## Military Working Dogs



May 2011
DISTRIBUTION RESTRICTION: Distribution authorized to Department of Defense (DOD) and DOD contractors only to protect technical or operational information from automatic dissemination under the International Exchange Program or by other means. This
determination was made on 8 December 2010. Other requests for this document must be
referred to the Commandant, U.S. Army Military Police School, ATTN: ATZT-CDC, 320 MANSCEN Loop, Suite 270, Fort Leonard Wood, Missouri 65473-8929.
DESTRUCTION NOTICE: Destroy by any method that will prevent disclosure of contents or reconstruction of the document.

## Headquarters, Department Of The Army

         This publication is available at
Army Knowledge Online (www.us.army.mil) and
General Dennis J. Reimer Training and Doctrine
    Digital Library at (www.train.army.mil).

## Military Working Dogs Contents

Page

PREFACE ........ iv

INTRODUCTION ........ vi
Chapter 1
SUPPORT TO FULL SPECTRUM OPERATIONS ........ 1-1
Operational Environment ........ 1-1 Operational Considerations ........ 1-1 Legal Considerations ........ 1-3
Chapter 2
CAPABILITIES ........ 2-1
Compositions of Scent ........ 2-1 Single-Purpose Military Working Dogs ........ 2-3 Dual-Purpose Military Working Dogs ........ 2-11
Chapter 3
EMPLOYMENT CONSIDERATIONS ........ 3-1
Support ........ 3-1 Mission Planning ........ 3-8 Support to Multinational Forces ........ 3-10 Cultural Considerations ........ 3-11
Chapter 4
SUSTAINMENT ........ 4-1
Kennel Requirements ........ 4-1
Kennel Facility and Program Inspections ........ 4-3 Deployment and Travel Requirements ........ 4-4 Health and Nutrition ........ 4-6 Army Veterinary Service Support ........ 4-13
Chapter 5
COMMAND AND STAFF ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIES ........ 5-1
Mission Command ........ 5-1

DISTRIBUTION RESTRICTION: Distribution authorized to Department of Defense (DOD)
and DOD contractors only to protect technical or operational information from automatic dissemination under the International Exchange Program or by other means. This determination was made on 8 December 2010. Other requests for this document must be referred to the Commandant, U.S. Army Military Police School, ATTN: ATZT-CDC, 320 MANSCEN Loop, Suite 270, Fort Leonard Wood, Missouri 65473-8929.

DESTRUCTION NOTICE: Destroy by any method that will prevent disclosure of contents or reconstruction of the document. *This publication supersedes FM 3-19.17, 6 July 2005.

## Preface

Army Tactics, Techniques, and Procedures (ATTP) 3-39.34 serves as the foundation for military working dog
(MWD) operations for the United States (U.S.) Army. It provides critical linkage to established doctrine in Field Manual (FM) 3-0, FM 3-34, FM 3-39, FM 5-19, and other key and emerging doctrine. ATTP 3-39.34
gives commanders, staffs, and MWD handlers an understanding of MWD capabilities and their integration into full spectrum operations. It also provides Army commanders and staffs and other proponents and agencies with a reference document on proven and newly established tactics, techniques, and procedures (TTP) necessary for the employment, sustainment, and integration of MWD in support of full spectrum operations. ATTP 3-39.34 is not a stand-alone reference and is intended for use in conjunction with Army Regulations (ARs), military police 190-series documents, Department of Defense directives (DODDs), and other Department of the Army (DA) MWD-related publications. This publication applies to the Active Army, the Army National Guard (ARNG)/Army National Guard of the United States (ARNGUS), United States Army Reserves (USAR), unless otherwise stated.

As technology and world situations change, the MWD program continuously endeavors to adapt and provide commanders with the full spectrum of capabilities required as combat enablers on the battlefield and as persuasive protection and antiterrorism assets. This manual focuses on establishing the framework for MWD operations, MWD capabilities, and MWD support of Army operations. Specifically, this manual


Demonstrates MWD capabilities to support full spectrum operations.

Identifies operational considerations for MWD use.

Applies lessons learned through the conduct of recent operational experiences.

Validates MWD employment across the spectrum of conflict.

Describes MWD capabilities and characteristics.

Identifies kennel facility requirements.

Identifies Army Veterinary Service support to MWD programs.

Explains individual command and staff duties.

Describes MWD training, validation, and certification requirements.
ATTP 3-39.34 is organized into six chapters and has eight appendices that provide additional details on selected operational topics. The first three chapters discuss employment considerations of MWDs in support of full spectrum operations. The remaining chapters address the sustainment of MWDs, leader responsibilities, and MWD certifications. A brief description of each chapter is provided below:


Chapter 1 defines the objectives and principles of MWD support to full spectrum operations. It also identifies operational and legal considerations for MWD use.

Chapter 2 provides a description of current MWD capabilities and characteristics.

Chapter 3 provides a description of MWD support of operations across the spectrum of conflict. It explains the significant importance of MWDs to tactical, operational, and law and order operations. Additionally, it discusses the importance of current TTP.

Chapter 4 discusses facility infrastructure considerations at all levels. Successful operations include the effective incorporation of sustainment support. This chapter describes the integrated sustainment effort required to support MWD operations.

Chapter 5 discusses command and staff roles and their respective responsibilities in resourcing and synchronizing the efforts of multidiscipline functions and personnel. Clear command and control is essential for seamless operations to ensure that MWD operation principles are realized.

Chapter 6 describes training, validation, and certification requirements. It also describes how
training records and folders should be maintained and describes the requirements for MWD training aids.

Appendix A provides samples and details of how to properly use MWD training records.

Appendix B describes requirements and activities associated with contractor employment during the support of MWD operations.

Appendix C provides a sample MWD handler's brief to unit commanders on MWD team capabilities.

Appendix D provides a general guide to aid leaders in the planning process prior to MWD deployments. Required and authorized equipment is determined by tables of organization and
equipment (TO&Es), modified tables of organization and equipment (MTOEs), and tables of distribution and allowances (TDAs).

Appendix E provides a sample mission closure report.

Appendix F provides a starting point in the kennel design process and identifies requirements
and spaces.

Appendix G provides a sample inspection memorandum for a technical assistance visit or provost marshal (PM) inspection.

Appendix H provides details on how to use the Working Dog Management System (WDMS), which was developed to capture reporting requirements for the Army MWD Program.
Terms that have joint or Army definitions are identified in both the glossary and the text. Glossary references:
The glossary lists most terms used in this publication that have joint or Army definitions. Terms for which this ATTP is the proponent ATTP (the authority) are indicated with an asterisk in the glossary. Text references: Definitions for which this ATTP is the proponent ATTP are printed in boldface in the text. These terms and their definitions will be incorporated into the next revision of FM 1-02. For other definitions in the text, the term is italicized, and the number of the proponent ATTP follows the definition. The proponent for this publication is the United States Army Training and Doctrine Command (TRADOC).

Send comments and recommendations on DA Form 2028 (Recommended Changes to Publications and Blank Forms) directly to Commandant, U.S. Army Military Police School, ATTN: ATZT-CDC, 320 MANSCEN Loop, Suite 270, Fort Leonard Wood, Missouri 65473-8929. Submit an electronic DA Form 2028 or comments and recommendations in the DA Form 2028 format by e-mail to <leon.cdidcodddmpdoc@conus.army.mil>.

A listing of preferred metric units for general use is contained in Federal Standard 376B
<http://www.usaid.gov/policy/ads/300/fstd376b.pdf>. Unless this publication states otherwise, masculine nouns and pronouns do not refer exclusively to men.

## Introduction

The U.S. Army has maintained MWD capability for many years. The MWD is primarily used as a tool to enhance ongoing security, law and order, and force protection missions. The MWD program developed as a military police function from the end of the Vietnam era to the present. Overseas contingency operations during the 1990s in the Balkans, such as Operation Joint Endeavor, saw the widespread use of MWDs to support civil security and civil control. Although some experimentation was conducted on the use of MWD for mine detection during that period, these techniques were not fully examined due to the competition for resources as the Army was investing heavily in other mine detection technologies.

The attack on the United States by terrorist extremists in 2001 and the subsequent worldwide overseas contingency operations that followed have demonstrated the utility of MWDs in complex environments characterized by the close proximity of civilians, the frequent use of high explosives by enemy forces, and the requirement for responsive search and detect capabilities. As commanders continually expressed the operational need for these capabilities through 2002, the Engineer Regiment documented and deployed mine detection dogs within their formations to augment an already heavily committed military police MWD effort. In 2004, the U.S. Army Engineer and Military Police Schools began collaboration on the development and documentation of several additional MWD capabilities to include nonaggressive, specialized search dogs and mine detection dogs. Today, the U.S. Army remains committed to defeating terrorism at home and wherever we have a military interest worldwide. In this environment, the MWDs will continue to provide U.S. Army organizations with a responsive capability to search, detect, track threats, and identify hazards in a way that protects Soldiers, thereby enhancing the freedom of action. Well-trained MWD teams are versatile, are deployable worldwide, and provide tactical utility as an operation transitions along the spectrum of conflict, from stable peace to major combat operations. The current surge in MWD capabilities across the U.S. Army reflects a pattern that has been repeated many times in the last six decades. The reduction and elimination of MWD capabilities in the U.S. Army inventory upon the cessation of operations or redeployment of forces is also a part of the military historical record, which should be examined and considered as force-sizing initiatives are developed and implemented in the near term.

## Chapter 1 Support To Full Spectrum Operations

MWDs support operations within a framework of environmental and operational factors that shape actions, influence outcomes, and protect the force. This requires a broad understanding of the operational variables and their relationship to actions at the tactical level. Commanders in this environment can draw on a wide range of MWD capabilities to enhance the freedom of action, control populations, and protect formations in ways that were not possible in the past. This chapter discusses operational environments as the basis for understanding the role and contributions that MWD capabilities provide ground force commanders in full spectrum operations.

## Operational Environment

1-1. Operational environments are a composite of the conditions, circumstances, and influences that affect the employment of capabilities and bear on the decisions of the commander. While these influences include enemy, adversarial, friendly, and neutral systems across the spectrum of conflict, they also include an understanding of the physical environment; the state of governance, technology, local resources; and the culture of the local population. MWD support operations exist in an era of complex local, regional, and global change that can manifest in trends that drive instability and a continuing state of persistent conflict. Some important trends that affect ground force operation include


Globalization.

Technology.

Demographic changes.

Urbanization.

Resource demand.

Climate change and natural disasters.

Proliferation of weapons of mass destruction and effects.

Failed or failing states.
1-2. These trends have contributed to an uncertain operational environment where Soldiers are exposed to asymmetric threats and hazards that may be dynamic or dormant in nature and difficult to predict or template. MWDs provide capabilities that are flexible enough to support a wide range of operations in this environment to enhance mobility or protect military assets. MWD capabilities can be quickly inserted into an area of operation and applied broadly to detect explosive obstacles, or they can be focused specifically on location to find contraband, missing or hidden personnel, and munitions. MWD presence in urban areas may deter or limit civil disorder and reduce criminal activity.

## Operational Considerations

1-3. Operational considerations for an MWD team are a composite of the conditions, circumstances, and influences that affect the employment of the teams. Hazardous conditions with the potential to cause injury, illness, or death to an MWD must be identified and mitigated before the deployment of MWD teams.

1-4. Commanders base decisions to employ MWDs on the operational environment, potential hazards, and threats. There are a variety of MWDs in the U.S. Army inventory. These MWDs possess specific capabilities and limitations that should be considered by a commander before MWD teams are deployed.

The types of missions that an MWD team can support are limited by the type of training and certification that the MWD has received. MWD teams support full spectrum operations as described in FM 3-0, including


Offensive operations.

Defensive operations.

Stability operations.

Civil support operations.

## Offensive Operations

1-5. Seizing, retaining, and exploiting the initiative is the essence of the offense. Offensive operations seek to throw enemy forces off balance, overwhelm their capabilities, disrupt their defenses, and ensure their defeat or destruction. Commanders can incorporate the use of MWD teams to assist in identifying residual hazards to friendly forces. MWD teams may be employed to search and secure seized or captured enemy resources and equipment to preclude their use or benefit by irregular or criminal elements.

## Defensive Operations

1-6. Defenders engage enemy forces with fires, spoiling attacks, and security operations to weaken them before they reach the main battle area. Commanders use combined arms joint capabilities to attack enemy vulnerabilities and seize the initiative. Commanders can integrate MWD teams to clear routes and roadways of hazards during mobile defense operations. MWD teams are employed with security forces and integrated and layered with other sensors to identify threats, provide early warning, and cover gaps in defensive cover or among defensive positions.

## Stability Operations

1-7. Stability operations focus on creating conditions as Army forces begin the process of separating the enemy from the local population. Commanders may integrate MWD teams to control the freedom of movement in an area of operation at checkpoints and for traffic or access control points to detect, deter, and prevent the illicit movement of people or materials. MWD teams can assist host nation (HN) security forces who are conducting civil control missions or supporting governance and the election process. MWD teams may also assist at border control points to detect contraband (such as unlawful human traffic, narcotics, or explosives) and protect HN economic systems.

## Civil Support Operations

1-8. Civil support is the DOD support to U.S. civil authorities for domestic emergencies, designated law enforcement, and other activities. Civil support includes operations that address the consequences of natural or man-made disasters, accidents, terrorist attacks, and incidents in the United States and its territories. Army forces conduct civil support operations when the size and scope of the events exceed the capabilities or capacities of domestic civilian agencies. When authorized and directed, U.S. Army MWD teams provide support to local, state, and federal law enforcement agencies; the Department of State (DOS), and the U.S. Secret Service (USSS). The U.S. Army MWD program may also provide MWD teams to support ongoing law enforcement activities, such as the control of U.S. borders during counterdrug operations and in authorized law enforcement counterdrug operations as defined in Department of Defense instruction (DODI) 5525.10.

1-9. The use of DOD assets to enforce civilian law (federal and state)except in cases and under circumstances expressly authorized by the Constitution or by the act of Congressare prohibited under Section 1385, Title 18, United States Code (18 USC 1835). Installation commanders are authorized under DODD 3025.12 to provide explosive ordnance disposal (EOD) service in support of civil authorities. The explosive detection capability provided by trained patrol explosive detection dogs (PEDDs) and specialized search dogs (SSDs) is considered to be an aspect of EOD support.

## Military Working Dog Limitations

1-10. MWDs are typically trained to respond to the specific commands of a designated handler. An MWD
cannot be quickly or easily transferred to another handler without significant degradation of technical performance if the designated handler is seriously injured or killed. An MWD handler must maintain appropriate proximity to ensure control of an MWD and to exercise control through hand signals, voice commands, and physical restraint.

1-11. MWD teams are not often a stand-alone system for conducting search operations; therefore, they should be used in conjunction with other equipment and methods. MWDs may accidently activate an enemy booby trap or explosive device while conducting a search and may be reluctant to negotiate terrain or areas that appear physically harmful or unstable, such as rubble or broken glass.

1-12. MWDs may become distracted by items within the search area, such as trash, excrement, or stray or feral animals. Further, they can become injured if they engage in fighting with feral animals and can be endangered by high-speed vehicle traffic. Handlers should use their best judgment to overcome obstacles and consider the welfare of MWDs in the process.

1-13. There are environmental situations that can severely affect or restrict the use of MWDs. The employment of MWDs in an area near petroleum, oil, or lubricants must be limited and brief. Petroleum, oil, and lubricant residue can damage an MWD's pads and affect their sense of smell. A detector MWD cannot be expected to detect an odor unless it has been trained on that particular odor.

1-14. The use of MWDs in areas that have been contaminated with chemical, biological, radiological, or nuclear material is restricted due to the lack of protective devices or protective wear available for MWDs. MWDs can perform open-area missions where riot control agents have been dispersed, a riot control agent is dispersing, and the wind velocity is at normal conditions. MWDs must be closely monitored for any signs of distress that would require immediate veterinary care. See FM 4-02.7 for information on handling MWDs in a chemical, biological, radiological, or nuclear environment.

1-15. Attitudes and cultural differences regarding the acceptance and employment of dogs vary throughout the world. Western cultures generally accept dogs as pets and in some security roles, but many Asian and Middle Eastern cultures fear dogs and have an aversion to using dogs as tools.

1-16. The following are additional factors that may affect the performance of MWDs:


Environment. Extreme weather conditions may reduce MWD performance.

Training. MWDs are trained to identify specific types and quantities of odor and require continuous training to maintain proficiency and reliability.

Isolation. MWDs that are not properly socialized may bite when placed in close proximity to people other than their handlers.

Use. MWDs are not typically trained to search people.

Transferability. MWDs do not perform cover and concealment well with people other than their handlers.

Noise discipline. MWDs may bark at inconvenient times.

Reactive. MWDs may become protective if handlers are seriously wounded or killed.

Aggression control. Although some MWDs are not trained to bite and hold, they still have an
inherent nature to bite.

## Legal Considerations

1-17. Military commanders are responsible for the prudent and responsible application of military forces during the conduct of operations. They are also responsible for the safeguard and control of all inherently dangerous weapons and weapons systems under their charge. MWDs are conditioned animals, but they have individual will and innate animal instincts that may possibly transcend conditioned response or defy control. In some circumstances, MWDs could represent an offensive capability if they are deliberately used to injure or kill personnel or if they are not properly controlled. For this reason, commanders must consider the legal and ethical ramifications of integrating MWDs into operations and issue guidance for their use accordingly. For example, MWDs cannot be used to intimidate prisoners or to set the conditions for interrogations.

1-18. The most important law-of-war principle for consideration prohibits the employment of weapons that are calculated to cause unnecessary suffering. This prohibition is recognized as a reflection of customary international law; however, there is no universally agreed-upon test for determining whether a particular weapon causes unnecessary suffering. The law- of-war principle acknowledges that some amount of suffering is an acceptable consequence that results from lawful combatants engaging in legitimate forms of warfare. The decision to employ a weapon should consider its characteristics and its ability to inflict injury in excess of the military advantage expected to be gained from the use of the weapon.

## Use Of Force

1-19. Procedures for the use of force are found in the standard rule-of-engagement or escalation-of-force procedures associated with a particular operation or mission. Personnel engaged in security, law enforcement, or policing duties typically follow the criteria for the use of deadly force found in AR 190-14. These missions require that military personnel demonstrate a measured force response prior to using deadly force and that they use only the minimum amount of force necessary to control a given situation. MWDs represent an increased level of force response along the force continuum, but are a nonlethal option to be considered before deadly force is used. MWD handlers typically go from verbal persuasion to the use of MWDs. The use of other levels in the force continuum may prevent handlers from having full control over MWDs.

1-20. Weapons that are explicitly designed and primarily employed to incapacitate personnel or materiel
(while minimizing fatalities, permanent injury to personnel, and undesired damage to property and the environment) are defined as nonlethal weapons in DODD 3000.3. Unlike conventional lethal weapons that destroy targets principally through blast, penetration, and fragmentation, nonlethal weapons employ means other than gross physical destruction to prevent the target from functioning. For this reason, MWDs typically represent a nonlethal response when used as an application of force.

1-21. An MWD can perform an apprehension by the less forceful method of finding an individual's location or by locating, biting, and holding an individual until the MWD handler commands the MWD to release the individual. When an MWD is employed using the "bite and hold" method of apprehension and the threat individual attempts to break the MWD's bite grip, MWDs are typically trained to reestablish their hold by biting the subject again. For this reason, an MWD might inflict multiple bite wounds on the same threat individual until the individual surrenders or is no longer a threat.

1-22. When required to demonstrate a measured response to the application of force, Soldiers performing specific security, law enforcement, or policing duties typically use the following force options along a scalable continuum of available force:


Verbal persuasion methods.

Unarmed defense techniques.

Chemical aerosol irritant projectors (subject to HN or local restrictions).

TASERs.

Military police batons.

MWDs.

Display of deadly force capabilities.

Deadly force techniques.
1-23. Commanders and their supporting PM must work together to establish clear policies for the release of MWDs as a deliberate application of force (see AR 190-12). If a situation requires the handler to release the MWD as an incremental force option, the following general guidance is typically observed:


The handler should identify the target before releasing the MWD to bite.

The handler should attempt to warn the fleeing individual to stop (in the primary language spoken) before releasing the MWD. This is simply not possible at times, but should be attempted when possible.

Bystanders should be warned to cease all movement (the use of acoustic devices is
recommended).

The MWD should be called off the pursuit and the handler should regain control of the MWD if
the suspect indicates surrender or stops movement or if the handler loses sight of the MWD.
1-24. The use of MWD teams for crowd control or direct confrontation with demonstrators is not recommended unless the responsible commander determines that the level of force is a necessity. In most circumstances, MWDs are kept on a short leash to minimize the danger to innocent persons. MWDs are not released into crowds. Civil disturbance contingency plans include specific criteria for the use of MWD
teams that are consistent with applicable doctrine and regulations (see AR 190-12, AR 190-14, and FM 3- 19.15). MWDs are not typically released as a force option if the threat individual is out of sight or acting in an area where children are present.

## Searches

1-25. Rules 311 and 313316, Manual for Courts-Martial (MCM), prescribe Headquarters, DA, policies concerning the conduct of searches and inspections and the disposition of property seized in conjunction with those activities. Property is defined as property of the United States or of nonappropriated fund activities of an Armed Force of the United States wherever it is located.

1-26. The knowledge of distinction between searches, seizures, inspections, and inventories and the provisions for the execution of these actions as outlined in the MCM must be fully understood by commanders and law enforcement personnel. The knowledge of this information is necessary to ensure the legal use of a patrol narcotic detection dog (PNDD), PEDD, or SSD.

1-27. According to Rule 315f(2), MCM, the detector MWD team is considered a "reliable informant." The reliability of the team is established through the initial and annual certifications of the detector MWD team by a certification authority and through the proper documentation of the MWD's training records. (See Appendix A.)
1-28. Probable cause is typically established prior to searching any property or residence. Probable cause is a reasonable belief that a crime has been committed and that the person, property, or evidence sought in connection with the crime is located in the place or on the person to be searched. Probable cause can be established in the following ways:


Personal observation.

Information obtained from a reliable informant or from a witness who observed the crime.

A positive response by a certified MWD with detection capabilities.

Any combination of the above.
1-29. MWD team certification establishes the foundation for a commander to grant search authorization.

Detector MWDs are certified after finishing their initial training, which meets the legal requirements that allow the use of MWD teams to conduct a search. All MWD teams undergo quarterly validations and annual certifications in order to perform these missions (see AR 190-12).

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## Chapter 2 Capabilities

This chapter describes the types and capabilities of MWDs currently available in the Army MWD program and identifies the standards and limitations that support military operations. It also describes the planning factors that are integrated and considered during the planning process of composite risk management (CRM) and highlights MWD capabilities, limitations, and standards of effectiveness for commanders. MWDs range from single-purpose canines that are trained on one specialized task to dual-purpose canines that are capable of performing several complex tasks (scouting, patrolling, detecting explosive/narcotic scents). MWD
teams consist of one MWD and one handler who are trained and certified as an entity.

A U.S. Army MWD handler is typically a military police, combat engineer, or special operations Soldier who is qualified in a primary military occupational specialty (MOS). The supported tactical commander, through consultation with the kennel master, should select the single- or dual-purpose canine that best supports the mission.

## Compositions Of Scent

2-1. Target scent is the explosive or narcotic that MWDs are trained to detect. Accompanying scents are associated with wrappers or containers used to transport and hide explosives. Residual scent refers to the particles that remain on an item after it has made contact with an explosive or narcotic substance. Residual scent can remain in an area for an extended period of time. MWDs respond to residual scent and are capable of detecting trace amounts of odors from places where hands have been placed (clothing, seat covers, furniture). Handlers are trained to recognize a change of behavior in MWDs and notify search team members when MWDs experience this change. Because MWDs have the ability to recognize and respond to residual odor, a physical search may result in no evidence being found. In these situations, the response does not qualify as a false response.

2-2. MWDs are trained to detect small quantities of explosive and narcotic odor in the Continental United States (CONUS). Deployed MWDs should be trained on, and exposed to, larger amounts and mass quantities that they may encounter in operations. The larger the surface of the target odor, the greater the circumference of the scent that is emitted. The following factors should also be considered:


Type. Each hidden item has its own scent cone, which can vary from very small to very large.

Time. The longer an item is left in place, the more surrounding areas absorb odor.

Location. The place of concealment (underground, in a drawer, underwater, in a plastic bag)
affects the amount of scent exuded.

Covering scents. Covering scents can reduce MWD effectiveness unless the MWD is trained to
discriminate the target odor from other strong odors.

Temperature. Scent molecules are heavier than air. Heat causes scent to increase and expand over a larger area, while cold minimizes scent availability.

## Weather Conditions

2-3. Weather comprises the various phenomena that occur in the atmosphere. Regular events include wind, rain, sleet, hail, snow, and storms that occur in the troposphere (lowest part of the atmosphere). Weather is driven by differences in energy from the sun. Various parts of the earth are heated to different extents because of the numerous angles at which the sunlight intersects the earth. This creates temperature differences that affect global wind and other weather phenomena. Direct causes of weather include temperature, humidity, atmospheric pressure, cloud cover, wind speed, and elevation.

2-4. During inclement weather, the ability of MWDs to detect intrusions exceeds the detection ability of their handlers and of other physical, mechanical, and electrical intrusion detection systems. The following military aspects of weather should be considered:


Wind. MWDs work best when they are positioned to take advantage of odors carried on the wind. During light to moderate wind conditions, MWDs have the ability to detect odors. MWDs typically need to be closer to the scent source to locate it. As wind velocity increases, the scent
cone is widened, and MWDs must be nearer to the target to detect the scent. During unfavorable wind conditions, MWDs can still detect personnel by sight and sound. (See Figure 2-1.)

Visibility. Visibility can be reduced by movements, smoke, sandstorms, dense undergrowth, heavily wooded areas, jungle growth, fog, rain, and snow.

Precipitation. Rain can reduce the ability of MWDs to use their senses.

Temperature and humidity. Low humidity quickly disperses scent patterns. Elevated
temperatures and high humidity cause fatigue in MWDs. In hot, humid weather, MWDs work at maximum efficiency for short periods at a time. Full acclimatization can take approximately 60 days; but with ample rest periods, MWDs can work within two weeks. Hot surfaces can also reduce the ability of MWDs to use their senses. MWDs are sensitive to working on hot surfaces, but this may be mitigated by the use of dog booties during operations. Depending on the conditions, MWDs may require additional cool down breaks.

Cloud coverage. Cloudy skies cause some of the sun's rays to be reflected off the cloud droplets back into space. Therefore, less of the sun's energy is able to reach the earth's surface,
which causes the earth to heat up more slowly. This leads to cooler temperatures.

## Heat Risk Factors

2-5. MWDs require time to acclimate to the theater of operations. During this time, MWDs become accustomed to the local environment. MWDs that travel in air-conditioned vehicles and kennels may require additional time to adjust to extremely hot working environments. Air-conditioned areas and vehicles should be kept to a minimum and used only as a last resort.

2-6. Commanders and kennel masters (KMs) should ensure that exposure to air-conditioned vehicles is limited. Before employment, MWD teams undergo a validation process in theater. MWDs with explosive detection capabilities train by using locally found explosives and theater-specific odors. It is during this assessment phase that the MWD fitness level is observed and training-related issues are assessed and mitigated.

2-7. Table 2-1 lists factors that determine heat injury risk to MWDs.

| MWD Physical Factors            | Environmental Factors    |
|---------------------------------|--------------------------|
| Acclimation to heat             |                          |
| Decreased ventilation or air    |                          |
| circulation                     |                          |
| Activity level                  |                          |
| Age                             |                          |
| Temperatures above 90F,        |                          |
| relative humidity               |                          |
| Duration of search and work-to- |                          |
| rest ratios                     |                          |
| Obesity                         |                          |
| Direct sunlight                 |                          |
| Prior heat injury               |                          |
| Search areas (open, structure,  |                          |
| swamp, forest (Off-leash/free   |                          |
| searches are more physically    |                          |
| challenging than an on-leash    |                          |
| methodical search.)             |                          |
| Coat length and thickness       |                          |
| Road surface of the mission     |                          |
| location, aggregate roadways    |                          |
| (gravel, sand, or dirt)         |                          |
| Legend:                         |                          |
| MWD                             |                          |
|                                 |                          |
| military working dog            |                          |

## Single-Purpose Military Working Dogs

2-8. The primary advantage of the single-purpose (human remains dog [HRD], combat tracker dog
[CTD], mine detection dog [MDD], patrol dog [PD], specialized search dog [SSD]) MWD team is that the team generally has one specific task to perform and excels at that task when properly selected and trained.

2-9. Single-purpose MWD handlers concentrate on one particular training discipline. Because these handlers do not have multiple training disciplines to maintain, they can refine team skill sets and perfect training techniques, thereby enhancing team strengths. Table 2-2, page 2-4, provides a snapshot of the descriptions outlined below.

## Human Remains Dog

2-10. HRDs are currently provided to Army formations through the contracted services of commercial vendors. HRD resources are usually limited and are typically centralized to increase operational responsiveness. (See Appendix B.)
2-11. HRDs are trained to locate the scent of human decomposition and to alert handlers to these locations.

HRDs can detect human decomposition on land, underwater, underground, or under rubble.

Planning Factors
HRDs require logistic and
operational support.
HRDs require veterinary
support throughout
deployment.
HRDs require dismounted
patrols to act as a security
element during tracking.
Handlers must be familiar
with crime scene protocols,
evidentiary procedures,
and court testimonies.
Search Areas
Wilderness
areas, buildings,
vehicles, ponds,
rivers, and lakes.
Limitations
Tracking abilities are affected by the
weather and the age of a scent.
HRDs may accidently set off booby
traps.
Extreme weather conditions may
lower performance.
HRD performance may decrease if
excessive distracting elements are
within or close to the search area.
HRDs may be reluctant to negotiate
potentially physically harmful areas.
Teams cannot locate explosives or
narcotics.
HRDs must remain within range or
cover of electronic control measures
while working.
Detection
Detects the scent of
decomposed human
tissue, trace
evidence, blood
splatter, and residual
scent.
Capabilities
Locates human remains that range in
age from recently deceased through
all stages of decomposition, including
disarticulated and skeletal remains.
Is typically employed at crime
scenes.
Is capable of locating trace evidence,
blood splatter, and residual scent.
Searches can be initiated based on
information gathered during an
investigation of a crime or passed on
by informants.
Is trained to preserve evidence.
Teams can be used to link an object
to a person.
CTDs require logistic and
operational support.
CTDs require veterinary
support throughout
deployment.
CTDs require training
areas large enough to train
the team for the
environment and
conditions encountered
during tracking.
CTDs require dismounted
patrols to act as a security
element during tracking.


All
environments.
Tracking abilities are affected by the
weather and the age of a scent.
CRDs may accidently set off booby
traps.
Extreme weather conditions may
lower performance.
CTD performance may decrease if
excessive distracting elements are
within or close to the search area.
CTDs may be reluctant to negotiate
potentially physically harmful areas.
Teams cannot locate explosives or
narcotics.
CTDs must remain within range or
cover of electronic control measures
while working.
Locates enemy
personnel from
known locations
(improvised explosive
device trigger points,
sniper sites, ambush
sites, observation
posts).
Locates missing, lost,
and captured friendly
personnel.
Expedites
commander's efforts
in tracking enemies.
Can work 7 days a week, with a
minimum of 6 hours of undisturbed
rest in every 24-hour period.
Can be easily transported to and
from missions.
Can work day or night. (A sufficient
form of artificial lighting must be
provided if used during hours of
darkness.)
Is bold, but not aggressive.
Is steady under gunfire.
Is agile and can negotiate
reasonable obstacles.
Can track over most surfaces,
depending on the weather and the
age of the tracks.
Can be used to link an object to a
person.
Planning Factors
MDDs work within
appropriate security and
transport control protocols.
Supporting units supply
logistic, administrative, and
operational support.
MDDs require large,
secure training areas with
theater-specific explosive
threat landmines for daily
testing and quarterly
validations, sustainment
training, and problem
solving.
MDDs require
transportation and
veterinary support
throughout deployment.
Search Areas
Area
clearances,
route
clearances,
minefield
clearances,
minefield
extractions,
and
casualty
rescues.
Limitations
MDDs have limited abilities to detect
odors at depths not encountered in
training.
Extreme weather conditions may
lower performance.
MDD performance may decrease if
excessive distracting elements are
within or close to the search area.
MDDs may be reluctant to negotiate
potentially physically harmful areas.

Detection
Searches for rapid
casualty extractions.
Searches for theaterand domestic-specific
land mines and
explosive substances.
Searches to reduce
areas that need to be
manually cleared of
land mines.
Locates buried
explosives up to the
depths at which they
have been trained.
Capabilities
Works 7 days a week, with a
minimum of 6 hours of undisturbed
rest in every 24-hour period.
Can be easily transported to and
from missions.
Is bold, but not aggressive.
Is steady under gunfire.
Is agile and can negotiate
reasonable obstacles.
Designated elements must
search for obvious
improvised explosive
devices before the team
conducts a search in a
vacant or derelict building.
Supporting units must
supply administrative,
logistic, and operational
support.
SSDs require access to
theater-specific firearms,
ammunition, and
explosives.
SSDs require two seats for
transportation in a climatecontrolled vehicle.
SSDs require veterinary
support throughout
deployment.
Buildings;
vacant,
occupied, and
derelict vehicles;
open areas; rural
and urban
routes; and
personal and
household
possessions.
SSDs can be handled by only one
person.
SSDs must be trained to find
explosives that they may encounter.
SSDs may accidently set off booby
traps.
Extreme weather conditions may
lower performance.
SSD performance may decrease if
excessive distracting elements are
within or close to the search area.
SSDs may be reluctant to negotiate
potentially physically harmful areas.
Suspected devices or items are not
checked.

Detects domestic and
foreign firearms,
ammunition,
explosives, and
explosive materials.
Locates buried
explosives up to the
depths at which they
have been trained.
Can work 7 days a week, with a
minimum of 6 hours of undisturbed
rest in every 24-hour period.
Can be easily transported to and
from missions.
Can work day or night. (A sufficient
form of artificial lighting must be
provided if used during hours of
darkness.)
Can conduct venue searches before
the arrival of VIPs.
Is bold, but not aggressive.
Is steady under gunfire.
Is agile and can negotiate
reasonable obstacles.
Can conduct searches at safe
distances up to and around devices
and items.
Can work within range of electronic
countermeasures.
Planning Factors
Designated elements must
search for obvious
improvised explosive
devices before the team
conducts a search in a
vacant or derelict building.
PDs require two seats for
transportation in a climatecontrolled vehicle.
PDs require veterinary
support throughout
deployment.
Search Areas
Buildings,
vehicles, open
areas, rural and
urban routes,
parking lots,
security escorts,
and walking
patrols.
Limitations
PDs can be handled by only one
person.
PDs may accidently set off booby
traps.
Extreme weather conditions may
lower performance.
PD performance may decrease if
excessive distracting elements are
within or close to the search area.
PDs may be reluctant to negotiate
potentially harmful areas.
PDs must remain within range or
cover of electronic control measures
while working.
Detection
Provides perimeter
security, intrusion
detection system
augmentation, quickresponse forces,
listening post, combat
patrols, tactical
patrols, internment
and resettlement
operations, crowd
control, access
control points,
building and area
searches,
apprehension of
subjects, walking
patrols, alarm
responses, and
parking lots.
Capabilities
Can work 7 days a week, with a
minimum of 6 hours of undisturbed
rest in every 24-hour period.
Can be easily transported to and
from missions.
Can work day or night. (A sufficient
form of artificial lighting must be
provided if used during the hours of
darkness.)
Is aggressive, but controlled by a
handler.
Is steady under gunfire.
Is agile and can negotiate
reasonable obstacles.
Types
PD
Legend:
CTD          combat tracker dog
HRD          human remains dog
MDD         mine detection dog
PD           patrol dog
SSD        specialized search dog
VIP         very important person

2-12. MWDs trained to locate human remains can be subdivided into three disciplines: cadaver dogs, HRDs, and historical HRDs. Although there are significant overlaps in the skills necessary for certification in these three disciplines, there are also distinct differences. HRDs are more likely to be employed to locate human remains related to evidence at crime scenes and suspected mass grave sites. Before searching suspected mass grave sites, the area must be rendered clear by MWD teams that have the ability to detect explosives. HRD team capabilities include


Locating human remains that range in age from recently deceased through all stages of
decomposition, including disarticulated and skeletal remains.

Locating trace evidence, blood splatters, and residual scents. Intratheater training aids are
coordinated and obtained as defined by the contract and statement of work (SOW).

Conducting searches in wilderness regions, buildings, derelict structures, rubble areas, vehicles, ponds, and lakes.
2-13. HRDs search for victims who have died due to natural or man-made disasters, drowning incidents, suicides, or other means. There are forensic HRDs that specialize in locating trace evidence and residual scent. They have been trained to search homes, vehicles, and properties without causing damage or disturbing crime scene integrity.

2-14. HRDs are trained to work in a slow, methodical manner to discriminate between human and nonhuman items. The common alert for HRDs is the passive alert, which consists of an HRD sitting or lying down when human remains are detected or when items are found and then looking to the handler for a reward.

2-15. HRDs trained to detect the scent of decomposed human tissue have proven successful in resolving issues related to gathering evidence and determining investigative directions for criminal cases. It is crucial to ensure that HRDs are used in situations appropriate to their training level and that HRD handlers are capable of supporting their testimonies regarding HRD behavior with accurate training records. This applies in full spectrum operations and in law and order support operations.

2-16. HRDs used for forensic purposes to locate the scent of decomposed human tissue should never be cross-trained for other scent work if the results of the HRD activities and the handler's ability to interpret the HRD's response are to be used for probable cause development.

2-17. HRDs used to develop probable cause based on residual scent must be negatively conditioned to human urine, feces, and semen to ensure that they will not alert if these substances are encountered during a search. All HRDs, regardless of their training level, that are used in the detection of decomposed human tissue should be negatively conditioned to the scent of decomposed, nonhuman tissue. Many HRDs will react to, or show interest in, any decomposed tissue at specific times during the decomposition process.

2-18. HRDs should be trained at elevated levels of physical fitness and search endurance to ensure that they are capable of performing for prolonged periods of time.

## Combat Tracker Dog

2-19. CTDs are currently provided to Army formations through the contracted services of commercial vendors. CTD resources are usually limited and are typically centralized to increase operational responsiveness.

2-20. The U.S. Army maintained CTD units that were designed to track and locate enemies on the battlefield until 1975. Enemy tactics include the ability to strike and then disappear into the indigenous population. In the past, a combat tracker team (CTT) included a CTD and a Soldier who are trained in visual tracking. CTTs can provide vital links in integrated sensor-shooter loops that are otherwise thwarted when enemies evade existing electronic detection and tracking methods.

2-21. A sign is a physical indication that is left on or in the environment by an adversary. A sign could be a mark left on the ground by the passage of a person or an object. The examination of signs reveals information about the enemy. Tracking is the effort to locate and apprehend or destroy a fleeing adversary. Inherent traits of tracking include locating, identifying, and pursuing adversaries by interpreting a series of signs.

2-22. A CTT consists of a CTD, a handler, and a dedicated security team. CTDs are not weapons; they are sensors that enable handlers and trackers to scout and track, making the CTD team concept viable.

2-23. CTTs fulfill missions by identifying and acquiring tracks from signs or scents. CTDs are trained to follow one scent over varied terrain. CTDs usually acquire a scent by sniffing enemy footprints or blood trails identified at incident sites or points of origin. CTDs follow this scent amid hundreds of odors on the trail. This scent is as unique as a person's fingerprint or written signature. CTD capabilities include


Locating enemy personnel from known locations (improvised explosive device [IED] trigger
points, sniper sites, ambush sites, points of origin, observation posts).

Assisting in the recovery of duty statuswhereabouts unknown or mission-capable personnel who are missing, lost, or captured.

Expediting commander efforts to track enemies.
2-24. CTDs track human scents. Scents dissipate or become contaminated with time; therefore, CTDs should be transported to the scene as soon as possible and should only be requested when required by the mission. Weather factors should be considered before CTD employment.

## Mine Detection Dog

2-25. To fully maximize value from the services of trained MDD teams, it is essential to possess a sound understanding of their capabilities, limitations, and conditions for employment. MDDs must be regarded as additional, specialized detection tools and should only be used after an analysis of the situation, climate, and terrain has been conducted. The value of MDDs is attributed to their enhanced sense of smell. The natural scenting capability of certain breeds, combined with the ability of handlers to interpret MDD responses when employed, provides commanders with a useful tool for the detection of land mines, unexploded ordnance (UXO), and other casualty-producing devices.

2-26. An MDD team is comprised of a trained handler and a trained MDD. Handlers attend a 20-week MDD course at Fort Leonard Wood, Missouri. Upon successful graduation, handlers are familiar with MDD aptitudes, moods, and behaviors under a variety of environmental conditions. They are able to advise commanders on how MDD teams can support the mission requirement and how the MDD team can best be employed.

2-27. The primary mission of an MDD team is to support infantry, combat engineer, and Army force units in tactical operations against hostile forces by detecting and warning of land mines, UXO, and other casualty-producing devices. MDD teams are a valuable asset that can be deployed worldwide in support of offensive, defensive, stability, and civil support missions (such as range clearance). MDD teams are capable of performing area clearances, delineations of minefield boundaries, route clearances, clearance verifications (including the proofing of cleared areas behind manual or mechanical mine clearances), railway clearances, minefield extractions, the creation of safe lanes for clearance start points, and land searches that cannot be conducted by mechanical clearance devices.

2-28. The general capabilities of trained MDDs include the following:


Will work 7 days per week, providing that MDDs are allowed adequate rest during each 24-
hour period. (The actual continuous working time and number of tasks depend on the abilities
and characteristics of individual MDDs, environmental and operational conditions, and veterinary recommendations.)

Can be employed day or night. (Sufficient lighting must be provided during limited visibility so that handlers can observe MDDs.)

Will work on a short or long leash under the direct control of a handler.

Is mobile and easily transported to and from mission locations.

Is capable of working in a variety of conditions and terrain.

Will search for and indicate the presence of mines, UXO, and other casualty-producing devices
on which they have been trained.

Will increase the speed and efficiency of the operational task.
2-29. The general limitations of trained MDDs include the following:

Can only be handled by one person.

May exhibit weakened performance in extreme weather conditions (intense heat, torrential rain,
heavy snow, low temperatures).

May exhibit weakened performance when they are tired or distracted or experience inexplicable "off days."

May be reluctant to navigate through areas that prove physically harmful (thick brush, unstable rubble, broken glass).
2-30. The standards of effectiveness of trained MDDs include the following:

Be fully obedient (leashed and unleashed) under all operational conditions.

Be able to react immediately to commands from handlers and conform to the movements of
handlers.

Be able to detect and give passive indications of the presence of land mines, UXO, and other
casualty-producing devices.

Be able to search a minimum of a 1- by 50-meter lane without showing signs of fatigue or loss in concentration.

Be able to search at least 400 square meters without showing signs of fatigue or a loss in concentration during area clearance and route clearance operations.

Be able to search all environments encountered in operational theaters.

Be bold, but not aggressive or distracted by other animals while working.

Be able to work in areas and situations where noise and distractions are present.

Be steady under gunfire.

Be accepting of transportation movements.

## Specialized Search Dog

2-31. The primary mission of an SSD team is to support infantry, combat engineers, and maneuver commanders in tactical search operations against hostile forces by detecting firearms, ammunition, and explosives. SSDs can also provide detection support in specific garrison and force protection roles. To fully maximize the value of trained SSD team services, it is essential to have a sound understanding of their capabilities, limitations, and employment conditions.

2-32. An SSD team is comprised of a trained handler and a trained SSD. Handlers attend an 18-week SSD
course at Lackland Air Force Base, Texas. Handlers (military police, engineer, special operations Soldiers)
control SSDs by using a multitude of command methods. Upon successful graduation, handlers are familiar with SSD aptitudes, moods, and behaviors under a variety of environmental conditions. They are able to advise commanders on how SSD teams can support the mission requirement and how the SDD team can best be employed.
2-33. Training and their enhanced sense of smell enable SSDs to detect a wide variety of items. When combined with the abilities of handlers to interpret SSD responses and judge their significance, SSD teams can provide commanders with the ability to search for firearms, ammunition, and explosives in


Buildings (occupied, unoccupied, derelict).
Note. Other search team members should check for booby traps before SSD teams enter buildings.


Vehicles (cars, trucks, trains, ships, boats, aircraft).

Open areas (fields, woods, hedgerows, embankments, islands).

Vehicle checkpoints (VCPs) and helicopter landing zones (HLZs).

Routes (roads, tracks, railways).

Very important person (VIP) visit venues.

Caches (long-term, transit, short-term, devices).
2-34. The general capabilities of trained SSDs include the following:


Will work 7 days per week, providing that SSDs are allowed adequate rest during each 24-hour period. (The actual continuous working time and number of tasks depend on the abilities and
characteristics of individual SSDs, environmental and operational conditions, and veterinary recommendations.)

Can be employed day or night. (Sufficient lighting must be provided during limited visibility so that handlers can observe SSDs.)

Will work off leash (out ahead of the handler) while wearing a harness or under the direct
control of a handler.

Will search for and indicate the presence of firearms, ammunition, and explosives.

Will search buildings (occupied, unoccupied, derelict).

Will search vehicles (private, commercial, trains, aircraft, ships).

Will search country roads, woodlands, hedgerows, and open areas.

Will search personal household possessions (boxes, luggage).

Will conduct route searches (urban, rural).

Is mobile and easily transported to and from mission locations.

Will search buildings, VCPs, HLZs, and other areas immediately before the arrival of VIPs.
2-35. SSDs have limitations, but many limitations can be avoided with additional training. The limitations of trained SSDs include the following:


Are certified as a team (one handler and one SSD).

May exhibit weakened performance in extreme weather conditions (intense heat, torrential rain,
heavy snow, low temperatures).

May exhibit weakened performance when tired or distracted.

May be reluctant to navigate through areas that prove physically harmful (thick brush, unstable rubble, broken glass).

Are not trained to search for people.

May inadvertently trigger booby traps.

May become involved in fighting with feral dogs.
2-36. The standards of effectiveness of trained SSDs include the following:

Be fully obedient (leashed and unleashed) under all operational conditions.

Be able to react immediately to commands from handlers and conform to the movements of
handlers.

Be able to detect and indicate the presence of firearms, ammunition, and explosives.

Be able to search all types of urban and rural areas.

Be capable of detecting and indicating the presence of long-term, short-term, or transit caches.

Be agile enough to negotiate reasonable obstacles encountered during deployment.

Be bold, but not aggressive or distracted by other animals while working.

Be able to work in areas and situations where noise and distractions are present.

Be steady under gunfire.

Be accepting of transportation movements.

## Patrol Dog

2-37. To fully maximize the value of trained PD team services, it is essential to have a sound understanding of their capabilities, limitations, and employment conditions. PDs provide psychological deterrents, force multipliers, and force continuums and are not limited to shows of force.

2-38. PD team success is firmly rooted in the relationship between the handler and the PD. Team components (the PD and the handler) are not interchangeable with other MWDs and handlers. When possible, PD teams should be assigned to specific operational Army units to create habitual relationships and enable PDs to socialize with unit members.

2-39. The PD team contribution to the law and order effort is most effective when the team is used to deter criminal activity. The presence and well-published activities of PD teams can successfully deter trespassers, vandals, violent persons, and other would-be criminals. Training and their enhanced sense of smell enables PDs to detect fleeing persons that humans may not be able to detect. If a handler establishes probable cause, a crime has been committed and a lesser level of force cannot be used to apprehend fleeing subjects. Handlers may release PDs to pursue, attack, and hold fleeing subjects until the apprehension can be made.

2-40. When combined with the abilities of handlers to interpret PD responses and judge their significance, PD teams can provide capabilities that surpass the limits of human sight and hearing. PDs can detect and locate a person faster than a human, especially when obstacles, distance, or terrain might obscure the threat from human detection.

2-41. PDs work primarily on leash, but may be released during the phases of controlled aggression (attack, standoff, and escort).
2-42. The general capabilities of trained PDs include the following:


Force protection.

Walking and mobile patrol.

Building and vehicle inspection.

Enemy presence search.

Static posts where vegetation or terrain obstructs or limits human visual capabilities.

Hidden person detection.

Psychological deterrent to hostile intrusion.

Nonlethal force for crowd and riot control.

Fleeing suspect pursuit and restraint.
2-43. The general limitations of trained PDs include the following:


May exhibit weakened performance in extreme weather conditions.

May be reluctant to navigate through areas that prove physically harmful (thick brush, unstable rubble, broken glass).

May exhibit weakened performance if exposed to excessive distracting elements (unstable piles of rubble, broken glass, scrap heaps).

May not have been socialized.

Are trained to protect handlers and may become aggressive if a handler is seriously wounded or killed.

May become involved in fighting with feral dogs.

## Dual-Purpose Military Working Dogs

2-44. The two types of dual-purpose MWDs are PEDDs and PNDDs. Dual-purpose MWDs significantly enhance the ability of commanders to protect forces and assets. Dual-purpose MWDs give commanders operational flexibility, a less-than-lethal course of action, and an explosive or narcotic detection capability. Dual-purpose MWDs enhance the ability to locate weapons, explosive caches, and illegal narcotics in garrison and operational environments. PEDDs and PNDDs are versatile resources because of their unique ability to seamlessly transition between patrol and detection modes.

2-45. MWDs can provide capabilities that exceed the limits of human sight, smell, and hearing when combined with the ability of handlers to interpret and judge the significance of MWD responses. MWDs can detect and locate a person faster than a human, especially when obstacles, distance, or terrain might obscure the threat from human detection. (Table 2-3 provides a snapshot of descriptions outlined below.)

## Patrol Explosive Detection Dogs

2-46. PEDD teams are comprised of a trained handler and a trained PEDD. Handlers attend an 11-week MWD handler's course at Lackland Air Force Base, Texas. The handler (a military police Soldier or DA civilian police) is given an MWD for use during training, but he does not leave the course with a PEDD. A handler is first paired with the assigned MWD at the gaining/home installation. Upon successful graduation, the handler is fully acquainted with PEDD aptitudes, moods, and behaviors under a variety of environmental conditions. PEDD handlers are able to advise commanders on how the PEDD team can be employed to support the mission requirement.

2-47. PEDDs are PDs that are also trained to detect the odor and the presence of explosives. PEDDs work primarily on leash and within close proximity to handlers. This specialized ability to detect explosives makes PEDD teams a valuable asset that helps maintain law and order while enhancing safety procedures.

2-48. PEDD teams are a valuable asset that can be deployed worldwide in support of offensive, defensive, stability, and civil support missions. The mission of a PEDD team is to support military police; DA civilian police; and infantry, combat engineer, and operational Army units in tactical search operations against hostile forces by detecting explosives and providing a patrol capability.

2-49. In addition to the capabilities listed in paragraph 2-42, the general capabilities of a trained PEDD
include the following:


Works 7 days a week, providing that the PEDD is allowed adequate rest in a 24-hour period. (The continuous working time and number of tasks will depend on the abilities and characteristics of the individual PEDD, environmental and operational conditions, and veterinary recommendations.)

Is employable day or night. (If used in areas of limited visibility, a sufficient form of artificial
lighting must be provided to enable the handler to observe the PEDD and the immediate surrounding area.)

May work off leash during the phases of controlled aggression (attack, standoff, and escort).

Searches for and indicates to the handler the presence of explosives.

Searches buildings (occupied, unoccupied, derelict) and vehicles (private, commercial, trains,
aircraft, ships).

Searches country roads and open areas.

Searches household items (boxes, luggage).

Is mobile and easily transported to and from mission locations.

Performs searches of buildings, VCPs, HLZs, and other areas immediately before the arrival of a VIP.
2-50. The general limitations of a trained PEDD include the following:


Can be handled by only one person.

Must be trained to find the type of explosives encountered.

May become involved in fighting with feral dogs.

Planning Factors
Designated elements must
search for obvious
improvised explosive
devices before the team
conducts a search in a
vacant or derelict building.
Supporting units must
supply administrative,
logistic, and operational
support.
Requires access to
theater-specific firearms,
ammunition, and
explosives.
Requires two seats for
transportation in a climatecontrolled vehicle.
Requires veterinary
support throughout
deployment.

Search Areas
Buildings;
vacant,
occupied, or
derelict vehicles;
open areas; rural
and urban
routes; and
personal and
household
possessions.
Limitations
PEDDs can be handled by only one
person.
PEDDs must be trained to find
explosives that they may encounter.
PEDDs may accidentally set off
booby traps.
Extreme weather conditions may
lower performance.
PEDD performance may decrease if
excessive distracting elements are
within or close to the search area.
PEDDs may be reluctant to negotiate
potentially physically harmful areas.
PEDDs may become involved in
fighting with feral dogs.
PEDDs are not used to check a
suspect vehicle unless the owner is
present.
PEDDs must remain within range or
cover of electronic control measures
while working.
PEDDs are not used to investigate
suspected devices or items.
Detection
Detects domestic and
foreign firearms,
ammunition,
explosives, and
explosive materials.
Capabilities
Can work 7 days a week, with a
minimum of 6 hours of undisturbed
rest in every 24-hour period.
Can be easily transported to and
from missions.
Can work day or night. (A sufficient
form of artificial lighting must be
provided if used during hours of
darkness.)
Can conduct venue searches before
the arrival of VIPs.
Is steady under gunfire.
Is agile and can negotiate
reasonable obstacles.
Can conduct searches at safe
distances up to and around devices
and items.
Types
PEDD
Planning Factors
Designated elements must
search for obvious
improvised explosive
devices before the team
conducts a search in a
vacant or derelict building.
Supporting units must
supply administrative,
logistic, and operational
support.
Requires two seats for
transportation in a climatecontrolled vehicle.
Requires veterinary
support throughout
deployment.
Search Areas
Buildings;
vacant,
occupied, or
derelict vehicles;
open areas; rural
and urban
routes; and
personal and
household
possessions.
Limitations
PNDDs can be handled by only one
person.
PNDDs must be trained to find the
narcotics that they may encounter.
PNDDs may accidently set off booby
traps.
Extreme weather conditions may
lower performance.
PNDD performance may decrease if
excessive distracting elements are
within or close to the search area.
PNDDs may be reluctant to negotiate
potentially physically harmful areas.
Is not used to check a suspect
vehicle unless the owner is present.
Must remain within range or cover of
electronic control measures while
working.
Detection
Searches for and
indicates to the
handler the presence
of narcotics.
Capabilities
Can work seven days a week, with a
minimum of six hours of undisturbed
rest in every 24-hour period.
Can be easily transported to and
from missions.
Can work day or night. (A sufficient
form of artificial lighting must be
provided if used during hours of
darkness.)
Can conduct venue searches before
the arrival of a VIPs.
Is steady under gunfire.
Is agile and can negotiate
reasonable obstacles.
Types
PNDD

Legend:
PEDD          patrol explosive detection dog
PNDD          patrol narcotics detection dog
VIP             very important person

## Patrol Narcotic Detection Dogs

2-51. PNDD teams are comprised of a trained handler and a trained PNDD. A handler attends an 11-week MWD handler's course at Lackland Air Force Base, Texas. The handler (a military police Soldier or DA civilian police) is given a PNDD for use during training, but he does not leave the course with a PNDD.

Handlers are first paired with the assigned PNDD at the gaining/home installation. Upon successful graduation, the handler is fully acquainted with PNDD aptitudes, moods, and behaviors under a variety of environmental conditions. PNDD handlers are able to advise commanders on how the PNDD team can be employed to support the mission requirement.

2-52. PNDDs are trained to detect the odor and presence of narcotics and residual narcotic odors. A PNDD
works primarily on leash within close proximity to the handler. This specialized ability to detect narcotics makes PNDD teams a valuable asset to commanders and other government agencies.

2-53. PNDD teams are a valuable asset that can be deployed worldwide in support of offensive, defensive, stability, and civil support missions. The PNDD team provides commanders with unique capabilities in operational environments. The PNDD team can be used to maintain order and the discipline of U.S. Soldiers, third-country nationals, and contractors. (Consult with intratheater legal counsel operational law before conducting health and welfare operations on third-country national or contractor-occupied dwellings.) PNDD teams can provide maneuver commanders with a patrol function that assists with security pertaining to enemy combatants and other personnel involved in theater-wide operations (refugees or detained/interred persons) during time of wartime or conflicts. PNDD teams can also provide patrol capability.

2-54. In addition to the capabilities listed in paragraph 2-42, the general capabilities of trained PNDDs include the following:


Works 7 days a week, providing that the PNDD is allowed adequate rest in a 24-hour period. (The actual continuous working time and number of tasks will depend on the abilities and
characteristics of the individual PNDD, environmental and operational conditions, and
veterinary recommendations.)

Is employable day or night. (If used in areas of limited visibility, a sufficient form of artificial
lighting must be provided to enable the handler to observe the PNDD and the immediate
surrounding area.)

May work off leash during the phases of controlled aggression (attack, standoff, and escort).

Searches for and indicates the presence of narcotics.

Searches buildings (occupied, unoccupied, derelict) and vehicles (private, commercial, trains,
aircraft, ships).

Searches country roads and open areas.

Searches household items (boxes, luggage).

Is mobile and easily transported to and from mission locations.
2-55. In paragraph 2-43, the general limitations of trained PNDDs include the following:


Can be handled by only one person.

Must be trained to find the type of narcotics encountered.

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## Chapter 3 Employment Considerations

MWD teams have displayed value in combat operations. Based on their success, the demand for MWD teams has increased. During defensive operations, patrol-trained MWD teams support security operations by patrolling to detect adversaries who are attempting to enter bases and facilities. During offensive operations, MWD teams support cordon and search operations in urban areas. MWDs are critical in support of security operations for forward operating bases (FOBs), combat outposts, and joint security sites (JSSs). Chapter 3 discusses employment considerations for MWD teams in support of these operations.

## Support

MWDs can provide a broad spectrum of support to maneuver commanders. MWD support may vary from theater to theater, and commands are encouraged to make contact with the combatant command for clarification. In tactical terms, MWDs can detect, deter, raid, interdict, and secure.

3-1. MWDs provide support that includes, but is not limited to

Cache searches (urban and rural areas).

Customs inspections.

Force protection sweeps.

Mine, UXO, and buried hazard detections.

Building sweeps.

Open-area searches.

Riot and crowd control.

Riverbank, swamp, and palm grove searches.

Entry and access control points.

Route clearances.

VIP visits.

Perimeter security measures.

Predeployment and redeployment sweeps.

## Checkpoints

3-2. Checkpoint operations allow the unit to control the area of operation by

Denying the enemy freedom of movement.

Establishing safe areas.

Developing situational awareness.

Contributing to military unit and civilian population security.

3-3. Vehicle and personnel searches are conducted during checkpoint operations and may be conducted at the checkpoint or at a separate location. Checkpoints may be established for many reasons, including one or more of the purposes listed above. When planning and conducting a deliberate or hasty checkpoint, leaders should consider the mission, enemy, terrain and weather, troops and support available, time available, and civilian considerations.


Deliberate. Deliberate checkpoints are tasked by higher headquarters in the patrol order, scheduled to achieve a specific purpose, and usually conducted by a platoon.

Hasty. Hasty checkpoints are planned in advance, in place for a short period of time, and
conducted at squad level by one or all fire teams on patrol. They may be initiated by the team
leader on suspicion, as directed by higher headquarters, or conducted to search for specific items or personnel, disrupt enemy activity, or maintain or improve situational awareness.

## Deliberate Checkpoint Employment

3-4. MWDs provide a standoff capability that can be controlled from distances that limit the exposure of Soldiers manning the VCP. Distances allow a standoff and limited search capability that increases the probability of MWD fatigue and decreases handler control over MWD actions. Actions taken at checkpoints include


Moving occupants to safe locations.

Shutting off vehicles and putting gearshifts in park or neutral.

Opening vehicle hoods, doors, trunks, and internal compartments and rolling down windows.

Ensuring that MWDs begin in general search modes.

Ensuring that handlers direct MWDs toward targeted vehicles.

Ensuring that handlers attempt to use the downwind flank to conduct searches.

Eliminating excessive distracters from the area to assist MWD teams in isolating targets for MWDs.

Ensuring that handlers establish off-leash MWD systematic searches.
Note. If handler visibility is obstructed, the handler should guide the MWD.


Ensuring that handlers recall MWDs and follow with confirmation protocols when MWDs demonstrate positive responses to the presence of suspected or detected odors.
3-5. The distance from the MWD team's covered position to the target vehicle depends on the layout of the VCP and the handler's ability to control the MWD. Security element Soldiers should not duplicate handler commands or hand-and-arm signals to control MWDs. The security element should concentrate on providing security for the team without focusing on MWD actions.

## Hasty Checkpoint Employment

3-6. The standoff that is provided in a hasty checkpoint is based on the Soldier's ability to stop and control the vehicle from a distance. The off-leash capability provides a limited standoff distance. MWDs should be used in the following manner:


MWD teams should conduct an initial sweep/clearing of hasty VCP areas before setup.

Vehicles in turning/deceleration zones can be temporarily halted from a distance. Off-leash MWDs can be used to conduct initial screens on vehicles waiting to be searched. MWD teams
should be cautious of possible cultural issues linked to the dislike of dogs.

MWD teams should offset-stack vehicles to alleviate limited visibility issues. If the situation
does not permit standoff, MWD handlers should employ on-leash MWDs to conduct preliminary screenings.

Handlers should attempt to use the downwind flank to search vehicles.

## Counter Improvised Explosive Device

3-7. Motorized patrols are heavily relied on in environments where the FOB and area of operation or event area are not contiguous. IEDs present a significant threat to patrols and convoys. MWD teams can be a valuable asset for IED sweeps along routes used by friendly forces. To support IED sweeps, suspected areas of interest are identified through the intelligence preparation of the battlefield, historical data, friendly force reports, and visual recognition.

## Improvised Explosive Device Route Search/Clearance

3-8. Route clearance teams are used to spoil ambushes, clear natural or man-made obstacles, and detect IEDs. Route clearance teams are comprised of engineers, EOD personnel, mechanical devices, specialized robotics, and MWDs to increase standoff from the IED threat. Route clearances eliminate route concealments for IEDs and munitions caches and conduct systemic detections and deterrence sweeps along cleared routes.
3-9. Unit leaders orient MWD handlers on areas to be searched. MWD teams (covered by security elements) begin the sweeps, and handlers send MWDs forward on routes to be cleared. Handlers may use a box or verge sweep method:


Box method.

Handlers send MWDs forward on one side of the road out to a distance that is within a controllable distance for MWDs.

MWDs cross the road and continue the search as they return to the handler. This forms a
cleared box.

Verge method.

Handlers send MWDs forward on one side of the road out to a distance that is within a controllable distance for MWDs.

Handlers recall MWDs on the same side of the road, cross to the opposite side of the road, and send MWDs forward on that side. This forms a cleared verge. The middle of the road
can also be searched in this manner if traffic permits.

## Improvised Explosive Device Target Sweep

3-10. A target sweep is focused on a specific target of interest (bridge, abandoned vehicle, intersection, previous IED location). The execution of a target sweep is similar to a route search/clearance, but is different in the following ways:


Handlers control MWDs to the designated target.

MWD teams use the knowledge of enemy TTPs from intelligence briefs to conduct sweeps for
possible daisy-chained IEDs.

Handlers manage MWD endurance by controlling target distances and limiting sweeps during
vehicle halts.

Units use MWDs for local area security sweeps around vehicles when decoys have halted convoys in specific locations.

Commanders establish procedures for protecting MWDs from other animals, such as feral dogs.

Commanders request multiple MWDs for sweeps to better support MWD work/rest cycles.

## Cordon-And-Search Operations

3-11. The cordon-and-search mission involves isolating a predetermined populated area by cordoning it off and systematically searching for enemy personnel, weapons, communication equipment, military supplies, and explosives. A key goal for units when conducting such a search is to conduct it with limited inconvenience to the population without jeopardizing the mission (see FM 3-06.11). The objective is to inconvenience the populace only to the point that will discourage urban guerillas or insurgents from remaining in the area. The unit should avoid harassing locals to the point that they will assist the enemy.

3-12. The unit that conducts a cordon and search will be task-organized into four groups:


Security element. The security element prevents the escape of targeted personnel, protects the
search team (main effort) from threat reinforcements, and participates in the search.

Inner cordon element. The inner cordon element protects the search element (main effort) from threat activity such as direct fire, explosives, and/or civil disturbances.

Search element. The search element provides safe and secure environments and protects
multinational forces, civil authorities, and the local populace from threats and/or illegal
activities. It frees and protects the HN government and society from subversion, lawlessness,
and insurgency.

Reserve element. The reserve element, often referred to as the *quick-reaction force*, rapidly
provides flexibility to the commander.
3-13. If possible, MWD teams (see Chapter 2) that have the ability to detect explosives should be used to assist in the sweep of the inner cordon for weapons and explosive caches. MWD teams that possess this dual-purpose capability could also be used to assist with crowd control for the inner and outer cordons.

3-14. After the initial clearing, the search team permits the MWD team (SSD/PEDD) to enter first with a security element and begin the search. The search team will then conduct a detailed search of areas previously cleared by the MWD team. Distractions can be limited by not allowing search team members to be idle in the search area. Handlers can choose to work MWDs on leash if necessary for security reasons and for standoff for the handler. Handlers should use leashes to the maximum length to allow the MWD free movement. If two MWD teams are available, one can search the perimeter while the other searches the target area interior.

3-15. MWDs that are trained to search for explosives may react to hidden personnel. MWD reactions to hidden personnel will not be the same as alerts for explosives. Handlers should consider the cultural issues when using MWDs during search operations in dwellings.

3-16. Handlers follow response protocols and alert other team/patrol members when MWDs demonstrate positive responses. Unit leaders are responsible for taking appropriate actions according to the unit SOP.

## Building Search Operations In Conjunction With A Raid

3-17. Units may be required to quickly enter a building, clear it, set up security for follow-on forces, or establish an overwatch position. Available MWDs can assist in clearing or sweeping the building. For selection considerations of the most suited MWD for this type of mission, see table 2-2, page 2-4. Use the following TTP:


MWDs position at the front of the formation to search the route up to and at the entry point to detect explosives.

A breaching team enters the building according to the unit SOP if MWDs do not detect the presence of explosives.

MWD teams conduct on-leash searches for people if MWDs have this capability.

Friendly personnel position to the rear of the handler for single-story building searches.

Handlers determine if MWDs will be employed on or off leash based on team training and proficiency.

MWDs or MWD teams search hallways and rooms to sweep for people. Because of cultural
concerns, this sweep is dependent on the mission and rules of engagement (ROE).

The unit continues to clear buildings and establish security positions when off-leash MWDs
return to handlers.

Friendly personnel move to the rear of the MWD team or a floor below them in multistory
buildings.

MWDs are commanded to proceed to the highest point possible.

MWDs provide distractions to barricaded enemy combatants, giving team members the
necessary time to evaluate and engage the threat with adequate levels of force according to established ROE.
3-18. After MWD teams have completed their segments of the sweep and MWDs are back on leash, MWD
teams remain with security elements or rejoin supporting forces to rest the MWDs.

3-19. Handlers who are unsure of which MWD is best-suited for a specific mission should consult with the KM supporting that area of operation. Selecting the correct MWD for the mission is essential to maximize the utility of the MWD team. When MWD teams arrive at the unit, handlers should be consulted for additional TTP that is employed with MWDs.

## Internment And Resettlement Operations

3-20. MWDs offer deterrents against physical threats presented by internment and resettlement populations. MWDs may be used


To reinforce exterior security measures against penetration and attack by small enemy forces.

To track escaped prisoners.

As perimeter security patrols.

For narcotic and/or explosive detection procedures.

To deter escapes during external work details.
3-21. MWD mission control oversight capabilities typically exist at military police company and brigade levels. The oversight and supervisory responsibilities for MWDs should be embedded within orders and SOPs at organizations employing MWDs to ensure that proper mission-oriented tasking and control for MWDs are implemented.

3-22. At the battalion level, the MWD program provides the capabilities of detection MWDs. Detection MWDs are normally employed exclusively at the theater internment facility/strategic internment facility.

3-23. MWDs or contract working dogs (CWDs) will not be used to guard detainees, U.S. military prisoners, or dislocated civilians. Most importantly, MWD teams will not be used in interrogation attempts or harass, intimidate, threaten, or coerce detainees for interrogation purposes.

## Law And Order Operations

3-24. MWD teams contribute significantly to law and order operations by supporting law enforcement, physical security, antiterrorism, and crime prevention efforts. By employing MWD teams in security and law enforcement activities, commanders can reduce criminal activity and enhance security throughout the installation. Specific law and order operations may include


High-risk personnel security missions.

U.S. customs service support.

Police intelligence support.

Military police special-reaction team (SRT) support.

Director of emergency services (DES) support.

Health and welfare inspections.

Postal activities support.

Crime prevention and drug suppression support.

Bomb threat response.

Antiterrorism program support.
3-25. Installation PMs, DESs, and military police unit commanders should conduct a thorough risk and crime analysis and an accurate evaluation of the requirements of the entire military police mission to integrate MWDs into law and order operations.

3-26. The yardstick in AR 190-12 can be used to determine the number of MWD teams needed to provide MWD protection for military installations. This requirement is based on a 24-hour work week (minimum) for each MWD team, not including the requirements for the training, health, and care of the MWDs. This requirement allows for handlers to be absent due to temporary duty (TDY) assignments, leave requests, and illnesses.

3-27. Installations should ensure that one MWD team with the ability to detect explosives is available at all times. Installations with a three- or four-star headquarters require an additional PEDD authorization because of the increased workload inherent in high-risk personnel protection, facility criticality, facility vulnerability, location, and terrorist activity based on current threat assessments. A PNDD team should also be available to support missions that may involve narcotics.

## High-Risk Personnel Security Missions

3-28. The U.S. Air Force, which serves as the executive DOD MWD program, has been designated as the primary service point of contact for VIP missions received from the Office of the Secretary of Defense, USSS, and DOS. The VIP coordination officer who (under authority from the Secretary of Defense) tasks and coordinates all missions performed by DOD MWD team personnel, regardless of service affiliation, issues all mission tasks. The VIP coordination officer's request for Army MWD support should be submitted through the Office of the Provost Marshal General. The program manager at the Office of the Provost Marshal General should coordinate with the Army service component command (ASCC), Army command (ACOM), and direct reporting unit (DRU) program manager, who then tasks the installation where the MWD team is located.

## U.S. Customs Service Support

3-29. The U.S. Customs Service (USCS) safeguards the internal security of the United States through border searches. They have broad powers in conducting searches by utilizing MWD teams. The joint enforcement military customs operation places MWDs at border clearance ports to conduct searches and support local and federal authorities in search detection operations of vehicles, ships, luggage, and baggage checked at border clearance crossings and ports entering the United States. MWD teams take no law enforcement action; they only search and report. AR 190-12 provides a more detailed explanation of civil support by MWD teams.

3-30. Leaders and planners of MWD operations should develop procedures to ensure that MWD teams gather and submit police information in a timely manner. Standardized reports are an effective means that allow for the accurate and detailed submission of police information. Coordination should be made with the supporting intelligence section, provost marshal office (PMO), or the U.S. Army Criminal Investigation Command office to ensure that coordination is in place before MWD operations.

3-31. MWD teams support customs operations by providing the ability to screen household goods shipments, privately owned vehicles, containers, military equipment, the U.S. mail, and port operations. Mission requirements vary by installation population, location, unit mission, deployment, and time of year.

## Police Intelligence Support

3-32. MWD teams support police intelligence operations by providing information that, upon analysis, may contribute to the commander's critical information requirements, intelligence-sensitive operations, or policing strategies necessary to maintain civil control and order. Police intelligence operations are integrated with military police functions in support of full spectrum operations. ( See ATTP 3-39.20).

3-33. Leaders and planners of MWD operations should develop procedures to ensure that MWD teams gather and submit police information in a timely manner. Standardized reports are an effective means that allow for the accurate and detailed submission of police information. Coordination should be made with the supporting intelligence section, PMO, installation management command DES, or U.S. Army Criminal Investigation Command office to ensure that coordination is in place before MWD operations.

## Military Police Special-Reaction Team Support

3-34. MWD teams can support a variety of military police operations, including SRT operations.

Integrating MWDs into SRTs aids in the support of building clearing principles and dramatically increases team capabilities. MWDs are useful in the execution of vehicle searches, particularly during the clearing of large transport vehicles (buses, trains, planes). MWDs may be deployed on the inner perimeter to support marksman/observer teams in monitoring dead space during operations.

## Health And Welfare Inspections

3-35. MWD teams are used to support commanders as they execute the Army Substance Abuse Program to find illicit narcotics. It is a command responsibility to properly search, control, and secure rooms and units after they have been searched by MWD teams. Military police typically respond to further investigate if an MWD team discovers contraband.

## Postal Activities Support

3-36. Military customs inspectors are responsible for conducting postal inspections of mail. To ensure compliance with U.S. and HN customs operation laws at military post offices overseas, those inspections are conducted according to DOD 4525.6-M. The postmaster or military customs inspector can coordinate with the KM to request PNDD, PEDD, or SSD team support from the PMO or military police brigade.

3-37. Mail and mail containers in overseas military postal facilities are subject to authorized inspections according to Rule 313(b), MCM. The inspections may include using reasonable technological or natural aids, such as metal detectors or MWD teams that can detect narcotics and explosives. The postal supervisor or any person acting under authority may act without a search warrant or authorization to open or remove mail that is reasonably suspected of posing an immediate danger to life or limb or an immediate or substantial danger to property. Such action is only allowed to the extent necessary to determine if there is danger and to eliminate the danger.

3-38. The PNDD, PEDD, or SSD team can be used to search mail at any point in the delivery process, including mail that is received or prepared for transport. The PNDD, PEDD, or SSD team can search mail collection points or along conveyor systems that are used to load and unload mail on transport vehicles. In areas without conveyor systems, handlers may direct postal personnel to arrange mail in a secure area so that the PNDD, PEDD, or SSD team can effectively search it. When PNDD, PEDD, or SSD teams are used near a mailroom or delivery area, nonessential personnel should remain clear of the area while the team is actively searching.

3-39. Any official authorized to direct a search of military post offices or mail may authorize a search based on the belief that the mail contains unlawful weapons, contraband, drugs, or other evidence related to a crime according to Rule 315, MCM. When the PNDD, PEDD, or SSD team responds to a parcel indicating the possible presence of illegal drugs or explosives, the PMO will be notified of further action. At this point the PNDD, PEDD, or SSD team's action may require the handler to initiate DA Form 2823
(Sworn Statement).

## Drug Abuse Resistance Education Program And Department Of Defense School Support

3-40. Drug Abuse Resistance Education (DARE) officers usually coordinate demonstrations and drug education discussions involving MWDs. The use of nonaggressive MWDs for demonstrations that place MWDs in close proximity to students during DARE events should be considered during planning. When conducting school search support in conjunction with DARE, basic building search techniques apply. The primary concern when inspecting schools is student safety during the search.

3-41. Searches should be conducted in conjunction with school activities (assemblies, fire drills). This will allow handlers to conduct searches with a decreased risk of student involvement. A second option is to search the school after normal school hours or on weekends or holidays. The use of MWD teams to perform searches on school grounds is usually coordinated with local school administrators and approved by the installation PM, DES, DOD school principal, or local school principal.

## Military Police Investigation Drug Suppression Team

3-42. PNDD handlers should contact the PMO military police investigation office or drug suppression team section anytime a PNDD has a positive response for narcotics pursuant to the support or enforcement of local command policy or directive. The PNDD should not be used to verify or test a narcotic substance that has already been found.

## Bomb Threat Response

3-43. MWD teams that have the ability to detect explosives should be requested for assistance in detecting explosives when bomb threats are made against persons or property for which the Army is responsible. MWD team searches begin after areas and buildings have been evacuated of personnel and security has been established. EOD units place a team on standby when the unit is alerted of a bomb threat.

Coordination with local EOD units should be made before operations.

3-44. The MWD team, EOD, and incident commander collaborate to resolve the situation at a designated location adjacent to the incident. The installation bomb threat planning guidance should include the use of MWD teams to assist during these incidents. Systematic searches by MWD teams should include the assistance of a spotter who is familiar with the search area to ensure safety and accuracy. MWD teams should only be used to detect the presence of explosives.

3-45. At no time will handlers touch, open, or disturb possible explosive devices. Electric device switches should not be touched until a thorough search has been conducted. IEDs are easily disguised and can be triggered to explode by motion, sound, heat, or remote device.

3-46. If MWDs respond to the presence of explosives, MWD handlers and spotters note the location and leave the area. EOD personnel initiate measures to render the device safe or to remove it upon the request of EOD personnel, MWD teams may continue the search until another suspected explosive is found or until the area is cleared by EOD personnel.

3-47. In circumstances where explosive devices are expected or suspected to be detonated, MWD handlers remain cognizant of the estimated time necessary to evacuate facilities and areas as they track the elapsed time.

3-48. It may be necessary to deliberately place training aids known as *drop aids* (usually potassium chlorate or sodium chlorate, which are very stable and safe) periodically to help maintain MWD interest in conducting the search. Drop aids should only be placed in areas that have been rendered safe by MWD teams.

## Night Operations

3-49. Before conducting night operations, specific considerations for some MWDs should be examined during the planning phase of the operation. (See table 2-2, page 2-4.) The general planning considerations for MWD teams during night operations are as follows:


Friendly personnel will be briefed by the unit on MWD presence in the area.

Distractions in search areas will be limited. (Off-leash MWD control is more challenging during
night operations.)

Night vision devices will be required by handlers.

MWDs will be marked on their backs with an infrared chemical light or marking device to ensure that handlers do not lose sight of MWDs.

The distance and control of off-leash MWDs will be reduced depending on distractions, MWD
training, and the handler's ability to interpret MWD responses.

## Mission Planning

3-50. Commanders and leaders should include MWD handlers and the KM in mission briefings and rehearsals that use MWDs. (See Appendix C.) During the briefing, the commander should provide information on the


Type and duration of the mission.

Time of day that the mission activity will be conducted.

Size and number of areas (buildings, vehicles, open areas) that will be searched.

Type of search to be conducted (route, open area, occupied or derelict building).

Previous searches conducted in the area and if anything was found.

Potential hazards (terrain, weather, hazmat, radioactive materials, stray or feral animals) in the
area.

Recent enemy activity and intelligence reports specific to the objective.

Use of specific assets (MWD teams, detainee teams, security teams).

Infiltration and extraction methods.

Types of transportation to be used by the unit.

ROE and escalation-of-force procedures that will be in effect during the mission.

Actions to be taken if something is found during the search.

Actions to be taken in cases of enemy contact, such as direct or indirect fire.

Friendly forces in the vicinity.

Emergency decontamination procedures for MWDs.

Veterinary availability and location and evacuation procedures.
3-51. Commanders should clarify and verify MWD mission-related capabilities and best practices from MWD handlers and the KM during mission analysis and decision briefings. Deliberate rehearsals ensure that MWD teams clearly understand mission and execution requirements.

3-52. Unit commanders have the responsibility to make the final decision on how MWD teams will be employed during the mission. Commanders and MWD handlers should conduct a risk assessment to make informed decisions that balance MWD capabilities and mission benefits. Handlers should provide the commander with the subject matter expertise needed to best employ MWD teams.

3-53. MWD teams require updated intelligence reports for threats and hazards in the supported unit's area of operation. These reports enable teams to adjust or modify search patterns and to strengthen the conduct of searches due to factors such as IED composition and associated scents.

3-54. MWD teams do not usually have their own transportation. Commanders should be prepared to transport MWD teams, as necessary, for mission accomplishment and sustainment. Prior coordination should be made to ensure that MWD teams have the required equipment and food necessary for MWDs for the duration of the mission.

3-55. MWD handlers are directly responsible for their MWDs. Upon arrival to supported units, MWD
handlers should conduct a briefing on the MWD's specific capabilities to the unit's command and subordinate leaders in the working environment. Handlers should brief unit personnel on MWD presence and convey precautions regarding employment, security, medical evacuation (MEDEVAC), weapons firing, actions upon releasing the MWD, feeding, handling, and close MWD interaction.

3-56. MWD capabilities vary based on the experience, training, and relationship of the MWD team. (See Appendix D for a general guide for standard sets, kits, and outfits for MWD programs.) Supported units should be aware of the following:


Odors that MWDs are trained to detect.

MWD endurance levels.

Previous missions completed by MWD teams.

Off-leash MWD maximum distances and effectiveness.

Past MWD aggressiveness toward Soldiers.

Past MWD aggressiveness toward civilians.

MWD difficulties traveling in vehicles or helicopters.

MWD effectiveness while working at night.

Actions taken by MWDs when suspected targets are found.

Medical conditions of MWDs.

Amounts of food and water consumed by MWDs.

MWD reactions to gunfire.

MWD rewards.

MWD reactions to wounded or killed handlers.

Theater-specific MEDEVAC procedures for MWDs or the MWD team.

Security team support measures and placement.

Hazmat presence, locations, and uses.
3-57. Handlers should carry the necessary MWD equipment (dog food, leashes, collars, muzzles, grooming equipment, MWD first aid kits, MWD rewards, cooling vests, pads, dog booties, dog goggles, kennel crates). Kennel crates normally accompany handlers on combat missions to provide areas to safely secure MWDs when they are not employed.

3-58. MWD handlers should coordinate training with the units that they support. This training will enable MWD teams to be integrated into unit mission requirements, observe how the team functions, and operate as members of a particular unit.

3-59. MWDs are often socialized with anyone providing security for MWD teams in case handlers sustain injuries during combat operations. Security elements should routinely interact with MWD teams, particularly during MWD training, to help build a rapport between security elements and MWDs.

3-60. MWD handlers should participate in operational planning when appropriate. They should also be included in precombat checks and inspections that the unit conducts before departing on an operation.

3-61. MWD handlers should complete an MWD mission closure report at the completion of each mission.

The mission closure report is approved by the mission leader and submitted to the MWD handler's supervisor. The mission closure report will include the date and time of the mission, unit supported, mission duration, mission type, environmental considerations, duration of search time for the MWD, and the result of the MWD search. (See Appendix E for a sample mission closure report.)
3-62. During combat operations, handlers must maintain focus on working and controlling MWDs.

Working the MWDs requires complete attention from the handler, which severely reduces the handler's ability to rapidly and effectively employ a weapon if enemy contact occurs. MWD teams operate as individual teams. Because handlers are almost totally focused on MWDs, MWD team security is a focal point during the planning phase of operations, when enemy contact is likely or anticipated. Security forces should plan, train, and rehearse with MWD teams on the TTP required to protect the team if threatened or attacked.

## Support To Multinational Forces

3-63. Cultural differences have a more profound impact than any other factor when working with multinational forces. These differences affect everything from hygiene to living conditions. Multinational forces have difficulty understanding support requirements for MWD teams. The KM and senior MWD
handlers should explain and emphasize the requirements and the reason that these requirements are necessary to ensure that MWD teams are capable of supporting the multinational force. The KM or senior handler should ensure that the multinational force understands


Veterinary care or medical evacuation procedures and requirements when the handler cannot treat the MWD.

MWD actions upon target odor detections and the measures that must be taken.

MWD food and water requirements.

Transportation and resupply planning factors.

Actions required to recover MWDs to MWD handlers.

Interactions with strays, feral dogs, or other indigenous animals.

Communication and security requirements for MWD teams.
3-64. Cultural and language differences can make it difficult for MWD teams to quickly integrate into multinational force operations. MWD handlers should plan for additional time needed to work on a common understanding of TTP, rehearsals, and high payoff tasks. Drills that should be rehearsed before operational support to multinational forces are


Actions on the objective.

Movement techniques/formations, including military operations on urban terrain.

Actions at danger areas.

Actions on contact.

Defense plans.

MEDEVAC procedures.

Actions to take when handlers are wounded.

Actions to take with MWDs when handlers are absent.
3-65. MWD teams must be prepared to operate under all conditions on the battlefield, including working with and alongside other multinational forces. They must be prepared to deal with these situations and be capable of adapting to the challenges that they face.

## Cultural Considerations

3-66. Dogs serve many purposes all over the world. In some countries, they work in meadows and pastures, rounding up herds of sheep. In arctic areas, they drive sleds across the frozen tundra. In other countries, they are eaten as a meal, while in others they are born to lead a life of luxury. The treatment of dogs can vary drastically among various cultures.

3-67. MWD handlers may face cultural aversion to MWDs when deployed abroad. MWD handlers should be conscious of the following perceptions and biases toward MWDs:


Dogs may be greatly feared in some cultures.

Dogs may be considered impure in some cultures.

Dogs may be prohibited from entering human dwellings in some cultures.
3-68. As a consequence of these deeply ingrained cultural differences and imperatives, MWD handlers should be aware of the significant coercive power that they wield when working MWDs on or off leash amidst a population. Handlers should exercise this power carefully, particularly when in close proximity to detainees and other civilians. Commanders must also consider the cultural implications of MWD use in tactical operations.

Note. The use of MWDs to assist in interrogation is prohibited.

3-69. Islam philosophy maintains that dogs are impure; it does not profess that dogs should be mistreated.

It maintains respect for all of God's creatures and says to keep those that are impure out of homes. In many Islamic countries, municipal authorities routinely round up and euthanize stray dogs. The following is a summary of narrations from Islamist jurists pertaining to dogs:


A black dog is considered especially impure.

It is unnatural behavior for a dog to depend on a human for affection.

The saliva of a dog is considered impure. If saliva touches the clothes or body, that portion also becomes impure and must be cleansed.

Utensils licked by dogs should be washed seven times, and one of the times must be with earth.
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## Chapter 4 Sustainment

Commanders must be prepared to sustain MWD teams by providing support in the form of housing, transportation, veterinary service, medical evacuation, and limited equipment. MWD teams deploy individually or in very small groups and depend on the supported unit for administrative and logistic support. This chapter examines sustainment planning considerations and factors for unit commanders and staffs.

## Kennel Requirements

4-1.

When MWDs are task-organized to a unit for operational support, the supported unit may have to provide kennel facilities to sustain MWD assets. (See Appendix F.) Kennel facilities (environmental controls, water and electrical services, exercise yards) will evolve as base camp and theater supply channels mature. Semipermanent kennels should be located and constructed so that they can be continuously monitored by personnel who are able to care for and protect MWDs. A small house trailer may be used as a support building to provide equipment storage, a food preparation and storage area, and an office for the KM.

4-2.

Kennels have individual stalls (MWD runs) for each animal and a sealed concrete floor. Kennel floor drains should be connected to a sewer system. The kennel planning factor is 145 square feet per MWD and includes a kitchen, tack room, interior MWD runs (36 square feet per MWD), and exterior MWD runs (48 square feet per MWD) with a connecting guillotine style door to interior MWD runs.

4-3.

Kennels are generally constructed for each MWD using chain-link fence. Each kennel should be separated by an opaque barrier that is fastened to the chain-link fence at the bottom or by sealed concrete blocks with chain-link fence at the top. This will help prevent MWDs from agitating each other. A top guard consisting of a section of fence that is fastened to the top of the kennels should also be emplaced to keep MWDs from climbing or jumping out. Prefabricated sections of chain-link fence are available from civilian manufacturers and provide an acceptable kennel that includes a prehung door. Prefabricated sections are assembled by bolting the corners together.
4-4.

Each kennel is equipped with a doghouse that has a sufficient open shelter to the kennel so that MWDs are protected from direct sunlight without reducing the horizontal airflow when the temperature exceeds 85F. A heating capability is also provided to maintain doghouses above 35F during cold weather. Consult intratheater veterinary personnel for recommended kennel temperatures.

4-5.

Collect and dispose of MWD waste in a sanitary manner at least twice each day. If the temperature is above freezing, the kennel floor should be washed after disposing of waste. This activity will need to be incorporated into the waste management planning process that is completed by the supporting unit.

4-6.

Table 4-1, page 4-2, illustrates the requirements that facilitate quality kennel environments.

Complying with these requirements will also help when attending to the basic needs of MWDs.

| Component                                                                                                    | Requirement                                                                                    |
|--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Construction                                                                                                 |                                                                                                |
| Kennels should be purpose-built facilities, constructed of brick/breeze blocks or wood and covered by tiles  |                                                                                                |
| or other appropriate surface materials. The design should protect MWDs from injuries and accidents.          |                                                                                                |
| There should be no sharp, poisonous, or hazmat within reach of MWDs. The floor and any area in contact       |                                                                                                |
| with MWDs should have a moisture-resistant surface. Ceilings must also be impervious to moisture or be       |                                                                                                |
| replaceable.                                                                                                 |                                                                                                |
| Location                                                                                                     |                                                                                                |
| Kennels should not be located in congested, busy areas. MWDs will tolerate some activity, but it may         |                                                                                                |
| prevent them from obtaining adequate rest. When MWDs are located in high-activity areas, they will create    |                                                                                                |
| a noise distraction for people working nearby. If kennels must be placed in busy areas, use visual and       |                                                                                                |
| sound barriers to minimize distractions.                                                                     |                                                                                                |
| Temperature                                                                                                  |                                                                                                |
| and ventilation                                                                                              |                                                                                                |
| Kennels should be adequately ventilated to minimize ammonia levels, odors, drafts, and moisture              |                                                                                                |
| condensation. If necessary, isolate kennels to protect dogs against uncomfortable chill, heat, dry air, and  |                                                                                                |
| humidity. Kennels should facilitate a comfortable inside temperature that is independent of outside          |                                                                                                |
| weather conditions. An inside temperature of 50F to 86F is preferred. Air conditioning may be necessary    |                                                                                                |
| under extremely hot and humid conditions but should be avoided if possible.                                  |                                                                                                |
| Size                                                                                                         |                                                                                                |
| Kennel sizes depend on several factors (the size of the MWD, number of MWDs in each kennel, length of        |                                                                                                |
| time that the MWD spends inside the kennel). Each kennel should be large enough for a doghouse or            |                                                                                                |
| pallet to be placed at the back and for the MWD to stand, turn, lie down, and change position without        |                                                                                                |
| discomfort. However, MWDs are normally active outside the kennel during the daytime. MWDs primarily          |                                                                                                |
| only eat and rest during the hours they spend inside the kennel.                                             |                                                                                                |
| Lighting                                                                                                     |                                                                                                |
| Kennels should be equipped with lighting to enable observation and assessment of MWDs at any time.           |                                                                                                |
| The MWD exercise and obstacle course area should also be equipped with lighting.                             |                                                                                                |
| Run area                                                                                                     | A separate run area for each kennel is required.                                               |
| Visibility                                                                                                   |                                                                                                |
| MWDs should possess adequate visibility of the environment that is outside the immediate kennel area;        |                                                                                                |
| however, they should be unable to see each other to prevent agitation.                                       |                                                                                                |
| Inside material                                                                                              |                                                                                                |
| Materials used inside the kennel should be easy to change, wash, sanitize, and dry. This minimizes the       |                                                                                                |
| spread of parasites and diseases.                                                                            |                                                                                                |
| Exercise area                                                                                                | Exercise areas should be placed in close proximity for daily exercise during work or playtime. |
| Break/relief                                                                                                 |                                                                                                |
| area                                                                                                         |                                                                                                |
| The relief area should be enclosed at a height of at least 3 meters, or 9 feet, and wire should be attached  |                                                                                                |
| at the top and angled inward. The relief area should not be located in the same area where training or       |                                                                                                |
| exercise is conducted.                                                                                       |                                                                                                |
| Hygiene                                                                                                      |                                                                                                |
| There should be constant access to cold and warm water for cleaning. A hygienic method should be             |                                                                                                |
| established for feces disposal. This method should include the disposal of materials that have been          |                                                                                                |
| exposed to blood contaminants. Additional in-country health and safety legal requirements must also be       |                                                                                                |
| followed.                                                                                                    |                                                                                                |
| Food and                                                                                                     |                                                                                                |
| water                                                                                                        |                                                                                                |
| MWDs should have constant access to cold drinking water. Inspections should be made to ensure that           |                                                                                                |
| adequate water is available to MWDs.                                                                         |                                                                                                |
| Food                                                                                                         |                                                                                                |
| preparation                                                                                                  |                                                                                                |
| A clean and hygienic food preparation area should be in close proximity to the location of the MWDs. A       |                                                                                                |
| separate storage area for MWD food should be established. The area should be dry, vermin-free, and           |                                                                                                |
| climate-controlled to ensure that the food is stored according to manufacturer guidelines. Food stored at    |                                                                                                |
| improper temperatures can dry out, mold, or lose its nutritional value. A freezer and refrigerator should be |                                                                                                |
| available.                                                                                                   |                                                                                                |
| Cleaning area                                                                                                |                                                                                                |
| A special space should be established for bathing, grooming, and tending MWDs. Cleaning supplies             |                                                                                                |
| should be properly stored to prevent MWDs from ingestion hazards.                                            |                                                                                                |
| Isolation-                                                                                                   |                                                                                                |
| quarantine run                                                                                               |                                                                                                |
| An isolation or quarantine run should be established to provide kenneling for infectious MWDs while          |                                                                                                |
| protecting other MWDs in the facility.                                                                       |                                                                                                |
| Sleeping area                                                                                                |                                                                                                |
| Pallets or doghouses should be provided so that MWDs do not have to sleep on the floor. Pallets and          |                                                                                                |
| doghouses must be impervious to moisture and easy to sanitize.                                               |                                                                                                |
| Legend:                                                                                                      |                                                                                                |
| MWD                                                                                                          | military working dog                                                                           |

## Quarantine Requirements

4-7.

The transmission of diseases, parasites, and worms to the main kennel facility and to other MWDs is best prevented by


Placing the quarantine site an adequate distance from the other MWD kennels.
Note. A 300-meter minimum distance is recommended, although this may not always be possible.


Washing, disinfecting, and changing clothes, gloves, and boots.
Note. Quarantine personnel should not have access to normal kennels or other MWDs.


Storing clothing and other equipment that has been used in the quarantine kennel or by personnel assigned to the kennel separately from other clothing and equipment.

Ensuring that the fence mesh is small enough to keep birds and other animals from entering and exiting the quarantine kennel.

Constructing the quarantine kennel to impede other dogs from breaking in by force.

Having separate water, drainage, and sewage systems in the facility.
Note. Waste products should be carefully and hygienically discarded. In cases of extreme transmission danger, waste products should be burned.


Investigating, respecting, and adhering to national quarantine requirements and procedures.
Note. The unit is ultimately responsible for the health of MWDs.


Employing quarantine guidance from a veterinarian or animal care specialist.

## Unattended Military Working Dogs

4-8.

MWDs should not be left unattended until they are placed in kennels. However, if an MWD must be left unattended for a short period of time


Use only a leather collar and a kennel chain to stake the MWD. Do not use a choke chain or a leash.

Do not secure the MWD to a vehicle or to an object that can be accidentally moved.

Do not stake the MWD in a location where he could injure himself or others.

Position the MWD in a shady area during hot weather.

Check the MWD often to ensure that he is not in distress.

Provide clean, cool water for the MWD.

## Kennel Facility And Program Inspections

4-9.

Inspections help ensure that the MWD section is in compliance with Army standards. Appendix G
contains a sample inspection memorandum to assist inspection officials with the areas to inspect at an MWD section.

## Department Of The Army Inspections

4-10. Personnel from Headquarters, Department of the Army, conduct annual inspections of the ACOM, ASCC, and DRU MWD program. These inspections are used to assist program managers in moving their respective program forward and will be on all aspects of the MWD program.

## Army Command Inspections

4-11. Program managers conduct annual inspections on installation kennels that are in their respective ACOM, ASCC, or DRU. The scope of the inspection includes, but is not limited to, MWD personnel, commander and PM responsibility, veterinary support, administrative support, kennel facility compliance, training areas, equipment, utilization, training aids, training techniques, record maintenance, and budget/resource allocation.

## Provost Marshal And Command Inspections

4-12. Commanders and/or the PM/DES conduct monthly inspections of handlers, MWDs, training techniques, team use strategies, team proficiency measures, kennel facilities, and equipment. These inspections are conducted at least monthly on one or more kennel areas and quarterly on all aspects of the installation MWD section to ensure compliance with AR 190-12. Veterinary inspections are conducted monthly if possible and can be performed by animal care specialists. The responsible veterinarian will conduct an inspection of the kennel facility at least quarterly to ensure the health and welfare of the handlers and MWDs assigned to the MWD section. A written record of monthly and quarterly inspections and the appropriate corrective action taken for each deficiency are maintained on file. This written record is preserved for at least 2 years. The responsible PM and/or commander will take all actions necessary to correct deficiencies noted by the veterinarian.

## Veterinary Inspections

4-13. Veterinarians inspect MWD kennel facilities at least quarterly to ensure that proper sanitary standards are being maintained. It is recommended that an animal care specialist conduct a monthly check of the kennels to ensure that no major safety or sanitary violations are present. Veterinarians ensure that insect and rodent control efforts are adequate and that handlers are properly maintaining the general health and welfare of MWDs. The quarterly inspection includes


An examination of kennel facilities for safety hazards and distractions that may interfere with the rest and relaxation of MWDs.

A review of the adequacy of kennel structures (particularly for environmental conditions) and feeding and watering schedules.
Note. The veterinarian should make recommendations to help prevent disease and injury.


A review of kennel sanitation, cleaning, and MWD food storage procedures to minimize the risk of disease transmission to MWDs.

## Deployment And Travel Requirements

4-14. Each unit, installation, and activity with assigned MWD teams should allocate enough support vehicles to ensure that missions and kennel support activities are properly conducted and maintained. The minimum standard for transportation is one support vehicle per two MWD teams (two MWDs and two handlers). Vehicle requirements should be determined by mission requirements and the overall number of MWD teams.

## Vehicle

4-15. When MWD teams reach units, they arrive without any means of transportation. It is the unit's responsibility to move MWD teams and the necessary equipment for battlefield operations. MWD teams require two seats in the vehicle in which they will be transported. This will prevent MWDs from biting passengers if the vehicle becomes suddenly disabled.

4-16. A stable platform with a nonskid surface should be used in the vehicle to prevent injuries to MWDs.

A lightweight shipping kennel is typically used in vehicles to ensure MWD safety. Crates should be loaded so that MWDs receive maximum ventilation and so that handlers have easy access to MWDs. The placement of baggage, additional kennel crates, and equipment on top of or around kennel crates should be prevented to ensure proper ventilation for MWDs. MWDs should not be loaded into crates that have been standing in the sun. Leashes may be removed from MWDs while they are inside vehicles since they typically remain under positive control of handlers. MWDs should be muzzled to prevent accidental bites to passengers. MWD handlers should not tie MWDs to items inside the vehicle or leave MWDs unattended.

4-17. Ramps may be used to load and unload MWDs. If a ramp is not available, the handler should lift the MWD on or off a vehicle by using the hindquarter and the abdomen lift. Injured MWDs may require different handling. A short leash should be used to lift MWDs on and off a vehicle.

4-18. In extremely hot weather conditions, MWDs should have air conditioning or circulating air. MWDs cannot maintain normal body temperature in an overheated, tightly sealed vehicle. Provide MWDs with adequate and frequent supplies of fresh, cool water. In the event of a vehicle breakdown, unload MWDs if possible and place them in a shady, cool area nearby. MWD teams should be transported in air-conditioned vehicles with reasonable space that accommodates handlers and MWDs.

## Aircraft

4-19. MWD teams are normally transported together. Commercial air transportation may be used when moving MWD teams. MWD teams should be routed on the most direct flights by using the most costeffective air transportation. Handlers accompany MWDs on overseas travel segments. MWDs traveling in commercial aircraft cabins are muzzled to prevent injury to other passengers.

4-20. When MWD teams move together on commercial aircraft, MWDs are declared as excess baggage on the government transportation request. Handlers should ensure that orders specify excess baggage authorized. A statement on the government transportation request should include live animalmilitary working dog.

4-21. If handlers have a delay en route in CONUS, MWDs will be shipped separately as air freight to the appropriate CONUS commercial gateway and be connected with handlers later. The unit commander is responsible for coordinating the movement of MWD teams to ensure they arrive at the airport at approximately the same time. Handlers will claim MWDs from the air freight carrier and transfer MWDs and crates to the air carrier on which they are scheduled for movement. The government bill of lading should state, "LIVE ANIMALMILITARY WORKING DOG." Copies of appropriate documents (health certificates, vaccination records) should accompany MWDs during transportation.

4-22. MWD shipments must involve minimal stops and transfers. MWDs should be shipped at night during hot weather if possible. The air temperature in a holding area should not be allowed to fall below 45F or exceed 85F. MWDs should arrive at the airport as close to flight time as possible and not more than 4 hours before flight time. For CONUS moves, the shipping installation will notify the receiving installation of the carrier, flight number, date, and time of arrival. Handlers from receiving installations should be assigned to meet and claim unaccompanied MWDs within 4 hours of arrival.

4-23. MWDs should be given potable water within 2 to 4 hours of flight time. Affix feeding and watering instructions to the outside of the shipping crates, and include them on the government bill of lading so that MWDs can be cared for if there are delays en route. Include instructions to provide potable water at least once every 12 hours and food at least once every 24 hours. Include the appropriate food and bottled water to accompany MWDs and shipping crates. Airport personnel should not open kennel crates to feed or water MWDs. The only authorized personnel who should open the crates are handlers or MWD-qualified personnel.

4-24. When booking flights, transportation officers should advise the airline that the passenger (handler) is authorized excess baggage consisting of a shipping crate, a live animal, dog food, and assorted doghandling equipment. Provide the total weight, number of pieces, and dimensions of each piece.

4-25. Local procedures should ensure that the necessary information on port call is provided to all persons involved. This includes the handler, KM, unit commander, central port call office, and transportation officer. When MWDs are shipped air freight, provide by priority message (and phone if possible) other movement information (carriers, flight numbers, dates, arrival/departure times) to the military traffic management command, military air traffic coordinating unit, installation or activity nearest a connecting airport, and gaining unit or installation. Movement control personnel provide additional guidance as necessary to ensure maximum visibility of MWD movement.

4-26. Personnel should use a standard shipping crate for MWD movement. Use the crate size that is appropriate for the size of MWD being shipped. Table 4-2 shows the standard measurements required by the Federal Aviation Administration when transporting MWDs on commercial airlines. Container labeling requirements include the MWD's name, a message that states "THIS WAY UP" to indicate the top of the shipping crate, and the message "DANGER: MILITARY WORKING DOG. DO NOT TAMPER WITH
ANIMAL."

| Formula                               |
|---------------------------------------|
| MWD's name                            |
| where                                |
|                                       |
| A = Inside length of the crate        |
| A = D + 12 E                           |
| "THIS WAY UP"                         |
| B = Inside width of the crate         |
| B = 2 x F                             |
| "LIVE ANIMAL"                         |
| C = Inside height of the crate        |
| C = G                                 |
|                                       |
| "DANGER: MILITARY                     |
| WORKING DOG. DO NOT                   |
| TAMPER WITH ANIMAL."                  |
| D = MWD length from the nose to the   |
| base of the tail                      |
| E = MWD height from the ground to the |
| elbow joint                           |
| F = MWD shoulder width                |
| G = MWD height in standing position   |

## Health And Nutrition

4-27. The guidelines for health, nutrition, and preventive medicine for MWDs can be adapted to fit different situations and mission sites. Handlers must typically take emergency actions to protect the life and health of MWDs until veterinary personnel are available. Handlers must possess basic knowledge of cardiopulmonary resuscitation and lifesaving airway, breathing, and circulation considerations before departing alone with MWDs.

## Routine Care

4-28. Proper grooming on a daily basis keeps MWD skin and hair healthy. Grooming prevents matted hair, removes loose hair, and stimulates the flow of natural oils. MWDs should be thoroughly examined during grooming for medical problems. Observant handlers detect signs of disease in the early stages. Early detection is an important factor in treating disease.

4-29. The MWD's coat should be thoroughly brushed on a daily basis. It is best to brush and examine MWDs before putting them into kennels after a mission or training exercises and to check for medical problems while brushing them. Basic health assessments of MWDs include checking the


Eyes for swelling, redness, and abnormal drainage.

Ears for wax buildup, strange odor, discharge, and tenderness.

Mouth for broken teeth.

Gums for redness and swelling.

Genitals for sores and discharge.

Anus for lesions.

Skin for external parasites, cuts, sores, and swelling.

Feet for lacerated pads and swelling.
4-30. A change in MWD behavior could be an indicator of possible illness. Remain alert for changes in the MWD's attitude. Check the daily feed chart to ensure that MWDs are eating well and maintaining weight within the ideal weight range. Examine the feces and urine for abnormalities, such as the presence of blood or changes in color or consistency.

4-31. A change in an MWD's normal pulse, respiration rate, or temperature can provide an early indication of potential illness. An MWD's normal pulse is between 70 and 120 beats per minute; the normal respiration rate is between 16 and 20 breaths per minute; and the normal temperature is between 100F and 103F.

4-32. Medication should be strictly dispensed to MWDs according to the accompanying directions.

Dosages and frequencies should be altered only under the direction of veterinarians. Unless otherwise instructed, all of the medication should be administered even if an MWD's condition has improved and appears to be normal. When MWDs are placed on medication, record it on the treatment board and initiate a register for recording each time medication is given. If a condition develops or if the medication cannot be administered, notify the veterinarian.

4-33.  Never allow MWDs to walk on ground that is contaminated with fuel or cleaning products. These materials can be very irritating to the skin. Loud noises can damage an MWD's ears in the same manner in which they can damage human ears. Use common sense, and avoid areas in which overexposure can cause damage, such as flight lines.

## Feeding And Food Control

4-34. MWDs require a diet that is significantly different than that of a privately owned dog. MWD work demands higher levels of energy and larger quantities of essential nutrients. The standard high-performance diet, contracted and supplied by the General Services Administration for MWDs, meets these nutritional needs and is the only approved feed, unless otherwise directed by the attending veterinarian. The attending veterinarian prescribes diets for MWDs under his care, and modification to the prescribed diet must first be coordinated with and approved by the veterinarian. Approved feeding regimens, signed by the attending veterinarian, should be posted in the area that is designated as the food preparation area in kennels.

4-35. Special diets may be procured and fed to individual MWDs when veterinarians determine that something other than the standard diet is required. These diets are usually available from the veterinary treatment facility (VTF), but MWD units are responsible for procurement costs.

4-36. Veterinarians also prescribe the time of day each MWD is to be fed. This depends on the MWD's duty schedule and the schedule of other kennel activities. After the prescribed feeding period, leftover food is disposed of within 2 hours and feeding pans are cleaned and put away. If MWDs finish the meal before the end of the feeding period, the feed pan may be removed.

## Food Storage

4-37. Food should be stored in sealed containers that do not allow the infiltration of contaminants, insects, or rodents. The bulk storage of food should be in an area that is separate from the storage of other equipment, cleaning supplies, and materials that could contaminate the food. Bags should be elevated 4 to 6 inches above the ground and neatly stacked, with a 4- to 6-inch space between the stacks and walls. The sanitation standards for MWD storage rations are identical to the required standards for the storage of bulk rations for personnel in a troop issue subsistence activity, exchange, or commissary. MWD food should be rotated, allowing older bags to be used first. Veterinarians can extend the shelf life of expired MWD food and generally do so by physically inspecting expired MWD food for consumption suitability.

## Kennel Sanitation Procedures

4-38. Cleanliness is one of the most important factors for the good health of MWDs. KMs must enforce sanitary measures in and around kennel areas. A good standard of sanitation is the result of the cooperation of handlers, KMs, supervisors, and veterinarians. Veterinarians and commanders should set the standards of sanitation. This standard must be maintained by each of the handlers and the KM. Stockpiling mass quantities of disinfectant may require the kennel to maintain a material safety data sheet on the products. Check with the local safety office to determine if a need exists.

4-39. Kennels should be sanitary, in a good state of repair, and thoroughly cleaned every day. Kennels should be disinfected at least once every week, using only those disinfecting products approved by veterinarians. Kennels should also be disinfected whenever an animal is permanently removed so that kennels will be ready to be occupied by other animals.

4-40. Dog feces must be removed from kennel runs at least twice daily to prevent unsanitary conditions that could affect the health of MWDs and handlers. The disposition method for dog feces depends on local conditions and the type of sewage system present. If dog feces must be carried from the area in cans, the cans must be cleaned and disinfected after each use. The entire kennel area must be free of refuse and garbage that could attract rats and insects. Mosquito control measures must be used in ditches and swampy areas in the vicinity of the kennels. Disinfectants and disinfectant procedures should be used only with veterinarian approval.

## Medication

4-41. Veterinarians occasionally prescribe medications for sick or injured MWDs. Handlers must know how to administer the medications in pill and liquid form. When foreign substances are placed directly into an MWD's mouth, its first reflex is to spit it out. Handlers should learn how to administer medication properly so that MWDs are forced to swallow it. With veterinarian approval, pills or liquids can be mixed with small amounts of canned or other soft food and fed to MWDs. To administer capsules or tablets to MWDs, the following procedures should be followed:


Place the fingers of your left hand over the MWD's muzzle. Insert your left thumb under the lip
and between the upper and lower teeth, directly behind the canine tooth. Press your left thumb against the roof of the MWD's mouth to open it.

Place the capsule or tablet into the MWD's throat at the extreme rear of the tongue to prevent
the MWD from spitting it out. Quickly remove your hand. Close the MWD's mouth. Gently massage the MWDs throat until it swallows.
Note. The entire procedure must be quick and smooth to ease the MWD's apprehension and resentment.

4-42. Liquid medication is best administered with the assistance of another person. To administer liquid medication, the following procedures should be followed:


Hold the MWD's upper and lower jaws together with your left hand. The assistant uses his right
hand to pull the MWD's lips away from the teeth at one corner of its mouth. The MWD's nose is then pointed slightly upward, forming a natural funnel by the lip. The assistant pours the liquid into the "funnel."

Elevate the MWD's head only slightly above horizontal when giving liquid medicine. (If the MWD's head is raised higher, he has difficulty swallowing.) Give the MWD adequate time for swallowing to prevent the liquid from getting into the trachea, nose, or lungs. Use extreme caution in administering oily liquids.

Allow the MWD to lower his head and rest before proceeding if signs of distress, such as
coughing or struggling, appear. Do not give oral medication or liquids if the MWD is unconscious or cannot swallow.

## First Aid

4-43. Normally, the handler's early recognition of symptoms of illness or injury allows sufficient time to get assistance from a veterinarian or animal care specialist. MWD handlers should know their assigned MWD's resting temperature (prior to working), pulse, and respiration rate so that they can determine if the MWD is ill. However, situations may arise when medical help is not immediately available. The seriousness of an incident may require handlers to take emergency actions to protect the life or health of MWDs. The use of initial first aid is commonly used to save life, prevent further injury, and reduce suffering from pain.

In emergency situations, veterinarians should be notified as soon as possible so that MWDs can receive professional medical attention.

## First Aid Kit

4-44. First aid kits should be available in the kennel area and training sites. Handlers should carry first aid kits for MWDs on operational missions. Veterinarians determine the contents of first aid kits. When items are used from first aid kits, they should be replaced with new items immediately.

4-45. Responsible veterinarians determine the contents of MWD first aid kits. Veterinarians should consider handler skill, access to veterinary support, and emergency situations that may occur. The DOD MWD Veterinary Service provides a sample first aid kit supply list in the MWD handbook, but it is not meant as a standard (or minimum) stock list. The veterinarian and KM are responsible for developing and assembling appropriate kits and for training handlers on how to use them. Kits should contain supplies for cleaning and dressing minor wounds, cleaning and protecting eye injuries, bandaging or splinting minor breaks, and removing mild superficial foreign bodies (splinters or glass). Kits should also contain peroxide, antibacterial solution, and a small supply of prescription medications needed for individual MWDs.

## Muzzles

4-46. When MWDs have been injured, the first consideration is to calm and immobilize the animal. Pain and distress may cause MWDs to respond to handlers in an unpredictable manner. MWDs may not respond to verbal commands and may attempt to bite handlers or anyone helping handlers. Whether to apply a muzzle or not depends on the emergency. If an MWD is unconscious, shows difficulty in breathing, or has suspected head injuries, a muzzle should not be used. Otherwise, a loose-fitting muzzle should be applied for safety.

4-47. The leather basket muzzle is the best and most comfortable muzzle available. It allows for free breathing and causes the least alarm and apprehension. MWDs can still inflict wounds while wearing this muzzle, so caution is required.

4-48. An improvised muzzle (leash muzzle) can be made using the MWD's leash. To apply the leash muzzle, tighten the choke chain or collar on the MWD's neck by pulling the leash tightly with your right hand. Place your left hand, palm up, under the choke chain or collar on the MWD's neck. Grasp the leash tightly as it passes through the palm of your left hand, wrap the leash once around the MWD's neck, and bring it up and across the left side of its head. Wrap the leash twice around the muzzle, and grab the leash tightly with your left hand.

4-49. The leash muzzle may be used when the leather muzzle is unavailable or when the leather muzzle will not provide adequate safety. Do not use the leash muzzle when an MWD is overheated, is having difficulty breathing, or is indicating that it may vomit. Do not leave the leash muzzle on for long periods of time.

## Fractures

4-50. If a fracture occurs, restrain the MWD. Encourage it to lie down and remain quiet. If the MWD's face and jaw are not injured, put a loose muzzle on it. Notify a veterinarian immediately when a fracture occurs or is suspected. If there is bleeding, treat the MWD according to the bleeding-wound procedures, then proceed with splinting and moving the MWD to the veterinarian if he is not immediately available.

4-51. Before moving the MWD, the fracture area needs to be immobilized with a splint. This should be possible for most leg fractures. The leg should be splinted in the same position it is placed by the MWD when it is hurt. Do not try to straighten or reduce the fracture. Splinting an MWD's leg is similar to splinting a Soldier's leg and may be done with the same materials (bandages, torn cloth, splints, sticks, boards, rolled newspapers). After the leg is splinted, or if the fracture cannot be splinted, gently move the MWD onto a litter or improvised litter (such as a piece of plywood) or into a kennel and carry it to a vehicle for transport. It is best to slide the litter under the MWD rather than lifting the MWD onto the litter. The MWD may need to be strapped to the litter to allow safe movement. The injured leg or area must be supported during movement.

## Bleeding Wounds

4-52. Bleeding must be quickly controlled, particularly foot or leg wounds that are prone to bleed freely.

Applying pressure directly on the wound may control bleeding; use a sterile bandage or clean handkerchief or pinch the edges of the wound with your fingers. As soon as possible, apply a pressure bandage.

## Warning A Tourniquet Should Not Be Applied. Constricting Blood Flow Could Increase The Possibility Of Tissue Death. Burns

4-53. Most burns occur when MWDs come in contact with hot water, grease, tar, or other scalding liquids.

MWDs may also contract electrical burns by chewing electrical wires. MWDs trapped in burning buildings may suffer from smoke inhalation in addition to surface burns. Handlers can prevent these situations through positive control of MWDs. If a burn occurs, apply cold-water soaks or ice packs to the minor burn for approximately 20 minutes to reduce pain. Clip the hair around the burn, and wash the burn gently with surgical soap. Blot it dry with sterile or clean soft gauze or cloth. Protect the burned area from rubbing by applying antibiotic ointment and a loose-fitting, gauze dressing.

## Shock

4-54. MWDs may go into shock after internal organ injuries, excessive bleeding, or trauma. Shock can be recognized by


Glassy-looking eyes.

A rapid or weak pulse.

Rapid, shallow breathing.

Dropping body temperature (cold lips and feet).

Paleness of mouth and eye membranes.

Slow capillary refill time.
Note. To determine capillary refill time, press firmly against the MWD's gums until they turn white. Release the pressure, and count the number of seconds until the gums return to their normal color. If it is more than 2 to 3 seconds, the MWD may be going into shock. Failure of the gums to return to the red-pink color indicates that the MWD may be in serious trouble and could require immediate assistance.

4-55. If a handler suspects that an MWD has internal injuries or is going into shock, help from a veterinarian and/or animal care specialist should be requested immediately. Keep the MWD warm and quiet, and lower its head to prevent possible brain damage. If it is necessary to move the MWD, use a litter. The administration of intravenous fluids by appropriately trained personnel will help prevent permanent injury from shock.

## Artificial Respiration

4-56. If an MWD stops breathing,


Open the MWD's mouth, and check for obstructions. Extend the MWD's tongue, and examine its throat.

Clear the MWD's mouth of obstructions, close its mouth, and hold it gently closed.

Inhale and cover the MWD's nose and mouth with your mouth.

Exhale gently. Do not blow hard. Carefully force air into the MWD's lungs, and watch for its chest to expand. Repeat every 5 to 6 seconds or at a rate of 10 to 12 breaths per minute.

## Snakebites

4-57. A poisonous snakebite can cause serious illness or death if not treated immediately. Keep snakebitten MWDs quiet and calm. Request veterinary assistance, or move the MWD as quickly as possible to a treatment facility. Panic or exertion causes snake venom to move more rapidly through the bloodstream. If possible, kill the snake so it can be shown to the veterinarian or animal care specialist. Avoid being bitten by the snake or coming into contact with snake venom. Bites may occur on the face or neck of the MWD.

When this happens, remove the choke chain or collar, and loosen or remove the collar and muzzle. Position the MWD's head so that it is extended from its body to allow maximum airflow. Apply an ice pack to the bite area to slow the flow of blood and keep the venom from spreading.

Note. Swelling occurs rapidly after a snake bite occurs, so chains or collars may restrict breathing.

## Foreign Objects In The Mouth

4-58. MWDs may get foreign objects stuck in the mouth or throat. The most common foreign object that becomes lodged in the throat of an MWD is the reward. The MWD may cough, gag, have difficulty swallowing or breathing, paw at the mouth, and/or drool. If the MWD is having difficulty breathing, cautiously and gently open its mouth. Look for abnormal objects in the throat, under the tongue, between the teeth, in the gums, or on the roof of the mouth. If the MWD is having trouble breathing, remove the object immediately by using pliers or clamps. If the object is not causing breathing problems, leave it in place and seek veterinary assistance.

## Poisonous Substances

4-59. MWDs may come in contact with or ingest toxic chemicals. Common chemicals include insecticides, herbicides, rodenticides, and antifreeze. The symptoms of poisoning vary. Unless a handler is certain that an MWD has eaten poison, the MWD should not be treated for poison. Occasionally, MWDs accidentally swallow narcotics or explosive training aids. Exposure to poisons and accidental ingestion of training aids can be prevented by positive control of MWDs by handlers. If a handler knows that an MWD has eaten a poison, narcotic, or explosive, take the following actions:


Request veterinary assistance immediately.

Determine the type and quantity of the poison, chemical, narcotic, or explosive that has been swallowed. If any of the substance or container is available, keep it for a military veterinarian to examine.

Immediately contact a civilian veterinary clinic to determine if vomiting is appropriate if a veterinarian or animal care specialist is not available. Causing an animal to vomit is not recommended in all types of poisoning as it may cause additional harm to the animal. When vomiting is appropriate, the animal may be induced to vomit by giving it 14 to 12 cup of hydrogen peroxide.

Keep the MWD quiet and warm until a veterinarian arrives. If a veterinarian or animal care specialist is not available, the MWD may need to be taken to a civilian veterinarian.
4-60. Maintain a copy of the material safety data sheet for each training aid and hazmat kept in the kennel.

MWD first aid should be administered according to the material safety data sheet for humans.

## Overheating

4-61. Overheating occurs when an MWD is unable to eliminate body heat rapidly enough. This condition requires immediate action by a handler to save the MWD's life. During hot, humid weather, an MWD may easily become overheated during training or operations or while being transported. A body temperature of
105F or more, combined with poor command response, weakness, unsteady movement, vomiting, difficult or labored breathing, convulsions, or collapse are symptoms of overheating. It is helpful to take the MWD's temperature to monitor the severity of overheating and progress in cooling, but temperature alone does not determine the need for, or the method of, treatment.

4-62. For a mild to moderate heat injury, an MWD's temperature is generally lower than 104F. An MWD
may have mild symptoms (uncontrolled panting, a rapid but somewhat weak pulse, mild to moderate difficult breathing [but not cyanotic], exercise intolerance, loss of stamina). This is equivalent to heat exhaustion in humans.

4-63. When symptoms of overheating occur, loosen the leash, collar, and muzzle as much as possible without losing control of the MWD. This allows for more efficient panting and cooling. Follow these guidelines at the onset of symptoms:


Carry the MWD to the nearest shade, and fan it if no wind is present.

Attempt to quickly lower the MWD's body temperature by running or sponging cool water over the MWD's head, body, and legs. Run water over nonhaired areas, such as the groin and armpits. If a body of water is available, allow the MWD to stand in the water. Ensure that the MWD's head remains above water. Running water works better than standing water.

Place the MWD in an air-conditioned kennel, vehicle, or shelter.

Apply icepacks to the MWD's groin, armpits, and head to accelerate cooling.

Dampen, but do not soak, the MWD's feet, ears, and abdomen with rubbing alcohol. Allow it to evaporate, and then reapply more.

Do not allow the MWD to overdrink. The MWD should not consume more than 1 cup of water until it is calm and its temperature returns to normal.

Monitor the MWD's temperature every 5 to 10 minutes, and stop cooling efforts when the temperature reaches 100F to 103F. Continue monitoring its temperature for an additional 60
minutes.
4-64. If the MWD's temperature remains normal (100F to 103F), treatment is complete; however, the MWD must be examined by a veterinarian. A heat injury must be reported in a veterinary treatment record (VTR). If the MWD's temperature climbs again, restart cooling efforts.

4-65. If the MWD's temperature drops below 100F, dry and wrap the MWD with sheets and blankets.

Remove wraps when its temperature rises above 101F.

4-66. For a severe heat injury, an MWD's temperature is usually more than 104F and is combined with poor command response, weakness, unsteady movement, vomiting, difficult or labored breathing, uncontrolled panting, convulsions, collapse, a dull or depressed attitude and behavior, a rapid but somewhat weak pulse, exercise intolerance or loss of stamina, and cyanosis (blueness) or dark red mucous membranes. This is equivalent to a heatstroke in humans. If this occurs, take the following actions:


Initiate cooling and monitoring efforts as directed in paragraph 4-64.

Administer 1 liter of intravenous fluids to the MWD as quickly as possible if appropriately trained personnel are available.

Continue to cool and monitor the MWD until a veterinarian can complete an evaluation.

## Bloat (Gastric Dilation-Volvulus)

4-67. Bloat is an acute stomach enlargement and twisting that may be caused by gas, food, or water. It may occur if an MWD is fed immediately before or after hard exercise or if it is allowed to drink too much water when it is returned to its kennel after work or exercise.

4-68. An enlargement may be seen just behind the ribs, primarily on the left side. The MWD may also be restless and show signs of pain in the abdominal region. It may attempt to vomit or have a bowel movement. Its breathing may be difficult or labored due to pressure from an enlarged stomach.

4-69. Handlers should notify a veterinarian and stop watering and feeding. Walking may enable an MWD
to relieve itself through bowel movements or passing gas. Most cases require extensive treatment by a veterinarian.

4-70. To prevent bloat, MWDs should not be fed within a 2-hour period before or after hard work or vigorous exercise. It is safer to provide multiple small meals each day, feeding twice daily, rather than providing one large meal. In hot weather, give small amounts of water during training or work to prevent excessive thirst. For the first hour after working or training, only 3 inches of water in the bucket should be available. After this cooling-off period, more water may be given.

## Parasite Control

4-71. MWDs are at risk of becoming infested with internal parasites (intestinal worms and heartworms)
and external parasites (fleas, ticks, and mange). Some of these parasites may also transmit infectious diseases to MWDs. In order to prevent infestation and disease transmission, MWDs must be on a routine parasite prevention program that is supervised by a veterinarian. At a minimum, this must include the administration of a monthly oral (pill or chewable) heartworm preventive and internal parasite preventive and the administration of a topical, veterinary-prescribed external parasite preventive against fleas and ticks.

4-72. When deployed to areas with high parasite risk, additional preventive measures (prescription flea and tick collars, oral antibiotic doxycycline) will be prescribed by the supporting veterinarian. Doxycycline must be given with food. Handlers must ensure that adequate supplies of preventives are issued by the VTF
before departing for TDY or deploying. To prevent accidental ingestion, tick collars will only be used when prescribed by the veterinarian and must be removed when the MWD is not under direct physical control of the handler.

4-73. Each month, the MWD's body weight must be recorded monthly on DA Form 2807-R (Military Working Dog Training and Utilization Record) and sent to the responsible veterinarian. The KM may communicate this to the VTF. Body weight is also measured and recorded monthly on DA Form 2807 to monitor body condition and detect important trends in weight loss or gain that may indicate illness. The KM
or handler also documents data such as food intake, dog feces consistency, and vomiting in the monthly records.

## Army Veterinary Service Support

4-74. At most locations, veterinary support is provided by an assigned Army veterinarian and animal care specialist. When there is no assigned veterinarian, an attending veterinarian from a nearby military installation is assigned responsibility for providing veterinary support. The U.S. Army is the DOD executive agent for veterinary services and provides veterinary support for all MWDs as authorized by DODD 6400.4 and AR 40-1, AR 40-3, and AR 40-905. Emergency, civilian veterinary support is authorized for MWDs when there is not a veterinarian available and/or care is beyond the capability of the VTF. The responsible veterinarian and Army Veterinary Service chain of command are responsible for establishing standard procedures for approval, provisions, and payment for emergency, civilian veterinary support.

## Veterinary Responsibilities

4-75. The U.S. Army Surgeon General provides professional veterinary support for the entire MWD
program through the Army Veterinary Service. This responsibility includes


Providing medical and surgical care at training facilities, bases, and installations

Conducting inspections to ensure that the kennel facilities are safe and sanitary.

Professionally reviewing plans for new construction and modification of kennels, support
buildings, and sites.

Prescribing an adequate feeding program.

Instructing handlers and supervisors in all matters related to the health of MWDs.

Conducting research to improve the MWD program.
4-76. Responsible veterinarians provide treatment for diseased or injured MWDs at the kennel site or at the installation VTF. The Army Veterinary Service is responsible for equipping this facility and for providing medical and surgical supplies. The veterinarian is responsible for the MWD VTR and related information concerning examinations, immunizations, and treatments.

4-77.  Veterinarians and animal care specialists instruct handlers about MWD health, care, feeding, and first aid. This instruction helps handlers develop a better understanding of the MWD's health needs and improves the handler's ability to care for MWDs. Veterinarians prescribe appropriate feeding programs based on the climate, MWD health, and working conditions.

4-78. Veterinarians are involved in the review of plans for new kennel construction or kennel modifications. This ensures that potential health and safety hazards can be corrected before construction begins.

## Mandatory Veterinarian Training

4-79. Personnel assigned to MWD kennels receive quarterly training by a Veterinary Corps officer or his representative according to AR 40-905. The Army MWD Veterinary Service recommends that handler training be conducted at least quarterly. Training topics include


Procedures on when and how to obtain veterinary support.

General animal health.

Grooming.

Environmental injury prevention (heatstroke, cold injuries).

Emergency first aid for bloat (gastric dilatation-volvulus), heatstrokes, snakebites, and cold injuries).

Administration or application of routine medication.

Proper MWD feeding.

Feed sanitation (proper storage, preparation, and cleanup).

MWD chemical, biological, radiological, nuclear, and high-yield explosives protective measures.

Inventory of on-hand first aid kits.

Training on perishable skills (cardiopulmonary resuscitation, intravenous therapy).

Training on additional skills (new equipment added to first aid kits).

Identification of indigenous hazards (snakes, spiders, feral animals).
4-80. Mandatory training should be scheduled so that seasonal problems are addressed before their occurrence and appropriate refresher training is provided before deployment. This training is not meant to turn handlers into animal care specialists, but to give them the tools needed to provide emergency care until they can acquire veterinary support.

## Veterinary Treatment Record/Health Certificates

4-81. The MWD'S VTR is maintained by the local VTF. It is very important that MWD handlers ensure that health information is annotated in these records. When going TDY or deploying, handlers should take copies of complete VTRs.

4-82. Examinations are given just before shipping MWDs from one installation to another. MWDs are examined to detect injury or disease and to support the safe shipment and continued good health and performance of MWDs. A health certificate is issued for the state or country where the MWD is being shipped for TDY and must accompany the MWD. When the TDY period exceeds 10 days, a health certificate may be required for the MWD to return to the home station. A veterinarian signs the certificate no more than 7 days before embarkation. If the TDY location is in a different Army veterinarian's area of operation, the gaining veterinarian is notified before the MWD's departure from the home station. An examination is given as soon as possible, but not more than 10 days after the arrival of an MWD at a new assignment, TDY, or deployed location and within 3 days of the MWD's return to the home station. It is important that the handler who deployed with the MWD be present for the examination so that the veterinarian can get accurate and complete information on health issues while the MWD was deployed.

## Deployability Categories

4-83. The purpose of reporting MWD deployability status is to assist MWD program managers, PMs, commanders, and KMs with the selection of MWD teams for deployment and TDY and to rapidly identify MWDs with limited duty requirements. These guidelines take medical and physical fitness factors into consideration, including


Anticipated MWD duty stress at deployed locations compared to the home location.

Availability of veterinary support at the deployed location.

Climate and environment of the deployed location.

Diagnosed or suspected medical conditions the may affect MWD performance.

MWD physical conditioning and stamina observed by the KM and handler.
4-84. Some determinations are and will remain subjective; therefore, prudent judgment by all individuals involved in these assessments is critical. This is particularly true regarding the effect of age on an individual MWD. Age is not a disease, and MWDs are not downgraded due to age; however, with increased age comes increased illness and disability. These problems may warrant a change in deployability status.

4-85. Deployability status is initially determined after veterinarians examine MWDs at a recent physical or semiannual physical exam. KMs determine training and proficiency status. Veterinarians and KMs should discuss findings, categorize each MWD's status, and forward the listing through the KM to the PM and program managers. Updates to deployability status lists are performed at least monthly or as needed as changes occur in an individual MWD's status according to AR 700-81.

## Category 1: Unrestricted Deployment (Both Outside The Continental United States And In The Continental United States)

4-86. MWDs are medically fit for contingencies and exercises. There are no limiting or compromising factors. Medical factors may exist, but will not limit performance. Special diets, controlled drugs, or special medications can be sent with MWDs (or be carried by handlers) in a quantity that is sufficient to last the full duration of the anticipated deployment.

## Category 2: Limited Deployment (Continental United States Or Home Theater Of Operation)

4-87. MWDs are medically fit for regions and missions, with minimal requirements for acclimation to heat or physical stress where complete veterinary support is available. MWDs are fit for short duration deployments. There is no significant limiting or compromising factors. Medical problems may exist that slightly limit performances, but these problems are controllable. Special diets or medications are required; however, they are available in the deployed location or can be sent with the MWD. The reason for limited deployability must be reported.

## Category 3: Temporarily Nondeployable

4-88. A medical condition exists that impedes daily duty performance and is under diagnosis, observation, or treatment. MWDs may still be allowed to work at the home station, but in a limited capacity.

## Category 4: Permanently Nondeployable

4-89. An unresolved medical or physical problem exists that frequently or regularly impedes daily duty performance, and an early retirement date cannot be given. The reason for nondeployability must be reported. Medical or physical conditions warrant replacement within 1 year. Responsible veterinarians and KMs should initiate the MWD disposition process when an MWD is declared Category 4.

## Disposition Packet

4-90. A disposition package must be created by the accountable unit commander and submitted or forwarded to the 341st Training Squadron (TRS). Army packages must be submitted through the ACOM/ACSS, with an information copy provided to the service MWD program manager. Additional information can be accessed on the 341st TRS Web site (http://www.lackland.af.mil/units/341stmwd/).

4-91. Packages must contain a letter requesting disposition instructions that identify the apparent cause of failure and a summary of retraining efforts or medical problems. Attachments to the letter should include the


Training documentation.

Training records from the start of the training issue to the present.

Training records from the last 6 months (if not a training issue).

Medical documentation.

Veterinary letter to the unit commander.

Consultation and/or referral form from the veterinarian (medical problems only).

Master problems list.

Department of Defense (DD) Form 1829 (Record of Military Dog Physical Examination).

Standard Form (SF) 600s (Chronological Record of Medical Care) from medical records, including the last three pages.

Radiology and diagnostic reports.

Bite muzzle video clip if the unit commander determines that the MWD is deemed suitable for adoption by unit commanders. (To speed up the disposition process, a copy of the video clip or
compact disc needs to be sent directly to the disposition coordinator. Single-purpose detection
MWDs that have never been a patrol MWD do not need a bite muzzle video.)

## Chapter 5 Command And Staff Roles And Responsibilities

This chapter provides an overview of the command and staff roles and responsibilities. The U.S. Army MWD program is an organization with structure and responsibilities that reach from DOD level down to the MWD handler. Commanders exercise mission command of MWDs in support of full spectrum operations. MWD technical channels are used to complement existing command and support relationships; they do not replace existing command and support structure. The MWD technical channel passes guidance and information through the echelon MWD section/organization to ensure the proper use of TTP and adherence to applicable laws and policies. It also provides technical support and guidance for MWDs.

## Mission Command

5-1. Throughout the conduct of full spectrum operations, commanders exercise mission command to integrate warfighting functions (movement and maneuver, fires, intelligence, sustainment, command and control, protection) CRM and to direct the activities of forces to achieve objectives and accomplish missions. Due to the complex nature of operations, commanders cannot exercise effective mission command alone, except in the smallest organizations. Thus, commanders exercise mission command through mission command networks and systems (the coordinated application of personnel, networks, procedures, equipment, facilities, knowledge management, and information management systems essential for the commander to conduct operations). (See Appendix H.) In addition to the staff, commanders rely on subordinate and adjacent commanders to assist with mission command throughout the conduct of operations.

## Program Managers

5-2. A program manager is normally a sergeant first class, master sergeant (MSG), or civilian equivalent.

The MWD program manager executes operational supervisory responsibilities over assigned ACOM, ASCC, and DRU level responsibilities for the MWD program. Program manager responsibilities resemble those of an operations noncommissioned officer (NCO). The program manager is an appointed, certification authority who


Conducts MWD team patrol and detection certification (following training and certification for each respective MWD).

Validates MWD requisitions.

Tracks personnel requisitions.

Provides supplemental policies and guidelines for the ACOM, ASCC, and DRU regarding MWD utilization following approval from the Department of the Army Provost Marshal
General Military Police Policy (DAPM-MPP) division.

Forecasts annual operational budgets.

Coordinates MWD support for the Office of the Secretary of Defense, USSS, USCS, and DOS
missions as requested by the DAPM-MPP.

Serves as the advisor for the ACOM and ASCC and acts as the DRU PM's advisor for the employment of MWDs in support of offensive, defensive, stability, and civil support operations.

## Kennel Master Team

5-3. The KM team is comprised of a sergeant first class or a government service civilian who is the KM
and a staff sergeant who is the plans NCO. The KM team is modular and provides technical supervision of MWD teams assigned to units. In addition to technical supervision, this team plans and coordinates MWD operations and support requirements. The KM team is also responsible for MWD team proficiency training, the storage and accountability of explosive and narcotic training aids, and all assigned equipment.

5-4. The KM and/or detachment NCO in charge (NCOIC) is the NCOIC of the MWD section and exercises direct supervisory responsibility over the unit program. KM duties are the equivalent of a platoon sergeant's duties, depending on the assigned MWD teams.

5-5. The KM is a qualified MWD handler who must have successfully completed the training and KM
course prescribed in AR 190-12 and have at least 4 years of successful performance experience as an MWD handler.

5-6. The KM should be an enlisted grade of E-6 or above or a civilian general schedule (GS)-08 or above according to AR 190-12. The KM usually


Monitors training to ensure that MWD teams are ready for validations, evaluations, annual certifications, and worldwide deployments that support various operational missions.

Advises the commander on the employment of MWD teams.

Ensures that MWD sustainment training is conducted.

Prepares for MWD program manager and veterinary inspections.

Forecasts annual operational budgets to MWD program managers.

Assists the MWD program manager with requisition, personnel, and equipment requirements.

Manages the daily maintenance and upkeep of kennel facilities.

Monitors MWD health and welfare.

Manages procurements and accounts for explosive and narcotics training aids.

Advises installation and unit force protection and antiterrorism officers on the use of MWDs.

Coordinates MWD support for USSS, USCS, DOD protective services units, full spectrum operations, U.S. Army Recruiting Command, and other agencies.
5-7. The MWD plans NCO possesses the same qualifications as the KM. The authorization for a plans NCO is specified in AR 190-12. The MWD plans NCO usually


Develops training plans.

Provides subject matter expert insight into the development of the individual task list and identifies how to incorporate MWDs into the unit mission-essential task list.

Supervises the execution and tracking of the deployment plan.

Tracks the movement of MWD teams while they are deployed.

Ensures that deployed Soldiers' issues are resolved.

Assists in the supervision of the installation MWD program.

Acts as the KM when the KM is absent.

Prepares short- and long-range training outlines and RAs.

Validates and supervises sustainment training.

Supervises the deployment preparation of MWD teams.

Ensures coordination for MWD team support for USSS, USCS, full spectrum operations, U.S.
Army Recruiting Command, and other agencies.

Executes traditional NCO leadership responsibilities.

## Senior Handler

5-8. Senior MWD handlers oversee the performance of MWD handlers and assist the KM team by ensuring that MWD handlers conduct their duties as assigned. Senior MWD handlers may be assigned duties that are the equivalent of a squad leader. In addition to regular MWD responsibilities, senior MWD handlers are responsible for ensuring that


Annual certification training is conducted.

MWD teams are ready for deployment.

Sustainment training is conducted.

Validation of assigned MWDs is conducted.

Coordination for MWD team support for USSS, USCS, full spectrum operations, U.S. Army Recruiting Command, and other agencies is conducted.

## Handler

5-9. MWD handlers provide daily care and grooming for assigned MWDs. They ensure that sustainment skills are maintained in assigned MWDs. Handlers and MWDs perform operations according to MWD specialties. DOD civilian MWD handler duties are identified in position descriptions. An MWD handler is responsible for


Grooming assigned MWD daily.

Maintaining MWD kennels daily.

Performing physical conditioning training with assigned MWD according to AR 190-12.

Performing sustainment training with assigned MWD daily.

Completing training records daily.

Performing additional kennel duties as assigned.

## Certification Authority

5-10. Certification is the process used to formally evaluate and identify MWD teams that demonstrate reliability and maturity as a team. Appointed certification authorities execute this process to ensure that MWD teams meet the requirements of AR 190-12.

## Certification Authority Appointment

5-11.  Commanders, PMs, and DES can request qualified individual appointments as a certification authority by following the procedures outlined in AR 190-12. Appointment as a certification authority should be for a specific period of time, not to exceed 1 year. Authority may be withdrawn anytime by the DAPM-MPP. Certification authorities typically assume the following responsibilities:


Recertify or not certify MWD teams under direct control or supervision.

Decertify MWD teams that fail to meet proficiency standards.
Note. Certification authorities are the only personnel who can decertify MWD teams.


Ensure that recertification problem sets are designed to challenge the team to ensure awareness, growth, and maturity of the team.

Present each authorized training aid at least once during a certification evaluation.

Stop the certification when the numbers of aids and mandatory areas have been successfully completed.

Certify only those teams that

Perform their specialty functions.

Have MWDs that demonstrate accuracy in their trained specialties.

Have handlers who demonstrate a clear ability to understand MWDs.

## Animal Care Specialist

5-13. Animal care specialists may be attached to military installations with high concentrations of MWDs to provide on-site veterinary medicine support. Animal care specialists will provide a written consultation
(from the veterinarian responsible for that area) that indicates the MWD's major medical conditions, diagnosis, and prognosis for return to duty. Animal care specialists will also inspect MWD kennels monthly.



## Chapter 6 Training And Validations

This chapter contains information that is useful in planning an MWD training, validation, and certification program. It provides general guidance and information that should be considered when planning a training program. This realistic and challenging training should be scenario-driven and relate to all possible operations where MWD teams will operate in support of full spectrum operations.

## Sustainment Training

6-1. MDD and SSD teams are considered certified and available for deployment upon graduation of their respective MWD courses. Each MWD training school trains MWDs to level three out of five and trains handlers to apprentice level. PEDD and PNDD handlers are trained by the 341st TRS. It is the gaining command's responsibility to pair MWD handlers and new MWDs together and to prepare them for validation and certification. Once certified, they continue training. They are placed in the unit's deployment rotation plan and provide installation support as needed. Training is continuously required to ensure that teams are reliable for use in patrol, narcotic detection, explosive detection, and mine detection.

6-2. The effectiveness of MWDs that are trained in all disciplines depends on the continual reinforcement of MWD team abilities through sustainment training. Without positive reinforcement for performing tasks correctly, MWDs lose interest and their skills may deteriorate rapidly. MWD teams that have been separated or have not conducted sustainment training for 35 or more consecutive days will be decertified if they are currently certified as a team according to AR 190-12.

6-3. The minimum training standard is dictated by the type of MWD assigned to the handler. Dualpurpose MWDs should conduct a minimum of 8 hours of training per week: 4 hours per week dedicated to patrol skills, and 4 hours per week dedicated to detection and/or additional specialties. Single-purpose MWDs should conduct a minimum of 6 hours of training per week on single-purpose detection skills.

MWD handlers should record and maintain all training according to AR 190-12. Individual training records should be reviewed by the MWD handler's chain of command and receive a signed verification of training by the unit commander or designated representative.

## Patrol Dog

6-4. The effectiveness of a PD depends on the continual reinforcement of mandatory sustainment training. PDs must receive a minimum of 4 hours of patrol sustainment training each week. The training environment should resemble the military operational environment as closely as possible. Training should occur at varying times throughout the day and night and on varying days of the week, including weekends.

6-5. The emphasis in training is to develop the capability of MWDs so that they are available to handlers during operational missions. As a proficiency evaluation criterion, the correct performance of required tasks verifies that handlers understand how to control the PD and is able to do so.

6-6. PDs should be trained to protect with or without command, based on perceived threats to handlers.

Due to the potential of serious bodily injury in this capability, certifications of MWD teams are stringent. Ensure that the sustainment training of PDs includes an emphasis on critical tasks. There are no waivers for the failure to accomplish a critical task by a PD.

## Detection Dog Teams

6-7. Sustainment training of detection MWDs is required to maintain proficiency in the ability to seek and find drugs, explosives, and mines. Ensure that detection training is documented properly. Documentation and training are critical to maintaining team certification and establishing probable cause for search based on a detection MWD's reliability and correct responses.

6-8. There are several differences in training requirements for PNDDs, PEDDs, SSDs, and MDDs.

Sustainment training scenarios for detection MWDs must be varied to avoid conditioning MWDs to repetitious training patterns. The following factors should be varied for each sustainment training exercise:


Training areas.

Number of planted aids.

Aid placement locations.

Sizes and amounts of narcotic and explosive aids.

Types of narcotics and explosives.

Training times.

Training aid containers.

Distraction materials planted with training aids.

Short- and long-term hides.

Individual handling and planting of training aids.

Heights and depths of training aid plants.

Sizes or types of areas in which training aids are planted.

## Weapon Fire

6-9. Training on weapon firing ranges is essential for MWDs to become proficient and steady under gunfire. PDs must be proficient and not be deterred from attacking agitators during gunfire. MWDs must not attack handlers during gunfire. The firing of weapons assigned to handlers should be done with MWDs present whenever possible. MWDs can be desensitized with the firing of many different types of weapons. This can often be accomplished by arranging for handlers to take MWDs to weapon ranges of different units.

6-10. Determine the MWD's reaction to the sound of gunfire. It may be necessary for handlers to use counterconditioning techniques until the desired proficiency is achieved. Counterconditioning techniques include starting at distances of 300 meters and slowly bringing the gunfire closer to the MWD or, as safety allows, bringing the MWD closer to the gunfire. The goal is for the MWD not to bark or show signs of aggression when the handler fires assigned weapons. This can be a slow process that takes several exposures.

## Obedience Course

6-11. The obedience course exposes the PNDD, PEDD, and SSD to various obstacles that simulate walls, open windows, tunnels, ramps, and steps. MWD exposure to these obstacles reduces the amount of time required to adapt MWDs to different environments. MWDs learn to negotiate each obstacle. When confronted with similar obstacles in the working environment, MWDs are not deterred from completing their mission. The obedience course also develops a handler's ability to control the MWD's behavior on and off leash. The obedience course is not a substitute for exercise. MWDs should never be required to negotiate the obedience course before they have conducted warm-up exercises.

## Decoys

6-12. A decoy is a person who role-plays as the primary adversary for training and evaluating MWD
teams. Decoys may be suspects, subjects, attackers, agitators, drunks, escapees, enemies, or other persons who MWD teams may encounter while in operational environments. Decoys may also be neutral persons or allies (Soldiers, supervisors, lost juveniles, innocent persons passing through identification checkpoints).

Both males and females should be used as decoys, agitators, and suspect role-players. Role-player clothing should be varied to expose MWDs to diverse civilian, military, and ethnic dress of personnel in the area of operation.

6-13. Decoys must be taught how to handle arm protector sleeves, wraps, and other aggression tools such as bite suits, hidden wraps, and leg wraps for self-protection when MWDs attack. Sleeves that simulate operational environments are hidden sleeves that can be concealed under large articles of clothing to achieve more realistic conditions for training MWDs.

6-14. KMs and plans NCOs should instruct decoys to understand the different drives and needs of MWDs.

Once understood, the drives of MWDs can be exploited to gain desired training results. Decoys must understand the importance of the pattern types used to aid MWDs when performing aggression or bite training. For safety and optimum training effect, decoys should understand how to target an MWD's bite into the bite gear, what actions to take during a partial or full bite, and the importance of allowing MWDs to win during training.

## Training Assistance Team

6-15. Commanders may encounter training problems that are beyond the scope of the command's ability to resolve. Commanders may request training assistance through the appropriate ACOM/ASCC/DRU to DAPM-MPP according to AR 190-12. The request should


Describe the training problem.

Describe the measures taken to resolve the training problem.

Contain a thorough justification of the need for training assistance and verification so that the requesting command will provide temporary duty funding for the training assistance team and
pay for training costs.

Be forwarded to the U.S. Army Training and Doctrine Command to assign a training assistance team.

## Training Aids

6-16. MWD team training and evaluations require the frequent use of narcotic, explosive, and mine training aids. Due to the potential safety hazards and risks involved with these aids, it is mandatory for MWD personnel and commanders to understand and adhere to regulatory guidance. MWD leaders and handlers must participate in periodic reviews and training on the requirements listed in AR 190-12.

## Patrol Narcotics Detection Dog

6-17. Commanders, PMs, or security officers should appoint, in writing, a narcotic custodian and an alternate custodian. The custodian and alternate custodian should be cleared by a favorable U.S. Army Crime Records Center name check before being appointed. Custodians should be responsible for the procurement, storage, security, accountability, and control of narcotics or contraband training aids per AR
190-12 and DA Pamphlet 190-12. Military police personnel authorized to use narcotics or contraband training aids will be designated, in writing, by the PM or the DES.

6-18. Units, installations, and activities located within the United States or U.S. territories should apply to the Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) for registration. DEA Form 223 (Certificate of Registration) will be used to authorize applicants and registration certificates. Registration is valid for one year and must be renewed annually. Synthetic drugs (pseudo heroin, pseudo cocaine) will not be used in the training of narcotics detection MWDs.

6-19. Checks for the accountability of narcotics training aids will be conducted monthly by disinterested persons in the grade of E-7 (sergeant first class) or above.

6-20. Registration and procurement instructions are provided in DA Pamphlet 190-12. Procurement amounts and loss or theft procedures are provided in AR 190-12.

## Patrol Explosive Detection/Specialized Search Dog

6-21. The effectiveness of explosive detection MWDs depends on the continual reinforcement of detection skills through realistic sustainment training.

6-22. Commanders, PMs, or security officers should appoint, in writing, an explosive training aid custodian and an alternate custodian. Personnel selected as the custodian and alternate custodian will complete DA Form 7281 (Command Oriented Arms, Ammunition, and Explosives [AA&E] Security Screening and Evaluation Record) according to AR 190-11 and be cleared by a favorable U.S. Army Crime Records Center name check before being appointed. Custodians will be responsible for the procurement, storage, security, accountability, and control of explosive training aids per AR 190-12 and DA Pamphlet
190-12. Personnel authorized to use explosives training aids should be designated, in writing, by the unit commander, PM, or DES.

6-23. Training aids can be centrally procured and distributed. Canine explosive scent kits can be requisitioned through local supply channels. Training aids (by types of explosives) are given federal stock numbers and are issued through the munitions supply systems. The central procurement agency can purchase the explosives properly packaged, or package them before distribution to units.

6-24. The types and quantities of explosives authorized for training are specified in DA Pamphlet 190-12.

The use of pseudo or simulated explosive substances is not authorized.

6-25. Checks for the accountability of explosive training aids will be conducted monthly by disinterested persons in the grade of E-7 or above. Accountability instructions are listed in DA Pamphlet 190-12.

6-26. Per AR 190-12, personnel associated with explosive training aids receive formal annual training from EOD or safety personnel in the safe storage, transportation, and handling of each type of explosive used as a training aid before conducting or participating in sustainment training.

6-27. Explosive training aids should only be issued to personnel who have received the required explosive safety training. Personnel who are authorized to handle explosive training aids should be designated, in writing, by the activity or installation unit commander, PM, or security officer after successful completion of training conducted by EOD.

6-28. Explosives training aids should be transported only in government vehicles that have been certified as safe for explosives transportation by explosives safety personnel.

## Mine Detection Dog

6-29. Due to the nature of land mines and the political ramifications of the use and possession of land mines, the procurement of mines and explosives for training Army MDDs is the responsibility of the program/course manager for the MDD training course. Strict inventory control measures of mines will be in place and conducted by primary and alternate custodians before emplacement in the training minefield as long-term hides. Additional accountability measures will include fencing, sensors, alarms, and inventory schedules appropriate for the mission and installation at which they are located.

6-30. A complete hands-on inventory is conducted according to AR 190-12 upon the change of the primary custodian. A complete monthly inventory is required on mines that are not emplaced in the training minefield. Mines that are emplaced in training minefields should be inventoried by using minefield grid diagrams (locations and types) and mine detectors to verify exact locations and types of mines.

6-31. A monthly inventory is conducted by a disinterested person in the grade of E-7 or above who is appointed, in writing, by the unit commander. The person conducting the inventory should prepare a report on the findings of the inventory of mines (emplaced and not emplaced), including noted discrepancies, for the unit commander.

## Training And Utilization Records And Validation Folders

6-32. When an MWD is procured, a permanent administrative record file is initiated by the 341st TRS, along with a permanent health record. The administrative record and the health record constitute the permanent record file. The record file should accompany the MWD on every permanent transfer and should be kept current by the kennel personnel to which the MWD is assigned.
6-33. Permanent MWD training and utilization records should be maintained and secured at the kennel facility for the assignment or the life of the MWD. The handler should not remove permanent training records from the facility. Copies of these records will be taken with the handler on operational deployments.

## Training And Utilization Records

6-34. The authorized forms that should be used to annotate MWD training are DA Form 2807-R and DA
Form 3992-R (Narcotics or Explosives Detector Dog Training and Utilization Record). These forms are official military documents and should be maintained daily with factual information. The documents can be requested for use in court proceedings, so the importance of completion and accuracy of these documents must be stressed by supervisors. Sample forms and instructions are included in Appendix G.

## Validation Folders

6-35. Validation folders should be created for each MWD team assigned to the unit. These folders contain, at a minimum, DA Form 2807-R (current month and the previous three months), DA Form 3992-R, the MWD team current certification document, decertification and recertification documents, DD Form 1834
(Military Working Dog Service Record), and Lackland AFB Form 375 (Patrol Dog Certification). The validation folder should be comprised of an index and tabs that keep the folder in a uniform manner. Items that are considered pertinent to show the MWD's reliability should be contained within a tab titled
"Miscellaneous." The following original records should be maintained in the validation folder at the kennel facility:


DD Form 1834. DD Form 1834 should be maintained on the MWD and kept as the initial form in the validation folder. This form must be accurate and signed upon the change of a handler. When MWDs are trained on new substances, ensure that they are listed on DD Form 1834. The 341st TRS at Lackland Air Force Base, Texas must approve new substances.

Lackland AFB Form 375. Lackland AFB Form 375 follows DD Form 1834 in the validation
folder and lists patrol certification information for the MWD.

Lackland AFB 375a. Lackland AFB Form 375a follows the Lackland AFB 375 (if dualcertified) and lists postgraduation certification information for the MWD.

Air Force (AF) Form 1256 (Certificate of Training). A copy of the handler's AF Form 1256
follows Lackland AFB Form 375a. The handler provides a copy of the AF Form 1256 for the validation folder.

Certification letter. This letter attests to the fact that the appointed certification authority has
witnessed a demonstration of the capabilities of the MWD team. This letter, at a minimum, should list the handler, MWD, whelp, type of MWD (PEDD, PNDD, SSD, or MDD), last four digits of the handler's social security number (SSN), and certification date. This letter should be maintained in the validation folder after the handler's graduation certification until the next team certification or change of handler.

Quarterly validation and evaluation by the KM. This document is used to show that the KM
has conducted a quarterly evaluation on the MWD team. If the KM is not available, the plans NCO or designated representative can conduct the evaluation. This document follows the certification letter in the validation folder.


Training and utilization records. The current and last three months of training and utilization
records for the MWD team should be maintained in the validation folder. These records include DA Form 2807-R and DA Form 3992-R. When an additional month has passed, the oldest
month should be transferred to the MWD team permanent folder.
6-36. A copy of the validation folder should be taken with the MWD team on deployments, certifications, VIP missions, and court appearances by the handler. This will prevent records from being lost while away from current duty stations. Records that are older than 90 days will be placed in the permanent record file.

6-37. Descriptions of medical records used for MWDs are contained in AR 40-905. Only veterinary personnel are authorized to make or direct entries in MWD medical records. Medical records may be kept at the offices of attending veterinarians or at kennel facilities with administrative records, as specified by attending Army veterinarians.

6-38. Upon the death or adoption of an MWD, the permanent record file should be forwarded to 341st Training Squadron ATTN: Military Dog Records, 1655 Selfridge Drive, Building 5450, Lackland Air Force Base, Texas 78236. (AR 700-81 contains additional information and instructions.)

## Team Validation

6-39. Validation is a training tool for the KM, plans NCO, and detachment NCOIC to verify the quality and effectiveness of initial training and sustainment training in garrison and while deployed. The intent of validation is to identify patrol or detection accuracy rates and specific patrol or detection weaknesses that require corrective training.

6-40. The KM, plans NCO, or detachment NCOIC are required to conduct validations of MWD teams being considered for certification before requesting certification through the MACOM MWD program manager. Validations of certified MWD teams should be conducted quarterly to verify the patrol and detection accuracy rates recorded on DA Forms 2807-R and DA Form 3992-R during sustainment training. Additional validations will be given to patrol or detection MWDs whose demonstrated proficiency appears to differ significantly from the rating recorded on the DA Forms 2807-R and DA Form 3992-R. The validation will verify proficiency or identify specific patrol/detection weaknesses that need corrective training.

6-41. Validation should be conducted for each type of MWD as follows:


PEDD and PNDD. A minimum of 20 trials should be performed over a 5- to 7-day period. Respective training aids will be divided equally into at least five different search areas.

SSD and MDD. A minimum of seven trials should be performed over a 5- to 7-day period.
Respective training aids should be divided equally into at least five different search areas.
6-42. Validation should be recorded and maintained in the MWD training records and should be signed by the same commander that verified sustainment training for the MWD team. In case of a permanent change of station of the commander, the new commander may sign the training record and validation documents.

## Team Certification

6-43. Certification is the process used to formally evaluate and identify MWD teams that demonstrate reliability and maturity as a team. Certifications are valid for 1 year after fulfilling certification standards.

## Initial Certification Of Military Working Dogs

6-44. SSD and MDD teams are recognized as certified upon graduation from initial training, because both programs require handlers and MWDs to be trained together as a team during initial training. The PEDD and PNDD should receive initial certification within 6 months of assignment as an MWD team.

6-45. MWDs and handlers should be certified as a team by a DA certification authority before being employed to support operational missions. The allotted time and sustainment training requirements before initial certification are listed in AR 190-12. Certification standards are designed to ensure that MWD teams meet or continue to meet the minimum standards for MWD proficiency.

## Recertification Of Military Working Dog Teams

6-46. Recertification is an annual requirement for MWD teams that have received initial certification. All recertifications should follow the same procedures as the initial certification. Recertification conditions are stated in AR 190-12.

6-47. Failure to maintain appropriate percentage rates for 2 or more consecutive months will result in a mandatory recertification of the MWD team. The PEDD, SSD, and MDD should maintain a minimum detection standard of 95 percent for explosives detection, with no more than a 10 percent false response rate during training. The PNDD should maintain a minimum detection standard of 90 percent for narcotics detection, with no more than a 10 percent false response rate during training.

6-48. Teams that are identified for recertification will not be used in an official capacity encompassing patrol or detection utilization. Teams that do not pass recertification should undergo 30 working days of sustainment training before being reconsidered for certification. Additionally, the number of allowed false responses should be limited to no more than one during subsequent recertification.


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## Appendix A Training Records

This appendix provides samples and details of how to properly use MWD training records. Records must be maintained for the life of the MWD. At least 1 year of historical documents must be maintained on file at each kennel for every MWD. Records can be discarded 2 years after the death, adoption, or euthanasia of the MWD. Nearly all MWDs have a dual-purpose (PD and PEDD or PNDD); therefore, every MWD should have a PD and a PEDD/PNDD form on file. Kennels that have internet access can obtain records via the WDMS.

## Department Of The Army Form 2807-R

A-1. DA Form 2807-R (Figure A-1, page A-2) is used by all MWD personnel. It is used to record the training and utilization of PDs. For the use of this form, see AR 190-12.

## Administrative Data

A-2. Enter the following information in the appropriate blocks:

The date.

The MWD's name and type, tattoo number, and age.

The handler's name and grade.

The organization and location.

## Training

A-3. The training section of the form provides complete information on all of the training tasks that must be accomplished for a PD to maintain proficiency. It is not necessary to train on all of the controlled-aggression tasks during the same day; however, all of the controlled-aggression tasks must be trained every week.

A-4. Entries for the amount of time spent training on specific tasks during a particular day of the month are annotated in minutes. The monthly total for each specific task will be in hours and will be automatically entered in the far right-hand column titled "Total Hours." The handler's or trainer's evaluation of the MWD's daily rating is entered as S (satisfactory) or U (unsatisfactory). Remarks are mandatory for any area the MWD fails to perform to standard. These remarks will be annotated on the reverse side of the form using the following format:


Deficiency (DF). The MWD's shortcoming.

Corrective action (CA). The handler's response to the MWD's deficiency.

Corrective response (CR). The MWD's response to the corrective action.
A-5. Enter the appropriate information on


Line 1. Record the number of minutes per day that the MWD is trained on obedience on leash.

Line 2. Record the number of minutes per day that the MWD is trained on obedience off leash.

Line 3. Record the number of minutes per day that the MWD is trained on the obedience course.
Legend: AR                Army regulation MWD            military working dog PEDD           patrol explosive detection dog SGT              sergeant VET              veterinarian


Line 4. Record the daily rating of the MWD on controlled aggression (S or U). Write an explanation
of any U rating on the reverse side of the form. In 4a to 4e, record the number of minutes per day
that the MWD trained on each controlled-aggression task.

Line 5. Record the number of minutes per day that the MWD trained on building searches.

Line 6. Record the number of minutes per day that the MWD trained on gunfire with the handler
firing the weapon. Record the number of rounds on the reverse side of the form.

Line 7. Record the number of minutes per day that the MWD is trained on gunfire with a third party
firing a weapon. Record the number of rounds on the reverse side of the form.

Line 8. Record the number of minutes per day that the MWD is trained on scouting/patrolling.
Record the distance (in feet) for scent, sight, and sound detection on lines 8a, b, and c.

Line 9. Record the number of minutes per day that the MWD is trained on vehicle patrol.

Line 10. Record the number of minutes per day that the MWD is trained on tracking.

Line 11. Record the daily training rating (S or U). Explain deficiencies on the reverse side of the
form. Any failure of a critical task requires a U daily training rating. (See DA Pamphlet 190-12 for critical tasks.)

## Utilization

A-6. The utilization section of the form provides a daily record of the time spent performing military police duties in the three general categories of combat support operations, patrollaw enforcement, and patrol security.

A-7. The combat support operations category may be used to record time spent performing military police missions (actual or training) in support of combat units. Such operations include field training exercises, command post exercises, mobilization exercises, and other activities related to the tactical and strategic missions of the Army, provided that these missions are accomplished with a handler and an MWD together as a certified team.

A-8. The patrollaw enforcement category may be used to record time spent performing law enforcement or force protection missions. These missions include, but are not limited to


Random vehicle searches.

Law enforcement patrols.

Other duties performed while working in a law enforcement type missions.
A-9. The patrolsecurity category may be used to record time spent performing security type missions, such as


Dignitary security.

Critical asset patrolling in a peacetime environment.

USSS, DOS, or other explosive type searches.
A-10. The daily rating of the MWD's performance on military police duties is recorded as S or U. All U
performance annotations will have an explanation for the DF and have the CA taken recorded on the reverse side of the form and continuation sheets, if necessary. The total monthly utilization hours are recorded in the last column, titled "Total Hours."
A-11. When training is conducted during the actual use and employment of an MWD, the time used for training may also be reported in the training section. This training is not an automatic entry every time the team has utilization hours. Time annotated as training during utilization hours will be actual time training on patrol or detector tasks. It is unethical to count all or even half of an MWD team's utilization hours as both utilization and training time for every shift, and unrealistic numbers will not be accepted. When time is recorded as utilization and training, a notation is made on the reverse side of the form, explaining the double time entry and the type of training conducted. This will make it possible to differentiate between training time, training time while on duty, and duty (utilization) time. Although additional training during utilization hours is acceptable, it will not be accepted as the primary amount of mandatory training hours each week.

A-12. Record the appropriate utilization information on


Line 1. Record the hours per day that the MWD is used for combat support operations.

Line 2. Record the hours per day that the MWD is used for patrollaw enforcement.

Line 3. Record the hours per day that the MWD is used for patrolsecurity.

Line 4. Record the daily utilization rating (S or U). Explain any U on the reverse side of the form.

## Total Hours

A-13. Record the total hours of training, and use in the last column on the right-hand side of the form. The time should be recorded in hours and minutes. The WDMS makes this entry automatically.

## Daily Feeding

A-14. Record the quantity of food that the MWD eats every day in this section. If the MWD is fed once daily, the type and amount of food will be noted in the first block to the left. Under "quantity of food," the amount eaten for each feeding will be annotated as follows:


A if all food was eaten.

3/4 if three-quarters was eaten.

1/2 if half was eaten.

1/4 if one-quarter was eaten.

0 if none of the food was eaten.
A-15. If the MWD is fed twice daily, the second block is used to record the second daily feeding (which could be a different type of food). If the MWD is fed once daily, the second block may be used to record a change in the diet of the MWD as directed by the veterinarian. Block 2 may also be used to indicate the type and amount of food used daily for MWDs on a food reward system. Monitoring MWD food consumption is a critical portion of the required daily health checks.

A-16. The last column, titled "Wt of Dog," is used to record a semimonthly weight for the MWD. The weight checks occur on or around the 1st and the 15th of each month. There is sufficient room under the headings "Date" and "Lbs" to record both the date when the MWD is weighed and the weight, in pounds. Any drastic changes in food consumption or weight gain or loss are reported to the veterinarian. Enter the following information in the appropriate blocks


Enter the veterinarian's prescribed amount of food to be given daily directly under "Daily Feeding."
Both blocks are used when an MWD is fed twice daily.

Record the amount of food eaten per day, in the appropriate day's block under "Quantity of Food (by
Weight)."

Record the date and weight of the MWD in the respective blocks in the bottom, right-hand corner.

## Remarks

A-17. The reverse side of DA Form 2807-R is used to annotate advanced techniques used during training and DFs with CAs and CRs listed. This section is very important for probable cause and shows the timeline of events for training. Each day is listed with the action taken on that day. If no training is conducted due to company type training, the words "Soldier development" are written on the line, followed by the type of training conducted. "Soldier development" is only used when MWD handlers are conducting training in which the MWD is not needed or not taken. If no training is conducted due to leave, passes, or scheduled days off, no entry is needed; DA Form 6 (Duty Roster) can be used to verify these days.

## Department Of The Army Form 3992-R

A-18. DA Form 3992-R (Figure A-2, page A-7) is used by all MWD personnel. It is used to record the use and training of detector MWDs. Use the instructions below when preparing a DA Form 3992-R.
A-19. The first part of DA Form 3992-R is used to record the number of each training aid used in training on each day of the month. The entry for each training aid type is divided into three rows to record the day of the month, correct alerts, and missed alerts, respectively. Record the appropriate information in the following sections.


Administrative data. Record the MWD's name and tattoo number, the month, and the year in the
appropriate blocks.

Aid type. Enter the specific aid type in the upper left-hand corner of each "Detector Dog
Proficiency" section.

Total correct alerts. Record the number of correct alerts the MWD made during training.

Missed alerts. Record the number of missed and false alerts the MWD made during training.

Proficiency. Record the actual proficiency in this block. The WDMS makes this entry automatically.

## Training

A-20. The training section of the form is used for recording all training in the particular detection skill. The detection areas of buildings, containers, and vehicles are listed. There is one blank space for detector training in other areas. Examples of other areas may include


Mail facilities.

Open or wooded areas.

Warehouses.

Aircraft.

Areas considered significant or unique to the command to which the MWD team is assigned.
A-21. Although some of the examples may be included under one of the three prelisted categories, the others should be listed separately. For areas covered under the three general headings, the handler or trainer annotates the specific location under the appropriate day in the remarks (for example, Smith High School, NCO Club, or Corps Auditorium).

A-22. The top line of each training category is divided diagonally into two blocks. The top of each block is used to record the number of training aids planted for that day's detector training. The bottom of each block is used for the number of training aids found by the proper response of the detector MWD. If the MWD responds on the same training aid more than once in the same training scenario, it will not be counted as a find unless the number of plants is changed as well. At no time will there be more finds annotated than there are plants. Continually allowing the MWD to return to the last aid found creates false response problems in the MWD and should not be encouraged. It is the handler's responsibility to keep the MWD from returning to the scent cone of the last found training aid, whether the MWD is being worked on or off leash. Once the MWD has entered the scent cone, he must be allowed to work to the source and final respond. At no time will an MWD be removed from an aid once he is working the scent cone.

A-23. The bottom line of each training category is used to record the search time. Search time is the amount of time devoted to detector training that day. Detector training is the time from the moment the handler enters a problem and commands the MWD to "Seek" to the time the MWD has completed the search of that training problem, excluding handler or MWD breaks. Add the daily time entries in each training category, and enter the results in the last column, titled "Total Hours." Record the following information beside the appropriate training location (building, containers, vehicles, or other):


Plants/finds. Record the number of plants in the top half of the block and the number of finds in the
lower half.

Search time. Record the amount of time devoted for detector training that day.

Training total hours. Record the sum of hours performing detection missions in the far right-hand
column.


## Utilization

A-24. All operational detection missions are recorded in the utilization section. The detection missions are listed. Detection missions that are significantly different from these are listed separately to give an accurate record of the types of missions for which the detector MWD team is used. There are two blocks under each day of the month for each utilization category. The top block is for recording the number of times the MWD
detected a substance. The bottom block is for recording the total search or inspection time for the detection mission. The last column is the sum of the daily times. It gives a record of the total amount of time spent performing the detection missions for that month. The number of finds for the month can also be totaled and entered in the last column, above the time entry. Record the following information beside the appropriate location (building, containers, vehicles, or other):


Finds. Record the number of times the MWD finds the substance on a detection mission.

Search time. Record the total search time.

## Detector Dog Search Data

A-25. All relevant information about the productivity and success of each detection mission is recorded using the "Detector Dog Search Data" section. The location may be a building number, a unit designation, map grid coordinates, and/or any other information that helps identify where the detection mission was performed. The military police report (MPR) number is the number assigned to the case by military police to account for the custody and disposition of the substances found. The substance is the identification of the found material by a common name, such as heroin, marijuana, dynamite, or detonating cord.

A-26. Quantity is the measure of the amount of the substance found. Weight, volume, overall dimensions, length, or any other appropriate measure may be used.

A-27. The "Remarks" section may be used for adding any other relevant information about the substance found. This would include a field or laboratory verification of the type of substance, an EOD evaluation of an explosive device or explosive substance as live or inert, or the presence of other hazardous material in or around the substance found (such as razor blades, trip wires, or poisons). Record any information that may be useful in preparing the team for future searches or that may be applicable or useful to other detector MWD teams. Record the following information in the appropriate boxes:


Time. Record the time the detector MWD performed the mission.

Date. Record the date the detector MWD performed the mission.

Location. Record the exact location of the detector mission (such as Front Gate, Fort Sill, Oklahoma;
National Airport, Gabon, Africa; or Building 442, Fort Bragg, North Carolina).

MPR Number. Record the MPR number in this column, if applicable.

Substance. Record the common name of the substance found, if applicable.

Quantity. Record the quantity of the substance found, if applicable.

Remarks. Use this column to record any other relevant information about the substance found (such
as a positive response, no response, or laboratory verification).

## Detector Dog Proficiency

A-28. A correct response occurs when the MWD detects the substance and responds with the proper final response and the training aid or substance is found in the general location where the MWD has responded. A not-at-source response is a training tool used to help an MWD team move closer to the source location of a training aid plant. The distance away from the source for a not-at-source response to be given is 6 to 10 feet.

A-29. A missed response is when the MWD fails to detect and respond to the presence of a training aid with a final response. A handler miss or error is when


The handler fails to search or clear an area with the MWD and a training aid plant is missed.

The handler fails to read an MWD's change of behavior and pulls the MWD away from the area
where a training aid is planted and a training aid plant is missed.

The handler presents an area, but fails to ensure that the MWD is sniffing, and a training aid plant is
missed.
A-30. Handler misses or errors are considered missed explosives or narcotics and are counted against the find rate percentages of the MWD team.

A-31. A false response is when the MWD responds as if he has detected a substance and the handler accepts that response, but no training aid or substance can be found within a reasonable distance of the MWD's final response.

A-32. The detector MWD team's proficiency is computed monthly by adding the total number of correct responses and adding the total number of false/missed (MWD or handler) responses. These two numbers are used in the following formula to obtain the detector MWD team's proficiency rating

A-33. For example, the detector MWD team made 93 correct responses on training aids. The MWD team also had 4 false responses and 2 MWD and one handler missed responses for a total of 7 false/missed responses. Applying these two numbers to the formula, the following is obtained:

$$\left(\begin{array}{c}\hline\text{93}\\ \hline\text{93}+7\\ \end{array}\right)100=93\%$$
A-34. The computation above shows that the MWD team is working at a 93 percent proficiency rate. This rate is above the minimum for a PNDD team (90 percent), but it is below the minimum standard for a PEDD team (95 percent). A PNDD handler should continue training to maintain and possibly increase the team's proficiency. A PEDD handler needs to identify the causes of the team's substandard performance and immediately begin corrective training to bring the team up to or over the minimum 95 percent detection proficiency standard.

Note. Responses on actual substances during actual searches are not included in this computation. Search data cannot be included because it is impossible to determine the number of false or missed responses during an actual search.

A-35. Record the following information on


Line a. Record the total correct alerts. The WDMS makes these entries automatically.

Line b. Record the total false or missed alerts. The WDMS makes these entries automatically.

## Remarks

A-36. Remarks for DA Form 3992-R are recorded on a continuation sheet. Each DF (for example, a missed aid or false sit) is listed by the date it occurred. The CA and CR are also listed. If more than one DF is noted per day, number the DF, CA, and CR series to avoid confusion.

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## Appendix B Contract Working Dogs

The use of contract detection dog service should be avoided unless there is no other means available to accomplish the mission. AR 190-12 discourages the use of CWDs; however, there are many situations in which force availability necessitates the use of CWDs to meet requirements. This appendix provides only the most basic information on CWD support considerations.

## Statement Of Work

B-1. An SOW defines the government's requirements in a clear, concise language that identifies the specific work to be accomplished. It becomes the basis of obligations between the government and the contractor regarding a service or capability that is expressed in a contract. An SOW is the contractor's mission statement.

B-2. An SOW, prepared by the requiring unit, must be individually tailored to consider the time period of performance, deliverable items, and the desired degree of performance. The work to be performed is described in terms of what products the government requires. Be aware that any requirements beyond the SOW may expose the government to claims and increased costs.

B-3. The SOW should require CWDs or CWD teams to be certified according to the requirements of AR
190-12. Although contractor provided working dogs must meet or exceed the standards of AR 190-12, they should not be classified or referred to as MWDs.

B-4. The U.S. Central Command General Administration MWD Policy Business Rules prohibit the use of CWDs in combat operations. CWD teams must adhere to current policies and regulations. CWDs are typically employed by contractors in force protection settings.

B-5. The mission list for CWDs is expanding into specific areas. These include the following:

Cadaver search for U.S. and HN remains.

Explosively formed penetrator-related cache searches.

Cordon and search to locate explosively formed penetrators, caches, and personnel.

Explosive and narcotic detection performed by DACPs.

FOB entry control point support to detect and detour vehicle-borne IEDs and the transportation
of weapons, explosives, and ammunition in secured areas.

## Veterinary Support

B-6. Commanders coordinate with the regional veterinary command or medical detachment commander to determine whether DOD veterinary support is authorized and available prior to requesting contractor proposals for bid.

B-7. Dogs provided by contractors normally are not eligible for military veterinary services. An exception exists for contractor animals that are supporting a contingency operation in a theater of operation where military veterinary assets are already available.

B-8. Emergency veterinary procedures that are used to prevent undue suffering or to save the life or limb of a CWD should be provided by a military veterinarian on a reimbursable basis as time and resources permit. If applicable and included in the SOW, nonemergency veterinary services may be provided to CWDs in the theater of operation on a reimbursable and space-available basis within the capabilities of the deployed veterinary unit.

## Contract Management

B-9. Contract management is accomplished through a responsible contracting organization, not the chain of command. Commanders' authority over contractors in support of military operations is somewhat limited when compared to their authority over military personnel and DA civilians. Contractor personnel are managed according to their SOW, which should clearly state that contractor personnel must follow local commanders' protection and safety directives and policies.

B-10. Commanders should manage contractors through the contracting officer representative or assistant contracting officer. CORs are appointed by contracting officers, in coordination with the requiring unit, to ensure that the contractor performs the work required according to the terms and conditions of the contract and federal acquisition regulations. The COR serves as a liaison between the contractor, the supported unit, and the contracting officer.

B-11. The SOW outlines expectations of contract employees in terms of what their required output is rather than how the work is accomplished. Generally, contract employees will follow local SOPs and policies that describe how military counterparts accomplish their day-to-day missions, though such SOPs and policies may make special provisions or exceptions for contract employees. Military commanders, officers in charge, NCOICs, and others who come in contact with contract employees in the course of their duties should familiarize themselves with the SOW and applicable local policies and procedures so that they are fully aware of the capabilities and limitations of contract employees.

## Jurisdiction Over Contractors

B-12. There are several ways that jurisdiction can be exercised over civilians and contractors. Determining whether criminal jurisdiction exists over a contractor depends on the "type" of contractor involved in the misconduct, and applicable written provisions within the contract. Furthermore, civilians may be subject to the Military Extraterritorial Jurisdiction Act of 2000, which establishes federal jurisdiction over offenses committed outside the United States by persons employed by or accompanying the Armed Forces and by members of the Armed Forces who are released or separated from active duty before being identified and prosecuted for offenses and other purposes.

B-13. The commander has the authority to initiate proceedings that could lead to charges under UCMJ, possible HN jurisdiction under a Status of Forces agreement, or violations of the Military Extraterritorial Jurisdiction Act (Public Law 106-523). Administrative discipline for civilians can include a reduction in grade, suspension from duty without pay, or removal from office. Military personnel may be subject to appropriate administrative discipline or to action under the UCMJ, which may include punishment under Article 15 or trial by court-martial. Government contractors may be held liable for an employee's misconduct. Contractor employees may also be held personally liable. In all cases involving suspected contractor misconduct, commanders should immediately consult their SJA for specific legal advice.

## Appendix C Briefing Guide

Commanders frequently request MWD support during health and welfare inspections. Commanders should be made aware that the conduct and responsibility of health and welfare inspections lies within their purview and that the MWD team is not the authority for the mission. This appendix identifies the actions that need to be addressed with the commander to ensure a successful and lawful health and welfare inspection. These actions are needed to establish and act on probable cause determinations. Questions concerning these matters should be directed to the local staff judge advocate for clarification.

## Coordination

C-1. The KM coordinates and approves each health and welfare inspection. After the KM receives the request for assistance, he assesses mission requirements and determines which detector MWD team will assist the commander. The KM briefs the MWD team on their roles and responsibilities.

## Handler's Briefing

C-2. Prior to the inspection, the KM, plans NCO, or handler ensures that the commander requesting support is aware that the building being inspected must be unoccupied and that all doors are unlocked (or keys available on site). On the arrival of the MWD team at the location of the health and welfare inspection, the handler performs a commander's briefing and demonstration. Figure C-1, page C-2, provides a sample health and welfare briefing document. The handler must at a minimum


Explain the probable cause folder to the commander.

Show the commander the training aids used for detection.

Demonstrate the MWD's ability to detect.
C-3. A briefing document shows handlers how to record the details of each health and welfare inspection.

The commander is provided with a copy of the briefing document that contains the following information:


The MWD teams used for the inspection.

The MWDs' names and tattoo numbers.

The scope of the proficiency training of the MWD teams. Discuss with the commander the standards and scope of the detector training required to maintain the certification of assigned
MWD teams.

The MWDs' accuracy rates. Explain to the commander that the accuracy percentage rate is based on quarterly training.

The MWDs' detection experience. Inform the commander of the amount of time that the MWDs have actually spent conducting detection missions. Include any finding of prior
inspections.

The MWDs' capabilities. Explain to the commander that the MWDs are capable of detecting either drugs or explosives.

The MWDs' alert response. Describe what the MWDs will do if they indicate the presence or odor of found drugs or explosives.

The unit representatives. Notify the commander that one staff sergeant or above is required to escort each MWD team throughout the inspection. The commander may not be a unit representative.
 SUBJECT: Commander's Briefing for Health and Welfare Inspections Utilizing Detector Dogs 1. (Commander's name)     has requested narcotics detector dog support for a health and welfare inspection on dd/mm/yyyy). 2. Prior to canine(s) being utilized, the building must be unoccupied and all doors must be unlocked (or keys available). 3. The following provides the commander with information essential to a successful inspection: _____ A. Team(s) to be utilized: (number of PEDD and PNDD to be used). _____ B. MWD name(s) and tattoo number(s): (name and tattoo number for each MWD). _____ C. The scope of formal training of the canine team(s). Discuss detector training. Discuss the standards that must be successfully completed to maintain certification of detector dog team(s). _____ D. The canine's accuracy rate(s) is/are (accuracy rates for each MWD). This is based on training records for the previous 3 months. _____ E. The extent of actual MWD detection field experience: (experience for each MWD). _____ F. Explain the types of narcotics or explosives that the canine(s) is/are trained to detect. _____ G. Describe the canine's specific behavior(s)/action(s) when it responds, indicating the presence or odor of narcotics (detector response of each MWD. _____ H. Ensure that the commander(s) is/are aware that one representative (SSG or above) is needed to act as an escort for each team. The commander may not be one of the individuals accompanying canine team(s). _____ I. Ensure that the escorts are briefed on their duties and responsibilities. Discuss the safety precautions that they must follow, and ensure the safety of others. _____ J. Ensure that the commander(s) is/are aware that the unit is responsible for maintaining proper documentation (date, time, room number, common or personal area and occupant[s] name[s]) concerning the response of the canine(s). This information should be kept on file with the commander's copy of this briefing sheet in case of a judicial action. _____ K. Ensure that the commander is aware that a positive response by a narcotic detector dog is probable cause for a command-directed urinalysis on the occupant(s) of that room. I (commander's name) _________ have received a personal briefing that covers all information stated above and understand the capabilities of the canine team(s). I am satisfied that the canine team(s) has/have the training and experience necessary to provide reliable information upon which to authorize a search and/or perform a command-directed urinalysis. I authorize the canine team(s) to inspect the following area(s): (areas to be inspected).

##

HANDLER(S) SIGNATURE 1. ___________________________________      2. ___________________________________ 3. ___________________________________      4. ___________________________________ COMMANDER'S INFORMATION                                   FIRST SERGEANT'S INFORMATION NAME: _______________________________      NAME: _______________________________ RANK: _______________________________       RANK: _______________________________ UNIT: ________________________________       UNIT: ________________________________ SIGNATURE: __________________________       SIGNATURE: _________________________ UNIT REPRESENTATIVE(S) NAME: _______________________________        NAME: ______________________________ RANK: ________________________________       RANK: ______________________________ UNIT: _________________________________       UNIT: _______________________________ SIGNATURE: ___________________________       SIGNATURE: ________________________

Legend:


military working dog
patrol explosive detection dog
patrol narcotic detection dog
staff sergeant

MWD
PEDD
PNDD
SSG

## Unit Representative Duties And Responsibilities

C-4. Ensure that unit representatives are informed that they

Escort the MWD team at all times.

Unlock doors or areas as needed.

Carefully observe the MWD team.

Follow the handler's instructions.

Obey safety precautions.

Identify areas that are missed by the MWD team.

## Documentation

C-5. It is important that the MWD handler documents the commander's briefing on every occasion.

Advise the commander to maintain the handler's briefing and other documentation concerning each response of the MWD.

Advise the commander that a positive response by a narcotic detector MWD provides probable cause for a command-directed urinalysis.

Ensure that the commander signs the briefing form, and then provide a copy for filing in case of a judicial action.

## Inspection

C-6. After the briefing has been conducted, the inspection may begin. Advise the commander and unit representatives that the health and welfare inspection is the unit's mission and that the MWD team is assisting in the mission. The MWD team is not in charge of the health and welfare inspection, but can be used as a tool by the commander.

## Appendix D Standard Sets, Kits, And Outfits

Table D-1 should be used as a general guide for planning for MWD programs. The mission, enemy, terrain and weather, troops and support available, time available, and civilian considerations should be evaluated when determining the equipment necessary for mission success. Required and authorized equipment is determined by TO&Es, MTOEs, and TDAs.

Handlers Kit (MDD, SSD, PEDD, PNDD)
6' lead leather (1 each)
Choke chain (2 each)
MWD first aid kit (1 each)
Synthetic tug toy
6' lead nylon (1 each)
Brush, animal grooming (1 each)
Muzzle, quick-fit (1 each)
Jute tug toy
6' lead, all-weather (1 each)
Wooden-handled comb (1 each)
Leather muzzle (1 each)
Reward ball
Agitation lead (1 each)
Stainless steel shed blade (1 each)
Attack muzzle (1 each)
Gear bag
360" web lead (1 each)
Grooming apron (1 each)
Kennel chain (1 each)
Water hole
Retractable lead (1 each)
Nail trimmer (1 each)
Tie-out stake
Gear case
Leather collar (1 each)
Undercoat rake (1 each)
Heavy-duty dog boots (1 set of 4)

Nylon collar (1 each)
Slicker brush (1 each)
Blanket

Leather harness (1 each)
Fulminator (1 each)
Carabineer

Nylon harness (1 each)
Clippers (1 each)
Shipping crate

Deployment Kit (MDD, SSD, PEDD, PNDD)
Dry towel
Resting pad
Camel-BakTM

Rappelling harness
Weather meter
Cooling pad

All-weather notepad
Headlamp
Guardian Light

Air-tight food container, 50-pound
Flashlight
Vipir Light (1 each)

Water can, 5-gallon
Cooling vest
Pegasis (1 each)

Canine septic tank
Collapsible bowl (2 each)
Camera system

Stainless steel feed pan, 5-quart (2 each)
Belly pads for MWD
Neoprene gauntlet (1 each)
Bite suit (1 each)
Water pail (2 each)
Helmet
Muzzle vest
Collapsible kennel, shipping
Obedience course
Intermediate sleeve (1 each)
Leg sleeve (1 each)
Digital training aid, weight scale
Collapsible tunnels
Hidden sleeve (1 each)
Scratch pants (1 each)
Digital animal weight scale
Portable obedience course (1 each)
Jute cover (1 each)
Bite apron (1 each)

Legend: MDD MWD SSD PEDD PNDD mine detection dog military working dog specialized search dog patrol explosive detection dog patrol narcotics detection dog

## Appendix E Mission Closure Report

This appendix provides a sample mission closure report (see Figure E-1) for documenting the results of a MWD mission. Commanders and MWD program managers will find this useful in tracking mission results, and assist in improving TTP.

    Division tracking number: 10-MTN-00195 BDE mission number: 3/10-00108
2. DTG report submitted: 302300ZNOV10
3. Report completed by: SFC John Smith
    3/10 MTN
    1

7. DTG mission H-hour: 5 hours

8. Mission duration (from and to DTG): 1300 hours to 1800 hours

9. Mission type (for example, cordon and search, checkpoint, or area search:


10. Mission description:
      Coordinate with supported unit and participate in all mission rehearsals and intelligence briefings prior to mission execution. Depart
      Forward Operating Base X at approximately 1300 hours and proceed to grid AB 1234567891 for purpose of conducting checkpoint
      to deny enemy freedom of movement.


11. Coordinating instructions: **Transportation:** Provided by supported unit
      **Lodging:** None necessary due to duration of mission being limited to 1 day.
      **Other support provided:** None

12. Environmental considerations: **Temperature:** 75F                                           **Illumination:** 100 percent                                      **Other conditions:** Overcast 13. Duration of search operation per dog team:

Note. The closure report must be returned within 48 hours of mission completion.

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## Appendix F Kennel Construction

This appendix is intended to be a starting point in the kennel design process. It provides commanders and planners with guidelines and specifications to consider when constructing and equipping kennel facilities. The floor plan is an example of how an MWD facility works, how areas relate to each other, and what is required for each space. In addition, this appendix should serve as a supplement to the installation design guide, not as a replacement. It is not intended to be a rigid model for duplication.

## Temporary Kennels

F-1. According to AR 190-12, temporary kennels are to be used during deployments for a period of no longer than 1 year to allow sufficient time for permanent kennels to be built. Temporary kennels may be constructed of any available resources. The designs are not standard and vary from site to site depending on the location, mission, and duration of operations. Using a concept similar to constructing fighting positions, the temporary kennels will be improved continuously, as needed, or until a permanent facility is completed.

F-2. Using tents and shipping crates may be a hasty method of setting up temporary kennels. The hasty method is not optimal for sustained operations, but may be useful until other accommodations can be coordinated. Erect tents at a location that provides the MWDs a safe place to rest after operations, away from other troop activities. If possible, use terrain or buildings to place a barrier between troop activity and the temporary kennel. Never place the temporary kennel site near motor pools or dining areas. Obtain the use of a building or another structure for a temporary kennel when possible. In these cases, leaders must ensure that the building is well ventilated, safe, and structurally sound. Ensure that there are no hazards (chemicals, bare wires, holes, debris) that can injure MWDs or handlers.

F-3. Engineers are often used to assist in the improvement of temporary kennels. In addition, fences should be erected and MWD runs created.
Note. From the start of operations, sanitation measures must be employed in all temporary kennel configurations.

## Permanent Kennels

F-4. The following paragraphs give specific details for the construction of a permanent kennel facility and adjacent areas. These guidelines may be altered to allow for special needs or uses unique to each location.

## Exterior Areas

F-5. An MWD kennel complex consists of kennels, a support building, an obedience course, an exercise area, an MWD break area, exterior storage, parking areas, drives, and walks. Utility services are often limited at the site due to the location. Construction should provide the following utilities:


Water (potable, with backflow prevention).

Sanitary sewer.

Electricity.

Network and communication service.

Other systems, according to local procedures.
F-6. The entire complex should be enclosed, as a minimum, with a heavy-duty, 8-foot, chain-link fence;
privacy screen or net; and a top guard. The interior arm of the top guard should have three strands of straight wire to prevent an MWD from climbing or jumping out. The exterior arm of the top guard should have three strands of barbwire to prevent unauthorized personnel from gaining access to the complex. A
10-foot (minimum) vehicle gate that can be padlocked is to be installed to allow food deliveries to the kennel and other access requirements. A personnel entry gate that is visible from the KM office is also required. The personnel gate should have a cipher lock and a notification buzzer that sounds in the KM's office, obedience course, and kennel. The buzzer in the kennel should have the capability to be turned on when personnel are in the area and turned off so that MWDs can rest when personnel are absent. All gates should be self-closing and self-latching. Figure F-1 is a good example of a permanent kennel floor plan.

F-7. Security lighting for the area should be according to local policy. At a minimum, the lighting should be on from dusk to dawn and placed on all corners of the fencing area. Security lights should be placed in areas that the other lights do not cover.

F-8. Warning signs will be posted on the exterior fence and buildings of the MWD kennel and exercise area. Signs should contain the following words: "DANGEROFF LIMITSMILITARY WORKING DOG AREA." Personnel approaching the kennel area should be able to see and read the warning signs under normal daylight conditions from a distance of 50 meters.

F-9. Place a trash dumpster outside the perimeter fence. Screen the dumpster, and provide lowmaintenance landscaping around the complex according to local policy.

## Exterior Storage, Parking Areas, Drives, And Walks

F-10. An enclosed, 400-square-foot exterior storage building is required to store maintenance equipment, portable kennels, and obstacles. The storage building should have interior and exterior lighting, electrical power, and a water faucet.

F-11. Staff parking should be a paved parking lot that is large enough for at least eight privately owned vehicles, three government-owned vehicles, two visitor vehicles, and one handicap parking space. Pave access drives to accommodate parking, exterior storage, food deliveries, emergency vehicles, and the transportation of MWDs. Figure F-2 is a good example of an MWD kennel complex.

F-12. Provide paved walkways to all areas. When designing kennel areas, consider creating a one-way MWD traffic system. To prevent confrontations between the MWDs, avoid situations that allow MWDs to meet head on.

## Obedience Course

F-13. The obedience course plays an important role in maintaining MWD agility and stamina, reinforcing obedience and proficiency training. The course should be grassed and free of hazards (trees, large rocks, holes, burrs) that may be harmful to MWDs or handlers. The site should be graded for drainage, but minimally sloped to provide a level field for training. The area should be enclosed with an 8-foot, chainlink fence. Gates should be self-closing and self-latching with a minimum width of 5 feet to allow for lawn maintenance equipment. The area should be well lighted to eliminate shadows. Light poles, with manual on and off switches, should be located on the exterior of the fence. Weatherproof outlets should be provided at each light to provide power at the site. Speaker units connected to a public address system should also be provided. Faucets should be installed at the course site to provide water for MWDs and the lawn. An irrigation system is desirable for long-term lawn maintenance.

F-14. Obstacles for the course include barrels, tunnels, steps, jumps, framed windows, and dog walks. (See Figure F-3, page F4.) Each obstacle is located 15 to 20 feet from the previous obstacle; the course is ran in sequence. Obstacles should be constructed to the following specifications:


Barrel 1 is 35 inches long with a 23-inch opening on both ends.

Barrel 2 is 70 inches long with a 23-inch opening.

Barrel 3 is 105 inches long with a 23-inch opening.

The tunnel is 146 inches long with a 19-inch opening.

The steps are constructed of wood and are 94 inches high with 5 steps on each side. Each step is 43 inches wide by 16 inches high by 24 inches long. The top platform is 48 inches long by 43 inches wide.

Jumps 1, 2, and 3 are constructed of wood and are 36 inches high at the maximum height. Each jump has six removable boards, 51 inches long by 6 inches high and 1 inch thick.

The framed window is constructed of wood and is 48 inches wide and 8 feet tall. The maximum height for the MWD to negotiate is 36 inches. Removable boards are 5 1/7 inches high by 51 inches long by 1 inch thick.

The A-frame is constructed of wood. Its two sides are 8 feet long by 4 feet wide by 1 inch thick with 1- by 2-inch boards every 6 inches to secure footing. It has a maximum raised height of 6 feet with a base spread of 10 feet.

The dog walk is constructed of wood and is 26 inches high by 224 inches long and 11 inches
wide with 1- by 2-inch boards every 4 inches to secure footing. Each end has a 45 incline ramp that is 11 inches wide by 49 inches long (included in the 224-inch overall length measurement).

## Military Working Dog Break Areas

F-15. An MWD break area (10 by 20 feet) should be located near the kennels. A break area allows the handler to release the MWD immediately after exiting the kennels or before entering the kennels so that the MWD can relieve himself. The area should be enclosed with an 8-foot, chain-link fence. Gates should be self-closing and self-latching and a minimum of 5 feet wide to allow for lawn maintenance equipment. The ground can be a sandy area for cleaning ease. A water faucet is required to maintain the area.

F-16. The exercise area is a space where the MWD can be released without the handler being present. The obedience course area should not be used as the exercise area, as it would conflict with training objectives. The exercise area should be visually separated from the obedience course to prevent MWDs from being distracted during training. The exercise area should be grassed, hazard-free, and graded slightly for drainage purposes.

## Administrative Area

F-17. Administrative areas have heating, ventilation, and exhaust systems; general-purpose lighting; and power outlets in all spaces. Provide phone, fax, and local area network connections to support each area and hot and cold water to all latrines, sinks, and showers. Construct the facility to meet all fire and safety requirements.

F-18. Since MWDs are likely to visit the administration area at some point, finishes should be of durable material, require minimal maintenance, and be easily repaired or replaced in case of damage. (For example, flooring should not be covered by carpet.) Figure F-4 is an example of a kennel administrative area.

## Kennel Master's Office

F-19. The KM's office serves as the nerve center for the complex. Ideally, the office should be located at the front of the administrative area with exterior windows that view the entry gate to the complex. It includes a lockable closet for supply storage. Furnishings include a desk, a chair, two visitor chairs, a fourdrawer file cabinet, and a bookcase. Equipment includes a computer, a printer, a facsimile/copier, and a public address system or central intercom console.

## Trainer's And Plans Noncommissioned Officer's Office

F-20. The trainer's office should provide workspace for two people. Lockable closets are required to store training aides for each trainer. Furnishings include a desk, a chair, and a four-drawer file cabinet for each trainer and a common bookcase. Equipment includes a computer, a printer, a copier, and a 4- to 8-foot dryerase board.

## Handlers' Area

F-21. The area for the handlers is an open area for general office functions. It includes the following:


Three or more common workstations, depending on the size of the kennel, for handlers to update records and complete daily reports.

Space for document storage.

Furnishings (three workstations, with one four-drawer vertical file cabinet per workstation or the equivalent) and a distribution counter.

Equipment (computers and a printer).
F-22. As a general rule, one workstation should be available for every three handlers assigned to an MWD
section.

## Controlled-Substance Storage Room

F-23. This controlled-substance storage room is inside the administrative area and allows sufficient room for the safe in which controlled-substance training aids are stored. The doors are secured using approved locking devices. Doors to the room are solid metal or wood doors or lightweight doors that are covered with a 9- to 12-gauge security screen or 16-gauge sheet steel. Doors are fastened with smooth-headed bolts and nuts and peened in place. All windows providing access to a storage room that is not staffed 24 hours a day are protected by a 9- to 12-gauge security screen or 3/8-inch or larger steel bars, spaced no more than 6
inches apart. The frames holding the screen or bars must be fastened to the window frame with smoothheaded bolts.

## Special-Use Areas

F-24. Special-use areas are the transition spaces between the administration area and the kennels. They are important in the day-to-day operation of MWD facilities, and they are not normally occupied on a daily basis. These areas provide a secondary function of serving as a noise buffer between the kennels and the administrative areas. Special-use areas provide a workspace for the veterinarian and accommodate the unique storage requirements for the kennels.

## Veterinary Treatment Room

F-25. A veterinary treatment room is used to perform health care and first aid for MWDs since many locations do not have veterinary treatment areas in close proximity to the kennels. In order to maintain sanitary conditions, treatment rooms require a higher degree of cleanliness and durability than the rest of the support building. Basic finish requirements consist of


Seamless floors with an integral base.

Washable walls.

Painted gypsum board ceilings.

Cabinets faced with plastic laminate.

Solid-surface countertops.
F-26. Interior partitions should provide a sound transmission rating of 50 to 55 decibels. Floor drains are centered in the room to aid in cleaning, and a dedicated floor drain is located under the isolation kennel. Wall and base cabinets with drawers are installed, including stainless-steel, dual washbasins with hot and cold water. One section of wall cabinets should be lockable so that prescription medication for MWDs can be stored in the room. In addition to the normal electrical outlets required by code, a 220-volt outlet is required to support other portable equipment that may be used. Equipment for the room includes the following:


MWD isolation kennel. The entire structure should be made of uniform, no-glare, Type 304 stainless steel. The frame, cross members, and vertical spokes should be welded together at every intersection. Latches and hinges are made of 12-gauge stainless steel. The floor of the pen is a raised, removable grate. The floor grate is a heavy-gauge stainless steel, plastic-coated section, installed 1 3/4 inches off the floor. A dedicated floor drain is required for this kennel.

Standard table tub. The tub is made of Type 304 stainless steel with a minimum depth of 15 inches. The tub slopes to the drain end. The design includes a removable bathing rack made of plastic-coated stainless steel that fits into the bottom of the tub to give MWDs better footing during treatments. Faucets include a flexible, stainless steel hose that extends the length of the
tub and sprays powerfully to reach all areas of the tub.

Examination room light. A ceiling-mounted light with an arm extension and swivel capacity of 360 is recommended.

Walk-on platform scale. The scale has a Type 304 stainless steel platform with a wall- or postmounted, light-emitting diode display. The scale is able to perform calibration and weigh animals to the nearest 0.1 pound or kilogram.

Stationary examination table. The tabletop is Type 304 stainless steel, die-formed from one piece of 20-gauge steel. It should have raised edges to prevent fluid runoff and be permanently
attached to a heavy base. The tabletop should be at least 35 inches high. The heavy base should have adjustable leveling screws.

## Tack Room

F-27. The tack room (108 square feet) is for the storage of extra MWD equipment, such as bite suits and portable kennels. The tack room is located near the entrance to the kennels, but not the main building entrance. Requirements include 12 linear feet of shelves that are 18 inches wide and 36 inches deep and allow for 36 inches above each shelf; a 24-inch space with hooks to hang items on; and 6 linear feet of shelves that are 18 inches wide and 12 inches deep and allow for 18 inches above each shelf.

## Food Storage Room

F-28. The food storage room normally stores a 30-day supply of food for the MWDs. The room is adjacent to the kennels, with an exterior entry. The entry is a 6-foot opening with two opposite-swinging 36-inch doors to allow for palletized food delivery and storage. Doors require weather stripping and thresholds to aid in insect and rodent control. Temperature and humidity control equivalent to the office area is required to control food spoilage. A minimum separation of 2 inches is required between the walls and the stored food to allow for air circulation. Shelving should be installed to meet local delivery requirements.

F-29. Support areas provide space for the common-use areas of the building. Areas for the multipurpose room, latrines, communications, and mechanical necessities form the core of the support areas. Support areas should be centrally located and easily accessible for building occupants and maintenance personnel.

## Multipurpose Room

F-30. The multipurpose room (196 square feet) serves as a combination conference room, classroom, and break room. Food preparation requirements are a light, a countertop, and base and upper wall cabinets for storage. Lighting should have a variable-level control for use as a conference room and/or classroom. Furnishings include a conference table for 15 or three 5-person tables, chairs, a bulletin board, and a 4- by 8-foot, dry-erase board. Equipment includes a video projection system, projector screen, sink, microwave oven, and refrigerator.

## Kennel Area

F-31. The kennel area provides the daily living environment for the MWDs, giving each MWD a private place for eating and resting. Kennel areas should be built to accommodate large-breed dogs and designed as modular structures to allow for the future expansion of runs.

F-32. There are three types of kennel areasindoor, outdoor, and indoor-outdoor. The preferred standard is the combination indoor-outdoor kennel; however, there are factors that must be taken into consideration when selecting the kennel type. Cost is always a consideration, but climate also influences the selection. In cold-weather climates, the benefit-to-cost ratio will drive the selection to an indoor kennel, while the opposite is true for hot-weather climates. The more temperate the climate, the more suited the indooroutdoor kennel is for use. Each type of kennel includes the same space requirements. A kennel includes kennel runs with doghouses, a food preparation area, a storage area, and a mechanical room.

F-33. The kennel should be separate from the administrative building by at least 20 feet. This provides separation between different functions and aids in noise control. As a result of the constant interaction between the two facilities, a covered walkway is required to connect the facilities and provide protection from the elements. Care should be taken in the layout of the kennel in relation to the administrative building; a one-way system should be maintained in the movement of MWDs. The objective is to avoid situations where MWDs meet face to face and to prevent confrontations. Consider installing mirrors at corners, intersections, and blind spots to alert handlers of potential wrong-way traffic.

F-34. All entries to and exits from the kennel area are required to be self-closing and self-latching. Doors exiting the kennel runs should open inward to aid in preventing MWD escape. Proper ventilation is important in the kennels to prevent the spread of diseases and to control odors. It is recommended that the ventilation standard be to cycle out the room air 10 to 15 times per hour. Kennel temperature should range from 45F to 85F, with humidity in the range of 40 to 70 percent. Interior temperature should be maintained within 10F of the exterior temperature. MWDs work more effectively and are more alert when the kennel temperature is close to the temperature of their working environment.

F-35. Potable water is required at the kennels. Hot and cold waterlines are installed at ceiling level, down the length of the 5-foot-wide center corridor, connecting to hose reels at each end of the corridor. A highpressure washer is required to assist in sanitizing and cleaning kennel runs.

F-36. Since the kennel is basically a wet environment, all electrical receptacles should be provided with ground fault circuit interrupters and all-weather covers. Receptacles mounted at 48 inches above the finished floor are required at each end of the central corridor.

F-37. Each kennel run should have a waterproof light fixture that has an individual switch at the corridor entrance. Other areas require general-purpose lighting according to industry standards. All drain lines in the kennel should be a minimum of 6 inches in diameter and be designed to sustain flow velocities that will maintain a self-cleansing action. Due to the nature of the waste, cleanouts should be numerous and easily accessible. Floor drains should be included in the central corridor to aid in the cleaning of kennels.

## Indoor-Outdoor Kennel

F-38. An indoor-outdoor kennel simply implies that there is an interior run and an exterior run which are linked to each MWD living area. A guillotine type door connects the interior run and the exterior run.

Other door types may be used, but the idea is to permit the isolation of the MWD during cleaning operations. Ideally, the door is operated from the central corridor and from the outside of the exterior run. At 6 feet above the finished floor, use translucent wall panels in the wall separating the runs to provide natural light inside the kennel. See Figure F-5 for a recommended floor plan.

F-39. The roof should extend over the exterior runs and include gutters and/or downspouts to prevent excessive water in the runs. Exterior framing should be enclosed with a soffit to prevent birds from roosting. Exterior water faucets (with freeze protection where required) with hot and cold water are required at each corner of the building. These are necessary for cleaning exterior runs. Floor drains should be located in the corner of each run, adjacent to the common wall separating exterior and interior runs. Drains should tie in to a common waste line. Drain covers should be flush with the floor. Kennel floors should slope (at least 1/4-inch per foot) toward the drains to allow for quick water drainage and drying. Figure F-6 provides a cutaway view of the slope and drain.

## Indoor Or Outdoor Kennel

F-40. The floor plans are the same for indoor and for outdoor kennels. (See Figure F-7.) The obvious difference in the style of the wall that encloses the kennels:


Indoor kennels. The exterior walls along the runs should have windows beginning at 6 feet above the finished floor to allow for natural light. Windows should be operable, hinged at the sill, and tilted inward to prevent the escape of MWDs.

Outdoor kennels. The exterior wall is simply an 8-foot chain-link fence.
F-41. Water faucets with hot and cold water are required at each corner of the building. These are required to clean the gutter and drain system for the kennel. A gutter and drainage system is provided at the back of the kennel run for sluicing wastewater from cleaning operations. Kennel run floors should slope to the gutter, and the gutter should slope to the drain. (See Figure F-8.) Gutters should be sufficient to allow for easy cleaning. A minimum of 3 feet should be allowed between the end of the kennel and the wall or fence.



## Kennel Run

F-42. Runs should be arranged so that openings are staggered to avoid MWDs facing each other across the corridor. Full-height partitions are required between runs. The first 6 feet of wall above the floor should be sealed concrete. For interior runs, steel clad acoustical panels should be considered from the top of the concrete partition to the ceiling. Steel-clad, acoustical ceiling panels should also be considered above the kennels.

F-43. Heavy-gauge, chain-link fence is used for exterior runs and is also an option for interior runs.

Because of the noise generated in the enclosed area of an interior run, it is important that noise-reducing materials be used to prevent stress to the MWD and hearing loss to personnel.

F-44. As a minimum, end walls should be full-height, galvanized, chain-link fence. Self-latching entry gates should swing 180 and cover the opening of the doghouse. This allows the MWD to be penned in the doghouse during run-cleaning operations. A stainless steel water bucket is required for each kennel, including a holder that prevents the MWD from overturning the bucket.

## Warning

Eliminate sharp edges from bolts, hinges, and wire ties on the inside of runs to prevent MWDs from being cut or harmed.
F-45. Flooring should be concrete and slope toward floor drains and/or gutters to provide the rapid runoff of water for faster drying. Since runs are subject to frequent wash downs to keep them clean and prevent disease, a smooth epoxy type finish is needed. Temperature-controlled floors should be emplaced in locations that have inclement weather. (See Figure F-9, page F-12.)
F-46. All materials in areas that are accessible to MWDs should be resistant to damage by scratching, biting, and chewing. Materials should be durable and easy to sanitize. Avoid using material such as angle iron that rusts over a period of time and generates sharp edges that pose a danger to MWDs.

F-47. Doghouses are 4 by 4 by 4 feet, sealed, concrete boxes with a metal top. Tops should hinge toward the end wall so that they can be raised to clean the doghouse or treat an MWD. A holding device should be available to keep the top open after it is lifted. The doghouse should be a minimum of 8 inches and a maximum of 12 inches above the run floor. The doghouse floor should have positive drainage toward the wall opening.

## Storage And Mechanical Area

F-48. Additional storage for the kennel is provided. A commercial-quality ice machine is required to aid in cooling down MWDs. Include a floor drain for the area. If a veterinary treatment room is not included, a digital scale should be located in this area. Design mechanical systems to optimize energy use and meet the design criteria for the area where the kennel is located. Include the water heater in the mechanical room and with a capacity to meet the demands of the kennel. Allow for the location of electrical panels in this area as well.

## Food Preparation Room

F-49. The food preparation area is where feedings are prepared and feeding pans/bowls are stored and cleaned. Food preparation for MWDs requires a large, solid countertop with a deep, three-compartment stainless steel sink. Upper wall cabinets are required for general storage. An under-the-counter refrigerator, a dishwasher, and space to store food for daily use are necessary for operation. A 2-foot space at the end of the counter should accommodate a storing and drying rack for pans and bowls. Lighting, receptacles, and a floor drain should be installed per local building codes. A telephone, bulletin board, feeding chart, and large garbage can should also be provided. Optional equipment includes a garbage disposal unit, a stackable washer and dryer, and a stove.


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## Appendix G Inspection Memorandum

This appendix provides a sample memorandum in Figure G-1, page G-2, for documenting the results of inspections. Commanders and program managers will find the memorandum useful in preparing for inspections. KMs, plans NCOs, and handlers will find it helpful in conducting daily duties and adhering to requirements for inspections. Personnel should maintain the completed memorandum records on file to assist in future inspections.

                           DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY
                                     UNIT
                               ADDRESS OF UNIT
OFFICE SYMBOL                                                                                                                          15 May 2010

MEMORANDUM FOR RECORD
SUBJECT: MACOM Technical Assistance Visit or Provost Marshal Inspection

1.  SECTION I. GENERAL INFORMATION.

UNIT:  __529th Military Police Company________ LOCATION:  __Kaiserslautern_____________
DATE:  __03-14-10_____ TIME:  _0900_

INSPECTOR(S): __LTC Jeffery S. Captain___________ ESCORT:  __SFC James Majors_____________

TYPE OF VISIT:     __X__ ANNOUNCED  _____UNANNOUNCED

TYPE Patrol Patrol Explosive Patrol Narcotic Explosive Detector Narcotic Detector
AUTHORIZED
_____0_____
_____6_____
_____3_____ _____0_____ _____0_____
ON HAND
_____0_____
_____4_____
_____2_____ _____0_____ _____0_____

2. SECTION II. PERSONNEL.
Yes
N/A
NO
a)
Are all authorized MWDs on hand (unit TDA/MTOE document)?
____
____
____
b)
Are all MWD handlers certified by the DOD Dog Center?
____
____
____
c)
Are ASI trained handlers being used as specified in AR 614-200?
____
____
____
____
____
____
d)
Is the assignment policy of one dog and one handler being followed?
____
____
____
e)
Are all MWDs assigned to a handler?
____
____
____
f)
Has an excess of dogs been reported to the MACOM?
g)
Does the KM meet the minimum criteria to be appointed as a KM?
____

____

____

h)
Are handlers being assigned duties that take away from their handling
responsibilities (excluding PT, staff duty, field duty, and unit training)?
____
____
____

## 3. Responsibilities Of The Provost Marshal And Commander.

| a)                                                                  | Is there an updated SOP signed by the PM explaining policies,      |
|---------------------------------------------------------------------|--------------------------------------------------------------------|
| procedures, and responsibilities for the direction, management, and |                                                                    |
| control of the kennels?                                             |                                                                    |
|                                                                     |                                                                    |
| ____                                                                |                                                                    |
|                                                                     |                                                                    |
|                                                                     |                                                                    |
| ____                                                                |                                                                    |
|                                                                     |                                                                    |
|                                                                     |                                                                    |
| ____                                                                |                                                                    |
|                                                                     |                                                                    |
| ____                                                                | ____                                                               |
|                                                                     |                                                                    |
| b)                                                                  | Has the PM initiated an MWD program based on the evaluation of the |
| installation support, customs, HRP support, and combat support      |                                                                    |
| missions?                                                           |                                                                    |

OFFICE SYMBOL SUBJECT: MACOM Technical Assistance Visit or Provost Marshal Inspection



NO
N/A
Yes
c)
Has the PM issued written guidelines governing the release of an MWD to
apprehend a suspect?

____


____


____

d)
Are there specific criteria in contingency plans governing the use of dog
teams during civil disturbance situations?
____

____

____

e)
Does the PM provide guidance on procedures for explosive detector dog
support to civil authorities?
____
____
____
f)
Is the proficiency of each MWD team evaluated periodically by the PM?
____

____

____

g)
Has the PM and/or unit commander checked one or more of these areas
monthly: kennels, kennel support building, training and exercise areas, equipment, handlers, dogs, training, utilization and team proficiency?
____

____

____

____
____
____
h)
Has the PM and/or unit commander inspected all areas of the MWD
kennels quarterly, and is a written record on file?
____
____
____
i)
Are MWD requisitions submitted according to AR 190-12 and AR 700-81?
____

____

____

j)
Are MWDs placed on the unit property back by NSN, name, and tattoo
number?
____
____
____
k)
Are MWDs assigned to the KM on a DA Form 3161 (Request for Issue or
Turn-in) (according to DA Pam 710-2-11)? 4. VCO RESPONSIBILITIES.
a)
Are the dogs examined by the VCO every 6 months (according to AR 40-
905)?
____

____

____

____
____
____
b)
Does the VDO inspect the kennel facility and area for proper sanitary
standards on a quarterly basis?
____
____
____
c)
Is the issued dog food and diet checked periodically?
____
____
____
d)
Is there a program in effect for insect and rodent inspection?
____
____
____


e)
Does the VCO concur with the kennel standards/facilities? If
not,
what
course
of
action
has
been
taken?
___________________________
____
____
____
f)
Does the VCO provide regular training to handlers on MWD health care,
feeding, and first aid?
____
____
____
____
____
____
g)
Does the VCO provide a list to the KM concerning the deployable status of
all MWDs?
h)
Does the VCO issue health certificates for MWDs pending shipment?


## 5. Warning Signs.

NO
N/A
Yes


____
____
____
a)
Are there warning signs with the following words posted at each
installation entrance: "CAUTIONTHIS AREA PATROLLED BY
MILITARY WORKING DOGS"?
____
____
____
b)
Are kennels located away from disturbing influences and adequately
posted with "**DANGEROFF LIMITSMILITARY DOG AREA**"?
____
____
____
c)
Are the shipping crates stenciled with "CAUTIONMILITARY WORKING
DOGDO NOT TAMPER WITH ANIMAL"?
____
____
____
d)
Are shipping crates stenciled with "**LIVE ANIMAL**"?
____
____
____
e)
Are removable or permanent markings placed on the sides and rear of
vehicles with the following phrase: "CAUTIONMILITARY WORKING DOGS"? 6. KENNEL AREA.
a)
Has a risk analysis been conducted on the kennels?
____
____
____
b)
Is the kennel manned both day and night?
____
____
____
____
____
____
c)
Does the kennel have an IDS/CCTV system if not manned both day and
night?
____
____
____
d)
Are approved locks and padlocks used to secure government equipment?
____
____
____
e)
Have primary and alternate key custodians been appointed, in writing, by
the PM or commander?
____
____
____
f)
Are personnel who are authorized to issue and receive keys listed on the
access roster?
____
____
____
g)
Are all keys controlled and accounted for on a DA Form 5513-R (Key
Control Register and Inventory)?
____
____
____
h)
Is the DA Form 5513-R secured in an approved, lockable container?
____
____
____
i)
Is the key depository box permanently affixed to a wall?
____
____
____
j)
Are keys inventoried semiannually, and is the last report on file?
____
____
____
k)
Are all keys inscribed with a serial number?
____
____
____
l)
Are kennels used to house or care for other animals?
____
____
____

NO
N/A
Yes
m) Are adequate training areas adjacent to the kennel area?
____
____
____
1)
Is the training area fence 8 feet high?
____
____
____
2)
Does the overhanging fence face inward?
____
____
____
3)
Is the fence staked to the ground?
____
____
____
n)
 Does the kennel area have an adequate water supply?
____
____
____
o)
Are the kennels of a standard design?
____
____
____
7. EQUIPMENT.


a)
Is all authorized equipment on hand?
____
____
____
____
____
____
b)
Are Air Force shipping crates returned within 10 days after receiving a
new or replacement MWD?
c)
Is there one shipping crate available for each dog authorized?
____
____
____
d)
Is leather equipment properly maintained and cleaned?
____
____
____
e)
Is all metal equipment free of rust?
____
____
____
____
____
____
f)
Is the web equipment cleaned with proper cleaning products to prevent
deterioration?
g)
Are there adequate medical supplies on hand for first aid treatment and
training?
____
____
____
8. USE OF MWDs.
____
____
____
a)
 Are the dog teams being employed a minimum of 24 hours per week?
____
____
____
b)
Are PDs employed in all areas of the installation during both day and
night?


9. NARCOTICS.
a)
 Is the MWD section registered with the Drug Enforcement
Administration?
____
____
____
____
____
____
b)
Is a DEA Form 223 (Controlled Substance Registration Certificate) on file
and current?
____
____
____
c)
Have all personnel been designated, in writing, by the PM to handle
training aids?
____
____
____
d)
Have primary and alternate narcotic training aid custodians been
appointed, in writing, by the PM?


NO
N/A
Yes
e)
Have primary and alternate narcotic custodians been cleared by a
favorable Crime Records Center name check?

____

____

____
f)
Is the Crime Records Center name check maintained on file?
____
____
____
____
____
____
g)
Have all personnel who are authorized to handle or use training aids been
briefed at least annually?
h)
Is a written record of the briefing being maintained on file?
____
____
____
____
____
____
i)
Are the monthly/quarterly inventories being conducted by a disinterested
E-7 or above?
____
____
____
j)
Are the monthly/quarterly inventories being maintained with the controlled
substances?
____
____
____
k)
Are the monthly/quarterly inventories being maintained for at least 2
years?
l)
Are joint inventories being conducted on the change of primary or
alternate custodians, and is the inventory maintained on file?
____
____
____
m) Is a daily issue/return green logbook on hand?
____
____
____
____
____
____
n)
Is the property book properly maintained do account for all authorized
explosive training aids?
____
____
____
o)
Is an SF 702 (Security Container Check Sheet) posted on the safe?
____
____
____
p)
Are SF 702s maintained for 30 days?
____
____
____
q)
Is a controlled-substance accountability folder on hand?
____
____
____
r)
Is the controlled-substance accountability folder properly maintained?

10. EXPLOSIVES.


a)
Have primary and alternate explosive custodians been appointed, in
writing, by the PM?
____
____
____
b)
Have primary and alternate custodians been cleared by a favorable Crime
Records Center name check?
____
____
____
c)
Are records of Crime Records Center checks on file?
____
____
____
____
____
____
d)
Are all personnel who are authorized to receive and handle explosive
training aids designated, in writing, by the PM?
e)
Is annual explosive safety training being conducted by EOD or other
qualified personnel?
____
____
____


OFFICE SYMBOL
SUBJECT: MACOM Technical Assistance Visit or Provost Marshal Inspection

11.  RECORDS.

NO
N/A
Yes
a)
Is the handler's information being recorded on the back of DD Form
1834?

____

____

____
b)
Have all DA Forms 2807-R been completed properly?
____
____
____
____
____
____
c)
Have all deficiencies for the MWDs been annotated and explained on DA
Forms 2807-R?
d)
Is a DA Form 3992-R being maintained to record the MWD's reliability?
____
____
____
e)
Does each MWD team have a probable cause folder?
____
____
____
12.  THE RESULTS OF THIS INSPECTION ARE


____EXCELLENT ____SATISFACTORY ____UNSATISFACTORY 13.  REMARKS. All areas noted with a deficiency will be annotated in the remarks section. A copy of this
technical assistance visit, with the corrective active action memorandum, will be maintained on file at the
installation for a minimum of 2 years after the inspection date. 14.  POINT OF CONTACT. The point of contact for this action is the undersigned at COMM: 555-555-1511 or
e-mail address.
(Original Signed) JEFFREY S. CAPTAIN LTC, USA MACOM PM PT SF SFC SOP TDA USA VCO physical training standard form sergeant first class standing operating
procedure
table of distribution
and allowance
U.S. Army veterinary care
officer major command modified table of
organization and equipment
military working dog not applicable national stock  number Office of the Provost
Marshal General
pamphlet patrol dog provost marshal MACOM MTOE MWD N/A NSN OPMG pam PD PM Army regulation Additional skill identifier closed-circuit television commercial Department of the Army Department of Defense Drug Enforcement Agency explosive ordnance disposal high-risk personnel intrusion detection kennel master lieutenant colonel
AR ASI CCTV COMM DA DD DEA EOD HRP IDS KM LTC

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## Appendix H Management System

This appendix furnishes information that may be useful in planning an MWD
program or adding MWD teams to an existing program. The information contained in this appendix are not meant to be absolutes for utilizations, training, or maintenance. The following paragraphs do, however, give general guidance and information that should be considered when planning a MWD program. It may also be useful for writing authorization documentation statements.

## Purpose

H-1. The purpose of the WDMS is to provide full life cycle management of the identity, medical status, training, operational assignment, and disposition of MWDs that have been evaluated, acquired, and deployed by DOD and other federal agencies that participate in the MWD program. This system was developed to reach a worldwide customer base; it is Web-based, operates on a framework permitting worldwide access via the Internet and local area networks. Data entry, reporting, and ad hoc querying can be performed. The WDMS has been developed to capture all reporting requirements for the Army MWD program. All initial authorizations should be probationary and the following should apply:


Adjustment to be made based on actual utilization data.

Baseline of 24 hours utilization to 4 hours training ratio (with trade-off when appropriate).

Automatic review by respective ACOM/ASCC/DRU after 2 years.

## Clarification Of Specific Terms

H-2. Listed below are specific terms that should be used when annotating information into the WDMS.

Utilization includes all missions (law enforcement, security, combat operations), whether patrolling, scouting, tracking, detecting persons, detecting narcotics or explosives, or other
functions (in combination) performed when the handler and the MWD are being employed together as a team.

Training includes all training activities to sustain, improve, regain, or develop an MWD.

Maintenance includes all activities related to care, grooming, health, and sanitation of the MWD, including medical treatment, recuperative time, sickness, and so forth. Down time for medical reasons is the basis for under utilization and under training.
Trade-off is the adjustment between training and utilization necessary to reinforce basic skills or to add new skills. For example, 4 hours per week may be adequate to maintain detector MWD proficiency or to train in new skills. Additional training may be justified at times and training hours increased accordingly. This increase in training time should be accompanied by an equivalent reduction in utilization time.

However, training hours should not be increased merely as a substitute for the lack of utilization.

## Patrol Dog Yardsticks In Peacetime

H-3. The starting point for patrol MWD posts (motorized or walking) is as follows:


One per 24 hours of anticipated utilization.

A multiplier of 1.2 (add-on).

Factors influencing commitment or justification rationale include

Installation population (military, civilian, dependent, and contractor).

Geographic area served (square miles).

Crime rates or rates of incidents on which the presence of MWD teams could reasonably be expected to have an impact on break-ins, rapes, and/or assaults in areas used as shortcuts, intrusion detection system responses.

RA (using AR 190-51) which takes into account the types of activities and resources on the installation that need protection , the vulnerability of resources, the effect of loss of resources on the Army's wartime capability, the type of installation access control (closed,
open, time-controlled), crime rates in the local area.

## Amending The Local Table Of Distribution And Allowances And/Or Modifying The Table Of Organization And Equipment

H-4. Amending the local TDA/TO&E for peacetime by adding the appropriate MWD handler additional skill identifier to the existing structure is the easiest way to start (or add to) an MWD program. A "plus up" of TDA/TO&E is the most difficult way to begin a program and should be the last resort.

## Narcotic Detection Yardsticks In Peacetime

H-5. Considerations listed in paragraph H-3; below still apply. Additional considerations are outlined below because of the additional skill of narcotics detection having been added. The start point for additional consideration in justifying PNDD teams may be any combination of the following:


One authorization per each population of 5,000 supported.

One per 24 hours projected detector utilization.

A multiplier of 1.2 (add-on).

## Explosives Detection Yardsticks In Peacetime

H-6. Considerations listed in paragraph H-3 still apply, with additional considerations outlined below because of the additional skill required for explosives detection. The start point for additional considerations in justifying PEDD teams are as follows:


One authorization per each population of 5,000 supported.

A multiplier of 1.2 (add-on) factors for consideration which influence commitment or justification rationale include number of bomb threats annually, number of actual bombs and/or explosive devices found, number of actual explosions, RA on the following resources and needing protection and their value, vulnerability of resource, impact of the loss of a resource on the Army's wartime capability.

Threat posed (geography, political significance, and so forth).

Probability of overt and/or covert attacks using explosives.

Demographics; for example, Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives survey of explosives incidents and the area being identified as a problem area.

Lack of availability or lengthy response time of explosive dogs from other federal and/or state
agencies in the area (for example, Federal Aviation Administration, local police, and so forth).

## Additional Combat Operations Considerations

H-7. An additional combat operations consideration for PNDD teams would be whether or not teams are supporting required deployments The PNDD capability can be used around ports of embarkation and/or debarkation, especially at seaports. Additional wartime consideration for PEDD, MDD, and SSD would be whether or not teams are supporting required deployments. Justification can be found in any of the following areas


Terrorism threat.

Insurgent threat.

Key facility security.

Route clearance.

Cache search.

Minefield clearance.

Casualty evacuation.

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## Glossary Section I - Acronyms And Abbreviations

AA&E
arms, ammunition, and explosives
ACOM
Army command
AF
Air Force
AR
Army regulation
ASCC
Army service component command
ATTN
attention
ATTP
Army, tactics, techniques, and procedures
CA
corrective action
CONUS
continental United States
CR
corrective response
CRM
composite risk management
CTD
combat tracker dog
CTT
combat tracker team
CWD
contract working dog
DA
Department of the Army
DAPM-MPP
Department of the Army Provost Marshal General Military Police Policy
DARE
Drug Abuse Resistance Education
DD
Department of Defense
DEA
Drug Enforcement Administration
DES
director of emergency services
DF
deficiency
DOD
Department of Defense
DODD
Department of Defense directives
DODI
Department of Defense instruction
DOS
Department of State
DRU
direct reporting unit
E-7
sergeant first class
EOD
explosive ordnance disposal
FM
field manual
FOB
forward operating base
GS
general schedule
HLZ
helicopter landing zone
HN
host nation
HRD
human remains dog
IED
improvised explosive device
JSS
joint security site
KM
kennel master
MCM
Manual for Courts-Martial
MDD
mine detection dog
MEDEVAC
medical evacuation
MOS
military occupational specialty
MPR
military police report
MSG
master sergeant
MTOE
modified table of organization and equipment
MWD
military working dog
NCO
noncommissioned officer
NCOIC
noncommissioned officer in charge
PD
patrol dog
PEDD
patrol explosive detection dog
PM
provost marshal
PMO
provost marshal office
PNDD
patrol narcotics detection dog
ROE
rules of engagement
SF
standard form
SOP
standing operating procedure
SOW
statement of work
SRT
special-reaction team
SSD
specialized search dog
SSN
social security number
TDA
table of distribution and allowance
TDY
temporary duty
TM
technical manual
TO&E
table of organization and equipment
TRS
training sqaudron
TTP
tactics, techniques, and procedures
U.S.
United States
USC
U.S. Code
USCS
U.S. Customs Service
USSS
U.S. Secret Service
UXO
unexploded ordnance
VCP
vehicle checkpoint
VIP
very important person
VTF
veterinary treatment facility
VTR
veterinary treatment record
WDMS
Working Dog Management System

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## References

SOURCES USED
The following lists the sources quoted or paraphrased in this publication. Army AR 40-1, *Composition, Mission, and Functions of the Army Medical Department*, 1 July 1983.

AR 40-3, *Medical, Dental, and Veterinary Care,* 22 February 2008.

AR 40-905, *Veterinary Health Services,* 29 August 2006.

AR 190-8, Enemy *Prisoners of War, Retained Personnel, Civilian Internees and Other Detainees,* 1
October 1997.

AR 190-11, *Physical Security of Arms, Ammunition and Explosives,* 15 November 2006.

AR 190-12, *Military Working Dog Program,* 4 June 2007.

AR 190-14, *Carrying of Firearms and Use of Force for Law Enforcement and Security Duties,* 12
March 1993.

AR 190-51, *Security of Unclassified Army Property (Sensitive and Nonsensitive)*, 30 September 1993.

AR 614-200, *Enlisted Assignments and Utilization Management,* 26 February 2009. AR 700-81, *DOD Dog Progarm,* 1 December 1990. ATTP 3-39.32, *Physical Security*, 3 August 2010.

Center for Army Lessons Learned Handbook No.09-09 Commander's Guide to Military Working Dogs, January 2009.

DA Pamphlet 190-12, *Military Working Dog Program,* 30 September 1993. DA Pamphlet 190-51, *Risk Analysis for Army Property*, 30 September 1993.

FM 3-0, *Operations,* 27 February 2008.

FM 3-06.11, *Combined Arms Operations in Urban Terrain,* 2 February 2002.

FM 3-19.4, *Military Police Leader's Handbook,* 4 March 2002.

FM 3-19.12, *Protective Services,* 11 August 2004. FM 3-19.15, *Civil Disturbance Operations,* 18 April 2005. FM 3-21.10, *The Infantry Rifle Company,* 27 July 2006.

FM 3-21.12, *The Infantry Weapons Company,* 1 July 2008.

FM 3-24, *Counterinsurgency,* 15 December 2006.

FM 3-24.2, *Tactics in Counterinsurgency,* 21 April 2009.

FM 3-34, *Engineer Operations,* 2 April 2009. FM 3-34.22, *Engineer Operations - Brigade Combat Team and Below,* 11 February 2009. FM 3-39, *Military Police Operations,* 16 February 2010.

FM 3-39.40, *Interment and Resettlement Operations*, 12 February 2010.

FM 4-02.7, Multiservice Tactics, Techniques, and Procedures for Health Service Support in a Chemical, Biological, Radiological, and Nuclear Environment, 15 July 2009.

FM 5-0, *The Operations Process,* 26 March 2010.

FM 5-19, *Composite Risk Management,* 21 August 2006.

FM 19-10, *The Military Police Law and Order Operations,* 30 September 1987.

FM 19-25, *Military Police Traffic Operations,* 30 September 1977. FM 27-10, *The Law of Land Warfare,* 18 July 1956. TC 19-210, *Access Control Handbook,* 4 October 2004.

## References

TC 25-20, *A Leader's Guide to After Action Reviews,* 30 September 1993.


Department of Defense DOD 4525.6-M, *Department of Defense Postal Manual,* 15 August 2002.

DODD 3000.3, *Policy for Non-Lethal Weapons*, 9 July 1996.

DODD 6400.4, *DOD Veterinary Services Program,* 22 August 2003.

DODI 5525.10, Using Military Working Dog Teams (MWDTs) to Support Law Enforcement Agencies in Counterdrug Missions, 17 September 1990. Other Federal Standard 376 B, *Preferred Metric Units for General Use by the Federal Government,* 27
January 1993.

JP 3-0, *Joint Operations,* 17 September 2006.

SF 702, *Security Container Check Sheet.* Special Text 20-23-*8, Use of Demining Dogs in Military Operations,* September 2003. Special Text 20-23-10, *Use of Specialized Search Dogs in Military Operations,* October 2004.

Special Text 20-23-12, *Mine Detection Dogs in Military Operations,* April 2005. Title 18, USC, Section 1385, Part I, Crimes; *Use of Army and Air Force as posse comitatus.*
DOCUMENTS NEEDED
These documents must be available to the intended users of this publication. Army DA Pam 710-2-1, *Using Unit Supply System (Manual Procedures),* 31 December 1997.

DA Form 6, Duty Roster. DA Form 2028, *Recommended Changes to Publications and Blank Forms*. DA Form 2807-R, Military Working Dog Training and Utilization Record. DA Form 2823, *Sworn Statement.* DA Form 3161, *Request for Issue or Turn-In*. DA Form 3992R, Narcotics or Explosives Detector Dog Training and Utilization Record.

DA Form 5513-R, Key Control Register and Inventory. DA Form 7281-R, Command Oriented Arms, Ammunition, and Explosives (AA&E) Security Screening and Evaluation Record. Departement of Defense DD Form 1829, *Record of Military Dog Physical Examination*.

DD Form 1834, Military Working Dog Service Record.

DD Form 2807-1, *Report of Medical History*. Other SF 600, Medical Record - *Chronological Record of Medical Care*.

AF Form 1256, Certificate of Training.

DEA Form 223, Controlled Substance Registration Certificate.

Lackland AFB Form 375, Patrol Dog Certification. Lackland AFB Form 375a, Detector Dog Certification.

READINGS RECOMMENDED
These readings contain relevant supplemental information. Army AR 190-47, *The Army Corrections System,* 15 June 2006.

AR 350-1, *Army Training and Leader Development,* 18 December 2009.

AR 525-13, *Antiterrorism,* 11 September 2008.

AR 600-8-101, Personnel Processing (In-, Out-, Soldier Readiness, Mobilization, and Deployment Processing), 18 July 2003.

FM 1-02, *Operational Terms and Graphics*, 21 September 2004.

MCM, Part III Military Rules of Evidence; Rule 311, Evidence obtained from unlawful searches and seizures. 2000-2008.

MCM, Part III Military Rules of Evidence; Rule 313, Inspections and inventories in the armed forces.

2000.

MCM, Part III Military Rules of Evidence; Rule 314, *Searches not requiring probable cause.* 2000.
MCM, Part III Military Rules of Evidence; Rule 315, *Probable cause searches.* 2000.
MCM, Part III Military Rules of Evidence; Rule 315(f)(2), *Probable cause determination.* 2000. MCM, Part III Military Rules of Evidence; Rule 316, *Seizures.* 2000.

Department of Defense DOD Directive 5030.49, *DOD Customs and Border Clearance Program.* 4 May 2004.

DOD Instruction 3025.12, *Military Assistance for Civil Disturbances (MACDIS),* 4 February 1994.

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## Index A

accompanying scents
  definition, 2-1
aircraft, 4-5
animal care specialist, 5-4
Army command inspections, 4-
  3
Army veterinary services
  support, 4-13
artificial respiration, 4-10

## B

bleeding wounds, 4-10 bloating, 4-12 bomb threats, 3-8 briefing guide, C-1 building search in conjunction with a raid, 3-4
burns, 4-10

decoys, 6-2
defense support of civil
  authorities, 1-2
defensive operations, 1-2
deliberate checkpoint
  employment, 3-2
Department of Defense schools
  support, 3-7
Department of the Army
  inspections, 4-3
deployability categories, 4-15
deployment and travel
  requirements, 4-4
disposition packet, 4-16
drop aids, 3-8
drug abuse resitance
  educations program, 3-7
dual-purpose military working
  dog, 2-11

## C

employment considerations, 3-
  1
exterior areas, F-1
exterior storage, parking areas,
  drives, and walks, F-2

feeding and food control, 4-7
first aid, 4-8
first aid kit, 4-9
food preparation room, F-12
food storage, 4-7
food storage room, F-7
foreign objects in the mouth, 4-
  11
fractures, 4-9
full spectrum operations, 1-1

capabilities, 2-1
Category 1
   unrestricted deployment, 4-
      15
Category 2
   limited deployment, 4-15
Category 3
   temporarily nondeployable,
      4-15
Category 4
   permanently nondeployable,
      4-15
certification authority
  appointment, 5-3
checkpoints operations, 3-1
combat tracker dog, 2-7
combination indoor/outdoor
  kennel, F-8
command and staff roles and
  responsibilities, 5-1
contract working dogs, B-1
contractor management, B-2
controlled substance storage
  room, F-6
cordon and search, 3-3
cultural considerations, 3-11

handler's area, F-6
hasty checkpoint employment,
  3-2
health and nutrition, 4-6
health and welfare inspections,
  3-7
high-risk personnel security
  missions, 3-6

human remains dog, 2-3

## D I

improvised explosive device
  route search/clearance, 3-3
improvised explosive device
  target sweep, 3-3
indoor or outdoor kennel, F-10
initial certification, 6-6
inspection, C-4
intergrating military working
  dogs into tactical operations,
  3-1
interior areas, F-5
interment and resettlement
  operations, 3-5

## J

jurisdiction over contractors, B-
2

## K E F

kennel area, F-7
Kennel Construction, F-1
kennel facility and program
  inspections, 4-3
kennel master's office, F-5
kennel run, F-11
kennel sanitation procedures,
  4-7

## L

legal considerations, 1-3

## M H

management system, H-1
medication, 4-8
military police investigations
  drug suppression team, 3-7
military police special reaction
  team, 3-6
military working dog break
  area, F-4
military working dog
  certification authority, 5-3
military working dog handler, 5-
  3
military working dog in support
  of counter improvised
  explosive device, 3-2

police intelligence operations,
  3-6
postal operations, 3-7
preface, iv
probable cause, 1-5
provost marshal and command
  inspections, 4-4

## Q

quarantine requirements, 4-2

## R

recertification, 6-7
residual scent
   definition, 2-1
routine care, 4-6

## S

military working dog kennel
  master team, 5-2
military working dog limitations,
  1-3
military working dog mission
  command, 5-1
military working dog support to
  multinational forces, 3-10
military working dog
  sustainment training, 6-1
military working dog team
  certification, 6-6
military working dog team
  validation, 6-6
miltary working dog program
  managers, 5-1
mine detection dog, 2-8
mission closure report, E-1
mission planning, 3-8
multipurpose room, F-7
muzzles, 4-9

## N

night operations, 3-8

## O

obedience course, F-3 obedience course training, 6-2 offensive operations, 1-2 operational environment, 1-1 operational environments definition, 1-1
overheating, 4-11

## P

scent picture, 2-1
searches, 1-5
senior military working dog
  handler, 5-2
shock, 4-10
single-purpose military working
  dog, 2-3
snakebites, 4-11
special use areas, F-6
specialized search dog, 2-9
stability operations, 1-2
Standard Sets, Kits, and
  Outfits, D-1
statement of work, B-1
storage and mechanical area,
  F-12
support to full spectrum
  operations, 1-1
suppressive fire engagements,
  5-3
sustainment training
   detection dog teams, 6-2
   patrol dog capability, 6-1

## T

parasite control, 4-13
patrol dog, 2-11
patrol explosive detection dog,
  2-12
patrol narcotic detection dog, 2-
  15
permanent kennels, F-1
poisonous substances, 4-11

tack room, F-7
target scent



   definition, 2-1
temporary kennels, F-1
trainer and plans
  noncommissioned officer
  office, F-5
training aids, 6-3
   mine detection dog, 6-4
   patrol explosive
      detection/specialized
      search dog, 6-4
   patrol narcotics detection
      dog, 6-3
training and utilization records,
  6-5
Training and Validations, 6-1
training assistance, 6-3
training records, A-1

## U

unattended military working
  dogs, 4-3
unit representative duties and
  responsibilities, C-3
United States Custom Service
  missions, 3-6
use of force, 1-4

## V

validation folders, 6-5
vehicles, 4-4
veterinarian mandatory
  training, 4-14
veterinary inspections, 4-4
veterinary responsibilities, 4-13
veterinary support procedures,
  B-1
veterinary treatment
  record/health certificates, 4-
  14
veterinary treatment room, F-6

## W

weapon fire training, 6-2 weather, 2-1
By order of the Secretary of the Army:
Official:


   JOYCE E. MORROW
Administrative Assistant to the
      Secretary of the Army
                 1110907

DISTRIBUTION: Active Army, Army National Guard, and United States Army Reserve: Not to be distributed; electronic media only.