# War Department Field Manual Doiestic Disturbances

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# War Department * July 1945

## Field Manual Domestic Disturbances

CHANGEs |
WAR DEPARTMENT
No. 1
I
WASHINGTON 25, D. C., 22 January 1946
FM 19-15, 30 July 1945, is changed as follows:
20. GENERAL.

Domestic disturbances are * * * demon
strations or rioting. These public demonstrations or riots may reach such proportions that civil authorities cannot maintain law and order by usual methods. Looting of areas ravaged by storms, fires, floods, or other catastrophes may become so pro nounced as to constitute a domestic disturbance. Public revul
sion to * * * a civil disturbance.

33. SPECIFIC PLAN.

a. Staff procedure will
* * * of responsibility assigned.

*
*
e
*
*
e. General and special
* * * the following duties:
(3) The operations and training (G-3) section will probably work with the chief of staff in the recommendation of strategy, and the preparation of field and administrative orders. Close cooperation with
* * * the tactical situation.


*
*
*
*
48. THE **SQUAD.** a. Squad wedge (fig. 2). The command is:
* * * the squad leader.

Odd numbered men align themselves in sequence on the No. 2 man, 1 pace to the left and
1 pace to the rear of each preceding man. Even numbered men align themselves in sequence on the No. 2 man, 1 pace to the right and 1 pace to the rear of each preceding man. The squad leader
* * * control the squad.

[AG 300.7 (26 Jan46)
OFFICIAL:
DWIGHT D. EISENHOWER
EDWARD F. WITSELL
Chief of Staff Major General Acting The Adjutant General

## Distribution:

AAF (10) ; AGF (10); ASF (2); T (2); Depts (2); Base
Comds (2); Arm &Sv Bd (2) except 19 (15) ; Def Cornd
(2) ; Tech Sv (2); SvC (10); ED (2); FC (1); BU (1) ;'
Gen & Sp Sv Sch (5); except PMG Sch (300); USMA
(20) ; ROTC (1) ; A (10) ; CHQ (10) ; D (2); R (2) ; SBn
(5); C 2, 5-7, 17-19 (5), 3, 4, 9-11 (1); AF (2); G (5);
S (5) ; Special distribution.
Refer to FM 21-6 for explanation of distribution formula.

## Field Manual Domestic Disturbances

CHANoGES
WAR DEPARTMENT
No. 1
J
WASHINGTON 25, D. C., 22 January 1946
FM 19-15, 30 July 1945, is changed as follows:
20. GENERAL.

Domestic disturbances are
* * * demon
strations or rioting.

These public demonstrations or riots may reach such proportions that civil authorities cannot maintain law and order by usual methods. Looting of areas ravaged by storms, fires, floods, or other catastrophes may become so pro
nounced as to constitute a domestic disturbance.

Public revul
sion to
* * * a civil disturbance.

33. **SPECIFIC** PLAN.

a. Staff procedure will
* * of responsibility assigned.

e. General and special
* * * the following duties:
(3) The operations and training (G-3) section will probably work with the chief of staff in the recommendation of strategy, and the preparation of field and administrative orders.

Close cooperation with
* * * the tactical situation.

48. THE SQUAD. a. Squad wedge (fig. 2). The cominand is: * * * the squad leader.

Odd numbered men align themselves in sequence on the No. 2 man, 1 pace to the left and
1 pace to the rear of each preceding man. Even numbered men align themselves in sequence on the No. 2 man, 1 pace to the right and 1 pace to the rear of each preceding man. The squad leader
* * * control the squad.

[AG 300.7 (26 Jan 46)]
OFFICIAL:
DWIGTIT D. EISENHOWER
EDWARD F. WITSELL
Chief of Staff Major Gecneral Acting The Adjutant (ieneral

DTSTInBUTTON:
AAF (10); AGF (10); ASF (2); T (2) ; Depts (2): Base
Comds (2); Arm & Sv Bd (2) except 19 (15); Def Comd
(2); Tech Sv (2); SvC (10); IID (2); FC (1); BU (1);
Gen & Sp Sv Sch (5); ,except PMG Sch (300); USMA
(20) ; ROrTC (1) ; A (10) ; CIIQ (10) ; D (2) ; UI(2) ; SIla
(5); C 2, 5-7, 17-19 (5), 3, 4, 9-11 (1); AF (2); G (5);
S (5) ; Special distribution.
Refer to FM 21-6 for explanation of distribution formula.
# War Department Field Manual Fm 9-Z15

This manual supersedes FM 27-15, 6 February 1941, including C 1, 16 fanuary 1942, and C 2, 28 January 1944.

# Domestic Disturbances

WAR DEPARTMENT
 JULY 1945

# War Department Washington **25,** D. C., 30 July I945

FM 19-I5, Domestic Disturbances, is published for the information and guidance of all concerned.

[AG 300.7 (14 May 45)]
BY ORDER OF THE SECRETARY OF WAR:
OFFICIAL:
G. C. MARSHALL
Chief of Stafi EDWARD F. WITSELL
Major General
Acting The Adjutant General

## Distribution:

AAF(Io); AGF(Io); ASF(2); T of Opns(2); Arm
& Sv Bd(2) except I9(05); Def Comd(2); Tech
Sv(2); SvC(IO); HD(2); FC(I); BU(I); Gen &Sp Sv
Sch( 5) except PMG Sch(300); USMA(2o); ROTC
(I); A(Io); CHQ(Io); D(2); R(2); S Bn(5); C 19
(5); AF(2); G(5); S(5 ); Special Distribution.
Refer to FM **2i-6** for explanation of distribution formula.

## Contents

Paragraphs
Page

## Chapter 1. Military Aid To Civil Authorities.

| Section      | 1.    |
|--------------|-------|
| General      |       |
| I-           |       |
| 2            |       |
| I            |       |
| II.          |       |
| Authorized   | Use   |
| 2            |       |
| 111.         |       |
| Procedures   |       |
| 4            |       |
| 5            |       |
| IV.          |       |
| Restrictions |       |
|              |       |
| 5-           | 7     |
| V.           |       |
| Procedures   | and   |
| 8            |       |
| Intervention |       |
| VI.          |       |
| Martial Law  |       |
| 12-16        |       |
| 1o           |       |
| VII.         |       |
| Liability    | of    |
| under        | Civil |
| 17-I9        |       |
| 13           |       |
| CHAPTER      | 2.    |
| 14           |       |

## Chapter 3. Staff Planning And Operations.

|               | Section     | 1.          |
|---------------|-------------|-------------|
| General       |             | 29-38       |
| I7            |             |             |
| II.           |             |             |
| Movement      | of          | Troops      |
| 28            |             |             |
| CHAPTER       | 4.          | CONTROLLING |
| DISTURBANCES. |             |             |
| Section       | I.          |             |
| Crowd         | and         | Mob         |
| NI.           |             |             |
| Offensive     | Action      | Against     |
| 52            |             |             |
| 111.          | Restoration | of          |

## Chapter 5. Use Of Chemical Agents.

|                 |            | Section    | 1.       |
|-----------------|------------|------------|----------|
| Chemical        | Agents     | and        | Their    |
| Characteristics |            | 66-67      | 63       |
| 11.             |            |            |          |
| Tactical        | Employment | of         | Chemical |
| Agents          |            | 68-74      | 67       |

Thismanual supersedesFM27-15, 6 February 194i, including C z,
16 January 1942, and 0 2, 28 January 1944.

## Chapter 1 Military Aid To Civil Authorities Section I. General

1. SCOPE OF MANUAL. This manual presents the principles for the employment of troops during domestic disturbances and the essential substance of the more impor
tant laws relating to the employment of military forces in the aid of civil authorities with the applicable War Depart
ment policies. The use of State troops, and the limitations and restrictions as to their authority to act in aid of civil authorities within the State, are governed by the laws of the State concerned as well as Federal laws. However, the gen eral principles and methods of employment of troops and materiel as stated in this manual apply equally to any armed force used in domestic disturbances.

2. BASIC POLICIES.

a. The protection of life and property and the maintenance of law and order within the territorial jurisdiction of any State are the primary responsi
bility of State and local authorities. It is a well-established policy of the War Department that intervention with Federal troops pursuant to the provisions of this manual and AR
500-50 will take place only after the State and local authori
ties have utilized all of their own forces and are unable to control the situation, or when it is apparent that the situation is beyond their capabilities or that they will not take appro
priate action.

b. Except in cases of imminent necessity falling within the provisions of paragraph *3e,* intervention with Federal troops will not take place unless the War Department has generally or specifically so ordered.

c. The normal channel between the field and War De
partment on matters relating to intervention with Federal troops is through The Provost Marshal General, whose office will be open at all times for this purpose and who will be kept fully informed on all matters relating to such interven
tion or the possibilities thereof.

## Section **Ii.** Authorized Use Of Federal Troops

3. COMMON TYPES OF INTERVENTION.

For a more complete reference to the various constitutional and statutory provisions authorizing intervention with Federal troops in cases of domestic 'violence, or for other specific purposes, see AR 500-50. The possibility of intervention under many of these provisions, however, is regarded as remote, and only those provisions where intervention is most likely are treated in this paragraph. It is important that the distinctive features of each type of intervention be fully understood.

a. To aid State authorities at the request of the State.

Article IV, Sec. 4, of the Constitution, makes it the duty of the Federal Government, at the request of the legislature of any State (or the governor if the legislature cannot be con vened), to protect the State against domestic violence. Con
gress has authorized the President to intervene with Federal troops for the purpose of suppressing an insurrection against a State. (R. S. 5297 [50 U.S.C. **20o;** M.L. 1939, Sec. 502].)
b. To enforce **the** laws of'the United **States.** Article II, Sec. 3, of the Constitution., makes it the duty of the President to see that the laws 'of the United States are faithfully ex
ecuted. Moreover, whenever, in the judgment of the Presi
dent, it is impracticable by reason of unlawful obstructions, combinations, assemblages of persons, or rebellion, to en
force the laws of the United States within any State or territory by the ordinary course of judicial proceedings, he is authorized by. the Congress to intervene with such Federal troops as he deems necessary for such enforcement or to suppress the rebellion. (R. S. 5298 [50 U.S.C. **202;** M.L.

1939, Sec. 503].)
c. To protect the civil rights of citizens within the State.

The XIV Amendment to the Constitution forbids any State to deny equal protection of the laws to any person within its jurisdiction. In implementation of this provision, Congress has provided that whenever insurrection, domestic violence, unlawful combinations, or conspiracies in any State so ob
struct or hinder the execution of the laws of that State, and of the United States, as to deprive any of the population of that State of rights, privileges, and immunities named in the constitution and secured by laws, and the authorities of that State are unable, fail, or refuse to provide such protec
tion, it shall be deemed a denial by that State of the equal protection of the laws. Thereupon, it becomes the duty of the President to take such measures, by intervention with Federal troops or by other means, as he deems necessary, to suppress such disturbances. (R. S. 5299 [50 U.S.C. 203; M.L.

I939, Sec. 504].)
d. Protection of property.

(i) Government property.

The right of the United States to protect its property by intervention with Federal troops in an emergency is an accepted principle of our Government. The exercise of this right is an executive function and extends to all Government property of whatever nature and wherever located, including premises in the possession of the Federal Government. Inter
vention is warranted where the need for protection of Federal property exists and the local authorities cannot or will not give adequate protection.

(2)
Private *property.* By Executive Order 8972, 12 De
cember
1941, the President authorized and directed the Secretary of War to establish and maintain military guards and patrols, and to take other appropriate measures to pro
tect from injury or destruction, national defense material, national defense premises, and national defense utilities.

(See sec. III, WD Cir. No. 24, 1945 and sec. II, WD Bull.

37, I94I .)
e. Emergency.

In case of sudden and unexpected inva
sion, insurrection, or riot endangering the public property of the United States, or of attempted or threatened robbery or interruption of the United States mail, or of earthquake, fire, or flood, or other public: calamity disrupting the normal processes of Government, or other equivalent emergency so imminent as to render it dangerous to await instructions from the War Department requested through the speediest means of communication available, an officer of the Army in command of troops may take such action, before the receipt of instructions, as the circumstances of the case reasonably justify. Such action, without prior authorization, of necessity may be prompt and vigorous, but should be designed for the preservation of order and the protection of life and prop
erty until such time as instructions from higher authority have been received, rather than as an assumption of func
tions normally performed by the civilian authorities. In any event, the officer taking such action immediately will report his action and the circumstances requiring it to the War Department, through The Provost Marshal General, by the speediest means of communication available, in order that appropriate instructions can be issued at the earliest possible moment.

## Section Iii. Procedures

4. PREREQUISITES OF INTERVENTION.

a.

At the request of a State (par. 3a).

Application by a State for Federal aid to its civil authorities should originate with the legislature of the State concerned, or with its executive when the legislature cannot be convened, and should 'be made direct to the President. Should such an application be presented to a local commander, such commander will so inform the War Department, through The Provost Marshal General, by the most expeditious means and will include a statement of all material facts for the consideration and action of the President.

b. Presidential Proclamation.

No orders will be issued by the War Department for the purpose indicated in para
graps *3a,* b, and c, until the President has published a proc
lamation demanding that the insurgents disperse and retire peaceably to their respective abodes within a specified limited time. (R.S. 5300 [50 U.S.C. 204; M.L. 1939, Sec. 505].)
c. War Department **approval.** While' no Presidential Proclamation is required by law for action for the purposes of protecting Government premises or property, etc., such action will not be taken until the need therefor has been reported to the War Department, through The Provost Marshal General, and specific instructions from the War Department have been received, unless action in an emer
gency is justified under paragraph 3e.

## Section Iv. Restrictions

5. POSSE COMITATUS ACT.

a. Except where ex
pressly authorized by constitutional or statutory provisions
(sec. II) it is not lawful, under the so-called "Posse Comi
tatus Act," to use Federal troops to execute the laws. The Act provides in pertinent part as follows: "***it shall not be lawful to employ any part of the Army of the United States, as a posse comitatus, or otherwise, for the purpose of execut ing the laws, except in such cases and under such circum
stances as such employment of said force may be expressly authorized by the Constitution or by Act of Congress; *** and any person wilfully violating the provisions of this section shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor and on conviction thereof shall be punished by fine not exceeding ten thousand dollars or imprisonment not exceeding two years or by both fine and imprisonment." (Sec. I5, Act of I8 June I878; 20 Stat. **[52** ['Io U.S.C. I5; M.L. I939, Sec.

480].)
Note. This statute has no application in Alaska. (Sec. **29,** Act of 6
June 1900oo; 3I Stat. 330 **[Io** U.S.C. **15;** M.L. 1939, Sec. 480].)
b. Exceptions.

Instances where the Constitution or Act of Congress permit intervention with Federal troops have been cited. (See par. 3). The statute quoted in a above, applies only to the use of the Army of the United States for the purpose of "executing the laws." This prohibition does not extend to the employment of Federal troops'where the main purpose is the protection of Federal property or Federal instrumentalities, even though the action contemplated may, and usually does, serve incidentally to facilitate execution of the laws. On the same principle, the prohibition of the Act does not apply to the use of Federal troops where the main object is, for example, the protection of Federal officials against violence or forcible obstruction of their functions
(but not to aid them in serving process), or, in time of war or national emergency, to guard war material or vital utilities, industries, and installations. 6. ELECTIONS.

"Every officer of the Army or Navy, or other person in the civil, military, or naval service of the United States, who orders, brings, keeps, or has under his authority or control any troops or armed men at any place where a general or special election is held in any State, unless such force be necessary to repel armed enemies of the United States, shall be fined not more than five thousand dollars and imprisoned not more than five years." (Sec. 22, Act of 4 May 90gog9;35 Stat. Io92 [I8 U.S.C. 55; M.L. I939, Sec. 794]-)
7. ARMY REGULATIONS.

The War Department will direct intervention with troops only in accordance with the foregoing statutory requirements. (See AR 500-50.)

## Section V. Procedures And Policies During Intervention

8. COMMAND.

a. In the enforcement of the laws, troops are employed as a part of the military power of the United States, and act under the orders of the President, as Commander in Chief. When intervention with Federal troops has taken place, the duly designated military com mander will act to the extent necessary to accomplish his mission. In the accomplishment of his mission, reasonable necessity is the measure of his authority.

b. Federal troops used for intervention in aid of the civil authorities will be under the command of, and directly re sponsible to, their military superiors. They will not be placed under the command of an officer of the State Guard or the National Guard not in the Federal service, or of any State, local, or Federal civil official; any unlawful or unauthorized act on the part of such troops would not be excusable on the ground that it was the result of an order or request received from any such officer or official.

c. State Guard or National Guard troops not in the Fed
eral service cannot be commanded by a United States Army officer except with the consent of the State. Commanding generals of the service commands are responsible to secure, whenever possiblej prior undertakings or agreements by State authorities to insure full cooperation of the State Guard or National Guard troops not in the Federal service with the military commander in the affected area in the event of intervention with Federal troops. The employment by the State of its own forces must not interfere with or impede Federal functions or activities. (See AR 850-250.)
9. THE MILITARY COMMANDER. In case of inter
vention with Federal troops, the military commander will cooperate to the fullest possible extent with the Governor and other local and State authorities and forces, unless such cooperation interferes with the accomplishment of his mis
sion. While the military commander is subject to no author
ity but that of his military superiors, he will bear in mind that the suppression of violence without bloodshed or undue violence is a worthy military achievement, and will employ only such force as is necessary to accomplish his mission. The population of the affected area will be informed of the rules of conduct and other restrictive measures to be enforced by the military. These will be announced by local proclamation or order, and will be given the widest possible publicity by all available media. Persons not normally sub
ject to military law, taken into custody by the military forces incident to the use of troops, as contemplated by this manual, will be turned over, as soon as possible, to the civil authorities. Federal troops will ordinarily exercise police powers previously inoperative in the affected area, restore and maintain order, maintain the essential mechanics of distribution, transportation, and communication, and in augurate necessary relief measures.

10. END OF INTERVENTION.

The use of troops should end the moment that the necessity therefor ceases and the normal civil processes can be restored. Determina
*tion of the end of the necessity will be made by the War Department. The military commander will submit his rec
ommendations whenever conditions warrant.

11. TROOPS. The type of troops to be used in handling of a domestic disturbance depends to a great extent on the nature of the action expected. Military police and infantry will ordinarily constitute the major part of a command employed in suppressing a domestic disturbance, but there may be need for armored units to crush street barricades and for psychological effect on crowds or mobs. Because of the morale effect of an armed man on horseback and the mobility of its horse and mechanized elements, cavalry con
stitutes a valuable and effective adjunct to any command ori riot duty. The great value of horse cavalry in riot duty lies in its ability to disperse rioters by the use of horses, as weap ons of shock, without the necessity of taking lives by the use of firearms. Field artillery should be included if serious military operations are expected. Airplanes may be used for purposes of reconnaissance, traffic control, dropping procla
mations, orders or messages, and in photographing the area in which operations are planned. During the attack, air planes may be used to keep rioters off roofs by means of automatic weapon fire and by dropping tear gas, high ex
plosive, or antipersonnel bombs. Aircraft may also be used in directing troop movements. Engineer troops may be used to advantage in planning and placing barriers and in the re
moval of obstacles, signal corps personnel in the construc
tion and maintenance of communications systems, and chemical warfare personnel to release smoke and gas in large-scale operations.

## Section Vi. Martial Law

12. GENERAL.

a. Martial *Law,* often and more accu
rately termed "martial rule" or "government by martial law," in its true sense means the temporary government of the civil population through the military forces as necessity may require in domestic territory, as distinguished from occupied territory of an enemy recognized as a' belligerent.

However, the term has generally been used only in those cases where martial law, has been proclaimed.

b. The term "military aid to civil *authorities"* is com
monly used to imply the use of troops to aid civil authorities in restoring orderly administration where martial law has not been proclaimed.

c. It has been customary to distinguish the status of mar
tial rule from that of military aid to civil authorities, by the degree of military control exercised. However, the powers, duties, and liabilities of troops in a specific mission are gen
erally no different, the limit of power being the necessity of the moment. Whatever the term applied to the status, the fundamental mission of troops employed in domestic dis
turbances is to restore order and permit the normal function
ing of the civil authorities and institutions, and the martial rule replaces local government only to the extent necessary in the emergency. 13. PROCLAMATION.

A proclamation of martial law is a declaration that a condition of martial rule exists and is recognized. The proclamation does not create the condition, but rather announces an already existing condition. A proc
lamation is not necessary for the exercise of martial rule, but is the usual means of informing all concerned of the exist
ence of a state of martial rule, of the boundaries of the area affected, and of the special regulations and restrictions that will be enforced by the troops. Such a proclamation is issued only by the President or by the local commander at the express direction of the President. The United States Gov
ernment has rarely declared martial law.

14. LEGAL **EFFECTS.** In areas under martial rule main
tained by Federal troops, the civil and criminal laws con
tinue in force, except so far as their actual enforcement may be suspended for the time being by the inability of the civil authorities to function, or in specific particulars, as a matter of military necessity, by order of the President or of the military commander acting under authority of the Presi dent. In areas under martial rule, the President, if necessary, has power to cause military agencies to arrest civilians charged with offenses against the laws of the land or against the special rules and regulations issued by the military com
mander by authority of the President, and to detain them in military custody until they can safely be released or de
livered to appropriate civil authorities for trial. Such persons may also be tried and punished by military tribunals of competent jurisdiction, but this action should be taken only in case of extreme necessity. The duty of the military is not t6 punish civil offenders but to prevent disorder, and this can ordinarily be accomplished by holding the prisoner until he can safely be released for trial by the civil authorities.

15. PENALTY FOR **VIOLATION** OF RESTRIC
TIONS. Congress by the Act of 2I March I942 (56 Stat.

I73, I8 U.S.C., Sup. IV, 97a) made a violation of any re
strictions imposed by a military commander a misdemeanor.

The Act provides:
"* * * That whoever shall enter, remain in, leave, or commit any act in any military area or military zone pre scribed, under the authority of an Executive order of the President, by the Secretary of War, or by any military com
mander designated by the Secretary of War, contrary to the restrictions applicable to any such area or zone or contrary to the order of the Secretary of War or any such military commander, shall, if it appears that he knew or should have known of the existence and. extent of the restrictions or order and that his act was in violation thereof, be guilty of a misdemeanor and upon conviction shall be liable to a fine of not to exceed $5,000 or to imprisonment for not more than one year, or both, for each offense."
16. WRIT OF HABEAS CORPUS. The writ of ha
beas corpus is an order issued by a judge and addressed to the custodian of a prisoner, directing that such custodian bring the prisoner into the court for judicial determina
tion of the legality of his arrest.and detention. The Con
stitution of the United States provides that the privilege of the writ shall not be suspended, unless, when in the case of rebellion or invasion, the public safety may require it (Art. I, Sec. 9). The status of martial law does not of itself suspend the writ, although in event the civil courts are closed, it is apparent the writ could not issue during the period of such closure. A Federal military officer is bound to obey the writ when issued by a Federal judge, but to such a writ issued by a State court, the officer should make respectful return to the effect that the prisoner is held by authority of the United States Government. (For procedure see pars. 154 to 156, M.C.M. 1928, and M.R. 4IO-4, pars. 2
and 3.) It does not necessarily follow that a prisoner arrested and detained by the military authorities under martial law or otherwise in aid of the civil authorities would, at the hear
ing of the writ, be released or turned over to the civil authorities for trial, for the courts usually hold the arrest and detention to be lawful in such situations upon reasonable showing of military necessity, even where no specific crime is charged.

## Section Vii. Liability Of Military Personnel **Under** Civil Laws

17. **GENERAL.** When troops are employed in domestic territory, even when martial rule prevails, the acts of the individual officer and enlisted man are subject to review by the civil courts in actions for damages or in criminal pro
ceedings.

18. CIVIL **AND** CRIMINAL LIABILITY.

The civil courts ordinarily do not impose individual liability, either in a criminal prosecution or in a civil suit for damages, upon a military subordinate for acts done in good faith, in obedi
ence to orders from superior military authority. However, if its illegality is so obvious as to be immediately apparent to a person of average intelligence, the order probably would not prove a valid defense. Moreover, although the use of necessary force to accomplish a military mission does not make an otherwise lawful act by military personnel illegal, the reckless or malicious use of unnecessary force may have such result, and may subject the offender to civil or criminal liability, or both.

19. RIGHT TO TRIAL BY FEDERAL COURT.

When any civil or criminal prosecution is commenced in any court of a State against any officer, soldier, or other per
son in the military service of the United States on account of any act done under color of his office or status, or in respect to which he claims any right, title, or authority under any law of the United States respecting the military forces thereof, or un
der the law of war, such unit or prosecution may at any time before the trial or final hearing thereof be removed for trial into the District Court of the United States in the district where the same is pending in the manner prescribed by law.

(See AW 117; IO U.S.C. I589.)

## Chapter 2 Domestic Disturbances

20. **CAUSES.** Domestic disturbances are manifestations of civil unrest or tension which take the form of demonstra
tions or rioting. These public demonstrations or riots may reach such proportions that civil authorities cannot maintain law and order by usual methods. Such disturbances may be caused by agitators, racial strife, controversies between em
ployees and employers concerning wages or working condi
tions, unemployment, lack of housing or food, or other economic or social conditions. Looting of areas ravaged by storms, fires, floods, or other catastrophes may become so pronounced as to constitute a domestic disturbance. Public revulsion to serious crimes and feeling against suspected criminals may prompt groups of persons to attempt to take the law into their own hands, thereby creating a civil disturbance.

21. CROWD.

A crowd is a large number of persons in a close body, but without organization.

22. **MOB.** A riotous crowd is a mob. It is a crowd whose members, under the stimulus of intense excitement, have lost their sense of reason and respect for law.

23. **SPECTATORS.** Many persons in a disorderly assem
blage of any size are spectators, attracted by curiosity. Prior to development of mob unity, they can be persuaded to depart.

24. CROWD **CHARACTERISTICS.** People assembled in a crowd for an unlawful purpose are characteristically timid, or even collectively cowardly. When in a crowd they hesitate to commit themselves to a course of unrestrained violence, though some of them might readily do so if they thought there was a chance to escape arrest. Such a crowd may be noisy and threatening, and if left to its own devices is likely to commit assaults and depredations which will excite its members to mob violence. But as long as the crowd is kept well in hand by law enforcement agencies, its collec
tive lack of daring remains its most predominant feature. This reluctance to violence results from a collective sense of reason, or fear of punishment if apprehended in violence.

Dispersing a crowd may prevent the formation of a mob.

25. TRANSFORMATION
OF
CROWDS
INTO
MOBS.

An apparent weakening of the forces of law and order holding a crowd in check, though only momentary, may be sufficient to transform a crowd into a mob. Crowd emotions are often keyed to mob action by the forceful harangue of a fiery leader, the appearance of a hated indi
vidual or the accomplishment of a single act of violence.

26. MOB CHARACTERISTICS. A mob represents col
lective rebellion against the situation that brought it into being or that it believes exists. Individual judgment and decision are temporarily subordinated to mob emotion. Unity of feeling among members prevails to such an extent that sheer force of numbers dispels doubts, fears, and questions.

Members of the mob are usually ready to join in any action that will bring the results desired.

27. RIOT.

A riot is a tumultuous disturbance of the peace by three or more persons assembled together of their own authority, with the intent mutually to assist one another against anyone who shall oppose them in the execution of some enterprise of a private nature, and who afterwards actually execute the same in a violent and turbulent man ner, to the terror of the people, whether the act intended was of itself lawful or unlawful. Rioters have no concern as to whether the contemplated action is lawful. They are determined to act against anyone who may oppose them, to win their point by force.

28. RIOT LEADERSHIP.

As in the case of a mob, lead
ers of a riot will ordinarily be found within the group, direct
ing the movement. Subordinate leaders circulate freely through the assemblage, encouraging acts of violence.

## Chapter 3 Staff Planning And Operations Section I. General

29. GENERAL.

a. Federal troops used in the suppression of domestic disturbances are governed by law. Troops called into. action against a mob forcibly resisting or obstructing the execution of the laws of the United States, or attempting to destroy property belonging to or under the protection of the United States, are governed by the regulations of the Army and will apply military tactics to accomplish their mission.

b. The tactical employment of weapons and troops will be based on decisions of the commander of troops.

c. This section constitutes a planning check list for troop commanders and members of their staffs, irrespective of the size of the unit. (See FM Ioo-5 and IO-5.)
30. INTELLIGENCE.

a. A commander of a military area or subdivision within the United States or its possessions, operating largely through his intelligence personnel, should gather, and keep up to date, information on all situations which may lead to domestic disturbances. This information may include monographs, studies, and maps, which will form the basis for a plan to cope with any situation requiring the use of Federal troops in aid of the civil authority.

Advance planning should be carried on without notice to the public.

b. A commander of Federal troops ordered to aid civil authorities in the suppression of a domestic disturbance will be furnished all pertinent information. Prior to the commit
ment of troops at the scene of disturbance, he should prepare a comprehensive but flexible plan of operations based on advance information.

c. Intelligence planning calls: for the gathering and evalu
ation of information from many sources, both military and civiliin, and for detailed preparation of plans by the com
mander's general and special staffs. This information is obtained in the following marinner:
(I) If time and distance permit, information should be obtained from civil authorities as to places where troops may be quartered, where disturbances are most likely to occur, and, in general, the action to be expected from the lawless element, especially as to whether the arrival of troops would be the signal for more violent outbreaks. It is desirable to send military personnel in civilian clothes to the scene of the disturbance prior to the arrival of troops in uniform. Information relative to the lawless elements should normally include their numbers, activities, organiza
tion, leaders, places of assembly, methods of operation, equipment, newspapers and radio stations controlled by or friendly to them, nature and extent of their grievances, type and extent of property destroyed, and preparations made by this element for carrying on operations. Much of this information may be readily secured from the police department and county sheriff, State police and traffic patrols, supplemented by private detective agencies, railroad detec tives, agents of the Federal Bureau of Investigation and Bureau of Internal Revenue, inspectors of the Post Office Department, customs agents, and the city health officer.

These sources can also give: the locations of headquarters of the veterans and similar organizations that may be helpful in restoring law and order. Conferences should be arranged with leaders of such organizations to determine their atti
tude, strength, and the degree of cooperation that may be expected.

(2) Information about the local police and sheriff's officers and the extent they can be depended upon for support, should be determined. They should be able to advise as to the locations of armories, schools, and colleges to which arms have been issued and the means taken to protect such arms.

Names and locations of stores dealing in arms and ammu
nition, the locations of storehouses of explosives and approxi
mate quantities of explosives stored, and the locations and capacities of police stations, may also be obtained from these authorities:
(3) Other information and sources that can usually be used to advantage are:
(a) Locations of public utilities, including waterworks, reservoirs, standpipes, gas and electric lighting plants, power
houses, street railways, telephone centrals, telegraph offices, fire stations, wharves, subways, viaducts, bridges, tunnels, roundhouses, railway stations and yards, and public build
ings. The city or county engineer probably will be able to supply this information, and maps and plans which may be used in determining measures to be taken for their protection.

(b) The locations of supplies of fuel, oil, gasoline, and foodstuffs may be obtained from dealers in these commodi
ties. The locations of refrigerating plants, packing houses, and manufacturing establishments may likewise be learned.

(c) Cordial relations should be established with repre
sentatives of the press and radio, who will be the source of much information.

(d) Through conferences with leaders, the attitude of both social and economic groups of the community may be ascertained.

d. A chronological record of information should be main
tained by means of a journal or log, and should be studied constantly and kept up to date. This record, with informa
tion gained by reconnaissance of strategic or troubled areas, will provide the basis for an estimate of the situation.

31. ESTIMATE OF SITUATION.

a. **Purpose.** Every use of Federal troops in civil disturbances has a definite objective, such as the protection of life and property, and the restoration of law and order. To accomplish the mission with dispatch, and with minimum effort, a definite course of action must be adopted by the troop commander. This
-course should be the result of a sound decision, a requisite of which is a timely and thorough estimate of the situation.

The purpose of the estimate is to insure due consideration being given each factor in the situation.

b. **Elements.** The following discussion takes up in order the paragraphs of the form for a commander's estimate of
.the *situation.* (For a detailed. discussion of making an esti
mate of the *situation,* see app. I, FM I6I-5. For estimate of the situation and related forms, see ch. 2, FM IoI-5.)
(I) *Paragraph* I (Mission). In estimating the situation, the commander carefully considers his mission as set forth in the orders or instructions received from higher authority,
'coupled with such information suggested in paragraph 30
.as he may have at his disposal. The mission is the actuating factor of the estimate, and the commander's decisions are the basis for preparing tactical plans. If there is more than one mission, the different objectives should be considered in order of priority.

(2)
Paragraph2 (The Situation and Opposing Lines of Action). This paragraph is for the purpose of analyzing physical capabilities of the unlawful elements and all reason
.able and practical lines of action open to the commander which, if successful, will contribute to the accomplishment
.of his mission. After weighing all factors in the situation,
'opposition capabilities which it is considered may interfere
.20
with restoration of law and order are enumerated for further analysis in deciding upon the commander's own lines of action. For comparison, these capabilities should be listed in order of their probable adoption. Factors which may effect these capabilities may include the degree of determination of the lawless elements, experience of troops, relative combat power, reinforcements, disposition of troops, status of supply and evacuation, time-and space, terrain, weather. The final step in this paragraph is to note all practicable lines of action open to the commander which, if successful, will accomplish his mission. For comparison, these should be listed in order of their probable adoption. (If there is only one such line of action, he should proceed directly to the decision.)
(3) *Paragraph*3 (Analysis of Opposing Lines of Action).

In this paragraph the commander considers separately each of his "own lines of action" left open in paragraph 3 Ib(2), against each opposition capability which might interfere with the accomplishment of his mission. The commander considers results to be expected in each case, and determines likely advantages and disadvantages of each of his lines of action, on the basis of ability of the opposition to resist the troops by any of a number of methods. Resistance should not ordi
narily be expected in the normal military sense, but may be encountered in the form of plant seizures, arson, disruption of transportation and communication systems, sniping, sabo
tage, looting, passive resistance, or scattered and sporadic attacks on opposing individuals or groups. The commander should not, however, overlook the possibility of the oppo
sition organizing a determined and effective resistance by force of arms.

(4) *Paragraph*4 (Comparison of Own Lines of Action).

Advantages and disadvantages noted on the basis of the analysis made in paragraphs 3 **ib(2)** and 3 Ib( 3) for each
"own line of action" should be summarized, and the various lines of action compared and weighed. The line of action offering the greatest likelihood of success is selected. Because of the complex nature of domestic disturbances, it should be borne in mind that any plan of action may require the com
mitting of troops concurrently in scattered areas, often in small independent units.

(5) Paragraph5 *(Decision).* The decision, based on the foregoing estimate, is expressed in a brief statement clearly outlining the line of action adopted. The statement should cover as much of the elements of who, when, where, and how as the circumstances justify or permit.

32. GENERAL PLAN.

With the decision contained in the estimate of the situation as the basis, the next logical step is for the commander to outline a general plan of procedure. This will make clear the over-all program of action against the lawless elements, and constitute the structure for a detailed plan of action.

33. SPECIFIC PLAN.

a. Staff procedure will ordinarily be as prescribed for combat duty, but with specific assign
ments to the various staff sections to adjust the work load to eliminate bottlenecks. The.force commander will estimate the number and types of troops available and equipment needs. He will take steps to secure whatever additional forces and material are needed. Bivouac areas and assembly points should be listed, and areas of responsibility assigned.

b. The civil defense officer will determine the extent to which the State war council and various local agencies may aid in accomplishing the mission, and will prepare plans for their use. Coordination of the activities of such units with the military will be through the regular law enforcement channels. Duties in which these units may assist include:

(I)
Direction of traffic.
(2)
Assistance in prevention of looting in affected areas.
(3) Report of disturbances and unnecessary movement in
their sectors.
(4) Care of injured.

(5) Evacuation, housing and feeding of homeless.

c. Arrangements for the supply and evacuation of all forces are made by G-4 , who also plans for the reception and supply of reinforcing troops.

G- 4 arranges for issuing necessary equipment, including chemical grenades, to units called to quell the civil disturbances. If possible, equipment should be issued before the units depart for the affected area. Scout cars should be fully equipped, and supplemental transportation and ambulance service provided.

d. Arrangements should be made for the reception and processing of civilian prisoners. Commanders of all units on civil disturbances duty should be informed of the locations and capacities of jails within the area in which they are to operate and will normally call upon civilian authorities to receive and handle prisoners.

e. General and special staff officers should be familiar with organization procedure prescribed in FM **IoI-5,** but in civil disturbances special attention will be given the following duties:
(I) The personnel (G-I) section will arrange for head
quarters and troop quartering in the affected area. An emer
gency field desk should be kept ready at all times for instant use. Its contents should include:

(a) FM **I9-5,** Military Police.
(b) FM 27-5, Military Government and Civil Affairs.
(c) TM **I9-225,** Sabotage.
(d) FM IOI-5, The Staff and Combat Orders.
(e) FM ioi-Io, Organization, Technical, and Logistical
Data.
(I) TM 8-285, Treatment of Casualties from Chemical Agents.

(g) Applicable Emergency Plans White and Disaster Relief Plans.

(h) List of available Army and State Guard units, with current strength.

(i) Maps of all critical areas, with vital installations, populous districts, road block systems, etc., indicated thereon;
and related information.

(j) Stationery and other office supplies, assembled with a view to the need for quick and frequent multiple produc
tion of field and administrative orders, and other directives.

(2) The military intelligence (G-2) section will be pri
marily engaged in the collection, recording, evaluation, and interpretation of the types of information suggested in para
graph 30. The journal and diary should be kept current at all times.

(3) The operations and training (G-3) section will prob
ably work with the executive officer in the recommendation of strategy, and the preparation of field and administration orders. Close cooperation with other staff sections is impera
tive in conducting necessary and continuous studies of the tactical situation.

(4) The supply and evacuation (G-4) section is respon
sible for preparation of plans for, and supervision of the execution of arrangements for supply, evacuation, transpor
tation, and related administrative matters. It makes recom
mendations to the commander concerning supply and evacu ation, and is responsible for development of details of the administrative plan pertaining to these functions. In civil disturbances these relate particularly to rations, special equip ment, supplies, and housing for troops and prisoners. Other problems of the section include transportation of troops to and within the affected areas.

(5) Among probable duties of the provost marshal are the following:
(a) All necessary measures to determine what traffic should be permitted within the commander's area of respon sibility, and how such traffic should be supervised. The traffic plan should include procedure to prevent the move
ment of trouble-makers into, or from disturbed areas.

(b) Traffic routing in such a way that roads will be kept open for passage of troops, fire-fighting equipment, and other emergency personnel and equipment.

(c) Supervision of rail, interurban, and bus terminals, to prevent unauthorized individuals from entering communi
ties where their presence might cause trouble.

(d) Supervision and direction of movement of prisoners from collecting points to jails or stockades.

(e) Enforcement of prohibition of or limitations on public gatherings.

(/) Recommendation of off-limits areas or communities.

(g) Arrangement of the most effective method in which to present the commander's proclamation to the lawless ele
ments. (See par. 43b).

(6) The judge advocate will advise the commander in legal matters and supervise the administration of military justice.

(7) The chemical officer will advise the commander con
cerning the use of smoke and other chemicals, and supervise any use of chemicals.

(8) Engineering Corps personnel will make recommenda
tions concerning the construction of street barricades (and supervise their construction). Duties may also include re
moving obstacles erected by the lawless elements.

(g) Signal Corps personnel will recommend and may install and operate such communication systems as are necessary.

(io) The surgeon will be responsible for the health and sanitation of the command, and within the commander's area of responsibility. His detachment will be prepared to render first aid and to provide hospitalization for troops.

Aid stations may be provided for injured civilians who may be, if necessary, transferred to temporary field or-local hospitals. The surgeon will arrange for a sufficient number of military and civilian ambulances.

(I1) The public relations officer serves as liaison between the commander and representatives of the press, radio, and other agencies disseminating information. He should know all aspects of the situation, and be continuously available to reporters.

34. RELATIONS WITH STATE TROOPS AND
CIVIL POLICE.

a. **State** troops. The State Guard as such, is not subject to call, order or draft, into Federal service. If the State troops remain in the disturbed area, after having been unable to handle the situation without Federal aid, their commander should be conferred with and an agreement reached whereby his troops are made responsible for a well-defined area. An Army officer does not take orders from a State Guard officer, regardless of rank; nor is the State Guard ever placed under Federal command, except with the consent of the State.

b. Civil **police.** There should be mutual cooperation be
tween military forces and civil authorities, including the local and State police. Civil law enforcement authorities will continue to discharge their normal duties, with the military coping with the domestic disturbance in such ways as the situation may require.

35. RELATIONS WITH CIVILIAN POPULATION.

Civilians should be treated with courtesy and respect, but made to understand that the military will perform its mission of restoring law and order. Proclamations, announcements of restrictions within the affected area, etc., will normally be issued by the military commander when aiding civil authori
ties. The commander should cooperate closely with State and local officials. Notices of restrictions, or relaxations thereof, will usually be made by the commander through the civil authorities, the press, radio, over public address systems when practicable, and through managers of business estab
lishments.

36. WEAPONS AND AMMUNITION FOR TROOPS.

Shotguns are often appropriate as auxiliary weapons for a portion of the command. An adequate supply of chemical hand grenades and small-arms ammunition is essential. In the issue of special-purpose weapons to troops, it should be borne in mind that many men may be on duty in detached patrols (to cope with sporadic outbreaks). (For chemical munitions see FM 3-5.)
37. EQUIPMENT. The equipment required will not dif
fer materially from that of ordinary field service. The character of the service expected, the season of the year, and other conditions will indicate necessary modifications. Special equipment may include such items as riot sticks, axes, picks, sledge hammers, crowbars, and rope.

38. TRANSPORTATION. Motor vehicles are necessary for supply, transportation of patrols and messengers, and for the rapid transporation of troops and prisoners. If a shortage of motor equipment is anticipated, arrangements for addi
tional vehicles may be. made with appropriate headquarters, civil authorities, bus or other public transportation agencies.

## Section Ii. Movement Of Troops

39. METHODS OF TRANSPORTATION.

Troops may be moved to the scene of the disturbance by rail, motor, air, or water transport, or by marching. In determining by what methods troops should be moved, consideration should be given to the distance, availability of transportation facili
ties, and the imminence of the danger. Air coverage may be desirable during the movement of troops by any method.

40. MOVEMENT BY RAIL.

a. If troops travel by rail, special trains should be provided so as to avoid subjecting civilian passengers to harm from retaliatory measures that might be taken against the troops.

b. If there is danger of interference with the troops at the entraining point, guards should be so posted as to keep all unauthorized persons from the vicinity. It may be advisable to move the train to the edge of a city or town and entrain there. After entering the cars, details should be posted so as to cover with fire the approaches to the train.

c. Railroad trains should be run at reduced speed over such portions of the track where interruptions may be ex
pected. If there is reason to suspect that an explosive has been placed along the track, it may be advisable to push several flat cars ahead of the engine. The commanding officer of the troops may assume control of the train when the military situation demands that he do so, but until the necessity for doing so arices he should leave its operation to its crew.

d. Upon reaching the vicinity of the disturbances, it will be necessary to proceed still more cautiously. It may be advisable to detrain on the outskirts of a city and march the remaining distance. Detrainmeni, however, should be as near the bivouac area as practicable,, to reduce to a minimum the marching distance under possible hostile conditions. Detrain
ing points should be so selected that the troops will be reasonably free from interference while detraining. The point selected should also be such as will least interfere with regu
lar traffic or with troop trains which are to follow.

e. It may be necessary to dispose some of the first troops to arrive to cover detrainment of later arrivals. Upon detrain
ment, troops should take up such formations as will enable them best to protect themselves against attack. Detrainment, however, should be wih a minimum of public notice. If possible, action against the lawless elements should be de ferred until troops have reached and occupied their bivouac areas, from which outposts should be extended far enough to protect the main body from small-arms fire of rioters.

f. The supply situation may make it advisable for detrain
ing troops to carry a 24-hour supply of personal equipment and rations.

## 41. Motor Marches. A. For The Conduct Of Motor Marches, See Fm 25-Io.

b. The security of the motor column during a motor march is the responsibility of the march commander. Such secrecy measures are adopted as the situation requires.

c. The column is preceded by an advance guard consisting of two or more vehicles. Flank and rear guards are dispatched when necessary.

d. One or more advance reconnaissance patrols should operate well ahead of the column. Their principal mission is to gain and maintain contact with the groups creating the disturbance, and provide the troop commander with timely information as to the location, strength, composition, and activities of the lawless element. Light vehicles equipped with two-way radio are suitable for this mission.

e. When the column occupies a march bivouac, such security measures are taken as required by the situatiqn.

f. Bivouac and detrucking areas in the vicinity of the dis
turbance are selected prior to the arrival of the column. It is usually advisable to detruck in an open, sparsely populated area at a distance from the scene of the disturbance, andproceed forward on foot. Guards are posted around the area to keep unauthorized persons at a safe distance. Guards should not be posted singly, but should comprise two or more men.

42. MOVEMENT BY AIR.

a. If the exigencies of the situation require the transportation of troops to the scene of the disturbance by air, then the commanding general of the service command desiring the troops so transported will request authority from The Provost Marshal General, who, after having secured necessary concurrences from interested War Department agencies, will coordinate the issuance of necessary orders and instructions in accordance with then current directives.

b. In the case of movement of troops by air, the main body should be preceded by a party of sufficient strength to secure the landing area and prevent interference with the landing operation.

## Chapter 4 Controlling Domestic Disturbances Section I. Crowd And Mob Tactics

43. CROWD TACTICS.

a. As a rule, weapons fire should be used against a crowd only as a last resort.

b. For psychological effect, it should be evident to the crowd that there is a commander, that he has a plan, that he has the courage to act vigorously, and that he has avail
able, and intends to use, whatever force is necessary. Nor
mally, the first step in dispersing a crowd is the display of military strength. At this time, the military commander or, in his absence, the commanding officer of troops at the scene, will call upon members of the assemblage, in the name of the President of the United States, to disperse and go to their homes immediately. He should use a public address system if available. A proclamation will be issued by the mili
tary commander to advise the people residing within the community of the rules and orders they are to obey, and the reason for such rules. This proclamation by the military com
mander is not to be confused with the Presidential Procla
mation.

The forms set forth in the following subparagraphs for the possible use of the military commander are to be con
sidered as models only. Wherever time permits, the military commander will obtain clearance from higher authority on the exact language of the proclamation to be issued. Where this is not practicable, extreme care must be used that the whereas clauses of the proclamation accurately report prior Presidential action as to the reason for and the purpose of the intervention and the commands which have been issued by the President to all persons involved.

(I) In the case of federal aid to civil authorities, -this proc
lamation may take the following form:
WHEREAS, upon the application of the proper authorities of the State of ........ , the President of the United States has ordered [here state the nature of the order]l and WHEREAS, the President has also, by his Procla
mation to that effect, commanded all persons engaged in unlawful and insurrectionary proceedings to dis
perse and retire peaceably to their respective abodes on or before the hour of ........ , of the ........ day of ........

, 1.q4., and hereafter to abandon said combinations and submit themselves to the laws and constituted authorities of said State; and WHEREAS, I, ........

........
........ , have by due and proper orders, been directed to operate within the County or Counties of
........ , State of ........

, and particularly within an area described as follows, to-wit:
for the purposes aforesaid; now THEREFORE, I do hereby command all persons to obey the orders of the President of the United States contained in his Proclamation aforesaid, and, for the purpose of more effectively and speedily, and with less loss of life and property,, accomplishing the orders of the President to protect said State and the citizens thereof against domestic violence and to enforce the due execution of the laws of said State, I do further proclaim that within the area particularly above de
scribed, the following orders shall be observed and obeyed, to-wit:
(enter here orders forbidding public meetings, assemblages, processions, parades, demonstra
tions; the carrying of arms or weapons; exclu
sion of persons, except residents, from the dis
trict affected; regulating the speed of vehicles;
and other regulations or restrictions which may be necessarily imposed in view of the situation)
I do further proclaim and declare that any person violating the orders of the President aforesaid, or my orders hereinabove appearing, will be arrested and held by the military authorities for proper disposition;
and that acts of force or violence on the part of the civil population will be met with such force necessary to restore order and submission to the constituted authority; and In order that their lives and their persons may not be endangered, I adjure all people to keep away from all scenes of disorder.

In the name of the President of the United States, I command that you disperse and retire peaceably to your homes.

(2) If the President has directed action to enforce Federal laws and to protect Government property, and a request from State authorities is *not* involved, the commander's proclama
tion may take the following form:
WHEREAS, by reason of unlawful obstructions, combinations, and assemblages, it has become imprac
ticable, in the judgment of the President of the United States, to enforce the laws of the United States by the ordinary course of judicial proceedings within ......

........ and particularly within that por
tion of ........ described as follows, to-wit:
and WHEREAS, the President has also admonished all persons who may be or may come within the areas aforesaid, against aiding, countenancing, encouraging, or taking any part in such lawful obstructions, com
binations, and assemblages, and has warned all per
sons engaged in or in any way connected with such unlawful obstructions, combinations, and assemblages to disperse and retire peaceably to their respective abodes on or before the hour of ...... .......

of the
........

of ....

.

........,
94. ., and has further proclaimed that those who disregard his warn ing as aforesaid and persist in taking part with a riotous mob in forcibly resisting and obstructing the execution of the laws of the United States, or inter
fering with the functions of the Government or de
stroying or attempting to destroy the property of the United States or property under its protection, cannot be regarded otherwise than as public enemies; and WHEREAS, I, ........
........

, have by due and proper orders, been
directed to operate within ........
.

........

and particularly within the area hereinbefore described, for the purpose aforesaid, now THEREFORE, I do hereby command all persons to obey the orders of the :President of the United States and, for the purpose of more effectively and speedily, with less loss of lift and property, accomplishing the order of the President to enforce the laws of the United States and to protect Government property, I do further proclaim that within the above prescribed area, the following orders shall be observed and obeyed, to-wit:
(here insert orders and restrictions)
I do further proclaim and declare that any person vriolating the orders of the President aforesaid, or my orders hereinabove appearing, will be arrested and held by the military authorities for proper disposition, and that acts of force or violence on the part of the civil population will be met with such force necessary to restore order, insure the protection of Government property and submission to the constituted authority;
and In order that their lives and their persons may not be endangered, I adjure all people to keep away from all scenes of disorder.

In the name of the President of the United States, I command that you disperse and retire peaceably to your homes.

(3) Subsequent to issuance of the military commander's proclamation, it may be necessary to employ troops in dis
persing crowds. In such cases, prior to use of force, the immediate commander of troops should make the following verbal proclamation:
"In the name of the President of the Tnited States, I
command that you disperse and retire peaceably to your homes."
c. Reasonable time should be allowed for the people to comply with the verbal proclamation before more severe action is taken. Once the crowd is dispersed, it must not be allowed to re-form. Patrols should be detailed to follow and prevent small groups from reassembling. Persons who stand out as leaders of the lawless element or who seem to be trying to excite the crowd to unlawful action should be arrested.

44. MOB TACTICS.

a. Mobs are normally dealt with in the same manner as a crowd, that is, by a display of mili tary strength and issuance of an oral proclamation.

b. The commander should be prepared to enforce his orders for dispersal if the mob does not disperse within a reasonable time. To encourage those who may be, disposed to disperse, but fear detection by the mob leaders, or mob retaliation, the mob may be blanketed in a cloud of chemical
(HC) smoke. Factors to be considered in the use of smoke include the direction and velocity of the wind, and the effect of temporary invisibility which may operate to equal advan
tage to the mob leaders. A mob should not be harangued, bullied, or bluffed, and above all, it should not be threatened or dared.

c. A mob usually is attacked on the flank, opposite the direction in which it is desired to drive it. When it is apparent that those in front cannot retreat because of pressure from the rear, pressure on the front should be eased temporarily while the rest of the mob is attacked with chemical grenades. An effective means of dispersal may be found in the use of fire hose, if sufficient hose and pressure outlets are available, but care must be exercised to protect the hose lines from damage by rioters.

d. When small-arms fire is necessary, troops are instructed to aim low to prevent shots going over the heads of the mob and injuring innocent persons **not** members of the mob. The amount of small-arms fire should be no greater than is abso
lutely necessary. If sniper fire from the rear of the mob is encountered, a. few marksmen should be so placed as to return the fire. A few good marksmen should also be detailed to fire on windows or roofs from which firing comes or from which missiles are thrown. Care must always be exercised to avoid indiscriminate firing into a group of innocent persons from which some rioter has fired.

e. Blank cartridges are not used against mobs, nor are volleys fired over the head of rioters even if there is little danger of injuring persons in the rear. Such firing will be regarded as admissions of weakness, or as attempts to bluff. They do much more harm, than good.

f. Bayonets are effective when used against rioters who are able to retreat, but they should not be used against men who are prevented by those behind from retreating even if they wish to do so.

g. The employment of infantry supporting weapons is nec
essary only when mob action becomes armed conflict that cannot be controlled by normal means. When necessary, machine guns units-are assigned as supporting units. If com
mitted, they are protected by rifle units. Mortar units and
37-mm gun units are held in reserve until need for their use is indicated.

h. A mobile reserve should be provided.

45. INITIAL ACTION.

a. In deciding upon initial ac
tion, the commander of troops will be guided by the conclu
sions reached in his estimate of the situation. (See par. 3X.)
Frequently, it will be necessary for the commander to alter his plans quickly to meet changed or changing conditions.

b. Basic principles of crowd and mob control include:

(r) Rapid dispersion.
(2) Prevention of assemblage.
(3) Arrest of leaders.
c. In dispersing a disorderly crowd, such of the following steps are applied as may be deemed appropriate:

(I) Show of force.
(2) Use of chemical agents.
(3) Use of riot control formations.
(4) Fire by selected marksmen.
(5) Full use of all fire power.
Each situation must be considered individually. A dis
orderly assemblage should be dealt with as a crowd until it actually resists the troops.

46. FORMATION.

a. Certain modification of combat formations have been made for the purpose of providing more accurate control by platoon and squad leaders of troops used for dispersing crowds and unarmed mobs. These modi
fications of combat formations, such as the skirmish line, platoon and squad columns and wedges, are termed riot control formations and are designed or adapted for use in breaking and dispersing crowds, and unarmed mobs. These formations are simple and flexible for modification to meet situations in which their use may be effective. If used, they must be executed smoothly and smartly to gain the greatest possible psychological effect. These formations are generally assumed from the column, but are permissible from any disposition.

b. These formations are designed for use in civil disturb
ances, and are readily adaptable by troops familiar with for
mations prescribed in FM 22-5.

c. Before assuming riot control formations, bayonets will be fixed. The movement will be executed at HIGH PORT
until the command ON GUARD is given. Men not armed with the bayonet should not be placed in the line. (See figs.

i .to 8, incl.)
d. The fundamental formations used in dispersing crowds and unarmed mobs are the wedge, the diagonal (to right or left), and the line. (See fig. **I.)** Other effective formations may be obtained by doubling, extending, or combining the basic formations. The normal interval and distance between men in formation will be one pace (fig. **I),** but may be changed as required by the individual situation.

e. The hand signals as prescribed in chapter **II,** FM 22-5, may be used where applicable.

47. EMPLOYMENT OF FORMATIONS.

These for
mations may be adapted to any sized squad. Normally, the squad leader and men armed with the automatic weapons form in rear of the squad. If, however, the squad is small, such as the cavalry squad, it may be impractical to place more than one man in rear of the squad.

a. **Wedge.** The wedge is the normal offensive formation for breaking up, splitting, or striking into a crowd or mob.

A platoon wedge is suitable for clearing an ordinary city street. The squad wedge may be used for arresting individuals in a crowd. The flanks of the wedge may be strengthened by lateral support.

b. **Diagonal.** The diagonal is suitable for moving a crowd away from the side of a building, wall, or other object. It may also be used to turn the direction of movement of a crowd, forcing it down side streets or into open areas. The diagonal may be used to extend one or both flanks of a wedge.

c. Line. The line may be used as a holding formation to deny an area to a crowd, such as blocking the entrance to a street. It may also be used to drive a crowd from a confined area, such as a courtyard.

48. THE SQUAD.

a. Squad wedge.

(fig. **2).** The command is: i. SQUAD WEDGE, 2. MOVE. At the com
mand or signal MOVE, usually given from squad column, but permissible from any disposition, the sergeant takes one step to the right. No. 2 advances to a spot designated by the squad leader. Odd numbered men align themselves in sequence on the No. 2 man, I pace to the right and i pace to the rear of each preceding man. Even numbered men align themselves in sequence on the No. 2 man, I pace to the left and I pace to the rear of each preceding man. The squad leader and men armed with automatic weapons take positions within the wedge. The squad leader places himself where he can best control the squad.

b. Squad diagonal right (or **left)** (fig. 3). The com
mand is: I. SQUAD DIAGONAL RIGHT (OR LEFT),
2. MOVE. At the command or signal MOVE, usually given from squad column, but permissible from any disposition, the men align themselves in sequence on the No. 2 man, I pace to the right (or left) and i pace to the rear of each preceding man. 'Men armed with automatic weapons take position in rear of the line. The squad leader places himself in rear where he can best control the squad.

c. Squad **line** (fig. 4). The command is: i. AS SKIR
MISHERS (I pace), 2. MOVE. At the command or signal MOVE, No. 2 advances to a spot designated by the squad leader. The odd numbered men align themselves on the No. 2 man, I pace to the left of each preceding man. Even numbered men align themselves in sequence on the No. 2
man, I pace to the right of each preceding man. The squad leader and men armed with automatic weapons form in rear of the squad.

d. To re-form the squad from any formation.

The command is: I. ASSEMBLE, 2. MOVE. The No. 2 man assumes the position of HIGH PORT, facing in the designated direction. The remaining men of the squad, at HIGH
PORT and in DOUBLEI
TIME, form in their respective positions behind No. 2. When the squad is assembled, the squad leader takes his position.

TOON WEDGE WITH SUPPORT SQUAD IN COL
UMN OF TWOS, 2. MOVE. At the command or signal MOVE, the right and left squads marclh forward; the cen ter squad on command of the squad leader execute column of twos to the left. When the right and left squads have cleared the center squad they; execute diagonal right and left, respectively. Squad leaders and men armed with auto
matic weapons in the leading squads, take positions in rear of their respective squads. The platoon leader and platoon sergeant take positions where they can best control the platoon.

b. Platoon diagonal right **(left).** The command is: I.

PLATOON DIAGONAL RIGHT, (LEFT),
2. MOVE.

(See fig. 6.) At the command MOVE, the left (right) squad of the platoon moves forward, the other squads stand fast initially and then successively move straight to the, front.

When all squads have cleared, the leading squad executes squad diagonal right (left). The other squads successively execute squad diagonal right (left) on the right (left) of the leading squad, and in prolongation of the line formed by that squad. Squad leaders and men armed with auto
matic weapons form in rear of their respective squads. The platoon leader and platoon sergeant take positions where they can best control the platoon.

c. Platoon in **line** (fig. 7). The command is: I. AS SKIR
MISHERS (I pace), 2. MOVE. At the command MOVE, the center squad of the platoon, which is the base squad, executes AS SKIRMISHERS. The right and left squads execute AS SKIRMISHERS to the right and left, respec tively. Squad leaders and men armed with automatic weap
ons form in rear of their respective squads. The platoon leader and platoon sergeant take positions where they can best observe and direct.

d. Platoon wedge with one squad **in support** (fig. 8).

The command is: I. PLATOON WEDGE WITH ONE
SQUAD IN SUPPORT. 2. MOVE. At the command of signal MOVE, the right and left squads march forward; the center squad stands fast. When the right and left squads have cleared the center squad they execute diagonal right and left, respectively. Squad leaders and men armed with automatic weapons in the leading squads take positions in rear of their respective squads. The platoon leader and pla
toon sergeant take positions where they can best control the platobn.

e. To re-form platoon from any **formation.** The com
mand is: I. ASSEMBLE, 2. MOVE. The No. 2 man of the base squad halts if moving and assumes the position of HIGH PORT. The remainder of the squad form behind him in their respective places and assume the position of HIGH PORT. The No. :2 men of the exterior squads place themselves abreast of No. 2 of the base squad at normal interval; the remaining men of the exterior squads form in their respective places behind the No. 2 man. When his squad is assembled, the squad leader takes his place in front of his squad. The platoon leader and platoon sergeant place themselves at the head of the platoon. 50. THE COMPANY.

Company formations are combi
nations of the basic formations. Each unit of the company is deployed in the formation which is suitable to its mission.

51. PROTECTION OF TRANSPORTATION AND
UTILITIES SYSTEMS.

a. General.

The commander should give particular attention to insuring the unhampered operation of all transportation and utility systems, including railroads, bus and streetcar lines, subways, airports and their facilities; water, electric power, and gas systems; telephone and telegraph lines. Fire-fighting personnel and equipment may require special protection, and may be augmented by military personnel if there is-a likelihood of arson.

b. Protection of street **railways.** In riots affecting street railways, the commander should station strong forces of troops at points from which they can best reach the most troublesome districts. When additional troops are available, they may be used to patrol as much of the system as it is deemed best to operate, or such portions as are in the most dangerous section of the city. The duty of suppressing minor disorders at isolated points, such as throwing missiles at a car, should usually be left to the civilian police. One or two men should not be placed as guards on a car. Unless they fire, such a small force is ineffective, especially against large crowds. As a result, the guards must either use their firearms frequently or suffer injury. When it becomes necessary to move cars under guard, a strong force should accompany the car in patrol vehicles.

c. Railroad **protection.** The protection of a railroad re
quires large forces and detailed planning. Protection mustbe furnished to the United States mails, persons traveling on trains, and railroad equipment and buildings. The stations, freight depots, roundhouses, car shops, etc., should be pro
tected in the same manner as other buildings. Excess rolling stock should be drawn into buildings as far as their capacity will permit. Freight cars may be collected on parallel tracks and guarded as a building. Open or flat cars should be placed on outer tracks and piled with bales of hay, barrels, or boxes of merchandise to form breastworks. Initially, the necessity for continuing railroad mail service may require that protective detachments be placed on trains. Tracks may be guarded by constantly running a train of several flat cars or steel gondolas, carrying riflemen and machine guns, back and forth between stations. Particular attention should be given to bridges, overpasses and underpasses, viaducts, and tunnels. Searchlights are desirable for night operation. (See TM I97225.)
52. DEFENSE OF LOCALITIES.

a. As a general rule, troops occupy lightly the points to be defended while strong reserves are held mobile within easy supporting dis
tance of the smaller detachments.

Defenses consist of a series of outguards at approaches to the locality, supple
mented at times by an interior guard. Each outguard should consist of at least two men. Barricades are constructed when necessary. If it is probable that the attackers will be well armed, objects which afford cover to the attackers should be removed or destroyed.

b. Bridges, tunnels, powerhouses, dams, and similar criti
cal points must be closely guarded, to prevent destruction or damage by fire, explosives, or other forms of sabotage.- They should be inspected frequently to detect sabotage devices.

For prevention of sabotage see TM 19-225.

53. SPORADIC
AND
SIMULTANEOUS
OUT
BREAKS.

a. If the lawless elements are organized, spo
radic and simultaneous outbreaks may be expected at any time in the troubled area. To cope with such sporadic out
breaks, roving patrols are employed within the area, usually on irregular or frequently changed schedules and routes.

b. When sniping is prevalent, foot troops may be used as roving patrols to seek and eliminate these snipers.

c. Mounted patrols have great psychological value in dis
couraging the formation of crowds.

d. Scout cars and trucks are effective in preventing crowds from forming. If crowds or mobs have formed, the cars are equally effective in dispersing them, and in keeping rioters on the move. The great advantage of scout cars is their ability to transport fire power quickly from one location to another and to protect their crews by armor. Scout cars should be fully manned.

e. One-quarter-ton trucks are used for patroling outlying districts. Canvas tops and windshields are lowered to permit the free use of weapons.

f. Airplanes may be used in continuing reconnaissance and in directing motor patrols by means of radio, or by pre
determined signals.

g. Tanks may be employed, either in conjunction with foot troops or on separate missions, to instill fear in potential rioters or to reduce centers of resistance.

h. All patrols in each district should be under one com
mander. He should have adequate reserves available at all times.

54. COMMUNICATION.

a. Radio is used to the fullest possible extent. Constant communication, by radio or tele
phone, should be maintained between units, and between units and higher headquarters. Arrangements may be made with the civil authorities for the use of police radio and telephone systems to supplement tactical equipment.

b. Information centers are established throughout the occu
pied area. These centers are so located that military personnel and civilians may conveniently report to headquarters. Each center should be furnished messengers to supplement radio and telephone equipment.

c. Under certain conditions it may be necessary to assume control of commercial telephone and telegraph lines or to assume control of branch centrals through which the main military communications pass. It may at times be necessary to lay wire between important points.

## Section Ii. Offensive Action Against A City

55. GENERAL.

a. A city held by any organized rioters will be attacked generally in the same manner as one held by enemy troops. The tactics employed are usually modified to meet the loose organization and lack of discipline usually found among rioters, and the necessity for preserving life and property to the fullest extent possible. For the principles of offensive action against a city, see FM Ioo- 5. Where build
:ngs are largely constructed of wood, care must be exercised to avoid a general conflagration.

b. **Disposition** of troops. The troops will be employed with the mission of
(I) Securing immediate possession of as much of the city as possible.

(2) Driving the mob into and through the districts of the city where looting is least profitable and where the de
struction of property incident to military operations is reduced to a minimum.

(3) Driving the mob to that part of the city where the majority of the people constituting the mob lives.

(4) Securing possession of vital points within the city, such as public utilities, communication and transportation facilities, manufacturing centers, and business areas.

(5) Taking possession of Federal property, Government buildings, banks, and post offices.

56. METHODS OF ATTACK.

a. It may be necessary to attack outlying points which have been prepared for defense. In such cases, the attack will not differ materially from the attack of a similar place in time of war.

b. When it is necessary to attack the city itself, it may be of advantage to have the attacking force enter the city from different directions and converge toward the section from which it is desired to drive the rioters.

c. The point or points from which the attack is to be initiated should be so selected that the rioters will be driven away from critical installations and into the open.

d. It may be possible, in some cases, to surround a city and starve it into submission. This, rather a slow process, gives rise to great destruction of property and brings undue hardship to the innocent. Also, the force required would be large enough to take the city by assault.

e. It may be possible to force the evacuation of a city by shutting off the supply of water and light, but that again involves undue hardship on the innocent and invites destruc
tion of the city by fire.

57. MARCHING THROUGH CITY STREETS.

a.

The marching of troops through main city streets flanked by high buildings, or through streets filled with people should be avoided. If rioting is general, the streets should be cleared in front of the troops. Under no circumstances should a crowd be permitted to stand on the sidewalks while troops march through the street.

b. Columns of troops marching through city streets must be secured by an advance guard. Squads of the advance party march in single file at 2 or 3 paces' distance on sidewalks on opposite sides of the street. (See fig. 13.) The members of these squads covering the windows and roofs of buildings on opposite sides of the street, are designated to fire on rioters attacking the troops. When more than one column is approaching an objective on more than one street the streets being parallel, they will so time their advance that they will remain abreast of each other and will coordinate their movement at intersections where visibility exists.

58. BARRICADES.

a. Barricades, if required, are con
structed of material available, sufficiently strong to withstand the force that may be brought against them. Whenever prac ticable, earth or similar substances are used. Material which is likely to chip or splinter when hit by a bullet should be covered with protective substance. To prevent attackers from gaining good firing positions, the buildings, roofs, etc., cover
ing the barricade must be occupied by troops or made un
tenable. Wire should be used to block streets or deny areas to rioters. Barricades should be secured by automatic weapons or rifles.

b. Barricades erected by rioters are attacked, if possible, from the flank or from above. Chemical agents are employed where practicable. A foothold may often be secured at night, or when a lack of discipline has caused the barricade to be inefficiently guarded. When other means have failed, barri cades may be reduced by tanks, artillery, mortars, or grenades.

59. SNIPING.

In civil disturbances sniping may be ex
pected in localities where individuals are accustomed to firearms. If a lawless element is well organized, sniping with automatic weapons may be expected from within and from behind buildings, and from roofs of tall structures. Selected marksmen should be designated to fire on snipers. Snipers who are apprehended are turned over to.civil authorities for disposition.

60. ATTACKING BUILDINGS.

a. Tactical considera
tions determine whether a building occupied by rioters is to be avoided, isolated, or attacked. It may be avoided if it is occupied as a refuge and if it does not interfere with oper
ations of the troops. If its occupancy constitutes a threat to the success of the operation, it may be reduced immediately, or isolated and dealt with later.

b. Direct attack of a building is avoided where possible.

If the building is separated from others, a smoke screen may permit troops to. approach with a minimum of opposition.

Chemical grenades may be thrown through windows. Fire escapes afford access to the roof, and permit troops to attack from above. When lesser means fail, artillery, mortars, explo
sives, or grenades may be used.

c. If the building is one of a row of houses of about the same height, it may be attacked from the roof of an adjoin
ing house. It is much easier, and usually less dangerous, to neutralize a house from the top down than from the bottom up. Chemical grenades are dropped down openings such as chimneys, doorways, and skylights.

After securing an entrance, troops advance steadily from room to room and from floor to floor until the building is cleared. To minimize resistance, gas grenades are thrown into rooms before enter
ing. In attacking buildings, a sufficient cordon should be placed around the structure to capture emerging rioters, and to prevent their receiving reinforcements during the attack.

61. MOPPING-UP.

a. Upon overcoming armed resist
ance in a community, immediate measures should be taken to eliminate further armed opposition.

b. It may be necessary to make a house-to-house search for arms, or for the purpose of arresting individuals.

c. Mopping-up or searching parties will be sent through the houses on each side of the street. It may be necessary for such parties to enter through openings. made in connecting walls.

d. Where houses are unconnected, searching parties may approach rapidly from different directions at the same time, while fire is being directed at windows.

## Section **Iii.** Restoration Of Order

62. GENERAL.

a. Lxocal :government should be reestab
lished as soon as possible after Federal troops enter an area.

At first it may be necessary for the military commander to assist the local government by providing civil officials the necessary military protection to enable them to carry on their normal functions. Military aid should be withdrawn as soon as practicable.

b. Except in the very rare case of martial rule being in
voked, the military commander does *not* take over the admin
istration of the city government. It may be necessary, how
ever, for him to provide for the immediate repair of the water supply system or other essential public utilities to prevent or relieve suffering.

63. CONDUCT **TOW'ARD** CIVILIANS. Military per
sonnel must be courteous and fair in dealing with civilians. Their rule of conduct will be dignified impartiality. Espe cially must soldiers avoid an overbearing manner or the use of authority to the excess. Private property must be scrupu
60
lously respected. Soldiers must not discuss the military situ
ation with civilians, or accept favors or gifts from them.

64. PRIVATE PROPERTY.

a. Such private property as is needed for troops will be obtained by purchase. Only in the most grave emergencies may supplies needed by troops be taken against the will of the owner. Those so taken will be paid for at a reasonable price, on the spot, or as soon thereafter as practicable, and receipts will be given in all cases.

b. 'As a matter of policy, buildings should not be requi
sitioned for use as quarters or barracks. If such action is absolutely necessary, however, buildings should be selected which are not connected, through ownership or otherwise, with the cause of the disturbance. Troops should be quar
tered in tents and on neutral grounds whenever possible, in order to demonstrate entire freedom from partisanship.

65. EXERCISE OF POLICE FUNCTIONS BY SOL
DIERS.

The mission of troops on riot duty is, in general, the suppression of violent unrest, and the restoration of law and order. In carrying out this mission they are, subject to the commander and higher military authority, authorized to take such measures as are necessary. Routine patroling will usually be left to civilian police. In many cases com
manders will find it necessary, particularly on first entering a disturbed area, to provide guards at bridges, trestles, via
ducts, reservoirs, powerhouses, and strategic points of com
munication, transportation, and utility systems. In these and other control duties, necessary measures may frequently include the detention or arrest of persons. The authority to make such arrests is *not* based on local law governing arrests, but proceeds from the duty and coextensive authority to accomplish the assigned military mission. Troops on duty in Federal aid to civil authorities have no other authority to exercise police functions. Persons arrested may be turned over to civil authorities, or they may be retained by the mili tary as long as the necessities of the situation require. When the exigencies of the situation no longer require their de
tention, they will be released or turned over to the civil authorities.

## Chapter 5 Use Of Chemical Agents Section I. Chemical Agents And Their Characteristics

66. GENERAL PROPERTIES
OF CHEMICAL
AGENTS.

a. The tactical employment of chemical agents is dependent upon their physical and chemical properties.

Gas used for riot control should be effective in law concen
tration, difficult to neutralize or destroy, stable in storage, stable against shocks, sufficiently heavy to remain effective on the ground, compressible into noncorrosive containers for transportation, economical, and readily procurable.

b. Chemical agents used in civil disturbances are (tables I

and  II):
Grenade, hand, smoke, HC, M8
Grenade, hand, tear, CN, M7
Grenade, hand, riot, CN, M25
Grenade, hand, irritant, CN-DM, M6
Candle, irritant, DM, MI
Pot, Smoke, HC
67. ADVANTAGES OF CHEMICAL AGENTS.

a.

Irritant**gases.** Irritant gases are not sufficiently toxic in field concentrations to cause death or seriously endanger health.

The use of chemical agents for riot control is the most effec
tive means of achieving the greatest temporary incapacitation with the least permanent injury, and may, therefore, relieve the commander from the necessity of killing or wounding rioters or bystanders by gunfire. Since gas diffuses in the air, it is effective over a greater area than an explosive or bullet.

Chemical agents, unlike gunfire, spread through the atmos
phere and reach persons behind parapets, barricades, and buildings, in trenches, or wherever else they may be. Of the chemical agents suitable for use in domestic disturbances, the most important are substances selected because of their peculiar nonlethal characteristics from the group of harassing agents. These substances are called irritant agents. They are CN (tear gas), DM (adamsite), and CN-DM (a combina
tion of tear gas and adamsite). (See TM 3-300 and FM 3-5)
b. **Smoke.** From the group of smoke-producing agents one substance, HC, is frequently used. While this substance is of particular value in concealing movements of troops in the open, its physiological effect is negligible. (See TM
3-300.)
c. Casualty gases and **incendiaries.** Casualty gases and incendiaries are not normally used for controlling domestic disturbances.

## Section Ii. Tactical Employment Of Chemical Agents

68. GENERAL. The procedures indicated in this section must not be considered as all-inclusive. Imagination, initiative, and practice are essential to the successful employment of chemicals. Chemical munitions may be used tactically in innumerable ways, depending upon the individual situation.

69. REFERENCES.

a. For a discussion of the effect of weather and terrain upon chemical agents, see chapter I, FM 3-5, and TM 3-240.

b. For a description of chemical cloud travel and general rules for the release of chemical agents, see FM 3-5 and chapter 3, TM 3-215.

c. For defensive measures against chemical agents, see FM 21-40.

70. SELECTION OF PROPER CHEMICAL AGENT.

a. Tear gas.

Tear gas; (CN) is suitable for use against either crowds or mobs. However, since it produces only a temporary effect, CN does not necessarily deter determined mobs from reforming after a short time. The CN powder, because of its greater persistency in comparison with CN vapor, will have a more lasting effect on a mob. The actual bursting of this grenade is instantaneous and the intolerable concentration of gas occupies a much greater area than the visible cloud. *Example:* The visible cloud is about **20o** yards in width while the invisible cloud can double this width accord
ing to distance from burst and wind conditions. This cloud moves and is dissipated more or less rapidly depending on the strength and variations of the wind. The real persistency of this form of chemical is caused by the fact that the indi
vidual who comes in contact with it actually inhales, gets in his eyes, his hair and his clothing, and on his skin, the actual CN powder. That individual will be affected for several hours. If persistency in the air over an area is desired, the discharge of grenades should be continued by the use of additional grenades to maintain the concentration:
b. **Adamsite.** Against a determined mob, adamsite (DM)
or CN-DM will frequently be required. When used, 5 min
utes should be allowed for the agent to produce its maximum effect. The reaction is sufficiently violent and lasting to ncapacitate persons for several hours after exposure, thus permitting the military authorities to gain control over the situation.

c. **Smoke.** Smoke may be used to determine the approxi
mate velocity of the wind (par. 72) and to provide conceal
ment for the movement of troops. Troops moving behind or through a smoke screen can approach a building or barri
cade close enough to throw grenades. Smoke separates mem
bers of a mob from one another, reduces the accuracy of their aimed fire, and causes confusion. However, it is not advisable to attempt to disperse a disorderly assemblage with smoke. Since smoke produces no physiological reaction, it will restrain a mob only momentarily, and may be interpreted as a bluff.

71. GOVERNING TACTICAL FACTORS. Although other physical factors of weather and atmospheric conditions influence the particular situation in varying degrees, the tac
tics and technique of placing gas clouds are governed primarily by wind, area occupied by the mob, and munitions available.

a. Wind. The direction of the wind fixes the general po
sition of the line from which the cloud must be released in order to drift across the occupied area. The velocity of the wind must be considered in determining the distance between the line of release and the mob; strong winds indicate in
creased distance. This distance in turn affects the amount of chemicals which must be released in order to place an effec
tive concentration on the mob.

b. Area. The area occupied by the mob determines the length of the line along which the cloud is released. This line is usually at right angles to the direction of the wind and should be sufficiently long to insure the creation of a cloud which, when it reaches the mob will include consider
ably more than the area actually occupied. The length of the line should be roughly equal to the average width of the target plus one-fifth of the distance from the line to the target. (See FM 3-5.)
c. **Munitions.** Chemical munitions are always used in sufficient quantities to produce an immediate and decisive effect. Sufficient ammunition must be available for (I) prop
erly producing the cloud, and (2) maintaining it until the mob has been dispersed.

72. PRACTICAL APPLICATION. a. **General.** Although the quantity of grenades, candles, or pots needed to cover a given area may be tentatively computed in advance, the man ner of their employment mus;t be determined on the ground. Chemical agents are dependent for their movement on wind currents, which vary greatly.

b. Determining line of release. **(i)** Frequently it is desir
able to set off a pilot smoke grenade to indicate the direction and velocity of the wind and to determine the size and place ment of a cloud appropriate to the situation. Within a few seconds the smoke from this grenade will be sufficient to esti mate the gefneral pattern of a chemical cloud and to determine the line from which it should be released. Particular attention should be given to the pilot smoke in areas occupied by build
ings as peculiar air currents are often experienced in such places.

(2) The line of release should be far enough to windward so that the smoke from grenades, candles, or pots will have joined into one cloud before reaching the mob. The distance must not be so great that the cloud will become unduly diluted before it passes over the mob. Judgment in this respect is best attained by repeated experiments during training under a variety of wind and terrain conditions.

c. Releasing the gas. **(I)** Having decided upon the line of release, grenadiers are placed along the line, facing the mob. Grenades, candles, or pots are then set off simultane ously and the cloud sustained or shifted as necessary until the mob is forced to scatter.

(2) The grenade, hand, riot (CN) M25, to be most effec
tive, should be thrown so the grenade will burst about 6 feet off the ground and about 20 feet up wind of the target.

Satisfactory effects can be obtained from ground bursts. The characteristics of this grenade are such that even if the gre
nade should burst on the ground within the crowd, there is little chance for injuries from the fragmentations;
d. Providing avenues **of retreat.** The rioters must have ample avenues for escape from the advancing cloud. The direction in which the crowd will move must, therefore, be fully considered.

e. Denying areas to **rioters.** The situation may indicate the desirability of preventing rioters from reaching a certain area. In such cases a blanketing cloud thrown about the area will serve to deter approach. The grenade M25 is excep
tionally well suited to this purpose because the gas is rela. tively persistent under normal conditions.

f. Splitting a **mob.** A narrow cloud thrown across the center of a crowd will tend to split it to right and left. This procedure is advisable when there is no path of retreat to the rear, or when chemical ammunition is limited.

g. Attacking a **building.** When rioters are barricaded within a building, the building-itself may be blanketed with a cloud, providing windows have previously been shattered so as to permit gas to enter. Grenades may be thrown directly into the building, or smoke may be use to cover the approach of troops. Care should be taken in using the burning type grenade where combustibles are present, as the intense heat created by the grenade may start a fire.

73. HAND GRENADES.

a. Chemical hand grenades of the combustion type should not be thrown into a mob, for they might be thrown back. This relinquishes a primary tactical advantage afforded by chemicals-that of effective
ness from a distance-and invites the mob to assume the Inltlatlve.

b. The grenade, hand, riot (CN) M25 (bursting type), can be thrown over or in front of the mob. The average dis tance that it may be thrown before fragmentation is from
35 to 50 yards. Although it is not likely that a grenade M25
could be thrown back after it was thrown into a mob, to be most effective the grenade should be thrown so that bursting occurs about 6 feet off the ground and 20 yards upwind from the mob. A single grenade M25 when burst in this manner, using a Io-miles per hour wind, will lacrimate individuals effectively at I50 yards downwind. Obviously, to affect per
sons coming into the area after this gas cloud has passed by will necessitate the use of additional grenades. Although heavy grass and weeds will assist in prolonging the effects of the grenade M25, the real persistency of the CN powder is determined by the amount of the powder absorbed by or on the individual and the length of time necessary to free his body of the effects. (See TB 3-300-3, including C I.)
74. SUMMARY.'
a. Principal factors determining the tac
tics to be employed:

(I) Wind direction and velocity.
(2) Area occupied by, or to be denied, rioters.
(3) Type, kind, and quantity of munitions on hand.
(4) Temper and objective of the rioters.
b. Procedure for using chemicals. **(I)** Determine area
to be covered.
(2) Determine direction of wind.
(3) Determine line of release of the gas.
(4) Use sufficient quantity of chemical munitions.
(5) Provide definite avenues of escape for the mob.
c. General tactical considerations. **(I)** Where force is
necessary, chemical agents will frequently accomplish the mission without permanent physical injury to rioters.
(2) Prompt action is essential.
(3) Troops must be masked before the gas aftack begins.
(4) The grenadiers must be provided with adequate pro
tection.
(5) If CN-DM or DM is used, the presence of the unit gas officer is desirable.

(6) If the supply of chemicals is limited, a heavy concen
tration should be placed on the most threatening point.

(7) When smoke is used, care must be exercised that it does not benefit rioters by screening their movements to points of vantage.