
Total
Equipment
Total



122-mm Howitzer D-30.. . . . .. . .. . .... . . .
12-18
122-mmRocket Launcher (12-Round) B M - 2 1 V. . .
6

SPETSNAZ Brigade. Front NOTES. 1. Brigade structure is not fixed. This chart represents a provisional assessment of what may be a typical SPETSNAZ brigade's strength and organization, based on fragmentary information from several sources.

2. A brigade may deploy about 8 0  to 100 SPETSNAZ teams.

## Airborne Forces

  Soviet airborne forces are directly subordinate
                                                     would be allocated to TVDs and possibly, in turn,
to the VGK or the wartime Stavka VGK, with
                                                     to fronts or armies for specific missions. Other
operational control exercised by the Chief of the
                                                     airborne units would remain under VGK control.

n e r a l  Staff. I n  wartime, some airborne units

## Airborne Regiment Structure (Bmd)

BMD Squad


## Bmd Squad

|                               |                 | Personnel    | Equipment    |
|-------------------------------|-----------------|--------------|--------------|
| Squad                         | Leader/BMD      | Commander    | AKS          |
| -                             | 74              |              |              |
| BMD                           | Driver/Mechanic |              |              |
|                               |                 |              |              |
| PM                            |                 |              |              |
| BMD Gunner                    |                 |              |              |
|                               |                 |              |              |
| PM                            |                 |              |              |
| Machine Gunner                | RPKS            |              |              |
| -                             | 74              |              |              |
| Grenadier                     |                 |              |              |
|                               |                 |              |              |
| RPG-16D. PM                   |                 |              |              |
| Assistant Squad Leader/Senior |                 |              |              |
| Rifleman                      | AKS             |              |              |
| -                             | 74              |              |              |
| Rifleman/Assistant            | Grenadier       | AKS          |              |
| -                             | 74              |              |              |

Airborne Company, Airborne Battalion, Airborne Regiment, Airborne Division



Equipment
Total
Equipment
Total
9-mm Pistol, PM
35
Radios:
5.45-mm Assault Rifle. AKS-74 ........31
VHF. Portable, Low-Power, R-148
4
5.45-mm Light Machine Gun. RPKS-74
9
VHF. Manpack. Low-Power. R-107
1
Antitank Grenade Launcher. RPG-16D ........ 9
VHF, Vehicle Mount. Medium-Power.
AAICV. BMD-1
10
R-123 ........10


NOTE.  The company commander's RTO *comes* from the battalion signal platoon **and** is not part of the BMD company personnel total.

| Equipment                           | Total                          |
|-------------------------------------|--------------------------------|
| Equipment                           | Total                          |
| ATGL,                               | RPG-16D                        |
| Truck, Van, ZIL (Maintenance)       | 1                              |
| SAM, SA-7/GRAIL or SA-14/GREMLIN    |                                |
| Trailer. Cargo, 1                   |                                |
| -                                   | Axle                           |
| or SA                               |                                |
| -                                   | 16                             |
|                                     |                                |
| 9                                   | Trailer. Field Kitchen         |
| 30                                  |                                |
| -                                   | mm Automatic Grenade Launcher, |
| AGS                                 |                                |
| -                                   | 17                             |
| Radios:                             |                                |
| 5.45                                |                                |
| -                                   | mm LMG, RPKS                   |
| HF/VHF. Vehicle Mount, Medium Power |                                |
|                                     |                                |
| 1                                   |                                |
| AAICV.                              | BMD-1                          |
| VHF. Portable, Low                  |                                |
| -                                   | Power. R                       |
|                                     |                                |
| 12                                  |                                |
| APC. BMD                            | M1979/1                        |
| VHF, Manpack, Low                   |                                |
| -                                   | Power. R                       |
|                                     |                                |
| 7                                   |                                |
| ACV. BMD-1KSh                       |                                |
| 1                                   |                                |
| VHF, Vehicle                        |                                |
| -                                   | Mount, Medium                  |
| Truck. UAZ-69/469                   | 1                              |
| Truck, GAZ-66A                      |                                |
| 10                                  |                                |
| Ground                              |                                |
| -                                   | to                             |
| Truck. Ambulance. UAZ-450A/452      | 1                              |
| -                                   | 311                            |

## Airborne Regiment (Bmd)



grenade launcher platoons within battalions use
the BMD M1979/1. The BMD-1 KSh serves as a
command vehicle at battalion and regimental
headquarters.

  The airborne regiment has a nucleus of three
airborne battalions and three fire support subunits.
These fire support subunits include one mortar
battery, one ATGM battery, and one AA battery.
There are other elements that support the combat
elements.

  By adding the BMD to such an extent, the
Soviets have upgraded troop protection, mobility,
and firepower while retaining air-droppability.
Only a few items within airborne regiments are
not air-droppable (for example, several trucks).

  Each regiment now has over 100 BMDs in three
different configurations. The basic BMD-I is the
standard squad vehicle. Air defenseand automatic

## Airborne Regiment (Bmd). Airborne Division Airborne Division Airborne Division

   The Soviet airborne division is now almost fully
                                                         (ASU-85)battalion, and an antiaircraft battalion
equipped with motorized equipment. This signifi-
                                                         provide essential CS. The introduction of the 2S9
cantly increases its combat power and mobility
                                                         SP howitzer as a replacement for towed artillery
while retaining an airdrop capability for most of
                                                         will increase mobility. Also, the airborne division
its equipment. The airborne division now has the
                                                         has other CS and CSS units that provide limited
BMD AAICV in all three of its airborne (infantry)
                                                         backup for combat operations.
regiments. An artillery regiment, an assault gun

## Artillery Regiment, Airborne Division

T h e  airborne division's artillery regiment with twelve D-30s and six 122-mm rocket launchers consists primarily o f  two firing battalions. The
(BM-21V). The artillery regiment also has limited first i s  a 122-mm towed howitzer (D-30) battalion organic support elements.

with 18 tubes. The other is a composite battalion

| Equipment                                 | Total                   |
|-------------------------------------------|-------------------------|
| 122                                       |                         |
| -                                         | mrn Rocket Launcher (12 |
| ...                                       |                         |
| 6                                         |                         |
| 122                                       |                         |
| -                                         | rnm Towed Howitzer. D   |
|                                           |                         |
| 30                                        |                         |
| ATGL,                                     | RPG-16D                 |
|                                           |                         |
| 40                                        |                         |
| SAM,                                      | SA-7/GRAIL              |
| Equipment                                 | Total                   |
| Truck, Chemical Reconnaissance. UAZ-69rkh |                         |
|                                           |                         |
| 1                                         |                         |
| Trailer, Cargo, 1                         |                         |
| -                                         | Axle                    |
|                                           |                         |
| 23                                        |                         |
| Trailer, Water                            |                         |
|                                           |                         |
| 4                                         |                         |
| Trailer, Field Kitchen                    |                         |
|                                           |                         |
| 10                                        |                         |
| Radar,                                    |                         |
| Counter-Mortar/Counter-Battery            |                         |
|                                           |                         |
| 2                                         |                         |
| Radios:                                   |                         |
| HF/VHF, Vehicle Mount, Medium             |                         |
| -                                         | Power                   |
|                                           |                         |
| 5                                         |                         |
| HF/VHF. Vehicle Mount, High               |                         |
| -                                         | Power                   |
|                                           |                         |
| 1                                         |                         |
| VHF. Portable. Low                        | -                       |
|                                           |                         |
| 5                                         |                         |
| VHF. Manpack, Low                         | -                       |
|                                           |                         |
| 45                                        |                         |
| Warning Receiver. R                       |                         |
| -                                         | 311                     |
|                                           |                         |
| 3                                         |                         |
| Radio Relay,                              | VHF/UHF,                |
|                                           |                         |
| 1                                         |                         |
| or SA                                     |                         |
| -                                         | 16                      |
|                                           |                         |
| 21                                        |                         |
| 5.45                                      |                         |
| -                                         | mm LMG, RPKS            |
|                                           |                         |
| 36                                        |                         |
| Truck, UAZ-69/469                         |                         |
|                                           |                         |
| 30                                        |                         |
| Truck,                                    | GAZ-66A/B               |
|                                           |                         |
| 75                                        |                         |
| Truck, Ambulance, UAZ-450A/452            |                         |
|                                           |                         |
| 3                                         |                         |
| Truck, Van, GAZ (Signal)                  |                         |
|                                           |                         |
| 6                                         |                         |
| Truck, Van, ZIL (Maintenance)             |                         |
|                                           |                         |
| 5                                         |                         |
| Truck, POL, GAZ                           | -                       |
|                                           |                         |
| 4                                         |                         |



## Assault Gun Battalion, Airborne Division

  The assault gun battalion has 31 85-mm SP
                                                  companies with 10 ASU-85s each; there is 1 ASU-85
assault guns (ASU-85s). The battalion has three
                                                  a t  battalion headquarters.

Equipment
Total


Equipment
Total
85-mm Assault Gun. ASU-85 ........ 31
SAM. SA-7/GRAIL or SA-14/GREMLIN
Trailer, Cargo, 1 -Axle ........3
Trailer, Water ........ 1
Trailer. Field Kitchen ........3
Radios:
HF. Vehicle Mount. Medium-Power, R-130 .... 1
VHF. Manpack, Low-Power. R-107 ........ 2
VHF. Vehicle Mount. Medium-Power,
R-123 ........31
Warning Receiver, R-311 ........1
or SA-16 ........12
ATGL, RPG-16D ........2
Truck. UAZ-69/469 ........2
Truck, ZIL-130/131 ........6
Truck. Ambulance. UAZ-450A/452 ........ 1
Truck. Van, ZIL (Maintenance) ........ 1
Truck. POL. GAZ-66 ........ 1

## Amphibious Forces

similar t o that of a n  MRB in the ground forces.
These SNI battalions, along with a TB and other
units, form either regiments or brigades. While
brigades operate separately, regiments are part of
a naval infantry division.

  The Soviet Naval Infantry. (SNI) is a branch
of the Soviet Navy. The SNI units are opera-
tionally subordinate to fleet commanders. They
may conduct landings in support of a front or
TVD a s  part of the combined arms operations.
The organization of a naval infantry battalion is

## Naval Infantry Regiment/Brigade Structure

Naval lnfantry Battalion, Naval lnfantry Regiment or Brigade

| Equipment        | Total                     | Equipment          | Total                    |
|------------------|---------------------------|--------------------|--------------------------|
|                  |                           |                    |                          |
| APC.             | BTR-60/80                 | (including command | ATGM Manpack Console. AT |
|                  |                           |                    |                          |
|                  |                           |                    |                          |
| 3                |                           |                    |                          |
| variants         |                           |                    |                          |
|                  |                           |                    |                          |
| 34               | 73-mm Recoilless Gun, SPG | -                  | 9                        |
|                  |                           |                    |                          |
| 3                |                           |                    |                          |
| 82/120-mm Mortar |                           |                    |                          |
|                  |                           |                    |                          |
| 3                | 7.62-mm Sniper Rifle, SVD |                    |                          |
|                  |                           |                    |                          |
| 9                |                           |                    |                          |
| SAM, SA-7/GRAIL  |                           |                    |                          |
|                  |                           |                    |                          |
| 9                | 5.45-mm LMG. RPK          | -                  | 74                       |
|                  |                           |                    |                          |
| 27               |                           |                    |                          |
| ATGL, RPG        |                           |                    |                          |
| -                | 7V                        |                    |                          |
|                  |                           |                    |                          |
|                  |                           |                    |                          |
| 27               | 5.45-mm Assault Rifle, AK | -                  | 74                       |
|                  |                           |                    |                          |
| 282              |                           |                    |                          |
|                           | Equipment    | Total    |
|---------------------------|--------------|----------|
|                           |              |          |
| APC,                      | BTR-60/80    |          |
|                           |              |          |
| 1 0                       |              |          |
|                           |              |          |
| SAM,                      | SA-7/GRAIL   |          |
|                           |              |          |
| 3                         |              |          |
| ATGL, RPG                 | -            | 7        |
|                           |              |          |
| 9                         |              |          |
| 7.62-mm Sniper Rifle. SVD |              |          |
|                           |              |          |
| 3                         |              |          |
| 5.45-mm LMG, RPK          | -            | 74       |
|                           |              |          |
| 9                         |              |          |
| 5.45-mm Assault Rifle, AK | -            | 74       |
|                           |              |          |
| 68                        |              |          |
| BTR-60/80                 |              |          |
| 3                         |              |          |
| .                         |              |          |
| BTR-60/80                 |              |          |

Naval Infantry Regiment. Naval Infantry Division


Equipment
Total
Tracked Amphibian, K-61 ........ 3
Light Amphibious Tank. PT-76 ........ 44
Truck. Decontamination. ARS-12U ........ 3
APC. BTR-60/80 (including command
9
.
variants) ........ 111
83/120-mm Mortar
.....
........
ATGL, RPG-7V........ 90
ASC, BRDM-2
...... ......
..
........
9
ATGM Launcher Vehicle {BRDM-2), AT-3 ........ 6
Chemical Reconnaissance Vehicle, BRDM-2rkh ... 3
122-mm Rocket Launcher. BM-21 ........ 6
SPAA Gun, ZSU-23-4 ........ 4
SAM, SA-9/GASKIN TEL or
SA-13/GOPHER TELAR ........ 4
SAM, SA-7/GRAIL ........ 27
73-mm Recoilless Gun. SPG-9 ........ 9
ATGM ManpackConsole. AT-3 ........ 9
5.45-mm LMG. RPK-74 ........ 90
5.45-mm Assault Rifle. AK-74 ........ 1,521
7.62-mmSniper Rifle. SVD ........ 27

## Naval Infantry Division Naval Infantry Brigade

There are three SNI brigades. The Northern, Baltic, and Black Sea Fleets each have one.

Naval Infantry Division

There is only one SNI division. It is in the Pacific Fleet.



## Chapter 5 Equipment Contents

ENGINEER EQUIPMENT ........
Bridges and Rafts ........
Amphibians and Ferries........
Ditching Machines ........
SMALL ARMS ........ 5-1
Pistols. Rifles. and Submachine Guns ..... 5-2
Grenade Launchers ........ 5-8
Machine Guns ........ 5-12
Antipersonnel Mines ........
Antitank Mines ........
ARMORED FIGHTING VEHICLES ........ 5-21
Light Armored Vehicles (Wheeled) ....... 5-21
Light Armored Vehicles (Tracked) ........ 5-30
Minelaying Equipment ........
Mineclearing Equipment ........
Other Equ~pment ........
Medium Tanks ........5-44
Assault Guns and Light Tanks ........ 5-54
ARTILLERY ........5-60
Guns **and** Howitzers ........ 5-60
NBC EQUIPMENT ........
Collective Protection Systems ........
Vehicle-Mounted Decontamination
Apparatuses ........
Flame Equipment ........
Smoke Generators ........
Smoke Pots . Drums. Barrels. and
Mortars ........ 5-74
Rocket Launchers ........ 5-82
Free Rockets and Surface-to-Surface
Grenades ........
Missiles ........ 5-88
Artillery-Associated Radars ........ 5-93
LOGISTIC EQUIPMENT ........ 5-206
ANTITANK WEAPONS ........ 5-94
Pipelaying Machines ........ 5-206
Maintenance Support Vehicle ........ 5.208
Armored Recovery Vehicles ........ 5-209
Antitank Grenade Launchers and Rocket
HELICOPTERS ........ 5-21 1
Launchers ........5-94
Antitank Guns ........5-99
Antitank Guided Missiles ........5-102
FIXED-WING AIRCRAFT ........ 5-225
Fighter/Interceptor/Ground Attack
AIR DEFENSE ........
5-1 14
Antiaircraft Guns ........ 5-1 14
Air Defense Artillery-Associated
Aircraft ........5-225
Bomber Aircraft ........ 5-229
Transport Aircraft ........ 5-231
Air-to-Surface Missiles ........ 5-233
Radars ........ 5-121
Surface-to-Air Missiles ........ 5-121
Surface-to-Air Missile-Associated
RADIOS ........5-234
Radars ........ 5-138



T h i s  chapter provides descriptions a n d  perforgeneral categories . M o s t  categories c o n t a i n  subm a n c e  characteristics of t h e  p r i n c i p a l  items of
sections dealing with specific types o f  equipment .
equipment l i s t e d  in t h e  o r g a n i z a t i o n  c h a r t s  o f
Subsections b e g i n  with tables o f  characteristics.
C h a p t e r  4. T h e  c h a p t e r  d i v i d e s  c u r r e n t  Soviet
followed in most cases b y  descriptions a n d  illustraw e a p o n s .  vehicles. a n d  o t h e r  e q u i p m e n t  into
tions o f  i n d i v i d u a l  items o f  equipment .

## Small Arms

Pistols. Rifles. and Submachine Guns
Pistol,rifle, and submachine gun characteristics
PISTOL
PM
CHARACTERISTICS
ASSAULT
AKM/AKMS
RIFLES
AK-74
SUBMACHINE GUN
AKSU-74
SNIPER RIFLE
SVD
CALIBER (mm)
9
7.62
5.45
5.45
7.62
LENGTH, overall (m)
0.16
0.88/0.87
0.94/0.88*
0.73/0.49****
1.23
WEIGHT, loaded (kg)
0.735
4.02/3.80
3.95
3.11
4.49
WEIGHT, empty (kg)
0.658
2.93/3.13
3.40
2.55
4.31
FIRE MODE
semiautomatic
Selective
selective
selective
semiautomatic
FEED
8-rd box magazine
10-rd
detachable
box magazine
30-rd
detachable
box magazine
30-rd
detachable
box magazine
30-rd
Uetachable
box magazine
AMMUNITION (type)
9
18-mm
7.62
39-mm
M1943 rimless
5.45 x 39-mm
5.45
39.5-mm
7.62
54-mm
r i m m e d
PERFORMANCE
315
Muzzle velocity (rn/sec)
900
850
710
830
INA
50
Range
Maximum (m)
Effective (m)
2,500
200/300***
3,800 (est)
800/1,300**
3,150 500
1,500
250-300
NA
30
Rate of **Fire** (rd/min)
Cyclic
Practical
600
100/40***
600
100-150
NA
30
640
100/40***
16
U N I T  OF **F I R E**  (rd)
300
INA
INA
100
1951
D O I
1974
1984?
1951/1961
1967
standard
STATUS
Obsolete
standard
standard
standard
FOOTNOTES
*With/without muzzlebrake.
**Without/with scope.
"'Fully automatic/semiautomatic
""Stock extended/folded

## Limita Tions: Description:

The use of a low-powered round limits the range of the PM, as it does with other pistols. There is no option for automatic fire.

  The PM is a semiautomatic, blowback-operated,
magazine-fed weapon fitted with a double-action
trigger mechanism. It fires a 9 x 18-mm cartridge
and uses an 8-round magazine. The Soviets issue
it with a leather holster, an extra magazine, and
a cleaning rod.

  Following World War II, the Soviets introduced
two new blowback-operated
                            9-mm weapons to
replace the 7.62-mm Tokarev pistol (TT-33). The
larger weapon, the 9-mm machine pistol Stechkin
(APS), appeared only in small numbers. The 9-mm
pistol Makarov (PM), however, has become the
Soviet's most widely issued pistol.

The effective range of the PM is 50 meters. Its muzzle velocity is 315 meters per second. Its practical rate of fire is 30 rounds per minute.

## 7.62-Mm Assault Rifles Ak And Akm Description:

full cyclic rate, they can fire about 600 rounds per
minute (up to 640 rounds per minute for the AKM),
with a practical rate of 100 rounds per minute
fully automatic or 40 rounds per minute semi-
automatic. Both the AK and AKM can mount a
grenade launcher. Both can have passive image
intensifier night sights. Both can function normally
after total immersion in mud and water. The fully
chromed barrel ensures effective operation even at
very low temperatures. The muzzle of either
weapon fits into the swiveling firing ports of the
BMP. Thus, the infantryman can fire the weapon
while the vehicle is moving.

  The original AK was also known as AK-47. It
was a gas-operated, selective-fire weapon. Like all
7.62-mm Kalashnikov assault rifles, it fired the
Soviet 7.62 x 39-mm M1943 round and used a
standard 30-round curved box magazine. The AK
came in two versions: one with a fixed wooden
stock, and another, the AKS, with a folding metal
stock issued primarily to parachutists and armor
troops. Except for the differences in the stock and
the lack of a tool kit with the AKS, the two
versions were identical. The early AKs had no
bayonet, but the version with the fixed wooden
stock later mounted a detachable knife bayonet.

  The most serious drawback to the AK and AKM
is the low muzzle velocity (710 meters per second)
of the relatively heavy 7.62-mm round. This results
in a looping trajectory that requires a clumsy sight
adjustment for accuracy at ranges beyond 300
meters. The barrel overheats quickly when the
weapon fires for extended periods, making the
weapon hard to handle and occasionally causing
a round to explode prematurely in the chamber.
The exposed gas cylinder is easily dented, some-
times causing the weapon to malfunction.

  The improved model, known as the AKM, is
easier to produce and operate. It weighs about one
kilogram less than the AK. The reduced weight
results from using thinner, stamped sheetmetal parts
rather than machined, forged steel; laminated wood
rather than solid wood in the handguard, forearm,
pistol grip, and buttstock; and new lightweight
aluminum and plastic magazines. Other improve-
ments include a straighter stock for better control;
an improved gas cylinder; a rate-of-fire control
alongside the trigger; a rear sight graduated to
1,000 meters rather than 800 meters; and a greatly
improved, detachable bayonet.

  The AKM also has a folding-stock version,
designated AKMS, intended for use by riflemen
in armored infantry combat vehicles such as the
BMP. Except for its T-shaped, stamped-metal,
folding buttstock, the AKMS is identical to the
AKM. The folding-stock model can reduce its length
from 868 to 699 millimeters.

All 7.62-mm Kalashnikov assault rifles fire in either a semiautomatic or automatic mode and have an effective range of about 300 meters. At

  Although they designed it in 1947 and thus
referred to it as the AK-47, the Soviets actually
adopted the AK in 1949. The AK entered service
in 1951. It was the basic individual infantry
weapon of the Soviet Army until the introduction
of the AKM. The Soviets developed the AKM in
1959. It entered service in 1961. All 7.62-mm
Kalashnikov assault rifles are very dependable
weapons. They produce a high volume of fire and
are simple to maintain. However, the new 5.45-mm
assault rifle AK-74 is replacing the 7.62-mm
weapons.

## Ak-74 Description:

  The muzzle brake on the AK-74 uses a fluidic
device to minimize recoil a n d  muzzle climb.
Although the AK-74 is somewhat heavier than the
AKM when empty, its loaded weight is slightly
less than that of the AKM this is due primarily
to the plastic magazine and its smaller-caliber
ammunition. Like the AK and AKM, the AK-74
can mount a grenade launcher and a passive
image intensifier night sight.

  The AK-74 is basically an AKM rechambered
and rebored to fire a 5.45-mm cartridge. Externally,
it has the same general appearance as the AKM,
with two notable differences. It has a distinctive,
two-port muzzle brake, giving it a slightly greater
overall length than the AKM. It also has a smooth
plastic magazine which is slightly shorter and is
curved to a lesser extent than the grooved metal
AKM magazine. It uses the same type of bayonet
as the AK-series weapons.

   There is also a folding-stock version, designated
AKS-74, which has a Y-shaped, tubular stock. The
stock h a s  a n  extremely narrow buttplate, a s
opposed to the T-shaped, stamped-metal buttstock
of the AKMS.

  The gas cylinder, like the cylinders on the AK
and AKM, is in a vulnerable position; if dented,
it may cause weapon malfunction. The reddish-
brown or orange color of the plastic magazine does
not lend itself to camouflage.

## Capabilities: Remarks:

  The AK-74 fires 5.45 x 39-mm ball, ball-tracer,
and incendiary-tracer rounds. The 5.45-mm round
of the AK-74 has a considerably higher muzzle
velocity than the 7.62-mm round of the AKM; this
eliminates the range-limiting drawback of its
predecessor. Like t h e  AKM, the AK-74 h a s  a
maximum sight setting of 1,000 meters, but the
effective range is 500 meters (versus 300 meters
for the AKM).

  The Soviets fielded t h e  AK-74 i n  1974, a s
indicated by the weapon's designation. The folding-
stock AKS-74 was first seen with Soviet airborne
troops in November 1977. The AK-74 is also the
basis for other 5.45-mm small arms, including the
AKSU-74 submachine gun and the RPK-74 light
machine gun.

to bleed off gases which would otherwise cause a
violent recoil. With a loaded weight of 3.106 kilo-
grams, the submachine gun is considerably lighter
than the assault rifle AK-74 and has a somewhat
higher rate of fire.

  The AKSU-74 is a modified version of the
AK-74 assault rifle with a much shorter barrel
(207 millimeters versus 413 millimeters) and a
conical flash suppressor instead of a muzzle brake.
Like the AKS-74, it has a folding metal stock. The
overall length of the submachinegun is only 492
millimeters with stock folded or 728 millimeters
with extended stock. The rear sight is a flip-type
U-notch.The front sight is a cylindrical post.

  The AKSU-74 has a greatly reduced range due
to its shortened barrel. However, it still has more
power and longer range than conventional sub
machine guns that fire pistol cartridges.

The AKSU-74 was first seen with Soviet airborne troops in early 1984.

  The Soviets designed the AKSU-74a s  a weapon
short enough to be handled easily when the crew
enters and exits vehicles. The device at the end
of the barrel functions as an expansion chamber

## 7.62-Mmsniper Rifle Svd Description:

  The Sniper Rifle Dragunov (SVD) is a gas-
operated, semiautomatic weapon. It fires the Soviet
7.62 x 54R cartridge and uses a detachable 10-round
box magazine. Its overall length is 1,225 milli
meters, and its empty weight is 4.3 kilograms. (Its
loaded weight with bayonet is 4.78 kilograms.) Its
bolt mechanism and gas recovery system are
similar to those of the AK and AKM: but, because
of the difference in cartridges used, parts are not
interchangeable with the assault rifles. The most
distinguishing features of the SVD are the open
buttstock, which has a cheek pad for ease in
sighting, and the telescopic sight mounted over
the receiver. It has a combination flash suppressor/
compensator. It may mount the standard AKM
bayonet. The Soviets issue it with four magazines,
a cleaning kit, and an extra battery and lamp for
the telescopic sight.

  The SVD fires approximately 30 rounds per
minute in the semiautomatic mode. It has a
maximum effective range of 1,300 meters with the
4-power telescope or 800 meters without it. The
PSO-1 optical sight has a 6-degreefield of view.
It contains an integral, infrared detection aid and

an illuminated rangefinder reticle. Thus, the SVD
is effective in daylight against point targets or at
night against active infrared emitters, such as
night driving aids and weapon sights. It can fire
light ball, heavy ball, steel core, tracer, and anti-
tank incendiary ammunition.

  The SVD can fire only light and heavy ball-type
ammunition with accuracy. Even though it is
equipped with a bayonet, the SVD is not an ideal
weapon for close combat because it can fire only
in the semiautomatic mode. Its weight and length
also limit its maneuverability. The 7.62 x 54-mm
rimmed cartridge of the SVD is not interchangeable
with the 7.62 x 39-mm rimless round of the AKM.

  The Soviets developed the SVD in 1965. It
entered service in 1967 and is the standard Soviet
sniper weapon. One squad in each motorized rifle
platoon has an SVD; selected riflemen receive
regular, centralized sniper training on it. Largely
due to its open buttstock, the SVD is lighter than
older sniper rifles.

| Grenade launcher characteristics    |               |
|-------------------------------------|---------------|
|                                     |               |
| CHARACTERISTICS                     |               |
| AGS                                 |               |
| -                                   | 17            |
| BG-15                               |               |
| CALIBER                             | (mm)          |
| 30                                  | 40            |
| LENGTH, overall                     | (m)           |
| 1.28                                |               |
| 0.325                               |               |
| WEIGHT, loaded (kg)                 |               |
| 45.05 (with                         |               |
| 1.79                                |               |
| full magazine)                      |               |
| WEIGHT, empty (kg)                  |               |
| 30.71                               | (without      |
| magazine)                           |               |
| FIRE                                | MODE          |
| single shot                         |               |
| FEED                                |               |
| 29                                  |               |
| -                                   | rd drum       |
| muzzle loaded                       |               |
| magazine                            |               |
| AMMUNITION (type)                   |               |
| 30-mm Frag-HE                       |               |
| 40                                  | 101.6         |
| mm (7P17)                           |               |
| 40                                  | 118.5 mm      |
| PERFORMANCE                         |               |
| Muzzle velocity                     | approximately |
| approximately                       |               |
| (M/sec)                             | 190           |
| 7 1                                 |               |
| Range                               |               |
| Maximum                             | (m)           |
| 1,730                               | 400           |
| Effective(m)                        | 700/1,200*    |
| INA                                 |               |
| Rate of fire                        | (rd/min)      |
| Cyclic                              | 100/400**     |
| N A                                 |               |
| Practical                           |               |
| 60+                                 |               |
| INA                                 |               |
| UNIT                                | OF            |
| 89                                  |               |
| INA                                 |               |
| ELEVATION                           |               |
| (c)                                 |               |
| +7                                  | to +87        |
| N                                   | A             |
| TRAVERSE                            |               |
| (c)                                 |               |
| 30 total                            |               |
| N A                                 |               |
| CREW                                |               |
| 3                                   |               |
| N                                   | A             |
| DOI                                 |               |
| 1974                                |               |
| 1984?                               |               |
| STATUS                              |               |
| standard                            |               |
| standard                            |               |

FOOTNOTES.

*Direct/indirect fire.

* * M i n i m u m / m a x i m u m  setting

  The AGS-17 is a blowback-operated 30-mm
automatic grenade launcher which can be mounted
on a tripod or vehicle. A prominent drum magazine
mounted on the right side holds 29 belted grenade
rounds. The nondisintegrating metallic link belt
exits from the left side. The short barrel with disc-
shaped cooling fins protrudes from a large rectan-
gular receiver. A range table is riveted to the top
of the receiver cover; it provides sight settings in
Soviet mils for direct fire at ranges from 50 to
1,730 meters and for indirect fire at ranges from
1,000 to 1,730 meters. The 2.6-power illuminated
telescopic sight PAG-17is mounted on the left rear
of the launcher. All exposed nonmoving partsare
subdued black.

  For ground transport, the system breaks down
into four parts. The launcher itself weighs 17.86

kilograms and may be enclosed in a canvas
carrying case. The sight weighs 0.99 kilograms;
the folding tripod weighs 11.86 kilograms; and the
magazine weighs 14.34 kilograms fully loaded, or
2.87 kilograms empty.

 MRBs have an automatic grenade launcher
platoon with six AGS-17 launchers, carriedin pairs
in three armored vehicles (BTR or BMP). Each of
the battalion's three MRCs could receive one
vehicle. A platoon of six AGS-17s is also organic
to airborne battalions and to assault and parachute
battalions in air assault and airmobile assault
brigades.

wooded areas. The gunner can engage targets by
high-angle indirect fire at ranges from 1,000 to
1,730 meters; he can also use direct fire or high-
angle direct fire at ranges from 50 to 1,730 meters.
The sight reticle can serve as a direct-fire sight
for point targets at ranges of up to 700 meters.
The range table allows the gunner to adjust his
fire rapidly for various ranges without computing
elevations for the sight.

  The AGS-17 crew consists of a gunner and two
riflemen-assistant gunners. For training, there may
be only one assistant. When they dismount, the
gunner carries the sight and launcher, the fust
assistant carries the tripod and a magazine, and
the second assistant carries two additional maga-
zines. Dismounted AGS-17scan provide effective
fire support for Soviet infantry operating in areas
where BTRs, BMPs,and tanks cannot go or where
minimum safety distances preclude artillery or air
support.

  To effectively employ the AGS-17,the gunner
must make accurate determinations of distances
to all targets. Low muzzle velocity makes grenades
susceptible to crosswinds, especially when the
weapon fires at high angles. The grenade fuze is
armed shortly after leaving the bore. Fuze sensi-
tivity probably preempts firing under conditions
of heavy rainfall, high ground cover (grass or
brush) within 50 meters of the muzzle, or low-
hanging tree limbs.

  The Soviets designed the AGS-17 to provide
their infantry with an area-type suppressive-fire
capability. They intend to use it primarily against
personnel targets. It probably has some capability
to engage soft-skinned and lightly armored
vehicles. It is very accurate in the semiautomatic
mode; it is also quite effective in area coverage
in the automatic mode. The 50-m increments in
the range table atop the receiver give some indi-
cation of the accuracy against point targets. The
gunner can select a "maximum" cyclic rate of fire
of 400 rounds per minute or a "minimum" cyclic
rate of 100 rounds per minute.

  Introduction of AGS-17 into Soviet units began
in 1974. The acronym, AGS, stands for automa
ticheskiy granatomet stankouyy (automatic grenade
launcher on mount). The Soviet nickname for the
weapon is Plamya (flame).

  One of the most important characteristicsof the
AGS-17 is its ability to provide indirect fire from
protected positions against enemy troops in
trenches, on reverse slopes of hills, or behind

## D E S C R I P T I O N :

button-released notch which connects to the bayo-
net lug. The grenade launcher is muzzle-loaded. A
pre-engraved band on the projectile body positions
the grenade. Two types of 40-mm grenades are
known to be used: the 7P17 and the rebounding
VOG-25. The launcher is percussion-primed.


The extremely low muzzle velocity would make the grenades susceptible to crosswinds, especially when the grenades are employed in high-angle fire.

 The BG-15 grenade launcher consists of two
parts: the barrel and the trigger mechanism. The
barrelsegment includes the barrel itself, the sight,
and the mounting bracket. The barrel is 120
nillimeters long. The sight attaches to the left side
of themounting bracket. It consists of a front post
and a rear open U-notchedsight graduated for
ranges out to 400 meters. An additional sight
setting is available for high-angle fire at ranges
of 200 and 300 meters. The trigger mechanism
attaches to the barrel by means of an interrupted
thread coupler. The rifleman can activate it only
when the complete weapon is attached to the
assault rifle.

## Remarks: Capabilities:

The BG-15 was first observed in 1984. It is standard in units equipped with the AK-74 or AKS-74 assault rifles.

The BG-15 can attach under the barrel of the AK-74 and AKS-74assault rifles. It uses an integral

CHARACTERISTICS
NSV
CALIBER (mm)
LENGTH, overall (m)
WEIGHT, loaded **( k 1 )**
INA
WEIGHT, empty **(kg)**
automatic
FIREMODE
FEED
belts
in 60-rd
boxes
AMMUNITION (type)
12.7x108-mm
API, API-T,
HEI
PERFORMANCE
Muzzle velocity
(m/sec)
Range
Maximum ( m )
7,850
ground
Effective (m)
1,000 AA
2,000 ground
(800 against
armor)
20/13.2
Armor penetration
(mm @ 0" obliquity
@ 500/1,000 m)
Rats of fire (rd/min)
Cyclic
Practical
300
UNIT OF FIRE (rd)
early 1970s
STATUS
standard
-
FOOTNOTES.
*40-rd **magazine.**
**Fully at**u t m a t i c / s e m i a u t o m a t i c .**
***PKM ( squad)/PKT (vehicle-mounted)

  The RPK is a variant of the AKM assault rifle.
It has a longer, heavier barrel (591 millimeters
versus 414 millimeters); a stamped metal bipod;
and a heavier type of fixed, wooden buttstock. The
modified receiver of the RPK can accommodate its
larger-diameter barrel. The RPK normally feeds
ammunition from either a 40-round curved box
magazine or a 75-round spring-loaded drum maga-
zine: However, it can also use the 30-round curved
box magazine of the AKM, if necessary. It has a
chrome-plated barrel, chamber, and gas piston. It
also h a s  a cyclic rate reducer built into the trigger
mechanism. The Soviets usually install luminous
night sights on the front and rear sights. Some
RPKscan mount an infrared night-sighting device.

  The Soviets issue a folding-stock version, the
RPKS, to airborne troops. With stock folded, it is
only 820 millimeters long (versus the RPK, which
is 1,035 millimeters long).

  The RPK has a maximum effective range of
800 meters in either automatic or semiautomatic
mode. It also has a practical rate of fire of 150
rounds per minute automatic or 50 rounds per
minute semiautomatic. In offensive operations, the

machine gunner normally attaches the 75-round
drum magazine beneath the weapon at the begin-
ning of an attack. He subsequently replaces it with
a 40- or 30-round magazine during the assault or
in the early stages of defense. Almost all of the
moving parts of the RPK are interchangeable with
those of the AK or AKM assault rifles.

  Because the RPK fires from a closed bolt, it
tends to "cook off" its cartridges after prolonged
firing. Since the barrel cannot be changed, the
sustained rate of fire must not exceed about 80
rounds per minute. The lack of a gas regulator
causes roueh action and vigorous ejection to the
right rear when the gun is clean. It also causes
the rate of tire to slow down gradually as residue
and dirt accumulate in the gas port.


  The Soviets first produced the RPK in 1961. It
entered service around 1964. It was first displayed
in the 1966 May Day parade in Red Square. It
has become the standard squad automatic weapon
in most Warsaw Pad armies. However, the 5.45-mm
RPK-74 is now replacing it in Soviet units.

  J u s t  a s  the RPK is the squad machine gun
                                                      round of the RPK. However, both weapons proba-
version of the AKM, the RPK-74 is a machine gun
                                                      bly have the same maximum range (2,500 meters)
version of the AK-74, firing the same ammunition.
                                                      and effective range (800 meters). Unlike the RPK,

The RPKS-74 is a folding-stock version of the
                                        the RPK-74 is compatible with the front firing
weapon. Instead of the prominent muzzle brake
                                        ports of the BMP.
used on the AK-74, the machine gun has a short
flash suppressor. The magazine is longer than that
                                       REMARKS:
normally used with the AK-74, but the magazines
are interchangeable. The RPK-74 has a bipod.
                                         Since its introduction i n  the late 1970s,the
                                       RPK-74 has become the standard squad machine
CAPABILITIES:
                                       gun in Soviet motorized rifle units. It is replacing
  The 5.45-mm round of the RPK-74 has a con-
                                       both the RPK and PKM 7.62-mm weapons. Air-
siderably higher muzzle velocity than the 7.62-mm
                                       borne squads also employ the RPKS-74.

## Pkm Description:

  The 7.62-mm general-purpose machine gun
Pulemyot Kalashnikov (PK) is a gas-operated,
belt-fed, sustained-fire weapon. The Soviets based
its design on the Kalashnikov assault rifle. No-
table differences from the assault rifle are the gas
cylinder below t h e  barrel and the hollow-frame
stuck resembling that of the SVD sniper rifle. The
PKM fires 7.62 x 54R rimmed cartridges using a
metal nondisintegrating belt.

  The basic PK model is bipod-mounted. It is fed
by a 100-round belt carried in a box fastened to
the right side of the receiver. It weighs 9 kilo-
grams and is 1,161 millimeters long. It is con-
structed partly of stamped metal and partly of
forged steel.

  The PKS is a PK mounted on a lightweight
(4.75-kg) tripod. It uses either a 200- or 250-round

belt. The belt feeds from a box placed to the right
of the weapon.

  The PKT is the tank-mounted version of the
PK. Late-model Soviet tanks, turreted APCs and
ICVs, and amphibious scout cars mount it as a
coaxial machine gun. It has a longer and heavier
barrel than the PK. It also lacks the PK's stuck,
sights, bipod, and trigger mechanism. The PKT
has a solenoid at the rear for remote-controlled
firing, although it also has an emergency manual
trigger.

  The PKB is a variant of the PKT. It is in-
tended for use as a pintle-mounted gun on APCs
and SP guns. It differs from the PKT by having
a butterfly trigger rather than a solenoid trigger
and by having double space grips and front and
rear sights. There may also be a PKMB, derived
from the PKM rather than from the PK.

## 7.62-Mm General-Purpose Machine Guns, Pk Series (Continued)

  The PKM is an improved, lighter version (8.4
kilograms) of the PK, using stamped metal com-
ponents instead of machined metal. Joinable
25-round sections of nondisintegrating metallic
belts feed the bipod-mounted PKM. An assault
magazine attached to the rails under the receiver
can carry 100 cartridges belted in this way. Either
200-or 250-round belt boxes can also feed the PKM.

  The tripod-mounted PKMS is a lightweight
version of the PKS. It has the same characteristics
as the PKM. from which it is derived.

  The effective range of the PK-series machine
guns is 1,000 meters. They have a cyclic rate of
fire of 650 rounds per minute and a practical rate
of fire of 250 rounds per minute. Ammunition types
include the following: ball, ball-tracer, armor-
piercing incendiary, armor-piercing incendiary-
tracer, and incendiary-ranging.

  The PKM is currently organic to the machine
gun platoon of a BMP-equipped MRC and to the
machine gun/antitank platoon of a BTR-equipped
MRC. It normally fires from its bipod mount but
can also fit in vehicle firing ports.

  The PKS and PKMS are also infantry weapons.
Used as heavy machine guns, they provide long-
range urea fire. Their tripod provides a stable
mount for long-range ground fire. The tripod opens
quickly to elevate the gun for antiaircraft fire. The

machine gun has an effective range of 600 meters
against slow-moving aircraft.

  The PKT serves as a coaxial machine gun on
most modern Soviet tanks,ICVs,and APCs. The
PKB (PKBM)serves as a pintle-mounted gun on
older armored vehicles such a s  the BRDM,
BTR-50, and BTR-60.

  The nondisintegrating belt can get in the way
if the gunner must move the weapon during firing.
Barrel changing is not as fast and effective as in
the more recent Western machine guns. Although
designed by Kalashnikov, the weapon's moving
parts are not interchangeable with those of
AK-series weapons.

  The Soviets introduced the basic PK machine
gun in 1964. They followed it with the PKS, PKT,
PKB (1968), PKM (1971), and PKMS. Compared
to the US M-60, the PK-series machine guns are
easier to handle during firing, easier to care for,
and lighter. They use a more powerful cartridge
and have a slightly shorter effective range (1,000
meters versus 1,100 meters for the M-60). The PK
and PKM once served as squad machine guns in
BMP-equipped motorized rifle squads, but now the
5.45-mm light machine gun RPK-74 has that func-
tion. The vehiclemounted PKT continues to be
standard equipment on many armored fighting
vehicles.

  The DShK is one of the standard heavy ma-
chine guns of the Soviet Army. It is a g a s -
operated, belt-fed, air-cooled weapon which fires
from the open-bolt position. The model 38/46 has
a shuttle feed housed in a flat, rectangular cover.
It has reversible feed; that is, the ammunition belt
can feed from either the left or the right side with
minor adjustment. It also has a quick-change
barrel.

The Soviets use the DShK extensively as an antipersonnel and antiaircraft armament on medium tanks and armored personnel carriers. It is capableof full automatic fire only.

  The Soviets adopted the original DShK (model
38 or M1938)in 1938 as a ground-mounted, dual-
purpose antiaircraft and antitank gun. Largely
superseded by the 14.5-mm ZPU-seriesweapons in
the antiaircraft role, the ground-mounted version
has become obsolete. In 1946, the Soviets adopted
the improved version (model 38/46 or M1938/46,
also known as DShKM) with a modified feed
mechanism and a quick-change barrel. It is still
in use as a vehiclemounted armament. When used
as a tank machine gun, it is known as the DShKT.

  The NSV is a gas-operated, belt-fed, air-cooled
automatic weapon with a horizontal sliding wedge
breechblock and a quick-change barrel. It has a
long, smooth, unfinned barrel with a conical flash
suppressor. It features a rectangular stamped-and-
riveted receiver. Ammunition loaded in nondisinte
grating belts feeds into the weapon from a
50-round-capacity metal container.



  A tripod-mounted version of the NSV is avail-
able for infantry use in a ground role. However,
the NSV appears more commonly mounted on the
turrets of T-64, T-72, and T-80 tanks as an anti-
aircraft machine gun. On the T-72 and apparently
also on the T-80,it has a rotating mount; there is
no provision for firing it from within the tank.
The tank commander employs the K10-T reflex
sight to engage aircraft. On the T-72/T-80 mount,
he engages ground targets with the metallic sights
(tangent leaf rear and folding front post) on the
gun itself.

  The T-64 tank mounts a modified version with
a fixed mount on the commander's cupola. It fires

by means of an electrical solenoid when the tank
is buttoned up. An optic serves this purpose.
Instead of the normal 50-round ammunition belt
container, the NSV on the T-64 may use a larger
belt container, which probably holds 200 rounds.

On a vehicular mount, the NSV can engage both aerial and ground targets. The weapon fires from an open-bolt position. It fires the same 12.7

x 108-mm cartridges as the older DShK model
38/46. Although the NSV is approximately 11
kilograms lighter than the DShK, the ruggedness
of t h e  gas regulator and cylinder suggest that
barrel vibrations would be dampened, resulting in
accuracy comparable to that of the DShK. The
firing mechanism does not provide for semi-
automatic fire. The weapon has a 360-degree
traverse and an elevation capability of -5 to +75
degrees. It has an estimated barrel life of 5,000
rounds, and its barrel change time is approximately
5 seconds.

## 12.7-Mm Heavy Machine Gun Nsv (Continued) Limitations:

the configuration of the tripod, the ground-mounted NSV has only a limited antiaircraft capability.



  Although ammunition can feed from either side,
the manufacturer determines direction of feed;
soldiers cannot easily change it in the field. Evi-
dence indicates that NSV mounts on the T-72 and
T-80 permit only left-hand feed, and that the
NSV mount on the T-64 provides for right-hand
feed only. The left-hand-operated trigger mecha-
nism on the vehicular mounts is awkward, but
training can overcome this awkwardness. Due to

  The NSV was first observed in 1976 but was
probably introduced in the early 1970s. The desig
nation incorporates the initials of its designers
(Nikitin. Sokolov, and Volkov).

## Kpv Description:

  The Soviets use the 14.5-mm heavy machine
gun Vlaimirou (KPV) in both ground and antiair-
craft roles. In its antiaircraft role, the KPV is the
basic machine gun mounted on the ZPU series of
antiaircraft gun mounts. It also serves as the
main turret armament of the BRDMS amphibious
scout car and the BTR-60PB, BTR-70, and BTR-80
APCs. In this armored vehicle role, the weapon is
known as KPVT.

The KPV is a recoil-operated, fully automatic weapon which fires from the open-bolt position.

Metallic nondisintegrating link belts, coupled
together in 10-round sections, can feed it either
from the left or the right of the receiver. The
quick-change barrel is removable with the barrel
jacket as a unit. The bore is chromium-plated to
increase barrel life. The weapon fires the Soviet
14.5 x 114-mm cartridge.

  The gun is simple in design and rugged in con-
struction. It is considered to be reliable.

The Soviets first produced the KPV in 1953.

## Armored Fighting Vehicles

Light Armored Vehicles (Wheeled)
Light Armored Vehicles (Wheeled) Characteristics

VEHICLE
CHARACTERISTICS
BRDM-2
B T R - 6 0 P B
BTR -70
BTR - 80
CREW
3 (cdr, d r i v e r
gunner) + 8
passengers
3 (cdr, driver,
gunner) + 8
passengers
3 (cdr, driver,
gunner) x 8
passengers
2 to 4 or 5
(variesw/mission)+
up to 4 (varies
w/mission)
11.5
10.2
7.0
11.0
WEIGHT (mt)
LENGTH
7.535
7.22
7.535
5.70
Gun forward (m)
7.535
7.535
7.22
Without gun (m)
5.70
2.800
2.82
WIDTH, overall (m)
2.35
2.800
2.235
2.235
2.31
2.31
HEIGHT, overall (m)
ENGINE
2x6-cyl 90-hp,
gasoline
V-8, 260-hp diesel
(turbocharged)
V-8 140-hp,
gasoline
2x8-cyl
120-hp,
gasoline
SPEED
Road (km/hr)
80
80
80-85
100
Water (km/hr)
10
10
10
10
290
FUEL CAPACITY (liters)
290
290
290
750
ROAD RANGE (km)
500
500
500
TRENCH CROSSING (m)
125~1.60
2.00
2.00
2.00
0.40
0.40
VERTICAL STEP (m)
0.40
0.40
30
30
30
30
GRADABILITY (c)
FORDING (m)
a m p h i b i o u s
a m p h i b i o u s
amphibious
amphibious
ARMOR (maximum)
10
Hull (mm)
14
25
9
7
Turret (mm)
7
7
7
INFRARED
Driver
yes
yes
yes
Gunner
no
yes
no
no
no
Commander
yes
yes
yes
yes
NBC PROTECTION


filtration and over
pressure system
filtration and over
pressure system
filtration and over
pressure system
filtration and overpressure system
DO1
1961 (BTR-60P)
1966
1984
mid-1970s
STATUS
standard
standard
standard
standard

## Fm 100-2-3

Light armored vehicle (wheeled) armament characteristics
MAINARMAMENT
CHARACTERISTICS
BRDM-2
BTR-60PB
BTR-70
BTR-80
CALIBER (mm)
1 45
14 5
14 5
14 5
NUMBER
I
1
1
1
TYPE
turret mounted
machine gun
turret mounted
machlne gun
turret mounted
machine gun
turret mounted
machlne gun
MODEL
KPVT"
KPVT*
KPVT*
KPVT*
TRANSVERSE
(c)
360
360
360
360
ELEVATION (c)
-5 to + 3 0
-5 to +30
-5 to + 3 0 * *
-5 to +60

STABILIZATION
no
no
no
no
FIRE CONTROL
telescopicsight
telescopicsight
telescopicsight
telescopicsight

BASIC LOAD (rd)
500
500
500
500
SECONDARY ARMAMENT
CHARACTERISTICS
BRDM-2
BTR-60PB
BTR-70
BTR-80

CALIBER (mm)
7 62
7 62
7 62
7 62
NUMBER
1
1
1
1
TYPE
coaxial m a c h i n egun
coaxial machinegun
coaxial machinegun
coaxial machine gun
MODEL
PKT'
PKT*
PKT*
PKT*
BASIC LOAD (rd)
2,000
2 000
2,000
2,000

FOOTNOTES.* S e e  Characteristics of DShK 38/46. KPVT, and PKT on page 5-12
" Elevation is -5 to +60on variants with high-angle-of-fireturret.

  Like the earlier BRDM, the BRDM-2 is a fully
armored, four-wheel-drive, amphibious reconnais-
sance vehicle. It has two pairs of belly wheels and
a centralized tire pressure regulation system for
increased cross-country capability. It also has a
single waterjet for propulsion through water.
Externally, it differs from the BRDM due to its
larger, box-like hull. It retains the boat-like bow
of the BRDM. However, the crew compartment is
now farther forward and the engine is in the rear.
I n  the b a s i c  model, a small conical turret is
mounted on the hull in a central position above
the belly wheels. There are two front cupolas. Both
sides have centrally placed vision blocks. The
engine is larger than the BRDM's (it is a 140-hp
V-8 instead of a 90-hp 6-cylinder). The BRDM-2
has an IR spotlight and IR driving lights, as well
as an NBC filter system.

Like the BRDM, the BRDM-2 exists in several versions. The first four of these have the same roles as their BRDM counterparts.

  The basic BRDM-2 reconnaissance vehicle is
distinguished by its turret, which is the same as
that mounted on the BTR-60PB.The conical turret,
which mounts two machine guns (14.5-mm and
7.62-mm), is unusual in that it has no top hatch
opening. This model carries a crew of four: the
commander, the gunner, the driver, and the co-
driver. It also has a land navigation system that
gives coordinate readings.



  The BRDM-2rkh radiological-chemical recon-
naissance vehicle has dispensers for emplacing
warning flags around contaminated areas. Its
primary armament is the 7.62-mm PKT instead of
the 14.5-mm KPVT. The regimental chemical
defense platoon and the division-level chemical
defense company use it, a s  does the divisional
reconnaissance battalion. The Soviet open press
has designated it the BRDM-2rkhb; this stands for
radiological-chemical-biological reconnaissance.



  The BRDM-2U command vehicle has no turret;
however, it carries a generator and extra radios.

## Brdm-2Rkh

The increased number of antennas marks this ver-
sion as a C2 vehicle. Battalion and regimental
headquarters of maneuver and reconnaissance
units employ it; artillery units also use it
extensively.



  The ATGM launcher vehicle (BRDM-2) can
mount the AT-2/SWATTER, AT-3/SAGGER, or
AT-5/SPANDREL. The AT-5 launcher can also
fire the AT-4/SPIGOT missile. The ATGM
launcher replaces the turret. This model is found
in regimental and divisional antitank units of
MRDs, the antitank regiments of combined arms
armies (CAA), and in the antitank regiment or
brigade in the artillery division of a front.



  The SA-9/GASKIN TEL uses a variant of the
BRDM-2 chassis. The SAM launching system with
quadruple canisters replaces the machine gun
turret on top of the vehicle; it is capable of 360
degrees traverse and limited elevation. This
version probably has four crewmen.

  Artillery fragments and a .M-caliber machine
gun fire can penetrate BRDM-2 series vehicles
with maximum armor of 14 millimeters. The
BRDM-2-series tires are not protected by armor.
They are particularly vulnerable to puncture from
fire of all kinds.

  The original BRDM (also known a s  the
BTR-40P) first appeared in 1959. The BRDM-2
(also known as the BTR-40PB) was first seen in
1966. It has generally replaced the BRDM in the
Soviet and Warsaw Pact armies. The BRDM-2
i s  sometimes confused with the Hunearian
FUG (OT-65) amphibious scout car and the
FUG-70 APC, which have rear engines but also
have twin waterjets. The BTR-60PBis replacing
t h e  BRDM-2 i n  divisional reconnaissance
hattalions.

## Btr-60Pb Description:

  The BTR-GOPB is an eight-wheel-drive vehicle
with evenly spaced wheels, except for a slightly
larger space between the second and third wheels.
It has a long, boat-like hull with well-sloped armor
on the sides and overhead armor cover. Its small
conical turret is identical to that of the BRDM-2.
The turret sits over the second set of wheels and
mounts coaxial 14.5-mm and 7.62-mm machine
guns. The BTR-60PB has a three-man crew: the
commander, the driver, and the gunner. There are
two semicircular hatches for the crew in front of
the turret. The vehicle also has two rectangular
hatches behind the turret for mount and dismount
of up to eight passengers. There are three firing
ports in each side of the troop compartment. The
rear-mounted power plant employs two 6-cylinder,
90-hp engines. A single waterjet propels the
vehicle through water. The tires are partially filled
with a foam-rubber-like substance. They have the
centralized pressure regulation system common to
Soviet wheeled APCs.

  The BTR-60PUarmored command vehicle has
no turret; however, it does have additional
communication equipment. It is easily recognizable
by the bent, dipole antenna that runs nearly all
around the top of the vehicle. The BTR-60PUnor-
mally does not have integral armament. There are
numerous other command variants, with and with-
out turrets. They differ according to role and
command level.

  The BTR-60PB is the standard APC in some
motorized rifle units. It is widely used by Soviet
naval infantry. It has begun to replace BRDM-2s
in some divisional reconnaissance battalions. The
vehicle performs well cross-country in conditions
that favor wheels. In the water, the vehicle is
steered by a rudder in the waterjet port and by
the two front sets of wheels, which also have
power steering. The boat-shaped hull with sloped

## Amphibious Armored Personnel Carrier Btr-60Pb(Continued)

sides provides good swimming capability and
helps deflect hostile fire. The BTR-60PB has a
searchlight and IR equipment. These give it a
night fighting capability; however, the gunner's
periscope is a day sight only.

BTR-60PB.The BTR-60PUcommand vehicle, with
additional radios, is a later modification. The
Forward Air Control Vehicle, another modified
BTR-60PB, has a large window replacing the co-
axial machine guns in the turret and a large
portable generator mounted on the rear deck. All
versions in the series are still in service, although
the BTR-60P and -60PK models seldom appear
today in first-line units. The Soviets have exported
the vehicle to many countries, including North
Korea and most of the Warsaw Pact. There are
also Polish, Romanian, and Czech versions of this
vehicle. Since 1978, the BTR-70has begun to
replace the BTR-60PB.

  The BTR-60PB's armor is thicker than that of
older model APCs. However, it is still vulnerable
to Frag-HEas well as to small arms fire. Its tires
are extremely vulnerable to puncture. Soft ancil-
lary equipment (antennas and integral fuel tanks)
are vulnerable to destruction by field artillery
weapons. Troops must mount and dismount
through the top hatches; this exposes them to fire.

  The BTR-60PB first appeared in 1965 as the
third modification in the BTR-60P series of
APCs. It was preceded in 1961 by the open-topped
BTR-60P and in 1964 by the BTR-60PA (also
known as BTR-60PK).The latter added overhead
armor cover but lacked t h e  turret of t h e

  The artillery command and reconnaissance
vehicle (ACRV) M1979(2) is another BTR-60
variant. It serves as a command observation post
(COP) vehicle i n  towed artillery batteries and
battalions. The same organizations have two other
types of ACRV: the M1979(1),mounted on a
GAZ-66 box-body van (BBV),serves as a battery
fire direction center (FDC);the M1979(3),mounted
on a ZIL-131 BBV, serves as a battalion FDC.

  The BTR-70 is a successor vehicle to the BTR
60PB. Both vehicles have the same turret arma-
ment. The BTR-70 is slightly longer in the hull.
It also has a recognizable gap between its front
set of road wheels and the rear set. Triangular-
shaped access doors are in this lower hull space
on both sides of the vehicle. They provide side
entrance and exit for troops. (The BTR-GOPB has
only top hatches.) Also, the wave deflector attaches
differently on the BTR-70 than on the BTR-60PB
The BTR-70has two upgraded, &cylinder, 120-hp
gasoline engines.

   Like the BTR-60PB,the BTR-70 has good cross-
country capability, high road speed, and large
troop-carrying capacity. The redesigned seating
arrangement allows the troops to sit back-to-back,
facing outward. The vehicle's versatility and
amphibious capability are also advantages. Its pri-
mary disadvantage is its relatively light armor
protection, although the bow section reportedly
may incorporate special layered armor.

Amphibious Armored Personnel Carrier BTR-70 (continued)


  The BTR-70 was first seen in 1978; thus, it
                                              modified wave deflector, rear bumpers, and head-
received the preliminary designation BTR M1987.
                                              light brush guards; rooftop firing ports (this
A BTR-70 variant (M1986/1) appeared in the
                                              included two on each side, mounted in chamfered
October 1986 Moscow parade. This vehicle
                                              edges of the hull roofj; and brackets which the
mounted the following equipment: the modified
                                              Soviets may possibly use to attach additional
high-angle-of-fire turret used on the BTR-80; a
                                              armor to the sides of the vehicle.

  The Soviets based the BTR-80 on the BTR-70
APC. It has a 260-hp, V-8, turbocharged, water-
cooled, diesel engine. The reconfigured rear portion
of the hull accommodates a new, single engine.
The Soviets removed the roof chamfers of the
modified BTR-70,raised the rear, and squared off
the rearward-sloping engine compartment.

  The Soviets modified the truncated cone turret
used on the BTR-70for the BTR-80 by redesigning
the mantlet. This allows the 14.5-mm and coaxial
7.62-mm machine guns to be elevated to a maxi-
mum of 60 degrees. This high angle of fire is useful
in engaging targets on steep mountainsides, such
as those in Afghanistan. It may also give the
BTR-80 increased air defense capability. The Soviets
have also modified the design and positioning of
the firing ports; the ports are now round, rather
than tear-shaped, and have ball mounts similar
to those used on the BMP. The forward firing ports
now sit in angled recesses which allow the indi-
vidual weapons to fire to the front of the vehicle.

The redesigned side doors are split horizontally.
The upper portion opens forward; this gives dis-
mounting troops some protection against small
arms fire from the front of the vehicle. The lower
portion opens down, forming a step. Six smoke
grenade projectors are mounted on the rear of the
turret. Armor protection, particularly in the frontal
60-degreearc, has probably increased.

  The side firing ports are angled forward. This
design prevents mounted infantrymen from engag-
ing targets directly to the sides and rear of the
vehicle with small arms fire.

  In 1984, the Soviets began production of a
dieselued variant of the BTR-70,which they called
the BTR-80. The Soviets have retrofitted some
BTR-70s with several of the improvements incor-
porated into the BTR-80, including the high-angle-
of-fire turret.

Light *armored* vehicle *(tracked)*characteristics
Light armored vehicle (tracked)*armament* characteristics
BTR-50
BMP-1
B M P - 2
BMD-1
M T - L B
ACRV 1 V 1
7 3
30
13
M A I N ARMAMENT
CALIBER (mm)
127 (145)
CHARACTERISTICS
NUMBER
I
I
1
I
7 62
12 7 (1V13A
1V16)
I
I
smoothbore
automatic g u n
corret-mounted
curret-mounte
MG PKT
AAMG DShk
2A28
2A42
smoothbore
2A28
360
INA
360
360
TYPE
open-mounted heavy MG DShK
(KPV)
TRAVERSE ( c )
90
up to +30
INA
360
-4 to +33
-4 **t o**  +33
-5 **t o**  +74
ELEVATION(
c
)

-10 to +80
650/250
5406001801
8/23
8 / 2  3
550/200-300 (high/low cyclic)
RATE OF FIRE ( r d / m i n )  540-600/80-100
Maximum/Sustained
(600/150)
STABILIZATION
no
dual plane
n o
no
n o
no
optical s i g h t
image intensityimage
intensity
FIRE CONTROL
reflex sight
(opticalsight)
ing. 1PN22M1
tracer,
API,API-T
intensity
i n g ,1PN22M1
HEAT
FS,
i n g ,BPK-1-42
Frag-T
A M M U N I T I O N
(Type)
Frag-HE(FS)
HEAT FS,
Frag-HE(FS)
T
(AP). API-T,Ill
MUZZLEVELOCITY (m/sec)
NA
855
840
900
840 (1,000)
API
NA
7 0 0
NA
NA
700
NA
N A
HEATFS
700
900
NA
700
. .
NA
NA
7.000
INA
MAZIMUMRANGE (in)*
8001,000
1,000
1,000 AA/
1.500 ground
EFFECTIVE RANGE
50% Ph (m)
3.000 AA/
2,000-4,000 ground**
FRAG HEIFS
300 (HEAT-FS
8 (5OO m)
201132
ARMOR PENETRATION
(mm@
obliquity
2,000
162
NA
MG,
2/bow MG
2,0003,000
NA
N A

  The Soviets developed their first amphibious
APC, the BTR-SOP, using the basic PT-76 light tank
chassis and hull and then adding a n  armored
superstructure in place, of a turret. Since its intro-
duction, the BTR-SOP has spawned a series of
variants. The BTR-50PA added a 14.5-mm KPV
heavy machine gun mounted on the roof of the
commander's cupola. The BTR-50PK added over-
head armor and limited radiological protection.



  The BTR-50PU command uariant has the fol
lowing features: an armored roof; two projecting
bays normally on the front of the vehicle; a gen
eratormounted on the rear deck (not on all models);
and extra antennas. It normally does not have

integral armament. The vehicle characteristics are essentially the same as those of the BTR-50P.

  The MTK mineclearing vehicle is a modified
BTR-50PK with the UR-67 explosive line charge.
Another variant, designated MTP, serves as an
amphibious armored maintenance support vehicle.
(see p. 5-208.)

The BTR-50P was introduced in 1954. It is no longer in production. Newer BTRs and BMPs have largely replaced it in the Soviet Army.

  The BMP is a fully armored AICV. Its low-
silhouetted hull has a sharp, sloping front with a
conspicuously ridged surface. A centrally located,
extremely flat, truncated cone turret mounts a
73-mm smoothbore gun and a 7.62-mm coaxial
machine gun. A launching rail for SAGGER mis-
siles attaches above the gun. The 290-hp, water-
cooled, 6-cylinder diesel engine is in the right front
of the hull. The driver's hatch is at the left front,
directly in front of the commander's hatch, which
mounts an IR searchlight. The gunner's hatch is
on the left side of the low turret roof. To the rear
of the turret are four large hatches in the roof of
the troop compartment; two large exit doors are
also in the rear. There arefour firing ports in each
side of the troop compartment and one in the left
rear door. The suspension has six unevenly spaced
road wheels of the PT-76 type, with three track
support rollers and a front drive sprocket.

  A combination of effective antitank firepower,
high mobility, and adequate protection makes the
BMP a formidable addition to the inventory of
Soviet motorized rifle units. Its 73-mm main gun
fires a rocket-assisted, fin-stabilized HEAT projectile
with an effective range of 800 to 1,000 meters. It
also has an automatic loader. For longer range
antitank capability, the BMP can carry any of
three ATGMs: the AT-3/SAGGER,effective t o3,000
meters; the AT-4/SPIGOT,effective to 2,000 meters;
or the AT-5/SPANDREL, effective to 4,000 meters.

  The BMP is amphibious, propelled through
water by its tracks rather than by the waterjet
propulsion of the PT-76.It has the range and speed
necessary to keep up with the fast-moving tanks
it normally follows in offensive formations.

## Amphibious Infantry Combat Vehicle Bmp (Continued)

  The BMP has a three-man crew. This includes
the vehicle commander, who becomes the squad
leader when the infantry passengers dismount
through the rear exit doors. Vision blocks and
firing ports in the sides and rear of the troop
compartment allow the infantrymen to fire assault
rifles (AKM or AK-74) and light machine guns
(PKM or RPK-74) from inside the vehicle on the
move. The troops also carry the RPG-7V antitank
grenade launcher, which can be fired by a pas-
senger standing in a rear hatch. BMP ICVs carry
the SA-7/14/16 and AGS-17 weapon systems in
the BMP-equipped MRB's air defense and automatic
grenade launcher platoons. When buttoned up, crew
and passengers have NBC protection in the pres-
surized and filtered hull. This allows them to
operate regardless of the outside environment.

  The BMP has a n  infrared searchlight, peri-
scopes, and sights for night operations. It also has
a capability to make its own smoke screen by
injecting diesel fuel into the exhaust manifold.

  The BMP has relatively thin armor, with a
maximum thickness of 19 millimeters in the hull
and 23 millimeters in the turret. This provides
protection against .50-caliberarmor-piercingrounds
only over the 60-degreefrontal arc. The vehicle is
extremely vulnerable to ATGM and tank fire. Its
compactness dictates the location of critical areas
in such a manner that penetration anywhere on
the vehicle will normally result in a mobility, fire-
power, or personnel kill These critical areas include
the engine compartment and ammunition storage
area, on the right side; fuel cells in the rear doors;
and the troop compartment.

   Because of its limited capability to depress the
main gun, the BMP cannot engage tanks and
APCs from good hull-down positions. It is thus
very vulnerable to enemy fire when it exposes itself
to engage targets. Although the turret can traverse
360 degrees, the main gun and coaxial machine
gun must be elevated to clear the IR searchlight
on the commander's cupola. This creates a dead
space for both weapons between 10:00 and 11:00
o'clock.

  The BMP can maintain its top speed of 65
kilometers per hour for only short periods of time.
This results from the high amount of vibration
and the possibility of transmission failure. Due to
the complicated loading mechanism and the lack

of stabilization, the 73-mm gun or the coaxial
machine gun cannot fire accurately on the move
over rough terrain The BMP must be stationary
when firing and tracking an ATGM. The SAGGER
is difficult to reload; it cannot be reloaded at all
under NBC conditions without breaking the integ-
rity of the vehicle's protectiveoverpressure system.
To reload the SPIGOT and SPANDREL, the gunner
must open his hatch; this, again, negates the
overpressure system and exposes him to fire. The
land navigation system must be zeroed every 30
minutes.

  The BMP, introduced in 1967, represents a
transition from the "armored personnel carrier" to
the "infantry combat vehicle" in the Soviet and
most Warsaw P a d  armies. It replaces the BTR-50P
and complements the wheeled BTRs in first-line
motorized rifle units. Because of the extreme vul-
nerability demonstrated by the BMP in the 1973
Middle East War, there has been extensive debate
in the Soviet Army as to how this vehicle should
be used in battle. The BMP is significantly smaller
than Western APCs and has considerably greater
firepower.

  The most common variant of the infantry
combat vehicle is the BMP-1, which appeared in
1970. It is also called the BMP-A. Its most notice-
able modifications are the lengthening of the bow
and the extension of the deflector shroud to the
rear. These improved the vehicle's swimming capa-
bility, which was inhibited by the forward place
ment of the engine. Other changes include the
following: an enlarged, squared firing port for the
PKM machine gun below the turret; repositioned
vision blocks above the crew compartment; r e
designed rear roof hatch positions; and the addition
of an air intake on the rear roof. Many BMPs
now mount either the improved, semiautomatic
AT-3c/SAGGER C or the new AT-4/SPIGOT or
AT-5/SPANDRELATGM.

  Some BMP-1s have appeared in Afghanistan
with additional armor. This armor consists of full
side skirts, which extend to the tops of the road
wheels; it also includes armor plating bolted to
the upper hull sides, above the side skirts. Appar-
ently, the design of the armor still allows the side
firing ports to open The Soviets have retrofitted
some BMP-1s with six smoke grenade projectors,
mounted together on the rear of the turret as they
are on the BTR-80.

## Mobile Reconnaissance Post Prp-3 Bmp Variants:

  The BMP infantry combat vehicle has also
become the basis for a family of variants per
forming other roles. Until the actual Soviet des
ignation is known, each variant bears a designation
corresponding to the year in which it was first
observed.

  The BMP-1Kcommand vehicle (previously known
as BMP M1974) differs from the BMP-1 mainly
by having additional radioequipmentand antennas
a n d  having the machine gun ports welded shut.
It is used as a battalion-level command vehicle.



   The artillery mobile reconnaissance post PRP-3
was previously known as BMP M1975. It has an
enlarged two-man turret that has been moved
toward the rear. The turret armament consists of
only a 7.62-mmmachine gun, rather than the 73-mm
gun and SAGGER rail of the BMP-1. A rectangular
folding antenna for the SMALL FRED battlefield
surveillance radar is mounted on the rear of the
turret. The effective range of the radar is 20 kilo-
meters. The PRP-3 carries a five-man crew and
extensive radio and optical equipment. The Soviets
assign one of these vehicles to each howitzer bat-
talion (towed or SP);another is organic to the
target acquisition battery of each artillery regiment.

  The BRM reconnaissance vehicle, previously
known as the BMP M1976(1),has the same en-
larged two-man turret a s  the PRP-3 but mounts
the standard 73-mm main gun (without the
SAGGER launcher). The BRM-1,or BMP M1979(2),

model has a small parabolic antenna on the roof
for the TALL MIKE radar. One of these vehicles
is assigned, along with three BMP-1s,to the recon-
naissance company of a MRR or TR. Three of
them are assigned to the reconnaissance battalion
of an MRD or TD.

  The BMP-1KShcommand and communications
vehicle mounts a large telescopic antenna and
more radio equipment than the BMP-1K. The turret
has no aarmament. Regimental and division staffs
reportedly use this variant. Itwas previously called
BMPM 1978.

  The VPV, previously known as the BMP
M1983/1, is a Czechoslovak maintenance and sup-
port variant of the BMP. It has the standard
BMP-1 chassis, but with the turret removed and
a rotatable crane added. This crane reportedly
assists in removing light vehicle turrets and
engines.

  The PPO mobile training post uses the BMP
chassis. The Soviets have removed the turret and
have used the space normally occupied by the
fighting and passenger compartments to provide
eight student training stations. Positions are also
available for an instructor and a driver. Each of
the student stations has a hatch, observation
devices, and communications equipment which
duplicate those of a normal BMP commander's
position.

Amphibious Infantry Combat Vehicle BMP (continued)


## Amphibious Infantry Combat Vehicle Bmp-2 Description:

  The BMP-2 is an infantry combat vehicle vari-
ant of the BMP-1 that incorporates a major arma-
ment change. It has an enlarged two-man turret
which mounts a 30-mm automatic gun, model 2A42,
with a long, thin tube and a double-baffle muzzle
brake, along with a 7.62-mm coaxial machine gun
on its front. On top of the turret is an ATGM
launcher. This launcher can employ both AT-4/
SPIGOT or AT-5/SPANDREL missiles. The AT-5/
SPANDREL canister is normally seen mounted.
The engine is an upgraded 300-hp, V-6 diesel. The
vehicle commander now sits in the two-man turret,
along with the gunner. Because of the enlarged
turret, there is room for only two roof hatches in
the rear fighting compartment, rather than the four
of the BMP-1. The BMP-2 can accommodate one
less passenger than the BMP-1; there also is one
less firing port for an assault rifle on each side.
However, a new machine-gun-type firing port on
the left side of the hull, forward of the turret,
indicates that an infantryman now occupies the
BMP-1 vehicle commander's position.

  The 30-mm dual-purpose automatic gun can fire
at either air or ground targets. With a maximum
elevation of 74 degrees and an effective antiaircraft
range of 3,000 meters, the 30-mm gun can engage
low-flying, subsonic aircraft and helicopters.

Against ground targets, particularly ATGMs, the
gun is capable of long-range suppressive fire with
an effective range of 2,000 or 4,000 meters, depend-
ing on the type of ammunition selected. The crew
can remove the ATGM launcher and employ it in
a dismounted mode. The BMP-2 can generate screen
ing smoke by using the engine exhaust or the six
81-mm smoke grenade projectors mounted on the
turret. It also has the overpressure and filtration
systems used on the BMP-1, and an automatic
protection system which shuts down the engine
and activates the overpressure and filtration
svstems in the event of a nuclear explosion.

  The BMP-2 was first seen in April 1981 with
Soviet forces in Afghanistan. It also appeared in
the Zapad-81 exercise in the Soviet Union in
September 1981. Initially identified with the
STANAG designator BMP M1981, the vehicle has
the actual Soviet designator of BMP-2.

  BMP-2sseen in the May of 1985 Moscow parade
had attachment points on the lower glacis for
mounting mineclearing devices similar to the
KMT-4 and KMT-6. These vehicles also displayed
a layer of applique armor; the armor was on the
vehicles' turret fronts and sides, and on the two
forward hull hatch tops.

  The BMD AAICV superficially resembles the
BMP-I, although it is considerably smaller. This
full-tracked amphibious vehicle has a BMP-type
turret. Like the BMP-1, its main armament is a
73-mm smoothbore gun with a 7.62-mm coaxial
machine gun mounted on the right side of the
main gun and either a SAGGER ATGM launcher
mounted over the gun or a SPIGOT/SPANDREL
launcher mounted on top of the turret. The BMD,
however, also has two additional 7.62-mm machine
guns, one mounted in each of the front bow
corners. The bow is much shorter than that of the
BMP, and the upper part of the hull is shaped
differently. It also differs from the BMP in having

only five evenly spaced road wheels with four
support rollers, and in having no rear exit doors.
The driver's hatch and vision blocks are centered
below the main gun. There is an additional hatch
on either side of the driver. The troop compartment
has overhead armor cover; however, it has only
one firing port on each side and one in the rear
from which the mounted infantrymen can fire their
weapons. The BMD has a hydropneumatic suspen-
sion with a variable height capability. A rear-
mounted, 240-hp, 6-cylinder, water-cooled, diesel
engine powers the vehicle; two waterjets at the
rear propel it in water.

## Airborne Amphibious Infantry Combat Vehicle Bmd (Continued) Capabilities:

  The air-droppable BMD is considerably smaller
and lighter than the BMP but bas roughly the
same capabilities. Soviet airborne divisions use it
as an infantry combat vehicle. Its turret armor is
the same (maximum 23 millimeters) as that of the
BMP, but its hull is thinner (maximum 15 milli-
meters). An internal NBC filtration system provides
protection for the three-man crew and four combat
troops. Two squad members, including the squad
leader, ride in the two hatch positions on each
side of the driver; the remaining three occupy the
compartment between the turret and engine. The
BMD has an estimated maximum speed of 60 to
80 kilometers per hour on land and 10 kilometers
per hour in water, with a land cruising range of
320 kilometers. It has an onboard directional
gyrocompass.

  Since the BMD has the same turret as the
BMP-1, the turret armaments probably have the
same limitations, except that the BMD does not
have a dead space in its traverse. The passenger
space is somewhat cramped. The airborne soldiers

## Bmd M1979/1

must dismount over the sides of the vehicles, since there is no rear door.

  The BMD was first seen in the Dvina exercises
in the USSR in 1970. It was not seen again until
the November 1973 Moscow Red Square parade.
Since then, the Soviets have used the BMD to
completely mechanize the three airbome regiments
in each Soviet airbome division. This substantially
increases the division's firepower and maneuver-
ability. It also equips the assault companies of
army-level independent air assault battalions and
the assault battalions of air assault brigades. Some
naval infantry units may also have it.

   Although originally thought to be a light tank,
the BMD may more properly be considered the air-
borne equivalent of the BMP-1 infantry combat
vehicle. However, except for the turret and main
armament, it is an entirely new design and not a
modified BMP. Excluding the obsolescent ASU.57,
the BMD (at approximately 7.5 metric tons) is the
lightest tracked combat vehicle in the Soviet Army.

## Bmd-1Ksh Bmd Variants:

  The basic BMD was initially introduced around
1970. Between then and about 1973, it underwent
a variety of minor product-improvement modifi-
cations. The final design, designated BMD-1, has
a recognizable dome-shaped NBC filter intake on
the right-center hull roof. The BMD-1 has retained
the protection, mobility, and firepower character
istics of the BMD.

  The BMD M1979/1 variant is an airborne APC
which first appeared during the 1979 Soviet
Afghanistan incursion. The chassis of the M1979/1
is approximately 600 millimeters longer, with the
addition of one road wheel and one support roller

per side. The BMD turret and its integral arma-
ments are absent, replaced by a low, flat super-
structure. The vehicle has at least two firing ports
per side. It retains the bow machine guns. The
collective NBC protection system is also present.
Some vehicles mount a self-entrenching blade on
the lower glacis.

  The BMD-1KSh,previously known as the BMD
M1979/3, is a C2 vehicle which differs from the
M1979/1 in its addition of several folding antenna
masts. It also has a generator on the rear deck.

  The 120-mm SP howitzer (airborne) 2S9 is also
based on the lengthened BMD chassis. (See page
5-62.)

  The MT-LB is an amphibious armored tracked
vehicle. It has a low-silhouette, box-like hull made
of welded steel plates, and a small turret on the
right front that mounts a single 7.62-mm machine
gun. There are four firing ports: one on each side
of the vehicle and one in each of the two rear
exit doors. The flat hull roof has two forward-
opening, troop exit hatches. The flat-track suspen-
sion consists of six road wheels with no return
rollers.

  The MT-LB can employ an extra-wide track
with an "aggressive:' grouser to make over-snow
and swamp operations easier. The wide-tracked
version, designated MT-LBV, has a track which
is 565 millimeters wide, compared to the normal
350-mm-wide track. The wider track reduces ground
pressure from 0.46 to only 0.28 kilograms per
square centimeter.

The MT-LB is a multipurpose vehicle. When used as an APC or command vehicle, it can carry

ten personnel besides its two-man crew (driver and
commander-gunner). It also serves as a prime
mover for various types of artillery. In this case,
it can also carry the artillery crew of six to ten
personnel. It frequently serves as prime mover for
the 100-mm antitank gun T-12. As a cargo and
general transport vehicle, it has a cargo capacity
of 2.0 metric tons. (Its towed load is 6.5 metric
tons.) The Soviets use the wide-tracked MT-LBV
as a soft-terrain vehicle.

The MT-LB is lightly armed and lightly armored.

  Since the West initially identified it in 1970,
the MT-LB was first designated M1970.The MT-L
light transport vehicle and prime mover is the
basis for its design. The Soviets first developed
the MT-L, which is unarmored and turretless, for
geological research in the far north.

## Mt-Lb Variants:

  The MT-LB chassis is also the basis for many
other vehicles. Its versatility suggests that the
Soviets could use the MT-LB chassis for even more
military purposes in the future. The following
paragraphsdescribe currently known variants.

  The 122-mm S P  howitzer 2S1 was introduced
in 1974. It is based on a chassis derived from the
MT-LB, known as the MT-LBu. The 2S1 is some-
what longer that the MT-LB (7.40 meters versus
6.45 meters.) It has seven road wheels; the MT-LB
has six.

  The ACRV IV12also uses the MT-LBu chassis.
The small turret at the front of the MT-LB is
absent. The 1V12 has a larger turret mounted on
the rear half of the vehicle.

  The MT-LB M1975has the BIG FRED battle-
field surveillance radar mounted on the rear half
of the MT-LB chassis. Unlike the 2S1 and the
ACRV IV12,the chassis of the radar variant does
not appear to be lengthened. It still has the
original six-road-wheel suspension, and it retains
the MT-LB's small front turret with its 7.62-mm
machine gun. It also has the MT-LB's two rear
exit doors.

  The SA-13 TELAR uses the MT-LB chassis. So
do the RKhMchemical reconnaissance vehicle, the
MTK-2 mineclearer, and the R-330P communi-
cations jammer.

## Acrv 1 V13 Description:

  ACRV 1V12 is the overall designation for a
series of vehicles known to consist of four ver-
sions: 1V13, 1V14, 1V15, and 1V16. All four use
the MT-LBu chassis. The suspension consists of
seven road wheels with no support rollers. The
high, box-like hull has a steep glacis at the front.
It also has a flat, round turret on the rear half.
The straight vertical rear of the hull contains a
single exit door. A total of three or four antennas
may attach on top of the hull.



  The ACRV 1V13 normally has a 12.7-mm DShK
AA machine gun on a swivel mount atop the
turret. The ACRV 1V14/1V15 turret mounts the
following items: a laser rangefinder, optical
observation devices, and associated fire-control
equipment. The ACRV 1V16may mount a 12.7-mm
machine gun. It probably contains a digital fire-
direction computer. The ACRV 1V13 and 1V14/
1V15 also vary from the ACRV 1V16 hy having
a rectangular box projecting from the right side
of the hull, just below the turret.

The four versions of the ACRV are deployed in SP howitzer battalions. The following paragraphs describe these versions.

  The ACRV 1V13  remains in the battery firing
position as the battery fire direction center (FDC).
The battery senior officer (the platoon leader of
the first firing platoon), assisted by (manual) fire
direction computation and communications per-
sonnel, mans it. It has direct radio communications
with the battery COP, the battalion COP, and the
battalion FDC. The battery senior officer relays
firing data to the SP howitzers.

##

  The ACRV 1V14 and 1V15 serve as battery
and battalion commanders' COPs, respectively.
They do not remain in the firing position; in
most cases, they collocate with the COPs of the
supported maneuver unit commanders. The artillery
commander decides how to attack targets of
opportunity and targets relayed to him by the
supported maneuver unit. Target acquisition,

## Artillery Command And Reconnaissance Vehicle (Acrv) 1V12 (Continued)

(manual) fire direction computation, and com-
munications personnel in the COP assist him. The
battery COP has radio links to battery firing
positions and to the battalion COP. The battalion
COP also has direct radio communications with
battery firing positions.

  The ACRV 1V16 functions as the battalion
FDC. The battalion chief of staff and the fire
direction computation and communications per-
sonnel man it. It most likely carries the one
electronic field artillery computer available to each
battalion. Battery fire direction personnel will
probably receive, from the battalion FDC, fully
computed firing data ready to be passed to the
SP howitzers.

  ACRVs were first observed in 1974, and were
introduced along with the 122-mm and 152-mm SP
howitzers. Their high degree of mobility allows SP
howitzers to operate closer to the FLOT and to
the supported maneuver units. This increases their
responsiveness. The automation of gunnery com-
putations helps reduce mission times. It also gives
greater flexibility in the deployment of firing
batteries. The centralization of fire mission com-
putation and fire control at battalion level is
consistent with the recent establishment of the
battalion, rather than the battery, as the basic
firing unit in Soviet artillery.


Medium Tank T-55

  The T-55 medium tank h a s  a fully tracked,
five-road-wheeled chassis. This chassis has a space
between the first and second road wheels and no
return rollers. The T-55 has a low-silhouetted hull
with a dome-shaped turret mounted over the third
road wheel. The 100-mm rifle-bore main gun has
a bore evacuator a t  the muzzle. The T-55 also
mounts a 7.62-mm coaxial machine gun; the later
T-55A version lacks the bow machine gun.

  The T-55 differs from the older T-54 models
because it lacks the right-hand cupola and the
turret dome ventilator, which is located in front
of that cupola on the T-54. Most T-55s also lack
the turret-mounted 12.7-mm AA machine gun of
the T-54. All T-55s mount an infrared gunner's
searchlight above and to the right of the main
gun. This searchlight, however, is not a distin-
guishing feature since it has been retrofitted to
many T-54 and T-54A tanks.

  The T-55 combines a high-velocity gun with a
highly mobile chassis, a low silhouette, and excep-
tional long-range endurance. Improvements over
the T-54 include a larger V-12 water-cooled diesel
engine with 580 rather than 520 horsepower, and
an increased cruising range of 500 rather than 400
kilometers (600 kilometers with auxiliary tanks).
The increased cruising range can go up to 715
kilometers with two 200-liter auxiliary fuel tanks
which can be carried on the rear. The T-55 has
two-plane stabilization of the main gun rather
than verticle stabilization only. It also has a basic
load for the main gun of 43 rather than 34 rounds.

  The T-55 can ford depths of 1.4 meters without
preparation. I t  h a s  snorkel equipment which
enables it to cross depths of up to 5.5 meters at a
speed of 2 kilometers per hour. This equipment
takes about 30 minutes of preparation, but can be
jettisoned immediately on leaving the water. All

## Medium Tankt-55 (Continued)

T-55s have the PAZ radiation detection system; the
T-55A also has an antiradiation liner. The Soviets
may have retrofitted some T-55s with a full NBC
collective protection system (air filtration and
overpressure). Injecting vaporized diesel fuel into
the exhaust system can generate a dense smoke
screen.

  The half-egg-shaped turret of the T-55 has good
ballistic qualities; however, it creates cramped
working conditions for the crew. This results in a
slow rate of fire. Its silhouette is one meter lower
than the M60's. This advantage is counterbalanced
by its poor armor protection, which is thin by
Western standards. Its gun control equipment is
also crude. It shares the disadvantage that most
Soviet tanks have: a limited ability to depress the
main gun. This hinders its ability to fire effectively
from defilade, forcing it to expose itself to engage
targets. Ammunition and fuel storage positions are
vulnerable. The lack of a turret basket presents
loading difficulties, and there is limited ready
ammunition. The driver, commander, and gunner
all sit in a line.

~

  The T-55 is not airtight. The filtration system
protects the crew from radioactive dust. However,
thev must wear individual protective masks a n d


                              l



clothing to guard against chemical and biological
agents. The t a n k  m u s t  t h u s  pass through con
taminated areas rapidly and the crew must decon
t a m i n a t eit before it is fully operational.

  The tank can be made watertight for fording
water obstacles up to 1.4 meters deep (or 5.5 meters
with snorkel). However, it takes one-half hour to

prepare a medium tank unit for a snorkeling
operation. Extrance and exit points may also need
preparation.

   The T-54-series tanks first appeared in 1949.
They replaced the T-34 tank of World War II. The
Soviets continuously improved and modified the
T-54; when sufficient changes had been made, they
redesignated it the T-55. They introduced the T-55
in 1958. It incorporates all the improvements of
the fully developed T-54 series without being
radically different in design or appearance. The
T-55A appeared in the early 1960s.

  More T-54/55 tanks have been produced than
any other tank in the world. The Warsaw Pact
countries and many others use the seven main
production models extensively. Czechoslovakia and
Poland manufacture t h e  T-54/55. Communist
China's version is known as Type 62. Many T-54/55
tanks are still in service; however, the T-62, T-64,
T-72, and T-80 are replacing them as the primary
main battle tanks in first-line Soviet tank and
motorized rifle units.



   The Soviets are modernizing some T-55s. Improve-
ments include new APFSDS ammunition. This
ammunition has a muzzle velocity of 1,500 meters
p e r  second and armor penetration of 300 milli
meters. Other improvements include the following:

laser rangefiners;add-on armor, as on the T-62;

smoke grenade launchers; track skirts; and u p
graded mobility components (track and engine).
Czech T-55 improvements include a crosswind
sensor and a warning device that alerts the crew
when the vehicle is being lased.

  The T-62 medium tank has a fully tracked,
five-road-wheeled chassis. The chassis has close
spaces between the three front road wheels and
large gaps separating the third, fourth, and fifth
road wheels. The drive sprocket is at the rear and
the idler at the front; there are no track return
rollers. The rounded turret, mounted over the third
road wheel, is more smoothly cast a n d  more nearly
egg-shaped than that of the T-54/55 series. The
commander's cupola on the left is cast with the
turret. It is not bolted on as in the case of the
T-54/55. The loader's hatch on the right is also
farther forward.

  The 115-mm smoothbore main gun has a longer
and thinner tube than the 100-mm gun of the
T-54/55. Its bore evacuator is about two-thirds of

the way up the gun tube from the turret. There is
also a 7.62-mm coaxial machine gun. The T-62A
model also mounts a 12.7-mm AA machine gun
at the loader's hatch position.

  A gunner's IR searchlight is mounted on the
right, above the main gun. A smaller IR search-
light is mounted on the commander's cupola. The
driver's hatch is in front of the turret on the left
side of the flat. low-silhouetted hull.

  Like the T-55, the T-62 has a 580-hp, V-12,
water-cooled diesel engine. This engine gives the
T-62 a cruising range of 280 kilometers cross-
country; 450 kilometers on paved roads, with

## Medium Tank T-62 (Continued)

integral fuel cells; and 400 kilometers cross-
country, or 650 kilometers on paved roads, with
two 200-liter auxiliary fuel tanks. The tank also
shares the snorkeling and smokescreen-generating
capabilities of the T-54/55 series. It has the same
PAZ radiation detection system as the T-55. The
Soviets may have retrofitted some T-62s with full
NBC collective protection systems (air filtration
and overpressure). Most models have the same IR
night sight and driving equipment and the same
fire control equipment as the T-54/55. Some T-62s,
however, have received a passive night sight. This
replaces the gunner's active IR sight. A laser
rangefinder may now replace the stadiametric
reticle rangefinder.



  The most significant improvement over the
T-54/55 tanks, however, is the 115mm smooth bore
main gun. It fires a hypervelocity, armor-piercing,
fin-stabilized, discarding sabot (HVAPFSDS) round
with a muzzle velocity of 1,615 meters per second.
The penetrator flies in a very flat trajectory;
therefore, it is extremely accurate out to a maxi-
mum effective range of 1,600 meters. The specific
number of each type of round varies with the
expected tactical situation; however, the 40-round
basic load typically includes 12 HVAPFSDS, 6
HEAT, and 22 HE rounds.

  The T-62 also has an automatic shell ejector
system. The recoil of the main gun activates this
system. It also ejects spent casings through a port
in the rear of the turret.

  The T-62 has the standard 7.62-mm PKT coaxial
machine gun with a range of 1,000 meters. It also
features a 12.7-mm DShK AA machine gun. The
gun has a range of 1,500 meters against ground
targets and a slant range of 1,000 meters against
aircraft. The T-62Aalso has a stabilized main gun;
it enables the gunner to track and fire on the move
with improved accuracy.

  A command tank model, designated the T-62K,
also has a land navigation system. This system
has a gyroscopic compass and a calculator giving
continuous enroute readout of two factors: the
tank's location, in relation to its point of origin;
and its distance from, and azimuth to, a predeter-
mined objective.
LIMITATIONS:

  The T-62 has all the limitations listed before
for the T-55: a cramped crew compartment; thin

armor; crude gun control equipment (on most
models); limited depression of the main gun; and
vulnerable fuel and ammunition storage areas. The
automatic spent-cartridge ejection system can cause
dangerous accumulations of carbon monoxide. It
can cause possible physical injury to the crew from
cartridge cases projected against the edge of a
poorly aligned ejection port and rebounding into
the crew compartment. Opening the ejection port
under NBC conditions would also expose the crew
to contamination.

  Each time the gun fires, the tube must go into
detent for cartridge ejection. The power traverse
of the turret is inoperable during ejection and
reloading operations. Manual elevation and tra-
verse are slow and not effective for tracking a
moving target; therefore, rapid fire and second-hit
capabilities are limited. The turret also cannot be
traversed with the driver's hatch open. Although
the tank commander may override the gunner and
traverse the turret, he cannot fire the main gun
from his position. He is unable to override the
gunner in elevation of the main gun, causing
target acquisition problems.

   To fire the 12.7-mm AA machine gun, the loader
must be partially exposed. This makes him vulner-
able to suppressive fires; he must also neglect his
main gun loading duties.

  The T-62 is a further step in the line of
.development begun with the T-54/55series. It first
appeared in 1961. It became the standard main
battle tank in Soviet tank and motorized rifle units,
gradually replacing the T-54 and T-55.The T-62A
variant first appeared in 1970. Currently, how.
ever, it is being replaced by the new generation
T-64/T-72/T-80tanks as the first-line Soviet main
battle tank.

  T-62 tanks of the TR involved in the s i x -
regiment "troop withdrawal" from Afghanistan in
1986 showed a number of modifications: full-length
track skirts; curved, add-on armor sections mounted
o n  the front and sides of the turret; and additional
armor on the upper glacis. The add-on turret armor
provides additional protection against shaped-
charge antitank weapons. These tanks carried a
probable laser rangefinder mounted atop the main
gun. They also had smoke grenade projectors on
the sides of the turret.

## T-64A Description:

  The T-64 and T-72 medium tanks are similar
in appearance. Both retain the low silhouette of
earlier T-54/55/62 tanks; both have a live track
with six evenly spaced road wheels; and both have
a drive sprocket at the rear and an idler wheel at
the front. The driver's hatch is centered at the
top of a sharply sloped upper glacis. The glacis
has four steel ribs and a V-shapedwater and debris
deflector. The low, rounded turret is centered on
the hull. The commander's cupola is on the right
side of the turret; the gunner's hatch is on the
left side. The 125-mm main gun has a four-section
removable thermal shield. It has two sections in
front of, and two sections to the rear of, the mid-
tube bore evacuator. A 7.62-mm coaxial machine
gun is mounted to the right of the mantlet. Inte-
grated fuel cells and stowage containers give a
streamlined appearance to the fenders. The tank
has a toothed shovel/dozer blade on the front of
the hull, beneath the glacis. There are attachment
points beneath the blade for the KMT-6 mine-
clearing plow. Early models sometimes mounted
four detachable track protection plates on the front
half of each side. Later versions have shown
detachable full-length standoff skirting.

There are several design differences between the two tanks. Those features peculiar to the T-64

include six small, stamped road wheels; four track
return rollers; a 12-tooth drive sprocket; double-pin,
ruhber-bushed track; a n d  linear-type shock
absorbers. Other features are as follows:

A gunner's IR searchlight mounted to the left
of the main gun.
A newly designed 12.7-mm NSV AA machine
gun on the commander's cupola with a fixed
mount.
The AA machine gun, which can fire buttoned
up.
Several large external ammunition stowage
boxes, normally attached to the sides of the
turret.
A long snorkel stowed on the rear edge of the
turret. (A second snorkel with an elbow for
attachment to the engine exhaust is stowed
inside the first.)
A smaller engine compartment than the T-72.
Its radiator grill is near the turret.
A command variant with an additional whip
antenna and a 10-m antenna mast. The mast
can be erected in the center of the turret using
guy wires, with an antenna connector located
in front of the commander's cupola. It employs
the same TNA-3 land navigation system found

## Medium Tank T-64 (Continued)

in the T-62K command tank and mounts no AA
machine gun. It serves a s  a battalion and regimental command vehicle.

  The T-64 has greater mobility than the T-62.
The 5-cylinder, opposed-piston, diesel engine has
an estimated output of 710 horsepower. Two 200
liter auxiliary fuel drums can fit on the rear of
the hull.

  The T-64 has better armor protection than the
T-62.Its greatly increased frontal armor protection
is due to the use of improved layered armor. It
can also mount track protection plates or full-
length skirts. Low-flash fuel storage also offers
protection to the sides. The front-mounted shovel
enables the tank to dig itself in within 20 to 30
minutes. It also increases the armor protection of
the lower hull front when it is folded upwards.

   Besides its PAZ radiation detection system and
an antiradiation liner, the T-64 has a collective
NBC filtration and overpressure system. It also
has the same integral smoke-generating capability
as earlier T-54/55/62 tanks. Variants have the
same type of turret-mounted smoke grenade pro-
jectors seen on the T-72 and T-80.

  The 125-mm smoothbore main gun fires a hyper-
velocity, armor-piercing, fin-stablized, discarding-
sabot (HVAPFSDS) round. The round may have
a muzzle velocity of over 1,750 meters per second
and a n  effective range of 2,100 meters. The
40-round basic load would typically include 12
HVAPFSDS, 6 HEAT, and 22 HE rounds. The car-
tridges are semicombustible with stub-cases. An
automatic loader allows the number of crew
members to decrease to three: the commander, the
gunner, and the driver. The gun has an automatic
spent-cartridgeejection system similar to that of
the T-62.

  The T-64B has an onboard computer. Some
variants may have a laser rangefinder.

  An automatic loader has allowed the Soviets
to reduce not only the number of crewmen, but
also the size of the turret. Therefore, the space
available in the turret has not significantly in-
creased. The ability to depress the main gun (-5
degrees) is still limited. When using the mast
antenna, the command variant is immobile, since
the mast must be anchored in the ground. Even

with the IR searchlight, visibility decreases to 800
meters when the night sight is used.

  The T-64 entered production in 1967. It is the
first of a new family of Soviet main battle tanks
developed as successors to the T-54/55/62 family.
The first T-64s had the 115-mm gun of the T-62;
the T-64A version subsequently received the
125-mm gun.



  The T-64A has an optical rangefinder. It fires
normal 125-mmtank gun ammunition. It originally
had four-part fold-out track skirts. It has since
received full-length track skirts, but retains brackets
for the four-part skirts. Originally produced without
smoke grenade projectors, many T-64Ashave been
retrofitted with twelve of them; these are on both
sides of the turret. The hull glacis armor consists
of layers of steel enclosing fiberglass layers. The
cast armor of the turret is reinforced with non-
metallic materials. The T-64A was deployed in
WGF in 1976. It replaced most T-55sin three
armies: 2d Guards Army, 3d Shock Army, and 20th
Guards Army. In 1980, it was introduced in the
SGF. Since late 1984, the T-64Bhas partially
replaced it in both Groups of Forces.

  The T-64B, previously known a s  the SMT
M1981/1, has a laser rangefinder. It can fire the
AT-8/SONGSTER ATGM from its main gun; this
is in addition to firing standard 125-mm ammuni-
tion. It has full-length track skirts, and it has four
transverse ribs in front of the driver's hatch. A
radio frequency antenna in an armored housing
replaces the rangefinder optic on the right side of
the turret. The optic on the left side of the turret
is larger, approximately twice as large as that on
the T-64A and T-72 variants. The T-64Bhas only
eight smoke grenade projectors, mounted in groups
of four on both front sides of the turret.

  Modified T-64Bswith reactive armor were first
observed in October 1984. To accommodate this
armor, the eight smoke grenade projectors are
combined into two groups of four at the rear of
the left side of the turret. Only two transverse ribs
appear in front of the driver's hatch. Also, stowage
boxes have been relocated. These modifications
allow reactive armor boxes to fit on the upper
glacis, the front of the turret, and the turret roof.
Applique armor has been added to the turret roof
and sides, and to the left and right of the driver
on the hull roof. An antiradiation liner now
protects the interior of the turret.

## Capabilities: Description:

  The T-72 medium tank is similar i n  general
appearance to
              theT-64. The T-64's description
includes recognition features common to both. Only
those features peculiar to the T-72 appear here.



  The T-72 has greater mobility than the T-62.
The V-12 diesel engine (model V-46) has an output
of 780 horsepower. This engine appears to be
remarkably smoke-free and smooth-running. The
excessive vibration which reportedly caused high
crew fatigue in the T-62 is gone. Two 200-liter
auxiliary fuel drums can fit on the rear of the
hull.

  The T-72 has six large, die-cast, rubber-coated
road wheels and three track return rollers. It has
a 14-tooth drive sprocket, RMSh single-pin track
with rubber-bushed pins, and rotary shuck absorb-
ers. The tank has a larger engine compartment
than the T-64. Its radiator grill is near the rear
of the hull.

  The gunner's IR searchlight sits on the right
of the main gun. The 12.7-mm NSV AA machine
gun has a rotating mount. It cannot be fired from
within the tank. The commander employs a K10-T
sight for the machine gun. There are normally
only a few small stowage boxes on the outside of
the turret; a single short snorkel stows on the left
rear of the turret.

  The T-72 has better armor protection than the
T-62. This is due to the use of layered armor and
other features discussed under T-64 capabilities.
Besides the PAZ radiation detection system, the
T-72 has a n  antiradiation liner and a collective
NBC filtration and overpressure system. It has the
same integral smokegenerating capability as earlier
T-54/55/62 tanks. Variants have h a d  smoke
grenade projectors mounted on the front of the
turret. The T-72 employs the same armament,
ammunition, and fire control as the T-64A. Later
variants may have a laser rangefinder.

Medium Tank T-72 (continued)

Same as for T-64

  The Soviets introduced the T-72 in the early
1970s. It is not a further development of the T-64;
instead, it is a parallel design, a high-production
tank that complements the T-64.The Soviets have
used the T-64 only in forward-deployed Soviet
units. However, they use the T-72 within the USSR
and export it to non-Soviet Warsaw Pact armies
and several other countries.



  The basic T-72had an optical rangefinder. It
also had four-part track skirt plates like the basic
T-65's A variant, the T-72M,shows modification:
full track skirts; smoke grenade projectors (seven
on the left and five on the right of the turret
front); and no right-hand optic, indicating the
presence of a laser rangefinder. This variant is
for export; it first appeared with the East German
Army in October 1981. The variant SMT M1981/2
displayed a raised rear deck cover.



   The West incorrectly called the variant SMT
M1981/3 the T-80. This variant and the similar
T-72M1show some improvements: a thicker upper
glacis with three, rather than four, transverse ribs
in front of the driver's hatch; increased frontal
turret armor; and applique armor on the turret roof.
It has smoke grenade projectors, an antiradiation
liner, and a laser rangefinder. It possesses infrared
night sights for the gunner (TPN-1-49-23) and
commander (TKN-3). The variant is now the
standard model for Soviet units with the T-72.

  A further modified variant appeared in the
November 1986 Moscow parade. It displayed more
frontal turret protection than the SMT M1981/3.
Like the modified T-64B, it had several components
moved to make room for reactive armor. Eight
smoke grenade projectors are mounted on the left
rear side of the turret; the stowage box positions
have been shifted; and there are only two trans-
verse ribs on the upper glacis.

It has an autoloader for the main gun. Its arma
ment and optics are like those of the T-64B. Its
infrared sight indicates that it lacks a thermal
imager.

  The T-80 may have enhanced frontal armor;
that is, it may have an upper glacis of steel layers
enclosing fiberglass layers, and a cast steel turret
incorporating nonmetallic materials. It has the
same collective NBC protection system and anti-
radiation liner as the T-64 and the T-72 tanks.

  The T-80 uses features of both the T-64 and
T-72.It also has some unique features. For example,
it has a new type of rubber-tired road wheels.
These are larger than the T-64's, but slightly
smaller than t h e  T-72's. The road wheels are
mounted in noticeable pairs, with the middle pair
particularly close together. The rubber-bushed,
double pin track has rubber track pads and
U-shapedtrack guides. A self-entrenching blade is
mounted on the lower glacis. The rear hull has a
large exhaust.

  The T-80 has improved mobility due to an esti-
mated 1,000-hp gas-turbine engine. However, its
weight has increased to 42 metric tons.



  The T-80 displays a large left-hand optic, indi-
cating a laser rangefinder. The smoke grenade
launchers are moved to the rear of the turret sides
to make room for reactive armor boxes. (Reactive
armor appears on many T-80s.) The tank also has
an enlarged snorkel on the turret rear.

  The T-80 is the most recent Soviet tank to enter
series production and it incorporates the latest
in Soviet technology. It is capable of firing the
AT-8/SONGSTER ATGM through its main gun;
it can also fire conventional 125-mm ammunition.

  A T-80 prototype existed in 1976, hut it did not
enter production until the early 1980s. It has been
deployed since 1984 in Soviet units in the WGF;
that is, in the two armies which did not receive
the T-64: the 1st Guards Tank Army and 8th
Guards Army. It is likely that the Soviets will
initially reserve the T-80 for their own forces, as
they did with the T-64.

Assault guns and light tank uehicle characteristics

VEHICLE CHARACTERISTICS
ASU-57
ASU-85
PT-76
3
CREW
3 (cdr/gunner
driver, loader)
4 (cdr, gunner.
driver, loader)
3.3
14.0
14.0
WEIGHT (mt)
LENGTH
5.00
8.50
7.63
Gun forward (m)
3.60
6.00
6.90
Without gun (m)
2.00
3.14
2.70
WIDTH, overall (m)
1.40
2.20
2.00
HEIGHT, overall (m)
6-cylinder, 240-hp, d i e s e l
ENGINE
4-cylinder, 55-hp,
in-line gasoline
6-cylinder, 240-hp,
in-line d i e s e l
SPEED (maximum)
44
40
40
Road (km/hr)
N A
10

NA
Water (km/hr)
140
250
250
FUEL CAPACITY (liters)
250
260
ROAD RANGE (km)
260 (450 w/auxiliaryfuel
tanks)
1.4
2.8
2.8
TRENCH CROSSING (m)
0.5
1.1
1.1
VERTICAL STEP (m)
30
38
38
GRADABILITY (c)
0.7
1.2
amphibious
FORDING (m)
ARMOR (maximum)
6
Hull (mm)
40
14
N A
Turret (mm)

16
NA
INFRARED
Driver
yes (some vehicles)
no
yes
Gunner
no
no
yes
Commander
yes (some vehicles)
no
yes
no
NBC PROTECTION
no
yes
1952
1955
DO1
1962
standard
limited standard
STATUS
obsolescent
MAIN ARMAMENT
CHARACTERISTICS
ASU-57
ASU-85
PT-76
CALIBER (mm)
76
85
57
SIGHTING DEVICE
telescopic sight
direct fire telescope
direct fire telescope
AMMUNITION (types)
Frag-HE, HEAT, HVAP-T, AP-T
Frag-HE, HVAP,
AP-T. API-T
Frag, HE, HVAP-T,
APC-TAP-T, HEAT,
smoke
-5 to +12
-4 to +15
-4 to +30
ELEVATION (c)
22 total
360
12 total
TRAVERSE ( c )
MAXIMUM RANGE (m)*
12,000
12,000+
15,000+
650
750
EFFECTIVE RANGE. 50% Ph (m)
900
RATE OF FlRE
8-12 (antitank role)
Maximum (rd/min)
7-8
6-8
Sustained. 1st hr (rd)
70
100.150
INA
145 (HVAP)**
100 (AP-T)**
ARMOR PENETRATION (mm
@ 0" obliquity @ 1,000 m)
50 (HVAP-T),
60 (AP-T)
120 (HEAT, any
range)
180 (HVAP-T),
125, (APC-T),
400 (HEAT, any
range)
BASIC LOAD ON-BOARD (rd)
40
40
30
SECONDARY ARMAMENT
CHARACTERISTICS
ASU-57
ASU-85
PT-76
1/ coaxial machine gun
1/ coaxial machine gun***



NUMBER/TYPE
NA
NA
SGMT
MODEL
PKT
CALIBER (mm)
7 62
7 62
NA
MAXIMUM RANGE
(m)*
NA
4,000
3,500
1,000
NA
EFFECTIVE RANGE (m)
1,000
8
NA
8
ARMOR PENETRATION (mm @
0" obliquity@ 500 m)
200-250
NA
250
PRACTICAL RATE OF FIRE
(rd/min)
NA
1,000
BASIC LOAD (rd)
1,000

FOOTNOTES.

'Gun at 4 5
**@ **5 0 0**meters for ASU-57.

"'Some ASU-85salso mount a 12.7-mm AA machine gun DShK.

  The ASU-85 has a PT-76 type chassis with six
road wheels (with a wider space between the first
and second). I t s  box-shaped, low-silhouetted hull
has a sharply sloping glacis plate in front. The
main armament is an 85-mmgun. The gun has a
double-baffle muzzle brake and a bore evacuator
on its long, thin barrel. A large IR searchlight
for the gunner is mounted above the mantlet. The
gun also has a smaller IR searchlight for the
commander at the right. The armor-covered crew
area is NBC-sealed. The secondary armament is
a 7.62-mm coaxial machine gun. Some ASU-85s
also mount a 12.7-mm AA machine gun DShK.

  The ASU-85 provides mobile armored striking
power in the assault gun battalion of airborne
divisions. Fixed-wing aircraft (including the An-12/
CUB) can transport it. Helicopters (including the
Mi-6, Mi-10, and Mi-26) can also transport it. It is
normally air-landed; it can also be air-dropped
using a high capacity multichute system.

  The ASU-85 is a versatile weapon designed to
serve principally in an antitank role. It is also

capable of providing general fire support. It fires
a HVAP round which will penetrate 180-mm armor
at 1,000 meters. IR equipment gives the ASU-85
good nightfighting capability. It has a 240-hp, V-6,
water-cooled diesel engine. It carries a crew of
four: the commander, the gunner, the loader, and
the driver.

  The ASU-85's suspension uses components of
the PT-76 light tank. However, it has no waterjets
and is not amphibious. It has relatively thin
armor: the glacis plate is only 40 millimeters thick,
and the upper hull side only 15 millimeters thick.

  Introduced in 1962, the ASU-85 was a follow-
on to the 57-mm airborne assault gun ASU-57,
which had been in use in airborne units since 1957.
The ASU-57 had very light armor (6 millimeters).
Since 1962, it has become less common. The
ASU-85 is widely used by the Soviet and Polish
airborne divisions; however, the airborne howitzer
2S9 may replace it.

  The PT-76 is a lightly armored amphibious tank.
It has a flat, boat-like hull. Its suspension has
six road wheels and no return rollers. A dish-type
turret mounts over the second, third, and fourth
road wheels. The turret has a double hatch for
commander and loader. The driver's hatch is be-
neath the main gun, at the top of the sloping
glacis olate.



  Four variants are distinguished by the dif-
ferences in the 76-mm main armament. Early
models mounted a D-56T gun with no bore evac-
uator and a long, multislotted muzzle brake. Later
models mount a D-56TM gun with a bore evacuator
and a double-baffle muzzle brake. Further variants
have a stabilized D-56TM gun (PT-76B) and an
unidentified clean-barrel gun. A coaxial 7.62-mm
machine gun also is mounted at the right of the
main gun.

BMP-1, BMP-2, BRM, and BRM-1 vehicles. It may
still equip the reconnaissance companies and bat-
talions of some MRRs, MRDs, TRs, and TDs. The
TBs of naval infantry units still have it as well.
Aside from its reconnaissance role, it can cross
water obstacles in the first wave of an attack and
can provide fire support during the establishment
of a beachhead. Its V-6. 240-hp water-cooled engine
gives it a road speed of 44 kilometers per hour,
with a cruising range of 260 kilometers. Its twin
waterjet propulsion system moves it through water
at 10 kilometers per hour with a range of 100
kilometers. The 76-mm main gun is light for a
modern tank; it fires HVAP and HEAT rounds
capable of penetrating APCs and other light
armored vehicles. The PT-76 is a reliable, highly
mobile reconnaissance vehicle. It has an ideal
design for amphibiouscapability, but it has many
limitations as a fighting vehicle.

## Capabilities: Limitations:

The PT-76 was formerly the standard reconnaissance tank of the Soviet and Warsaw Pact armies. It has been replaced in first-line units by Like most Soviet tanks, the PT-76 has limited ability to depress its main gun; therefore, it cannot fire effectively from defilade. Its amphibious design

## Light Amphibious Tank Pt-76 (Continued) Remarks:


makes it unnecessarilv laree for its weight class
and allows less armor protection than that on other
light tanks. Its relatively thin armor has a maxi-
mum thickness of 13 millimeters in the hull and
17 millimeters in the turret. It is vulnerable to
artillery fragments and .50-calibermachine gun
fire. The fact that the commander is also the gun-
ner and radio operator reduces his effectiveness
as an observer. The PT-76 also lags behind other
Soviet armored fighting vehicles in having no
night vision equipment and no NBC protection
system for the three-man crew.

  The PT-76 is lightly armored and undergunned
for a modern tank. Its inherent amphibious capa-
bility outweighs these limitations. It has had
widespread use in the Warsaw Pact and many
other countries. Communist China manufactures
a very similar amphibious tank known as T-60.
The popular PT-76 chassis was the basis for many
subsequently developed vehicles: the BTR-50P and
OT-62 series of APCs; the ZSU-23-4 SP AA gun;
the ASU-85 airborne assault gun; the transport-
launching vehicles for the FROG-2 through FROG-5
and SA-6/GAINFULmissiles; and even the BMP,
which replaced the PT-76 in Soviet reconnaissance
units.

1
1 2 0 - M M
VEHICLES
7 6 - M M
FIELD GUN
Z I S - 3( M 1 9 4 2 )
1 2 2 - M M
HOWITZER
M 3 0  ( M 1 9 3 8 )
1 2 2 - M M
FIELD
GUN D - 7 4
1 5 2 - M M
HOWITZER
D - I( M 1 9 4 3 )
GUN.
ML-2
ARMAMENT
CHARACTERISTICS
CHARACTERISTICS
SP HOWITZER
( A B N )2 S 9
122-MM
152-MM
152-MM
203-MM
SP HOWITZER
2S1
9
9
7
9
8
4
CREW
CREW
WEIGHT (mt)
8
WEIGHT
5 570
Z 360
1 1 1 6
1600
7 261
LENGTH
Firing **position** (kg)
5570
2.500(w/olimber)
3 640
8,013
1116
Gun forward (m)
1280
6 02
Travel**position** (kg)
100
5 93
B  1 0
593
6 10
6 02
1050
Without gun
(m)
LENGTH, **travel** position(m)
2 50
197
2 31
1.44
3 20
WIDTH. travel position (m)
2 B3
WIDTH.**overall**(m)
2 70
186
1 86
180
1 37
2 26
HEIGHT. overall (m)
230/1.90*
2 80
HEIGHT,travel **position** (m)
panoramic
GROUND CLEARANCE (m)
100-450
400 (estimated)
FIRE CONTROL
panoramit
telescope
panoramic
telescope
telescope
panoramic
telescope
panor
relesc
V - 6 ,240 hp, die
INA
FragHE HEAT
ENGINE
SPEED (maximum)
AMMUNITION ( t y p e s )
s
F r a g - H E
AP-T,
HVAP, HEAT
FragHE,
APCI
Road (km/hr)
50 (estimated)
60
Water (km/hr)
NA
9
smoke (WP)
illuminating,
leallet chemical
Frag-l
CP.
them
illumi
FragHE C P
HEAT-SS illuminating chemical
FUELCAPACITY (liters)
I N A
INA
PERFORMANCE
ROAD RANGE (km)
500
5 0 0
-3 lo +635
2
t o
-5 to '31
-3 la - 655
Elevation(c)
T R E N C H
CROSSING (m)
INA
1.60
4 9  total
-5 to +45
58 total
54 total
58 to
3 5  total
Traverse(c)
VERTICAL STEP(m)
INA
080
13,300
11,800
23900
1723
12 400
M a x i m u m**range**(m)
INA
32
GRADABILITY(r)
Rate of f i r e
FORDING (m)
INA
amphibious
15-20
6
6 1
3 4
4
M a x i m u m
(rd/min)
ARMOR (maximum)
150 200
75
75 +
65
65
Sustained,1st hr (rd)
H u l l (mm)
15
L85(APC T)
INA
INA
Turret (mm)
460(HEAT,
range)
INA
INP
NR
A r m o rpenetration(mm @
0' o b l i q u i t y
@ 1.000 m)
60(APTI.
50(HVAP).
300(HEAT any range)
INFRARED
80
60
80
140
60
UNITOF FIRE (rd)
INA
Driver
yes
INA
n o
Gunner
varies
3 5/3-5
1-15/1-15
8 10/
2/2
EMPLACEMENT/ DISPLACEMENTTIME (min)
INA
Commander
1955
1938
1942
1937
1943
DOI
NBC PROTECTION
o b s o l e s c e n t
obsolescent
obsolescent
obsole
STATUS
yes
filtrationand
overpressure sys
limited
standard
filtration and
overpressure
system

FOOTNOTE
*Top of turret i n
travel position (at

## Artillery Guns And H O W I T Z E R S

| 76-MM                      | 120-MM              |
|----------------------------|---------------------|
| 1 2 2 - M M                |                     |
| MOUNTAIN                   |                     |
| GUN                        |                     |
| SP HOWITZER                | 122-MM              |
| SP HOWITZER                |                     |
| M 1 9 6 6                  |                     |
| (ABN) 2 S 9                | HOWITZER            |
| 2 S 1                      |                     |
| 4                          |                     |
| 8                          |                     |
| 7                          |                     |
| 4                          | onboard             |
| (+2                        |                     |
| in                         |                     |
| ammo                       |                     |
| carrier)                   |                     |
| Firingposition (kg)        | 17,7000/15,500*     |
| See                        |                     |
| vehicle                    |                     |
| See vehicle                |                     |
| 3,150                      |                     |
| See vehicle                |                     |
| 180                        |                     |
| 24,000/21,800*             |                     |
| T r a v e l                | p o s i t i o n(kg) |
| 3,210                      |                     |
| characteristics            |                     |
| characteristics            |                     |
| 780                        |                     |
| 1120                       |                     |
| LENGTH,travel position (m) |                     |
| 5 40                       |                     |
| 4 80                       |                     |
| 2                          | 70                  |
| WIDTH, travel position(m)  |                     |
| 1.95                       |                     |
| 150                        |                     |
| 280                        |                     |
| HEIGHT,                    | travel              |
| (m)                        |                     |
| 1.66                       |                     |
| INA                        |                     |
| 140                        |                     |
| FIRE                       | CONTROL             |
| panoramic                  |                     |
| telescope                  |                     |
| Frag                       | HE.                 |
| CP                         |                     |
| AMMUNITION (types)         | HE                  |
| CP,                        |                     |
| nuclear                    |                     |
| PERFORMANCE                |                     |
| direct                     |                     |
| fire                       |                     |
| sight                      |                     |
| and                        |                     |
| panoramic                  |                     |
| telescope                  |                     |
| directfire sight           |                     |
| and                        |                     |
| panoramic                  |                     |
| telescope                  |                     |
| direct                     | tire                |
| and                        |                     |
| panoramic                  |                     |
| telescope                  |                     |
| direct fire sight          |                     |
| and                        |                     |
| panoramic                  |                     |
| telescope                  |                     |
| Elavation( c )             |                     |
| 0                          | to + 5 5            |
| 0 lo *60                   |                     |
| Frag-HE,                   | HEAT                |
| Traaverse                  | (Dl                 |
| 3 0  total                 |                     |
| 20                         | total               |
| 37,500**                   |                     |
| 18,025                     | (B-4M)              |
| Maximum                    |                     |
| range                      |                     |
| (m)                        |                     |
| INA                        |                     |
| 601                        | (HE)                |
| Muzzlevelocity (m/sec)     |                     |
| Frag-HE,                   |                     |
| HEAT-FS,                   |                     |
| smoke                      |                     |
| (WP),                      |                     |
| i l l u m i n a t i n g ,  |                     |
| incendiary                 |                     |
| Rate                       |                     |
| of                         |                     |
| fire                       |                     |
| Frag-HE, HEAT-FS,          |                     |
| s m o k e                  | (WP),               |
| illuminating,              |                     |
| chemical,                  |                     |
| flechette,                 |                     |
| leaflet, incendiary,       |                     |
| SLP                        |                     |
| Frag                       | HE.                 |
| smoke                      |                     |
| (WP),                      |                     |
| illuminating,              |                     |
| chemical,flechette,        |                     |
| leaflet,incendiary,        |                     |
| SLP                        |                     |
| I                          |                     |
| 0 5                        |                     |
| Maximum(rd/min)            |                     |
|                            |                     |
| Sustained, 1 s thr (rd)    |                     |
|                            |                     |
| 20                         |                     |
| INA                        |                     |
| -                          | 4                   |
| lo                         |                     |
| *80                        | -                   |
| - 7                        |                     |
| lo                         |                     |
| +70                        |                     |
| -                          | 5                   |
| lo                         | +65                 |
| NA                         |                     |
| NA                         |                     |
| 70                         | total               |
| 360                        |                     |
| 50 total                   |                     |
| Armor penetration          |                     |
| (mm                        |                     |
| @                          |                     |
| 0'                         |                     |
| o b l i q u i t y          |                     |
| @                          |                     |
| 1.000                      | m)                  |
|                            |                     |
| 15.300                     |                     |
| 8,800                      | 15.300              |
| 10,500                     | 11.500              |
| UNIT                       | OF                  |
|                            |                     |
| 40                         |                     |
| INA                        |                     |
| INA                        |                     |
| 600                        | (Frag-HE)           |
| NA                         |                     |
| BASIC                      | LOUD                |
|                            |                     |
| INA                        |                     |
| 890                        |                     |
| (Frag-HE)                  |                     |
| 740                        | (HEAT)              |
| 690                        |                     |
| (FragH E )                 |                     |
| 740 (HEAT)                 |                     |
| 60+/60+                    |                     |
| EMPLACEMENT/DISPLACEMENT   |                     |
|                            |                     |
| TIME(min)                  |                     |
|                            |                     |
| INA                        |                     |
| 5 8                        |                     |
| 6 - 8                      |                     |
| 7 - 8                      |                     |
| 1 5                        |                     |
| DOI                        |                     |
|                            |                     |
| 1975                       |                     |
| INA                        | 70                  |
| 75                         |                     |
| 100                        |                     |
| B-4 1931                   |                     |
| B-4M; post-WWII            |                     |
| INA                        |                     |
| STATUS                     |                     |
| standard                   |                     |
| 460                        |                     |
| (HEATFS,                   |                     |
| any                        |                     |
| range)                     |                     |
| 460                        | (HEAT-FS,           |
| any                        |                     |
| range)                     |                     |
| 8 4                        | obsolete            |
| B-4M limited standard      |                     |
| 300                        | (HEAT,              |
| any                        |                     |
| range)                     |                     |
| 80                         |                     |
| 80                         |                     |
| 8 0  (estimated)           |                     |
| 140                        |                     |

## Footnotes *B-4/B-4M

40
NA
6 0
NA

**Also known t o  have extended-rangecapability o f  50,00

15-25/15-2.5
1/1
(indirectfire missions)
05/05
varies
1974
1963
1985
1966
standard
standard
standard
standard

  The M1966 has split box-section trails and a
relatively small, two-piece, flat-sloped shield with
winged sides and a scalloped top. The shield has
large wheel cutouts for the swing-axle-mounted
wheels. There is a direct fire sight aperture in the
left shield section. The shield lacks a sliding
central section.

  The weapon may break down into two animal
loads for transport. A light truck can tow it when
it is fully assembled. This gun can probably fire
the same projectiles a s  the 76-mm field gun

ZIS-3 (M1942). Its maximum range is between
10,500 and 11,500 meters.

  The M1966 first appeared publicly during a
1966 Soviet May Day parade in Baku. It probably
replaces the 76-mm mountain gun M1938since it
has improved performance over the older weapon.
This gun is rarely seen in the USSR and is not
known to be deployed outside the USSR. Some
MRDs may use it in mountainous terrain. The
GAZ-66 truck can tow it. Helicopters can air-lift
both the gun and prime mover.

  The 2S9is an amphibious, 120-mm SP howitzer
mounted on a stretched version of the BMD
chassis. The chassis of the BMD is light enough
for air insertion of the weapon, but is also strong
enough for the recoil of the 120-mmhowitzer. The
large turret is in the middle of the chassis, which
has six road wheels. The smooth barrel has no
bore evacuator or muzzle brake.

  Airborne and air assault units employ this SP
howitzer. It significantly increases their organic
fire support capabilities. The 2S9 can move rapidly
cross-country with the BMD-equipped forces. In
addition to the normal trajectory of the howitzer,
the 2S9can fireupon reverse slopes with a mortar

capability. This is especially useful in mountainous
terrain. Besides conventional Frag-HE, the 2S9
can probably fire HEAT rounds in a limited
antitank/antiarmor role.

  The 2S9 was previously known as the M1981
in the West. Its Soviet nickname is Anona (custard
apple). It first appeared publicly during the May
1985 parade in Moscow. It may replace the
120-mm mortar in airborne regiments and towed
artillery in airborne divisions. Various Western
sources have erroneously termed this versatile
weapon a "gun/mortar" or "gun/howitzer." It
actually combines the functions of a mortar and
a howitzer.

  The D-30 has a unique three-trail carriage, a
conspicuous box-like shield for the recoil-recuperator
mechanism mounted above the tube, and a small
protective shield which is fitted between the
wheels. The gun has a semiautomatic, vertically
sliding, wedge-type breechblock. A truck (Ural-375
or ZIL-131)or armored tractor can tow it at speeds
up to 80 kilometers per hour. It is towed muzzle-
first by a large lunette just under the muzzle brake,
withits trails folded under the barrel. Early models
of the D-30 had a multibaffle muzzle brake; more
recent models have a double-baffle muzzle brake
similar to that used on the SP version 2S1.

  The D-30 may be organic to the howitzer bat-
talion of BTR-equipped MRRs and to the artillery
regiment of MRDs, TDs, and airborne divisions.
Its maximum effective range is 15,300 meters.

   In firing position, the crew of eight unhitches
the gun; it lowers the central emplacement jack,
raising the wheels high enough to clear the trail
legs; and it spreads the two outer trails 120 degrees
on each side. The revolving mount permits 360

degrees traverse and is equipped for high and low
angles of fire. This makes the D-30 fully suitable
for antitank defense.

  The D-30 fires a variable-charge, case-type,
separate-loading ammunition. It has a special non-
rotating, fin-stabilized HEAT projectile which
allows it to effectively engage armored vehicles
with direct fire. The D-30 can also fire a flechette
round.

## Limita Tions:

It is doubtful that full elevation is possible when the breech is directly over a trail leg.

  The D-30 was formerly known as the M1963.
It replaces the older 122-mmhowitzer M-30 (M1938).
Introduced in 1963, the D-30 is now in service
throughout the USSR and Warsaw Pact forces. The
USSR has also exported it to other countries. The
D-30 is probably still in production; however, the
2S1 may eventually replace it in some BTR-equipped
MRRs.

   The chassis of the 2S1somewhat resembles that
of the PT-76. However, the 2S1 is mounted on a
chassis derived from the MT-LB, known as the
MT-LBu.The 2S1 has seven road wheels (versus
six for either PT-76 or MT-LB) and no return
rollers. Its drive sprocket is at the front, and the
idler is at the rear. Like the MT-LB, the 2S1can
use two different widths of track. The wider tracks
lower the ground pressure and facilitate travel over
soft terrain. The amphibious 2S1 is propelled
through the water by its tracks.

  The boat-like hull contains the engine com-
partment at the right front. The driver's compart-
ment is at the left front, with the driver's hatch
to the left of the gun tuhe. A low-silhouette, rotating
turret tops the fighting compartment in the rear
of the hull. Atop the all-welded turret are the com-
mander's cupola (with its single hatch cover) on
the left and the loader's hatch on the right. The
gunner, also located in the left side of the turret,
has no hatch. The commander and driver have
IR night sighting equipment; however, there is no
IR gunnery equipment. An interesting feature on
the turret is the teardrop-shaped port cover on the
left front near the gunner's position. The 2S1 h a s
a direct fire sight besides its panoramic telescope.
The vehicle has a collective NBC overpressure and
filtration protective system.

  The long 122-mm howitzer on the rounded front
of the turret derives from the towed 122-mmhow-
itzer D-30. The double-baffle muzzle brake is flush
with the forward edge of the hull; the bore evac-
uator is midway along the tube.

  The 2S1is distinguished from the 152-mmSP
howitzer 2S3 by itssmaller turret and less massive
gun. The 2S1also has a single unit shield for the
recoil-recuperator mechanism above the tube. The
2S3 has two separate cylinders above the tuhe.
Also, the tube of the 2S1 does not extend beyond
the front of the vehicle, while the 2S3tube does.

  The 2S1 is organic to the howitzer battalions
of BMP-equipped (and some BTR-equipped) MRRs
and TRs. Since it is tracked and amphibious, it
has the cross-country capability necessary to keep
pace with supported BMPs and tanks. It has a
maximum range of 15,300 meters. The Soviets use
it extensively in a direct fire role against armored
vehicles or in breaching minefields and other
obstacles.

   The vehicle has a relatively light weight of less
than 16 metric tons. It also has a ground pressure
of approximately 0.5 kilograms per square centi-
meter. This allows it to operate in swamps and

deep snow and also contributes to its amphibious
capability. Track drive propels it in water as well
as on land. The light weight and low profile also
make air-lifting easier. The tightly sealed hull with
its filtration system enables the 2S1 to operate in
irradiated or contaminated zones as well as under
heavy dust conditions. The turret has a ball-bearing
race and an electric drive for rapid traverse, al-
though precise aiming is performed with a manual
drive. A ramming mechanism speeds up the loading
process, and the gun ejects fired cases automatically.

  The 2S1 appeared in public for the first time
in 1974. It had the provisional designation M1974.
Although the 2S1 h a s  been variously termed a
gun, a gun-howitzer, or a howitzer, the Soviet press
calls it a howitzer. Its introduction coincided with
the expansion of the Soviet MRR's artillery battery
to a battalion and with the introduction of the
ACRV 1V12 series, which is associated with SP
artillery units. The SP howitzer 2S1 provides the
Soviet Army with highly mobile firepower that fits
neatly into its doctrine of the offensive. Some
non-Soviet Warsaw Pact armies also use it. Newer
122-mm howitzers may have a nuclear capability.

   Because of its light weight, the 2S1 offers only
slight armor protection for its four-man crew.

## 130-Mm Field Gun M-46 Description:

  The 130-mm field gun M-46 has a recognizable
long, thin tube with a cylindrical, perforated
(pepperpot-type) muzzle brake. It has a hydro-
pneumatic recuperator and a recoil cylinder located
above and below the tube, respectively. For travel,
the crew withdraws the tube from battery to reduce
the overall length of the weapon. The rearward-
angled, winged shield may then hide the recuper
ator above the tube from sight. The gun has a
manually operated horizontal sliding wedge breech
block. It fires case-type, variable-charge, separate-
loading ammunition. It has night direct fire sights
(IR and/or passive in nature).

  The gun is mounted on a two-wheeled split trail
carriage with large sponge-filled rubber tires on
each of the single wheels. For travel, it has a
two-wheeled limber. A truck or armored tractor can
tow it at speeds up to 50 kilometers per hour. The
trails consist of steel plates welded into box-section
construction.

   Gun battalions of artillery brigades organic at
front and army levels use the M-46. These bat-
talions may be assigned to maneuver divisions as
part of a divisional artillery group (DAG).

  The M-46 is an excellent indirect fire weapon
with high muzzle velocity and exceptional range
(27,490 meters). It is also a formidable antitank
weapon with impressive armor penetration capa-
bility. Its tactical role usually is counterbattery.

  The M-46 first appeared in public in May 1954.
The West originally knew it as the M1954. The
armies of many countries, both communist and
noncommunist, still use it. Since 1978, however,
two new nuclear-capable guns, the 152-mm field
gun 2A36 and the 152-mm SP gun 2S5,have begun
to replace the M-46 in Soviet forces.

## D - 2 0 Description:

engage armored targets with direct fire. A truck or armored tractor (AT-L) can tow it.

  The D-20 is a very large gun-howitzer, equating
to 6-inch caliber. It is heavy for a simple towed
carriage. Its restricted mobility, however, is some-
what compensated for by its range.

  The D-20 uses the same carriage as the obso-
lescent 122-mm field gun D-74. This short, split-
trail carriage has distinguishable features: caster
wheels, folded upward for travel, at the end of
each trail; a prominent central emplacement jack
connected to the bottom forward cradle; and a
scalloped, winged shield with traveling central
portion. The tube, however, differs from that of
the D-74 in that it is much shorter (29 versus 47
calibers) and larger in diameter, and has a larger
double-baffle muzzle brake. Both guns have a two-
cylinder recoil mechanism above the tube; both
tubes are prominently stepped, with a semi-
automatic, vertically sliding, wedge breechblock.
Both guns also fire similar case-type, variable-
charge, separateloading ammunition.

  The D-20 was formerly known a s  the M1955
or M-55. First introduced in 1955, it replaced the
heavier, less powerful, 152-mm gun-howitzer ML-20
(M1937)in the Soviet and Warsaw P a d  inventory.
It is now organic to army/front-levelartillery while
the S P  version 2S3 is in the artillery regiment
organic to MRDs and TDs. All Warsaw Pact
armies except Bulgaria now import the D-20. The
Soviet Army is now introducing a new 152-mm
gun-howitzer 2A65. The 2A65 has an extended
range of 30,000 meters and a conventional maxi-
mum 24,000-m range. It fires the same rounds as
the D-20, including a semiactive laser-guided
projectile (SLP).

  The D-20 is organic to the artillery division of
a Soviet front and to the artillery brigade of a
TA or CAA. The circular emplacement jack and
caster wheels make it possible to rotate the whole
gun swiftly up to 360 degrees. The gun also has
direct fire sights for both day and night. It can



  The 2S3 comprises a modified version of the
152-mm towed gun-howitzer D-20 and a chassis
similar to the SA-4/GANEF launch vehicle. The
thick tube extends beyond the front of the hull
by the length of the double-baffle muzzle brake.
It differs from the D-20 in its addition of a bore
evacuator just behind the muzzle brake; a brace
attached just behind the bore evacuation supports
the tube in travel position. The running gear differs
from that of the SA-4 in that it has only six road
wheels (withlarger spacesbetween the three front
wheels only) and different spacing between the four
support rollers.

   The driver sits in the left front of the vehicle,
with the engine located on the right side. The
commander sits at the left center of the turret,
with the gunner in front of him. The loader is at
the right side of the turret. The crew uses a hatch
in the rear of the hull for loading ammunition.
There is also a large hatch on the right side of
the turret for loading ammunition and discarding
expended brass. The commander's cupola mounts
a 7.62-mm machine gun.

The 2S3 provides highly mobile, all-terrain fire

support for MRDs and TDs. Its maximum range
of 17,230 meters with a Frag-HE round is the
same as that of the 152-mm towed gun-howitzer
D-20. It also fires a RAP round to an extended
range of 20,500 meters. Unlike the 122-mm S P
howitzer 2S1,it is not amphibious.
LIMITATIONS:

##

  The twin recuperators above the tube restrict
the elevation to +63degrees. Armor is thin-skinned,
providing only minimum protection for the four-
man crew
REMARKS:

  The 2S3 first appeared in the Soviet inventory
in 1973. It somewhat resembles the US 155-mm
SP howitzer M-109.

   Since its introduction, the 2S3 has gradually
been replacing two other systems: the towed 152-mm
howitzer D-1 (M1943) in the artillery regiment of
MRDs, and the towed 122-mm howitzer D-30 in
the artillery regiment of both MRDs and TDs. Also,
the 2S3is currently replacing some towed 152-mm
artillery in the front-level artillery division. The
Soviet Army is now introducing a new 152-mm
SP gun-howitzer 2S19. It probably has the same
range as the towed 2A65.

  The towed, nuclear-capable152-mm field gun
                                                   Soviet forces. It also shows the importance the
2A36, along with its SP counterpart 2S5,is replac-
                                                   Soviets continue to place upon towed artillery for
ing the 130-mm field gun M-46 in the gun bat-
                                                   supporting fires. The 2A36 has a maximum
talions organic to artillery brigades at front and
                                                   range of 28,000 meters and an extended range of
army levels. This gun has a distinctive four-
                                                   33,000 meters.
wheeled carriage. The Soviets have fielded it since
1978 and now deploy it in their forces in Eastern
                                                   REMARKS:
Europe. This deployment suggests the importance
that Soviet doctrine places on the capability to
                                                      The provisional designation for the 2A36 was
deliver low-yield nuclear strikes relatively close to
                                                   M1976.

## Fm 100-2-3


152-mm Self-Propelled Gun 2S5

during 1982. This deployment is part of an up-
grade of Soviet nuclear and conventional theater
forces. It indicates the importance Soviet doctrine
places on the capability to deliver low-yield
nuclear strikes relatively close to Soviet forces.
Both the 2S5 and the 2A36 have a maximum
range of 28,000 meters and an extended range of
33,000 meters.

  The 152-mm SP gun 2S5 was previously known
as the M1981. It is an unturreted gun mounted
on a six-road-wheeled tracked chassis similar to
that of the 152-mm SP howitzer 2S3. The nuclear-
capable 2S5, along with its towed counterpart
2A36, is replacing the 130-mm field gun M-46 in
gun battalions organic to artillery brigades at
army level. The Soviets fielded it in 1981 and
deployed it with their forces in Eastern Europe

have adapted it to fire a nuclear round.

## Limita Tions:

  The M1931 has a very limited traverse of 10
degrees in either direction and a slow rate of fire
of 0.5 rounds per minute. (Some reports indicate
that the rate of fire is one round per minute.)
When towed, it must employ a two-wheeled limber
(front running gear).

  The 203-mm howitzer M1931 (B-4) has a rela-
tively short tube, only 25 calibers long. It has a
hydraulic recoil buffer, a hydropneumatic recu-
perator, and a screw-type breechblock. It fires
bag-type, variable-charge, separate-loading ammu-
nition. Early models used a full-track, but not SP,
carriage in firing position and for short moves.
For longer moves, the tube was removable for
transport on a separate four-wheeled tube trans-
porter. On later models (B-4M), a large four-
wheeled carriage replaced the tracked one to
permit long moves without removing the tube. In
firing position, the wheels of the B-4M are raised.
and the weapon rests on a firing platform. Both
models use the same box trail and are towed by
the AT-T tracked artillery tractor.

The M1931 fires a 98.8-kg HE round to a maximum range of 18,025 meters. The Soviets

  The M1931 (B-4) is a rather old weapon. The
Soviets developed it in 1931 and adopted it for
service in 1934. The modified version (B-4M) with
four-wheeled carriage appeared only after World
War II. It may be found in the high-powered artil-
lery brigade at front level. The 203-mm SP gun
2S7 is now replacing the B-4M. The 2S7 mounts
on a tracked chassis.

  The 2S7 is an unturreted gun mounted on a
long, tracked chassis. It has seven evenly spaced,
T-80-typeroad wheels and six support rollers. The
drive sprocket is at the front of the suspension.
The idler wheel at the rear can he lowered hydrau-
lically all the way to the ground, along with the
large, dozer blade-like spade on the rear of the
vehicle; this gives the SP gun increased stability
during firing.

  The boat-like bow projects far beyond the front
of the suspension. Extending across the entire
width of the bow is an armored cab for the driver
and crew. The cab has two windows, which can
be covered with steel shutters; it also has an NBC
collective protection system. Located directly b e
hind the cab is the engine compartment, with rec-
tangular exhaust vents on both sides of the hull.

  The massive gun tube is mounted well to the
rear, extending far beyond the front of the vehicle.
In travel position, it is secured by a tie-down ring
attached to the center of the cab roof. The tube
has no muzzle brake but has a slight thickening
at the muzzle. Above and below the rear of the
gun tube are the recoil cylinder and recuperator.
The power-assisted loading mechanism is on the
right side of the breech; the gunner sits on the
left side of the breech; and the cannonier services
the gun from a platform on the left rear of the
vehicle. A radio antenna is mounted atop the left
side of the hull, roughly above the fifth road
wheel.

The 2S7 is organic to the high-powered artillery brigade, which may be allocated to a front.

gun has a maximum range of 37,500 meters
an extended range of 50,000 meters. It can
nuclear projectiles, as well as other ammuni-
types.

## Iitations:

'he open gun mount provides no protection for four-man crew in firing position.

  The West first observed the 2S7 in 1975. It had
the provisional designation M1975. It replaced the
older 203-mm howitzer M1931 (B-4M) in high-
powered artillery brigades. In some cases, the 2S7
may also be organic to the artillery division at
front level; for example, in WGF. The 2S7 chassis
may derive from the same type chassis as the
heavy tracked artillery tractor MT-T. It is also
similar to the SA-12 SAM system vehicle.

## Mortars

Mortarcharacterietice
120-MM
MORTAR
M 1 9 4 3
1 2 0 - M M
MORTAR
2B11
(M-120)
160-MM
MORTAR
M-160
82-MM
AUTOMATIC
MORTAR
2 B 9
240-MM
MORTAR
M - 2 4 0
240-MM
SP
MORTAR
2S4
82-MM
MORTAR
M1937
(1942-43
VERSION)
CHARACTERISTICS
120-MM
SP MORTAR
2 S 1 2
(M-120)
DOI
1943
1983
1943
early 1980s
early 1980s
1953
1952
1975
STATUS
obsolescent
standard
standard
standard
standard
standard
limited
standard
standard
CREW
5
3
6
INA
INA
6-7
8-9
INA
CALIBER (mm)
82
82
120
120
120
160
240
240
WEIGHT
Total (kg)
55.8
800
521.5
INA
INA
1,314
4,240
INA
Firing Position (kg)
55.8
INA
283.5
INA
INA
1,291
3.610
INA
MOUNT (type)
baseplate and
split-trail carriage, baseplate and
baseplate and
GAZ-66
baseplate and
baseplate and
SP, tracked
bipod
with emplacement bipod
bipod
truck
wheels
wheels
chasiss
jack
BASEPLATE WEIGHT (kg) 35*
NA
94**
INA
INA
240 (baseplate
685 (baseplate
INA
normally not
normally not
detached)
detached)
SIGHTING DEVICE
collimator sight.
INA
collimator sight,
INA
INA
panoramic telepanoramic tele-
INA
MP-42
MP-42
scope, MP-46M scope, MP-46M
(on-carriage);
(on-carriage);
colliamtor (offcollimator (off
carriage)
carriage)
AMMUNITION (types)
Frag-HE, smoke, Frag-HE,smoke,
Frag-HE. HE.
Frag-HE,
Frag-HE.
HE
HE, nuclear,
HE, nuclear,
illuminating,
illuminating,
smoke, illumismoke, illumismoke, illumichemical
chemical
incendiary
incendiary,
nating, incennating, incennating, incenpossible
diary, possible
diary, possible diary, possible
chemical
chemical
chemical
chemical
PERFORMANCE
Elevation (c)
+45 to +85
0 to +85
+45 to +80
INA
INA
+50 to +80
+45 to +70
INA
Traverse (c)
10 total
20 total
6 total
INA
INA
25 total
17 total
INA
Maximum range (m)
3.040
5,000
5.700
7,200
7,200
8,040
9,700***
9,700***
Minimum range (m)
90
100
500
460
460
750
800
800
Rate of Fire
Maximum (rd/min)
25
40-60
9
10
10
3
1
INA
Sustained, 1st hr (rd)
210(10-finrd)
INA
70
INA
INA
48
38 (25 with
INA
140(6-finrd)
heaviest charge)
Muzzle velocity
210.5 (Frag-HE) INA
272 (Frag-HE. HE) INA
INA
343 (HE)
362 (HE)
INA
(m/sec)
UNIT OF **FIRE** (rd)
120
INA
80
INA
INA
80
40
INA
EMPLACEMENT/DIS-
varies
varies
varies
varies
varies
varies
varies
INA
PLACEMENT TIME (min)
.
FOOTNOTES
'23.5 kilograms for bipod.
**68 kilograms for bipod.
""Also known to have emended-range capability of 20.000 meters.

  The 82-mmautomatic mortar 2B9 differs vastly
from earlier mortars in its appearance. It uses a
conventional artillery carriage with split trails
and an emplacement jack located at the front. In
the firing position, the jack is lowered and the
wheels pivot forward, lifting off the ground. This
permits the three-mancrew to rapidly traverse and
shift the fires of the weapon. The GAZ-66 truck
may tow or carry the mortar.

  The 2B9 is breech-loaded with ammunition fed
automatically from 4-round ammunition clips. It
can also he hand-loaded. In the photo above, the
loader i n  the foreground is holding one clip;
another clip is already on the loading tray on the
right of the mortar.

  The 2B9 has a maximum range of 5,000 meters,
a minimum range of 100 meters, and a 10-degree
traverse i n  either direction. It fires Frag-HE,
illuminating, incendiary smoke, and possibly

chemical rounds. The Soviet press has reported a
(cyclic) rate of fire of up to 120 rounds per minute.
However, the practical rate of fire is approxi-
mately 40 to 60 rounds per minute; a 4-round
hurst leaves the tube in as little a s  2 seconds.
This quick volume of fire considerably increases
the shock effect of the first hurst of fire on targets
such as infantry and crew-served weapons. The
mortar h a s  a shorter minimum range than the
M1943: 100 versus 500 meters. This a n d  a n
increased rate of fire significantly improve the
firepower of a n  MRB. The 2B9 serves as an alter-
native to 120-mm mortars in some MRBs.



  The Soviet nickname for the 2B9 is Vasilek.
(This i s  pronounced va-sil-YOK a n d  means
"cornflower.") The Soviets used a n  S P  version
mounted on the rear deck of the MT-LB tracked
armored vehicle i n  Afghanistan. I t  had t h e
mortar elevated on steel boxes and its carriage
wheels removed.

120-mm Mortar M1943



  The M1943 is a conventional, muzzle-loading,
smoothbore mortar with a large circular base
plate. For movement over short distances, it can
quickly break down into three parts: barrel, bipod,
and baseplate. For normal travel, the whole
weapon folds together, and a GAZ-66 truck tows
it on a two-wheeled tubular carriage. It also can
travel in the truck's bed. If necessary, animals can
pack the mortar in its three parts.

  The M1943 is standard equipment in the
mortar battery of an MRB (in MRRs and in the
TR of the TD), in the mortar battery of a n
assault or parachute battalion (in air assault or
airmobile assault brigades), and in the mortar
battery of an airborne regiment. Each battery has
six or eight tubes.

  This mortar can be drop-or lanyard-fired. The
Soviets have retrofitted it with a special muzzle
device to prevent double loading. The outer casing
of the HE ammunition can consist of either
wrought or cast iron. The latter is more effective
against personnel, but slightly reduced in maxi-
mum range. The baseplate mounting of the M1943

permits all-azimuth firing. The M1943has a maxi-
mum range of 5,700 meters and a minimum range
of 500 meters.

   As with most Soviet mortars, the M1943 is diffi-
cult to turn rapidly over a wide traverse. However,
it can accommodate small-angle shifts (of up to 6
degrees) without shifting the bipod.

  The M1943 is also known simply as M43. The
Soviets first introduced it in 1943 as a modified
version of the older 120-mm mortar M1938. It dif-
fers from the M1938 in having longer shock
absorber cylinders and more sophisticated elevat-
ing and traversing gear. Although the M1943has
virtually replaced the M1938 as the mortar of the
Soviet infantry battalions, the armies of other
Warsaw Pact nations have both models. However,
the new 120-mm mortar M-120 and 82-mm auto-
matic mortar 2B9 (the Vasilek) are now replacing
the M1943 in the Soviet Army.



120-mm Mortar 2B11 (M-120)



  The 120-mm mortar 2B11resembles the older
M1943 version, with several improvements. Like
the M1943, the 2B11 has a special safety device
to prevent double loading when the mortar round
is not fired or not removed from the tube. When
a round is loaded, it trips a tab on the tube, pre-
venting another round from being loaded. This tab
shifts to the "ready" position when the round fires,
allowing the 2B11 to be reloaded. The 2B11is
mounted on a lightweight carriage for towing by
either the GAZ-66 or UAZ-469light trucks.

   The rate of fire is 10 rounds per minute with 6
seconds required to reload the tube for the next
firing. T h e  2 B 1 1 mortar can fire a projectile
weighing almost 16 kilograms to a maximum range

of 7,200 meters. It has a minimum range of 460
meters and is nine times lighter than a 122-mm
howitzer.

  The 2Bll is organic to the mortar batteries of
MRRs and airborne regiments. Each battery has
six or eight tubes.

  The 120-mm mortar originally identified a s
M-120 has at least two versions. The Soviets call
the towed version 2 B 1 1and the self-propelled
version 2S12. Some mortar batteries have replaced
the older 120-mm mortar M1943 with the 2B11,
others with the 2S12. Still other batteries employ
the 82-mm automatic mortar 2B9 (Vasilek).

## 120-Mm Self-Propelled Mortar 2S12 (M-120) Description: Remarks:



  The 2512 is a self-propelled version of the 120-
                                                         The Soviet nickname for the 2512 is Sani (sled).
mm mortar 2Bll (M-120) carried on the bed of a
                                                      There are also reports of the 2512 mounted on a
GAZ-66 truck.
                                                      modified MT-LB chassis.


Same as for 2B11. The SP model provides even more mobility for this versatile mortar.

to the firing position and fires the round wit
lanyard attached to the trigger. The M-160 has a
maximum range of 8,040 meters and a minimum
range of 750 meters.

  The 160-mm mortar M-160 is a breech-loaded,
trigger-fired weapon. It has a relatively long tube,
a large circular baseplate with four lifting handles,
and permanently attached wheels. The GAZ-66
general purpose cargo truck normally tows it.

## Remarks: Capabilities:

  The crew releases the entire tube from the base
and rotates it to a horizontal position for loading.
A tray-served round then is hand-rammed into the
breech end of the tube. The crew returns the tube

  The Soviets introduced the M-160 in 1953 as a
replacement for the older 160-mm mortar M1943.
Compared to its predecessor, the M-160 has a
longer tube and greater range. Some divisions
have the M-160 instead of 152-mm howitzers.

  The 240-mm mortar M-240 is the largest Soviet
towed mortar. It is also the largest mortar used
by any army in the world. It has a very large
baseplate with star-shaped ribbing on the under-
side, a very long tube (5,340 millimeters), small
vertical cylinders on either side of the tube just
above the axle, and a collar around the tube in
which the trunnions are located. A truck or tracked
artillery tractor tows the M-240 muzzle-first. It also
carriesthe ammunition and the eight-or nine-man
crew.

The M-240 is a trigger-fired and breech-loaded mortar. It is similar in operation to the M-160.

Its wheels remain attached during firing.

  The M-240 has a maximum range of 9,700
meters and a minimum range of 800 meters. It
fires HE, chemical, and nuclear rounds, Its maxi-
mum rate of fire is only one round per minute.

## Limita Tions:

  The M-240 has reasonable elevation but only
limited traverse. For loading, the crew rotates the
tube on its trunnions to the horizontal position.
Lifting the round to the breech, which is more
than five feet off the ground, is a four- or five-
man task. The short range of the mortar must
present a problem for deployment in a nuclear role.

  The Soviets first produced the M-240, also
known as the M1953 or M-53, in 1952. The West
first saw it in 1953. It is no longer in production.
Soviet forces originally employed it in roles where
US forces would use medium artillery. In recent
years, they have adapted it to fire nuclear rounds
and relegated it to service in some independent
high-powered artillery brigades at front level. They
have some in reserve stocks. The 240-mm SP
mortar 2S4, believed to be a modification of the
M-240 system, is now in service.

meters. This SP version can fire to an extended range of 20,000 meters. The 2S4 can also fire chemical and nuclear rounds.

  The use of the SP mount overcomes the towed
M-240's significant shortcomings in mobility,
greatly decreasing the emplacement/displacement
time. It also circumvents serious handling and
loading problems for the massive 240-mm rounds.
A power-assisted rammer pushes rounds stowed in
the vehicle hull into the breech of the mortar; the
mortar pivots on its trunnions to bring the breech
near the rear of the hull for loading.

 The 2S4 system comprises a heavy mortar
carriedin an open mount atop the same type of
cracked chassis used for the SA-4 SAM system,
one2S3 SP howitzer, and the 2S5 SP gun. The
uspension features six road wheels and four
support rollers. It has more space between the
rst, second, and third road wheels. The mortar
travels with its muzzle forward; the muzzle does
ot extend to the front of the vehicle, only even
rith the first road wheel. The large baseplate has
yourflat sides, rounded corners, and a star pattern
n its bottom. It is folded a t  a forward angle
bove the breech in travel position. The crew uses
 remote console to hydraulically lower the mortar
cover the back of the vehicle into firing position.
'he barrel points rearward when the baseplate
ests on the ground.

  Like the M-240, the 2S4 has only limited tra-
verse capability. The open mount provides no pro-
tection for the crew in firing position. The mortar's
short range must present a problem when the 2S4
has a nuclear role.

   The 2S4 was first observed in 1975; therefore,
it originally received the provisional designation
M1975. It is a replacement for the towed M-240
in high-powered artillery brigades.

  The 2S4is organic to the high-powered artillery
brigadewhich may be allocated to a front. The
n o r t a r  is essentially identical to the towed
240-mmmortar M-240,which it is replacing. Like
he M-240, it is capable of firing a standard
30-kg HE round to a maximum range of 9,700

## Rocket Launchers

| Rocket launcher armament    | char                |
|-----------------------------|---------------------|
| 122-MM                      |                     |
| 1 2 2 - M M                 |                     |
| 122-MM                      |                     |
| 220-MM                      |                     |
| A R M A M E N T             |                     |
| ROCKET LAUNCHER             |                     |
| ROCKET LAUNCHER             |                     |
| ROCKET LAUNCHER             |                     |
| ROCKET LAUNCHER             |                     |
| CHARACTERISTICS             |                     |
| (40-RD) B M - 2 1           |                     |
| (36-RD) B M - 2 1 - 1       | (12-RD) B M - 2 1 V |
| (16-RD) B M - 2 2           |                     |
1975
1964
DOI
1976
1977
standard
standard
STATUS
standard
standard
LAUNCHER
0 to +56.5
Elevation (c)
0 to +55
approximately 0 to +55
Traverse (c)
240 (estimated)
270
168
(100 left, 68 r i g h t )
ROUND
C a l i b e r(mm)
220
122
122
Total w e i g h t(kg)
approx~mately 300
66.0
66.0
Length, overall (m)
4.80
2.87
2 87
Type of stabilization
fin and s p i n
f i nand spin
f i n  and spin
fin and spin
RANGE
Maximum (m)
Minimum
Direct f i r e(m)
INA
500
Indirect fire (m)
approxlmately 5,000
1,500
WARHEAD (types)
Frag-HE,chemical,ICM
Frag-HE,chemical,
incendiary
(scatterable AP and AT mines;
frag and i n c e n d i a r y
bomblets)
UNIT OF FIRE (rd)
48
INA
EMPLACEMENT TIME.
launcher preloaded (min)
INA
Rocket launcher vehicle characteristic8
ROCKET LAUNCHER
ROCKET LAUNCHER
ROCKET LAUNCHER
(12-RD)  B M - 2 1 V
(16-RD) BM-22
( 3 6 - R D )  B M - 2 1 - 1
VEHICLE
ROCKET LAUNCHER
CHARACTERISTICS
(40-RD) BM-21
CREW
MODEL
ZIL-135 (8
8)
GAZ-66B(4
4)
approximately23,000
6.000
WEIGHT, with launcher
and rockets (kg)
approxlmately 9.30
LENGTH, travel position(m)
approximately 2.80
WIDTH, travel position (m)
approx~mately 3.20
HEIGHT, travel position (m)
approxlmately 65
ROAD SPEED, maximum
(km/hr)
approximately 770
FUEL CAPACITY (liters)
210
approximately 520
ROAD RANGE (km)
875

## Em-21 Description:

  The BM-21 is distinguishable from other MRLs
by its square-cornered, 40-tube launching apparatus
with 4 banks of 10 tubes. A protective canvas often
covers the apparatus. The BM-21 is mounted on
the Ural-375D 6 x 6 truck chassis, which has a
distinctive fender design and a spare tire on the
rear side of the cab. The BM-21 h a s  no blast
shields on the driver's cab. However, the material
used in the cab windows and windscreen is strong
enough to withstand the overpressures and other
effects associated with the firing of 122-mm rockets.

  The BM-21's crew can fire it either from the
cab or remotely from a distance of up to 60 meters
when using a cable set. They can fire some or all
rockets at a fixed 0.5-sec interval. They can fire
single rockets manually at any desired interval.
This five-man crew can reload the launcher in 8
to 10 minutes.

  The BM-21 fires a rocket with a range of 20.380
meters. Each launch tube is grooved to impart a
slow rotary motion to the rocket. However, the
rocket is primarily fin-stabilized. This combination
of spin- a n d  fin-stabilization ensures closely
grouped fire at ranges of up to 16 kilometers.

  On explosion, the warhead produces a great
fragmentation effect and shock wave. The warhead
fill may be Frag-HE, chemical, or incendiary.

  Because of its high volume of fire and large
area coverage, the BM-21 is well suited for use
against troops in the open, for use in artillery
preparations, and for delivery of chemical concen-
trations. One volley from a BM-21 battalion is 720
rounds. Because these weapons have a large circu-
lar error probable (CEP),they are not suited for
attacks against point targets.

  The Ural-375D vehicle h a s  a maximum road
speed of 75 kilometers per hour, a cruising range

of 750 kilometers, and an exceptional crosscountry capability.

## Limita Tions:

the smaller caliber of its rockets, the BM-21 also
can fire a greater quantity of rockets than the
earlier models. This makes it especially useful for
area fire and for delivering massive surprise fires.

##

When firing rockets, the vehicle must park obliquely to the target. This protects the unshielded cab from blast damage.

  The rocket launcher battalion organic to each
MRD and TD uses the BM-21. Forces at front
and army levels also employ it. The 220-mm rocket
launcher (16-round)BM-22 is replacing it at front.

  In 1972, the Czechoslovak Army introduced a
new version with the BM-21 launching apparatus
mounted on a modified 10-tonTATRA 813 (8 x 8)
truck. A reload pack of 40 additional rockets sits
between the launcher and the armored cab, allow-
ing a decreased reload time of 1.5 to 3.0 minutes.
Although this combination is larger and heavier
than the Soviet BM-21 on the Ural-375Dtruck, it
has the same road speed and a similar cruising
range (600 kilometers). Its additional rocket supply
also permits greater tactical flexibility. This vari-
ant, known as the RM-70, is now in service in at
least Czechoslovakia and East Germany.

  The BM-21 entered service in 1964 as a replace
ment for the 140-mm (16-and 17-round) BM-14
rocket launchers. It is now the most widely used
truck-mounted rocket launcher in the Warsaw Pact
forces. Older, heavier rocket launchers are seldom
seen in front-line units. These would include the
200-mm (4-round) BMD-20, the 240-mm (12-round)
BM-24, and the 250-mm (6-round)BMD-25.
Although the BM-21 rockets are smaller in caliber
than previous models, the warhead is equal to that
of the 140-mm rocket, and the range exceeds that
of the older 140-mm and 240-mm models. Due to

  The 122-mmMRL BM-21-1closely resembles the
BM-21. However, the BM-21-1 variant uses a
ZIL-131 chassis instead of a Ural-375D;therefore,
it has a slightly lower profile than the BM-21. The
rear fenders of the ZIL-131rotate with the launcher
when the BM-21-1is aimed for firing. A more
important difference is that the BM-21-1has only
36 tubes, unlike the BM-21 which has 40. A
launching apparatus has had the two center tubes
in each of the lower two banks removed.

## Remarks: Capabilities:

  The BM-21-1fires the same fin-stabilized rocket
as the BM-21 to a maximumrange of 20,380 meters,
with Frag-HE, chemical, or incendiary warheads.
The crew can fire 36 rounds remotely or from the
cab in less than 20 seconds, quickly producing a
large volume of fire. This firing is especially

  The BM-21-1was originally designated M1976.
It was also called BM-21 Modified because of
similarities to this standard system. Contrary to
earlier assessments, the BM-21-1fires the same
rocket as the BM-21. There are no indications that
the BM-21-1is replacing the BM-21 at division-
level. However, its employment and subordination
are set unknown.

effective against uncovered troops, during artillery
preparations, and for delivery of chemical agents.

## Limita Tions:

   Like most MRLs,the BM-21-1produces a distinct
blast area. The vehicle must park obliquely to the
target to avoid damage to the vehicle's cab when
the launcher fires the rockets.

to a canvas-covered cab and a windshield that can
be folded down to simplify air-landing or air-
dropping. The BM-21V has a maximum highway
speed of 87 kilometers per hour.

  The 12-tube launcher, with its two tiers of 6
tubes, is mounted on the lower chassis of the
GAZ-66Btruck. The BM-21Vlauncher is traversed
forward towards the cab while traveling. It uses
two stabilizing jacks when the lower chassis is
traversed toward the rear for firing.

## Remarks: Capabilities:



  The BM-21Vreceived a provisional designation
of M1975 because that was the year in which
it was first observed. The addition of V to the
e q u i p m e n t  d e s i g n a t o r  p r o b a b l y  m e a n s
vozdushnodesantnyy or airborne. The BM-21V
mounts on the air-droppable GAZ-66B.This MRL
can provide organic supporting fires to airborne
or air assault units.

   The BM-21Vfires the same 122-mm fin-stabilized
rocket as the BM-21 and BM-21-1.The rockets can
deliver Frag-HE, chemical, or incendiary warheads
to a range of 20,380 meters. This airborne MRL
can fire all 12 rockets in 6 seconds or fire each
singly. It can reload in 5 minutes. The B version
of the GAZ-66 has reduced weight and mass due

  The 16-round 220-mm rocket launcher BM-22
                                             spin-stabilized rockets have a range of 40,000
uses a ZIL-135 8 x 8 truck chassis similar to that
                                             meters, greatly exceeding the range of earlier
used for t h e  FROG-7 system. Its launch tubes are
                                             Soviet heavy rocket launchers. The maximum rate
arranged in three banks, with the lower two banks
                                             of fire for the BM-22 is approximately one round
having six tubes each and the upper bank having
                                             every .5 seconds. Reloading the launcher with a
four tubes.
                                             second set of 16 rockets takes 15 to 20 minutes.

  A reload vehicle, also based on the ZIL-135
                                                     The BM-22 is currently replacing the 40-round
chassis, complements the BM-22. It is a flatbed
                                                  122-mmrocket launcher BM-21 i n  t h e  rocket
vehicle carrying 16rockets arranged i n  two stacks
                                                  launcher brigade of front-level artillery divisions.
positioned on either side of the vehicle bed. A
                                                  However, it has not yet replaced the BM-21 in the
loading device which transfers the rockets from
                                                  rocket launcher regiment a t  army level. I t is not
the reload vehicle to the launcher is mounted
                                                  expected t o replace the BM-21 a t division level.
between the two stacks.

## Capabilities: Remarks:

  The BM-22 fires rockets with Frag-HE, chemi-
                                        The West first saw the BM-22 in 1977, hence
cal, and ICM warheads. Submunitions for the ICM
                                      its preliminary designation MRL M1977. The
warheads include AP and AT mines, fragmentation
                                      Soviet designation is BM-22 rather than BM-27,
bomblets, and incendiary bomblets. The fin-and
                                      as previously assumed.

## Free **R O C K E T S**And **Surface-To-Surface** M I S S I L E S

Freerocket and *surface-to-surface* missile characteristics
SS-23/SPIDER
S S - 1 2Mod 2 /
CHARACTERISTICS
FROG-7
SS-1c/SCUD B
SCALEBOARD B
SS-21/SCARAB
VEHICLE
CHARACTERISTICS
FROG-7
SS-1c/SCUD B
152
CHASSIS
900 (7A)
1125
1200
9 00
950 (7B)
CREW
101
INA
0 5 5
085
091
WEIGHT, w/missile (mt)
9,700(estimated)
9.000 (estimated)
INA
LENGTH
2,300 2,500
6,300 (estimated)
(estimated, varies)
W / r o c k e t / m i s s i l e
(m)
900
10
300
70
500
W i t h o u tm i s s i l e(m) WIDTH. overall (m)
nuclear
Hi, chemical
HE, chemical,
nuclear, ICM
nuclear
HE, chemical,
nuclear, ICM
HEIGHT, overall (m)
INA
15 30 (after
Up to 60 (after
ENGINE
HE, chemical,
nuclear, ICM
INA
SPEED
Up to 60 (after
arrivala t
surveyed site)
arrival
at prearrival at p r e -
surveyed site)
surveyed site)
Road(km/hr)
Water
(km/hr)
I missileon
T
E
L
vehicle:
FUELCAPACITY (liters)
I **rocket** on TEL
I missileon TEL
vehicle; 3 rockets
vehicle,*a t*  least
on reloadv e h i c l e1  reloadmissile
unknown **number**on
reload vehicle
1 missileon TEL
vehicle: **a t**  least
I reload missile
par TEL
ROADRANGE (km)
per TEL
1  missile o n
TEL vehicle,
I missilepa
missile. transport
vehicle
TRENCH CROSSING (m)
INA
varies
varies
v a r i e s
INA
VERTICAL STEP (m)
GRADABILITY(c)
1976
1965 (7A) 1968 (7B)
1961
1979
early 1980s
FORDING (m)
standard
standard
standard
standard*
standard*
ARMOR. **maximum**(mm)
INFRARED
D r i v e r
Commander
NBC PROTECTION
F r e erocket a n d  surface-to-*surfme* missilevehiclecharacteristics
SS-12 Mod 2 /
SCALEBOARD B
SS-21/SCARAB
SS-23/SPIDER
MAZ543 (8 x 81
ZIL-13518
81
MAI 543 (8
8)
U/L **wheeled** vehicle (8 * 8)
BAZ5921 (6 . 6)
INA
4
INA
INA
INA
29 0
230
32 0
3080
24 0 7
12.00
1326
INA
950
12 00
1200
1080
9 3 0
9 50
1 176
2 80
3 00
3 10
2 7 8
3 13
3 50
2 60
345
2 50
3 00
2 x 90 hp, V-8, gasoline
580 hp, V  1 2 ,diesel
580 hp. V 12, diesel
INA
295 h p  V 6. diesel
7075
70
70
60
INA
NA
NA
S
INA
700+
NA
800
800
350
INA
400
550
550
500
I N A
2 6
3.4
3 4
1.2
INA
0 . 7
0 8
0 8
INA
0 5
30
30
30
30
30
1 0
06
1.0
amphibious
INA
none
none
none
none
none
n o
INA
INA
yes
n o
INA
INA
n o
Y ~ S
no
INA
n o
no*
no*
yes

  The FROG-7 is the latest addition to the free
rocket over ground (FROG) family of unguided,
spin-stabilized, short-range, battlefield support
artillery rockets. It employs a ZIL-135TEL vehicle,
which carries one rocket and an on-board crane
on an eight-wheeled chassis. A similar vehicle can
transport three reload rockets for each TEL. The
rocket is of conventional, single-stage design. It
has a cylindrical warhead of the same diameter
as the rocket body, giving it a cleaner and more
modern appearance than its predecessors.

  The range of the rocket is 70 kilometers; the
cruising range of the TEL vehicle is 400 kilometers.
The FROG-7 can deliver HE, nuclear, or chemical
warheads. The FROG-7B variant also has an
improved conventional munitions (ICM)warhead,
with submunitions rather than a unitary warhead.
The FROG battalion of Soviet divisions may have
the FROG-7A or -7B.

The FROG-7 TEL vehicle provides no NBC
protection for the crew. The single-rail launcher has limited traverse.

  The Soviets introduced the FROG-7A in 1965
as a replacement for earlier FROG variants. Some
variants had been in service since the mid-1950s.
The FROG-1 a n d -2 are obsolete. Some non-Soviet
Warsaw Pact armies still have the FROG-3, -4,
and -5 variants, mounted on a nonamphibious
version of the PT-76 light tank chassis. The Soviet
Army still has a few of these rockets. The FROG-5
still serves as a training rocket, and the FROG-6
is a dummy rocket used for training purposes only.
The FROG-7B, introduced in 1968, is essentially
the same rocket as the FROG-7A, but with a
longer warhead section. The Soviets export non-
nuclear versions of the FROG-7 to both Warsaw
P a d  and some non-Warsaw P a d  nations. The SS-21
tactical ballistic missile is rapidly replacing the
FROG-7.

  The tactical ballistic missile SS-21/SCARAB
uses a six-wheeled amphibious TEL similar to the
SA-8/GECKO SAM. Like the SA-8, it has good
cross-country capability. It probably has an air
filtration and overpressure system for collective
chemical, radiological, and biological protection.
The missile lies on the centerline of the TEL.
There is space on both sides to transport equip-
ment. Protective doors on the top of the TEL cover
the missile during travel. These doors open to the
sides when the missile is erected to the vertical
position for firing. A modified version of the same
6 x 6 vehicle serves as a missile resupply vehicle
for the SS-21.

Both the SS-21 TEL and the resupply vehicle can travel an average of 60 kilometers per hour


on-road or 29 kilometers per hour off-road in
support of operations. The SS-21 tactical ballistic
missile has a range of 70 kilometers. It also has
improvements over the FROG-7 in reaction time,
reliability, accuracy, and handling. The SS-21 has
three variants which can deliver HE, nuclear,
chemical, and improved conventional munitions. It
can deliver these warheads with a very high degree
of accuracy and reliability.

  The Soviets have nicknamed the SS-21 Tochka,
which means "point." It first appeared in 1976 in
the USSR. The West first reported it in WGF in
1981. The SS-21 is now rapidly replacing the
FROG7 in divisions opposite NATO. Soviet armies
in WGF are consolidating division-level SS-21
battalions into army-level brigades.

  The SCUD-series guided missiles are single-
stage, short-range ballistic missiles using storable
liquid propellants. Although originally transported
on a Joseph Stalin heavy tank chassis, the
SCUD B i s  now primarily mounted on a TEL
vehicle based on the MAZ-543 (8 x 8) wheeled
chassis, Unlike the FROG series of unguided
missiles, the SCUDShave movable fins.

  The MAZ-543 TEL gives the SCUD missile
system greater road mobility. It reduces the
number of support vehicles required, and still
preserves a great choice in selecting off-road firing
positions. SCUD missiles are organic to SSM
(SCUD) brigades at front/army level. Warheads
can be HE, chemical, or nuclear. The missile,
launched vertically from a small platform at the
rear of the TEL, has a range of 300 kilometers.
The SCUD-series missiles have the Soviet front

and army commanders an integral nuclear weapons
capability.

  The Soviets introduced the SCUD B on the JS-3
tracked chassis in 1961. It appeared on the
MAZ-543 wheeled chassis in 1965. It replaced the
JS-3-mounted SCUD A, which had been in service
since the mid-1950s. BothWarsaw Pact and non-
Warsaw Pact nations have imported non-nuclear
variants of the SCUD missiles. The SCUD A is
also known as SS-lb, and the SCUD B as SS-lc.

  The SS-23 has greatly improved range (500
kilometers). It also has increased accuracy and
reduced reaction and refire times. The SS-23 had
begun to replace the SCUD B in forward areas.
However, the 1987 INF Treaty calls for removal
of the SS-23 from the Soviet inventory.

  The SS-12/SCALEBOARD uses the same
MAZ-543 (8 x 8) chassis as the SCUD B. It differs,
however, in the environmental protective container
that completely encloses its SCALEBOARD missile;
this is the primary recognition difference. The
latest version, SS-12 Mod 2/SCALEBOARD B, is
a two-stage, solid-fuel system with improved range
(900 kilometers), accuracy, and warhead, compared
to the SCUD.

  Like the SCUD, the SCALEBOARD fires from
a presited position; then it moves to another
prearranged position. The MAZ-543 has centralized
tire pressure control and wide-profile tires. Its good
ground clearance results in excellent mobility for
a vehicle of its size.

  The SCALEBOARD is a front- and theater-level
weapon system that gives the Soviet commander
a nuclear capability. To date, the SCALEBOARD
has appeared only with Soviet forces. The mid-
range missile can be stationed in the western part
of the USSR and still hit important targets in
Central Europe.

   T h e  Soviets f i r s t  deployed t h e  SS-12
Mod 1/SCALEBOARD A in the mid-1960s. The
new SS-12 Mod 2, introduced in 1979, has largely
replaced it. The new Mod 2 missile has the same
range (900 kilometers), but offers improved
accuracy. However, the 1987 INF treaty calls for
removal of all SS-12 systems from the Soviet
inventory.

## Artillery-Associated Radars Artillery-Associated Radar Characteristics

RADAR
FUNCTION
VEHICLE
FREQUENCY BAND
END TRAY (RMS-1)*
D
trailer
meteorological battlefieldsurveillance
PORK TROUGH-l (SNAR-2)
AT L
I
PORK TROUGH-2 (SNAR-6)
J
INA
battlefieldsurveillance
battlefieldsurveillance
BUZZ STAND (PSNR-1)
manpack
I
SMALL FRED
battlefieldsurveillance
INA
PUP-3
(BMP-M1975)
MT-LBM1975
BIG FRED (SNAR-LO)
INR
battlefieldsurveillance
AT-L
SMALL YAWN (ARSOM-2P)
I
countermorar/counter
battery
ARK-l
INA
INA
countermortar/counter
battery

FOOTNOTE. 'Also employed b y missile u n i t s

ANTITANK GRENADE
LAUNCHER RPG-7V
ANTITANK GRENADE
LAUNCHER R P G - 1 6 D
ANTITANK ROCKET
LAUNCHER RPG-18
ANTITANK ROCKET
LAUNCHER RPG-22
CHARACTERISTICS
LAUNCHER
73
58.3
64
40
Tube caliber (mm)
1.100
0.953
Length (m)
0.850 (extended)
0.750 (closed)
1.050 (extended)
0.705 (closed)
10.3
7.9 (empty)
Weight (kg)
2.70 (grenade
and launcher)
3.00 (approximately.
grenade and launcher)
PROJECTILE
rocket
racket
rocket-assisted grenade
rocket-assisted grenade
Projectile type
HEAT
HEAT
HEAT
HEAT
Warhead type
58.3
73
64
85/70*
Warhead caliber (mm)
INA
0.670
0.905/INA*
0.600
Length (m)
3.0
1.8 (approximately)
1.4
2.25/INA*
Weight, complete
round (kg)
PERFORMANCE
INA
130
115
120
Muzzle velocity (m/s)
INA
350
115
300
Maximum velocity (m/s)
200
300/500**
250
500/800**
Effective range (m)
INA
Maximum range (m)
varies (self
destruct element)
varies (self
destruct element)
920 (limited by
self-destruct element)
390 (approximately)
up to 375
up to 375
330
Armor penetration
(mm @ 0" obliquity
@ any range)
4-6
4 - 6
Rate of fire (rd/min)
NA (disposable
weapon)
1
NA (disposable
weapon)
1
1 and ammunition bearer
2
CREW
varies
varies
INA
20
UNIT OF FIRE (rd)
mid-1970s
mid-1970s
1985
1962
DOI
standard
standard
standard
standard
STATUS
FOOTNOTES.
*PG-7/PG-7M projectile.
"Against moving/stationary targets.

## Rpg-7V Description:

are four large, knife-like fins at the rear of the
projectile which unfold when the round leaves the
tube, and smaller, offset fins at the very rear
which produce a slow rotation. The maximum
effective range is 500 meters for stationary targets
and 300 meters for moving targets. Maximum
range is 920 meters, at which point the projectile
self-destructs approximately 4.5 seconds after
launching. The PG-7/-7M grenade, with a shaped-
charge warhead, has armor penetration of 330
millimeters.

  The RPG-7V is a recoilless, shoulder-fired,
muzzle-loaded, reloadable, antitank grenade
launcher. I t  fires an 85-mm (PG-7)or 70-mm
(PG-7M)rocket-assisted HEAT grenade from a
40-mm smoothbore launcher tube. The launcher has
two hand grips; a large optical sight; a thick,
wooden heat guard around the middle; and a large,
flared blast shield at the rear of the tube. The
launcher is 953 millimeters long without grenade,
and 1,340 millimeters with PG-7 grenade. The
launcher weighs 7.9 kilograms and the PG-7
grenade weighs 2.25 kilograms.

  The current RPG-7V model can mount a tele-
scope and both infrared and passive night sights.
All RPG-7 models have optical sights which can
be illuminated for night sighting. They have open
sights for emergency use.

  The RPG-7V is light enough to be carried and
fired by one person. However, a n  assistant
grenadier normally deploys to the left of the gunner
to protect him with small arms fire. The grenadier
normally carries two rounds of ammunition, and
the assistant grenadier carries three rounds.

  The RPG-7V is the standard squad antitank
weapon in motorized rifle units. (Each squad has
one weapon.) The weapon is also found in recon
naissance units. Airborne units use the RPG-7D,
which can separate into two sections.

  The RPG-7V is an improved version of the
earlier RPGS. The RPG-2 had only one hand grip;
a smaller, simpler sight; a smaller blast shield;
and no heat guards. It fired a smaller, 80-mm,
nonrocket-assisted grenade.

  The RPG-7V requires a well-trained gunner to
estimate ranges and lead distances for moving
targets. Crosswinds as low as 7 miles per hour
can complicate the gunner's estimate and reduce
first-round hit probability to 50 percent at ranges
beyond 180 meters. An RPG projectile screen of

  The internal rocket motor of the PG-7/7M
grenade ignites after traveling approximately 11
meters; this gives the projectile higher velocity
(sustained out to 500 meters), flatter trajectory,
and better accuracy. Further enhancing accuracy

## Antitank Grenade Launcher Rpg-7V (Continued)

chain link fence will completely neutralize 50
percent of the rounds and degrade the penetrating capability of the remaining rounds.

  Reloading and reaiming the RPG-7V requires
a minimum of 14 seconds. Firing leaves noticeable
signatures in the form of flash, smoke, and noise.
The unprotected gunner is extremely vulnerable to
suppressive fires.

I I  German Panzerfaust. The Soviets fielded it in
the early 1950s. The RPG-7, introduced in 1962, is
a second-generation weapon employing a rocket-
assisted projectile. The current version, designated
RPG-7V,is in service throughout the Warsaw Pact
(except Czechoslovakia). The folding version for
airborne troops, introduced in 1968, was initially
known as RPG-8, but then redesignated RPG-7D.
A third generation weapon, the RPG-16D,incor-
porates further refinements resulting from battle
testing the RPG-7Vin Southeast Asia and the
Middle East. It has replaced the RPG-7D as the
standard squad antitank weapon in Soviet airborne
forces.

The first Soviet recoilless antitank grenade launcher, the RPG-2, derived from the World War Antitank Grenade Launcher RPG-16D

## Limitations: Descrtiption/Capabilities:

The RPG-16Dis heavier than the RPG-7V-7D, but one person can still carry and fire it.



  The Soviets introduced the RPG-16D in the
mid-1970s a s  a replacement for the RPG-7D.
Western observers also expected a one-piece version
(RPG-16?) to replace the RPG-7Vin motorized rifle
units; however, the Soviets have not yet deployed
such a weapon. To date, only the airborne forces
have employed the two-piece airborne version
designated RPG-16D.

  The RPG-16Dis a reloadable antitank weapon.
It is shoulder-fired, either with or without the
support of a bipod mounted at the muzzle end. It
has an optical sight above the tube, a single hand
grip below the tube, and a conical blast shield at
the rear. The 58.3-mm rocket-assisted HEAT pro-
jectile PG-16 has an increased range of 500 to 800
meters and a greater armor penetration capability
of up to 375 millimeters, compared to the PG-7/-7M
projectile of the RPG-7. As with the RPG-7, the
RPG-16Dgrenadier probably carries two rounds of
ammunition. The assistant grenadier carries three
rounds and protects the grenadier with his assault
rifle.

  The RPG-18 should not be fired if friendly
personnel are in a 90-degree sector within 30
meters behind it. It also should not be fired if
there are obstacles nearer than 2 meters in front
of it, or if the height of the line of fire is less
than 20 centimeters. Once the tube is extended for
firing, it cannot be shoved back together again.

  The RPG-18 is a short-range, tube-launched,
disposable infantry antitank rocket launcher. It is
somewhat similar to the US LAW system. The
lightweight tube presumably consists of fiberglass-
reinforced plastic. The operator carriersthe launcher
in a collapsed position and extends the inner tube
to make the weapon ready to fire. It fires a 64-mm
rocket (PG-18)with an effective range of 200 meters
and a HEAT warhead capable of penetrating up
to 375 millimeters of armor. The fuze of the HEAT
grenade activates 2 to 15 meters after leaving the
tube and self-destructs after a flight time of 4 to
6 seconds. The trigger, safety catch, and rear peep
sight are roughly in the middle of the extended
tube, or at the rear end of the collapsed tube. The
folding sight at the forward end of the tube is
calibrated for ranges of 50, 100, 150, and 200
meters.

The RPG-18 is probably a squad-level weapon.

Unlike the RPG-7V/7Dand RPG-16D,the RPG-18
is not linked to a specific person; that is, to the

  The Soviets introduced the RPG-18 in the mid-
1970s. It is widely distributed throughout the Soviet
Army, including the airborne forces. For employ-
ment in airborne units, the RPG-18 comes with a
cover which protects it during parachute jumps.

antitank grenadier provided for in the TOE. All
soldiers in the squad train on it. This increases
the squad's capabilities to destroy tanks at short
range.

## Limita Tions:



## Description/Capabilities: Limitations:

  Instructions printed on the side of the RPG-22
launch tube indicate that back-blast covers a
90-degree sector out to 30 meters behind the weap-
on; that it should not be fired if a wall is closer
than 2 meters behind it; and that the line of fire
should be at least 20 centimeters from the ground.

  The RPG-22 is a short-range, tube-launched,
disposable, infantry antitank rocket launcher,
similar to the US LAW system. The lightweight,
collapsible launch tube consists of two parts: the
outer tube made of fiberglass and a sliding inner
tube made of aluminum. The inner tube extends
10 centimeters to the front of the outer tube in
firing position. It fires a 73-mmfin-stabilized rocket
with an effective range of 250 meters and a HEAT
warhead capable of penetrating approximately 390
millimeters of armor.



  The trigger and the pop-up rear peep sight are
in the middle of the extended tube. The pop-up
front sight is at the forward end of the outer tube.
The front sight is calibrated for ranges of 50, 150,
and 250 meters.

  The Soviets introduced the RPG-22 in 1985. In
time, it will probably replace the RPG-18. As with
the RPG-18, it has no dedicated grenadier; however,
all soldiers train to use the squad-level, throw away
weapon.

| Antitank gun characteristics   |                   |
|--------------------------------|-------------------|
| CHARACTERISTICS                |                   |
| 7 2                            |                   |
| -                              | M M               |
| RECOILLESS G U N               |                   |
| SPG                            |                   |
| -                              | 9                 |
| 1 0 0                          |                   |
| -                              | M M               |
| ANTITANK G U N                 |                   |
| T - 1 2 / M T - 1 2            |                   |
| 3                              |                   |
| CREW                           |                   |
| 6 - 7                          |                   |
| WEIGHT                         |                   |
| Firing position (kg)           |                   |
| 3,100                          |                   |
| 47.5                           |                   |
| ( t r i p o d                  | 12.0)             |
| Travel position (kg)           |                   |
| 47.5                           | ( t r i p o d     |
| 3,100                          |                   |
| LENGTH, travel                 | position (m)      |
| 9.16                           |                   |
| 2.110                          |                   |
| WIDTH, travel                  | position(m)       |
| 0.990                          |                   |
| 1.78                           |                   |
| HEIGHT, travel position        | (m)               |
| 0.800                          |                   |
| 1.44                           |                   |
| FIRE                           | CONTROL           |
| iron and optical;              |                   |
| IR                             | and passive       |
| night sights                   |                   |
| direct fire telescope;         |                   |
| IR                             | system for gunner |
| mounted on gun                 |                   |
| AMMUNITION                     | (types)           |
| rocket-assisted                |                   |
| HE. HEAT                       |                   |
| HVAPFSDS, HEAT                 |                   |
| -                              | FS,               |
| Frag-HE                        |                   |
| PERFORMANCE                    |                   |
| -                              | 6                 |
| Elevation                      |                   |
| (c)                            |                   |
| -                              | 3 to              |
| + 7                            |                   |
| 54 total                       |                   |
| Traverse                       | (c)               |
| 30 total                       |                   |
| (c)                            |                   |
| Maximum range                  | (m)               |
| 8.200                          | (18,000-21,000    |
| with gun at 45                 |                   |
| "                              | )                 |
| 1,300                          | (limited          |
| by self                        |                   |
| -                              | destruct          |
| element)                       |                   |
| 1,000                          |                   |
| Effective direct fire          |                   |
| range                          | (m)               |
| 1,000 (HEAT)                   |                   |
| 2.000 (HVAPFSDS)               |                   |
| Muzzle                         | velocity          |
| 435                            |                   |
| 900                            | (HEAT)            |
| 1,500                          | (HVAPFSDS)        |
| RATE OF FlRE                   |                   |
| Maximum                        | (rd/min)          |
| 6                              | (practical)       |
| 10 (practical)                 |                   |
| INA                            |                   |
| Sustained. 1st hr (rd)         |                   |
| 75                             |                   |
| 400 (HEAT, any range)          |                   |
| 400 (HEAT, any range)          |                   |
| 225                            | (HVAPFSDS)        |
| ARMOR PENETRATION (mm          |                   |
| @                              |                   |
| 0" obliquity                   |                   |
| @                              |                   |
| 1,000 m)                       |                   |
| UNIT                           | OF                |
| 60                             |                   |
| 80                             |                   |
| INA                            |                   |
| 2-3/2-3                        |                   |
| Emplacement/displacement       |                   |
| time (min)                     |                   |
| 1970                           |                   |
| 1965                           |                   |
| DOI                            |                   |
| standard                       |                   |
| standard                       |                   |
| Status                         |                   |

73-mm Recoilless Antitank Gun SPG-9

  The SPG-9 is a tripod-mounted, recoilless anti-
tank gun that fires a 73-mm fin-stabilized, rocket-
assisted HEAT projectile. The launcher is 2,110
millimeters long and weighs 47.5 kilograms (59.5
kilograms with tripod). The projectile weighs 3.5
kilograms. Its great length is due to the propellant
charge case attached behind the fins. The SPG-9
can also fire a 4-kg rocket-assisted HE round.

  The SPG-9 is manportable, but a truck or APC
normally carries it. I t  must be dismounted and
placed on its tripod for firing. It normally has a
crew of three. Both IR and passive night sights
are available. The rocket-assisted HEAT projectile



has an effective range of 1,000 meters and can
penetrate 400 millimeters of armor. It bas a high
muzzle velocity (435 meters per second) which is
increased to 700 meters per second by rocket assist.
The SPG-9 is organic to the antitank platoon of
a BTR-equipped MRB. The Soviets usually employ
it with mutually supporting ATGMs.

  Tho SPG-9 began replacing the previous recoil-
less antitank guns (82-mm B-10 and 107-mmB-11)
around 1970. It is now in service not only in Soviet
MRBs, but also in the Polish, Bulgarian, East
German, and Hungarian armies.

## Mt-12 Description:

  The T-12 is a 100-mmsmoothbore antitank gun
mounted on a two-wheeled, split-trail carriage,
with a single caster wheel near the trail ends. The
long (8,484-mm) gun tube has a cylindrical,
multiperforated muzzle brake which is only
fractionally larger in diameter than the thin barrel.
The MT-12variant has a winged shield angled to
the rear on both sides and an additional recoil
cylinder above the breech on the right. Both
versions frequently mount infrared night sighting
equipment.

  The T-12 and MT-12 are organic to antitank
battalions at division, army, and front levels. They
fire fin-stabilized, nonrotating rounds similar to
those of the 115-mm gun of the T-62 tank. Muzzle
velocity is 900 meters per second for HE and
HEAT rounds or 1,500 meters per second for
HVAPFSDS rounds. Maximum indirect fire range
is 8,200 meters (Frag-HE).The effective direct fire
range is approximately 1,000 meters (HEAT) or
2,000 meters (HVAPFSDS). Grazing range against
a 2-m-hightarget is 1,880 meters (HVAPFSDS).
The HEAT round can penetrate about 400 milli-
meters of armor at any range. The HVAPFSDS

round can penetrate about 225 millimeters at 1,000
meters. The theoretical rate of fire is reportedly
14 rounds per minute; however, rate for aimed fire
is only 6 rounds per minute, and the maximum
practical rate is 10 rounds per minute.

## Limita Tions:

  The T-12 or MT-12 can function as a field gun
only under limited circumstances; this is due to
its limited maximum elevation (+20degrees). With
trails dug in to provide 45-degree elevation,
maximum range is 18,000 to 21,000 meters.

   Since its introduction in about 1965, the T-12
has replaced the older 100-mm field gun M1944
and the 85-mm antitank gun D-48 in most Soviet
frontline units. The MT-12 variant was formerly
called the T-12A.Like their predecessors, both can
be towed by a truck or armored tracked artillery
tractor. The MT-LB multipurpose armored tracked
artillery tractor/APC usually tows them. They are
in service in at least the Soviet and East German
armies. In 1989, the Soviets began to introduce
the MT-12 into motorized rifle regiments.

## Antitank Guns Antitank Gun Characteristics

CHARACTERISTICS
1 0 0  - M M
ANTITANK G U N
T - 1 2 / M T - 1 2
7 2  - M M
RECOILLESS G U N
SPG-9

3
6 - 7
CREW
WEIGHT
47.5 ( t r i p o d12.0)
3,100
Firing position (kg)
47.5 ( t r i p o d12.0)
3,100
Travel position (kg)
2.110
9.16
LENGTH, travel position (m)
0.990
1.78
WIDTH, travel position(m)
0.800
1.44
HEIGHT, travel position (m)
FIRE CONTROL
iron and optical;
IR and passive
night sights
direct fire telescope;
IR system for gunner
mounted on gun
rocket-assisted
HE. HEAT
HVAPFSDS, HEAT-FS,
Frag-HE
AMMUNITION (types)
PERFORMANCE
-6 to +20
-3 to + 7
54 total
30 total
1,300 (limited
8.200 (18,000-21,000
Elevation (c)
Traverse (c)
Maximum range (m)
with gun at 45")
by self-destruct
element)
1,000
Effective direct fire
range (m)
1,000 (HEAT)
2.000 (HVAPFSDS)
Muzzle velocity (m/sec)
435
900 (HEAT)
1,500 (HVAPFSDS)
RATE OF FlRE
Maximum (rd/min)
6 (practical)
10 (practical)
INA
Sustained. 1st hr (rd)
75
400 (HEAT, any range)
400 (HEAT, any range)
225 (HVAPFSDS)
ARMOR PENETRATION (mm @
0" obliquity @ 1,000 m)
UNIT OF FIRE (rd)
60
80
INA
2-3/2-3
Emplacement/displacement
time (min)
1970
1965
DOI
standard
standard
Status

## Antitank Guided Missile At-2/Swatter (Continued)

  The Mi-8T/HIP E can mount two SWATTERs
                                                 Mi-24/HIND A and D mount two SWATTERs on
above each of its two external weapons racks. The
                                                 wingtip launch rails on each of their two stub
                                                 wings.

## At-2/Swatter Launch Rails On Hind D Limitations: Capabilities:

  The SWATTERs with MCLOS guidance have
a major disadvantage: the operator must track
target and missile simultaneously and manually
guide the missile to the target. The slow flight
speed makes evasive action an effective counter-
measure, especially at long ranges.

  The SWATTER A can engage targets at ranges
between 500 and 2,500 meters. SWATTER B and
C have maximum ranges of 3,500 and 4,000 meters,
respectively. All versions have a flight speed of
150 meters per second, resulting in the following
flight times to maximum ranges: 17 seconds to
2,500 meters (SWATTER A); 23 seconds to 3,500
meters (SWATTER B); and 26 to 27 seconds to
4,000 meters (SWATTER C). Armor penetration
capability is over 500 millimeters, and the proba-
bility of first-round hit is 67 percent for SWATTER
A and B and over 90 percent for the SWATTER C.



  The Soviets introduced the SWATTER A in 1960,
the SWATTER B in 1965, and the SWATTER C
in 1968-1970.The AT-5/SPANDREL is currently
replacing the MCLOS-guided BRDM-mounted
SWATTERs. The helicopter-mounted SWATTER C ,
retrofitted with a semiautomatic IR/radio guidance
system, was apparently an interim measure pending
the full deployment of the longer-range, second-
generation missile AT-6/SPIRAL.

  The antitank batteries of MRRs sometimes use
the BRDM/BRDM-2 SWATTERs, although this
role is more likely filled by the AT-3 or AT-5.
However, SWATTERs, especially the AT-2cuprated
version, are still in wide use as helicopter-mounted
missiles.

missile by means of a firing button on the control box. He then uses the control box's periscope sight and control stick to guide the missile to the target.

  The SAGGER is a wire-guided ATGM with a
HEAT warhead. The missile is 864 millimeters in
length, 120 millimeters in diameter, and 11.3
kilograms in weight. It has several launch con-
figurations: manpack, armored vehicle, and even
helicopter.

  With the manpack version, the operator carries
the SAGGER missile in a fiberglass "suitcase."
He attaches it by a hinged support to the lid of
the case. From that position, he launches the

  On BRDM/BRDM-2scout vehicles, six launch
rails are mounted on the underside of a retractable
armored cover, with eight additional missiles
carried inside the vehicle. The BMP-1 and BMD-1
combat vehicles have single launch rails mounted
above the 73-mm main gun and carry a total of
four and three missiles, respectively.

The Mi-2/HOPLITE helicopter can carry two SAGGERs on each side of its cabin. The Mi-8TB/
HIP F carries six SAGGERs.

  The SAGGER can engage targets at ranges of
500 to 3,000 meters and penetrate over 400 milli-
meters of armor. It employs an MCLOS guidance
system in which the operator must observe both
missile and target and guide the one towards the
other. The wire-guided missile is invulnerable to
electronic countermeasures and has a very small
percentage of malfunctions.

  The retractable launcher on the BRDM-2 vehicle
has the ability to traverse 70 degrees to the left
or right with elevation varying from 3.5 to 17
degrees.

  The AT-3c/SAGGER C variant employs SACLOS
guidance. It is mounted primarily on the BRDM-2,
but it m a y  also be mounted o n  the HIP F and
HOPLITE helicopters. These heliborne systems
provide greater flexibility to the ground command
but a t  a greater vulnerability cost to the launch
platform.

  The antitank platoon of a BTR-equipped MRB
has two ATGM squads, each with two manpack
SAGGER firing teams. Each three-man team has
a control box, four SAGGER missiles, and an
RPG-7V antitank grenade launcher. The gunner

carries two missiles and the control box in suit-
cases. The assistant gunner carries two more
missiles in suitcases. The backup gunner carries
the PRG-7V.The team can set up, check out, and
fire one missile in 5 minutes or all four missiles
in 12 to 15 minutes. Using a four-position selector
switch on the control box, the gunner can fire up
to four missiles consecutively. He can remotely fire
missiles from positions up to 15 meters from the
launchers. For targets at ranges of less than 1,000
meters, the gunner can guide the missile by eye;
for longer ranges, he must use the 8-powermagni-
fying periscopic sight. The RPG-7Vgunner usually
is deployed 150 to 200 meters in front of the
SAGGER position to cover targets inside the mini-
mum SAGGER range of 500 meters. The antitank
platoon also has two SPG-9s which may deploy
with the manpackSAGGERs.

##

  BRDM/BRDM-2SAGGERs are organic to the
antitank missile battery of MRRs and airborne
regiments, to the antitank battalion of MRDs, to
the antitank regiment of CAAs,and to the antitank
brigade of artillery divisions. The BRDM/BRDM-2
vehicles have a reaction time of one minute to fire
from a completely buttoned-upmode. The crew can
fire six missiles without reloading, and the vehicle
can carry eight additional missiles inside. Succes
sive missiles can be fired and tracked within five
seconds of the previous missile's impact. The
gunner can operate either from within the vehicle

## Antitank Guided Missile At-3/Sagger (Continued)

launching gives off a gray smoke cloud and a loud roar, its signature is difficult to detect on the battlefield.

or from a remote position up to 80 meters away.
The vehicle has a two-man crew that includes the
commander/gunner and the driver. They also have
assault rifles and an RPG-7V antitank grenade
launcher.

## Remarks: Limitations:

  The SAGGER, also known by the designation
AT-3, was first seen in 1961. It is more compact
than the earlier AT-1/SNAPPER and AT-2/
SWATTER ATGMs,but carries an equally powerful
warhead. In recent years, the Soviets have retro-
fitted some SAGGER systems, designated AT-3c,
with semiautomatic IR/wire guidance systems.
Only the vehicle- and helicopter-mounted missiles
have been so retrofitted. This is obviously a n
interim measure pending the full deployment of
longer-range, second-generation AT-5/SPANDREL
and AT-6/SPIRAL missiles. The AT-4/SPIGOT is
replacing manpack SAGGERs a s  well as those
mounted on the BMP-1 and BMD-1.

  The SAGGER A gunner must visually track
target and missile simultaneously; this requires
extensive training and constant practice. Although
the missile leaves the launcher armed and can
detonate and kill at very short range, it can be
captured by the gunner only at ranges of 500 to
800 meters. Under combat conditions, however,
most gunners probably can successfully engage
targets only between 1,000 and 3,000 meters. The
missile has a very long flight time to the target:
12.5 seconds to 1,500 meters, and 25 seconds to
3,000 meters. Evasive action is effective against
it, especially at long range. Although a SAGGER

## At-4/Spigot

DESCRIPTION:

  The AT-4/SPIGOT is a tube-launched, wire-
guided, SACLOS, ATGM system, similar in many
respects to the US TOW system. The AT-4 system
consists of three major components: the SPIGOT
missile, the launch tube, and the missilelauncher.
The missile is 863 millimeters long and 119 milli-
meters in diameter; it weighs 7.4 kilograms and
has a HEAT warhead. The launch tube is 1,100
millimeters long, 130 millimeters in diameter, and
5.2 kilograms in weight. It serves to store and
carry the missile. The tripod-mounted launcher for
ground-launched employment has a periscope sight
attached to its left side. The sight and the missile
tracker comprise a single unit, which is mechani-
cally attached to the launch-tube connecting rail
so both move together in elevation. A locking lever
allows the complete periscope sight and missile
tracker unit to be released and rotated into a folded
position for transport. The monocular optical sight
has 4-power magnification and a 4.5-degree field
of view. The crew loads the SPIGOT misaile by
sliding the tube onto the launch supports from the
rear until the electrical contacts and a mechanical
catch engage; then the system is ready for launch.

  The Sovietsoriginally designed the AT-4 as a
ground-launched weapon system. However, turrets
of the BMP-1 and BMD-1 combat vehicles can
mount the AT.4 launcher. The BRDM-2 launcher
vehicle of the AT-5system and the launcher on
the BMP-2can fire the SPIGOT missile.

  The SPIGOT has a minimum range of only 70
meters and a maximum range of 2,000 meters.
Missile speed is estimated at 185 meters per second,
with a maximum flight time of 11 seconds. The
warhead, which is probably smaller than that of
the SAGGER, has an armor penetration capability
of 500 to 600 millimeters. Probability of first-round
hit should be at least the same as for the semi-
automatic AT-3c/SAGGERC; that is, 90 percent.

  The SACLOS guidance system increases accu-
racy and reduces operator training requirements
since it is no longer necessary for the operator to
track target and missile simultaneously. The opera-
tor keeps his sight trained on the target while the

## Antitank Guided Missile At-4/Spigot (Continued)

missile is tracked automaticallv. The deviation LIMITATIONS:
- - - ~

between the missile's path and the operator's line-
of-sight is measured by an IR tracking apparatus.
(The IR source is in the tail of the missile.) An
apparatus at the control site then generates guid-
ance commands which are transmitted to the
missile by wire, causing the missile to eliminate
the deviation.

  The AT-4 tracker is adequate, simple, and in-
expensive. Its extremely narrow field of view makes
it more difficult to decoy, since the decoy source
must be inside the field of view.

  The antitank platoon of a BTR-equipped MRB
h a s  four or (in high-readiness units) six
AT-4/SPIGOT firing teams. In each three-man
team, the gunner carries the folded launcher and
tripod as a backpack, and each of the two bearers
carries two launch tubes as backpacks. All three
men carry an assault rifle but no RPG-7V, since
the SPIGOT does not have the 500-m deadspace
of the SAGGER.

  The requirement that the missile launcher of a
SACLOS system be collocated with the aiming and
tracking assembly (that is, with the operator) elimi-
nates the possibility of moving the operator to a
remote position for safety. Since the operator must
establish and maintain visual contact with the
target, any
         . means of interfering with his visual
contact or disrupting his concentration will be an
effective countermeasure. Such means include flash
blinding, counterfire, and smoke screening.Besides
being an effective and inexpensive means of ob-
scuring visual contact, smoke can also attenuate
the IR guidance link of the missile tracker.

  The AT-4/SPIGOT system, nicknamed Fagot
(bassoon) by the Soviets, was introduced in 1974.
It is operational in all Warsaw Pact countries. The
interoperability of the SPIGOT missile on the AT-5
launch vehicle and BMP-2 provides a significant
logistical and tactical advantage; however, the use
of the SPANDREL missile on the AT-4 portable
launcher has not been confirmed.

## At-5/Spandrel Description:

  The AT-5/SPANDREL i s  a wire-guided,
SACLOS, ATGM system mounted on the BRDM-2
amphibious scout car chassis. The dimensions and
shape of the launch tube are similar to those of
the AT-4/SPIGOT, but the SPANDREL missile is
considerably heavier. The SPANDREL launch tube
has a blow-out cap at the front, and it is flared
at the rear. Five SPANDREL missiles, or any
combination of SPIGOT and SPANDREL missiles,
are carried on a traversable mount just behind the
two front cupolas of the BRDM-2. A bowed hatch
in the vehicle roof immediately behind the launcher
allows the mount to be folded backwards into the
hull for reloading under armor protection. The
vehicle carries an additional 10 reload missiles
inside. A rotatable optical sighting/tracking peri-
scope, similar in appearance to the periscope on
the AT-4/SPIGOT launch apparatus, is mounted
atop the gunner's hatch on the 'right front of the
vehicle roof.

  A single-tube AT-5 launch platform with an
integrated optics/tracker housing is mounted atop
the turret of the BMP-2 amphibious infantry
combat vehicle. As with the BRDM-2 launch ped-
estal configuration, this variant of the AT-5 system

can launch either the SPIGOT or SPANDREL
missile. The basic onboard load for the BMP-2 is
four missiles.

  The SPANDREL has a maximum range of 4,000
meters and a minimum range of 100 meters. Other
capabilities are essentially the same as those listed
above for the AT-4/SPIGOT, except for the time
of flight.

Same as for the AT-4/SPIGOT.

  The Soviets nicknamed the AT-5/SPANDREL
system Konkurs(contest). They introducedit around
1974 or 1975, although they did not display it
publicly until the Red Square parade on November
1977. The BRDM-2-mountedAT-5 system will even-
tually replace all vehicle-mounted AT-2 and AT-3
systems in the Soviet Army. It is already opera-
tional in Warsaw Pact countries.

  The AT-6/SPIRALis a tube-launched, SACLOS,
ATGM mounted on the Mi-24/HIND E and F heli-
copters. It replaces the heliborne AT-2/SWATTER
variants found on previous HIND models. Nor-
mally, there are I-shaped launch fixtures for two
SPIRAL launch tubes on each wingtip of the HIND
E and F. However, the HIND E and F may carry
a second AT-6 launch platform on the outboard
universal pylon on each wing. This allows them
to mount a total of 8 SPIRAL missiles. Some
HIND E and F models have "stacked" AT-6 launch
platforms on the wingtippylons and the outboard
universal pylons, for a possible total of 16
SPIRALs.Unlike the AT-4/SPIGOT and AT-5/
SPANDREL, this missile is not wire-guided. The
SPIRAL uses a SACLOS system with IR missile
tracking and radio guidance (similar to the uprated
AT-2c/SWATTER C). It is much larger than pre-
vious Soviet ATGMs.

The SPIRAL has a maximum range estimated at *5,000*meters. Its minimum range may be similar to the earlier AT-2/SWATTER ATGMs; that is,

500 meters. Missile speed is probably about 450
meters per second. The warhead could weigh up
to 10 kilograms with an armor penetration capa-
bility of 600 to 700 millimeters. Probability of
first-round hit should he at least the same as for
the AT-2c; that is, 90 percent. The SACLOS guid-
ance system probably operates the same as the
AT-4/SPIGOTand AT-5/SPANDREL, except that
the SPIRAL is not wire-guided.

## Limita Tions:

  During the flight time of the SPIRAL to the
target (estimated at approximately 1 1  seconds to
5,000 meters), the target can take evasive action,
but the helicopter launch platform has limited
ability to take evasive action itself since the AT-6
operator must keep the target in his sight.

   Although introduced in 1973, the AT-6/SPIRAL
was first observed on the HIND E in 1978. Some
sources credit the SPIRAL with a range of up to
7.000 meters.

tor tracks the target visually using a monocular
scope. The missile is guided automatically to the
target on which the operator keeps the crosshairs
of his sight.

  The AT-7/SAXHORN is a tube-launched,
SACLOS, ATGM system with a wire command
link. One man can carry and operate it, but its
crew normally consists of two men. The second
man probably carries additional missile canisters.

## Limitations: Capabilities:

Same as for the AT-4/SPIGOT.

The AT-7 system is organic to the machine gun/antitank platoon of the BTR-equipped MRC.

This platoon has three manpack launchers.

The AT-7/SAXHORN system was introduced in
1979 and is the Soviet equivalent of the US Dragon system.

The SAXHORN missile, with a HEAT warhead, has a maximum range of 1,000 meters. The opera-

AT-8/SONGSTER is a tank-gun-launched
system with SACLOS guidance and a
frequency guidance link. It is known to be
the T-64B and T-80 medium tanks.

visually using a monocular periscope; the missile
is guided automatically to the target on which he
keeps the crosshairs of his sight. The missile has
a primary antitank role, but it also has a secon-
dary antihelicopter role.

Same as for other SACLOS ATGMs.

SONGSTER missile has a maximum range
meters. Its HEAT warhead has an armor
tion capability of 700 to 800 millimeters.
ssile is fired through the main gun tube
n o r m a ltank round; after launch, however,
a sustain or boost/sustain motor to propel

e target. The tank gunner tracks the target The AT-8/SONGSTERmay have entered service around 1981.

| WEIGHT,                     | TRAVEL/FIRGING         | position (kg)    |
|-----------------------------|------------------------|------------------|
| see vehicle                 |                        |                  |
| LENGTH,                     | TRAVEL/FIRING          | position         |
| characteristics             |                        |                  |
| INA                         |                        |                  |
| WIDTH,                      | travel/firing          | position         |
| INA                         |                        |                  |
| HEIGHT,                     | travel/firing          | position         |
| INA                         |                        |                  |
| GUN                         |                        |                  |
| Caliber                     | (mm)                   | 2                |
| x                           |                        |                  |
| 23                          |                        |                  |
| 4                           |                        |                  |
| x                           |                        |                  |
| 23                          |                        |                  |
| 1                           | 57                     |                  |
| Ammunition loading (type)   |                        |                  |
| 2 box magazines             |                        |                  |
| metallic link               |                        |                  |
| 4                           |                        |                  |
| -                           | rd clip                |                  |
| 2/50-rd                     | metallic               |                  |
| belts (about 500            |                        |                  |
| link                        |                        |                  |
| belt                        |                        |                  |
| reunds                      |                        |                  |
| per belt)                   |                        |                  |
| AMMUNITION (types).         |                        |                  |
| HEI. HEI                    |                        |                  |
| -                           | T. API                 | -                |
| HEI,                        | HEI                    |                  |
| -                           | T. API                 | -                |
| INA                         |                        |                  |
| PERFORMANCE                 |                        |                  |
| Elevation                   |                        |                  |
| (c)                         |                        |                  |
| -                           | 10 to +90              |                  |
| -                           | 4 to                   | +85              |
| INA                         |                        |                  |
| -                           | 4 to +87               |                  |
| Traverse                    |                        |                  |
| (c)                         |                        |                  |
| 360                         |                        |                  |
| IN                          |                        |                  |
| A                           |                        |                  |
| 360                         |                        |                  |
| 360                         |                        |                  |
| Maximum                     | horizontal range       | (m)              |
| 7,000                       |                        |                  |
| INA                         |                        |                  |
| 7,000                       |                        |                  |
| 12,000                      |                        |                  |
| Ground                      | target                 | range            |
| 2.000                       |                        |                  |
| INA                         |                        |                  |
| 2.000                       |                        |                  |
| INA                         |                        |                  |
| Maximum vertical range (rn) |                        |                  |
| 5,100 (about 3,500          |                        |                  |
| INA                         |                        |                  |
| 5,100 (about 3.500          |                        |                  |
| 8,800 (about 7,400          |                        |                  |
| w/self-destruct             | fuzing)                |                  |
| w/self-destruct             | fuzing)                | INA              |
| w/self-destruct             |                        |                  |
| fuzing)                     |                        |                  |
| Tactical AA range           | (m)                    |                  |
| 4,000                       |                        |                  |
| 2,500*                      |                        |                  |
| 2,500*                      |                        |                  |
| 6.000 (off                  |                        |                  |
| -                           | carriage fire          |                  |
| contra\)                    |                        |                  |
| 4,000 (on                   | -                      | carriage fire    |
| control)                    |                        |                  |
| Cyclic rate of fire         | (rd/min)               |                  |
| 800                         |                        |                  |
| -                           | 1,000 per barrel       |                  |
| 800                         |                        |                  |
| -                           | 1,000 per barrel       |                  |
| INA                         |                        |                  |
| 105                         |                        |                  |
| -                           | 120                    |                  |
| Muzzle velocity             | (m/sec)                |                  |
| 930-1,000**                 |                        |                  |
| INA                         |                        |                  |
| 930-1,000**                 |                        |                  |
| 960-1,000***                |                        |                  |
| Armor Penetration           | (m                     |                  |
| 24.1/19.3                   |                        |                  |
| 24.1/19.3                   |                        |                  |
| IN                          |                        |                  |
| A                           |                        |                  |
| 101.1/96.5                  |                        |                  |
| @                           |                        |                  |
| 0" obliquity                | (API                   | -                |
| (API-T)                     |                        |                  |
| (APC-T)                     |                        |                  |
| @                           |                        |                  |
| 50011,000 m)                |                        |                  |
| UNIT                        | OF                     | FIRE             |
| INA                         |                        |                  |
| 2,000                       |                        |                  |
| 200                         |                        |                  |
| BASIC LOAD                  | ON VEHICLE             | (rd)             |
| INA                         |                        |                  |
| 2.000                       |                        |                  |
| INA                         |                        |                  |
| EMPLACEMENT/DISPLACEMENT    |                        |                  |
| INA                         |                        |                  |
| varies, dependent on        |                        |                  |
| 1                           |                        |                  |
| min/3                       | rnin                   |                  |
| TIME                        |                        |                  |
| potential or actual fire    |                        |                  |
| mission                     |                        |                  |
| FIRE                        | CONTROL                |                  |
| on                          |                        |                  |
| -                           | board HOT              |                  |
| optical-mechanical comput   |                        |                  |
| on                          |                        |                  |
| -                           | board GUN              | DISH fire        |
| on                          |                        |                  |
| -                           | carriage: optical      | -                |
| ing                         | sight                  | (AA):            |
| SHOT fire                   |                        |                  |
| control radar, electronic   |                        |                  |
| computing sight             |                        |                  |
| (AA),                       |                        |                  |
| straight.                   |                        |                  |
| straight-tube               | telescope              | control radar    |
| computer, and optical       |                        |                  |
| tube telescope (ground);    |                        |                  |
| (ground)                    |                        |                  |
| sights                      |                        |                  |
| off-carriage:               | PUAZO                  |                  |
| -                           | 5 director             |                  |
| and SON                     |                        |                  |
| -                           | 4 (WHIFF) radar (old), |                  |
| PUAZO                       |                        |                  |
| -                           | 6/60 director and      |                  |
| SON-9                       | or                     |                  |
| -                           | 9A (FIRECAN)           |                  |
| radar (newer), or FLAP      |                        |                  |
| WHEEL fire control radar    |                        |                  |
| (newest)                    |                        |                  |
| PRIME MOVER                 |                        |                  |
| UAZ-69,                     | GAZ                    |                  |
| -                           | 63, or                 | GAZ-66           |
| N                           |                        |                  |
| A                           |                        |                  |
| N                           |                        |                  |
| A                           |                        |                  |
| Ural                        |                        |                  |
| -                           | 375 or AT              | -                |
| DOI                         |                        |                  |
| 1962                        |                        |                  |
| 1965                        | 1986                   |                  |
| 1950                        |                        |                  |
| STATUS                      |                        |                  |
| standard                    |                        |                  |
| standard                    | standard               |                  |
| standard                    |                        |                  |



FOOTNOTES.
              'At 1.500-m height.
             **
              1970 meters per second when new: 930 meters per second is standard

## Antiaircraft Gun Characteristics (Vehicle)

VEHICLE CHARACTERISTICS
23-MM ZU-23
23-MM zsu-23-4
57-MM S-60
Ural-375 truck
VEHICLE (Prime mover)
self-propelled
UAZ-69 jeep
8.4
1.6
20.5
WEIGHT
(mt)
7.4
3.9
6.5
LENGTH (m)
2.7
WIDTH, overall (m)
1.9
3.1
HEIGHT, overall (m)
2.60/3.75*
3.0
2.0

ENGINE
8-cylinder, 175-hp,
gasoline
4-cylinder, 55-hp,
gasoline
6-cylinder, 240-hp,
diesel
wheels, 4
4
wheels, 6
6
SUSPENSION
tracked, six road
wheels, no track
support rollers
75/60***
MAXIMUM ROAD SPEED (km/hr)
9 0 / 4 0 * *
50
48
FUEL CAPACITY (liters)
360
520
ROAD RANGE (km)
750
530
450
0.46
TRENCH CROSSING (m)
0.875
2.5
0.30
VERTICAL STEP ( m )
0.800
1.0
30
30
32
GRADABILITY (c)
FORDING (m)
0.61/.080***
1.5
1 0
ARMOR (maximum)
no armor
no armor
Hull (mm)
NA
NA
9.4
Turret (mm)
NA
NA
8.9
INFRARED
Driver
yes
yes
Gunner
NA
no
yes
NA
Commander
NA
NA
yes
NBC PROTECTION
none
none

radiation detection
warning system; air
filtration and overpressure system
CREW
I (driver)
1 (driver)
NA (See Armament)
PASSENGERS
NA
gun crew
gun crew

FOOTNOTES.
             'Radar in travel position/radar up.
            **UAZ-69/ZU-23 when towed by UAZ-69(70 kilometers per hour when towed by GAZ-63)
           "'Prime mover/gun.

  The ZU-23 comprises twin 23-mmcannons on
a towed two-wheel carriage. The cannons mount
side-by-side between large ring-type trunnions. In
appearance, the ZU-23 resembles the 14.5-mm
ZPU-2; however, the shape and placement of the
ZU-23 ammunition boxes (at right angles to the
gun carriage) and prominent muzzle flash suppres-
sors are distinguishing features.

  The ZU-23 is a highly mobile, air-droppable
weapon. A battery of 6 ZU-23sis organic to Soviet
air assault brigades, as well as to airborne regi-
ments. A battalion of 18 ZU-23sis organic to the
Soviet airborne division. It is that division's
principal antiaircraft artillery (AAA) weapon. It
has an effective AA range of 2,500 meters. It can
also be effective against lightly armored ground
vehicles.

   In firing position, the ZU-23is leveled by jacks
and stabilized on a three-point base. It uses an
optical-mechanical computing sight for AA fire
and a straight-tube telescope for ground targets.
The crew can fire the gun from the traveling posi-
tion in emergencies.

  The ZU-23 fires the same ammunition as the
23-mm SP AA gun ZSU-23-4 On the towed
system, ammunition feeds from box magazines
mounted on the outside of each trunnion. Reload-
ing is fast and uncomplicated. The magazines are
easily accessible. The beginning link of the new
belt attaches to the link of the last old cartridge.
This last cartridge automatically interrupts the
firing cycle when it reaches the feedway and
signals the bolt to remain open.

One drawback of the ZU-23is its inability to fire anything but automatic fire.

  Introduced in 1962, the ZU-23 is the Soviets'
newest lightweight, automatic, towed AA gun. It
is used extensively by airborne units and possibly
by some MRRs that have not yet converted to the
ZSU-23-4/SA-9air defense battery. ZU-23salso
provide close-in air defenses for an SA-4 brigade.

  The Soviets have exported the ZU-23 to many
countries. Some of these countries have added a
degree of mobility to the system by mounting it
on various trucks and armored vehicles.

  The ZSU-23-4 is a fully integrated, S P  AA
system with four liquid-cooled 23-mmautomatic can
n o n s  mounted on t h e  front of a large, flat,
armored turret. The chassis has many components
borrowed from other Soviet armored vehicles. The
suspension system resembles that of the PT-76
and ASU-85; that is, it has six road wheels and
no track support rollers. The driver sits in the
left front of the hull; the rest of the crew (the
commander, gunner, a n d  radar operator) sit in
t h e  turret. The GUN DISH fire control radar
mounted on the rear of the turret can fold down
during travel.

  The Soviets have produced a number of dif-
ferent ZSU-23-4models. These are distinguishable
externally by the types of stowage boxes on the
turret and minor modifications in the mounting
of the guns.

A platoon of four ZSU-23-4s, along with four SA-9-GASKIN SAM systems, is organic to the air defense missile and artillery battery of MRRs and

TRs. Two ZSU-23-4swill usually support each of
t h e  two first-echelon battalions. These two
weapons are normally separated by 200 meters,
and they typically travel 400 meters behind the
battalion's leading elements.

  The ZSU-23-4 is not amphibious, but h a s  a
fording capability of just over one meter. During
river assault operations, the ZSU-23-4s would be
ferried to the far bank immediately after the lead
ing companies.

  The ZSU-23-4has the capability to both acquire
and track low-flying aircraft targets, with an effec-
tive AA range of 2,500 meters. It also is capable
of firing on the move because of its integrated
radar/gun stabilization system. The high-frequency
operation of the GUN DISH radar emits a very
narrow beam that provides excellent aircraft
tracking while being difficult to detect or evade.
However, such a frequency also dictates a limited
range; linking the system to other long-range
acquisition radars in the area can compensate for
this. T h e  ZSU-23-4 c a n  also engage lightly
armored ground vehicles.

## 23-Mmself-Propelled Antiaircraft Gun Zsu-23-4 (Continued)

  The four guns are water-cooled and have a
cyclic rate of fire of 800 to 1,000 rounds per
minute each. However, the gunner normally fires
them in bursts (2 to 3 rounds per barrel) to reduce
ammunition expenditure and prolong barrel life.
Each ZSU-23-4carries about 2,000 rounds onboard.
Supply trucks, which follow the ZSUs at a
distance of 1.5 to 2.5 kilometers, carry an esti
mated additional 3,000 rounds for each of the
four ZSUs. Electronic target acquisition, tracking,
and ranging ate automated; an onboard computer
determines superelevation and azimuth lead.
Conventional optical sights also are available.

  The onboardload normally mixes two types of
ammunition at a ratio of three HEI-T rounds per
one API-T round. An HEI round is also available.
The HEI-T and H E I  rounds are intended for
defeating aircraft by blast, fragmentation, or
incendiary effect. However, they may also be used
against personnel in a ground role. The API-T
round can penetrate lightly armored ground tar-
gets and aircraft and defeat them by an incen-
diary effect. Tracers facilitate correction of fire.



  The An-22/COCK or IL-76/CANDID transport
aircraft or the Mi-26/HALO A heavy-lift helicop-
ter can airlift the ZSU-23-4. The crew of the

##

ZSU-23-4receives a degree of protection from the
thin armor (maximum thickness 9.4 millimeters in
the hull, 8.9 millimeters in the turret). A radiation
detection and warning system and an air filtra
tion and overpressure system provide collective
NBC protection.

  Heavy machine gun fire can penetrate the hull
and turret. Tread and road wheels are vulnerable
to artillery fire. Frag-HE rounds can penetrate the
armor, destroy the radar dish, or rupture the liquid
coolant sleeves of the 23-mm cannons. The system
is also vulnerable to ECM.

  The ZSU-23-4,introduced around 1965, is called
Shilka by the Soviets. The rest of the Warsaw
Pact has deployed it widely since 1970. Despite
the ZSU-23-4's good record, the 30-mm SP AA
system 2S6 is replacing it. The 2S6system, previ-
ously known as SP AA gun M1986,has improved
AA range, rate of fire (per barrel), and fire-control
equipment. The newer system is mounted on a
more heavily armored chassis derived from the
SA-4/GANEFSAM launcher vehicle.

  The 2S6 system integrates four 30-min auto-
matic cannons with launchers for eight SA-19
SAMs on the same chassis. In addition to two
guns and four SAM launchers on each side, the
turret mounts a fire control radar on its front and
a target acquisition radar on its rear. The sus-
pension system resembles that of the SA-4/GANEF
SAM system, but it has only six road wheels.

and missiles allows the 2S6 to replace both the
ZSU-23-4SP AA guns and the SA-13 SAM sys-
tems at this level. The separate radars for target
acquisition and fire control enable the 2S6 to
search for and engage targets simultaneously.
Compared to the ZSU-23-4the 2S6 guns have
improved AA range and rate of fire (per barrel).
The onboard SAMs can engage even longer-range
targets.

## Capabilities: Remarks:

  A battery of six 2S6 systems is organic to the
air defense battalion which replaces the air
defense missile and artillery battery in some
MRRs and TRs. The mixed armament of guns

  The 2S6, previously known as the SP AA gun
M1986,has been deployed in WGF since the spring
of 1987.

  The S-60 is a towed, road-transportable, short-
to medium-range, single-barrel 57-mm AA gun
system. The recognition features include a four-
wheeled carriage; a long, thin tube with multi-
perforated muzzle brake; and a distinctive gun
shield. The prime mover for the S-60 is usually
the Ural-375cargo truck. Besides on-carriage
optical fire control, the S-60 also employs an off-
carriage SON-9 or FLAP WHEEL fire control
radar, mounted on a separate van.

  The S-60 is present in the AA regiment of some
MRDs and TDs. However, the SA-6/GAINFULor
SA-8/GECKOSAM systems have replaced it in
most divisions in the forward area. It also may
be organic to territorial defense units, especially
around airfields. An S-60-equippedregiment has
24 guns: four firing batteries, each consisting of
six guns and a fire control center.

  The S-60's tactical AA ranne is 4.000 meters
with optical sights and 6,000 meters with radar

guidance. This weapon, designed to provide de-
fense against aircraft and helicopters, can also be
effective against lightly armored ground vehicles.
The four-wheel carriage can be leveled and stabil
ized on jacks to form a point firingbase. The four.
round clipsfeed ammunition horizontally into the
weapon. The gun can fire from the traveling posi-
tion in emergencies.

The towed S-60 system lacks the mobility of the newer SAM systems which are replacing it.

  The S-60,introduced around 1950, is no longer
organic to first-line Soviet divisions. The Soviets
introduced an SP version, the ZSU-57-2, in 1957.
It had twin 57-mm guns mounted on a modified
T-54 tank chassis. The ZSU-57-2has the same
characteristics as the S-60 except that it is not
radar-controlled. It is now considered obsolete

  The SA-2/GUIDELINE is a two-stage, radar-
guided SAM. It travels on a semitrailer towed by
a truck or tractor to the launch site. The SA-2
has appeared in several versions. Most of these
have HE warheads; however, one version, first seen
in 1967, reportedly has a nuclear warhead.

The SA-2, with a slant range of 35 to 50 kilometers, can defend high-altitude approaches up to
28,000 meters. The weapon is a national-level asset

usually found in the rear area with the mission
of defending static assets such as supply and
command installations. SA-2 units are not subor-
dinate to the ground forces but to the air defense
forces at the strategic level. However, the Soviets
may incorporate them into the front air defense
system to provide high-altitude air defense of front
critical rear area assets.

  An SA-2 regiment consists of three battalions,
each having a single firing battery. Each battery
has six launchers arranged in a star formation, a

## Sa-2/Guideline (Continued)

centrally located FAN SONG fire control radar,
and a loading vehicle. Although the launchers are
transportable, they normally deploy in fixed sites.
The two forward batteries usually locate 40 to 50
kilometers behind front lines; the third battery
locates 80 kilometers behind. The system normally
is integrated with other rear area air defense
systems to permit redundant coverage.

Although the SA-2 is reportedly effective within its kill zone, it is unlikely to be very effective

against an enemy employing sophisticated ECM
equipment. Other drawbacks are the system's
restricted mobility and its limited capability
against low-altitude air targets.

  The SA-2 system, operational since 1959, is
technologically obsolescent. The Soviets are grad-
ually phasing it out of their inventory. The Soviet
designation for the GUIDELINE missile is
V7750VK; the complete SA-2 system is known as
V75SM.

  The SA-3/GOA is a two-stage, solid-fuel, low-
to medium-altitude SAM. Two ready missiles travel
in tandem on a modified truck or tracked vehicle
from which the crew loads the missiles onto a
ground-mounted, trainable launcher for firing. Both
twin and quadruple launchers are in use. The
truck-mounted FLAT FACE radar acquires the
targets, while the LOW BLOW radar carries out
the fire control function.

  The SA-3 has automatic radio-command guid-
ance. The weapon can engage air targets at alti-
tudes between 100 and 25,000 meters at slant
ranges of 6 to 25 kilometers. It is principally a
point/small-area defense weapon. Along with the
S-60 and other AA guns, it may provide low- to
medium-altitude air defense of front critical rear
area assets as a complement to the high-altitude

capabilities of the SA-2. As with SA-2 units, SA-3
units are not normally subordinate to the ground
forces, although they may be integrated into the
front air defense system.

## Lzmita Tions:

The SA-3 system is not mobile. It is movable, hut its displacement time is considerable.

  The Soviets introduced the SA-3 into service in
1961. Newer, more mobile systems with improved
capabilities (for example, the SA-6 and SA-8)have
replaced it in its original role as a low-altitude
air defense weapon in support of maneuver
elements. However, it has continued in its role as
a rear area air defense weapon. The Soviets intro-
duced a quadruple launcher in 1973 for t h i s
purpose.

## Sa-4/Ganef Sa-4B/Ganef Mod I Description:

  The SA-4/GANEF is a two stage, medium- to
high-altitude SAM. It employs four wrap-around,
solid-fuel boosters and a cruise-type liquid-fuel
ramjet sustainer to attain long range. Guidance
is radio-command with semiautomatic homing. The
GANEF missiles travel in pairs on a tracked TEL
with 360-degree traverse. The system includes the
PAT HAND fire control radar and the necessary
C2 and logistic support vehicles and equipment.
The SA-4 brigade also has THIN SKIN height-
finding and LONG TRACK target acquisition
radars. ZU-23 guns provide close-in air defense of
the launchers.

  When it appeared, the SA-4 TEL vehicle was a
completely new design; that is, it was not a
modification of any previous chassis or vehicle. A
reload vehicle based on the SA-4 chassis carries
two additional missiles and follows the TEL
vehicle.

  The SA-4 has a slant range of 80 to 100 kilo-
meters and a kill zone at altitudes between 100
and 25,000 meters. The LONG TRACK radar,
which also supports other missiles, provides long-
range surveillance while the PAT HAND radar
provides target acquisition and fire control.

  A total of 27 SA-4 TELs are organic to a
front/army SAM brigade. The brigade comprises
three battalions with three batteries each. Each
battery has three twin launchers, one PAT HAND
radar, and one loader vehicle. All are tracked.
Besides providing high-altitude air defense for an
advancing army, the system's excellent mobility
allows some batteries to support the army's for-
ward maneuver elements, filling gaps between
low-altitude SA-6 or SA-8 batteries. Thus, three
SA-4 batteries might typically follow about 10
kilometers behind the army's foward forces, with
the other batteries moving in a belt 25 kilometers

## Sa-4/Ganef (Continued)

behind the front lines. The SA-4 TEL is a i r -
transportable in the An-22 transport aircraft.

## Limzta Tzons:

in 1964. It entered service in the Soviet Army
around 1967. An improved version, designated
SA-4b/GANEFMod 1, was first seen in 1974. The
SA-4bfeatures a shorter nose, with approximately
two feet of the missile forebody removed, as well
as a modified TEL.

  The SA-4 system is vulnerable to suppressive
fires and ECM. Its capabilities are significantly
reduced when the system is on the move. The TEL
has no on-board radar.

  The SA-11 and SA-12 systems are replacing
the SA-4 in nondivisional air defense units. The
Soviets have deployed the SA-11 in army-level
SAM brigades; they have initially deployed the
SA-12 in front-level SAM brigades.

  The SA-4 was the Soviets' first mobile SAM
system. The original SA-4a/GANEFwas first seen

  The GAINFUL is a two-stage, solid-fuel, low-
altitude SAM. It has radio-command guidance with
semiactiveradar terminal homing. Three missiles
are carried and launched from a threerail mount
with 360-degree traverse. The SA-6a launcher is
mounted on a modified PT-76 tank chassis similar
to the ZSU-23-4.Like the ZSU-23-4,the SA-6aTEL
is not amphibious. In travel position, the three-
missile launcher normally is lowered with the
missiles facing toward the rear. The SA-6bsystem
mounts three GAINFUL missiles on a different
type of tracked chassis with an on-board radar. For
either variant of the SA-6 system, a truck-based
reload vehicle carries three additional missiles.

  The associated STRAIGHT FLUSH radar
vehicle uses the same chassis as the SA-6aTEL.
The LONG TRACK target acquisition radar is also
associated with the SA-6 system.

  The SA-6 can deliver extremely responsive fires
with a slant range of 24 kilometers and a kill zone
from 50 to 12,000 meters in altitude. After the SA-6
regiment's LONG TRACK surveillance radar
acquires target data, the STRAIGHT FLUSH
missile site radars take over target acquisition and
fire control. Target tracking is on a single beam;
final intercept is by semiactive radar homing,
using continuous-wave radar. In ECM conditions,
the crew can perform tracking optically.

  The SA-6 regiments organic to MRDs and TDs
consist of 20 TELsin five batteries. Each battery
has four triple launchers, one STRAIGHT FLUSH
vehicle, and two reload vehicles. Normally, three
of these batteries are deployed 5 kilometers behind
the front line; the remaining two are deployed
about 10 kilometers farther back, filling the gaps
between the three forward batteries.

## Sa-6/Gainful (Continued)

service around 1970. Either the SA-6 or SA-8 has replaced S-60 AA guns in most divisional air defense regiments.

Division-level SA-6s may be used to supplement the air defense assets of maneuver regiments. This is due to their excellent mobility.

## Limita Tions:

  Besides being vulnerable to suppressive fires
and ECM, the system is slaved to the STRAIGHT
FLUSH target acquisition and tracking radar.
Without it, the SA-6 battery depends heavily on
target acquisition data provided by the LONG
TRACK regimental radar.

  Around 1979, the SA-6b began to appear along-
side the SA-6a in batteries of divisional SAM regi-
ments. I n  such configurations, a separate
STRAIGHT FLUSH radar can perform target
acquisition; or, the SA-6b system, with its inte-
grated transporter-erector-launcher and radar
(TELAR), can operate independently for sur-
veillance, as does the SA-8. This gives a higher
degree of autonomy and mobility to the very limited
number of SA-6b-equipped units.

   The Soviets first displayed the SA-6ain Moscow
in November 1967. The Soviet Army placed it in

  The SA-7/GRAIL is a man-portable, shoulder-
fired, low-altitude SAM system similar to the US
Army's Redeye. The missile has an HE warhead
and passive infrared homing guidance. The system
comprises the missile, a reloadable gripstock, and
a thermal battery. There are two versions: the
SA-7aand SA-7b.

  Every MRB and airborne battalion has an
organic air defense platoon in which nine SA-7
operators with gripstocks are transported by the
platoon's three BTRs, BMPs, or BMDs. A SAM
section consisting of one vehicle and three SA-7
gripstocks normally attaches to each of the bat-
talion's three MRCs. Similar air defense platoons
are organic at battalion level in air assault and
airmobile assault units.

  The SA-7a has a slant range of 3.6 kilometers
and a kill zone between 15 and 3,500 meters in
altitude. Its speed is about 470 meters per second
(Mach 1.4).

  The uprated version SA-7bdiffers from the
SA-7a primarily by using a boosted propellant



charge to increase range and speed. This gives the
SA-7b a slant range of about 5.5 kilometers, a
ceiling of about 4,500 meters, and a speed of about
580 meters per second (Mach 1.75). However, the
burn time has not increased.

  Both the SA-7aand the SA-7b are tail chase
missile systems. An identification, friend or foe
(IFF)system can be fitted to the operator's helmet.
The operator uses a permanent gripstock with
attachable canister-tube stored missiles. Each
operator carries a gripstock with one missile; up
to four additional missiles are carried in each
vehicle.

  The effectiveness of the SA-7 depends on its
ability to lock onto the heat source of targets,
usually low-flying fixed-and rotary-wing aircraft.
Although the SA-7 is limited in range, speed, and
altitude, it forces enemy pilots to fly above Soviet
minimum radar limitations. This results in detec-
tion and vulnerability to regimental and divisional
air defense systems.

  The operator engages a target by pointing the
tube at the target, partially depressing the trigger,

and waiting for the red indicator light to turn
green. When the green light indicates that the IR
seeker has locked onto the target, the operator
depresses the trigger completely to fire the missile.

  If an SA-7 misses its target, it will self-destruct
15 seconds after launch, or about 6.4 kilometers
downrange. If this occurs close to an aircraft,
severe damage can result despite the miss.

  The SA-7 is susceptible to suppressive fires and
battlefield obscurations. Its gunner also must have
line-of-sightto his target. This may cause. him to
be exposed in relatively open terrain. High-intensity
flares ejected from aircraft under attack were once
successful countermeasures against the SA-7; how-
ever, the infrared guidance system of later models
has a filter to screen out decoy flares.



   The SA-7a, introduced in 1969, is called Strela-2
(arrow) by the Soviets. The SA-7b was introduced
in 1972. Over the years, both the Soviets and their
allies have tried to develop additional launch con-
figurations for the SA-7. In 1979, the East German
Army developed its own truck-mounted quadruple
SA-7 launcher, which it uses to defend airfields.



  The SA-14/GREMLIN man-portable SAM is
replacing the SA-7. The SA-14 entered service in
1978 and is similar to the SA-7b. Unlike the SA-7a
and SA-7b, however, it can engage targets head-on
at ranges of up to 4,000 meters. In 1986, the Soviets
introduced yet another hand-held SAM, the highly
accurate SA-16, which is also replacing the SA-7
in tactical units. The Soviet nickname for the SA-16
is Igla (needle).

  The SA-8/GECKO is a two-stage, solid-fuel,
short-range, low-altitude, all-weather SAM system.
The unique six-wheeled SA-8 TELAR is amphibious
and has a large boatlikebow. On the SA-8asystem,
four missiles mount on launch rails on an inte-
grated rotatable turret; the SA-8bsystem carries
six canister-launched missiles. On either variant,
the on-board LAND ROLL target acquisition and
fire control radar system also is mounted on the
front of the turret. The LAND ROLL system con-
sists of a folding surveillance radar antenna located
atop the launcher, between the two pairs of launch
rails, and a large tracking radar dish flanked by
two smaller command radar dishes forward of the
launch rails.

  The SA-8 has a slant range of 12 kilometers
and a kill zone of approximately 10 to 12,000
meters in altitude. Compared to other Soviet air
defense systems, the SA-8 has several advantages:
it is fully self-contained, highly mobile, amphibious,
and air-transportable.

  The SA-8 system is organic to the SAM regiment
of some MRDs and TDs. An SA-8 regiment has a
total of 20 TELARs organized into five batteries
of 4 TELARs each. The regiment also has 10
resupply vehicles, based on the same chassis as
the TELAR, which carry additional missiles and
a crane for transloading.

The surveillance radar of the LAND ROLL
system probably operates in the H band and has an effective range of around 30 kilometers against

a typical target. Its antenna folds down behind
the launcher, enabling Soviet transport aircraft to
airlift the system. The tracking radar is of the
pulsed type; it probably operates in the J band
with a range of 20 to 25 kilometers. The two
I-band guidance radars make it possible to launch
two missiles at the same target, each one respond-
ing to a different frequency to frustrate ECM. A
low-light-level television camera mounted on top
of the fire-control assembly is used for optical
target tracking.

  The incorporation of the radars and the number
of ready missiles on the TELAR give the amphibi-
ous SA-8 system some mobility and tacticalemploy-
ment advantages over the SA-6 system. The SA-6,
on the other hand, provides greater depth of cover-
age, especially against aircraft employing standoff
weapons. The use of canisters on the SA-8bsystem
has three advantages: it further increases the
number of ready missiles, it improves missile sur-
vivability, and it facilitates resupply and reloading.

Besides being susceptible to suppressive fires and ECM, the SA-8's exposed radars and wheels are especially vulnerable to artillery fires.

  The Soviets introduced the SA-8a in 1974 and
first publicly displayed it in 1975. The SA-8b vari-
ant was first seen in 1980. Along with the SA-6,
the SA-8 systems have replaced the S-60 AA gun
in most division-level air defense regiments.

  The SA-9/GASKINis a short-range,low-altitude
SAM. Four missiles in detachable, box-like launch
canisters are mounted on a modified BRDM-2
amphibious armored scout car. The launcher is
360-degree traversable and rests flat on the rear
of the vehicle when not in the launch-ready posi-
tion. The vehicle carries an additional four missiles
inside.

  The GASKIN missiles has a passive infrared
seeker. It carries an HE warhead.

  The SA-9 is amphibious with hydrojetpropulsion.
An air filtration and overpressure system provides
NBC protection. These capabilities enable the SA-9
to cross rivers and zones of radiation along with
forward columns of tanks and APCs.

## Limita Tions:

  The SA-9 has a slant range of approximately
6 kilometers and a kill zone of 10 to 5,000 meters
in altitude. A surveillance data link alerts an
operator seated in the vehicle cabin to an ap-
proaching target. The operator then tracks the
target optically through a large window at the base
of the launcher pedestal.

  The SA-9 has significantly reduced range against
high-speed aircraft approaching the launcher. The
system has no on-board radar. Therefore, the crew
must depend on preliminary target data broadcast
over the division early warning radio net until
they visually acquire the target. The system is
susceptible to suppressive fires and battlefield
obscuration. Maximum armor protection is only 14
millimeters.

   Once targets are sighted visually, the SA-9 prob-
ably uses a red/green light indicator system similar
to that of the SA-7/GRAIL; that is, when the red
light turns green, the missile has locked onto the
target and is ready to fire. However, the GASKIN
missile is not a derivative of the GRAIL. The SA-9
is the least complex of Soviet vehiclemounted SAM
systems.

  The Soviets introduced the SA-9 in 1968. Its
Soviet nickname is Strela-1 (arrow). Around 1977,
the SA-12/GOPHERSAM system began to replace
the SA-9.

  A platoon of four SA-9 vehicles is organic to
the air defense battery of MRRs and TRs. The
SA-9sare teamed with a platoon of four ZSU-23-4s.
The SA-9 also is organic to Soviet naval infantry
regiments and brigades.

  The four SA-9/GASKIN fire units normally
operate as a group. They would most likely deploy
between the first and second echelons of the regi-
ment. From that location, the SA-9s can protect
both first-and second-echelon units without be-
coming exposed to enemy direct fire weapons. The
SA-9sprobably have the task of covering the regi-
mental command post, the regiment's organic artil-
lery battalion, and other organic or attached
elements in the regiment's sector.



longer-range surveillance and target acquisition
radars, each TELAR, with its on-board guidance
and tracking radar, can operate independently for
surveillance and target engagement.

  The SA-11/GADFLYis a low-to-mediumaltitude
SAM. The SA-11TELAR is based on a tracked
chassis also used for the radar vehicles associated
with the SA-11. The TELAR features a 360-degree
traversable platform with a dome-shaped radar
antenna at the front and a four-rail launcher near
the rear. At the extreme rear of the platform is a
communications antenna.

  The TELAR apparently does not carry reload
missiles onboard.

## Capabilities: Remarks:

  The GADFLY missile has a slant range of 30
kilometers. It provides air defense against high-
performance aircraft operating at low-to-medium
altitudes, as well as against cruise missiles. The
tracked TELAR provides excellent mobility.

##

Although SA-11 batteries (if deployed at division level) or battalions (if deployed at army level) have

  The SA-11 TELAR vehicle first appeared with
the SA-6b/GAINFUL system around 1979. The
entire SA-11system with the GADFLY missile was
not introduced until 1983. Initially deployed as a
replacement for the SA-4 system in army-level SAM
brigades, the SA-11may eventually replace the
SA-6 as a division-levelSAM.

## Sa-12/Gladiator And Sa-12B/Giant Description:


  The SA-12a/GLADIATORis a long-range, low
to-high altitude, tactical SAM system. The SA-12a
TELAR is based on a modified MT-T heavy tracked
transporter. Cylindrical containers i n  circular
launch racks carry four GLADIATOR missiles. The
canisters are erected to the vertical at the rear of
the TELAR in firing position. A tall antenna mast
with a radar dish is erected at the rear of the
driver's cab. A separate transloader vehicle on the
same type of chassis carries four reload missiles
and a crane. Separate phased-array radars and C3
vehicles associated with this SAM system use
similar vehicles.


  The GLADIATOR missile has a range of 90
kilometers and a kill zone at altitudes between 30
and 30,000 meters. The SA-12a mobile system pro
vides air defense against all types of aerodynamic
vehicles, including cruise missiles and some tactical
ballistic missiles. The phased-array radars provide



long-range surveillance and a capability for hand
ling multiple targets.



  The SA-12a/GLADIATORsystem is a replace
ment for the SA-4/GANEFin nondivisional SAM
units. Initial deployment has been to front-level
SAM brigades.



  The Soviets first deployed the SA-12a/GLADIA
TOR system i n  1986. Still under development is
a n  even more capable, longer-range, higher-
altitude missile to complement it. The second
missile, designated SA-12b/GIANT,is a tactical
SAM with a range of 100 kilometers. The GIANT
can intercept aircraft at all altitudes, cruise mis-
siles, tactical ballistic missiles, and possibly some
types o f  strategic ballistic missiles. The SA-12b
system uses the same TELAR as the SA-12a,except
that it carries only two o f  the larger GIANT
missiles.

  The SA-13/GOPHERis a short-range, low alti-
tude SAM system. The SA-13 TELAR is a modified
MT-LB amphibious armored tracked vehicle with
the machine gun turret removed. The launcher
pedestal mounted to the rear of center of the vehicle
is 360-degree traversable. It incorporates the op-
erator's position behind a large, rectangular window
at its base. Atop the pedestal are mounting brackets
for four missile canisters. The SA-13launcher can
accommodate the GASKIN missile canisters nor-
mally associated with the SA-9 system; it can also
accommodate the slightly larger canisters for the
GOPHER missiles associated exclusively with the
SA-13 system. Like the GASKIN canisters, the
GOPHER canisters are box-shaped, with hinged
covers a t  both front and rear. However, the
GOPHER canisters are slightly longer and re-
inforced by transverse ribs in their rear portion,
while the GASKIN canisters have smooth sides.

Located between the two pairs of missile canisters
is the circular parabolic antenna of a ranging
radar. There is an unidentified plank-shaped struc-
ture above the position for the inside right canister.
On both sides of the pedestal are running boards
for crew members emplacing new missile canisters.
In travel position, the canisters and radar are
lowered to the rear of the pedestal and rest on
the rear deck, facing to the rear; approximately
one-third of the canister length extends behind the
vehicle. The MT-LB cargo compartment may carry
up to eight reload missiles. It has two large doors
at the rear.



  The platoon leader of the SA-12-equipped SAM
platoon uses a second version of the SA-13 TELAR.
This version features four box-shaped receiver
devices mounted on the front, rear, and both sides
of the hull.

## Sa-12/Gopher (Continued) Capabilities:

rough terrain, water obstacles, and contaminated areas along with the tank and BMP-equipped units it supports.



  The GOPHER missile has a slant range of 6
to 7 kilometers and a kill zone between a minimum
of 9 to 10 meters and a maximum of 5.500 meters
in altitude. It has a cooled IR seeker and operates
in dual frequency bands to better discriminate
against countermeasures (in comparison to the
GASKIN). As with the SA-9 system, the operator
tracks the target optically; but, in this case, the
onb board ranging radar allows him to determine
when the target aircraft is within range of the
missile. This reduces the needless expenditure of
missiles on out-of-rangetargets.

  A platoon of four SA-13TELARsis organic to
the air defense battery of MRRs and TRs, where
they are complemented by a platoon of four SP
AA guns. The SA-13is also organic to Soviet naval
infantry brigades.

  The SA-13 has significantly reduced range
against high-speed aircraft approaching the
launcher. Despite a limited surveillance capability
of the range-only radar, the SA-13 still depends
primarily on visual acquisition by the crew. It also
depends on target data passed to the crew by data
link when targets are acquired by the radars of
the battery's SP AA guns or by division-level
radars. Suppressive fires and battlefield obscuration
may degrade the operator's ability to track targets
visually. The MT-LB hull offers a maximum armor
protection of only 7 millimeters (half that of the
BRDM-2 hull of the SA-9).

  The four box-shaped structures on the hull of
the platoon leader's TELAR house a passive radar
warning system. The receivers' arrangement
provides 360-degreecoverage around the vehicle.



  The tracked, amphibious TELAR with collective
NBC protection allows the SA-13 system to cross

   The Soviets introduced theSA-13 system around
1977 as a replacement for the SA-9 system. Their
nickname for the SA-13is Strela10.

## Surface-To-Air Missile Associated Radar Sam-Associated Radar Characteristics

|                     |                | RADAR    | WEAPON    |
|---------------------|----------------|----------|-----------|
| FUNCTION            | FREQ           | BAND     | RANGE     |
| (km)                |                |          |           |
| fire control        |                |          |           |
| SA-2/GUIDELINE      |                |          |           |
| FAN SONG A/B        |                |          |           |
| 60                  |                |          |           |
| -                   | 120            |          |           |
| E/F                 |                |          |           |
| FAN SONG C/D/E      |                |          |           |
| 70.145              |                |          |           |
| G                   |                |          |           |
| INA                 |                |          |           |
| INA                 |                |          |           |
| FAN SONG            |                |          |           |
| F                   |                |          |           |
| (all                |                |          |           |
| trailer-mounted)    |                |          |           |
| target              | acquisition    |          |           |
| 250                 |                |          |           |
| C                   | (UHF)          |          |           |
| FLAT                |                |          |           |
| FACE                |                |          |           |
| (P-15)              |                |          |           |
| (van-mounted)       |                |          |           |
| SA-3/GOA,           |                |          |           |
| possibly            | SA-8/          |          |           |
| GECKO               |                |          |           |
| SA-8/GECKO          |                |          |           |
| INA                 |                |          |           |
| LAND ROLL           |                |          |           |
| (on-board)          |                |          |           |
| H                   | (acquisition), |          |           |
| J                   |                |          |           |
| (tracking)          |                |          |           |
| fire                | control        | and      |           |
| short               |                |          |           |
| -                   | range          |          |           |
| target              | acquisition    |          |           |
| E                   |                |          |           |
| target              | acquistion     |          |           |
| LONG TRACK          |                |          |           |
| (tracked)           |                |          |           |
| SA-4/GANEF,         |                |          |           |
| SA-6/GAINFUL,       |                |          |           |
| SA-8/GECKO          |                |          |           |
| excess of           |                |          |           |
| 150 km,             |                |          |           |
| 30,000              | m              |          |           |
| altitude            |                |          |           |
| SA-3/GOA            |                |          |           |
| fire control        |                |          |           |
| LOW BLOW            |                |          |           |
| I                   |                |          |           |
| 40-85               |                |          |           |
| SA-4/GANEF          |                |          |           |
| f i r e             | control        |          |           |
| INA                 |                |          |           |
| H                   |                |          |           |
| PAT HAND            |                |          |           |
| (tracked)           |                |          |           |
| INA                 |                |          |           |
| A                   | (VHF)          |          |           |
| SA-2/GUIDELINE      |                |          |           |
| target              | acquisition    |          |           |
| SPOON REST A        |                |          |           |
| (P-12)              | (truck.        |          |           |
| mounted]            |                |          |           |
| INA                 |                |          |           |
| VHF                 |                |          |           |
| (below A            |                |          |           |
| band)               |                |          |           |
| SPOON REST          |                |          |           |
| B                   |                |          |           |
| (P-12) (mast        |                |          |           |
| mounted)            |                |          |           |
| C                   |                |          |           |
| SA-3/GOA            |                |          |           |
| INA                 |                |          |           |
| SQUAT               |                |          |           |
| EYE                 |                |          |           |
| (P-15M)             |                |          |           |
| (mast-mounted)      |                |          |           |
| target              | acquisition    |          |           |
| (law                | altitude, in   |          |           |
| stead of FLAT FACE) |                |          |           |
| SA-6/GAINFUL        |                |          |           |
| STRAIGHT FLUSH      |                |          |           |
| (tracked)           |                |          |           |
| 60.90 km.           |                |          |           |
| 10.000 m            |                |          |           |
| altitude            |                |          |           |
| G / H               |                |          |           |
| (acquisition),      |                |          |           |
| I                   | (tracking)     |          |           |
| fire control and    |                |          |           |
| short-range         | target         |          |           |
| acquisition         |                |          |           |
| H                   |                |          |           |
| 240                 |                |          |           |
|                     |                |          |           |
| THIN SKIN           |                |          |           |
| A/B                 |                |          |           |
| (van-               | or             | trailer- |           |
| mounted)            |                |          |           |
| SA-4/GANEF,         |                |          |           |
| SA-6/GAINFUL,       |                |          |           |
| SA-8/GECKO          |                |          |           |
| height finder       |                |          |           |
| (low-altitude       |                |          |           |
| capaability,        |                |          |           |
| used with LONG      |                |          |           |
| TRACK)              |                |          |           |
| U / I               |                |          |           |
| SA-11/GADFLY        |                |          |           |
| target              | acquisition    |          |           |
| INA                 |                |          |           |
| INA                 |                |          |           |
| SA-11/GADFLY        |                |          |           |
| U / I               |                |          |           |
| INA                 |                |          |           |
| target engagement   |                |          |           |
| INA                 |                |          |           |
| U / I               |                |          |           |
| target              | acquisition    |          |           |
| SA-12a/GLADIATOR    |                |          |           |
| INA                 |                |          |           |
| INA                 |                |          |           |
| SA-12a/GLADIATOR    |                |          |           |
| U/I                 |                |          |           |
| INA                 |                |          |           |
| target engagement   |                |          |           |
| INA                 |                |          |           |
| U/I                 |                |          |           |
| SA-12a/GLADIATOR    |                |          |           |
| INA                 |                |          |           |
| INA                 |                |          |           |
| special-purpose     |                |          |           |
| acquisition         |                |          |           |
| U/I                 |                |          |           |
| SA-13/GOPHER        |                |          |           |
| ranging             |                |          |           |
| INA                 |                |          |           |
| INA                 |                |          |           |

## Engineer Equipment Bridges And Rafts Bridge And Raft Characteristics

BRIDGE
CHARACTERISTICS
BRIDGE AND LAUNCHER
IN TRAVEL POSITION:
Length (m)
Width (m)
Height (m)
Weight (mt)
Transporter-launcher
BRIDGE ONLY
Treadway length (m)
Unfolded
Folded
Width (m)
Unfolded
Folded
Weight (mt)
ASSEMBLY DATA
Spans in set
Length of span (m)
Total length of
bridge (m)
Roadway width (m)
Capacity (mt)
ssembly Time (min)
workingparty
EAR INTRODUCED
PMP RAFT
CHARACTERISTICS
60-TON
40-TON
80-TON
110-TON
170-TON
SEMBLY DATA
ans in raft
2/01
4/01
5/11
3/01
8/1'
totallength (m)
27.0
20.3
13.5
39.3
59.6
adwaywidth (m)
6.5
6.5
6.5
6.5
6.5
acity (mt)
170
60
80
40
110
assemblytime (min)
B
INA
10
12
15
king party
INA
9
12
18
6
FOOTNOTES
D section.
Closed/exte nded.
Averageasrsemblytime 7 meters per minute. (Trained engineers can assemble
200 meters in **1 1**  minutes or 500 metersin 30 minutes.)
Launch/retr**ieval** time.
P e r  span/total.

  Although the complete PMP ribbon bridge set
consists of 32 center pontons and 4 ramp pontons,
the ponton bridge companyof an engineer battalion
normally has half a set (one complete bridge) made
up of 16 center and 2 ramp pontons. Each 4-section
ponton is launched from a KrAZ-255B truck. It
automatically unfolds upon entering the water. The
sections then lock in place to form a bridge unit
6.75 meters long and 8 meters wide. Normally,all
the units are launched simultaneously. They join
together parallel to the near shore to form a
continuous roadway. The roadway then swings
across the water obstacle; powerboats (6 per half-
set) hold it in place on the designated centerline.

  Engineers can use the full 36-ponton
construct 227 meters of 60-ton bridge. The
also configure it as 40- to 170-ton rafts. A 1
gives each division the capability to constr
meters of 60-ton bridge, 191 meters of 20-ton
or rafts. Under ideal conditions, assembly
of 7 meters of bridge per minute can result

The PMP was introduced in 1961. It is e vulnerable to air attack and artillery.

raises, unfolds, and emplaces the span with the folding trestle legs.

  The TMM is a multiplespan, treatle-supported,
scissors-type, treadway bridge. One bridge set
comprises four 10.5-m spans carried on, and
launched from, modified KrAZ-214 or KrAZ-255B
(6 x 6) trucks. Spans fold in half for transport.
Three of the spans have integral-mounted, adjust-
able (1.7 to 3.2 meters) trestle legs, while the fourth
(far-shore) span has none. During travel, the
trestles can fold beneath the scissors span.

  Engineers can launch the complete 42-m bridge
in 40 to 60 minutes during the day or 60 to 80
minutes at night; however, a well-trained working
party can cut this time in half. If necessary, it
can lay the TMM underwater; this adds about 50
percent to the launching time. Adding more spans
can lengthen the bridge.

## Capabilities: Remarks:

The TMM was introduced in 1964. It is vulnerable to direct and indirect fire weapons.

A launching girder mounted on the truck bed launches the TMM hydraulically over the tailgate.

Assisted by winch cables and pulleys, the girder


## Tank-Launched Bridge Mtu-20 Description:

 The MTU-20 is the major Soviet-produced,
tank-launched, single-span, assault bridge currently
employed as standard equipment in the Soviet
Army. It consists of a twin-treadway super-
structure mounted on a modified T-55 tank chassis.
Each treadway is made up of a box-type aluminum
girder with a folding ramp attached to both ends
to save space in the travel position. Thus, the
vehicle with bridge on board is only 11.6 meters
long, but the overall span length is 20 meters.

 The MTU-20 is launched by the cantilever
method: the ramps are lowered and fully extended
before the treadways are cantilevered out with the
full load of the bridge resting on the forward
support plate during launch. The span moves
forward over the cantilever launching girder until

the far end reaches the far bank. Then the crew
lowers the near end onto the near bank. This
method of launching gives the bridgelayer a low
silhouette, and makes it less vulnerable to detection
or destruction.

  Launch time is 5 minutes for the MTU-20. The
launcher vehicle can retrieve the emplaced bridge
from either end. Retrieval time is 5 to 7 minutes.

   In 1957, the Soviets introduced a tank-launched
bridge mounted on a modified T-34 tank chassis.
They produced this bridge only on a limited basis
and soon replaced it with the T-54 MTU, which
was introduced in 1958. Since 1967, the improved
MTU-20 and the Czech M-55 have supplemented
and largely replaced the T-54 MTU.

## Description: Capabilities:

The crew can launch this bridge in fiveminutes

T h e  MT-55, produced in Czechoslovakia, is a
                                                                     to span an 18-m gap. The bridge can carry a 50-mt
sors-typebridge with solid sides. It folds in the
                                                                     load.
Idle. It is similar in design and appearance to
                                                                      REMARKS:

East German BLG-60 tank-launched scissors
                                          Some Soviet MRRs and T R s  use the MT-55
edge.The MT-55 mounts on and launches from
                                        instead of the MTU-20, even though it is made in
nodified T-55 tank chassis.
                                        Czechoslovakia.

| Amphibians            | and             | Ferries                |
|-----------------------|-----------------|------------------------|
| Amphibian and ferry   | characteristics |                        |
| CHARACTERISTICS       |                 |                        |
| TRACKED               |                 |                        |
| AMPHIBIAN             |                 |                        |
| K                     |                 |                        |
| -                     | 61              |                        |
| TRACKED               |                 |                        |
| AMPHIBIAN             |                 |                        |
| PTS                   |                 |                        |
| -                     | M               |                        |
| AMPHIBIOUS            |                 |                        |
| BRIDGING              |                 |                        |
| SYSTEM                |                 |                        |
| -                     |                 |                        |
| TRACKED PMM           | -               | 2                      |
| AMPHIBIOUS            |                 |                        |
| TRAILER               |                 |                        |
| PKP                   |                 |                        |
| TRACKED               |                 |                        |
| AMPHIBIAN             |                 |                        |
| PTS                   |                 |                        |
| -                     | 2               |                        |
| HEAVY                 |                 |                        |
| AMPHIBIOUS            |                 |                        |
| FERRY                 |                 |                        |
| GSP1                  |                 |                        |
| AMPHIBION             |                 |                        |
| BRIDGING              |                 |                        |
| SYSTEM                |                 |                        |
| -                     |                 |                        |
| WHEELED               |                 |                        |
| WEIGHT                |                 |                        |
| (kg)                  |                 |                        |
| Empty                 |                 |                        |
| 9,550                 | 15,000          |                        |
| 3,600                 |                 |                        |
| INA                   |                 |                        |
| 17,000/34,0002        |                 |                        |
| INA                   | INA             |                        |
| Loaded, land          |                 |                        |
| 12.550                | 22,500          | 8,600                  |
| INA                   |                 |                        |
| NA                    |                 |                        |
| N                     |                 |                        |
| A                     |                 |                        |
| NA                    |                 |                        |
| Loaded, water         |                 |                        |
| 14,500                | 30,000          | 8.600                  |
| INA                   |                 |                        |
| 84,000                |                 |                        |
| INA                   | INA             |                        |
| PAYLOAD               |                 |                        |
| (kg)                  |                 |                        |
| Land                  |                 |                        |
| 3,000                 | 7.500           |                        |
| 5.000                 |                 |                        |
| INA                   |                 |                        |
| NA                    |                 |                        |
| NA                    | N               |                        |
| A                     |                 |                        |
| Water                 |                 |                        |
| 5,000                 | 15,000          |                        |
| 5,000                 |                 |                        |
| INA                   |                 |                        |
| 50,000                | 52,000          |                        |
| INA                   |                 |                        |
| CREW                  |                 |                        |
| 2                     |                 |                        |
| 2                     |                 |                        |
| N                     |                 |                        |
| A                     |                 |                        |
| 2                     |                 |                        |
| working party         |                 |                        |
| 6                     |                 |                        |
| INA                   | INA             |                        |
| PERSONNEL LOAD        |                 |                        |
| 50                    | 50'             |                        |
| N                     |                 |                        |
| A                     |                 |                        |
| INA                   | N               |                        |
| A                     |                 |                        |
| N                     |                 |                        |
| A                     |                 |                        |
| NA                    |                 |                        |
| LENGTH                | (mm)            |                        |
| 9,150                 | 11.500          |                        |
| 10,300                |                 |                        |
| 11,500                | 12.000          | 13,500                 |
| 3,500/10,500/         |                 |                        |
| INA"                  |                 |                        |
| INA/7,000             |                 |                        |
| INA4                  |                 |                        |
| WIDTH (mm)            |                 |                        |
| 3,150                 | 3.500           | 2,820/4,0505           |
| 3,300                 | 3,240/12,630/   |                        |
| 21,500"               |                 |                        |
| HEIGHT (mm)           |                 |                        |
| 2,165                 | 3,400           |                        |
| 2,200                 |                 |                        |
| INA                   |                 |                        |
| 3,200                 |                 |                        |
| INA                   | INA             |                        |
| GROUND CLEARANCE      | (mm)            |                        |
| 366                   | 500             |                        |
| INA                   |                 |                        |
| INA                   |                 |                        |
| 350                   |                 |                        |
| INA                   | INA             |                        |
| GROUND PRESSURE       |                 |                        |
| (kg/cm2): Empty       |                 |                        |
| 0.35                  | 0.32            |                        |
| INA                   |                 |                        |
| INA                   |                 |                        |
| 0.52                  |                 |                        |
| INA                   | INA             |                        |
| Loaded                |                 |                        |
| 0.46                  | 0.41            |                        |
| INA                   |                 |                        |
| INA                   |                 |                        |
| N                     |                 |                        |
| A                     |                 |                        |
| N                     |                 |                        |
| A                     |                 |                        |
| NA                    |                 |                        |
| MAXIMUM SPEED (km/hr) |                 |                        |
| Land                  |                 |                        |
| 36                    |                 |                        |
| 40                    |                 |                        |
| towed                 |                 |                        |
| INA                   |                 |                        |
| 40                    |                 |                        |
| INA                   |                 |                        |
| INA                   |                 |                        |
| 10                    | 15              |                        |
| towed                 |                 |                        |
| INA                   |                 |                        |
| 7.7                   |                 |                        |
| INA                   |                 |                        |
| INA                   |                 |                        |
| Water (w/load)        |                 |                        |
| CRUISING RANGE        |                 |                        |
| Land (km)             |                 |                        |
| 170                   | 425             |                        |
| towed                 |                 |                        |
| INA                   |                 |                        |
| INA                   | INA             |                        |
| INA                   |                 |                        |
| Water (hrs)           |                 |                        |
| 8                     | 10              |                        |
| towed                 |                 |                        |
| INA                   |                 |                        |
| INA                   |                 |                        |
| INA                   |                 |                        |
| INA                   |                 |                        |
| SLOPE                 |                 |                        |
| (c)                   |                 |                        |
| Empty                 |                 |                        |
| 42                    | 30              |                        |
| INA                   |                 |                        |
| INA                   |                 |                        |
| 25                    |                 |                        |
| I                     |                 |                        |
| NA                    |                 |                        |
| INA                   |                 |                        |
| Loaded                |                 |                        |
| 15/106                | 10              |                        |
| INA                   |                 |                        |
| INA                   |                 |                        |
| N                     |                 |                        |
| A                     |                 |                        |
| NA                    |                 |                        |
| NA                    |                 |                        |
| STEP (mm)             |                 |                        |
| 640                   |                 |                        |
| 650                   |                 |                        |
| INA                   |                 |                        |
| INA                   |                 |                        |
| INA                   | INA             |                        |
| INA                   |                 |                        |
| 3,000                 |                 |                        |
| 2,500                 |                 |                        |
| INA                   |                 |                        |
| INA                   |                 |                        |
| INA                   |                 |                        |
| INA                   |                 |                        |
| INA                   |                 |                        |
| TRENCH (mm)           |                 |                        |
| ENTRY ANGLE           |                 |                        |
| (c)                   |                 |                        |
| Empty                 |                 |                        |
| 15                    |                 |                        |
| INA                   |                 |                        |
| INA                   |                 |                        |
| INA                   |                 |                        |
| INA                   |                 |                        |
| I NA                  |                 |                        |
| INA                   |                 |                        |
| Loaded                |                 |                        |
| 1 0/56                | 15              |                        |
| INA                   |                 |                        |
| INA                   |                 |                        |
| INA                   | INA             |                        |
| INA                   |                 |                        |
| EXIT                  | ANGLE           |                        |
| (c)                   |                 |                        |
| 20                    |                 |                        |
| 25                    |                 |                        |
| INA                   |                 |                        |
| INA                   |                 |                        |
| INA                   | INA             |                        |
| INA                   |                 |                        |
| YEAR INTRODUCED       |                 |                        |
| 1954                  |                 |                        |
| 1966                  |                 |                        |
| mid                   |                 |                        |
| 1950s                 |                 |                        |
| 1981                  |                 |                        |
| 1955                  | 1983            | 1981                   |
| FOOTNOTES.            |                 |                        |
| Assembly              | time            |                        |
| 3                     |                 |                        |
| to                    |                 |                        |
| 5                     |                 |                        |
| minutes.              |                 |                        |
| Half/full             |                 |                        |
| ferry.                |                 |                        |
| 'May                  | also            | carry                  |
| 12                    |                 |                        |
| litters.              |                 |                        |
| 'Travel               | position/in     | water without          |
| Side pontons          | folded.         |                        |
| Loaded                | with            | cargo/soldiers/vehicle |

## Heavy Amphibious Ferry Gsp Description:

   The GSP ferry set consists of two self-contained,
mirror-image half-femes which resemble each other
but are not interchangeable.In travel position, one
ponton folds atop each amphibian. After launching,
the crew lowers the pontons on hinges to the outer
sides of the amphibians and locks them in place.
The two half-ferriesjoin together. Treadways attach
to the top of the decked pontons and transversely
across the gunwales of the amphibians. For loading
and unloading, the ferry has a scissors-type ramp
extending from the outer gunwales of both pontons.
The pontons are filled with foam plastic to make
them unsinkable.

  The GSP is organic to the engineer battalion
of MRDs and TDs (12 half-ferries). Engineer
brigades, ponton bridge regiments, and assault
crossing battalions at front and army levels also
use it. It primarily supports tank, heavy artillery,
and missile units in river crossings. The SP ferry
can carry up to 50 metric tons of equipment

(including medium and heavy tanks, SP artillery,
and other tank-based equipment) at a water speed
of up to 7.7 kilometers per hour. Assembly time
is 3 to 5 minutes.

  The bank can be no higher than 0.5 meters
and the water depth no less than 1.2 meters at
the point where the GSP places its ramps to load
or unload. Otherwise, the ferry can be damaged.
The GSP is vulnerable to air attack and artillery.

  GSP is the Soviet abbreviation for "tracked
self-propelled ferry." The GSP was first sighted in
1955. Since then, the Soviet Army and other
Waraaw Pact armies have used it in increasing
numbers. However, its deployment ended in 1969,
and new Amphibious Bridging system- racked
(PMM-2) sets are replacing it.



  This amphibious tracked vehicle bears great
similarity to the PTS-2 tracked amphibian, with
its cab and boat-like bow. The chassis is similar
to that of the MT-T artillery prime mover, with
seven road wheels and four return rollers. This
same chassis is the basis of the MDK-3 excavator,
BAT-2dozer, and PTS-2 tracked amphibian. The
pontons of the PMM-2 sit on top of each other
and open hydraulically to both sides. They
resemble those of the Amphibious Bridging
System-Wheeled. The unfolded pontons have
wave deflectors, as well as ramps to expedite the
loading and unloading of vehicles. Analysts esti-
mate that the vehicle is 13.5 meters long and 3.5
meters wide with folded pontons. With the pontons

unfolded and deployed, the PMM-2 can be 10.5
meters wide.

 The PMM-2 can serve as a ferry. Joined to-
gether with other PMM-2s,it can serve as a ribbon
bridge. It has one main advantage as a ferry over
the GSP: whereas two GSP half-ferries must be
joined together to produce one ferry with a ca-
pacity of 50 metric tons, one PMM-2 can handle
the same capacity. Until the Soviet designation
PMM-2 became known, this system was called
ABS-Tin the West.

  This new system appears to be similar to the
PMM-2, but it uses a modified ZIL-1.35 8 x 8 truck
as a chassis. As with the PMM-2, the crew deploys
two pontons hydraulically. Using the dimensions
of the ZIL-135as a guide, the ABS-W can form a
ferry 8.4 meters long and 7 meters wide.

The ABS-W combines the capabilities of the GSP ferry and the PMP ponton system in one

vehicle. It can serve either as a single ferry or,
combined with other vehicles, as part of a ribbon
bridge. However, in contrast to the GSP, it can
form a ferry with a single vehicle. Unlike the
PMP, it is self-contained, and does not require
transport vehicles or power boats to place it into
operation. Also, less manpower is required to
deploy the system.

## K-61 Description:

  The K.61 is an unarmored, full-tracked trans-
port vehicle with a watertight all-steel hull. The
crew compartment at the front accommodates the
commander and driver. It has a hinged windshield
which can be opened horizontally. The cargo com-
partment at the rear has a large tailgate, which
also acts as a loading ramp, and a power-driven
winch. Bows and a tarpaulin can cover the crew
and cargo compartments.

  The suspension consists of seven small road
wheels with the drive sprocket at the front and
the idler at the rear. The K-61 is unique among
Soviet tracked vehicles in that it has no track
support rollers but uses seven support slides. The
vehicle is propelled in water by two large, three-
bladed propellers in the rear of the hull. When
the screws are engaged, the tracks remain idle.

  The K-61(or the newer PTS-M)is organic to
the engineer battalion of MRDs and TDs (with 12
amphibians in the amphibious platoon of the
assault crossing company). It is also organic to
the divisional maintenance battalion (which has
one amphibian). It is primarily a tactical support
vehicle for transporting cargo, equipment, and
personnel in river crossing operations.

  The K-61 can carry 50 troops or cargo loads of
3,000 kilograms on land, or 5,000 kilograms in
water. Typical equipment loads include artillery
pieces (120-mm mortar,. 122-mm howitzer, or 152
mm howitzer) and trucks (GAZ-63,ZIL-130,or
ZIL-157).Twelve K-61scan transport a battery of
artillery with prime movers.

  The K-61 has a limited road cruising range of
170 kilometers. (Some sources optimistically report
260 kilometers.) Faulty support slides can cause
the tracks to bind when a turn is made in either
direction. The vehicle may shed its tracks when
steering clutch levers are used in landing and in
climbing the bank after water operation. The K-61
is vulnerable to direct and indirect fire weapons.



  The Soviets introduced the K-61in 1954. It i s
sometimes referred to as the GPT. Since 1966, the
heavy tracked amphibian PTS-M has largely
replaced it. The PTS-M has over twice the carry
ing capacity of the K-61. The K-61 is now obsolete,
found only in low readiness units in the Soviet
Army; however, it is still common in many
Warsaw Pact and Third World armies.

## Heavy Tracked Amphibian Pts-M Description:

  The PTS-M is an unarmored, full-tracked trans-
port vehicle. It strongly resembles the K-61,which
it has replaced, but it is substantially larger.
Unlike the K-61, it has a fully enclosed cab which
is farther forward than the open crew compart-
ment of the K-61. It also has two circular hatches
in its roof. The large cargo bed has a removable
canvas cover and seven supporting bows. A winch
is mounted at the front of the cargo compartment.
The large, triangular tailgate has two integral,
hinged loading ramps.

  The torsion-bar suspension consists of six
larger road wheels, with the drive sprocket at the
front and the idler at the rear. It has neither sup-
port slides nor support rollers. The engine sits

under the center of the cargo compartment with
exhaust ports just above each side of the cargo
compartment. The vehicle is propelled in water by
two 3-bladepropellers; two rudders at the rear of
the hull steer it. Standard equipment includes
infrared night vision devices, an intercom, radios,
and a high-capacity bilge pump.

  The PKP wheeled amphibious trailer is often
used with the PTS-M. The PKP is a boat-shaped,
two-wheeled trailer with two small folding side
pontons for improving trim and increasing buoy-
ancy. It has a foam-plastic-filled, watertight hull
and treadways on its deck with recesses for the
wheels of transported artillery pieces.

## Heavy Tracked Amphibian Pts-M (Continued) Capabilities:

  The PTS-M is organic to the engineer battalion
of MRDs and TDs (with 12 amphibians in the
amphibious platoon of the assault crossing
company). It is also organic to the divisional
maintenance battalion (which has one amphibian).
The amphibious platoon also has three PKP
trailers. Together, they normally transport artil-
lery, air defense, or logistical elements across
water barriers.

  The PTS-M can transport 50 troops; some
sources say this figure is nearer to 70. It can also
transport cargo loads of 7,500 kilograms on land
or 15,000 kilograms in water. T h u s ,
                           it can trans-
port larger trucks such as the Ural-375D.Typical
equipment loads are similar to those for the K-61,
except that the PTS-M normally carries trucks and
other prime movers, while the PKP trailer carries
artillery pieces. The PKP has a load capacity of
5,000 kilograms.

  The PTS-M with PKP trailer can transport an
artillery piece, its prime mover, and its crew in a

single lift. The same task would require the use of two K-61s.

  For travel, the PKP can fit in the cargo com-
partment of the PTS-M. The PTS-M can also serve
as an ambulance, transporting 12 litters on special
rack mounts. With a fully sealablecab, the PTS-M
can operate under conditions of chemical or
nuclear contamination.

  In 1969, the Soviets began to replace the K-61
with the larger PTS and PTS-M amphibians. Both
new vehicles have the same dimensions; but the
PTS-M, which is the more widely deployed, has a
more powerful engine (350 versus 250 horse-
power). It thus has a slightly greater speed in
water (15 versus 10 kilometers per hour). The
PTS-M is now being phased out with the introduc-
tion of the PTSS.

  This amphibious transport vehicle employs the
chassis of the MT-T heavy tracked prime mover.
The MDK-3 tracked ditching machine, the BAT-2
dozer, and the PMM-2 bridging system also use
this chassis. The most discernable differences
between the chassis of the PTS-2 and that of the
PTS-M are the PTS-2's seven T-64 tank-type road
wheels and four support rollers. The PTS-2 is
larger than the PTS-M; it is 11.5 meters long and
3.3 meters wide. The crew cab extends farther
forward, and the larger wave deflector is posi-
tioned on the bow when in the travel mode. Also
new is the hydraulically-operated self-entrenching
system located on the rear deck of the PTS-2.

The PTS-2 is moved through the water by twin propellers mounted on the rear. It has a

winch, bilge pumps, and an automatic fire extin-
guishing system. The blades of the self-entrench-
ing system can be widened with additional,
detachable blades. The system can create and
improve the entrance and exit slopes of water
crossing sites.

  The PTS-2 first appeared in 1981. It is replac-
ing K-61s and PTS-Ms in the assault crossing
company of the engineer battalion of high-priority
MRDs and TDs, and in the assault crossing bat-
talion and ponton bridge regiment of the engineer
brigade at army or front.

Ditching machine characteristics
CHARACTERISTICS
MDK-2M
MDK-3
BTM3
PZM-2
TMK-2
1.5
1.5
1.5
3.5
3.0
MAXIMUM DIGGING DEPTH (m)
0.8-3.5
1.1
3.5
0.6
DIGGING WIDTH (m)
3.5
220-600
80-250
120.300
400.500
200-600
DIGGING CAPACITY (m3/hr)
180
600
WORKING SPEED (m/hr)
200.800
450
400-500
70
45
36
60
36
MAXIMUM ROAD SPEED
(km/hr)
500
500
500
RANGE (km)
500
500
2
2
2
2
2
CREW
28
12.8
26.3
26.7
INA
WEIGHT (mt)

NOTE. Excavation capabilities depend on soil type, depth of cut, and other factors.

  The MDK-2M high-speed ditching machine is
based on the tracked AT-T artillery tractor
chassis. The system mounts a rotary excavator on
the rear and a bulldozer blade on the front.

  The MDK-2M can dig field positions, antitank
ditches, and firing positions. Depending on soil
conditions, it can excavate 120 to 300 cubic meters
of soil per hour. The system can dig a 3.5-m-deep
and 3.5-m-wide ditch with multiple passes. The
MDK-2M has a filtration system for operation in
a contaminated environment.

The MDK-2M has relatively slow speed and limited cross-country mobility. More than one pass

may be necessary to dig the trench to the desired
depth. The MDK-2M cannot excavate in rocky ter-
rain or in frozen soil. It cannot be airlifted by
helicopter or be airdropped. It is vulnerable to
small arms fire.

  Introduced in 1965, the MDK-2M is now stan-
dard equipment in Soviet and Warsaw Pact
engineer units. It is organic to the technical
company of the engineer battalion in an MRD or
TD, and is also organic to the technical platoon
of the engineer company in an MRR or TR. The
MDK-2M's production ended in 1979. The newer
MDK-3 is replacing it.

  Since 1982, the MDK-3 has begun to replace
                                                     positions, and fighting positions. Its hourly exca-
the MDK-2M. The MDK-3 has the chassis of the
                                                     vation rate is 400 to 500 cubic meters per hour.
MT-T tracked artillery tractor, with a rotary exca-
                                                     The system can dig ditches 3.5 meters wide by
vator on the rear and a bulldozer blade on the
                                                     1.7 meters deep in a single pass.
front.
                                                     REMARKS:
CAPABILITIES:
                                                        The MDK-3 cannot be airlifted by helicopter or
  The MDK-3 can dig antitank ditches, vehicle
                                                     airdropped.

## Btm-3 Limitations: Description:

   The system cannot be airlifted by helicopter or
airdropped. It has neither armor nor NBC protec-
tion for the crew. The lack of a bulldozer blade
limits the system's utility.

  The BTM-3 is the latest in a series of BTM
vehicles based on the chassis of the AT-T tracked
artillery tractor. The system mounts a circular
excavator on the rear.

  The BTM-3's earlier versions are now obsolete.
Along with the MDK-2M or MDK-3 ditching
machines, any versions may be present in the
technical company of the engineer battalion in a
MRD or TD. They may also serve in the technical
platoon of the engineer company in a MRR or TR.

 The BTM-3 can dig personnel trenches, anti-
tank ditches, and vehicle positions. Its hourly
excavation rate is 220 to 600 cubic meters per
hour. The system can dig ditches 0.6 meters wide
by 1.5 meters deep.

  The PZM-2 ditching machine is based on the
wheeled T-150K tractor chassis. It has a bulldozer
blade mounted on the front and a ladder-type ex-
cavator mounted on the rear.

passes, it can create ditches up to 3.5 meters wide.
The PZM-2 can be carried by either helicopter or
transport aircraft, and it can be airdropped. It
has an on board filtration system. It can operate
in a contaminated environment for short periods
of time.

The PZM is without significant armor, being essentially a modification of an agricultural tractor. It is vulnerable to small arms fire.

  The PZM-2 can dig antitank ditches, personnel
and communications trenches, and vehicle posi-
tions. It can dig 80 to 250 cubic meters per hour.
The system can dig ditches 0.8 meters wide by
1.5 meters deep on a single pass. With multiple

  The TMK-2 trenching machine is a wheeled
system based on the KZKT-538D tractor. The
system mounts a circular excavator on the rear
and a light bulldozer blade on the front.

The TMK-2 can dig in personnel, communications means, a n d  vehicles. Its secondary missions include road maintenance, snow plowing,

river bank preparation, and NBC decontamination.
The hourly capacity of the TMK-2 is 200 to 600
cubic meters per hour, depending on the type of
soil. The trench created by the TMK-2 is 1.5
meters deep and 1.1 meters wide. The TMK-2 has
NBC detection devices and protection systems.

## Lzmita Tions:

The TMK-2 is vulnerable to small arms fire.

Antipersonnel Mines

Antipersonnel mine characteristics
CHARACTERISTICS
PMN
PMD-6M
POMZ-2M
OZM-3
KhF-1/KhF-2
TYPE
antipersonnel
antipersonnel
antipersonnel
chemical
bounding
bounding
antipersonnel
blast
blast
fragmentation
stake mine
chemical
(mustard)
bounding
fragmentation
MAXIMUM DIAMETER
60
150/190
75
110
length-191
widtin.89
(mm)
HEIGHT (mm)
64
245/280
56
120
107 (not
including
stake)
WEIGHT (kg)
15
0.4
0.55
2.0
3.0
ACTUATING FORCE
varies
1.0
varies
1 0
8-25
( kg)
FUZING SYSTEM
pull
trip wire or
electronic
pressure plate
trip wire
pull
electronic,
pressure
delay
1950
1960
1951
1941-1942
1939
DOI
standard
obsolete
STATUS
standard
l i m i t e d
standard
l i m i t e d
standard
CHARACTERISTICS
PFM-1
MON-50
MON-100
MON-200
anitpersonnel
TYPE
antipersonnel
antipersonnel
antipersonnel
scatterable
blast
d i r e c t i o n a l fragmentation
d i r e c t i o n a l
fragmentation
d i r e c t i o n a l
fragmentation
120 4
220
105
220
520
MAXIMUM DIAMETER
(mm)
60 96
HEIGHT (mm)
80
INA
INA
WEIGHT (kg)
INA
5
25
0 074
5
1 0
1 0
1 0
ACTUATING FORCE
(kg)
FUZING SYSTEM
delay,
pressure
trip wire or
electronic

trip wire or electronic
trip wire or
electronic
DOI
1978
1970
1970
1970
STATUS

standard
standard
standard
standard

  The PMN is a small, round, flat, box-shaped
antipersonnel mine. Its duroplastic casing has a
side hole for the firing mechanism and primer
charge. The top half of the mine case is covered
by a rubber sheet secured by a metal clasp. The
mine contains 237 grams of cast TNT.

  Pressure on the top of the case activates the
P M N .  This pressure releases a spring-loaded
striker which hits the percussion cap capsule,
setting off the main charge. Though rather small,
the P M N  can cause serious injury to foot or leg
when stepped on.

  When the PMN is emplaced, a 20-minute delay-
action spring mechanism arms the pressure-plate
fuzing system. The method of arming makes the
mine extremely sensitive when emplaced. The
mine cannot be disarmed.

  The Soviets introduced the PMN around 1960.
It has been employed on the East German border
as well as in Vietnam. The PMN can be used
singly or in groups, used in mixed or homogeneous
minefields, and surface-laid or buried. It can be
manually emplacedor surface-laid with the aid of
chutes from trucks, APCs, or helicopters.

Antipersonnel Mine PMD-6M

plodes. The PMD-6M is a direct-contact mine. It produces casualties by blast overpressure.

  The PMD-6Mis a wooden box with a hinged
lid, a block of TNT, and a pull fuze. The hinged
lid serves as a pressure plate. The box is large
enough to contain a 200-gram charge of TNT.

  The PMD mines were first introduced around
1939. PMN mines have replaced them for normal
usage. However, they frequently appear in Third
World countries, since they are easily fabricated
by unskilled personnel.

  When pressure forces the lid down, the safety
pin is withdrawn from the fuze, and the TNT ex-

  The POMZ-ZM antipersonnel stake mine con-
sists of a cylindrical, segmented cast iron body
(similar to that of a hand grenade) filled with
TNT and mounted on a stake. The original
POMZ-2 had six rows of fragments; the modified
POMZ-2M, introduced after World War II , has
only five rows.

The stake is placed in the ground so that the

mine sits not more than 30 millimeters above the
ground. The mines normally are laid in clusters of
at least four mines. A trip wire runs from the fir-
ing-pin retaining pin. When this wire is pulled and
the remaining pin withdrawn, the mine explodes.

The POMZ-2 proved very effective in World War II. The modified POMZ-2M is still in the active inventory.

Bounding Antipersonnel Mine OZM


  The OZM series of mines rely on their bound-
ing fragmentation effect. Earlier versions include
the OZM, OZM-3, OZM-4, and the OZM-160. Each
mine consists of a main charge and a propelling
charge. Each has an electrical fuze as well as pro-
vision for a mechanical fuze.

  The OZM mines can be command-detonated or
trip-wire-initiated. On activation, the propelling
charge causes the inner case containing the main
charge and fragmentation sleeve to bound into
the air. A tethering wire which remains attached
to the base of the outer case determines the

height of the main charge explosion. The OZM-3
and OZM-4 have lethal radii of 9 and 13 meters, respectively.

  The OZM-3 was introduced around 1950 as a
replacement for the improvised OZM (fragmenta-
tion obstacle mines) used during World War II.
Each improved OZM mine has featured greater
explosive content and more fragmentation. The
newest version appears to follow this trend,
perhaps indicating a lethal radius 25 to 50 percent
greater than the OZM-4.

  The KhF-1and KhF-2chemcial hounding anti-
personnel mines differ only in dimensions. Both
mines are cylindrical with a handle on one end.
The outer shell acts as a miniature mortar tube.
The inner shell holds 4.5 liters of liquid contami-
nant (mustard).

  Both mines fire electronically from a remote
position. The firing of the electronic detonator
ignites the propellant charge. This hurls the mine
upward out of the container, simultaneously
igniting the delay fuze. After a delay of 1 to 1.5
seconds, the delay fuze sets off the explosive
charge, shattering the mine and spreading the
liquid contaminant.

  The mines are normally employed in groups of
10 to 12, connected by cable to a single power
source located a minimum of 300 meters from the
grouping of mines. If the mine explodes between
4 to 8 meters off the ground, the contaminant
filling will cover approximately 250 to 300 square
meters.

  During World War II, the Soviet Union produced,
hut did not employ, the KhF-1and the KhF-2.The
Soviets designed the shorter KhF-2 because of
difficulty in burying the taller KhF-1 in hard and
frozen ground.

## Scatterable Antipersonnel Mine Pfm-1



  The PFM-1 is an aerially delivered, hydraulic-
ally activated, pressure-fired antipersonnel land-
mine. It functions principally as an area-denial
munition. The mine appears to be a copy of the
US BLU-43B mine, commonly referred to a s
"Dragon Teeth." Cased in plastic, this mine is
characterized by a viscous explosive charge, a
metal fuze, and a stabilizing fin. The high-density
polyethylene mine casing weighs approximately 12
grams.

The four-component liquid explosive that hydrau-



lically transmits the pressure to the fuze has a
density of 1.57 grams per milliliter and contains
2, 2, 2-trinitroethy 1 acetate, methyl, 4, 4, 4-trintro
butylate, 2 chloro-2, 2-dinitroethy1 formal and 2,
2, 2-trinitroethyl formal. This explosive represents
a new formulation and application previously
unknown to the West.

   The fin acts to stabilize and disperse the mine
and extends outward from the lower portion of the
fuze well. The PFM-1 comes in green and tan
versions. A white version may also exist.

  The plastic-cased Soviet MON-50 is an almost
identical copy of the US M18A1 Claymore. Its
lethal range is approximately 50 meters with frag-
mentation coverage similar to that of the Claymore.
The MON-100 and the MON-200 are metallic-cased,
circular mines with a much more focused fragmen-
tation effect. Their lethal ranges are expected to
be 100 and 200 meters. For mounting the mines,
the integral carrying handle and stand of the
MON-100 and MON-200 can be driven into the
ground or trees.

  The fuze normally employed is command-
detonated; it electrically initiates a percussion
detonator, firing a nonelectric cap. These mines
can also accommodate a trip wire fuze. The MON-
series mines provide devastating fragmentation in
ambushes as well as around defensive perimeters.
The larger MON-series mines will also have a
significant effect against unprotected and lightly
armored vehicles (with 2.0 and 12.0 kilograms of
TNT, respectively).

Scatterable Antipersonnel Mine, Unidentified


DESCRIPTION:
                                        self-erecting leas: and it extends its own trio wires.
  Little is known about this newest scatterable
                                        The metal-cased mine has a fragmentation kill
antipersonnel mine: it is aerially delivered; it has
                                        mechanism.



Antitank Mines
Antitank mine characteristic 8
.
T M - 5 7
CHARACTERISTICS
T M N  - 4 6
T M - 6 2 B
TM-62D
TYPE
antitank blast

antitank blast
antitank blast
antitank blast


MINE CASE MATERIAL
sheet steel
sheet steel
caseless
wooden
MAXIMUM DIAMETER (mm)
INA
316
305
340
295
HEIGHT (mm)
74
INA
100
178
WEIGHT (kg)
8 7
8 5
7 0
11-13
ACTUATING FORCE (kg)
200 (MVZ fuze)
INA (MVSh tilt
rod fuze)
180 (MVM fuze)
132 (MVSh tilt
rod fuze)
200 (VM-62)
seismic
VM-62Z)
200 (VM-62)
seismic
(VM-62Z)
FUZING SYSTEM
pressure,
tilt rod, and
antift device


pressure,
seismic, tilt rod
pressure,
tilt rod, and
antilift device
pressure,
seismic,
tilt rod


1957
1946
1960
1960
DOI
STATUS
standard
standard
limited
standard
limited
standard
CHARACTERISTICS
T M - 6 2 M
TM-62P
TMK-2
TYPE
antitank blast
antitank shaped-charge
antitank blast



plastic
MINE CASE MATERIAL
sheet steel
sheet steel
INA
MAXIMUM DIAMETER (mm)
316
80 (minimum)
300 (maximum)
HEIGHT (mm)
350
115
100
WEIGHT (kg)
12.5
8.2
8.5
ACTUATING FORCE (kg)
8 - 1 2
200 (VM-62)
seismic
(VM-62Z)
200 (VM-62)
seismic
(VM-62Z)
FUZING SYSTEM
tilt rod
pressure,
seismic, tilt rod
pressure,
seismic,
tilt rod
1955
1960
1960
DOI
standard
standard
standard
STATUS

  The TMN-46 blast-type antitank mine has a
                                     cal laying. A more recently developed angled tilt
cvlindrical metal case with a sliehtlv domed.
                                     rod fuze is used only when the mine is laid by hand.
ridged top. The main TNT charge weighs 5.3
kilograms.
                                     REMARKS:

                                                    The Soviets introduced TMN-46 around 1946. It
CAPABILITIES:
                                                  differs from the earlier TM-46 only in having a
  The TMN-46 has a fuze well on the bottom for
                                                 fuze well on the bottom. Both models can be laid
booby trapping. It has a pressure fuze for mechani-
                                                  mechanically. They are limited standard items.


Antitank Mine TM-57

  The TM-57 blast-type antitank is almost identical
                                          olive green in color.
to the older TM-46 and TMN-46; however, it has
                                          CAPABILITIES:
a larger charge (6.3 kilograms) and improved
fuzing. It has' no booby trap well, since it is
                                            A delay-armed fuze is standard, but a tilt-rod
designed for mechanical laying. The steel mine is
                                          fuze can be used when the TM-57 is laid by hand.


Antitank Mine TM-62



  The TM-62 series of conventional antitank blast
mines are the current mainstay of the Soviet anti-
tank mine inventory. They exist in four distinct
versions: the TM-62M,metallic case; TM-62P, plastic
case; TM-62B,caseless; and TM-62D, wooden case.
All are circular except for the TM-62D, which is
rectangular. The TM-62M has a bracket on the base
plate to accommodate a springy metal handle.

stemmed from a need for improved countermeasures
and variety. The TM-62 mines represent the first
physically similar series of mines that allows
mechanical emplacement; varying degrees of
detectability;and the use of a manufactured anti-
disturbance fuze, the VM-62Z.The TM-62 mines
can be emplaced manually or mechanically, in
mixed or homogeneous minefields. The TM-62M
and TM-62P probably have limited duration
capabilities when used underwater.

It is logical to assume that the TM-62 series

## Description: Capabilities:

The TMK attacks the bellies of tanks and other



  The TMK-2 shaped-charge antitank m i n e
                                           armored vehicles. Normally, it is buried in the
consists of a double-truncated, conical-shaped mine
                                           ground leaving only the tilt rod exposed. Its effecbody with a shaped charge in the lower half. It
                                                    tiveness results from t h e  shaped charge (HEAT)
has an adjustable-length, tilt-rodfuze attached to
                                                    which produces a  penetrating jet i n  the s a m e
a holder on the side of the mine. The metal mine
                                                    manner as shaped demolition charges and HEAT
is olive green in color.
                                                    projectiles.

Minelaying Equipment

  The PMR-3 (and the similar PMZ-4) consists of
                                        mines are emplaced at a depth of 6 to 12 centi-
a single chute and a plow attachment. The attach-
                                        meters at a speed of 5 kilometers per hour. The
ment provides the option of burying the mines or
                                        trailer weighs 1.8 metric tons. The towing vehicle
depositing them on the surface of the ground. The
                                        may carry 200 to 300 mines, depending on the type
mines can be spaced 4 to 5.5 meters apart,
                                        of vehicle; these may be TM.44-, TM-46-, TM-57,
depending on the control setting. If buried, the
                                        or TM-62-seriesantitank mines.

## Gmz Description:

  This vehicle derives from the chassis of the
                                                   The minelaying device operates in a manner similar
SA-4/GANEFSAM. Mine storage is in the rear.
                                                   to that of the PMR-3.

Minelaying Chutes

## Minelayingchutes With Btr-162 Description:

  T h e  Soviets have attached m i n e l a y i n g
                                               on the surface. Minelaying chutes are still avail-
chutes to trucks, APCs (especially the BTR-152),
                                               able, but they are seldom used.
and helicopters. They can quickly lay a minefield

## Description/Capabilities:

  The KMT-5M mine roller-plow combination
consists of two plows and two sets of three rollers
attached to the front of the tank hull. It is very
flexible, since it allows for either the plows or the
rollers to be used, depending upon terrain features,
type of soil, and fuzing encountered. The rollers
function satisfactorily against mines equipped with
simple pressure fuzes, but other mines will defeat
this equipment. However, the roller-plow combina-
tion also allows the tank to counter more sophisti-
cated fuzes with plows designed to uncover or push
mines aside. The plows and rollers cannot work
simultaneously. Thespeed of clearing varies from
6 to 12 kilometers per hour.

  The KMT-5M also includes a luminous lane-
marking device for night operations. Because plows
and rollers do not clear the area between them, a
"dogbone" or light chain with rollers is stretched
between the roller sections to defeat tilt-rod mines.
The crew can install the system in 30 to 45
minutes. Quick disconnects allow the operator to
drop either plows or rollers or both; otherwise, the
crew can remove the system in 8 to 13 minutes.
All current medium tanks have fittings for
attaching mineclearing equipment. One roller-plow
combination is issued per tank company. However,
the engineer company of a TR or MRR normally
holds these assets. One KrAZ-255Btruck or two
ZIL-131 trucks can carry one KMT-5M.

## Description/Capabilities:

already mounted on tanks when they deploy onto the battlefield.

  The KMT-6M is a modernized version of the
KMT-6. The only noticeable difference between the
two plows is that the KMT-6Mhas three tines on
its hinged extendable moldboard rather than the
two on the KMT-6.

  The Soviets developed the KMT-4 mineclearing
plow in the 1960s. It is the predecessor of the
KMT-6, and is used on the T-54, T-55, and T-62
tanks. Plows without moldboards have been
observed on BMPs, and fixtures for mounting
mineclearing equipment have been seen on BMP-2s.

  The Soviets introduced KMT-6 and KMT-6M
track width mineclearing plows along with the T.64
and T-72 tanks in the early 1970s. When its plow
is lowered, the KMT-6's teeth dig into the ground
and remove mines fromthe path of the tank rather
than simply detonating the mines (as rollers do).
The plow system is also lighter than rollers. It
permits the tanks to retain their cross-country
mobility. Its estimated clearing speed is 6 to 12
kilometers per hour; its depth of clearance is 10
centimeters. Installation requires 15 to 20 minutes.
Removal requires 5 to 10. Three plows are issued
per tank company (one per platoon of three tanks).
These assets are organic to the engineer company
of a TR or MRR. One ZIL-131 truck can carry
three plows. However, the plows are normally

   A modified T-55, with the M1986 mineclearing
roller, serves as the basis for this mineclearing
vehicle. Its turret is absent. In its place, on the
right side of the chassis, is an angular attachment
housing a 12.7-mm AA machine gun; on the left
side is an elevated driver's position. In front of
these additions are four smoke grenade projectors
on each side. Steel-reinforced rubber protective
skirts fit on the track covers to protect the fuel
tanks. Two mine roller sets with three rollers each,
similar to those of the KMT-5Mplow/roller system,
are mounted in front. However, in place of the
tube-like frame of the KMT-5M,the new system

has a beam-like frame. Two extra mine roller sets
ride on the rear of the vehicle.

  This vehicle was observed in 1986 in Afghani-
stan. Also pictured in the column is an IMR
armored engineer tractor whose crane may facilitate
the replacement of rollers. While the ordinary
employment of the KMT-5Min conventional combat
is only for short periods of time to create passages
in minefields, the new system appears to have been
created for the special combat situation in
Afghanistan.

Mineclearer MTK-2


  The MTK-2mineclearer's chassis and roadwheels
are similar to those of the 122-mm SP howitzer
2S1. The MTK-2 is amphibious. It has a small,
flat, box-like turret mounted on a chassis. This
holds the rocket-firing mechanism; when closed, it
covers the storage area for the explosive line
charges. Before firing, a hydraulic mechanism
raises the rocket-firing portion.



  The MTK-2 can clear a 180-m-longpath, 3
meters wide, through a minefield which h a s
pressure fuzes; it can clear a path 8 meters wide
through a field with tilt-rod fuzes. It carries a crew
of three: the commander, the gunner, and the
driver. It has a maximum speed of 60 kilometers
per hour on hard surface roads, and 4.5 kilometers
per hour in the water.

## Description: Capabilities:

  The DIM is mounted on a UAZ-469/69 truck.
                                                  This system can detect metallic mines in road-
The detection element fastens on a frame on the
                                               ways, airfields, and other terrain.  It can detect
front of the vehicle. When the vehicle approaches
                                               mines buried 25 centimeters deep. It can travel at

a metallic mine, a signal light appears on the dash
                                                       a speed of up to 10 kilometers per hour while
and, simultaneously, the system applies compressed
                                                       scanning. Placing the system in or out of operation
air into the brake cylinders, halting the detector.
                                                       takes up to seven minutes. The DIM has a two-
                                                       man crew.

## Other Equipment Obstacle Clearing Vehicle Imr Imr Description:

   This vehicle is based on a T-54/55 tank chassis.
The turret is absent, replaced by a hydraulic crane
which can be fitted with a number of attachments.
An articulating, hydraulically-operated dozer blade
mounts on the front. The crane operator sits in
an armored cupola. The IMR has filtration and
overpressure systems and an antiradiation liner,
which would allow it to operate in a contaminated
area.

CHARACTERISTICS
IMR
Crew
2.3
Weight (mt)
34.0
Length, travel position (m)
10.60
Width
vehicle (m)
3.27
dozer blade (m)
3.80 (straight) 3.40 (angled)
Height, travel position(m)
3.37
Crane capacity (kg)
4,000-7.000
Bucket capacity (m)
0.15
DOI
1975
Status
Standard

  The primary mission of the IMR is obstacle
clraring. Secondary uses include road clearing,
firefighting, and reducing the effects of NBC
attacks. The combat engineer (sapper)company of
the engineer battalion of MRDs and TDs uses the
IMR. It cannot keep up with current models of
main battle tanks and other combat vehicles.

Obatacle Clearing Vehicle IMR M1986

## Description: Remarks:



  The IMR M1986is based on a T-72 tank chassis.
                                                      Although the IMR M1986 is presently in service
It mounts an articulating bulldozer blade on the
                                                   with the Soviet armed forces, its fielding scheme
front and a telescoping crane a r m  which can
                                                   is unknown at this time. Low ground pressure
employ a number of attachments. It has NBC
                                                   reduces the tractive force of the system.
protection for the crew.

The primary purpose of the IMR M1986 is identical to that of the older IMR. The crane can lift between 5 and 11 metric tons.

## Bat-M Description:

  The BAT has a cable-operated, two-section
adjustable dozer blade mounted on an AT-T heavy
artillery tractor. The BAT-M adds a hydraulic
operating mechanism for the blade, and a rotary
crane mounted on the bed of the vehicle. The
BAT-M can move material with its blade at a rate
of 200 to 250 cubic meters per hour. Its crane
capacity is 2 metric tons. Its maximum road speed
is 35 kilometers per hour, and its range is 500

kilometers. The BAT-M weighs 27.5 metric tons.
Its two-man crew can place it into an operation
in five to seven minutes. It has a filtration system
and can operate in contaminated areas for short
periods of time. Although it is an aging piece of
equipment, the BAT-M is still found in engineer
units at all echelons. However, the BAT-2 is cur-
rently replacing it.



Route Clearing Vehicle BAT-2

  The BAT-2, previously known as the BAT
                                      crew and passenger compartment. The BAT-2is
M1983, is based on the tracked chassis of the MT-T
                                     found at regiment and division level. Its primary
artillery tractor. It is the latestin the BAT series
                                      mission is route clearing; secondary missions
of vehicles. It mounts an articulating bulldozer
                                     include obstacle clearing and transportation of
blade, a telescoping boom crane, and a ripper. The
                                      sapper personnel.
vehicle provides NBC and armor protection for the

Route Clearing Vehicle PKT



## Pkt Description:

  The PKT and the improved PKT-2 are based
on the MAZ-538four-wheeled, all-wheel-drive tractor.
The PKT has a hinged blade on the rear. The
blade has a float shoe to control the depth of the
cut. The PKT-2 has increased power over the PKT.

can fill ditches at a rate of 100 to 120 cubic meters
per hour. The PKT-2 weighs 19.4 metric tons; it
has a range of 500 kilometers. It has a crew of
two, who can put it into operation in one minute.
It also has a hermetically sealed cab with a col-
lective protection filtration system.

## Capabilities: Remarks:

  The Soviets first produced the PKT in 1970. Its
primary mission is route clearing; its secondary
missions include snow plowing and the reduction
of the effects of NBC munitions. It is vulnerable
to small arms fire.

  The Soviets specifically developed the PKT to
be used as a route clearer; it can operate in tem-
peratures as low as -40 degrees centigrade. Both
the PKTand PKT-2 have a maximum road speed
of 45 kilometers per hour. The PKT-2can clear
debris at a rate of 3 to 6 kilometers per hour, and

## Combat Vehicle-Mounted Blades

                                                        cross-country mobility and are time-consuming to
   BTU dozer blades may be mounted on
                                                        mounto r  take off.
T-54/55-seriesand T-62-seriestanks. The blades are
effective in excavating vehicle positions and in
                                                            Newer tracked armored combat vehicles often
light dozing work. A BTU blade can move approxi-
                                                        have self-entrenching blades or spades on the rear
mately 250 cubic meters of earth per hour when
                                                        of the vehicle or stowed on the lower front glacis.
clearing or filling and approximately 150 cubic
                                                        The systems can create a tank hull-down position
meters of earth per hour when digging in. The
                                                        in 20 to 60 minutes depending on soil conditions.
maximum speed of the tank when operating the
                                                        The blades require crew members to dismount to
blade is 6 kilometers per hour. BTU blades restrict
                                                        place the system into or out of operation.

  The E-305Vmounts on the KrAZ-2146 x 6 truck
chassis. A separate diesel engine, instead of the
truck engine, powers the crane-shovel. A newer
model, the E-305BV,is mounted on the KrAZ-255B
chassis, as is the similar EOV-4421, a replacement
for the E-305V in the Soviet and East German
armies.

  The E-305BVcan move 65 cubic meters of mate
rial per hour as a shovel, and 30 cubic meters per
hour as a backhoe. In comparison, the EOV-4421
can dig 110 cubic meters per hour as a backhoe.
The crane capacity for the E-305BV is 4 metric
tons, while that of the EOV-4421 is 3.5 metric tons.
The E-305BV weighs 17.3 metric tons, and the
EOV-4421 weighs 20 metric tons. The range of
both is 650 kilometers, and their maximum road
speed is 70 kilometers per hour. Both have a crew
of two.

  This engineer reconnaissance vehicle's chassis
employs components of the BMP infantry combat
vehicle. It has two propellers in housings mounted
on the rear of the armored hull for propulsion in
the water. A wave deflector covers the front of
the hull. Also mounted on the front of the hull
are two arms for a metallic mine detector. A peri-
scope is mounted on the right front of the vehicle,
at the commander's station. The IRM weighs 17
metric tons and is powered by a 300-hpengine.
With the detector arms in the travel mode, the
vehicle is 8.22 meters long, 3.15 meters wide, and
2.40 meters high. It is armed with a single 7.62-mm
machine gun.

The IRM can travel at a road speed of 52 kilometers per hour, with a range of 500 kilometers.

It is amphibious and can swim at up to 10 kilo-

meters per hour. Onboard reconnaissance and
navigation equipment includes the mine detector;
a mechanical penetrometer, to analyze soil for
trafficability; sonar, for water bottom profiles and
mine and obstacle detection; a gyrocompass and
gyro-stabilized artificial horizon; land navigation
and night observation equipment;and the periscope.
The mine detector arms are hydraulically articu-
lated to their operating position (as depicted) in
three minutes. The detector will bring the vehicle
to a halt upon encountering an obstacle or detecting
a metallic object. The periscope can extend to 1.5
meters and can move vertically up to 750 milli-
meters. The IRM has an engine exhaust smoke
system, water pumping equipment, and a collective
protection system. It also carries portable sapper
equipment such as portable mine detectors, a
DSP-30 rangefinder, a PIR periscope, an ice drill,
and a hand penetrometer. These allow dismounted
sappers to conduct further reconnaissance.

## Nbc Equipment Collective Protection Systems

  The Soviets have continuously upgraded NBC
equipment and capabilities. They have introduced
many new items and have upgraded older items.
The DIA publication DST-1640S-048-86provides a
complete description of individual and collective
protectionequipment; protection and treatment kits;
chemical, biological, and radiation detection instru-
ments; flame, smoke and chemical munitions and
equipment; and reconnaissance vehicles, area
marking devices, and warning devices. (See the
Reference section of this manual for a complete

## Collective Protection In Combat Vehicles Description:



   The Soviets employ two types of collective pro-
tection on combat vehicles: the PAZ (protivo
atomnaya zashchita)nuclear protection system and
the comprehensive NBC collective protection system
(air filtration and overpressure). Some vehicles have
both types. The PAZ system consists of a radiation
detector, explosive squibs, and a blower/dust sepa-
rator (sometimes referred to as a centrifugal particu-
late air filter). The comprehensiue NBC collective
protection system consists of a blower/dust sepa-
rator and NBC filter.

   When the PAZ system senses the initial pulse
of radiation which precedes a blast wave during
a nuclear attack, the radiation detector activates
firing mechanisms for explosive squibs; these squibs
automatically close the louvers and apertures of
engine ports and gun sights. If the vehicle is not
already buttoned up, the sound of the exploding
squibs warns the crew to shut all hatches. The
blower/dust separator filters out radioactive par-
ticles, but not toxic gases, from the air supply.

  The comprehensive NBC collective protection
system protects vehicles against chemical, bio-
logical, and radiological contaminants. The system
includes the PRKhR radiation and chemical
detector-alarm, which can automatically alert the
crew to a nuclear or chemical attack and activate
the automatic closing system. The blower/dust
separator forces contaminated air through the fil-
ter and directs purified air into the crew and

citation.) The following section discusses only se-
lected items of NBC equipment listed under prin-
cipal items of equipment in Chapter 4, as well as
flame and smoke equipment used by Soviet units.

  The NBC collective protection systems provide
an NBC-free environment in the crew and pas-
senger compartments of vehicles. They eliminate the
hindrances and discomfort of wearing protective
masks and clothing. They also prevent the con-
tamination of vital equipment inside the vehicles.

passenger compartments. The resultant increase in
air pressure (overpressure) within the vehicle pre-
vents NBC agents from entering through nonair-
tight areas, such as gun ports.

   All collective protection systems found on Soviet
combat vehicles are reliable only as long as the
crew and passengers remain buttoned up inside.
When personnel open vehicle hatches or dismount,
they must assume that the inside compartments
are contaminated. During subsequent use of the
vehicle, crew and passengers must wear masks and
protective suits until the vehicle is decontaminated.



  The T-55 and T-62 tanks were the first Soviet
vehicles with PAZ systems installed as original
equipment. The Soviets may have also retrofitted
some T-55sand T-62s with NBC collective protec-
tion systems. All T-64 and T-72 tanks, as well as
the T-80, have both PAZ and NBC collective pro-
tection systems. The BMP, BMD, and ZSU-23-4
also have both types of protection. Other vehicles
with NBC collective protection (air filtration and
overpressure) systems include the following: later
models of the BTR-60PB,while earlier BTR-60PBs
had only a Blower/dust separator; the BTR-70and
BTR-80; the BRDM-2;the MT-LB; the ACRV 1V12
series; the S P  howitzers 2S1and 2S3; the SP guns
2S5 and 2S7; the SS-21; the SA-4; the SA-6;the
SA-8; the SA-9; and the SA-13.

## Collective Protection In Other Vehicles

NBC collective protection system

  A wide variety of Soviet military box-body
trucks, trailers, and vans have a collective protec-
tion system with gasketed doors and openings to
aid in maintaining a positive overpressure of fil-
tered air. The filtration system consists of a par-
ticulate filter, a blower, and an NBC charcoal filter.
The blower and filter can he installed inside the
vehicle or, as is common, on the upper front walls
of truck-mounted box-body vans or upper rear walls

of trailers. Air enters the particulate filter (2)
through a weather shield (1) where the majority
of dust particles are filtered. From there, the air
is drawn through the blower (4); then it passes
through the NBC filter (8) before entering the
vehicle. The NBC canister uses activated charcoal
to absorb chemical and biological agents in the
incoming air. An independent direct current elec-
trical space heater (9) is visible in the picture.

## Vehicle-Mounted Decontamination Apparatuses


Decontamination Trucks, DDA Series


## Description/Capabilities:

  The DDA series comprises truck-mounted as-
semblies that consist principally of steam boilers
and pressure-tight chambers into which steam is
injected to decontaminate clothing and other ar-
ticles. Included in the equipment are knockdown
pipe shower frames, hoses, brushes, duckboards,
soap or detergents, and probably a shower tent.
In one hour, this system can process up to 80 uniforms during the summer and 48 during the winter.
Showering capability is 96 men per hour in the
summer and 64 men per hour in winter. The
GAZ-51, GAZ-63, and GAZ-66 trucks mount the
DDA-53, with minor modifications. The GAZ-66
system contains a single steam chamber. Another
modern version, Model DDA-2, contains two
chambers and is mounted on the ZIL-130.



  The AGV-3M decontamination station is similar
in function to the DDA-53. The AGV-3M comprises
four vehicle-mounted decontamination units which
process chemically or biologically contaminated
clothing and light equipment and provide showers
for personal decontamination. The four units in-
clude the following: a cargo truck, used for carrying
a drying tent; a shower tent and a collapsible water
tank; a truck-mounted steam and hot air generator;
and two truck-mounted steam chambers. The gen
eratorsupplies steam to the steam chamber stations
for decontaminating uniforms and light equipment;

it supplies hot air to the drying tent for drying
decontaminated articles; and it supplies hot water
to the shower tent. Ammonia normally is added
to the steam flow whenchemically contaminated
materials are processed in the steam chambers;
formaldehyde is used for biological decontamina-
tion. The station can decontaminate 50 to 150 sets
of uniforms per hour depending on the type of
contamination. The AGV-3M is a three-chambered
system. There is also a four-chambered system, the
AGV-3U.



## Decontamination Trucks Ars-12And Ars-14

ZIL-157 while the ARS-14 is mounted on a ZIL-131
chassis. Other improvements on the ARS-14 are a
slightly larger cargo tank and enhanced arrange-
ment of equipment for better accessibility. One
tank of eolution (2,500 liters) with either model can
decontaminate 25 tanks, 50 to 80 artillery pieces,
or 500 meters of road with a 5-m width.

  The Soviets use ARS-12 series and ARS-14
decontamination vehicles to decontaminate vehicles,
large weapon systems, heavy equipment, and ter
rain; to refill portable decontamination equipment;
to transport water to other decontamination equip-
ment; to fight fires; and to provide cold showers.
Either vehicle carries six chests of accessories
alongside the cargo tanks. The ARS-12Uis on a

  The DDP-series trailer-mounted decontamination
                                          apparatus has one steam chamber. Its boiler and
units are similar to, and serve the same purposes
                                          equipment are housed in a thermally insulated
as, the DDA vehicles. The new Model DDP-2
                                          body.
mounts on a single-axle IAPZ-738 trailer. The

## Decontamination Truck Tms-65


  The TMS-65 consists of a VK-1 aircraft turbojet
engine mounted on the rear of a Ural-375E truck
chassis. Mounted on the front of the truck bed is
a 3,000-liter tank partitioned into two equal sec-
tions: one contains fuel for the jet engine, and the
other stores water or decontaminant solution. From
a sealed control cab fixed to the left side of the
engine, the operator can move the jet engine verti-
cally or horizontally to direct hot exhaust gases
at contaminated vehicles. He may mix water or a
decontaminant solution intermittently into the
exhaust. The TMS-65s normally operate in pairs,
positioned on both sides of a road. A contaminated
vehicle passing between them can be decontam-
inated in approximately 2 minutes for radiological
and biological contamination, and in about 4
minutes for chemical contamination.

## Limita Tions:

  The Soviet concept of maintaining the mo-
mentum of attack presupposes a capability to
decontaminate armored fighting vehicles rapidly
and return them to combat. However, forward
employment of the thin-skinned TMS-65, which has
no crew protection, makes this system very vul
nerable to all types of fire. The VK-1 jet engine
also presents a very good signature for heat-
seeking missiles.

The TMS-65 has been in the Soviet inventory since 1974.

## Flame Equipment

Portable Flamethrower LPO-50


weighs 14.8 kilograms empty and 23 kilograms when filled.



  The LPO-50 light infantry flamethrower is man-
portable. A slow-burning pyrotechnic cartridge
generates pressure for propelling the flame. The
flamethrower consists of a tank group, a hose, and
a gun group. Firing is continuous for 2 to 3 seconds
until the tank is empty. Each of the three tanks
contains 3.3 liters of fuel. The complete assembly

  The maximum range is 50 to 70 meters with
thickened fuel and 20 meters with unthickened fuel.
The flamethrower may have an accuracy of 97
percent at 25 meters and 81 percent at 50 meters.



  The TPO-50M heavy infantry flamethrower
                                        21 centimeters in diameter and 110 centimeters
consists of three identical cylindricalflamethrower
                                        long. The flamethrower weighs approximately 170
assemblies mounted on a two-wheeled cart; it has
                                        kilograms when filled and 130 kilograms empty.
a two-man crew. Each assembly contains 21 liters
                                       CAPABILITIES:
of flamefuel. The fuel is propelled by gas pressure
produced by an electrically ignited pyrotechnic car-
                                          The maximum range of the TPO-50M is 180
tridge.The three tank assemblies can fire together
                                        meters with thickened fuel and 65 meters with
or individually. Each assembly is approximately
                                        unthickened fuel.



  The RPO flamethrower is a shoulder-fired
                                           180 to 200 meters. The range and accuracy of the
weapon. It fires a rocket-propelled napalm round.
                                           RPO-A are two to three times higher than that of
The RPO is reusable and can be fired at a rate
                                           the RPO. Both flamethrowers are effective as anti-
of one shot per minute. It weighs 3.5 kilograms
                                           tank weapons. Both models may be present in
and is 1,440 millimeters long.
                                           some Soviet airborne units and first-line ground
                                           forces units.
  The RPO-A is 920 millimeters long and contains
only one-half as much incendiary mixture as the
                                            REMARKS:
RPO. This improved version is a disposable weapon.
It can be fired by one operator at an estimated
                                              These weapons require little training to use.
two shots per minute.
                                            They are much easier to transport than the jet
                                            varieties. Also, their resupply is easier and prepa-
CAPABILITIES:
                                            ration time is much less. Soviet forces used flame
  The RPO is capable of firing 4 liters of incen-
                                            throwers as antitank weapons during World War II
diary mixture to a maximum effective range of
                                           in special flamethrower units.

  The TO-55 flamethrower tank is a variant of
the T-55 with a flamethrowing unit coaxially in-
stalled in the standard turret to the right of the
100-mm main gun. The main compartment of the
TO-55 houses the special ATO-200 flamethrower.
The liquid burning mixture is propelled by a nitro-
glycerine powder charge and ignited by an ignitor
placed within the charge. The 460 liters of flame
fuel are propelled by 12 slow-burning cartridges

which can be fired either continuously or in
35-liter increments per cartridge.

  The TO-55 can propel the flame out to 200
meters in the direction the turret is oriented. It
has a radiation detection system and can produce
a smoke screen by injecting vaporized diesel smoke
fuel into the exhaust system.

## Smoke Generators Smoke Generator Vehicle Tda-M

  This thermomechanical smoke generator is
                                               meters long and 100 meters wide under favorable
mounted on a specially adapted GAZ-66 truck. It
                                               meteorological conditions. It carries sufficient fog
emits a smokescreen approximately 800 to 1,000
                                               oil for four hours of continuous operation.

## Decontamination Truck Tms-65 As Smoke Generator Tms-65

   The primary mission of this vehicle is to perform
rapid decontamination of combat vehicles contami-
nated by NBC agents. However, the secondary
mission is to generate large-scale obscuring clouds.
Uses in this secondary mission include: screening
rear area installations; generating smoke screens
for decoy operations; concealing decontamination

##

sites; concealing assembly areas and deployment
lines; screening movement of attacking troops 2
kilometers from the FLOT; screening river cross-
ings; and providing a smoke cloud for protection
from the thermal effects of a nuclear blast. The
TMS-65 is mounted on a modified Ural-375Etruck
chassis.

## Vehicle Engine Exhaust Smoke System (Veess) Veess

  Most Soviet combat vehicles have an engine
exhaust smoke system. In this system, diesel fuel
is injected into the exhaust manifold, evaporated,
and ejected with the exhaust gases. Then it con-
denses in a thick, heavy cloud of white or gray
smoke.

Intensive coke formation on the internal surface

of the evaporation chamber is the most important
degrading factor for the VEESS. When smoke is
generated for more than one hour, the thickness
of the coke formed reaches 10 to 20 millimeters.
If the coke is not removed, the VEESS will heat
up during a subsequent smoke generation and
possibly cause the smokeagent in the evaporation
chamber to ignite. This will eject a flame and
black smoke (instead of the normal white or gray
smoke) through the nozzle.

## Smoke Pots, Drums, Barrels, And Grenades

  The Soviets use smoke pots, barrels, and drums
                                                      can ignite these smoke devices, which have a solid
to create small and large-scale obscuring clouds
                                                      obscuring agent as a filler. Units which require
behind their own positions. They also use them
                                                      the use of quick smoke on the battlefield use smoke
to screen semifixed and fixed installations. Electric
                                                      grenades. These grenades can fill in gaps in smoke
shock systems, percussion ignitors, or friction fuzes
                                                      screens established by smoke pots.

## Smoke Pot Dm-11 Description: Capabilities:

The Model DM-11 smoke pot has a cylindrical The DM-I1 filling produces a yellowish white

sheet metal body with the cover taped to its body
                                                      smoke covering 418 square meters under favorable
to provide a waterproof seal during storage. The
                                                      meteorological conditions. The smoke lasts 5 to 6
top of the body has 10 peripheral smoke emission
                                                      minutes after a delay of 2 seconds during ignition.
holes. The DM-11 has a height of 10.67 centimeters,
a diameter of 15.2 centimeters, and a weight of
2.22 kilograms.

## Toxic Smoke Pot Yad-11

  The Model YaD-11 toxic smoke pot is a squat,
                                                   emission holes. A cover with a handle is taped
cylindrical munition filled with a solid smoke mix-
                                                   over the top to prevent moisture until the time of
ture and an irritant, chloroacetophene (CN). Sili-
                                                   usage. The pot has a height of 7.290 centimeters,
ceous earth that prevents flaming of the active
                                                   a diameter of 7.92 centimeters, and a weight of
agent covers this fill. Matchhead igniters are
                                                   368 grams.
located under the perforated top' that has seven

## Toxic Smoke Pot Yad-21 Description/Capabilities:

  The Model YaD-21 toxic smoke pot is a cylin-
                                            ventional matchhead and a scratcher block, the
drical sheet metal can filled with adamsite (DM)
                                            pot has seven smoke emission holes. The YaD-21
and smoke mixture. It has a perforated top and a
                                            is 10.4 centimeters high and 15.5 centimeters in
removable cover. Activated by the use of a con-
                                            diameter, and it weighs 2.18 kilograms.

## Smoke Barrel Db-Ii

smoke produced by the DB-11 will cover approximately 4,180 square meters under favorable meteoro
logical conditions.

The Soviets use the DB-11 smoke barrel in largescale smoke operations. It weighs 44 kilograms and has a 10 to 13 minute burning time. The white

## Smoke Drum Dsh-100

  The DSh-100smoke drum is a metal cylinder
                                                scale smokescreening operations. After the electrical
approximately 1.2 meters high and . 4  meters in
                                                igniter is inserted into the cartridge receptacle, the
diameter. I t  contains a 100-kgmixture that burns
                                                drum is electrically ignited by battery.
10 minutes to produce a white smoke for large

Large Smoke Barrel BDSh-5

  The BDSh-5 large smoke barrel is a cylinder
                                                   screen water crossing operations by Iarge-scale
filled with a smoke mixture; it has carrying handles
                                                   forces. The BDShd will burn for 5 minutes. It has
on each end. A tube at one end contains an igni-
                                                   a delay time fuze of up to 39 seconds. The barrel
tion device with starter charge. The barrel, which
                                                   is .49 meters long with a diameter of .4 meters. It
will float in water, is balanced so that the smoke
                                                   weighs 40.1 kilograms when filled.
emission opening is always up. This is useful to

Large Smoke Barrel BDSh-15



The BDSh-15 large smoke barrel produces white in a steel container 48 centimeters long, with a smoke for 14 to 16 minutes over an area of approxidiameter of 39.4 centimeters, and a weight of 38.6
mately 4180 square meters under favorable meteorokilograms with filling.

logical conditions. This smoke barrel is enclosed

## No Photograph Available

  This grenade has been standardized to permit
launching from a cup-like launcher. The grenades
are packed in earth or sand in wooden boxes. The
Soviets use two known standard fillings. The first,
"KS liquid (white phosphorous in carbon disulfide),
ignites immediately upon exposure to air. A small
amount of water or oil and a wooden stopper
prevent the liquid from making contact with the
air until the grenade ruptures against a target.
This fill burns for approximately 2 minutes at a
temperature of 850 to 1000 degrees Centigrade. The

Smoke Grenade RDG-1

## Rdg-1 Smoke Composition Pellets Description: Capabilities:

  The RDG-I grenade is a burningtype smoke
                                                   The average hand-thrown range is 35 meters.
grenade made of cardboard with a wooden handle.
                                                Area coverage is approximately 460 square meters
It contains a black smoke mixture. A friction fuze
                                                under favorable meteorological conditions. The 1.2
with a 3.5-second delay ignites it. The grenade
                                                to 1.5 seconds burning time provides a quick
floats and can generate smoke over a large body
                                                screening device for attacking forces.
of water. The RDG-1 weighs .50 to .59 kilograms
and is 22 centimeters long.

second filling, "mixture No. 1," is a yellowish
liquid which is ignited by a WP ampule inserted
into the bottle just prior to firing. The fuel adheres
to the surface of the target and burns for approxi-
mately one minute, producing a black smoke and
temperatures of 700 to 850 degrees Centigrade.

This incendiary grenade should not be confused with field expedients such as the "Molotov Cocktail" used by Soviet forces during World War II.

  The RDG-2 smoke grenade is a waxed cardboard
cylinder filled with a smoke mixture that produces
a screen of white smoke. This white smoke will
cover an area of approximately 334 square meters
under favorable meteorological conditions. Each
end of the cylinder has a diaphragm that serves
as an inner cover to hold the smoke mixture in
place and an outer cardboard cover with an at-
tached string. A cardboard tube, containing a fric-
tion fuze at one end, extends through the center
of the grenade. At the fuze end, between the dia-
phragm and the cover, a scratcher is attached to

a string. A RDG-2 weighs .50 to .58 kilograms.

CAPABILITIES:
  The average hand-thrown range is 35 meters
with a burning time of 1.0 to 1.5 minutes. The
RDG-2 is used to conceal the maneuvers of small
combat elements. To activate the grenade, the cover
strings must be pulled and the cover discarded.
After the scratcher is rubbed over the friction fuze,
the user holds the grenade for 2 or 3 seconds
before throwing. A match can ignite the RDG-2 if
the scratcher does not ignite the fuze.

## Incendiary Smoke Cartridge Zdp

The ZDP incendiary smoke cartridge comes in motor up to 560 meters. In this case, the user

a metal tube which weighs .75 kilograms, is 290
                                                  unscrews the red cap on the other end of the
millimeters long, and has a diameter of about 50
                                                  charge, pulls the ring on the cord, and rests the
millimeters. To activate the charge, the user must
                                                  launch tube against one of the following: the swivel
unscrew the green cap on one of the ends, pull
                                                  of a firmly seated automatic rifle, the safety catch
the ring on the cord of the pressure-friction fuze,
                                                  of a rocket launcher, or the support of a machine
and handthrow the ZDP to a minimum of 25
                                                  gun.
meters. The ZDP can also be propelled by a rocket

## Vehicle-Launched Smoke Grenades Description/Capabilities:

   Until the 1970s, the Soviets did not mount smoke
grenade projectors on their combat vehicles. They
did, however, put two smoke barrels on the rear
of the T-54 and T-55 tanks. These obscured the
tanks from the enemy while they maneuvered. This
system was only effective when the tanks were
retreating, because of the positioning of the smoke
barrels. The new vehicle-launched smoke grenades
provide a rapid means of shielding the vehicle and
personnel during evasive maneuvers from antitank
weapons. The grenades give some protection to
crews when they are dismounting from disabled

vehicles. The grenade projector consists of two
components: a tube assembly mounted on the
exterior of the vehicle, and a firing mechanism or
control unit mounted inside, where it is operated
by the gunner or commander. The smoke grenade
consists of a fuze, body, and fin asembly.

  The Soviets now mount this type of vehicle-
launched smoke grenade on some BMP-1s; on the
BMP-2; on the BTR-80; and on the T-62, T-64, T.72
and T-80 tanks.

## Logistic Equipment

  Advancements in the logistic equipment and
                                                 tion of transport and other logistic equipment, see
capabilities of the Warsaw Pad countries have been
                                                 TB 381-5-22A and DST-1150528087. (Complete cita-
continuous. Some new items have been introduced
                                                 tions are given in the Reference section of this
and older items upgraded. For a complete descrip-
                                                 manual.)

## Pipelaying Machines

Automatic Pipelaying Machines TUM-100 and TUM-150

## New Tum Variant

  The TUM-100 automatic pipelaying machine
                                        Using the traversing crane, the machine loads
consists of a wheeled prime mover and a semitrailer
                                      pipes from a pipe-carrying tractor-trailer transport
with a pipe hopper, a n  assembly device, and a
                                      vehicle onto its integral hopper. It then feeds the
crane. It uses pipes which are 100 millimeters
                                      pipe from the hopper into the assembly line, couples
(approximately 4 inches) in diameter. Except for
                                      the pipe sections, and lays the pipe in place. It
the size of pipes, the TUM-100 functions much the
                                      lays pipe at a rate estimated at one to three kilo-
same as the TUM-150.
                                      meters per hour.

The TUM-150 is organic to the pipeline brigade

  The TUM-150 automatic pipelaying machine
                                      of a front. It is capable of laying tactical pipelines
consists of a tracked prime mover and a semitrailer
                                     from front to army levels in an offensive operation
with a pipe hopper, an assembly device, and a
                                      and even down to division level in a static
crane. It uses aluminum pipes which are 150 milli-
                                     situation. A new variant of the wheeled TUM
meters (approximately 6 inches) in diameter and
                                     (which stands for trubo-ukladochnaya mashina, or
6 meters long.
                                      pipe laying vehicle, in Russian) appeared in 1986.

## Maintenance Support Vehicle

Amphibious Armored Maintenance Support Vehicle MTP

the hull sides are like a BMP's; they allow the crew to fire their personal weapons without disrupting the protective seal.

CHARACTERISTICS
MTP
Crew ........3-4
Weight **(kg)** ........16,000
Length (mm) ........6,910
Width (mm) ........ 3,140

  The MTP is a BTR-50P variant developed to
provide servicing, maintenance, and recovery
support of the BMP infantry combat vehicle. The
power train compartment in the rear and the
driver's compartment at the front have retained
the general characteristics of the BTR-50P.The
centrally located working compartment has an
armored roof raised high enough to allow the
maintenance crew to work while standing. The
working and driver's compartments probably have
a collective NBC filtration system. Firingports in

Height (mm) ........ 2,500
CHARACTERISTICS
T-54/55-T
T-62-T
BREM-1
CREW
3 - 5
3-5
2-3
WEIGHT (kg)
Approximately32,000
Approximately 32,000
INA
LENGTH, overall (m)
7.47
6.63
INA
WIDTH, overall (m)
3.27
3.30
Approximately 3.46
HEIGHT, overall (m)
1.89
1.90
INA
ARMAMENT
None
None
1-2 machineguns
DOI
1965?
1977
1984
STATUS
Standard
Standard
Standard

  The T-54-T and T-55-Tarmored recovery vehicles
                                                 rear of the vehicle. They can mount a snorkel for
are based on modified chassis of the T-54 and T-55
                                                 deep fording. Performance figures are the same as
medium tanks, respectively. The recovery vehicle
                                                 for the T-54 and T-55 tanks. They have been in
variants have a crane able to lift up to 3,000
                                                 service since around 1965, replacing older tank
kilograms, a loading platform, and a spade on the
                                                 recovery vehicles based on the T-34 tank chassis.

## Armored Recovery Vehicle T-62-T T-62-T

  The T-62-T armored recovery vehicle is based
                                           first observed in the November 1977 Moscow Red
on a modified T-62 medium tank chassis. It was
                                           Square parade.

## Medium Tankrecovery Vehicle Brem-1 Brem-1

  The BREM-1 is based on the T-72 tank chassis.
                                       snorkel. It probably has collective NBC protection
Instead of a turret, it has a rectangular platform
                                       for its crew of two to three. It mounts one or two
on top of the hull for work and loading. It has a
                                       machine guns of unknown type and caliber.
19-mtcapacity hydraulic crane, a 25-mt capacity
                                       REMARKS:
winch with 200 meters of cable, a hydraulically
operated dozer blade, as well as a telescoping
                                         The BREM-1 was introduced in 1984.

CHARACTERISTICS
Mi-28/
HAVOC A
Ka-?/
HOKUM A
Mi-24/
H I N D
Mi-26/
HALO A
Mi-17/
HIP H
Mi-6A/
HOOK
Mi-8T/
HIP
Mi-2/
HOPLITE
CREW
1
5
2-3
2-3
3
5
2
2
PASSENGERS (troops)
6-8
65
24
24
8-10
100+
0
0
NORMAL PAYLOAD (kg)
Hovering takeoff
700/800*
8,000
4,000/3,000*
4,000/3,000*
3,600
20,000
0
0
Rolling takeoff
INA
12,000
INA
INA
3,800
20,000
0
0
3,300
39,000
11.100
11.100
10,000
49,500
INA
INA
NORMAL TAKEOFF WEIGHT (kg)
MAXIMUM TAKEOFF WEIGHT (kg)
Hovering takeoff
3,500
42,500
12,000
13,000
12,000
56,000
INA
5,500
Rolling takeoff
INA
46,800
I NA
INA
12,200
INA
11.400
INA
SERVICE CEILING (m)
4.000
3,000
3,500/4,500**
5,000
2,100
4,500
INA
INA
SPEED (km/hr)
Maximum @ sea level
210
300
250
250
320
295
300
350
190
250
225
240
310
255
280
INA
Cruising
RANGE ( k m )
Maximum payload
340
200
160
460
490
800
INA
INA
Maximum fuel
580
610
410
495/950***
540
1,200
INA
INA
COMBAT RADIUS (km)
170
300
200
INA
160
300+
240
250
DIAMETER, main rotor (m)
14.50
35.00
21.30
21.30
17.00
32.00
17.20
INA
LENGTH, fuselage (m)
12.00
33.00
18.20
19.30
1900
33.727
16.85
INA
HEIGHT, overall (m)
3.80
9.90
5.70
5.60
4.30
8.145
4.81
INA
DOI
1965
1961
1963
1981
1972
1982
early 1990s
early 1990s
FOOTNOTES
*Internal/sling
**Depending on role
***Without/withauxiliaryfuel tanks

## Lighthelicopter Mi-2/Hoplite Description:

  The HOPLITE is a general-purpose, light
helicopter. It has an all-metal, semimonocoque,
pod-and-boom fuselage with fixed tricycle landing
gear and a tail skid. Twin 400-shaft-horsepower
(shp)engines are mounted side-by-side above the
cabin. There is a three-blade main rotor and a
two-blade tail rotor. There have been as many as
20 different civilian and military versions of the
basic HOPLITE design. Military versions may
carry a variety of armaments, with or without
external weapon support racks.

   No standard configuration exists for the armed
military versions of the HOPLITE. The weapon
mix is generally adjusted to meet the particular
needs of the mission. There is normally a provision
for a single fixed 23-mm gun to be mounted on
the left side of the fuselage just below the cockpit;
however, some HOPLITEs may be built with a
fixed 23-mm gun on each side of the fuselage.
Another common armament is a flexibly mounted
7.62- or 12.7-mm machine gun in the window of
the cabin door on the left side. Twin or single
fixed forward-firing 7.62- or 12.7-mm machine guns
can be mounted on both external weapon support
racks.

  HOPLITES sometime carry a variety of addi-
tional armaments, but not simultaneously. These
may include, on each side of the fuselage: a
16-shot 57-mm rocket pod; two AT-3c/SAGGERC
ATGMs; one 50- or 100-kg bomb; or up to two
SA-7/GRAIL missiles, which are for antiair pro-
tection. Some versions carry auxiliary fuel tanks
rather than add-on armaments; the external tanks
cannot be installed when a weapons rack is in
place.

  The HOPLITE can perform a variety of combat
support and administrative roles that require either
an unarmed or lightly armed helicopter. Its primary
applications are liaison and reconnaissance; it may
also serve in passenger, cargo, or air ambulance
roles. As a passenger transport, it can carry six
to eight passengers. The cargo version can carry
700 kilograms internal cargo or 800 kilograms as
a slung external load. In an ambulance role, it
can accommodate four litters and a medical atten-
dant in the cabin. The HOPLITE has also been
observed with a smoke-generating device, possibly
to augment the smoke-laying capabilities of the

## Light Helicopter Mi-2/Hoplite(Continued) Remarks:

ground forces. The HOPLITE is organic to division-
level helicopter squadrons, as well as to general-
purpose helicopter squadrons at both army and
front levels.

  The Mi-2/HOPLITE was first seen in 1961 and
has been in service in the Soviet Army since 1965.
The Mil Design Bureau in the Soviet Union de
signed and developed the HOPLITE. However, its
production was transferred in mid-1965 to the
Swidnik Aircraft Factory in Poland, which manu-
factures it under Soviet license for both civilian
and military use. Armed variants were introduced
in 1974.

  When carrying the possible armaments described
above, the HOPLITE can be classed as an armed
helicopter. However, it still should not be viewed
as an attack helicopter.

## Mi-6A/Hook Description:

  The HOOK is a heavy-lift helicopter, twice the
size of any Free World helicopter. It has a semi
monocoque, pod-and-boomfuselage, with fixed
tricycle landing gear and clamshell rear doors. It
has twin 5,500-shp turboshaft engines mounted
above the cabin and large detachable wings
mounted on the upper fuselage just to the rear of
the engines. There is a five-blade main rotor and
a four-blade tail rotor. Most HOOKsused for tac
tical roles have a 12.7-mm machine gun in the
fuselage nose.

  The primary mission of the HOOK is to trans-
port heavy equipment and cargo (12,000 kilograms
internally or 8,000 kilograms slung). The cargo
hold has a floor length of 12 meters, a cabin
width of 2.65 meters, and a cabin height varying
from 2.01 meters at the front to 2.50 meters at
the rear. Thus, the HOOK can oarry one BRDM-2
scout car, one BMD-1combat vehicle, one GAZ-66
truck, or variants of these vehicles in its cargo
compartment. It can carry towed 120-mm mortars,
122-mm howitzers, or ZU-23 AA guns. Alterna-
tively, it can accommodate a loaded 7,500-liter

POL truck, or it can carry up to 12,000 liters of
fuel in soft bladders. Thus, it can serve a s  a
forward area refueling point for tanks, infantry
combat vehicles, other vehicles, or helicopters. The
HOOK also has a secondary mission to transport
troops. It can carry up to 65 troops.

##

  The large, hydraulically-operated clamshell
doors permit rear ramp loading and unloading of
personnel, vehicles, and a wide range of bulky
cargo. The wings offload the main rotor in cruis
ing flight; however, they are normally removed
when the HOOK operates in a flying crane role,
carrying external cargo

  When first observed in 1957, the HOOK was
the world's largest helicopter. It entered service
in 1961 and served as the basis from which the
Mi-10/HARKE A and Mi-10K/HARKE B flying
crane helicopters were developed. Since 1982, the
evenlarger Mi-26/HALO A has been replacing the
Mi-6/HOOK in the heavy-lift squadrons of front-
level transport helicopter regiments.

## Medium Helicopter Mi-8T/Hip Mi-8T/Hipc Description:

  The Mi-8T/HIP medium helicopter has an all-
metal, semimonocoque, pod-and-boomfuselage,
with fixed tricycle landing gear and external fuel
tanks. Twin 1,500-shp turboshaft engines are
mounted above the cabin. On later models, the
engines may have air-intake covers, particle sepa-
rators, and IR suppressors. There is a five-blade
main rotor; a threeblade tail rotor is mounted on
the right side of a small vertical stabilizer. The
HIP has a sliding, jettisonable main passenger
door at the front left side of the cabin and large
clamshell cargo-loading doors a t  the rear. It
carries a winch and hook for external loads.
Several versions of the Mi-8T, both armed and
unarmed, are in military use.

    T h e  M i - 8 T / H I P  C is the basic medium
transportiassault helicopter. It may have optional
twin racks outboard of the fuel tanks on each side
of the fuselage for a variety of external weapon
systems. Its armament may include four 16-shot
57-mm rocket pods, four 250-kg bombs, or two

500-kg bombs. Aside from the external weapon
stores, the HIP C may mount a 12.7-mm machine
gun in the right clamshell door in the rear. Each
window in the transport section has a support
bracket to allow infantrymen to fire their assault
rifles or light machine guns at ground targets.
The Mi-8T/HIP C may also be configured for
minelaying and ELINT collection roles.

  The Mi-8T/HIP D airborne command post
variant is similar in appearance to the HIP C .
However, it has a rectangular canister, rather
than weapons, on each outboard rack, and it car-
ries added antennas.

  The Mi-8T/HIP E is the standard gunship
version, with triple stores racks on each side of
the fuselage for external weapon systems. Its
armament may include six 32-shot 57-mm rocket
pods, four 250-kg bombs, or two 500-kg bombs
suspended below the racks. It normally has four
radio-guided AT-2c/SWATTER C A T G M s

## Medium Helicopter Mi-8T/Hip (Continued)

mounted on rails above the racks. The HIP E has
a swivel-mounted 12.7-mm machine gun in the
nose and possibly a 12.7-mm machine gun in the
right rear clamshell door.

  The Mi-8TB/HIP F is an export version of the
HIP E on which the ATGM armament is changed
to six wire-guided AT-3/SAGGERS.

  The Mi-8T/HIP G airborne command post
variant has rearward-inclined antennas projecting
from the rear of the cabin and from the underside
of the tail boom. It also has a box under the tail
boom for a Doppler radar.



  The Mi-8T/HIP J is an ECM version with
additional small antenna screens and small,
square boxes on the sides of the fuselage fore and
aft of the rear legs of the tricycle landing gear.

  The Mi-8T/HIP K is a radio-jamming version
with a large crossed-dipole antenna array on each
side of the cabin, aft of the rear landing gear legs.
It has no Doppler radar under the tail boom.

  The HIP C serves primarily as an assault
transport and general cargo transport helicopter.
However, it may also perform armed support roles.
It can carry 24 troops or 4,000 kilograms of cargo
internally, or 3,000 kilograms as a slung load.

  The HIP E and F gunship versions are also
capable of carrying troops. They have assault rifle
support brackets for firing at ground targets from
the side windows. All Mi-8T versions can be con-
verted for an air ambulance role, accommodating
12litters and a medical attendant.

  The HIP C is organic to division-level heli-
copter squadrons, in the HIP squadron of some
army-level attack helicopter regiments, and in the

medium-lift squadrons of front-level transport
helicopter regiments. Along with the HIP C, the
HIP E is used in army-level attack helicopter regi-
ments. The HIP J and K are organic to the front-
level helicopter ECM squadron.

  The HIP C lacks the ATGM capability of the
HIP E or F versions. In the general cargo role,
the HIP C is most often limited to 3,000 kilograms
internal cargo, due to power limitations. The HIP
K ECM variant also has power limitations.

  The first Mi-8 prototypes, HIP A and HIP B,
appeared in 1961 and 1962, respectively. The HIP
C, first observed in late 1962, became the standard
series production model in 1963. It has been pro-
duced in both civil and military forms. Civil ver-
sions have larger, square windows in place of the
round windows on military versions. The standard
civil passenger version, Mi-8P,has seating for 28
to 32 passengers in the main cabin. The deluxe
passenger version, Mi-8PSalon (sometimes called
Mi-8S), has larger fuel tanks and cabin furnish-
ings for nine or eleven passengers. Although the
Mi-8Smay be used by the military as a unarmed
liaison helicopter, most military versions are
variants of the 24-passenger general utility
version, Mi-8T.Armed versions of the Mi-8T/HIP
C have been in service since 1966. The more
heavily armed HIP E was introduced in 1977.

  The Mi-14/HAZEA is a derivative of the Mi-8T.
It is a shore-based ASW helicopter, introduced in
1975 as a replacement for the Mi-4/HOUND B.

  The HIP H, introduced in 1981, is an improved
version of the Mi-8Twhich the Soviets have desig
nated as Mi-17.

## Mi-17/Hip H Description:

  The Mi-17/HIP H is an improved version of
the Mi-8T. It has the same airframe and main
rotor a s  the Mi-8T, but h a s  its tail rotor
mounted on the left side of the vertical stabilizer
rather than on the right. The HIP H also has an
uprated powerplant: two 1,900-shpturhoshaft
engines. The engines can be fitted with air-intake
covers, particle separators, and IR suppressors.
The HIP H may also carry a strap-on IR decoy
flare dispenser. The winch above the side door of
the cargo compartment is slightly modified. As
with the Mi-8, the Soviets produce the Mi-17 in
various civil and military versions. On armed
versions, the 12.7-mm nose machine gun is moved
somewhat higher than on the HIP E and F, to
the center of the fuselage, and the outriggers sup-
port three weapon stations on each side of the
fuselage, normally mounting 32-shot 57-mm rocket
pods. Unlike the HIP E and F, the HIP H has
not appeared with ATGMs.



  THE HIP H can perform a variety of military
roles: assault transport, cargo transport, and air
ambulance. As an assault helicopter, it can carry
up to 24 troops and 1,000 kilograms of ordnance
simultaneously. It can he rapidly converted into a
cargo transport and can carry 4,000 kilograms of
cargo internally or 3,000 kilograms as a slung
load. As an air ambulance, it can carry 12 litters
and the necessary medical equipment. Men and
material weighing up to 150 kilograms can be

recovered with the aid of the external winch above
the side door.

   Although its lift capabilities are essentially the
same as the Mi-8T's,the Mi-17 has greater perfor-
mance in terms of speed and range. With a 4,000-kg
payload, it can attain a speed of 240 kilometers
per hour and a range of up to 460 kilometers. Its
maximum speed is 250 kilometers per hour; with
normal takeoff weight, the flight range is 495 kilo-
meters without auxiliary fuel tanks and 950 kilo-
meters with auxiliary tanks. If one engine fails,
the output of the other increases automatically to
a contingency rating of 2,200 shp. The HIP H is
organic to division-level helicopter squadrons,
army-level attack helicopter regiments, and the
medium-lift squadron of front-level transport
helicopter regiments.

## Limita Tions:

  Although the HIP H should be capable of car-
rying ATGMs, none have been observed mounted
to date. There are no indications that the HIP H
will serve as an antitank platform.

  The Mi-17/HIP H was first seen at the Paris
Air Show in June 1981. Civil as well as military
versions have small, round windows. Exported
armed assault versions seen outside the Soviet
Union mount 23-mm machine gun pods on the
center pylon mount and 32-shot 57-mm rocket pods
at the inner pylon position.

   The Soviets currently deploy three attack heli-
copter versions of the Mi-24/HIND.All three share
the same basic airframe, powerplant, and rotor
system. The all-metal fuselage features structural
hardening, with the substitution of steel and
titanium for aluminum in critical components,
including the underside of the crew compartment.
The crew compartment consists of stepped, tandem
cockpits under two individual bubble. canopies.
The gunner's cockpit is in the nose, and the pilot's
cockpit behind it is raised to provide an unob-
structed forward view. A probe fitted on the upper
right corner of the gunner's bulletproof windshield
may be part of a low-airspeed sensing device used
to indicate optimum conditions for minimum dis-
persion of unguided rockets. To the rear of the
cockpits is the main cabin for carrying light cargo
or possibly troops. Twin 2,200-shp turboshaft
engines are mounted above the main cabin. The
engines can be fitted with air-intake covers,
particle separators, and IR suppressors. Above the
engines is a five-blade main rotor; a three-blade
tail rotor is on the left side of the vertical
stabilizer. An IR jammer may be mounted atop
the fuselage just behind the cabin, and an IR

decoy flare dispensing system may be mounted
under the rear part of the tail boom. Also common
to all three versions are the retractable tricycle
landing gear and stub wings for carrying arma-
ments. Each stub wing has two universal pylons
and a wingtip pylon specifically designed for
mounting ATGMs. The three versions differ by the
types of armament carried.

  The MI-24D/HIND D has a chin turret under
the nose, mounting a four barrel 12.7-mm Gatling
type machine gun which has a wide range of
movement in both azimuth and elevation. A
sensor pack protruding below the chin turret
houses direct-view optics. The four universal
pylons on the stub wings normally mount four
32-shot 57-mm rocket pods. In place on the four
57-mm rocket pods, the universal pylons can also
accommodate two 20-shot 80-mm rocket pods with
folding-fin, air-to-surface rockets. Four 250-kg
bombs or two 500-kg bombs, chemical or conven-
tional, may replace the rocket pods. The two
wingtip pylons have launch rails for a total of
four AT-2c/SWATTER C ATGMs.

## Mi-24E/Hinde

as the HIND D on its nose and universal pylons.      the wingtip pylons feature distinctive, I-shaped However, it replaces the rail-launchhed AT-2c/
SWATTER C with the higher-performance, tube        siles (two on each wingtip).

## Attack Helicopter Mi-24/Hind (Continued)

  The HIND F has the same stub wing arma-
ment a s  the HIND E. However, it replaces the
chin turret-mounted 12.7-mm Gatling gun with a
fixed 30-mm twin gun pod mounted on the right
sideof the fuselage.

  The HIND E and F models may carry a second
AT-6 launch platform on the outboard universal
pylon (in place of the normal rocket pod or
bombs); this allows them to mount a total of 8
SPIRAL missiles. They have also been observed
with "stacked" AT-6 launch platforms on the
wingtip pylon and the outboard universal pylon,
for a possible total of 16 SPIRALs.Furthermore,
it is possible for auxiliary fuel tanks or sprayer
tanks for chemical agents to replace the rocket
pods or other ordnance on all four universal

ovlons.

  The HIND D, E, and F are designed for a
primary close air support role. When providing
fire support for Soviet ground forces, they are
especially effective against enemy tanks. They
may escort troop-carrying Mi-8T or Mi-17 assault
helicopters. In lieu of passengers, the HIND
gunship has the room and payload to carry a full
reload for its weapons. HINDs generally operate
in pairs (or multiple pairs), closely coordinating
their attacks, which frequently come from different
directions and can be either simultaneous or stag-
gered. HIND tactics emphasize contour and low-
level flying. The HIND D, E, or F attack heli-
copters are organic to division-level helicopter
squadrons and to army-level attack helicopter
regiments.

   Powerful engines, a relatively narrow fuselage,
and downward-angled stub wings give the HIND
gunships good maneuverability, compared to
earlier Soviet helicopters. All three gunships have
high speed (up to 320 kilometers per hour) and
good climbing capability (12.5 meters per second).
Retrofitting with IR suppressors, IR jammers, and
IR decoy flare dispensers has increased surviv-
ability against enemy S A M s  and air-to-air
missiles (AAMs).Some HINDs now have a tail
gun blister for added protection and firepower.

   Due to its size, the HIND presents a significant
profile. This makes it vulnerable to visual detec-
tion. Originally designed for a troopcarrying role,
the HIND fuselage is somewhat broad (for an

attack helicopter) in the main cabin area, even
though the gunship variants have narrowed the
target presented by the cockpit area. When firing
ATGMs, the HIND must remain in the zone of
AA fire long enough to guide the missile to its
target; that is, up to 27 seconds for the SWATTER
or 11 seconds for the SPIRAL.

  There are indicationsthat the HIND, with its
conventional, fully articulated rotor head, may not
be as agile as the Soviets would like. It is very
difficult to maneuver at low speed or in the hover.
It has poor low-altitude flight characteristics.
Because of its wide turning radius at high speed,
it is ill-suited for fighting enemy helicopters.

The first flight tests with the Mi-24B/HIND B
prototype occurred in 1970 and 1971. A second proto type. designated Mi-24A/HIND A, upgraded its
.

. .-

twin powerplant from the original 1,500-shp
engines (the same as on Mi-8T/HIP)to the 2,200-shp
engines used on all subsequent HIND models.
It relocated the tail rotor from the right to the
left side of the vertical stabilizer. In 1972, the
HIND A entered service as an armed assault heli-
copter, the flying equivalent to an infantry combat
vehicle. These early HINDs were designed to
deliver a fully-equipped motorized rifle squad onto
the battlefield and to support the inserted troops
with fire from on board weapons. Aside from the
stub wing armaments later used on the HIND D,
the HIND A had only a single-barrel 12.7-mm
machine gun in the nose of its "greenhouse" -type
cockpit. The pilot and copilot sat side-by-sidein
the cockpit. The Mi-24U/HIND C is a trainer ver-
sion eenerallvsimilar to the late model HIND A.
but it mounts no machine gun or ATGMs.
Although the HIND A has been replaced by later
models, the HIND C is still used for training.

   Based on exercise experience with the HIND A,
the Soviets decided to redesign the front of the
fuselage to give priority to the gunship role. Their
first true attack helicopter, the Mi-24D/HIND D,
was introduced in 1976. It had tandem cockpits,
thick titanium armor under the cockpits, and
upgraded nose armament. While the gunship
retained the ability to carry 8 to 10 troops in the
main cabin, this was no longer its primary role.
The Mi-24E/HIND E with the higher-performance
AT-6/SPIRAL ATGM system followed in 1978.
The HIND F with twin 30-mm guns appeared in
1981. Export models of the HIND D are desig-
nated Mi-25 by the Soviets.

## Mi-26/Haloa Description:

with the loading ramp trailed. The HALO A has a five-man crew: pilot, co-pilot, navigator, flight engineer, and loadmaster.

  The Mi-26/HALO A heavy-lift helicopter has an
all-metal, semimonocoque, pod-and-boom fuselage
with clamshell rear loading doors and a loading
ramp. It has fixed, dual-wheeled, tricycle landing
gear and a retractable tail skid at the end of the
tail boom. It has an eight-blade main rotor and a
five-blade tail rotor mounted on the right side of
the swept-back vertical stabilizer. Twin 11,400-shp
turboshaft engines with air-intake covers are
mounted side-by-sideabove the cabin.

  The cargo hold has a flat floor length of 12
meters, a cabin width of 3.25 meters, and a cabin
height varying from 2.95 to 3.17 meters. The
length of the cargo area can increase to 15 meters

  The engines of the HALO A more than double
the power of its predecessor, the Mi-6A/HOOK.
However, they each weigh 181 kilograms less than
the HOOK's engines, and the overall empty
weight is only slightly greater than the HOOK
(28,200 versus 27,240 kilograms). Thus, the HALO
A is able to fly twice the payload of the HOOK
at comparable speeds and to greater ranges.



Heavy-lift Helicopter Mi-26/HALO A (continued)

  The internal cargo payload of the HALO A is
20,000 kilograms, the same as its reported ex-
ternal payload. It can carry its full payload of
20,000 kilograms a distance of 800 kilometers.
The cargo area, which is larger than that of the
Soviet An-12/CUB medium-range'fixed-wing trans-
port, is large enough to carry any of the following:
over 100 troops, two BRDM-2 scout cars, two
BMDs, one BMP, one BRT-60/70/80, one MT-LB,
or variants of these vehicles. In addition to the
weapon systems which can be carried in the
HOOK, the HALO A can accommodate the follow-
ing: a BM-21 MRL, a 2S1SP howitzer, a ZSU.23-4
SP AA gun, an SS-21/SCARAB TEL, a Ural-375
cargo truck, or a loaded 8,000- to 10,000-liter POL
truck. The load and lift capabilities of the HALO
A are comparable to the US C-130 Hercules
transport aircraft.

  The length of the main landing gear legs can
be hydraulically adjusted individually to facilitate



loading through the rear doors and to permit land-
ing on varying surfaces. The retractable tail skid
permits unrestricted approach to the rear cargo
doors. Two electric winches (each with 2,500-kg
lifting capacity) on overhead rails can move loads
along the length of the cabin.

  The HALO A has an avionics package that in-
cludes weather radar, radio navigation, Doppler
radar, and moving map display. These features
give it an all-weather flight capability. It also has
a fully automatic pilot.

   The West first identified the HALO A in 1978.
I t s  first public appearance was at the Paris Air
Show in June 1981. It has been operational since
1982. It is replacing the Mi-6A/HOOK in the
heavy-lift squadrons of the front-level transport
helicopter regiment.

## Description: Capabilities:

  The HAVOC A is designed as a ground-attack
helicopter, primarily for an antitank role. It has
improved acceleration, low-altitude maneuver-
ability, and low-speed flight characteristics
compared to the HIND. Its slim profile, maneuver-
ability, and alternative air-to-air armaments also
give it favorable characteristics for a secondary
role of engaging enemy antitank helicopters. It is
expected to have night/adverse weather capability
similar to the Apache's.

  Preliminary information indicates that the
Mi-28/HAVOC A is a ground-attack helicopter
similar in appearance to the US AH-64 Apache.
It has an all-metal, semimonocoque fuselage. This
is probably much narrower than that of the
HIND, since the HAVOC A has no passenger/
cargo compartment. The fuselage is also slightly
shorter than that of the HIND, with stepped cock-
pits to the rear of the nose for the gunner in front
and the pilot above and behind him. Due to the
narrow profile, the twin turboshaft engines, fitted
with air-intake covers, are not mounted atop the
fuselage but rather on the upper sides, just behind
the cockpits. Above the engines is a five-blade
main rotor; the tail rotor is mounted on the right
side of the vertical stabilizer. The fixed, tailwheel.
type landing gear has single main wheels on
V-struts below the cockpit area. Stub wings below
the engines have pylons for weapon stores.

  Armament may include a 30-mm cannon in a
chin turret and up to 16 ATGMs on the stub
wing pylons. In place of the ATGMs, the pylons
may also mount rocket pods, AAMs, or modified

  When fielded in the early 1990s,the Mi-28/
HAVOC A will supplement the Mi-24/HINDin the
ground-attack helicopter role. The Mi-28probably
exists in several variants.

SAMs (possibly the SA-14/GREMLIN.) As with
other current Soviet helicopters, the HAVOC A
may also be fitted with IR suppressors and IR
decoy flare dispensers.

## Artist's Concept Of Ka-?/Hokum A Description:

  Preliminary information indicates that the
HOKUM A is a unique fighter helicopter with a
streamlined fuselage and a tapered nose resem-
bling a jet aircraft. It probably has, retractable
tricycle landing gear and a distinctive coaxial,
contra-rotating, main rotor system. There is no
tail rotor on the vertical stabilizer. Two large
horizontal stabilizers project from the sides of the
tail boom. Twin turboshaft engines with air-intake
covers are mounted high on the sides of the
narrow fuselage, just behind the cockpit. Large
auxiliary wings below the engines have pylons for
weapon stores.

  Armament may include 23-or 30-mm cannons
mounted under the nose and a combination of
AAMs and modified SAMs (possibly the SA-14/
GREMLIN) on the wing pylons. The HOKUM A
is not believed to carry ATGM armament. As with
other current Soviet helicopters, the HOKUM A
may also be fitted with IR suppressors, an IR
jammer, and IR decoy flare dispensers.

  The Soviets apparently have designed HOKUM
A as a special-purpose fighter helicopter with a
primary air-to-air role. It could have a maximum
speed of approximately 350 kilometers per hour.
The HOKUM A is likely to employ its AAMs and
rapid-fire cannons as a low-level tactical counter-
air system. Its primary targets would be enemy
close air support aircraft, including antitank
helicopters.

  The Kamov Design Bureau probably designed
the HOKUM A. It has produced other coaxial-rotor
helicopters for Soviet naval aviation. When fielded
in the early 1990s,the HOKUM A will give the
Soviets a significant rotary-wing, air-to-air capabil
ity for which no Western counterpart exists. This
helicopter probably exists in several variants.

## Fixed-Wing Aircraft Fight/Interceptor/Ground Attack Aircraft

Fight/interceptor/ ground attack aircraft characteristics


CHARACTERISTICS
MiG-17/FRESCO
MiG-19/FARMER
MiG-21/FISHBED
MiG-23/FLOGGER B / G
TYPE
fighter/groundattack*
fighter/interceptor*****
fighter/interceptor****
fighter/interceptor/ground
attack
POWERPLANT
turbojet
2 turbojets
1 turbojet
1 turbojet

MAXIMUM SPEED
At altitude (km/hr)
1.145
1,450
2 250
2.500
At *sea* level (km/hr)
1,125
INA
1,100
1.350
COMBAT RADIUS (km)
500700
285
465925
1.300
REMARKS
May carry a variety at ground
attack and a t rto-air weapons
May tarry a variety of
ground attack weapons


Has a variable-geometry
wing system and may
carry AAMr
May carry a **variety**at
ground attack and a i r  t o  air
weapons, **including** 23 m m  or
30-mm guns. bombs, rocket
pods, and AAMr The MiG-21
was orginally placedin
service in 1960 a s  a high
performance day interceptor
but it has undergone
numerous modificationsMort
veriants have a ground attack
capability

FOOTNOTES
*Possible nuclear weapon delivery c a p a b i l i t y

## Characteristics (Continued)

| CHARACTERISTICS             | Su-25/FROGFOOT      | A          |
|-----------------------------|---------------------|------------|
| Su-27/FLANKER               |                     |            |
| B                           |                     |            |
| Yak-28P/FIREBAR             |                     |            |
| B                           |                     |            |
| TYPE                        |                     |            |
| ground attack               |                     |            |
| POWERPLANT                  |                     |            |
| 2                           |                     |            |
| turbojets                   |                     |            |
| MAXIMUM SPEED               |                     |            |
| At altitude                 |                     |            |
| (km/hr)                     |                     |            |
| 880                         |                     |            |
| At sea level                | (km/hr)             |            |
| INA                         |                     |            |
| COMBAT RADIUS               | (km)                |            |
| 556                         |                     |            |
| REMARKS                     |                     |            |
| May carry                   |                     |            |
| a                           |                     |            |
| variety of ground           |                     |            |
| attack weapons. including a |                     |            |
| 30                          |                     |            |
| -                           | mm gun, 4,000 kg of |            |
| bombs. rocket pods, and     | ASMs.               |            |
| fighter/interceptor         |                     |            |
| counterair                  | fighter             |            |
| 2                           |                     |            |
| turbojets                   |                     |            |
| 2 turbojets                 |                     |            |
| supersonic                  |                     |            |
| 2,000                       |                     |            |
| INA                         |                     |            |
| INA                         |                     |            |
| I                           |                     |            |
| NA                          |                     |            |
| 965                         |                     |            |
| May carry two AAMs.         |                     |            |
| All                         | -                   | weather.   |
| shoot                       |                     |            |
| -                           | down                | capability |
| beyond visual               |                     |            |
| -                           | range               |            |
| (BVR)                       |                     |            |
| AAMs May have a secondary   |                     |            |
| ground attack role.         |                     |            |

## Characteristics (Continued)

CHARACTERISTICS
MiG-31/FOXHOUNDA
Su-7B/FITTER A
Su-17/FITTER C / D / H
Su-24/FENCERA/C
TYPE
interceptor
ground attack* **
ground attack****
fighterbomber/ground attack
POWERPLANT
2 turbojets
turbojet
turbojet
2 turbojets
MAXIMUM SPEED
A taltitude (km/hr)
INA
1.930
2,230
2,320
At **sea** level (km/hr)
INA
850
1285
1,530
COMBATRADIUS (km)
INA
320485
360700
400-1800
REMARKS
MiG-25**variant**deployed
since 1981 **H a s**  look down
shootdown capability
May **carry** a rarely of
ground attackweapons,
includingA S M s
Mar **c a r r y**  a variety o f
groundattack weapons,
includingtwo 30 m m  guns,

Has variable-geometrywing
system May carry a
                         of
ground attackweapons, includ

| bombs rocket pods,    | and    |
|-----------------------|--------|
| ASMs                  |        |
| The                   |        |
| Su                    |        |
| 1 7                   | war    |
| introduced            |        |
| in                    |        |
| 1970                  | It     |
| is                    |        |
| basically             |        |
| a                     |        |
| variable-geometry     |        |
| valiant               | of the |
| Su                    |        |
| 7B/                   |        |
| FITTER                | A      |

ing one 23-mm Gatling-type
gun, bombs, rocket pods, and
ASMs The FENCER is the first
modern Soviet aircraft
developed s p e c i f i c a l l y
                      a s  a
fighter-bomberfor the ground
       role Although the
FENCER somewhatresembles
the MiG-27/FLOGGER, i t  is
actually a much larger t w o
seat (sideby s i d e )a i r c r a f t

FOOTNOTES
*Possible weapon deliverycapability
**Possible electronicwarfare configuration

Characteristics(continued)
T u - 1 6 0 / B L A C K J A C KA
CHARACTERISTICS
Tu-95/BEAR4
strategicbomber'

TYPE
4 turboprops
4 turbofans
POWERPLANT
926
2,225

MAXIMUM SPEED
I N I
I N A
At altitude (km/hr)
8,300
7,300
At sea **level** (km/hr)
UNREFUELED COMBAT RADIUS
(km)

REMARKS
May c a r r yASMs
Has a variable **geometry** wingsystem
Capable of lone range subsonic**cruise** with
supersonic high-altitude dash a n d
subsonic/transonic low-level penetration
Probablya mulitipler o l e  aircraftthat can
deliver both freefall bombs and a i r
launched cruise missiles to intercontinental


FOOTNOTES
Possible nuclear weapon delivery capability
**Possible electronic warfare **configuration .**possible reconnaissance configuration



heavy transport**
wide-body
heavy transport
transport
medium
transport*
medium STOL
transport
MEDIUM SPEED (km/hr)
CRUISESPEED ( k m / h r )
| Air                | -              | To              | -             | Surface    |
|--------------------|----------------|-----------------|---------------|------------|
| Missiles           |                |                 |               |            |
| ASM                |                |                 |               |            |
| characteristics    |                |                 |               |            |
| A S - 6 /          | AS-7/          |                 |               |            |
| A S - 9 /          |                |                 |               |            |
| AS-10/             |                |                 |               |            |
| A S - 2 /          |                |                 |               |            |
| A S - 3 /          | A S - 4 /      |                 |               |            |
| A S - 5 /          |                |                 |               |            |
| -                  |                |                 |               |            |
| CHARACTERISTICS    |                |                 |               |            |
| KIPPER             | KANGAROO       |                 |               |            |
| KITCHEN            | KELT           | K I N G F I S H |               |            |
| ,                  |                |                 |               |            |
| KERRY              |                |                 |               |            |
| KYLE               |                |                 |               |            |
| K A R E N          |                |                 |               |            |
| IGE (km)           |                |                 |               |            |
| h                  |                |                 |               |            |
| altitude           |                |                 |               |            |
| 185-210            | 650            |                 |               |            |
| 750                |                |                 |               |            |
| -                  | 800            | 320             | 700           | -          |
| N A                | NA             |                 |               |            |
| N A                |                |                 |               |            |
| altitude           |                |                 |               |            |
| INA                | 185            | 300             |               |            |
| 160                |                |                 |               |            |
| 200                |                |                 |               |            |
| -                  | 220            |                 |               |            |
| 10                 | 80             |                 |               |            |
| 8                  |                |                 |               |            |
| -                  | 10             |                 |               |            |
| ED (Mach)          |                |                 |               |            |
| 1.2                | 1.8            | 2+              |               |            |
| 0.9-1.2            | 2.5-3.0        | 0.6             | subsonic      |            |
| 0.5-0.8            |                |                 |               |            |
| PULSION            |                |                 |               |            |
| turbojet           | turbojet       | l i q u i d     | rocket        | liquid     |
| DANCE              |                |                 |               |            |
| nch/cruise         |                |                 |               |            |
| autopilot          |                |                 |               |            |
| autopilot          | inertial       |                 |               |            |
| autopilot          | inertial       |                 |               |            |
| -                  |                |                 |               |            |
| -                  |                |                 |               |            |
| electro            |                |                 |               |            |
| -                  | optical        |                 |               |            |
| -course            |                |                 |               |            |
| radio              |                |                 |               |            |
| r a d i o          |                |                 |               |            |
| -                  |                |                 |               |            |
| inertial           | r a d i o      |                 |               |            |
| -                  |                |                 |               |            |
| command            |                |                 |               |            |
| command            |                |                 |               |            |
| command            |                |                 |               |            |
| ninal              | active radar   |                 |               |            |
| -                  |                |                 |               |            |
| passive            |                |                 |               |            |
| active radar,      |                |                 |               |            |
| active radar,      |                |                 |               |            |
| -                  |                |                 |               |            |
| passive            | possible       |                 |               |            |
| r a d i a t i o n  |                |                 |               |            |
| passive            |                |                 |               |            |
| passive            |                |                 |               |            |
| radiation          | laser          | h o m i n g     |               |            |
| radiation          |                |                 |               |            |
| radiation          |                |                 |               |            |
| NCH WEIGHT (kg)    | 4,200          |                 |               |            |
| 11,000             |                |                 |               |            |
| 6,000+             |                |                 |               |            |
| 4.800              |                |                 |               |            |
| 4.800              | 1.200          |                 |               |            |
| -                  |                |                 |               |            |
| -                  |                |                 |               |            |
| RHEAD              | HE, nuclear    |                 |               |            |
| nuclear            |                |                 |               |            |
| HE, nuclear        | HE, nuclear    | HE, nuclear     | HE            | HE         |
| HE                 |                |                 |               |            |
| GTH                | (m)            | 10.0            | 14.9          | 11.3       |
| 8.59               | 10.5           |                 |               |            |
| -                  | -              |                 |               |            |
| -                  |                |                 |               |            |
| METER (m)          |                |                 |               |            |
| 9 0                |                |                 |               |            |
| 1.85               |                |                 |               |            |
| .50                | 1.00           | .90             |               |            |
| -                  | -              |                 |               |            |
| -                  |                |                 |               |            |
| GSPAN              |                |                 |               |            |
| ( m )              |                |                 |               |            |
| 4.6                | 9.15           | 2.45            | 4.57          |            |
| 2.5                |                |                 |               |            |
| -                  |                |                 |               |            |
| -                  | -              |                 |               |            |
| NCH AIRCRAFT       | Tu-16/         | Tu              | -             | 95/        |
| Tu-16/             |                |                 |               |            |
| Tu-16/             | Su             |                 |               |            |
| -                  | 24/            | Su-24/          |               |            |
| Frontal            |                |                 |               |            |
| BADGER C           |                |                 |               |            |
| BEAR B and         |                |                 |               |            |
| C                  |                |                 |               |            |
| BLINDER            | B,             | BADGER          |               |            |
| G                  |                |                 |               |            |
| BADGER.            |                |                 |               |            |
| FENCER,            |                |                 |               |            |
| FENCER and         | aviation       |                 |               |            |
| Tu-22M             | Tu-22M         |                 |               |            |
| Su-7B/             |                |                 |               |            |
| other frontal      | aircraft       |                 |               |            |
| BACKFIRE B,        |                |                 |               |            |
| BACKFIRE B         | FITTER A,      |                 |               |            |
| aviation           |                |                 |               |            |
| (see               | AS-7/          |                 |               |            |
| Tu                 |                |                 |               |            |
| -                  | 95             |                 |               |            |
| Su                 |                |                 |               |            |
| -                  | 17/            |                 |               |            |
| aircraft           |                |                 |               |            |
| KERRY)             |                |                 |               |            |
| BEAR G             |                |                 |               |            |
| FITTER             |                |                 |               |            |
| C,                 |                |                 |               |            |
| MiG                | -              | 27/             |               |            |
| FLOGGER D          |                |                 |               |            |
| MISSILES           |                |                 |               |            |
| 1                  |                |                 |               |            |
| 1                  | 1              |                 |               |            |
| (BLINDER           | B)             |                 |               |            |
| 2                  | 2 (BADGER)     |                 |               |            |
| -                  |                |                 |               |            |
| -                  |                |                 |               |            |
| 4 ?                |                |                 |               |            |
| RIED               |                |                 |               |            |
| 1 - 2              | (BACKFIRE      | B)              | 1-2 (BACKFIRE |            |
| B)                 |                |                 |               |            |
| E                  |                |                 |               |            |
| A n t i s h i p    | Medium/        |                 |               |            |
| -                  |                |                 |               |            |
| Medium/            | Antiship.      | Tactical        | Tactical      | Tactical   |
| long               |                |                 |               |            |
| -                  | range          |                 |               |            |
| long               |                |                 |               |            |
| -                  | range          | Standoff        | m i s s i l e | on         |
| standoff           | standoff       |                 |               |            |
| s t r i k eagainst |                |                 |               |            |
| CAS aircraft.      |                |                 |               |            |
| Possibly           | CAS aircraft.  |                 |               |            |
| nuclear            |                |                 |               |            |
| missile.           | land targets   | antiship.       | Short         | -          |
| against            | area           |                 |               |            |
| A n t i s h i p .  |                |                 |               |            |
| from high and      | ground attack. |                 |               |            |
| targets.           |                |                 |               |            |
| Antiradar.         | low            | level.          | Antiarmor.    |            |
| Strategic.         |                |                 |               |            |
| ARKS               |                |                 |               |            |
| 2/3 size of        | Largest ASM.   | Interim         |               |            |
| Supersedes         |                |                 |               |            |
| Exceptional        |                |                 |               |            |
| Normal             |                |                 |               |            |
| Large              | con            |                 |               |            |
| -                  |                |                 |               |            |
| AS                 | -              | 3               |               |            |
| Still              |                |                 |               |            |
| operational        |                |                 |               |            |
| weapon on          |                |                 |               |            |
| AS-1/KENNEL        |                |                 |               |            |
| accuracy.          |                |                 |               |            |
| launch             |                |                 |               |            |
| ventional          |                |                 |               |            |

## Characteristics (Continued)

| T U N I N G               | A N T E N N A          |
|---------------------------|------------------------|
| REMARKS                   |                        |
| NONMENCLATURE/TYPE        |                        |
| FREQUENCY                 | MODES A N D            |
| MODULATION                |                        |
| RANGE                     |                        |
| (km)                      |                        |
| O U T P U T               |                        |
| (watts)                   |                        |
| ( M H z )                 |                        |
| Probably used with        |                        |
| electronic warfare units. |                        |
| voice.                    | Morse                  |
| N A                       | N A                    |
| continuous                | whip, long-            |
| wire                      |                        |
| R-313-M2                  | RECEIVER               |
| -                         | 400                    |
| (VHF/UHF)                 |                        |
| INA                       | INA                    |
| INA                       | INA                    |
| INA                       |                        |
| INA                       |                        |
| Employed by SPETSNAZ.     |                        |
| 4-350M BURST              |                        |
| TRANSMISSION              | RADIO                  |
| INA                       |                        |
| R                         |                        |
| -                         | 352 TRANSCEIVER        |
| v o i c e                 |                        |
| 3                         | 1.2                    |
| three fixed               |                        |
| frequencies               |                        |
| R                         |                        |
| -                         | 392A TRANSCEIVER       |
| 1 - 2                     |                        |
| (estimate)                |                        |
| v o i c e                 | 2 - 3                  |
| (estimate)                |                        |
| (VHF)                     |                        |
| whip                      |                        |
| Manpack:                  | probably               |
| employed in MR            | plt                    |
| company.                  |                        |
| continuous,               |                        |
| probably six              |                        |
| preset                    |                        |
| 60-70                     |                        |
| twin yagi                 |                        |
| Vehicle-mounted:          | employed               |
| at regt level and higher. |                        |
| R401M/R-403 RADIO         |                        |
| RELAY STATION             |                        |
| (VHF)                     |                        |
| 40-50                     |                        |
| 2.5                       |                        |
| continuous,               |                        |
| choice of 54              |                        |
| frequencies               |                        |
| four                      |                        |
| -                         | channel                |
| (two voice, two           |                        |
| telegraph); FM            |                        |
| R-404                     | RADIO                  |
| -                         | RELAY STATION          |
| (UHF)                     |                        |
| Mounted in three          |                        |
| box                       |                        |
| -                         | body                   |
| vehicles.                 |                        |
| multichannel              |                        |
| voice,                    | data,                  |
| facsimile; FM             |                        |
| LOS                       |                        |
| 10                        |                        |
| INA                       |                        |
| 0.5                       |                        |
| -                         | m or                   |
| 1.5                       |                        |
| -                         | m twin                 |
| pababolic                 |                        |
| dish                      |                        |
| R                         |                        |
| -                         | 405 RADIO              |
| 390-420                   |                        |
| (UHF),                    |                        |
| 60                        |                        |
| -                         | 69.975                 |
| LOS                       |                        |
| 2.5                       |                        |
| detent                    |                        |
| crossed                   | yagi,                  |
| planar                    |                        |
| reflector                 |                        |
| multichannel              |                        |
| voice.                    | data,                  |
| facsimile; FM             |                        |
| (VHF)                     |                        |
| Mounted on                |                        |
| ZIL-131:                  |                        |
| employed in division      |                        |
| -                         | level                  |
| and                       | h i g h e r            |
| admin nets; R             |                        |
| -                         | 405 is an              |
| R                         |                        |
| -                         | 401 with extra amp and |
| frequency doubler and     |                        |
| tripler.                  |                        |
| LOS                       |                        |
| INA                       |                        |
| INA                       |                        |
| rectangular               |                        |
| grid                      |                        |
| R                         |                        |
| -                         | 409 RADIO              |
| INA                       | multichannel           |
| FM                        |                        |
| Mounted on                | ZIL-131                |
| ZIL                       |                        |
| -                         | 157 van; employed at   |
| division level and        | h i g h e r .          |

## Glossary Acronyms, Abbreviations, And Definitions

C2- command and control C3- command, control, and communications CAA - combined arms army CBU - cluster bomb unit cdr - commander CEP - circular error probable CES- chief of engineer services CGF - Central Group of Forces C I N C- commander in chief c m- centimeter CMTA - chief of missile troops and artillery C N  - chloroacetophene co - company COMINT- communications intelligence COP - command observation post C P- concrete-piercing CPSU- Communist Party of the Soviet Union CRP - combat reconnaissance Patrol CS - combat support CSS - combat service support c y l  - cylinder DAG - division artillery group decon - decontamination DF - direction finding D M  - adamsite D O I-date of introduction DOSAAF - Voluntary Society of Assistance to the Army.

Aviation, and Navy (premilitary training organization)
DS - direct support DZ - drop zone ECM - electronic countermeasures ELINT- electronic intelligence EMP - electromagnetic pulse ESM - electronic warfare support measures est - estimated EW - early warning; electronic warfare AA - antiaircraft AAA - antiaircraft artillery AAG - army artillery group AAICV- amphibious airborne infantry combat vehicle AAM - air-to-air missile ACRV - artillery command and reconnaissance vehicle a c q  - acquisition ACV - armored command vehicle a d m i n- administrative AGI - auxiliary general intelligence (ship)
AICV- amphibious infantry combat vehicle AM - amplitude modulation a m m o  - ammunition a m p  - amplifier An-(no.) - Soviet designation for aircraft from Antonov design bureau AP - armor-piercing (round); antipersonnel (mine)
APC- armored personnel carrier APC-T - armor-piercing capped tracer API - armor-piercing incendiary API-T - armor-piercingincendiary tracer AP-T - armor-piercing tracer APVO - Aviation of National Air Defense arty - artillery AS-(no.)
US designation for Soviet air-to-surface missile ASC - armored scout car ASM - air-to-surface missile ASW - antisubmarine warfare AT - antitank AT-(no.) - US designation for Soviet antitank guided missile ATGL - antitank grenade launcher ATGM - antitank guided missile auto automatic a u x- auxiliary AWACS - airborne warning and control system

BAF - battalion assault force (naval infantry)
B A Z- heavy transport vehicle produced by Bryansk
FAC - forward air controller
FEBA - forward edge of the battle area (US acronym used
in this manual as the equivalent of the Soviet term
"forward edge")
FDC - fire direction center
FLOT - forward line of own troops
FM - frequency modulations; field manual
FO - forward observer
FOP - forward observation post
Automobile Plant
BMP - Soviet abbreviation for infantry combat vehicle
bn - battalion
BTR - Soviet abbreviation for armored personnel carrier
btry - battery
BVR - beyond visual range
kg - kilogram KGB - Committee for State Security kg/cm2 - kilograms per square centimeter km- kilometer km/hr- kilometers per hour KrAZ-(no.) - heavy truck produced by KremenchugMotor Vehicle Plant Frag - fragmentation Frag-HE- fragmentation high-explosive Frag-T- fragmentation tracer Frag-HE-T- fragmentation high explosive tracer freq - frequency FROG - free rocket over ground FS - fin-stabilized FSE -forward security element (of the advance guard)
g -gram GAZ-(no.) - medium truck produced by Gorkiy Motor Vehicle Plant GPMG -general purpose machine gun grd- ground LMG - light machine gun LOC - line of communications LOP - lateral observation post LOS - line of sight LRA - long range aviation LuAZ-(no.) - light truck produced by LutskMotor Vehicle Plant L Z- landing zone GRU - general staff's main intelligence directorate GTO - All-Union Sports-Technical Complex Ready for Labor and Defense of the USSR
m -meter m / s e c  - meters per second MAZ-(no.) - heavy truck produced by Minsk Motor Vehicle Plant MCLOS - manual-command-to-line-of-sight guidance M F  - medium frequency MG - machine gun m3/hr- cubic meters per hour m/hr- meters per hour MHz - megahertz Mi-(no.) - Soviet designation for helicopter from Mil design bureau HCF - High Command of Forces H E  - high explosive HEAT - high explosive antitank HEAT-FS - high explosive antitank fin-stabilized HEAT-SS - high explosive antitank spin-stabilized H E I- high explosive incendiary HEI-T - high explosive incendiary tracer HEP - high explosive plastic HF - high frequency hp -horsepower HQ - headquarters hr - hour HVAP - hyper-velocity armor-piercing HVAPFSDS - hyper-velocity armor-piercing fin-stabilized discarding sabot HVAP-T- hyper-velocity armor-piercing tracer I C M- improved conventional munitions IFF - identification, friend or foe IFV - infantry fighting vehicle II-(no.) - Soviet designationfor aircraft from llyushin design bureau INA - information not available at the unclassified level INF - Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces intcp - intercept I R- infrared I R B M- intermediate-range ballistic missile I - T-incendiary tracer I T B- independent tank battalion m i c h m a n-warrant officer, navy MiG-(no.) - Soviet designation for aircraft from Mikoyan-
Gurevich design bureau min- minute mm- millimeter MOD - Ministry of Defense MOP - mobile observation post MPA - Main Political Directorate MRB - motorized rifle battalion MRBM - medium-range ballistic missile MRC - motorized rifle company MRD - motorized rifle division MRL - multiple rocket launcher MRP - mobile reconnaissance post MRR - motorized rifle regiment MSD - movement support detachment (engineer element)
mt - metric tons MVD - Ministry of Internal Affairs Ka-(no.) - Soviet designation for helicopter from Kamov design bureau KamAZ-(no.) - medium truck produced by Kama River Motor Vehicle Plant

N A  - not applicable
NAC -new army corps
NATO - North Atlantic Treaty Organization
NBC - nuclear, biological, chemical

NBDF- nuclear burst direction-finding NCO - noncommissioned officer NGF - Northern Group of Forces. Poland OMG- operational maneuver group SRBM - short-range ballistic missile SRF - strategic rocket forces SS - spin-stabilized round SS-**(no.)** - US designation for Soviet surface-to-surface missile SSB - single sideband SSM - surface-to-surface missile STOL - short takeoff and landing aircraft Su-(no.) - Soviet designation for aircraft from Sukhoi design bureau plt- platoon POL - petroleum, oils, lubricants PPO- primary party organization: mobile training post PGM - precision-guided munitions praporshchik - warrant officer, army PRTB - Soviet abbreviation for mobile rocket technical base PVO Strany - National Air Defense Troops PVO Sukhoputnykh Voysk - air defense troops of the ground forces PWP - plasticized white phosphorus RAG - regimental artillery group RAP - rocket-assisted projectile RAST - Soviet abbreviation for mobile analytical plotting TA - tank army
TASM - tactical air-to-surface missile
TB - tank battalion
TBr- tank brigade
TD - tank division TDY - temporary duty
TEL - transporter-erector-launcher
TELAR - transporter-erector-**launcher** and radar
TOE - table(s) of organization and equipment
TOP - technical observation point
TR - tank regiment
Tu-(no.) - Soviet designation for aircraft from Tupolev
design bureau
TV - theater of war
TVD - theater of military operations
UAZ-(no.) - light truck produced by Ulyanovsk Motor station (also known as mobile computation and analysis station)
rd - round rd/min - rounds per minute RDF - radio direction finding REC - radioelectronic combat recon- reconnaissance REG - repair and evacuation group regt- regiment rkh - Russian abbreviation (literally: radio-chemical) used Vehicle Plant
UHF - ultra high frequency
U / I  - unidentified Ural-(no.)- medium truck produced by Ural Motor
Vehicle Plant
US - United States
USSR - Union of Soviet SocialistRepublics (Soviet

as suffix in Soviet designations for NBC reconnaissance
vehicles
ROTC - Reserve Officers' Training Corps
RTO - radio telephone operator
RVGK - Reserve of the Supreme High Command
Union)
UW - unconventional warfare
SA-**(no.)** - US designation for Soviet surface-to-air
missile
SACLOS - semiautomatic-command-to-line-of-sight
VEESS - vehicle engine exhaust smoke system VGK - Supreme High Command VHF - very high frequency VOSO - Central Military Transportation Directorate
Voyska PVO - air defense troops
VTA - military transport aviation VTOL - vertical takeoff and landing
VVS - Soviet Air Force
WGF - Western Group of Forces
WP - white phosphorus
guidance
SAM - surface-to-air missile
sec- second
SGF - Southern Group of Forces
shp - shaft horsepower
SIGNT- signals intelligence
SLAR - side-looking airborne radar
SLP - semiactive laser-guided projectile
SP - self-propelled SPAAG - self-propelled antiaircraft gun SPETSNAZ - Soviet acronym for (troops of) special
Yak-**(no.)** - Soviet designation for aircraft from Yakovlev
design bureau
designation, also known as special purpose forces
zampolit- deputy commander for political affairs ZRTB - Soviet abbreviation for air defense rocket ZIL-(no.) - medium truck from Likhachev Motor Vehicle technical base Plant

## General Lndex

Airmobile assault brigade (front), 4-140
Academies, military
All-Union Sports-Technical Complex Ready for Labor and
Defense of the USSR (GTO): role in-premilitary and
speciality training, 3-3-3-4
Ammunition transport company (materiel support battalion,
MRD and TO). 4-89
curriculum of. 3-4
US equivalents for, 3-4
Voroshilov Military Academy, 3-5
Amphibious forces. 4-154
Administrative service. 1-4
Antiaircraft artillery regiment 6 6 0 )  (MRD and TD). 4-104

Air assault battalion. See Independent air assault battalion
Antitank battalion (MRD). 4-72

(army)
Antitank brigade (artillery division. front). 4.135

Air assault brigade (front), 4-139
Antitank missile battery (MRR. MRD and TO). 4-20

Air defense battalion (MRR and TR, MRD and TO). 4-18n
Antitank platoon (MRB. MRR (BTR). MRD). 4-7

Air defense forces. 1-1
Antitank regiment (army). 4-121

air defense missile and artillery battery (MRR and TR, MRD
and TD). 4-18
Armed forces: components of, 1-1

Air defense platoon (MRB. MRR (BMP). MUD and TO). 4-29
Armor, reactive: on T.80, 1-7
consolidation of company.level AA squads, 1-6

Army. See also Combined arms army (CAA); Tank army (TA)
Air defense troops (Voyrka PVO), 1-2


composition typical)  of. 1-5
,
Air defense troops of the ground forces (PVO Sukhoputnykh
Voysk). 1.2
definition of, 1-5
mix of MRDs and TDs in, 1-5
as part of a front. 4.2
Air force. 1-1
Army aviation. 1-7
Air forces of the front, 4.133
Artillery battalion (general). 1-7
Airborne battalion (airborne regiment, airborne division).
Artillery brigade (army). 4-120
4-145
Artillery command battery, (MRD and TD), 4-99
Airborne company (airborne battalion, airborne regiment.
airborne division). 4.144
Artillery division (front). 4-135
Airborne division
Artillery reconnaissance battery (artillery regiment, MRD and TD). 4-59
Artillery reconnaissance (target acquisition/early warning)

battery (SAM regiment (SA-6), MRD and TD). 4-66
Artillery regiment (airborne division). 4-153
Artillery regiment (MRD and TD)
description of. 4-143
equipment in, 4-150-4-152
Increased firepower in, 1-6
organization of. 1-6, 4.143-4-154
reorganization and modernization of, 1-7
2S9 airborne SP howitzer in, 1-7

Airborne forces. 1-2, 4-144
as reserve force af the Supreme High Command, 1.2
description of, 4-50
equipment in, 4-51--4-53
organization of, 4.50
Assault battalion (BMD) (air assault brigade, front), 4-141
Airborne reconnaissance company (reconnaissance battalion,
MRD and TO). 4.7%
Assault crossing battalion (army or front), 4-125

Airborne regiment, (BMD)
Assault crossing company (engineer battalion, MRD and TD).


4-82
Assault gun battalion (airborne division), 4-152

| descr                     | iption of   | , 4-146     |
|---------------------------|-------------|-------------|
| equipment                 |             |             |
| in, 4-147-                | -           | 4-148       |
| organization of, 4-146    |             |             |
| structure of, 4-146-4-148 |             |             |

Attack helicopter regiment (army), 4-127


Note For specific pieces of equipment, see the "**Equipment Index**" which follows

## Fm  100-2-3

Automatic grenade launcher platoon (MRB, MRR. MRD and
TD), 4-29

| numbers of,              | 3-4--3-5          |
|--------------------------|-------------------|
|                          |                   |
| specialities offered by, | 3-4--3-5          |
|                          |                   |
| consolidation of company |                   |
| -                        | level squads, 1-6 |


Combat arms branches (troops), 1-2
Combat engineer (sapper) company (engineer battalion, MRD
and TD). 4-81
Combat training directorate. 1-1
Combined arms: concept of, 1-4
Bakery. See Mobile field bakery (materiel support battalion,
MRD and TD)
Combined Arms Army (CAA)

description of, 4-116
organization of, 1-5, 4-116--4-117

Commissioning schools (officer): applications for, 3-4
Communications platoon (engineer battalion. MRD and TD),
4-84
Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU). See also
lndoctrination

Benefits (of military service)
annual leave. 2.5
for families of noncareer personnel, 2-5
living quarters, 2-5
medical and health care, 2.-5
passes, 2-5
per diem on TDY, 2.5
permanent change of station, 2-5
postal privileges for families of first-time service, 2.5
resorts and sanitoria, 2-5
subsistence subsidy for career personnel. 2.5
BMD platoon (airborne regiment). 4-144

BMD squad (airborne regiment), 4-144


control over armed forces, 2.5
influence over military discipline, 2-6 membership in, 2-6 military officers on Central Committee. 2-2
relationship with zampolit, 2-6 role of PPO in, 2-6

Bolshevik Revolution. 3-8
Composite artillery battalion (air assault brigade, front).
4-143
Conscripts
CAA. See Combined arms army

Cargo transport company (materiel support battalion. MRD
and TD), 4-90
Central Group of Forces (CFG) in Czechoslovakia, 1-5
Central Military Topographic Directorate. 1-3
Central Military Transportation Directorate *(VOSO).* 1-3
CGF. See Central Group of Forces in Czechoslovakia

and crop harvesting, 3-7
deferments for. 2-1 diversion to civilian projects, 3-7
education of, 2-1
evaluation of, 2-1
family benefits for. 2-5
marriage restrictions for, 2.5
morale of. 2-0
percentage in Soviet ground forces personnel. 2-0
physical examination for, 2-1

Chemical protection battalion (army). 4-123
Conscription
Chemical protection brigade (front). 4-137
Chemical protection company (MRD and TO), 4-95
Chemical protection platoon (MRR and TR. MRD and TD).
4-23
Chemical troops, 1-3
Chief of the rear. 1-3
CINC, ground forces. 1.1
Civil defense: training programs, 3-2
Collection and evacuation platoon (medical battalion. MRD
and TD). 4-97

| age requirements for,             | 2-0--2-1    |
|-----------------------------------|-------------|
|                                   |             |
| completion of conscript duty, 2-0 |             |
| deferment for family reasons, 2-1 |             |
| deferment for illness,            | 2-1         |
|                                   |             |
| description of,                   | 2-0--2-2    |
|                                   |             |
| draft boards for, 2.1             |             |
| legislation for.                  | 2-0,        |
| 2-1                               |             |
| military oath for, 2-2            |             |
| quotas for, 2-1                   |             |
| registration of, 2-1              |             |
| reserves, 2.0, 2-1                |             |
| student deferments from,          | 2-1--2-2    |
|                                   |             |
| of women, 2-1                     |             |

Colleges, military. See also Universities, civilian: Education;
Academies, military: and Training
Council of Ministers

compared to civilian technical schools, 3-4
curriculum of. 3-4
premilitary training of specialists, 3-2
Engineer (title)
role in premilitary training, 3-2
role in promotions, 2-4
Course of the young soldier (Soviet term). 3-6
Engineer battalion (MRD and TD)
Courts, military. See Justice service
CPSU. See Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU)
Czechoslovakia
CGF in, 1-5
Soviet troop movement into (1968), 2.10
Engineer company (MRR and TR. MRD and TD), 4-21
Engineer reconnaissance platoon (engineer battalion. MRD and
Deferment
Engineer-technical service. 1-3
Engineer troops, 1-3
beyond age 27, 2-1, 2-2
reasons for, 2.1
of students, 2-1--2-2
Enlisted personnel: reserve obligations, 2-8
Directorates
Equipment. See "Equipment Index"
Ethnicity
EvenIng university (Soviet term). 3-6
Extended service personnel
combat training, 1-1
military education, 1-1 military music. See Military band
organization and mobilization, 2.9, 3-1
political, 1-1
premilitary training, 3-1--3-4
technical, 1-1
topographic, 1.3
transportation **(VOSO),** 1.3
Disinfection and decontamination platoon (medical battalion.
MRD and TD), 4-98
Division headquarters (MRD and TD). 4-45
Fel'dscher, 4-6n, 4-29n
Doctrine. Soviet
Fighter or fighter-bomber division (air forces of the front),

attitude toward nuclear conflict, 1-4
defensive, 1.4
Fire support

DOSAAF. See Voluntary Society for Cooperation with the
Army. Aviation, and Navy
Draft. See Conscription
Force structure. 1-4
Front

Education. See also Academies: Universities, civilian; Colleges.
military
advanced courses, 3-4
extension and correspondence courses, 3-4--3-5
military academies, 3-4--3-5
of NCOs, 3.6
negative aspects of, 3-7
of officers, 3-4--3-5 of warrant officers, 3-5--3-6
Electronic intelligence (ELINT). 1-3
General-purpose helicopter squadron (army). 4-116,. 4-118
ELINT. See Electronic intelligence
combined with rank, 2-8
naval equivalent for, 2-8
equipment in, 4-79--4-80
organization of. 4-78
Engineer brigade (army or front), 4-124

Engineer, combat. See Combat engineer (sapper) company
(engineer battalion. MRD and TD)
TD), 4-84
Great Russians, 2-0
problems with diversity, 3-7

qualifications for, 2-3
reasons for program, 2-3
4-134
Finance service. 1-3--1-4
changes in organizational structure. 1-5 conventional, 1-5
role of helicopters in. 1.7
description of, 4-130
as largest wartime field formation, 1-5 as operatlonal-level organization, 4-2
organization of, 4-131--4-143
potential number of armies in, 4-2 in Soviet reorganization and modernization, 1-6--1-7

## Fm  100-2-3

General-purpose helicopter squadron (air forces of the front).
4-133
Howitzer battery (122-mm) (howitzer battalion. MRR (BTR),
MRD and TD). 4-17
Germany: Western Group of Forces (WGF) in, 1-5
Howitzer brigade (122-/152-mm) (artillery division, front).

4.135
Ground forces
Hungary: SGF n, 1.5

lndependent air assault battalion (army). 4.128
lndependent army corps. See New army corps (NAC)
CINC of, 1-1
headquarters of, 1-1
as largest component of armed forces, 1-1
at operational level, 4-2
organization by geographical boundaries, 1-4
organization into large field formations, 1-4
at tactical level, 4-2
lndependent motorized rifle regiment, 4.116n
Group of Soviet Forces. Germany (GSFG). See Western Group of Forces lndependent reconnaissance regiment (air forces of the front).
4-133
Groups of forces. See Military districts and groups of forces lndependent tank battalion (MRD), 4-105
GSFG. See Western Group of Forces lndependent tank regiment (CAA), 4-116
GTO. See All-Union Sports-Technical Complex Ready for Labor
and Defense of the USSR (GTO)
Indoctrination
Gun battalion (152-mm) (artillery brigade, army). 4-120
Gun brigade (152-/203-mm) (artillery division. front). 4-135
Gun-howitzer battalion (152-mm) (artillery brigade, army).
4-120
mental conditioning in, 3-6
as part of Soviet life, 2-6
role of Communist Party in, 2-5, 2-6
role of Komsomol in, 2-6
role of main political directorate in, 2-5
in training, 3-1, 3-8
Gun-howitzer brigade (152-mm) (artillery division, front).
4-135
Induction. See Conscription Initiative: stifling of, 3-7
Intendance service. 1-4 ITB. See lndependent tank battalion
HCF. See High command of forces Health care
Komsomol, 2-3

medical benefits for servicemen, 2.5
physical exams for conscripts and inductees, 2-1, 3-6
resorts and sanitoria, 2-5
Heavy artillery battalion (203-mm) (high-powered artillery
brigade, front). 4-136
number of members in, 2-6
as part of Soviet life, 2-6 and political control of military, 2-6
relationship with zampolit, 2-6

Heavy mortar battalion (240-mm) (high-powered artillery
brigade, front). 4-136

Kray, definition of, 2-1

Helicopter. See also Attack helicopter regiment (army):
Helicopter squadron (MRD and TO); Transport helicopter
regiment (air forces of the front)
and combined arms operations, 1-7
in support of live-fire exercises. 3-6

## Law On Universal Military Service (1967)

Helicopter ECM squadron (air forces of the front). 4-133,
5.216
Helicopter squadron (MRD and TD), 4-100
High command of forces (HCF), 1-4--1-5
High-powered artillery brigade (front), 4-136

and length of service, 2-1, 2-8
1985 amendment to, 2-3
and premilitary training, 3-1, 3-2
provisions for women in, 2-3
and the semiannual conscription of 18 year olds, 2-0
and warrant officers, 2.-2
Housing. 2-5
Leave
Howitzer battalion (122-mm) (MRR (BTR), MRD and TD),
4-16

for career personnel, 2-5
for conscripts, 2-5

General Index-4

Military districts. See Military districts and groups of forces
Long-range reconnaissance company (reconnaissance battalion.

MRD and TD), 4-73n, 4-76n Military districts and groups of forces

## -M-

Main political directorate. 1-1, 2-5

in Eastern Europe, 1-5
geographical organization of ground forces, 1-4
number of, 1.5 in peacetime, 1-5
responsibility for training, 3-1
in wartime, 1-5
role at different levels, 2-5--2-6
role of zampolit in, 2-6

Military educational institutions directorate. 1-1

Main staff. 1-1
Military oath. 2-1

Maintenance battalion (MRD and TD). 4-91
English translation of, 2.2
Military topographic service, 1.3

Maintenance company (artillery regiment. MRD and TD),
4-60
Military tribunal. 1-4

Maintenance company (MRR and TR. MRD and TD), 4-24
Minister of defense

Maintenance company (SAM regiment (SA-6), MRD and TD),
4-69

authority over reserve officers, 2-9
military rank of, 2-6
role in promotions. 2-4

Maintenance platoon (engineer battalion. MRD and TD).
4-84
Ministry of defense (MOD). 1-1-1-5
Major geographical and force groupings. 1.4
Maps. See Military topographic service
Materiel support battalion (MRD and TD), 4-88
Materiel support brigade

definition of, 1-1
military rank of officials in, 2-6
and mobilization, 2-9
priorities for deployment of new equipment. 1-5
relationship to DOSAAF, 2-1
role in premilitary training, 3-1--3-2
army, 4-127
front, 4-138

Ministry of education: role in premilitary training, 3-2 Missile firing battery, (SAM regiment (SA-6), MRD and TD),
Materiel support company (MRR and TR, MRD and TD),
4-23
4-68
Materiel support units. 1-6--1-7
May Day: and summer training, 3-8
Missile technical battery. (SAM regiment (SA-6). MRD and
TD), 4.67

Medical aid station (MRB, MRR, MRD and TD), 4-8
Missile troops and artillery, 1-2
Medical battalion (MRD and TD, 4-96
Medical company (medical battalion. MRD and TD), 4.97
Mobile field bakery (materiel support battalion, MRD and
TD), 4-99
Medical point. See Regimental medical point
Mobilization
Medical service. 1-3
Michman, 2-6, 2-7
Military academies. See Academies, military
Military band. 1-4
Military commissariat
directorate responsible for, 2-9
effect on civilian economy, 2-10
ordered by Presidium of the USSR Supreme Soviet, 2-9
in peacetime, 2.9
personnel plan phases in, 2-10
personnel needed for (in wartime), 2-9
supply stockpiles for. 2-9
unit expansion in, 2-10
in wartime, 2-9
Mobilization division. 1-5 MOD. See Ministry of defense Modernization
effect on types of operations, 1-6
of organization and equipment, 1-4
of Soviet force since mid-1960s, 1-5-1-6
and deferment of students, 2-2
functions of at dffferent levels. 2-1
inductee processing by, 3.6
inductees report to, 2-1
management of reserve system at lower levels, 2-8
and mobilization, 2-9
numbers of, 2-1
responsibility for training within districts, 3-1
role in assignment of inductees, 2-1
role in evaluation of potential conscripts, 2-1
US equivalents for (at different levels), 2-1

Motorized rifle squad (BTR). 4-3

## Fm  100-2-3

Motorized rifle troops. 1-2
MPA. See Main political directorate MRB. See Motorized rifle battalion MRD. See Motorized rifle division MRR. See Motorized rifle regiment Music. See Military band NAC. See New army corps
Nakimov (navy) schools. 3-4
National air defense troops **(PVO** Strany). 1.2
Naval forces. 1-1
Naval infantry
applicants for commissioning schools, 3-4
classifications of, 2-6
commissioning of, 2-0, 2.2
education of. 3-4--3-5
entrance into service, 2-0, 2.2
maximum ages for in reserve classes, 2-9
membership in CPSU, 2-2 membership in Party and Komsomol, 2.2
number of generals and admirals, 2-2
number of officer candidates since World War 11, 3-4
numbers of, 2-2
promotion of, 2-4
rank potential for combined arms officers, 2-6
ranks by service and branch. 2.6, 2-7
recruitment from warrant officer ranks for. 2-2 reserve obligations for, 2-8--2-9
reserve training for, 2-9
sources for, 2.0, 2-2
standing in society, 2-0
battalion (naval infantry regiment or brigade), 4-155
brigade, 4-157
company (naval infantry battalion, naval infantry regiment
OMG. See Operational maneuver group
Operational-level organizations. 4-2
Operational maneuver group (OMG): and the NAC. 1-6
or brigade), 4-155
division, 4-158
regiment (naval infantry division), 4-156
regiment/brigade. 4-155--4-156
Ordnance maintenance company (maintenance battalion. MRD
NBC. See Nuclear, biological, chemical warfare
and TD). 4.93
NCO. See Noncommissioned officer
Organization NEMAN: the exercise, 2-10
New army corps (NAC). 1-5. 1-6
NGF. See Northern Group of Forces in Poland
Noncommissioned officer (NCO)

eligibility for officer corps, 2-2
i n  extended service personnel ranks, 2-3
recruitment from conscript ranks for, 2-3
reserve obligations for, 2-8
sergeants and petty officers, 2-8
training of, 2-3, 3-1, 3.6
Northern Group of .Forces (NGF) in Poland, 1-5
of an airborne division, 4-149--4-154 of an airborne regiment, 4-144--4-148
of a combined arms army, 4-116-4-117
as discussed in this manual, 4-1
of a front, 4-130-4-143
of a motorized rlfle division, 4-37--4-106
of a motorized rifle regiment (BMP), 4-30--4-37
of a motorized rifle regiment (BTR), 4-3--4-25
of a naval infantry division, 4-157--4-158 of a naval infantry regiment/brigade, 4-155--4-156
of a tank army (TA), 4-118-4.119
of a tank division (TD), 4-112--4-115
of a tank regiment (TR), 4-107--4-111

Nuclear, biological, chemical (NBC) warfare
Organization and Mobilization Directorate
and control of military mobilization, 2-9
relationship to Directorate for Premilitary Training, 3-1
improvements in capabilities, 1-4
live chemical agents used in training, 3-6
modernization of weapons, 1-5
nuclear.capable weapons. 1.7
training of women councils in, 2-3
Parachute battalion (air assault brigade and airmobile assault
brigade. front). 4-142
Oath (military). 3.6
Oblast: definition of, 2.1
Officers

Pay
components of, 2.5
variations in, 2.5
by rank, 2-5
in rubles. 2-5
Pension, 2-5
advanced courses for, 3.4
annual output of officer candidate schools, 3-4

General Index-6

Physical fitness. See also Sports: Health care: Medical
services
Radio company (signal battalion. MRD and TD), 4-86
Radio/radar reconnaissance company (reconnaissance battalion. MRD and TD), 4-77
emphasis on. 3-6 examinations for conscripts and inductees, 2-1, 3-6
resorts and sanitaria for. 2-5
stages in national program. 3-3
Radio telephone and telegraph company (signal battalion.
MRD and TD), 4-87
Radiotechnical reconnaissance battalion (army). 4.126

POL transport company (materiel support battalion. MRD and
TD), 4-89
Radiotechnical reconnaissance regiment (front). 4-138

Poland: NGF in, 1-5
Radiotechnical troops. 1-3
Political Directorate. 1-1. 2-5--2-6
Railroad troops. 1-3
Ponton bridge company (engineer battalion. MRD and TD),
4-83
Ranks
Ponton bridge regiment (army or front). 4-125
PPO. See Primary party organization
Praporshchik, 2.2, 2-6, 2-7, **4-6n,** 4-29n
Premilitary training
Rayon. 2-1, 3-2
Reactive armor: on T-80, 1-7
Reconnaissance assault company (reconnaissance battalion.
MRD and TD), 4-76
Reconnaissance battalion (MRD and TD), 4-73
Reconnaissance company (MRR and TR. MRO and TD), 4-19
and the Committees for Physical Culture and Sports, 3-4
curriculum in, 3-2--3-5
and the Directorate lor Premilitary Training. 3-1
OOSAAF responsibilities in, 3-2
DOSAAF role in physical examinations, 3.4
emphasis on physical fitness in, 3-3--3-4
example of DOSAAF specialist training. 3-3
managed by MOD, 3-1
Ministry of Education's role in. 3-2
time in courses, 3-2
and school sports, 3.1, 3-2
USSR Council of Ministers' role in, 3-2

Reconnaissance company (tracked) (reconnaissance battalion.
MRD and TD), 4.75

Presidium of the USSR Supreme Soviet Recovery platoon (maintenance battalion. MRD and TD).

role in promotions, 2-4 role in the ordering of mobilization, 2.9
Recruitment Primary party organization (PPO)
membership in, 2-6
role in political indoctrination, 2-6
Regimental headquarters (MRR and TR. MRD and TD), 4-14
Private: rank of, 2-6, 2-7
Procurator (prosecutor). 1-4
Regimental medical point (MRR and TR, artillery regiment,
MRD and TD), 4-25
Procurator General of the USSR. 1.4
Reorganization
Professionalism: in training, 3-6--3-7
Promotions (officer)
Repair workshop (MRB, MRR. MRD and TD), 4.8 Republic: definition of, 2-1
Reserve of Supreme High Command (RVGK)

assignments leading to, 2-4 and the Council of Ministers, 2.4
efficiency reports for. 2-4
Minister of Defense's role in, 2.4
and the Presidium of USSR Supreme Soviet, 2-4
up through rank of colonel, 2-4
and retirement, 2-4
time-in-grade requirements, 2.4
PVO Strany, 1-2
Reserves
PVO Sukhoputnykh Voysk, 1-2

categories of, 2-6
with engineer (title). 2-8
list of, 2-7
Navy equivalents for ground/aviation, 2-6, 2-7
privates and seamen, 2-7
by service and branch, 2-7
with technical service (title). 2.8
and mobilization, 2-9

4.94

for officer ranks. 2-0, 2-2
from the rank and file, 2.2

in fire support. 1-5
formation of new corps-type structure, 1-6
of Soviet forces since mid-1960s, 1-5--1-6
and types of operations, 1.6
airborne troops of. 1-2
assets allocated to fronts, 4-130, 4-132n, 4-136
administration of system at lower levels, 2-8

## Reserves

Service in armed forces
benefits for noncareer personnel. 2-5
legislation for, 2-0--2-3,
2-8
until age 50, 2-0, 2-8
Service battery (rocket launcher battalion, artillery regiment.
MRD and TD). 4-58
Service platoon (engineer battalion, MRD and TD), 4.84

Services (troop category). 1.3
SGF. See Southern Group of Forces in Hungary. 1-5
SIGINT. See Signals intelligence

age requirement for service. 2-8, 2-9
basis for active duty assignments, 2-8
commitment for all fit civilians. 2-8 composition of, 2-8
enlisted and NCO obligations. 2.8
officer obligations, 2-8-2-9
officer refresher courses. 2-9
officer training, 2-9
size of manpower pool, 2-8
sources of officers, 2-8--2-9
training programs for NCO and enlisted personnel, 2-8
US equivalent for, 2-8
Signal battalion (MRD and TD), 4-85
Signal brigade (front). 4-137
Road/bridge construction company (engineer battalion. MRD
and TD). 4-83
Signal company (MRR and TR. MRD and TD), 4-22
Road troops. 1-3
Signal platoon (MRB. MRR. MRD and TD), 4-7
Signal regiment (army). 4-126
Rocket launcher battalion (artillery regiment. MRD and TD).
4-56
Signal troops. 1.3
Rocket launcher brigade (220-mm) (artillery division, front),
Signals intelligence (SIGINT). 1-3
4.135
SNI. See Soviet Naval Infantry
Rocket launcher regiment (army). 4-120
Soldiers and sailors (Soviet term). 2-6, 2.7
Ruble: US equivalent for, 2-5
Southern Group of Forces (SGF) in Hungary. 1-5
RVGK. See Reserve of the Supreme High Command
Soviet Naval Infantry (SNI). See also Naval infantry
as branch of Soviet navy, 4.154

SP howitzer battalion (122-mm) (MRR (BMP) and TR. MRD
and TD). 4-36
SAM brigade (SA-4). (army or front). 4.123

SP howitzer battalion (152-mm) (artillery regiment. MRD and
TD), 4-54
SAM regiment (SA-6). (MRD and TD)
SP howitzer battery (122-mm) (SP howitzer battalion (122-mm).
MRR (BMP) and TR. MRD and TD), 4-37
equipment in, 4-63--4-64
organization of, 4-62
SP howitzer battery (152-mm) (SP howitzer battalion (152-mm).
artillery regiment. MRD and TD), 4.55
SAM regiment (SA-8), (MRD and TD)
equipment in. 4-102--4-103
organization of, 4-101
Special maintenance platoon (maintenance battalion. MRD and
TD), 4-94
Special purpose forces. See SPETSNAZ
Sappers. 1-3
Special troops. 1-2--1-3
Schools. See also Academies, military; Education; Universities.
civilian SPETSNAZ brigade (front), 4-143
SPETSNAZ company or battalion (army). 4-129 SPETSNAZ team. SPETSNAZ company (army or front). 4-129
extension and correspondence courses, 3-4--3-5
evening university, 3-6
high schools, 3-4
Sports. See also Premilitary training
Nakhimov (navy) schools, 3-4
Suvorov (army) schools, 3-4
Seaman: rank of, 2-7

programs for Soviet youth, 2-0
role of GTO in, 3-3--3-4
in training concept, 3-6
Service. conditions of
SSM battalion (MRD and TD), 4-70
SSM brigade
SCUD (army or front), 4-122
SS-21 (army). 4-38n, 4.70, 4-116n, 4-118n
benefits. 2-5
indoctrination, 2-5--2-6
pay, 2-5
pensions, 2-5
promotion, 2-4

State Committee for Vocational and Technical Education
role in premilitary training, 3-2
Tank/tracked vehicle maintenance company (maintenance
battalion. MRD and TD), 4-92
Static defense division. 1-5
Tank troops. 1-2
Stavka VGK: in connection with airborne troops, 1.2, 4-144
Tanks. See also "Equipment Index" for specific tanks
Strategic rocket forces. 1-1, 4-130 Students deferments. 2-1, 2-2

Supply and maintenance platoon (signal battalion. MRD and
TD). 4-87
TB. See Tank battalion

Supply platoon (MRB, MRR. MRD and TD). 4-8
TD. See Tank division

Supply and service platoon
TDY. See Temporary duty
Technical company (engineer battalion. MRD and TD), 4.82

artillery regiment, MRD and TD, 4-61
maintenance battalion. MRD and TD, 4-94
medical battalion, MRD and TD, 4.98
Technical service (title), 2-8
Temporary duty (TDY): per diem for, 2-5

Supreme Court of the USSR: relationship to justice service.
1-4
Theater of military operations (TVD)

Supreme high command (VGK)
airborne troops committed by. 1-2, 4-144
and HCF, 1-4
headquarters of (Stavka *VGK),* 1.2, 4-144
Suvorov (army). schools. 3-4
Theater of war (TV)
TA. See Tank army
Tactical-level organizations. 4-2
Tank army (TA)
Topographic services. See Military topographic service
number of TDs in. 4-2
organization of, 1-5, 4-118--4-119
TR. See Tank regiment.
Tank battalion (MRR. MRD and TD). 1-7, 4-15
Training
Tank battalion (naval infantry regiment). 4.156
Tank battalion (TR, MRD and TD), 4-108
Tank company
independent tank battalion (MRD), 4-106
TB (MRR, MRD and TD), 4-15
TB (TR, MRD and TD), 4-107
Tank division (TD)
number of active divisions in 1987, 1-5
organization of, 1-6, 4-112--4-115
Tank regiment (TR)
description of (in MRD), 4-46
description of (in TD). 4-109 development into a combined arms team, 1-7
equipment, in MRD, 4-47--4-49
equipment, in TD, 4-110-4-111
flexibility compared to MRR, 1-7
organization of, in MRD, 4-46
organization of, in TD, 4-106
older models in army. 1.5
new models in army, 1-5, 1.7
upgrades in divisions, 1-7
in Western TVD, 1-5
composition of, 1-5
concept of, 1-4
fronts in, 1-5
in geographical organization of ground forces, 1-4 types and numbers of, 1-4 in wartime, 1-4
Western TVD, 4-1
definition of. 1-4
description of continental TV, 1-4
in geographical organization of ground troops, 1-4
political and economic significance of, 1-4
types of, 1-4

battle drills, 3-6
course of the young *soldier,* 3-6
daily schedule of, 3.8
in DOSAAF specialist schools, 3-2
example of DOSAAF specialist training. 3-2
of large units, 3.6
live chemical agents used in, 3-6
live-fire exercises, 3-6
negative aspects of. 3-7
at night, 3-6
premilitary, 2-1, 3-1--3-4
problems with ethnicity in, 3-7
programs for enlisted and NCO personnel, 3-1, 3-6
reallstlc conditions in, 3-6
refresher courses for inductees, 2-1
repetitive nature of, 3-6
reserve periods, 2-8, 2-9
for reservists, 3-1
results of programs since 1968, 3.2

Training
role of Directorate for Premilitary Training, 3-1
in-service, 3-1
for service women, 2-3
of small units, 3-6
US equivalent to initial recruit training, 3-6
yearly cycle of, 3-7--3-8
lunctions of, 2-2 ranks in, 2-2. 2-6, 2-7 reasons for ranks. 2-2 recruitment for officer ranks, 2-2
popularity of ranks, 2-2
portrayal in Soviet press, 2-2 term of service for, 2-2
women in ranks of, 2-3
Warsaw Pact: training in combined exercises. 3-8
Transport helicopter regiment (air forces of the front),
4-134
Western Group of Forces (WGF). 1-5
Transport section (medical battalion. MRD and TD). 4.98
Troop categories (of Soviet ground forces). 1-2--1-4 TV. See Theater of war
TVD. See Theater of military operations
air forces of, 4-133n armies in, 4-116, 4-118
artillery division in. 4-135, 5-73
nucleus of front in wartime. 4-130
women councils in, 2-3
Western TVD. 4-1
WGF. See Western Group of Forces
Unified army corps. See New army corps (NAC)
Women. See also Law on universal military service
Universities, civilian

evening university, 3-6
ROTC-type programs in, 2-0. 2-2
Veterinary service. 1-3
VGK. See Supreme High Command

Voluntary Society for Cooperation with the Army, Aviation.
and Navy (DOSAAF)
example of specialist training. 3-3
role in administering physical fitness examinations,
3-4
role in premilitary training, 2-1, 3-1--3-2
subordinate to MOD, 2-1
training offered by, 2-1, 3-1--3-2
ages for conscription, 2-1, 2-3
ages of eligibility for service. 2-3
benefits for wives of conscripts, 2-5
and the civilian labor force. 2.3
conscription during wartime, 2-9
and the draft. 2-1. 2.9
in garrison quarters, 2-3
In military colleges, 2-3
military discipline, 2-3
NCO servicewomen reserve commitment. 2-8
numbers in armed forces, 2-3
pregnancy leave, 2-3
reserve officer obligations, 2-9
service regulations, 2-3
in Soviet society, 2-3
stereotyped occupational roles, 2-3
in warrant officer ranks, 2-3
VOSO. See Central Military Transportation Directorate
Voyska PVO, 1-2
Young soldiers and young sailors (Soviet term). 2-1
Warrant officer:
education of, 3-5--3-6
eligibility for officer corps, 2.2

2S6, 5-114, 5-119, 5-121
1PN22M1. 5-30

2S7. 5-59, 5-60, 5-72--5-73
IP3-3, 5-30
1V12(ACRV). 5-30, 5-41, 5-42--5-43
2S9, 5-59, 5-60, 5-62
and introduction of 2S1, 5-43, 5-65 and MT-LBu chassis. 5.41, 5-42
NBC collective protection systems on, 5-186
versions of. 5-42--5-43

1V13 (ACRV). 5-30, 5-42
1V14 (ACRV), 5-42--5-43
2S12, 5-74--5-78
1V15 (ACRV). 5-42--5-43
1V16 (ACRV). 5-30. 5-42--5-43
2S19, 5-68
7P17: grenade for the BG-15, 5-8, 5-11

2A28, 5-30
2A36, 5-59, 5-69

ABS-T. See PMM-2

compared to 2S5, 5-70
as a replacement for the M-46, 5-69

ABS-W, 5-144, 5.147

2A42: on BMP-2, 5-30. 5.36
2A65, 5-67, 5-68

ACRV 1V12. See 1V12 (ACRV)

2B9. 5-74, 5-75
ACRV 4V13. See 1Y13 (ACRV)

as a replacement for M1943, 5.76
ACRV 1V14. See 1V14 (ACRV)

2B11, 5-74, 5-77, 5-78
ACRV 1V15. See 1V15 (ACRV)

2S1. 5-59. 5-60, 5-64--5-65
ACRV 1V16. See 1V16 (ACRV)
ACRV M1974. See 1V12 (ACRV)
ACRV M1979. 5-26
AGS-17, 5-8, 5-11
based on MT-LB chassis. 5-41
carried by Mi-26/HALO A. 5-222 compared to 2S3, 5-68
NBC collective protection on, 5-186
as a replacement for the D-30, 5-63
AGV, 5-189

2S3, 5-59, 5-60, 5-68
AGV-3M, 5-189
AGV-3U, 5-189
Aircraft (fixed wing)
chassis used for 2S5, 5-50
chassis used for 2S4, 5.81
compared to 2S1, 5-68
NBC collective protection on, 5-186

2S4, 5.73, 5-81
as a modification of M-240, 5.80
Air defense weapons, 5-114--5-138

2S5, 5-59, 5-60, 5-70
Air-to-surface missiles, 5-233

NBC collective protection *on.* 5-186
Note. Entry headings appear in ascending numerical order within individual equipment series:
for example. T-55, T-64, T-72, and so forth. This **facilitates entry location in this** type of
index. Subheadings are listed in alphabetical order.
as a replacement for the M-46, 5-66
2A36 counterpart of, 5-69
as a replacement for ZSU.23-4, 5-118
NBC collective protection on. 5-186
as a replacement lor the M1931 (B-4M). 5-71
BMD chassis as basis for, 5-39
possible replacement for ASU-85, 5-56
as SP version of the 2B11(M-120), 5-77
similar to PMM-2, 5-146
bomber, 5-229-5-230
fighter/interceptor/ground attack, 5-225--5-228
transport, 5-231--5-232

AK, 5-2
AK-47. 5-4. See also AK
AK-74. 5-2. 5-5
AKSU-74 compared to, 5.6
BG-15 attached to, 5.11
and the RPK-74, 5.14
replacing the AKM, 5-4

AKM, 5-2, 5-4
AK-74 compared to, 5-5
and the RPK, 5-13
AKMS, 5-2-5-4
AKS. 5-4

AKS-74. 5-5
AKSU-74 compared to. 5-6
BG-15 attached to, 5-11
AKSU-74, 5-6
based on AK-74, 5-5
Amphibians. 5-144, 5-148--5-151
Amphibious bridging system-wheeled. See ABS-W
Amphibious bridging system-tracked. See PMM-2
Anona. See 2S9
An-12/CUB,
5-231
ASU-85 transported by, 5.56
cargo area (compared to HALO A's), 5-222
An-22/COCK, 5-231
SA-4 transported by, 5-127
ZSU-23-4 transported by. 5-118
An-26/CURL, 5-231
An-32/CLINE. 5-231
An-72/COALER, 5-232 An-124/CONDOR A. 5-232
Antiaircraft guns, 5-114--5-121 Antipersonnel mines. 5-158--5-166
Antitank grenade launchers. 5-94--5-96
Antitank guided missiles, 5-102--5-113 Antitank guns. 5-99--5-101 Antitank mines. 5-167--5-171
Antitank rocket launchers. 5-94, 5-97--5-98
APC. See Armored personnel carrier
APS, 5-3
ARK-1. 5-93
Armored fighting vehicles. 5-21-5-58
Armored personnel carriers, 5-21--5-22, 5-25--5-29,
5-30--5-31
Armored recovery vehicles. 5-209-5-110
ARSOM-2P. 5-93

## Equipment Index-2

ARS-12, 5-190
ARS-12U. 5-190
ARS-14. 5-190
Artillery. 5-59--5-93
AS-2/KIPPER. 5-233 AS-3/KANGAROO, 5-233
AS-4/KITCHEN. 5-233
on Tu-22M/BACKFIREB, 5-229
AS-5/KELT. 5-233 AS-6/KINGFISH. 5-233 AS-7/KERRY. 5-233
AS-9/KYLE, 5-233
AS-10/KAREN. 5-233
ASM. See Air-to-surface missiles
Assault guns. 5-54--5-56
Assault rifles. 5-2, 5-4--5-5
ASU-57. 5-54, 5-55
ASU-85 compared to. 5-56
ASU-85, 5-54--5-56
chassis based on the PT-76, 5-58
suspension compared to ZSU-23-4's, 5.117
AT-1/SNAPPER. 5-107 AT-2/SWATTER. 5-102, 5.103-5-104
AT-6/SPIRAL compared to, 5-111
AT-3/SAGGER compared to, 5-107
on the BRDM-2, 5-24 on the Mi-8T/HIP. 5.215 on the Mi-24/HIND, 5-218
replaced on BRDM-2 by AT-5/SPANDREL. 5-110
AT-2a/SWATTER A. 5-102
AT-2b/SWATTER B. 5-102
AT-2c/SWATTER C. 5-102
AT-6 SPIRAL compared to, 5-111
on the Mi-24/HIND, 5-218, 5.219
AT-3/SAGGER. 5-102, 5-105--5-107
AT-4/SPIGOT compared to, 5-108
on the BMD-1, 5-30, 5-37
on the BMP-1, 5.30, 5-32
on the BRDM-2, 5-24
replaced by AT-5/SPANDREL, 5-110
AT-3a/SAGGER A. 5-102
limitations of, 5-107
AT-3c/SAGGER C. 5-102, 5-107
AT-4/SPIGOT compared to, 5-108
on the BMP-1. 5.32 on the Mi-2/HOPLITE. 5-212
AT-5/SPANDREL compared to. 5-109
on the BMD-1, 5-37
on the BMP-1, 5-30, 5-32
on the BMP-2, 5-30, 5-36, 5-102
AT-5/SPANDREL. 5-102, 5-110
on the AT-4 portable launcher, 5-108, 5-109
on the BMP-1, 5-30, 5-32
on the BMP-2, 5-30. 5-36
BRDM-mounted SWATTER replaced by, 5-104
on the BRDM-2. 5-24
AT-6/SPIRAL.

5-102. 5-111
and the AT-2/SWATTER, 5-104
and the AT-3/SAGGER, 5-107
on the Mi-24/HIND versions, 5-219, 5-220
AT-7/SAXHORN. 5-102, 5-112
AT-8/SONGSTER. 5-102, 5-113
fired from T-648 and T-80, 5-44, 5-50, 5-53
AT-L

and artillery-associated radars, 5-93
D-20 towed by. 5.67
AT-T
B-4 and B-4M towed by, 5.71
chassis of, 5-133, 5-155, 5-181
as prime mover for the S-60, 5.114
ATGM. See Antitank guided missiles
ATO-200. 5-196
B-4. 5-59, 5-71
B-4M, 5-59, 5-71
replaced by 2S7, 5.73
BACKFIRE B. See Tu-22M/BACKFIRE B
BADGER. See Tu-16/BADGER BAT, 5-181

BAT-2. 5-182
chassis of, 5-146, 5-151
replacing BAT. 5-181
BAT-M. 5-181
BAT M1983. See BAT-2
BDSh-5. 5-202 BDSh-15. 5-202
BEAR. See Tu-95/BEAR
BG-15. 5-8, 5-11
BIG FRED. 5-93
on the MT-LB M1975, 5-41
BLG-60. 5-143
BLINDER. See Tu-22/BLINDER
BM-14. 5-84
BM-21. 5-82--5-84
BM-21V compared to, 5.86
BM-21-1 compared to, 5-85
on the Mi-26/HALO, 5-222
replaced by BM-22 at front level. 5-87
BM-21-1 modified. 5.82, 5-85
BM-21V. 5.82, 5-86
BM-22. 5-82, 5.87
BM-21 replaced by, 5-84, 5-87
BM-24, 5-84
BM-27. See BM-22
BMD. 5-30, 5-37--5-39.

See also BMD-1
airdropped (located with R-254M receiver). 5.234
NBC protection on. 5-186
transported by the Mi-26/HALO A, 5-222
and the 2S9, 5-62

BMD-1. 5.30, 5-37--5-39.
See also BMD
and the AT-4/SPIGOT, 5-102, 5-108
and the AT-3/SAGGER. 5.102, 5-105
transported by Mi-6A/HOOK, 5-214 transported by Mi-26/HALO A, 5-222
BMD-1KSh. 5-39
BMD-20. 5-84
BMD-25. 5-84
BMD M1979/1, 5-38--5-39
BMD M1979/3. See BMD-1KSh
BMP. See also BMP-1; BMP-2
and the AGS-17, 5-9
BMD compared to
5-38
components used by IRM chassis, 5-185
mineclearing plows on, 5-175
NBC collective protection on, 5-186
recovery support of, 5-208
transported by the Mi-26/HALO, 5-222
versions of, 5-34--5-35,

BMP-1, 5-30, 5-32--5-33.
See also BMP
and the AT-4/SPIGOT. 5-102, 5-108
and the AT-3/SAGGER, 5-102. 5-105
BMD compared to, 5-37, 5-38
BMP-2 variant of, 5-36
also called BMP-A. 5-33
PT-76s in first-line units replaced by, 5-57
variants of, 5-39
vehicle-launched smoke grenades on, 5.205
BMP-1K, 5-34

BMP-1KSh. 5-34--5-35
BMP-2. 5-30, 5-36. See also BMP
and AT-5/SPANDREL, 5-102, 5-110 and AT-4/SPIGOT, 5-102, 5-108
mineclearing equipment on, 5.175
PT-76s in first-line units replaced **by,** 5-57
vehicle-launched smoke grenades on, 5-205
BMP-A. See BMP-1
BMP M1974. See BMP-1K
BMP M1975
now called PRP-3. 5-34
SMALL FRED on, 5-34, 5-93
BMP M1976(1). See BRM
BMP M1976(2). See BRM-1
BMP M1978. See BMP-1KSh
BMP M1981. See BMP-2
BMP M1983/1. See VPV
BPK-1-42. 5-30
BRDM
and the AT-3/SAGGER, 5-102, 5-105, 5-106
and the AT-2/SWATTER, 5-102, 5-103
as ATGM launching platform, 5-102
BRDM-2 compared to, 5-23
PKB (PKBM) on, 5-16
BRDM-2. 5-21--5-24
and the AT-5/SPANDREL, 5-102, 5-110
and the AT-3/SAGGER, 5-102, 5-105, 5-106 and the AT-2/SWATTER, 5.102, 5-103, 5-104
BTR-6OPB compared to. 5.25
KPVT on, 5-20
NBC collective protectton on. 5-186
and the SA-9/GASKIN, 5-133
transported by Mi-6A/HOOK, 5-214
transported by Mi-26/HALO, 5-222
BRDM-2rkh. 5-23--5-24
BRDM-2rkhb, 5-23
BREM-1, 5-210
BREWER. See Yak-28/BREWER

Bridges

ponton, 5.139
tank-launched, 5-139
truck-mounted, 5-139

BRM, 5-34--5-35

PT-76 replaced **by,** 5-57

BRM-1. 5-34

PT-76 replaced **by,** 5-57

Equipment Index-4
BTM-3, 5-209, 5-210
BTR-40P. See BRDM
BTR-40PB. See BRDM-2
BTR-50. See BTR-SOP
BTR-SOP. 5-30--5-31
chassis based on PT-76's, 5-58
and the MTP, 5-208
and the PK-series machine guns, 5-16
replaced by the BMP. 5-33
BTR-50PA, 5-31
BTR-50PK. 5-30, 5-31
BTR-SOPU, 5-30, 5-31
BTR-60. See BTR-60PB
BTR-60P. 5-25--5-26
BTR-60PA. 5-26
BTR-60PA (FAC). 5-26
BTR-60PB. 5-21--5-22.

5-25--5-26
BTR-70 as successor vehicle for, 5-27
KPVT on, 5-20
NBC collective protection on. 5-186
and the PK-series machine guns, 5-16
transported by Mi-26/HALO A, 5-222
turret similar to BRDM-2's, 5-23
BTR-60PK. 5-26
BTR-6OPU. 5-25. 5-26
BTR-70. 5-21--5-22,
5-27--5-28
BMP complemented by. 5-33
BTR-80 compared to, 5-29
BTR-60PB replaced **by,** 5-26
KPVT on, 5-20
NBC collective protection on, 5-186
transported by Mi-26/HALO A, 5-222
BTR-70 M1986/1. 5-28
BTR-80. 5-21--5-22.

5-29
compared to BTR-70, 5-29
KPVT on. 5-20
NBC coliective protection on, 5-186
smoke grenade projectors on, 5-29, 5-205
transported by Mi-26/HALO A, 5-222
BTR-152, 5-173
BTR M1978. See BTR-70
BTU. 5-183
BUZZ STAND. 5-93

## -C-

CAMBER. See II-86/CAMBER
CANDID. See ll-76/CANDID CLINE. See An-32/CLINE
COALER. See An-72/COALER
COCK. See An-22/COCK
Combination guns. See 2S9
CONDOR A. See An-124/CONDOR A
COOT. See 1-18/COOT
CUB. See An-12/CUB CURL. See An-26/CURL

## -D-

Fagot. See AT-4/SPIGOT
FAN SONG. 5-138

D-l. 5-60
replaced by 2S3, 5-68

FARMER. See MiG-19/FARMER

D-20, 5-59, 5-67

FENCER A. See SU-24/FENCER A

2S3 compared with, 5-68

FENCER C. See SU-24/FENCER C

D-30, 5-59, 5-63

Ferries, 5-144--5-145 Field Guns. See Guns

replaced by 2S3, 5-68
similarity to 2S1, 5-64
D-48, 5-101
D-56T. 5-57

FISHBEO. See MiG-21/FISHBED

D-56TM, 5-57

FITTER A. See SU-7B/FITTER A

D-74. 5-60

FITTER C. See SU-17/FITTER C
D-20 compared to, 5-67
FITTER D. See SU-17/FITTER D

DB-11. 5-201
FITTER H. See SU-17/FITTER H

DDA, 5-188
Flamethrowers. 5-193--5-196
DDP serles compared to, 5-191
FLANKER B. See SU-27/FLANKER B

DDA-2. 5_188
FLAP WHEEL. 5-121

DDA-53. 5-188
compared to AGV-series stations, 5-189
FLAT FACE. 5-121, 5-138

DDA-66. 5-188
DDP. 5-191
DDP-2, 5-191
FLOGGER B. See MiG-23/FLOGGER B

DIM. 5-178
FLOGGER D. See MiG-27/FLOGGER D
Ditching machines. 5-152--5-157
FLOGGER G. See MiG-23/FLOGGER G

DM-11. 5-199
FLOGGER J. See MiG-27/FLOGGER J

DSh-100. 5-201
FOXBAT A. See MiG-25/FOXBAT A

DShK. 5-12, 5-17
FOXBAT B. See MiG-2S/FOXBAT B
on the ACRV 1V12 series, 5-42
ammunition for, 5-17
on the ASU-85. 5-55n, 5-56

FOXBAT E. See MiG-25/FOXBAT E

on light armored vehicles (tracked), 5-30
on medium tanks, 5-44, 5-48
DShKT. 5-17
DSP-30. 5-185
E-305BV. 5-184 E-305V. 5-184
END TRAY. 5-93
Engineer equipment. 5-139--5-185
EOV-4421. 5-184
with the SA-2/GUIDELINE, 5-121. 5-124
FIREBAR B. See Yak-28P/FIREBAR
FIRECAN. 5-114
with the S-60, 5-120
possible use with SA-8/GECKO, 6-121
with the SA-3/GOA, 5-121, 5-125, 5-138
FOXBAT D. See MiG-25/FOXBAT D

## E Q U I P M E N T  Index- 5  I

FOXHOUND A. See MiG-31/FOXHOUND A
ZU-23 towed by, 5-114
GAZ-66B. 5.86
Free rockets over ground (FROG). 5-88--5-89
GAZ-69. See UAZ-69
FRESCO. See MIG-17/FRESCO
GECKO. See SA-UGECKO
FROG-1. 5-89
GIANT. See SA-X-12b/GIANT

FROG-2. 5-89
GLADIATOR. See SA-12a/GLADIATOR

on PT.76 chassis, 5-58
GMZ, 5-173

FROG-3, 5-89
GOA. See SA-3/GOA

on PT-76 chassis, 5-58
GOPHER. See SA-13/GOPHER

FROG-4, 5-89
GPT. See K-61

on PT-76 chassis, 5.58
GRAIL. See SA-7/GRAIL

FROG-5, 5-89
GREMLIN. See SA-14/GREMLIN

on PT-76 chassis, 5-58
Grenade Launchers

FROG-6. 5.89 FROG-7. 5-88--5-89
antitank, 5-94--5-96 automatic, 5-8--5-10
under-barrel, 5-8, 5.11

advantages of SS-21 over, 5-90
chassis similar to BM.22's, 5-87
SCUD-series guided missiles compared to. 5-91
FROG-7A. 5-88--5-89
GSP, 5-144, 5-145
ABS-W compared to. 5-147
PMM-2 compared to 5-146
FROG-7B. 5-88--5-89
GUIDELINE. See SA-2/GUIDELINE
FROGFOOT A. See Su-25/FROGFOOT A
GUN DISH. 5-121
FUG (OT-65). 5-24
on the ZSU-23-4, 5-114, 5.117
FUG-70. 5-24
Gun-howitzers, 5-59, 5-60, 5-67, 5-68
FULCRUM A. See MIG-29/FULCRUM A
Guns. 5-59--5-61, 5-66, 5-69, 5-72, 5-73
GADFLY. See SA-11/GADFLY
HALO A. See Mi-%/HALO
A
GAINFUL. See SA-6/GAINFUL
HARKE A. See Mi-10/HARKE
A
GANEF. See SA-4/GANEF
HARKE B. See Mi-10K/HARKE
B
GASKIN. See SA-9/GASKIN
HAVOC A. See Mi-28/HAVOC A
GAZ-51, 5-188
HAZE A. See Mi-14/HAZE A
GAZ-63
Helicopters. 5-211-5-224
HIND. See Mi-24/HIND: Mi-25/HIND D
HlND A. See Mi-24A/HIND A
DDA-53 mounted on, 5-188
K-61 transported by, 5-148
prime mover for 23-mm ZU-23, 5-114, 5-115n
R-103M maunted on, 5-234
HIND B. See Mi-24B/HIND B
G AZ-66
HlND C. See Mi-24U/HIND C
HIND D. See Mi-24D/HIND D or Mi-25/HIND D
HlND E. See Mi-24E/HIND E
HlND F. 5-102. 5-219. 5-220
HIP. See M i - W H I P ;  Mi-17/HIP H
HIP A. See Mi-8/HIP
A
HIP B. See Mi-8/HIP
B
HIP C. See Mi-8T/HIP C

| DDA            | -   | 53    |
|----------------|-----|-------|
| mounted on,    |     |       |
| 5-188          |     |       |
| M              |     |       |
| -              | 160 |       |
| towed by,      |     |       |
| 5.79           |     |       |
| M1943          |     |       |
| towed by,      |     |       |
| 5              | -   | 76    |
| M1966          |     |       |
| towed by,      |     |       |
| 5              | -   | 61    |
| R118 8M3       |     |       |
| mounted on,    |     |       |
| 5-234          |     |       |
| TOA            |     |       |
| -              | M   |       |
| mounted on,    |     |       |
| 5-197          |     |       |
| transported by |     |       |
| Mi-6A/HOOK.    |     |       |
| 5.214          |     |       |
| 289            |     |       |
| towed          |     |       |
| or             |     |       |
| carried by,    |     |       |
| 5              | -   | 75    |
| 2811           |     |       |
| (M             | -   | 120)  |
| towed by,      |     |       |
| 5              | -   | 77    |
| 2S12           |     |       |
| carried        |     |       |
| on,            |     |       |
| 5.78           |     |       |

HIP D. See Mi-8T/HIP
D
HIP E. See Mi-8T/HIP E
HIP F. See Mi-8TB/HIP F
HIP G. See Mi-8T/HIP G
HIP H. See Mi-17/HIP H
HIP J. See Mi-8T/HIP J
HIP K. See Mi-8T/HIP K
HOKUM A. See Ka-7/HOKUM A

HOOK. See Mi-6A/HOOK
HOPLITE. See Mi-2/HOPLITE
HOT SHOT. 5-114, 5-121
HOUND B. See Mi-4/HOUND B
Howitzers. 5-59--5-60, 5-62--5-65. 5-68, 5-71
IAPZ-738, 5.191
ICY. See Infantry combat vehicles See SA-16

IL-18/COOT, 5-232
IL-76/CANDID. 5-232
ZSU-23-4 transported **by,** 5-118
IL-86/CAMBER, 5-232
IMR. 5-179--5-180
IMR M1986, 5-180
Incendiary grenade. fragible, 5-203
lnfantry combat vehicles. 5-30, 5-32--5-39
IRM, 5-185

K-61, 5-109, 5-114, 5-148

PIS-M compared to, 5-149, 5-150
replaced by PTS-2. 5-151

K10-T

on the NSV, 5-19
on the T-72, 5-51
Ka-?/HOKUM A. 5-211, 5-224
KANGAROO. See AS-3/KANGAROO
KAREN. See AS-10/KAREN
KELT. See AS-5/KELT KERRY. See AS-7/KERRY
KhF-1. 5-158, 5-163
KhF-2. 5-158, 5-163
KINGFISH. See AS-6/KINGFISH
KIPPER. See AS-2/KIPPER
KITCHEN. See AS-4/KITCHEN
KMT-4, 5-175
KMT-5M. 5-174
T-55 (with M1986 mineclearing roller set) compared to.
5-176
KMT-6. 5-175
on the T-64, 5-49
KMT-6M, 5-175

KPV. 5-12, 5-20, 5-22
on the BTR-50, 5-30 on the BTR-50 PA, 5-31
KPVT, 5-12, 5.20
on light-armored vehicles (wheeled), 5-22
replaced by PKT on BRDM-2rkh, 5-23

KrAZ-214
E-305V on, 5-184
TMMon, 5-105, 5.141
KrAZ-255B
E-305BV mounted on, 5-184
KMT-5M carried on, 5-174
PMP on, 5-140
TMM on, 5-141
KYLE. See AS-9/KYLE
KZKT-538D, 5-157
LAND ROLL. 5-138
on the SA-8/GECKO, 5-121, 5-132
Logistic equipment, 5-206-5-210
LONG TRACK. 5-121, 5-126, 5-138
and the SA-4/GANEF, 5-121, 5-126
and the SA-6/GAINFUL, 5-121, 5-128, 5-129
and the SA-8/GECKO, 5-121
LOW BLOW. 5-121, 5-125
with the SA-3/GOA, 5-121, 5-125
LPO-50, 5-193

M-30. 5-60
replaced by D-30, 5-63
M-46, 5.59, 5.66

replaced by 2A36, 5-69 replaced by 2S5, 5-70
M-53. See M-240
M-120. See 2B11, 2S12

M-160. 5-74. 5-79
M-240 similar to, 5-80
M-240. 5-74, 5-80
2S4 compared to. 5-81
M43. See M1943 Mortar
M1931 (howitzer). See B-4; B-4M
M1937 (gun-howitzer). See ML-20
M1937 (mortar). 5-74
M1938 (howitzer). See M-30
M1938 (machine gun). See DShK
M1938/46 (machine gun). See DShK
M1938 (mortar), 5-76
M1938 (mountain gun). 5.61
M1942 (field gun). See ZIS-3 M1943 (howitzer). See D-1

M1943 (mortar, 120-mm), 5-74, 5-76
2B11(M-120) compared to, 5-77
289 compared to. 5-75
M1943 (mortar, 160-mm). 5-79
M1944 (field gun), 5-101
M1953 (mortar). See M-240
M1954 (field gun). See M-46
M1955 (gun-howitzer). See D-20
M1963 (howitzer). See D-30
M1966 (mountain gun). 5-59, 5-61
M1970. See MT-LB M1973 (SP howitzer). See 2S3
M1974 (ACRV). See 1V12 (ACRV) M1974 (BMP). See BMP-1K
M1974 (SP howitzer). See 2S1
M1975 (BMP). See PRP-3
M1975 (MRL). See BM-21V
M1975 (MT-LB), 5-41. 5-93
M1975 (SP gun). See 2S7
M1975 (SP mortar). See 2S4
M1976 (field gun). See 2A36
M1976 (MRL). 5-82, 5-85
M1976(1) (BMP). See BRM
M1976(2) (BMP). See BRM-1
M1977 **(MRL).** See BM-22
M1978 (BMP). See BMP-1KSh
M1978 (BTR). See BTR-70
M1979 (ACRV). 5-26
M1979/1 (BMD). 5-38--5-39

M1979/3 (BMD). See BMD-IKSh
M1981 (BMP). See BMP-2
M1981 (SP gun). See 2S5
M1981 (SP howitzer). See 2S9 M1981/1 (tank). See T-64B
M1981/2 (tank). 5.52
M1981/3 (tank). 5-52
M1983 (route clearing vehicle). See BAT-2 M1983/1 (BMP). See VPV M1986 (mineclearing roller). 5.176 M1986 (obstacle clearing vehicle). See IMR M1986
M1986 (tank). 5-52
M1986 (SP AA gun). See 2S6
M1986/1 (BTR). 5-28
M1987 (gun-howitzer). See 21\65
Machine guns. 5-12-5-20
Maintenance support vehicles. 5-31, 5-208
MAZ-538. 5- 182 MAZ-543
as chassis for SSMs, 5-88
SS-1c/SCUD B mounted on, 5-88. 5.91
SS-12/SCALEBOARD mounted on, 5-88. 5-92

MDK-2M, 5-152. 5-153. 5-155
being replaced by MDK-3, 5-154

MDK-3. 5-152, 5.154
chassis compared to PMM-2's, 5-146
chassis compared to PTS-2's, 5-151
replacing MDK-2M. 5-153

Mi-2/HOPLITE. 5-211, 5-212--5-213
AT-3/SAGGER on, 5-102, 5-106

Mi-4/HOUND B. 5.216
Mi-6A/HOOK. 5-211. 5-214
ASU-85 transported by, 5-56
replacement by Mi-26/HALO A, 5-222

Mi-8/HIP A. 5-216
Mi-8/HIP B. 5.216 Mi-8P. 5-216 Mi-8P Salon. 5.216 Mi-8S. See Mi-8P Salon
Mi-8T/HIP. 5-211. 5.215-5-216. See also variants listed
below
and Mi-24/HIND, 5-220
Mi-8T/HIP C. 5-215--5-216
Mi-8T/HIP D. 5-215
MiG-25/FOXBAT E. 5-226

Mi-8T/HIP E. 5-215-5-216
AT-2/SWATTER on, 5-102, 5-104
Mi-17/HIP H compared to. 5-217
MiG-27/FLOGGER D. 5-226

Mi-8T/HIP G. 5-216
Mi-8T/HIP J, 5-216
MiG-27/FLOGGER J. 5-226

Mi-8T/HIP K, 5-216
Mi-8TB/HIP F. 5-216
MiG-29/FULCRUM A. 5-226

AT-3/SAGGER on, 5-102, 5-106
Mi-17/HIP H compared to, 5-217
MiG-31/FOXHOUND A, 5-227

Mi-10/HARKE A. 5-214
Mineclearing equipment. 5-174--5-178

ASU-85 transported by, 5-56
Minelaying equipment. 5-172--5-173

Mi-10K/HARKE
B. 5-214
Mines

Mi-14/HAZE A. 5-216 Mi-17/HIP H. 5-211, 5-217
escorted by HIND F, 5-220
ML-20. 5-60

Mi-24/HIND.
5-211, 5-218--5-220.
See also variants listed
below
Mi-28/HAVOC A compared to, 5-223
MON-50. 5-158, 5-165

Mi-24/HIND F. 5-219, 5-220
MON-100, 5-158. 5-165

AT-6/SPIRAL on, 5-102, 5-111
MON-200, 5-158, 5-165

Mi-24A/HIND A. 5-220
Mortars. 5-74--5-81

AT-2/SWATTER on, 5-102, 5-104
AT-6/SPIRAL on, 5-102, 5-111
Mountain guns. 5-59, 5-61

Mi-24B/HIND B. 5-220
MP-42. 5-74

Mi-24D/HIND D. 5-218- 5-220
MP-46M. 5-74

AT-2/SWATTER on, 5-102. 5-104
MT-12, 5-99. 5-101
MT-55. 5-139, 5-141

Mi-24E/HIND E. 5.219-5-220
AT-6/SPIRAL on, 5-102, 5-111
MTK. 5-31

Mi-24P/HIND F. 5-102, 5-219, 5-220
MTK-2. 5-41, 5-177

Mi-24U/HIND C. 5-220
MT-L, 5-40

Mi-25/HIND D. 5-220
MT-LB. 5-30, 5-40--5-41.

See also variants listed below

Mi-26/HALO A. 5-211 5-221-5-222
ASU-85 transported by, 5-56
Mi-6A/HOOK replaced by, 5-214
ZSU-23-4 atrlifted by, 5.118
Mi-28/HAVOC A. 5-211, 5-223
MiG-17/FRESCO. 5-225 MiG-19/FARMER. 5-225 MiG-21/FISHBED, 5-225
MT-LB M1975. 5-41
MiG-23/FLOGGER B. 5-225
MiG-23/FLOGGER G. 5-225
MT-LBu. 5-41

MiG-25/FOXBAT A. 5-226
MiG-31/FOXHOUND A vartant of, 5-227

MT-LBV. 5-40
MiG-25/FOXBAT B. 5-226
MT-T, 5-73, 5-135, 5-146, 5-151, 5-154, 5-182
MiG-25/FOXBAT D. 5-226
MiG-31/FOXHOUND A variant of, 5-227
AS-7/KERRY launched from, 5-233
SU-24/FENCER compared to, 5-227
SU-24/FENCER compared to, 5-227
antipersonnel, 5-158--5-166
antitank, 5-167--5-171
and BM-22. 5-82, 5.87
scatterable, 5-158, 5-164, 5.166
replaced by D-20. 5-67
as replacement for T-54 MTU, 5-142

chassis modified for 2S12, 5-78
NBC collective protectton on, 5-186
SA-13/GOPHER carried on, 5.136-5.137
T-12 and MT-12 towed by, 5-101
transported by Mi-26/HALO A, 5-221-5-222
2 B 9  mounted on, 5-75
2S1 compared to, 5-64

BIG FRED (SNAR-10) on, 5-93

chassts used on ACRV 1V12 series, 5-41, 5-42
2S1 chassis derived from, 5-64

MTP. 5-31, 5-208
PG-16, 5-96
MTU-20. 5-139. 5-142
PG-18, 5-97
Pipelaying machines. 5-206--5-207
MT.55 as alternative to. 5-143
PIR. 5-185
Multiple rocket launchers. See Rocket launchers
Pistols. 5-2--5-3
MVCh-62. 5-170
PK. 5-12, 5-15--5-16.

See also variants listed below
MVM, 5-167
PKB. 5-15--5-16
MVSh, 5-167
PKBM. 5-16
PKM, 5-12, 5-16
fired from tnside BMP, 5-30
replaced by RPK-74, 5-14
NBC collective protection system. 5-186
PKMB. 5-15
NBC equipment. 5-186-5-205
PKMS. 5-16

NSV, 5-12, 5-18--5-19
PKP. 5-144, 5-149--5-150

on 1-72, 5-44, 5-51
used with PTS-M, 5-149--5-150

on 1-64, 5-44, 5-49
on T-80, 5-44
PKS. 5-15--5-16
PKT (machine gun), 5-12, 5-15, 5-16
0T-62. 5.58
on ASU-85, 5-55
on BRDM-2rkh, 5-23 on light armored vehicles (tracked). 5.30
0T-65. See FUG (0T-65)
on light armored vehicles (wheeled). 5-22
OZM. 5.162
OZM-3. 5-158, 5-162
on medium tanks, 5-44
PKT (route clearing vehicle). 5-182
OZM-4. 5-162
PKT-2 (route clearing vehicle). 5-182

OZM-160, 5-162
Plamya. See AGS-17
PM. 5-2--5-3
PMD-6M. 5.158, 5-160
PMM-2. 5-144, 5-146, 5-147
P-12. See SPOON REST
replacing GSP, 5-145

P-15. See FLAT FACE
PMN. 5.158, 5-159, 5-160

P-15M. See SQUAT EYE
PMP. 5-139--5-140
PAT HAND. 5-138
ABS-W compared to, 5-147

with the SA-4/GANEF, 5-121, 5-126
PAZ. 5-186
PMR-3. 5-172
GMZ compared to, 5-173
PMZ-4. 5-172 POMZ-2. 5-161
POMZ-2M. 5-158, 5-161

on medium tanks (general characteristics), 5-44 on the 1-55, 5-46
on the 1-72, 5-51 on the 1-64, 5-50 on the T-62, 5-48
PORK TROUGH-1. 5-93

PFM-1, 5-158, 5-164
PORK TROUGH-2. 5-93

PG-7. 5-94, 5-95
PP-61. 5-30

compared to PG-16, 5-96
PPO. 5-34--5-35

fired from RPG-7V. 5-95
PUP-3. 5-34, 5-93

PG-7M, 5-94, 5-95
SMALL FRED on, 5-93

PSNR-1. 5-93

compared to PG-16, 5-96
fired from RPG-7V. 5-95
R-147. 5-234

PT-76. 5-54--5-55,
5-57
R-148. 5-234
R-154-2M. 5-234

chassis of, 5-31, 5-64, 5.117, 5-128
propulsion of (compared to BMP's), 5-32
R-155P. 5-234

PT-76B. 5-57
R-159. 5-234

PTS. 5-150
R-254M. 5-234

PTS-2. 5-144, 5.151
R-255PP. 5-234

PMM-2 compared to, 5.151
replacement for PTS-M, 5-150
R-311. 5-234

PTS-M. 5-144, 5-149--5-150
R-313-M2. 5-235
R-330P. 5-41

K-61 compared to, 5-148, 5-150
replacement by PTS-2, 5-151
R-350M. 5-235

PUAZO-5. 5-114
R-352. 5-235

PUAZO-6/60. 5-114
R-392A. 5-235

PZM-2. 5-152, 5-156
R-401M. 5-235
R-403. 5-235 R-404. 5-235
R-405. 5-235

R-102M, 5-234
R-409. 5-235

and the R-154-2M recelver. 5-234
Radars

R-103M. 5-234
and the R-154-2M recelver, 5-234
R-104M. 5-234
replaced by R-130M. 5-234
Radios, 5-234--5-235

R-105M. 5-234
Rafts. 5-139

R-107. 5-234

RDG-1, 5-203
RDG-2. 5-204

R-114M replaced by, 5-234
replaced by R-159, 5.234

Recoilless guns. 5-99--5-100

R-108M. 5-234

RKhM. 5-41

R-109M. 5-234

RM-70. 5-84


replaced by R-111, 5-234

RMSh. 5-51

R-111, 5-234
RMS-1. 5-93

as replacement for earller models, 5-234
Rocket launchers (multiple). 5-82--5-87

R-112. 5-234
RPG-2: compared to RPG-7V. 5-95, 5-96

R-114M. 5-234

RPG-7D. 5-95, 5-96

| replaced by    | R-107, 5-234     |
|----------------|------------------|
| R-118 BM3.     | 5-234            |
| employed       | with             |

RPG-7V. 5-94--5-96

| R-123M.     | 5-234        |
|-------------|--------------|
| R-126,      | 5-234        |
|             |              |
| replaced by | R-148, 5-234 |

RPG-8. See RPG-16D

R-129. 5-234

RPG-16D. 5-94, 5-96

R-130M. 5-234

RPG-18. 5-94, 5-97

replacement for R-104M, 5-234

R-143, 5-234
air defense artillery-associated, 5-121
artillery-associated, 5-93
battlefield surveillance, 5-34, 5-41
surface-to-air missile-associated, 5-138

compared to RPG-18, 5-97 compared to RPG-16D, 5-96

In ATGM squads, 5-106- 5-107
In the BMP, 5-33
compared to RPG-18, 5-97
compared to RPG-22. 5-98

| RPG-22. 5        | -          | 94, 5   | -     | 98     |
|------------------|------------|---------|-------|--------|
| RPK.             | 5-12--5-13 |         |       |        |
|                  |            |         |       |        |
| compared to RPKS |            |         |       |        |
| -                | 74, 5      | -       | 14    |        |
| RPK              |            |         |       |        |
| -                | 74. 5      | -       | 12, 5 | -      |
| based on         | AK-74,     | 5-5, 5  |       |        |
| -                | 14         |         |       |        |
| in the BMP, 5    |            |         |       |        |
| -                | 33         |         |       |        |
| and the RPK, 5   |            |         |       |        |
| -                | 13         |         |       |        |
| RPKS. 5          |            |         |       |        |
| -                | 13         |         |       |        |

RPKS-74, 5-14
RPO. 5-195
RPO-A. 5-195
Ruslan. See An-124/Condor A

S-60. 5-114. 5-120
with FLAT FACE, 5-121
and the SA-3/GOA, 5-125
SAGGER. See AT-3/SAGGER

Sani See 2S12

SA-2/GUIDELINE.
5-121, 5-123--5-124
and assoc~ated radars. 5-138
compared to SA-3/GOA, 5-125
SA-3/GOA. 5-121, 5.125
and associated radars, 5-138
SA-4/GANEF. 5-121, 5-122. 5-126--5-127
and assoc~ated radars, 5-138
chassis
5-68, 5-73, 5-81
compared to SA-11/GADFLY, 5-134
compared to SA-12a/GLADIATOR, 5-135
NBC collective protection on, 5-186
and use of ZU-23, 5-116
SA-4a/GANEF. 5-121, 5-126- 5-127
SA-4b/GANEF Mod 1, 5-121, 5-126-5-127
SA-6/GAINFUL. 5-121, 5-122, 5-128--5-129
and associated radars. 5-138
chassis of, 5-58
compared with SA-8/GECKO, 5-132
compared with SA-4a/GANEF, 5-126
compared with SA 3/GOA, 5-125
NBC collective protection on, 5-186
possible replacement by SA-11, 5-134
replacement for S-60, 5-120
SA-6a/GAINFUL, 5-121, 5-122, 5-128
SA-6b/GAINFUL. 5-121, 5-122n, 5-129
possible replacement by SA-11, 5-134

| SA-7/GRAIL. 5.121, 5            | -            | 130   |
|---------------------------------|--------------|-------|
| in BMP ICVs. 5                  |              |       |
| -                               | 33           |       |
| compared to                     | SA-9/GASKIN, | 5-133 |
| on the Mi-2/HOPLITE, 5-212      |              |       |
| SA-7a/GRAIL,                    | 5-121        |       |
| SA-7b/GRAIL,                    | 5-121        |       |
| SA-8/GECKO. 5.121, 5-122, 5-132 |              |       |

and associated radars, 5-138 and the SA-4/GANEF, 5-126
compared to SA-3/GOA, 5-125
compared to SS-21/SCARAB, 5-90
NBC collective protection on, 5-186
as replacement for S-60, 5-120

SA-8a/GECKO. 5.121, 5-132 SA-8b/GECKO. 5-121, 5.132

SA-9/GASKIN. 5-121, 5-122, 5-133

and BRDM-2 chassis variant. 5-24
compared to SA-13/GOPHER, 5.136, 5.137
NBC collective protection on, 5-186
and the ZSU-23.4, 5-117
SA-11/GADFLY.
5-121, 5-122. 5-134
and associated radars, 5-138
and the SA-4, 5-127
SA-12a/GLADIATOR.
5-121, 5-122, 5-135
and associated radars, 5-138
compared to 2S7 chassis, 5-73
ln front-level SAM brigades, 5-127
SA-12b/GIANT. 5-135
SA-13/GOPHER. 5-121, 5-122, 5-136--5-137
a n d  assoc~ated iadars, 5-138
on MT-LB chassis, 5-41
NBC collective protection on, 5-186
as replacement for SA-9. 5-133
SA-14/GREMLIN. 5-121, 5-131
and BMP ICV, 5-33
possibly on Ka-?/HOKUM A, 5-224
possibly on Mi-28/HAVOC A, 5.223
SA-16, 5-33, 5.121, 5-131
SA-19, 5-114, 5-119, 5-121
SAM. See Surface-to-air missiles
SAXHORN. See AT-7/SAXHORN
SCALEBOARD. See SS-12/SCALEBOARD
SCARAB. See SS-21/SCARAB Scout cars. 5-21--5-24 SCUD A. See SS-1b/SCUD A
SCUD B. See SS-1c/SCUD B
SGMT. 5-44, 5-55
Strela-2. See SA-7a/GRAIL
Shilka. See ZSU-23-4
Strela-10. See SA-13/GOPHER
Small arms, 5-2--5-20
SU-7B/FlTTER A, 5-227
SMALL FRED. 5-34, 5-93
SMALL YAWN. 5-93
Su-17/FITTER C. 5-227
Smoke
SU-17/FITTER D .  5-227 SU-17/FITTER H. 5-227
SU-24/FENCER A. 5-227
barrels/drums, 5-199, 5.201-5.202
generators. 5-197--5-198 grenade projectors, 5.205
grenades, 5-199, 5-203-5-205
pots, 5-199--5-200
SMT M1981/1. See T-64B
SU-24/FENCER C. 5.227
SMT M1981/2. 5-52
SMT M1981/3. 5.52
Su-25/FROGFOOT A. 5-228
SNAR-2, 5-93
SU-27/FLANKER B. 5-228
SNAR-6. 5.93
Submachine guns, 5.2, 5-6
SNAR-10. 5-93
Surface-to-air missiles, 5-121--5-138
Sniper rifles, 5-2, 5-7
Surface-to-surface missiles. 5-88--5-92
SON-4, 5-114
SVD, 5-2, 5-7
SON-9: and the S-60. 5.114, 5-120
SON-9A. 5-114
SWATTER. See AT-2/SWATTER
SONGSTER. See AT-8/SONGSTER
SPIDER. See SS-23/SPIDER
SPANDREL. See AT-5/SPANDREL
SPG-9, 5.99-5-100
T-12, 5-99, 5-101
deployed with manpack SAGGERs, 5-106
SPIGOT. See AT-4/SPIGOT
T-12A. See MT-12
SPIRAL. See AT-6/SPIRAL
1-34
SPOON REST; 5-138
with the SA-2/GUIDELINE, 5-121
SQUAT EYE. 5-138
T-54, 5-44--5-46
with the SA-3/GOA, 5.121
SS-1b/SCUD A. 5-91
SS-1c/SCUD B. 5-88, 5-91
SS-12/SCALEBOARD. 5-88, 5-92
SS-12 Mod 1/SCALEBOARD A. 5-92
SS-12 Mod 2/SCALEBOARD B. 5-88. 5-92
SS-21/SCARAB. 5-88. 5-90
T-54A. 5-45
1-54 MTU. 5-142
on the Mi-26/HALO A, 5-222
NBC collective protection on, 5-186
as replacement for FROG-7, 5-89
T-54-T, 5.209
SS-23/SPIDER. 5-88, 5.91
T-55, 5-45--5-46
SSM. See Surface-to-surface missiles
STRAIGHT FLUSH. 5-138
with the SA-6/GAINFUL, 5-121, 5.128, 5-129
See SA-9/GASKIN
as launch a~rcraft for ASMs, 5.233
as launch a~rcraft for ASMs. 5-233

as launch aircraft for ASMs, 5-.233

as launch aircraft for ASMs, 5-233
stock resembles PKM, 5-15
towed by MT-LB, 5-40
modified chassis of. 5-142, 5-209
replaced by T-54 series, 5.46
basis for IMR, 5-179
BTU blade on, 5-183
compared to T-72, 5-51
compared to T-64, 5-49
compared to T-62, 5-47--5-48
KMT-4 on. 5-175
smoke barrels on, 5-205
T-54-T chassis based on, 5-209
BTU blade on, 5-183
compared to T-72, 5.51 compared to T-62, 5-47--5-48
compared to T-64, 5-49

## T-55


IMR chassis based on, 5-179
KMT-4 on, 5-175
M1986 mineclearing roller on, 5-176
MT-55 mounted on. 5-139, 5-142
MTU-20 mounted on, 5.139. 5-142, 5-143
NBC collective protection on, 5-186
smoke barrels on, 5-205
T-55-T chassis based on, 5-209
T0-55 flamethrower variant of, 5-196
T-55-1. 5-209 T-55A. 5-45--5-46
T-60. 5-58
T-62. 5-44, 5-47--5-48

BTU blade on, 5-183

compared to T-72, 5-51
compared to T-64, 5-49
KMT-4 on, 5-175
NBC collective protection on, 5.186

replacing T-55, 5-46

smoke grenades on, 5-205
T-62-T chassis based on, 5-210

T-62-T, 5-209, 5-210

T-62A, 5-47, 5-48

T-62K. 5-48, 5-50

T-64, 5.44, 5-49--5-50. See also variants listed below

compared to T-80, 5-53
compared to T-72, 5-51--5-52
KMT-6M on, 5-175
NBC collective protection on, 5-186
NSV on, 5-12, 5-18--5-19
and PTS-2 road wheels, 5-151
replacing T-55, 5.46
replacing T-62, 5-48
smoke grenades on, 5-205

| T-64A.                    | 5-49--5-50    |
|---------------------------|---------------|
|                           |               |
| compared to               |               |
| T-72, 5                   | -             |
|                           |               |
| T-64B,                    | 5-44n, 5-50   |
|                           |               |
| compared to               |               |
| T-80, 5                   | -             |
|                           |               |
| compared to               |               |
| T                         | -             |
|                           |               |
| as launching platform for |               |
| AT                        | -             |
|                           |               |
| NSV                       |               |
| on,                       |               |
| 5-12. 5-18--5-19          |               |

T-64K (command variant), 5-49--5-50
T-72, 5-44, 5-51--5-52
BREM-1 chassis based on, 5-210
compared to T-80, 5-53 compared to T-64, 5-49 compared to T-62, 5-48
IMR M1986 chassis based on, 5-180
KMT-6M on, 5-175
NBC collective protection on, 5-186
NSV on, 5-12, 5-18--5-19
replacing T-55, 5-46
self-entrenching blade on, 5-183
smoke projectors on, 5-205
T-72M, 5-52
T-72M1, 5-52
T-80, 5-44, 5-53

compared to T-64, 5-50
as launching platform for AT-8, 5-102, 5-113
NBC collective protection on, 5-186
NSV on, 5-12, 5-18--5-19
as a replacement for T-55, 5-46
as a replacement for T-62, 5-48
smoke grenades on, 5-205
SMT M1981/3 incorrectly labeled as, 5-52
wheels of (compared to 2S7's), 5-72
T-150K, 5-156
TALL MIKE, 5-34
Tanks
light, 5-54--5-55,
5-57--5-58
medium, 5-44--5-53
TATRA 813. 5-84
TDA-M, 5-197 THIN SKIN. 5-138

with SAMs, 5-121, 5-126
TKN-3. 5-52
TM-44. 5-172 TM-46. 5-167--5-168
compared to TM-57, 5-169
laid by PMR-3, 5-172
TM-57, 5-167, 5.169
laid by PMR-3. 5-172
TM-62, 5-170. See also variants listed below
laid by PMR-3, 5-172

TM-62B, 5-167, 5-170 TM-62D. 5-167, 5-170
TM-62M. 5-167, 5-170 TM-62P, 5-167, 5-170
TMK-2 (antitank mine). 5-167, 5-171
TMK-2 (trenching machine). 5-152, 5-157
TMM. 5-139, 5-141
TMN-46, 5-167--5-168
compared to TM-57, 5-169
TMS-65, 5-192
as a smoke generator, 5-197
Vehicle engine exhaust smoke system (VEESS), 5-198
VK-1. 5-192
TO-55. 5-196
VM-62. 5-167
Jochka. See SS-21/SCARAB
VM-62Z. 5-167, 5-170
TPN-1-49-23. 5-52
VOG-25: grenade for the BG-15, 5-8, 5-11
TPO-50M. 5-194
VPV. 5-34
TT-33, 5-3 Tu-16/BADGER. 5-229
as launch aircraft lor ASMs, 5.233
Tu-22/BLINDER, 5-229
WHIFF. 5-114
as launch aircraft for ASMs. 5.233
Tu-22M/BACKFIRE B. 5-229
as launch aircraft for ASMs, 5-233
Tu-26. See Tu-22M/BACKFIRE
B
Tu-95/BEAR. 5-230
as launch aircraft for ASMs, 5-233
Tu-160/BLACKJACK A. 5-230
TUM-100. 5-206--5-207
TUM-150, 5-206--5-207
Type 62. 5-46
ZDP. 5-205
ZIL-130
ZIL-131
DIM mounted on, 5.178
as prime mover for 23-mm ZU-23, 5-114, 5-115
UAZ-469
DIM mounted on, 5-178
2B11 (M-120) towed by, 5.177
UDT-20, 5-30
UM-3, 5-234
UR-67. 5-31

Ural-375
carried by Mi-26/HALO A, 5-222
D-30 towed by, 5-63
as prime mover for S-60, 5-114, 5-120

Ural-3750
ZIS-3. 5-60, 5-61
BM-21 mounted on. 5-82--5-84
transported by PTS-M, 5-150
ZPU
Ural-375E: TMS-65 mounted on, 5-192. 5-197
ZPU-2. 5-116
ZSU-23-4. 5-114, 5.115, 5-117- 5-118
V75SM. See SA-2/GUIDELINE
V750VK. See SA-2/GUIDELINE
Vasilek. See 2B9
VEESS. 5-198


carried by the K-61, 5-148
DDA-2 mounted on, 5-188


ARS-14 mounted on, 5-190
BM-21.1 chassis variant of, 5-82, 5-85
D-30 towed by, 5-63
KMT-5M carried by, 5-174
radios mounted on, 5-235
ZIL-135
ABS-W chassis variant of, 5-147
BM-22 chassis variant of, 5-82, 5-87
chassis for FROG-7, 5-88, 5.89

ZIL-157
ARS-12U mounted on, 5-190
carried by the K-61, 5-148
radios on, 5-234--5-235
ground-mounted DShK superseded by, 5-17
KPV mounted on, 5-20
carried in Mi-26/HALO A, 5.222
GUN DISH radar on. 5-121
PAZ and NBC protection on, 5-186
PT-76 chassis as basis for, 5.58


replaced by 2S6, 5-119
ZU-23, 5-114-5-116
SA-9s teamed with, 5-133
carried by Mi-6A/HOOK, 5.214
SA-6a chassis similar to, 5-128
as close-in air support for SA-4a, 5-126

By Order of the Secretary of the Army:
CARL E .  VUONO
General, United States Army
Chief of Staff
Official:
PATRICIA P. HICKERSON
Colonel, United States Army
The Adjutant General

## Distribution:

Active Army, USAR, and *ARNG:* To be distributed in accordance with DA Form 12-1 1 E, requirements for FM 100-2-3 The Soviet Army Troops Organization and Equipment (Qty rqr block no. 1240).

By Order of the Secretary of the Army:
General, United States Army Chief o f  Staff Official:
PATRICIA P.

Colonel, United States Army The Adjutant General

## Distribution:

Active Army, USAR, and ARNG: To be distributed in accordance with DA Form
                                                                                           1E, requirements
for FM
                  The Soviet Army Troops Organization and Equipment
                                                                                  rqr block no. 1240).