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# *Atp 3-20.97 (Attp 3-20.97, Fm 3-20.971)

*Army Techniques Publication No. 3-20.97
Headquarters Department of the Army Washington, DC, 1 September 2016

# Cavalry Troop

## Contents Preface Introduction Chapter 1: Role Of The Cavalry Troop

Section I - Operational Environment
Variables of the Operational Environment
Threats
Section II - Organizations
Capabilities and Limitations
Armored Brigade Combat Team Cavalry Troop
Infantry Brigade Combat Team Cavalry Troop
Stryker Brigade Combat Team Cavalry Troop
Battlefield Surveillance Brigade Cavalry Troop
Scout Platoon

## Chapter 2: Mission Command

Section I - Troop Mission Command Section II - Troop Integration of Squadron Staff Products
Directed Friendly Course of Action Graphic Control Measures Information Collection Plan

Execution Matrix Event Template Latest Time Information is of Value Fires Support Prodcuts Task Organization Assigning Platoon Tasks Section III - Intelligence Preparation of the Battlefield/Battlespace Section IV - Orders Section V - Responsibilities Troop Commander Executive Officer First Sergeant Scout Platoon Leader Scout Platoon Sergeant Fire Support Team Mortar Section Sergeant Communications Sergeant Company Intelligence Support Team Combat Medics Combat Repair Team Chemical, Biological, Radiological, and Nuclear Noncommissioned Officer Supply Sergeant Armorer and Supply Specialist

## Chapter 3: Reconnaissance Tasks

Section I - Basics of Reconnaissance Tasks Reconnaissance Fundamentals Reconnaissance Techniques Reconnaissance Methods Reconnaissance Sensor Assets Reconnaissance Management Commanders Reconnaissance Guidance Focus Tempo of Reconnaissance Engagement/Disengagement Criteria Displacement Criteria Section II - Forms of Reconnaissance

Zone Reconnaissance Area Reconnaissance
Route Reconnaissance Reconnaissance in Force Special Reconnaissance
Section III - Reconnaissance Handover
Reconnaissance Handover Planning Considerations Preparation Execution

## Chapter 4: Security Tasks

Section I - Basics of Security Tasks
Security Fundamentals Methods and Management Commander's Security Guidance
Section II - Forms of Security
Screen Stationary Screen Moving Screen Guard Cover Area Security Local Security Counterreconnaissance
Chapter 5: RECONNAISSANCE AND SECURITY IN DECISIVE
ACTION TASKS Section I - Reconnaissance and Security in the Offense
Security Tasks in Support of the Offense Reconnaissance Tasks in Support of the Offense
Section II - Reconnaissance and Security in the Defense
Security Tasks in Support of the Defense Reconnaissance Tasks in Support of the Defense
Section III - Reconnaissance and Security in Stability
Security Tasks in Support of Stability Reconnaissance Tasks in Support of Stability

## Chapter 6: Augmentation

Section I - Brigade Combat Team Assets Engineer Support Fire Support Intelligence Support Chemical, Biological, Radiological, and Nuclear Support Section II - External Brigade Combat Team Assets Army Aviation Support Air and Missile Defense Support Close Air Support Explosive Ordnance Disposal Support Civil Affairs Support Religious Support Military Information Support Operations

## Chapter 7: Sustainment

Section I - Basics of Sustainment Section II - Sustainment Planning Sustaining Reconnaissance Operations Sustaining Security Operations Sustainment Planning Requirements Supporting Attachments and Detachments Sustainment Communications Sustainment Reporting Section III - Logistics Package Operations Troop Trains Supply Routes Logistics Package Planning Logistics Package Resupply Logistics Package Survivability Section IV - Troop Resupply Operations Resupply Site Selection Resupply Methods Section V - Maintenance Field Maintenance Recovery Battle Damage Assessment And Repair Maintenance Collection Point Section VI - Medical Support Appendix A: ANALOG REPORTS Appendix B: TROOP OPERATING DISTANCES Appendix C: TROOP COMMAND POST
GLOSSARY REFERENCES INDEX

## Figures

Figure 1-1. ABCT Cavalry Troop Organization
Figure 1-2. IBCT Mounted Cavalry Troop Organization
Figure 1-3. IBCT Dismounted Cavalry Troop Organization
Figure 1-4. SBCT Cavalry Troop Organization
Figure 3-1. IBCT Troop Zone Reconnaissance
Figure 3-2. ABCT Troop Area Reconnaissance
Figure 3-3. SBCT Troop Route Reconnaissance
Figure 4-1. SBCT Troop Stationary Screen
Figure 4-2. ABCT Troop as Part of Squadron Guard
Figure 4-3. IBCT Troop as Part of Squadron Flank Guard
Figure 5-1. IBCT Squadron Moving Screen, Offense
Figure 5-2. IBCT Troop Moving Screen
Figure 5-3. IBCT Troop Moving Screen, Phase II and III
Figure 5-4. IBCT Troop Moving Screen, Phase IV and V
Figure 5-5. SBCT Squadron Reconnaissance in Force,
Offense
Figure 5-6. SBCT Troop Reconnaissance in Force
Figure 5-7. SBCT Troop Reconnaissance in Force, Phase I
Figure 5-8. SBCT Troop Reconnaissance in Force, Phase II
Figure 5-9. SBCT Troop Reconnaissance in Force, Phase III
Figure 5-10. ABCT Squadron Zone Reconnaissance, Offense

Figure 5-11. ABCT Troop Zone Reconnaissance in the Offense Figure 5-12. ABCT Troop Zone Reconnaissance, Phase I Figure 5-13. ABCT Troop Zone Reconnaissance, Phase II Figure 5-14. ABCT Troop Zone Reconnaissance, Phase III Figure 5-15. ABCT Squadron Guard, Defense Figure 5-16. ABCT Troop Guard Figure 5-17. ABCT Troop Guard, Phase I Figure 5-18. ABCT Troop Guard, Phase II Figure 5-19. ABCT Troop Guard, Phase III Figure 5-20. SBCT Squadron Area Security, Route Figure 5-21. SBCT Troop Area Security, Route Figure 5-22. SBCT Troop Route Security, Phase I Figure 5-23. SBCT Troop Route Security, Phase II Figure 5-24. SBCT Troop Route Security, Phase III
Figure 5-25. IBCT Squadron Route Reconnaissance, Defense Figure 5-26. IBCT Squadron Route Reconnaissance, Time- Distance Estimates Figure 5-27. SBCT Squadron Screen, Stability Figure 5-28. Information Requirements Figure 5-29. SBCT Troop Screen, Stability Figure 5-30. SBCT Troop Screen, Stability, Phase I Figure 5-31. SBCT Troop Screen, Stability, Phase II Figure 5-32. SBCT Troop Screen, Stability, Phase III Figure 5-33. SBCT Squadron Area Security, Stability Figure 5-34. SBCT Troop Area Security Figure 5-35. SBCT Troop Area Security, Phase I Figure 5-36. SBCT Troop Area Security, Phase II Figure 5-37. SBCT Squadron Area Reconnaissance, Stability Figure 5-38. SBCT Troop Area Reconnaissance Figure 5-39. SBCT Troop Area Reconnaissance, Phase I Figure 5-40. SBCT Troop Area Reconnaissance, Phase II Figure 7-1. Troop Service Station Resupply Figure B-1. ABCT Scout Platoon Operational Distance (Unrestrictive Terrain) Figure B-2. ABCT Cavalry Troop Operational Distances
(Unrestrictive Terrain) Figure B-3. IBCT Scout Platoon Operational Distances
(Severely Restrictive) Figure B-4. IBCT Cavalry Troop Operational Distances (Severely Restrictive) Figure B-5. IBCT Dismounted Scout Platoon Figure B-6. IBCT Dismounted Cavalry Troop Figure B-7. SBCT Scout Platoon Operational Distances (Restrictive) Figure B-8. SBCT Cavalry Troop Operational Distances (Restrictive) Figure C-1. ABCT Cavalry Troop Command Post Figure C-2. IBCT Cavalry Troop Command Post Figure C-3. SBCT Cavalry Troop Command Post

## Tables

Table 2-1. Team Orders Development Table 6-1. Fire Support Capabilities (Mortars) Table 6-2. Air to Ground Check-In Brief Table 6-3. Attack Aviation Call for Fire Table 7-1. Supply Classes Table B-1. Scout Platoon Width/Depth Formula Table B-2. ABCT Cavalry Platoon Operational Distances in Unrestrictive Terrain Table B-3. IBCT Cavalry Platoon Operational Distances in Severely Restricted Terrain Table B-4. SBCT Scout Platoon Operational Distances in Restricted Terrain Table B-5. Cavalry Troop Optics Systems Table B-6. ABCT Cavalry Squadron Weapon System List Table B-7. IBCT Cavalry Squadron Weapon System List Table B-8. SBCT Cavalry Squadron Weapon System List

## Distribution Restriction: Approved For Public Release, Distribution Will Be Unlimited.

*This publication supersedes ATTP 3-20.97, 16 November 2010 and FM 3-20.971, 4 August 2009.

## Preface

Army techniques and procedures (ATP) 3-20.97 provides framework and tactical employment principles for Cavalry troops of the Cavalry squadrons in the Armored brigade combat team (ABCT); the Infantry brigade combat team (IBCT), mounted and dismounted; the Stryker brigade combat team (SBCT); and the battlefield surveillance brigade (BFSB). The principal audience for ATP 3-20.97 is all members of the military. Army headquarters commanders and staffs serving in joint task force or multinational headquarter positions should refer to this ATP for military and joint or multinational force operations. Trainers and educators throughout the Army should use this manual, also. Commanders, staffs, and subordinates ensure that their decisions and actions comply with applicable United States, international, and in some cases hostnation laws and regulations. Commanders at all levels ensure that their Soldiers operate according to the law of war and the rules of engagement. (See FM 27-10.) ATP 3-20.97 uses joint terms where applicable. Selected joint and Army terms and definitions appear in both the glossary and the text. For definitions shown in the text, the term is italicized and the number of the proponent publication follows the definition. This publication is not the proponent for any Army terms. ATP 3-20.97 applies to the Active Army, the Army National Guard/Army National Guard of the United States, the United States Army Reserve, Department of the Army civilians, and government contractors unless otherwise stated. Unless this publication states otherwise, masculine nouns and pronouns refer to both men and women. The proponent agency is the United States Army Maneuver Center of Excellence (MCoE). Send comments and recommendations on Department of the Army (DA) Form 2028, (Recommended Changes to Publications and Blank Forms) to:
Email: usarmy.benning.mcoe.mbx.doctrine@mail.mil U.S. Mail: Commanding General, MCoE Directorate of Training and Doctrine, Doctrine and Collective Training Division ATTN: ATZK-TDD (ATP 3-20.97) Fort Benning, GA 31905-5410

## Introduction

To understand ATP 3-20-97, the reader should review ADRP 3-0 and the doctrinal principles outlined ADRP 3-07, ADRP 3-90, FM 3-55, FM 3-90-2, FM 3-98, and ATP 3-20.96. The reader should understand offensive, defensive, and stability tasks, the operations process and its relation to the Army's military decision- making process, and troop leading procedures described in ADRP 5-0. The reader also must understand the concepts associated with mission command as described in ADRP 6-0. ATP 3-20.97 provides combined arms tactics that Cavalry troops use to conduct reconnaissance and appropriate security tasks. This publication is authoritative but requires judgement in application. The following summarizes each chapter of ATP 3-20.97:
Chapter 1 discusses the operational environment and threat profiles that a Cavalry troop encounters while conducting operations. The chapter also describes the organization, equipment, capabilities, and limitations found in each type of brigade combat team (BCT) Cavalry troop.

Chapter 2 discusses information that the Cavalry commander conducts and considers when developing mission orders. The chapter discusses mission command and the responsibilities of the commander, staff, and unit leadership during mission command.

Chapter 3 discusses the basics of reconnaissance that includes forms of reconnaissance and reconnaissance handover.

Chapter 4 is an overview of security tasks. It discusses the fundamentals of security, the forms of security, and the considerations when conducting security tasks.

Chapter 5 discusses the Cavalry troop conducting reconnaissance and security to support squadron tasks during decisive action. Squadron tasks support BCT offense, defense, and stability tasks.

Chapter 6 discusses the augmentation of combat forces that provide the Cavalry troop with enablers to enhance the effectiveness of the reconnaissance and security mission.

Chapter 7 discusses how the Cavalry unit plans and organizes for sustainment tasks. Chapter 7 also discusses the different types of logistics packages (LOGPACs) and the operations, maintenance, field services, and Army health support system available for the Cavalry troop. The techniques and procedures discussed in this publication are specific examples of conducting a particular tactical enabling task. Collectively, they provide a set of tools that commanders use to employ tactical situations. The existing rules of engagement in a specific situation control the actual application of the techniques and procedures discussed in this publication.

## Chapter 1 Role Of The Cavalry Troop

As the eyes and ears of the squadron commander, the Cavalry troop is the squadron commander's primary reconnaissance and security asset. Cavalry troops provide the information the commander needs to conduct better-informed planning, to direct operations, and to visualize the area of operations. The Cavalry troop skillfully conducts reconnaissance and security tasks to collect information about the threat's location, disposition, and composition. As part of the squadron, the Cavalry troop provides reaction time and maneuver space for the BCT commander. In turn, these operations allow the BCT commander to shape the area of operations proactively and to accept or initiate contact at times and places of the commander's choosing.

Cavalry troops conduct reconnaissance and security tasks throughout the squadron and BCT area of operations.

## Section I - Operational Environment

1-1. Cavalry units conduct reconnaissance and security tasks in close contact with enemy organizations and civilian populations. Cavalry organizations employ appropriate combinations of mounted and dismounted tactics and are able to both fight for information and develop the situation through stealthy tactics and observation based upon the mission variables of mission, enemy, terrain and weather, troops and support available-time available and civil considerations (METT-TC). 1-2. The commander and troop leadership use available information and knowledge to make timely and effective decisions. Commanders and leadership seek to build and maintain situational understanding throughout the operations process. *Situational understanding* is the product of applying analysis and judgment to relevant information to determine the relationships among the operational and mission variables to facilitate decision making (ADP 5-0). The considerations below apply to the two types of variables of an operating environment, operational variables and mission variables. (Refer to ADRP 3-0 for more information.) Section I also discusses the types of threat forces encountered within the operating environment. An operational environment is a composite of the conditions, circumstances, and influences that affect the employment of capabilities and bear on the decisions of the commander (JP 3-0).

## Variables Of The Operational Environment

1-3. Throughout the operations process, the commander takes into account the military and nonmilitary aspect of the operational area since they change from one area of operations to another and both impact on the conduct of operations. Operational variables describe the military aspects of an operational environment and the population's influence on it. The two variables of the operational environment are operational variables and mission variables. Army planners analyze an operational environment in terms of eight interrelated operational variables: political, military, economic social, information, infrastructure, physical environment, and time. (Refer to ADRP 5-0 for more information.) 1-4. The second type of variable is the mission variable, which describes characteristics of the area of operations focusing on how they might affect a mission. The mission variables are mission, enemy, terrain and weather, troops and support available-time available and civil considerations (METT-TC). (Refer to ADRP 5-0 for more information.)

## Threats

1-5. Cavalry troops conduct missions in a variety of operational environments. The most common threats that Cavalry units will likely encounter are hybrid threats. A *hybrid threat* is the diverse and dynamic combination of regular forces, irregular forces, terrorist forces, and/or criminal elements unified to achieve mutually benefitting effects (ADRP 3-0). Hybrid threats combine regular forces governed by international law, military custom, and tradition combined with unregulated forces that act with no restrictions on violence or targets. Hybrid threats can come in the form of nation-states or nonstates. Refer to ADRP 3-0 for more information. Also, refer to TC 7-100, TC 7-100.3, and TC 7-100.4.

1-6. A *threat* is any combination of actors, entities, or forces that intend to harm United States forces, United States national interests, or the homeland (ADRP 3-0). Threats may include individuals, groups of individuals (organized or unorganized), paramilitary or military forces, nation-states, or national alliances. Threats become enemies when they execute their capability to do harm to the United States. 1-7. An *enemy* is a party identified as hostile against which the use of force is authorized (ADRP 3-0). Cavalry units engage enemies in accordance with the rules of engagement of the area in which the troop operates and according to the laws of land warfare. An *adversary* is a party acknowledged as potentially hostile to a friendly party and against which the use of force may be envisaged (JP 3-0). A *neutral* is a party identified as neither supporting nor opposing friendly or enemy forces. (ADRP 3-0). Land operation threats are more complex because a threat, an enemy, an adversary, a neutral, or a friend, often intermix with no easy means to distinguish one from another.

## Regular Versus Irregular Forces

1-8. The standing military units regulated by a nation-state or alliance of states characterize regular forces. The function of these forces is to provide military offense and defense in service to the state or alliance. Regular military units may also be involved directly or indirectly in coordination with both irregular and unconventional warfare operations as described in JP 3-05. 1-9. Irregular forces include revolutionary, paramilitary, militia, partisan, insurgent, guerrilla, covert/underground, mercenaries, and armed criminal elements. (See ATP 2-01.3, Table 5-1 for a description of these irregular forces.) Cavalry forces should expect to face hybrid threats when conducting reconnaissance and security tasks, and are likely to encounter irregular forces at a higher concentration than other maneuver forces. Irregular forces are not mutually exclusive and can move from one form to another. (Refer to TC 7-100 and TC 7-100.4 for more information about each component of a hybrid threat.)

## Criminal Organizations

1-10. Cavalry forces may encounter criminal organizations. While there will always be criminal elements present in any operational environment, the question is whether those criminal organizations will find it in their interests to become part of a hybrid threat and attempt to achieve common goals and objectives to prevent legitimate control of areas, commerce, and the judicial system. Criminal organizations are normally independent of nation-state control. Large-scale criminal organizations often extend beyond national boundaries to operate regionally or worldwide and include a political influence component. Individual criminals or small gangs do not normally have the capability to affect legitimate host nation political, military, and judicial organizations adversely; however, this adverse influence may occur at the local government level.

## Section Ii - Organizations

1-11. Below are the current capabilities and limitations common to each of the BCT Cavalry troops. Provided below are descriptions for the organization, equipment, capabilities, and limitations that are specific for each of the Cavalry troops.

## Capabilities And Limitations

1-12. The following general capabilities and limitations apply to all types of Cavalry troops. Specific troop capabilities center on the formation types discussed below. 1-13. Each Cavalry troop can conduct simultaneous reconnaissance of up to six areas (one per scout section). The size of each area depends on factors such as the pattern of the road net, terrain features, anticipated enemy activity, reconnaissance tasks to perform, availability of unmanned aircraft systems (UAS) and Army aviation to support, and the time available. Each troop can conduct a detailed zone reconnaissance at a rate dependent on the terrain and execution of all the tasks associated with the mission. All Cavalry troops can reconnoiter two routes per platoon in a permissive no-threat environment, up to two routes as a troop in a low-threat environment, and one route as a troop in a medium to high-threat environment. When faced with a lightly equipped threat, each Cavalry troop can conduct either forceful or stealthy reconnaissance depending on the higher commander's guidance. 1-14. Cavalry troops can provide all weather, accurate, and timely reconnaissance and security in nonrestrictive, restrictive, and urban terrain using surveillance systems, mounted, and dismounted Scouts. In addition, all troops can conduct reconnaissance and security operations while rapidly developing the situation. Troops can fight for information and conduct counterreconnaissance while gathering information about hybrid threats and other information.

1-15. Cavalry troops can employ integrated and synchronized reconnaissance and surveillance systems to defeat enemy deception, decoys, and cover and concealment that would otherwise remain undetected by single-capability surveillance means. 1-16. Each Cavalry troop can also

- Direct combat power, assesses situations, reconnaissance, and
security capabilities to meet priority intelligence requirements.
- Employ synchronized reconnaissance and surveillance systems
and Scouts without the delays and excessive compartmentalization associated with coordination intensive surveillance.
- Support targeting and target acquisition using available ground
and aerial assets, including the fire support team and UAS.
- Reduce risk and enhance survivability by providing
information so the squadron can avoid contact or achieve situational dominance if contact is necessary.
- Assist in shaping the operational environment by providing
information or directing fires to disrupt the enemy.
1-17. The general limitations of the Armored brigade combat team (ABCT), the Stryker brigade combat (SBCT), and the mounted Infantry brigade combat team (IBCT) Cavalry troops include limited dismounts within Scout sections, which require combining two or more Scout sections to generate the required dismounts to conduct long duration observation post. Additional limitations include the ability to conduct continuous screening operations and dismounted tasks associated with zone, area, route reconnaissance, and local security.

## Armored Brigade Combat Team Cavalry Troop

1-18. The ABCT Cavalry troop organization includes a headquarters section, two Scout platoons, and a mortar section (see figure 1-1, page 1-4). The troop headquarters has a troop commander, an executive officer (XO), a first sergeant (1SG), a supply sergeant, a supply specialist, an operations noncommissioned officer (NCO), a chemical, biological, radiological, and nuclear (CBRN) noncommissioned officer, and a forward signal support NCO. The two Scout platoons each have one platoon leader, one platoon sergeant, and three section leaders. The mortar section has a section leader, two squad leaders, two gunners, two assistant gunners, and two drivers. The mortar section has two armored 120-millimeter (mm) mortars (self-propelled). The ABCT Cavalry troop has the following equipment within each of the two Scout platoons:

- M3A3 Cavalry fighting vehicle. Six for K-series modified table
of organization and equipment (MTOE).
- AN/TAS-8 Long-Range Advance Scout Surveillance System
(LRAS3).
- Caliber .50 machine gun. - M240B 7.62-mm machine gun. - Armored high mobility, multipurpose wheeled vehicles
(HMMWVs) equipped with tube launched, optically tracked, wire-guided (TOW) antitank missile systems for R-series MTOE.
- Armored HMMWVs. (R-series MTOE.) - MK19 40-mm machine gun grenade. (R-series MTOE.) - Javelin command launch unit.
1-19. The ABCT Cavalry troop capabilities include survivability in unified land operations and fighting for information. The M3A3 Cavalry fighting vehicle armed with a 25-mm cannon, 7.62-mm coaxial machine gun, and TOW missile system, provides firepower. 1-20.

The ABCT
Cavalry troop limitations include limited maneuverability in urban environments and other types of complex terrain. The troop's heavier vehicles create sustainment consideration for resupply, refueling, and maintenance despite the ABCTs enhanced sustainment capability. The up-armored HMMWV provides limited protection and mobility.

## Infantry Brigade Combat Team Cavalry Troop

1-21. There are two types of Cavalry troops in the IBCT, a mounted troop and a dismounted troop. The paragraphs below discuss both types of IBCT Cavalry troops.

## Mounted Cavalry Troop

1-22. The mounted IBCT troop organization has a headquarters section, three Scout platoons, a mortar section, and an attached fire support team (See figure 1-2, page 1-6). The troop headquarters has a troop commander, an XO, a 1SG, a supply sergeant, an operations NCO, an operations assistant, a CBRN noncommissioned officer, and a forward signal support NCO. The three Scout platoons each have one platoon leader, one platoon sergeant, and two section leaders. The mortar section is equipped with two 120-mm mortars (towed). The IBCT mounted Cavalry troop possesses an organic 120-mm mortar section (towed) for organic fire support and each of the three Scout platoons has the following equipment:

- TOW up-armored HMMWVs. - Armored HMMWVs. - Caliber .50 machine gun. - AN/TAS-8 LRAS3. - MK19 40-mm machine gun grenade. - M240B 7.62-mm machine gun. - Javelin command launch units.

## Capabilities And Limitations

1-23. The IBCT mounted Cavalry troop has the following capabilities:
- Provides reconnaissance and security for IBCT operations. - Possesses six mounted TOW systems (two per platoon). - Possesses an organic 120-mm mortar section (towed).
1-24. The IBCT mounted Cavalry troop has the following limitations:
- The up-armored HMMWV provides limited protection. - The up-armored HMMWV's added weight limits mobility,
especially in complex terrain.

## Dismounted Cavalry Troop

1-25. The dismounted IBCT troop has a troop headquarters, two scout platoons, a mortar section, and a sniper section. The troop headquarters has a troop commander, an XO, a 1SG, a supply sergeant, three radio operators, a CBRN noncommissioned officer, an operations assistant, and a supply specialist (see figure 1-3, page 1-7). The platoons have three Scout sections. The mortar section has a section leader, squad leader, two gunners, and two assistant gunners. The sniper section has a squad leader, two senior snipers, and four snipers. They normally operate as two heavy sniper teams or three light sniper teams. The IBCT dismounted Cavalry troop has the following equipment:

- HMMWV (scout platoon). - Unmanned Aircraft System Raven. - HMMWV and cargo truck (troop headquarters). - Boat landing craft inflatable (troop headquarters).

## Capabilities And Limitations

1-26. The IBCT dismounted Cavalry troop has the following capabilities:

- Provides reconnaissance and security for IBCT operations.
- Provides mission command, staff planning and supervision of
operations of organic and attached units.
- Provides dismounted reconnaissance capability that supports
motorized troops in execution of the squadron mission.
- Possesses an organic 60-mm mortar section.
1-27. The IBCT dismounted Cavalry troop has the following limitations:
- Possesses limited transportation capability. - Lack of a mobility platform that the squadron must consider
when conducting planning.

## Stryker Brigade Combat Team Cavalry Troop

1-28. The SBCT Cavalry troop has a troop headquarters, three scout platoons (R-series) or two scout platoons (K-series), and a mortar section (see figure 1-4, page 1-8). The Cavalry troop headquarters has a troop commander, an XO, a first sergeant, an operations sergeant, an operation assistant, a CBRN noncommissioned officer, a supply sergeant, and a supply specialist. The scout platoons have one platoon leader, one platoon sergeant, and two section leaders. The mortar section has two Stryker mortar carrier- mounted 120-mm mortars and a fire direction center. The SBCT Cavalry troop has an organic 120-mm mortar section (mounted). Each of the Scout platoons has the following:

- Caliber .50 machine gun. - AN/TAS-8 LRAS3. - Javelin command launch units. - Stryker reconnaissance vehicles. - MK19 40-mm machine gun grenade. - M240B 7.62-mm machine gun.
1-29. The SBCT Cavalry troop capabilities include
- Maximizing the teaming of ground Scouts and brigade
surveillance systems to conduct close reconnaissance of enemy forces.
- Equipping with 120-mm self-propelled mortars. - Fighting for information against light and motorized forces or
heavier threats when augmented.
1-30. The SBCT Cavalry troop has limited ability to
- Perform route reconnaissance with four vehicle platoons. (R
Series MTOE).
- Maintain enemy contact in some situations, such as
 During emergency resupply.  Conducting casualty evacuation operations.

## Battlefield Surveillance Brigade Cavalry Troop

1-31. The battlefield surveillance brigade (BFSB) Cavalry troop includes a troop headquarters section and two motorized Scout platoons. The troop headquarters has a troop commander, an XO, a first sergeant, an operations sergeant, a forward signal support NCO, a CBRN NCO, a supply sergeant, a supply specialist, and two drivers. The two Scout platoons organize with one platoon leader, one platoon sergeant, and two section leaders. The BFSB Cavalry troop has the following within each of the two Scout platoons:

- Armored HMMWVs. - Caliber .50 machine guns. - AN/TAS-8 LRAS3.
- Javelin command launch units.
- MK19 40-mm machine gun grenade. - M240B 7.62-mm machine guns.
1-32. The BFSB Cavalry troop has the following capabilities:

- Integration into the BFSB reconnaissance and surveillance
architecture.
- Access to information and intelligence collected by brigade
assets.
- Habitual relationship with the BFSB's long-range surveillance
company.
May provide the troop and squadron commanders with
added flexibility in employing the troop.
- Long-range communications beyond line of sight.
Facilitates long-range target acquisition and interdiction
when employed with the attached fire support team.
1-33. The BFSB Cavalry troop's leaders at all levels must plan and conduct operations that consider the troop's limitations. These limitations include firepower and protection factors such as lack of mortars and armored fighting vehicles; limitations in laser target acquisition and designation, in addition to reliance on indirect fires and joint fires. In addition to those limitations mentioned above, the Cavalry troop has a very limited ability to fight for information in decisive actions because the troop is vulnerable to enemy counterreconnaissance and security measures. The Cavalry troop itself possesses limited dismounted capability. These limited dismounts within the Scout sections requires that two Scout sections be combined to generate the required dismounts to conduct long duration observation posts, continuous screening operations, and dismounted tasks associated with zone, area, route reconnaissance and/or local security. 1-34. The Cavalry troop in the BFSB has extremely limited ability to fight for information because it lacks organic mortars; armored fighting vehicles, such as the Cavalry fighting vehicle, the Stryker, and TOW. The BFSB should fight for information only within the guidelines of the commander's engagement criteria. 1-35. The BFSB Cavalry troop has the following limitations, which careful employment or augmentation can mitigate:

- Limited dismounted capability, requiring platoons to assume
section missions to generate the required dismounts.
- Limited direct fire standoff, lethality, and survivability in
unified land operations.
- Lack standoff, lethality, and survivability with crew-served
weapons in terrain lacking cover and concealment.

## Scout Platoon

1-36. Scout platoons are the primary collection asset in the Cavalry troop, and the organic reconnaissance unit available to Infantry and Armor battalions. The fundamental role of the Scout platoon is to conduct forceful or stealthy reconnaissance that satisfies the commander's critical information requirements. The commander gives missions to the platoon and the platoon progressively builds situational awareness of the operational environment for the commander. The information the platoon provides enables the commander to develop situational understanding, make comprehensive plans and decisions, and direct follow-on or future operations. The Scout platoon conducts security to provide reaction time and maneuver space. The scout platoon

- Provides a significant dismounted, mounted, and
reconnaissance capability.
- Maximizes security with timely, accurate, and relevant combat
information.
- Enables higher headquarters to employ combat power quickly
and decisively.
- Rapidly assesses situations and directs combat power,
reconnaissance, and security capabilities to meet priority intelligence requirements.
- Employs integrated and synchronized reconnaissance to detect
threat deception, decoys, and cover and concealment.
- Supports targeting and target acquisition through available
ground and aerial assets.
- Assists in shaping the area of operations by providing
information or directing fires to disrupt the threat.
- Requires augmentation from engineer assets to perform
technical engineer tasks.
- Employs limited organic sustainment assets.

## Armored Brigade Combat Team Scout Platoon

1-37. Armored brigade combat team scout platoons have three Cavalry fighting vehicles and five armored HMMWVs outfitted with LRAS3s (R series MTOE), or six Bradley fighting vehicles (K-series MTOE). The following paragraphs discuss the capabilities and limitations of the scout platoons.

## Capabilities

1-38. The Cavalry squadron and combined arms battalion scout platoons in the ABCT have the following capabilities:

- The M3A3 Cavalry fighting vehicle provides firepower and
survivability.
- The Cavalry fighting vehicle has a stabilized turret employing
a 25-mm auto-cannon, a 7.62-mm coaxial machine gun, and a TOW missile system.
- Each Cavalry fighting vehicle carries up to four Scouts to
execute dismounted tasks.
- The LRAS3 provides the ability to detect, recognize, identify,
and estimate location of distant targets.

## Limitations

1-39. The Cavalry squadron and combined arms battalion Scout platoons in the ABCT have the following limitations:

- They are vulnerable to enemy counterreconnaissance and
security measures, and their ability to fight for information is limited.
- The HMMWV provides inadequate survivability and mobility
against direct and indirect fires in operations teamed with the more survivable and mobile M3A3. (R-series MTOE.)
- Limited dismounts reduce the capability of the platoon to
conduct long-term observation posts, continuous screening ability, or to conduct multiple dismounted tasks associated with route, zone, or area reconnaissance concurrently.

## Ibct Mounted Scout Platoon

1-40. Each of the three Scout platoons have six armored, mounted HMMWVs. The following paragraphs discuss the capabilities and limitations of the scout platoons.

## Capabilities

1-41. The IBCT mounted Scout platoon has the following capabilities:
- Possesses mounted TOW systems. - Possesses mounted MK-19 grenade launcher mounted systems. - Possesses .50-caliber machine gun mounted systems.
- Is highly mobile and responsive. - Provides all weather, continuous, accurate, and timely
information gathering using LRAS3.

## Limitations

1-42. The following limitations apply to the IBCT mounted Scout platoon:

- Due to their vulnerability to enemy counterreconnaissance and
security measures, limited in fighting for information.
- The HMMWV provides inadequate survivability and mobility. - The platoon possesses limited dismounted capability. - Limited dismounts reduce the capability of the platoon to
conduct long-term observation posts (OPs), continuous screening, or to conduct the dismounted tasks associated with route, zone, or area reconnaissance.

## Ibct Dismounted Cavalry Troop And Infantry Battalion Scout Platoons

1-43. 11B Infantry Soldiers compose the dismounted troop and the Infantry battalion Scout platoons. They provide dedicated dismounted capabilities to the squadron.

## Capabilities

1-44. The dismounted Cavalry troop and Infantry battalion Scout platoons can

- Provide all weather, continuous, accurate, and timely
reconnaissance and security in complex, close, and urban terrain.
- Employ UAS to enhance reconnaissance efforts. - Conduct stealthy reconnaissance and security operations. - Conduct ground, water, and air insertion.

## Limitations

1-45. The dismounted Cavalry troop and Infantry battalion scout platoons have the following limitations, which careful employment or augmentation can mitigate:

- Limited mounted capability, requiring augmentation of
mobility platforms for rapid movement.
- Limited direct-fire standoff, lethality, and survivability.
- Requires more time to plan and employ to reduce risk because
of the limited protection inherent in the design of this type of
Scout platoon.
- Requires vehicle augmentations to perform convoy security. - Possible limitations of the dismounted reconnaissance troop:
 Only has the Force XXI Battle Command, Brigade and
Below (FBCB2) system in vehicles.
 May require augmentation to perform offense or defense
missions.

## Sbct Scout Platoon

1-46. The platoon has four (R-series MTOE) or six (K-series) Stryker reconnaissance vehicles. The following paragraphs discuss the capabilities and limitations of the vehicles.

## Capabilities

1-47. The SBCT scout platoon has the following capabilities:
- Provides all weather, continuous, accurate, and timely
reconnaissance and security in complex, close, and urban terrain.
- Possesses four Javelin systems.

## Limitations

1-48. The SBCT scout platoon has the following limitations:
- Limited ability to fight for information due to the vulnerability
of platoon vehicles to enemy counterreconnaissance and security measures.
- Four-vehicle, two-section platoons accept risk when individual
Stryker's reconnoiter lateral routes and the terrain adjacent to the route when performing route reconnaissance.
- With limited dismounts within sections, the two sections must
be combined to generate the required dismounts needed to execute a long-term observation post, continuous screening, or conduct the dismounted tasks associated with route, zone, and/ or area reconnaissance.

## Battlefield Surveillance Brigade Scout Platoon

1-49. The BFSB scout platoon is a lightly armed organization that relies on stealth versus aggressive methods to conduct reconnaissance and security. The light composition of vehicles and weapons dictates that it must withdraw or exfiltrate to preserve its information collecting capability when compromised. If an asset decisively engages, the asset relies on its limited firepower and Army or joint fires for protection, and to break direct fire contact. The platoon organizes with six, armored HMMWVs.

## Capabilities

1-50. The BFSB scout platoon integrates into the BFSB architecture. It has access to information and intelligence collected by brigade assets. Also

- The scout platoon possesses multiple Javelin missile systems
and is highly mobile and responsive.
- The platoon provides all weather, continuous, accurate, and
timely information gathering through the combined use of LRAS3s.

## Limitations

1-51. The BFSB Cavalry troop does not have organic mortars; therefore, security missions and fighting for information in decisive action is difficult. The BFSB scout platoon has the following limitations:

- The platoon possesses limited dismounted capability. The
HMMWV provides inadequate survivability and mobility and carries a crew of three, one of whom performs dismounted reconnaissance tasks.
- The scout platoon has limited dismounts within sections. - Two sections combine to generate the required dismounts to
execute a long-term observation post, to conduct continuous screening, or to conduct the dismounted tasks associated with route, zone, or area reconnaissance.

## Chapter 2 Mission Command

Squadron and troop commanders must apply the principles of mission command to develop the situation in close contact with the enemy and civilian populations. Commanders use the principles of mission command to develop their understanding, visualization, and description of the operational environment, the terrain, local populations, and the enemy.

The role of reconnaissance and security tasks in mission command is essential. To make effective decisions in an uncertain environment, the BCT commander requires timely and accurate combat information from their reconnaissance and security formations.

## Section I - Troop Mission Command

2-1. *Mission command* is the exercise of authority and direction by the commander using mission orders to enable disciplined initiative within the commander's intent to empower agile and adaptive leaders in the conduct of unified land operations (ADP 6-0). 2-2. Commanders enable mission command during operations by providing a clear commander's intent and using mission orders to assign tasks, allocate resources, and issue broad guidance. Guided by the squadron commander's intent and the mission purpose, troop commanders take actions that accomplish the mission. They take appropriate actions and perform the necessary coordination without needing new orders. 2-3. Mission command as a warfighting function assists commanders in balancing the art of command with the science of control, while emphasizing the human aspects of mission command. A warfighting function is a group of tasks and systems (people, organizations, information, and processes) united by a common purpose that commanders use to accomplish missions and training objectives. (Refer to ADRP 6-0 for more information.)
2-4. Troop leading procedures extend the military decision-making process to the small-unit level. The military decision-making process and troop leading procedures are similar but not identical. Commanders with a coordinating staff, use the military decision-making process as their primary planning process. Company-level and smaller units lack formal staffs and use troop leading procedures to plan and prepare for operations. The responsibility for planning is primarily on the commander or small-unit leader. (Refer to FM 6-0 for more information.) 2-5. *Troop leading procedures* are a dynamic process used by small-unit leaders to analyze a mission, develop a plan, and prepare for an operation (ADP 5-0). These procedures enable leaders to maximize available planning time while developing effective plans and preparing their units for an operation. Troop leading procedures consist of the following eight steps: 2-6. Step 1. Receive the mission. The troop commander quickly analyzes the mission upon receipt and identifies reconnaissance or security tasks that the troop needs to conduct. The troop commander should provide the higher commander with a confirmation brief following the receipt of an order. 2-7. Step 2. Issue a warning order. Upon determining a tentative course of action, the troop commander issues a warning order so subordinate units can begin their planning and preparation centered largely on the tasks for the desired form of reconnaissance or security. The troop commander must incorporate all warfighting functions into the warning order (WARNORD) including for example, fires and sustainment planning. At the end of this step, the commander receives a confirmation brief from leaders to ensure clear communication of instructions and subordinate leadership understanding. 2-8. Step 3. Make a tentative plan. The commander develops a tentative plan to direct or synchronize the reconnaissance guidance based upon an evaluation of the mission variables (METT-TC) to answer priority intelligence requirements (PIR). The commander develops a tentative plan without becoming rigidly fixed on this plan and can adapt as information changes. The troop commander develops a reconnaissance and security plan based on the squadron commander's guidance and the overall reconnaissance and security plan. A clear understanding of this guidance aids the troop commander in planning and executing the troop mission. Reconnaissance and security guidance enables clarification of intent to subordinate leaders. 2-9. Step 4. Initiate movement. The commander relies heavily on the XO and 1SG. Cavalry troops must be adept at quickly setting the unit in motion towards their start point, line of departure, or line of contact positions to support the rapid deployment of Cavalry forces.

2-10. Step 5. Conduct reconnaissance. The commander evaluates the designated area of operations using all available toolsmaps, satellite imagery, video surveillance footage, aerial fly overs (when available), intelligence products, and previous reports to determine routes, possible engagement areas and the possible and additional assets required (such as aviation, fires, engineers, and military intelligence assets). 2-11. Step 6. Complete the plan. Inherent in completing the plan is the face-to-face coordination with adjacent units. A Cavalry troop maneuvering, traversing, or staging in other maneuver forces' areas of operation increases the risk of fratricide and introduces vulnerabilities to the maneuver forces. When Cavalry troops take any maneuver actions, they should consider the possibility of forward or reverse passage of lines. The commander must mitigate risk through the exchange of plans with the adjacent and higher commanders to include operational graphics. The commander determines route and possible engagement area development using squadron S-2 (battalion or brigade intelligence staff officer) products, such as obstacle overlays and modified combined obstacle overlays (MCOOs), and determines the assets available and the possible assets required (such as aviation, fires, engineers, and military intelligence assets). 2-12. Step 7. Issue the order. Upon issuing the order, the commander will likely participate in the supported commander's combined arms rehearsal if time permits. Upon completion of this rehearsal, the Cavalry troop commander must conduct a unit rehearsal with all leaders and augmented assets to imprint a mental picture of the sequence of the key actions and to improve mutual understanding. Based upon time constraints at the Cavalry troop level and mission requirements, the confirmation brief is usually the only option. See FM 6-0 for more detailed information on rehearsals. 2-13. Step 8. Supervise and refine. After issuing the order, the commander continues to supervise execution preparation. The commander evaluates and adjusts the plan as new information becomes available. 2-14. The troop commander develops a reconnaissance and security plan based on the squadron commander's guidance and the overall reconnaissance and security plan. A clear understanding of this guidance aids the troop commander in planning and executing the troop mission. Guidance enables the troop commander to clarify their own intent for their subordinate leaders. The troop commander then uses the elements of the commander's role in the operations process (understand, visualize, describe, direct, lead, and assess) to develop specific guidance for the troop. (Refer to ADRP 5-0 for more information.) The squadron commander's guidance consists of focus, tempo of reconnaissance or security, and engagement/ disengagement, and displacement criteria. The commander can specify different reconnaissance and security guidance for each phase of an operation and can adjust the components of their guidance at any point in the operation.

## Section Ii - Troop Integration Of Squadron Staff Products

2-15. The troop commander receives staff products from the squadron to aid with troop leading procedures. The following paragraphs represent and describe some of the squadron products and the troop commander's application of them. Troop commanders have a responsibility to refine products generated by the squadron staff to focus appropriately on the troop level. Copying items, such as mission and intent, verbatim from the squadron operation order (OPORD) and issuing as troop mission and intent will not provide sufficient clarity to the troop's subordinate leaders. Troop commander's must also ensure that they understand all squadron products completely; if not, they must seek clarification from the responsible staff section as opposed to having a vague understanding and trying to make it happen on their own initiative.

## Directed Friendly Course Of Action

2-16. The squadron directed friendly course of action should include the commander's intent, mission concept of the operation, tasks to subordinate units, and the commander's reconnaissance, and security guidance by phase (or as needed). Upon receiving the order and issuing the warning order, in conjunction with task organization and latest time information is of value, the commander begins step three of troop leading proceduresmake a tentative plan. Troop commanders must ensure they understand the squadron commander's objective and the boundaries for their unit. It is critical that troop commanders understand the timelines and the assets available to complete the mission. The troop commander should clearly understand what the squadron commander expects of their troop. If the troop commander is unclear of the commander's intent, the troop commander should seek additional guidance. The troop commander makes the tentative plan and begins the troop leading procedures but must remain cognizant of changing facts that could alter the original plan. The commander must not become overly committed or fixated on the original plan and assume away or diminish legitimate concerns for fear of altering the plan. 2-17. The troop commander provides a confirmation brief to the squadron on the details of the troop's scheme of maneuver to ensure the plan nests with higher headquarters' intent, including platoon-level graphic control measures that the troop commander consolidates at the troop level.

## Graphic Control Measures

2-18. The supported command should provide detailed graphic control measures to the troop. When control measures are not detailed, it is the troop commander's responsibility to synchronize troop graphic control measures with the higher headquarters to ensure the troop scheme of maneuver meets the supported commander's intent. The use of observation posts in-depth, named areas of interest, reconnaissance objectives, coordination points, and targets convey a scheme of maneuver. For example, troop commanders should depict and designate tentative observation post locations for the platoons.

## Information Collection Plan

2-19. The squadron information collection plan should contain adequate detail to conduct effective reconnaissance. Troop commanders must highlight specified tasks for their organization. They must also understand squadron and brigade decision points, the PIRs that support those decisions and which named areas of interest (NAIs) associate with each PIR. Commanders must understand their role in the BCT, the BCT and squadron commander's intent, and how their troop tasks nest within the BCT. Failure to understand these linkages and supporting relationships will result in a loss of synchronization and effectiveness for the overall information collection plan. Additionally, the troop commander may develop troop PIRs or indicators that support the BCT and squadron commanders' intent and guidance. Troop commanders need to be careful that they do not assign NAIs to everything.

Information collection assets are finite. Therefore, each NAI should associate with at least one PIR, which in turn should support a squadron or BCT decision point. Reverse line of sight analysis, good terrain analysis, and thorough enemy analysis will help the troop commander decide where to look and equally as important, when to look there. 2-20. The squadron naming convention should identify which named area of interest belongs to which troop. Similar to fire support target blocks, standard operating procedures (SOPs) should dictate how troops should label their named areas of interest and target areas of interest to ensure no two troops are using the same name for different named areas of interest. For example, A troop can name their NAIs 100-199; B Troop can name their NAIs 200-299; C Troop can name their NAIs 300-399.

## Execution Matrix

2-21. The squadron execution matrix is a visual and sequential representation of the key tasks and responsible organizations over time. The execution matrix provides a visualization of the timeline for the squadron mission and should closely mirror Annex L (Information Collection) from the squadron OPORD. The troop commander should similarly visualize troop tasks in time and space to identify any obvious problems or situations requiring augmentation or changes to the scheme of maneuver. Visualization helps ensure that the troop synchronizes with the squadron scheme of maneuver, adjacent units, and any attached elements.

## Event Template

2-22. The event template helps to develop the information collection overlays and the decision support template for the supported commander. Use the event template during the execution phase of the operations process to aid in determining which course of action the enemy has adopted. The event template is comprised of the following elements: time-phase lines, NAIs, TAIs, and enemy decision points. Time-phase lines are linear geographic areas that depict when enemy activity will occur. Usually, the commander selects NAIs to capture indications of enemy courses of action, but the commander may also relate to conditions of the operational environment. An enemy decision point is a point in time and space when the enemy commander anticipates making a decision regarding a specific course of action. 2-23. An enemy situation template depicts a single potential enemy course of action and does not provide enough detail about the enemy situation to understand the different enemy objectives and how the objectives may affect the troop area of operations. Troop commanders must refine the squadron event template to depict anticipated enemy actions in or near the troop area of operations. Troop commanders should incorporate expected enemy actions into the troop's scheme of maneuver. The enemy's techniques of employing their weapons and equipment influences information collection planning. For example, the enemy's techniques of employing crew served weapons may indicate enemy objectives. (See ATP 2-01.3 for more information on situation template and event template creation.)

## Latest Time Information Is Of Value

2-24. Commanders must understand the latest time information is of value (LTIOV). Commanders who do not understand LTIOV cannot support their higher headquarters in a timely manner. Troop commanders must answer priority intelligence requirements quickly so the BCT commander can select a course of action. Failure to understand LTIOV on the part of the commander violates two reconnaissance fundamentals - report all information rapidly and accurately and develop the situation rapidly. Failure to apply these two fundamentals hinders Scouts from providing commanders with the information they need to make the right decision at the right time. To help combat this shortcoming, commanders must plan and execute their mission within the timeline to remain relevant. Troop commanders must understand LTIOV and its importance. Troop commanders must understand how BCT decision points and commander's critical information requirements tie into the information collection plan and squadron and troop tasks. (Refer to FM 3-98, FM 3-55, and ATP 2-01 for more information.)

## Fires Support Prodcuts

2-25. The troop commander and the troop fire support team use the scheme of fires to describe the troop's use of available fires to support the concept of operations with emphasis on the scheme of movement and maneuver and the synchronization matrix. The troop commander, with the troop's fire support officer's assistance, ensures that targets assigned to the troop support the scheme of maneuver. If needed, the commander may task the fire support officer to refine and resubmit targets that the squadron assigns. The Fire Support Annex (Annex D) typically includes the following products, fire support execution matrix, attack guidance matrix, and target list worksheet. (See ATP 3-09.42 for more information.) 2-26. The fire support execution matrix is a detailed portrayal of the portions of the fire support plan that the subordinate element is responsible for executing. The format and techniques for its development and use varies according to individual unit tactical standard operating procedures. The fire support execution matrix generally includes targets assigned to each subordinate unit, fixed and rotary wing assets available, active fire support coordination measures, active airspace coordination measures, radar zones, locations of fire support elements, and priorities of fire. The information is typically displayed in either a by phase or key event format. The fire support execution matrix may include additional information like a communication plan with the field artillery battalion, restrictions, ammunition available, and time on station. (See ATP 3-09.42 for more information.) 2-27. The attack guidance matrix is a targeting product approved by the commander, which addresses the how and when to engage targets and the desired affects. The matrix includes specific high-payoff targets, timing of engagements, and the commander's desired effects. The attack guidance matrix addresses how and which weapons system to use to execute the request for fire. The attack guidance matrix ensures that the execution synchronizes with the scheme of maneuver. (See ATP 3-60.)

## Task Organization

2-28. The troop commander evaluates required tasks, troop capabilities and limitations, and conditions to conduct an initial assessment to determine if there is a need for additional assets. The troop commander requests more information from higher if needed, and evaluates his internal section and sizing requirements to determine if it is necessary to reconfigure platoons.

## Assigning Platoon Tasks

2-29. The squadron staff should provide a detailed explanation of PIR, which decision points they support, and which NAIs align against specific PIR. Troop commanders refine this information into indicators for their platoons which, once asigned against a collection asset become, specific information requirements. It is critical that troop commanders provide sufficient detail for subordinate leaders to understand these linkages, as well as the implications of the information they collect, such as confirming or denying enemy courses of action or LTIOV. 2-30. Assigning the proper task and purpose to each platoon that supports the higher commander's intent is critical. The troop commander assigns appropriate tasks to each platoon based on shared understanding and mutual trust with their subordinate leaders. The troop commander's assessment of the experience, skills, manning, training, abilities, and discipline of the individual platoons determines the assignment of platoon tasks. Troop commanders must exercise discerning judgment when assigning tasks that are appropriate for Scout platoons. As an example, if the squadron mission is to conduct a guard, an appropriate task for a platoon would be to conduct a screen. Platoons may also have tasks different from each other. One platoon may conduct a zone reconnaissance while another platoon conducts a route reconnaissance.

## Section Iii - Intelligence Preparation Of The Battlefield/Battlespace

2-31. *Intelligence preparation of the battlefield/battlespace* (IPB) is the systematic process of analyzing and visualizing the mission variables of enemy, terrain, weather, and civil considerations in an area of interest to determine their effect on operations (ATP 2-01.3). Commanders apply intelligence preparation of the battlefield to gain the information necessary to selectively apply and maximize operational effectiveness at critical points in time and space. (Refer to ATP 2-01.3 for more information.) 2-32. The troop commander uses the IPB process as part of planning to constantly evaluate and reduce uncertainties concerning the enemy, terrain, weather, and civil considerations within the area of operations. Commanders conduct the IPB during mission planning and throughout the conduct of the operation. The supported command's S-2, supported by a troop company intelligence support team (COIST) when formed or augmented, provides the troop commander with the information and products needed to accomplish troop- level planning. The troop commander refines these IPB products and combines them with their own assessment to facilitate planning and situational awareness at the Scout platoon level. 2-33. Commanders initiate troop planning using IPB with a narrow focus toward developing a detailed understanding of the troop's area of operations. Developing an understanding of the troop's area of operation (AO) requires judgment concerning adversary capabilities and limitations in relation to the factors of observation and fields of fires, avenues of approach, key terrain, obstacles, and cover and concealment and how they impact the enemy's employment of soldiers and combat systems. 2-34. Troop commanders must further refine squadron IPB products and assessments to provide additional detail and insight based on their assessment of the mission variables in their area of operations. The IPB process is cyclic. One of the most critical steps is to determine threat and adversary courses of action (ATP 2-01.3), which assists in developing the event template, which in turn drives collection planning. In developing multiple threat courses of action, the commander should consider factors such as potential or assessed methods of enemy maneuver based on the terrain, enemy task organization, and varying objectives of the enemy commander. By identifying multiple enemy courses of action, the troop commander can determine how the enemy could array against the formation. Threat and adversary courses of actions should nest with the higher command's assessment. If the troop commander disagrees with the higher headquarters on the enemy courses of actions, the troop commander notifies the commander and staff for a resolution. Creating threat courses of action that are not consistent with higher headquarters introduces confusion at several echelons when reporting information. 2-35. The troop commander refines the higher headquarters' indicators, which distinguish between the various enemy courses of action. As the commander determines indicators and locations to answer priority intelligence requirements, the IPB process serves as the foundation for the friendly scheme of maneuver. The troop commander understands the higher headquarters collection plan and optimizes the use of cueing, mixing, and redundancy of available collection assets. 2-36. A detailed IPB forms the foundation of the information collection plan. The troop commander identifies tactical hazards in the IPB process to bypass or mitigate as appropriate based on the mission variables.

## Section Iv - Orders

2-37. Commanders issue plans and orders to subordinates to communicate their understanding of the situation and their visualization of operations. Mission orders focus subordinates on the mission, and the purpose of the mission without prescribing exactly how to do it, allowing the subordinates the freedom to seize opportunities or to react effectively to unforeseen enemy actions and capabilities. Mission orders also coordinate and synchronize subordinate actions and inform those outside the unit how to cooperate and provide support. Commanders ensure that all operations plans and orders comply with applicable domestic and international laws. They also confirm that the plan or order is relevant and suitable for subordinates. 2-38. Effective orders development allows commanders maximum planning time while preventing confusion and uncertainty among subordinates. Commanders develop an orders process that maximizes time management and allows subordinates the majority of the premission planning time. Commanders should allot one third of available mission planning time for themselves while preserving two thirds of the available time to their subordinates to prepare prior to mission execution. 2-39. Mission orders follow the five-paragraph format (situation, mission, execution, sustainment, and command and signal) and are as brief and simple as possible. Mission orders clearly convey the unit's mission and the commander's intent. Mission orders summarize the situation, describe the operation's objective and end state, and provide a simple concept of operations to accomplish the unit's mission. When assigning tasks to subordinate units, mission orders include all components of a task statement: who, what, when, where, and why. Commanders particularly emphasize the purpose (why) of the tasks to guide individual initiative. (Refer to FM 6-0 for more information.) Effective plans and orders foster mission command by

- Describing the situation to create a shared understanding. - Conveying the commander's intent and concept of operations. - Assigning tasks to subordinate units and stating the purpose for
conducting the task.
- Providing the control measures necessary to synchronize the
operation while retaining the maximum freedom of action for subordinates.
- Task-organizing forces and allocating resources.
- Directing preparation activities and establishing times or
conditions for execution.

## 2-40. Commanders Ensure Reconnaissance And Security Guidance Is

explanatory in their orders. Orders both contain and explain focus, tempo of reconnaissance or security, engagement and disengagement criteria, and displacement criteria.

## Types Of Mission Orders

2-41. Commanders issue orders verbally or in writing. The fiveparagraph field order format remains the standard for issuing orders. The technique used to issue orders (verbal or written) is at the discretion of the commander; each technique depends on time and the situation. Army organizations use three types of orders: operation orders (OPORDs), fragmentary orders (FRAGORDs), and warning orders (WARNORDs). Refer to FM 6-0 for more information.

## Verbal Orders

2-42. Commanders use verbal orders when operating in an extremely time-constrained environment. Verbal orders offer the advantage of quick distribution but risk overlooking or misunderstanding information. The production of written FRAGORDs normally follow the issuing of verbal orders to confirm the guidance and direction provided by the verbal orders.

## Written Orders

2-43. Commanders issue written plans and orders that contain both text and graphics. Graphics convey information and instructions through military symbols. (ADRP 1-02 lists approved symbols.) Graphics complement the written portion of a plan or an order and promote clarity, accuracy, and brevity. Commanders often develop and disseminate written orders electronically to shorten the time needed to gather and brief the orders group. Troop commanders can easily edit and modify electronically produced orders and incorporate staff products into their orders. They can send the same order to multiple recipients simultaneously. Commanders can use computer programs to develop and disseminate precise, corresponding graphics to add to the efficiency and clarity of the orders process, but they still need to verify that subordinates understand the order. 2-44. Electronic editing makes importing text and graphics into orders easy. Unfortunately, such ease can result in orders becoming unnecessarily large without added operational value. Commanders need to ensure that orders contain only information needed to facilitate effective execution. Orders should not regurgitate unit SOPs. They should be clear, concise, and relevant to the mission.

2-45. Commanders will not always have the luxury of consolidating all of their platoons or platoon leaders to issue an OPORD in person. For example, the Cavalry troop is often planning its next reconnaissance mission while it is simultaneously conducting security operations (the BCT is planning to transition from defensive to offensive operations). In such a situation, commanders may choose to write their OPORD in FBCB2 and create overlays to transmit digitally to their subordinates.

## Orders Techniques

2-46. Commanders can use different techniques when developing their orders. The commander is responsible for the order regardless of the technique they choose to develop it. One technique involves the commander writing the order with little or no input from other unit leaders and teams. The commander controls the development and speed of the process but this often limits input and creativity. The second technique allows the commander to use the strengths of the unit leaders and teams and any subject matter experts attached to the troop. 2-47. The commander receives input from the other unit leaders and teams to help develop the order when using the team technique. Table 2-1, page 2-8, is an example of what paragraphs the leader and team may contribute to the orders development.

| LEADER OR TEAM MEMBER             | ORDERS                                          |
|-----------------------------------|-------------------------------------------------|
| PARAGRAPH                         |                                                 |
| Executive Officer                 | 4 and 5                                         |
| First Sergeant                    | 4                                               |
| 3 and 5                           | Commander, Platoon Leaders or Platoon           |
| Sergeants                         |                                                 |
| Fire Support Officer              | 3                                               |
| Mortar Platoon Sergeant           | 3                                               |
| Communications Sergeant           | 5                                               |
| Company Intelligence Support Team | 1 and 3                                         |
| Combat Medics                     | 3 and 4                                         |
| 3                                 | Chemical, Biological, Radiological, and Nuclear |
| Noncommissioned Officer           |                                                 |

## Section V - Responsibilities

2-48. The Cavalry officers and NCOs are highly trained in the use of organic weapons, indirect fires, land navigation, supporting fires, demolitions, obstacles, communications, reconnaissance, liaison, and security techniques. Officers and NCOs are familiar with combined arms tactics and can react to rapidly changing situations. They also know how to employ surveillance, Unmanned Aircraft Systems, and sustainment assets, attached or supporting the troop.

## Troop Commander

2-49. The commander establishes a positive command climate that instills and fosters trust and mutual understanding. The commander's most important role in mission command lies in combining the art of command with the science of control. The commander visualizes and describes the area of operations, directs actions to achieve results, and leads the troop to mission accomplishment.

Note. The commander continuously analyzes the situation to ensure command presence at the decisive point.

2-50. The foundation of the relationship between the squadron commander and the troop commander rests on all of the elements of mission command with special emphasis on mutual trust and shared understanding between the two commanders. The troop commander must be knowledgeable in reconnaissance and security tasks and in the capabilities and limitations of the troop. Additionally, the troop commander must develop mutual trust and shared understanding with subordinates. 2-51. The commander, with the assistance of their subordinate leaders, is responsible for the integration and synchronization of all assets and enablers within the troop to accomplish the mission. The troop commander's additional responsibilities include the following:

- Serve as the subject matter expert in reconnaissance and
security fundamentals and tasks.
- Preserve the troop's reconnaissance capability. - Plan and execute fires to support the troop's missions. - Synchronize operations with adjacent and supporting units. - Synchronize and plan the use of additional assets, such as
 Unmanned Aircraft System.  Ground sensors.  Prophet.  Human intelligence collection teams.
- Synchronize and integrate use of additional combat assets,
such as Infantry platoons, mobile gun system platoons, or tank platoons.
2-52. The troop commander establishes priorities with the executive officer and the 1SG. The troop commander defines expectations and standards and ensures the XO and 1SG execute those expectations. The commander must ensure the XO, as the second in command, has the same situational understanding as the commander and understands the visualization the commander has for the mission. The commander must ensure the XO executes the commander's visualization in running the command post. The commander must personally mange rest for the XO and 1SG as they have extensive duties and responsibilities. The commander must ensure no one attempts to perform without a rest cycle during mission preparation and execution, such as an XO attempting to perform constantly nonstop without rest.

## Executive Officer

2-53. The XO is the second in command. The XO supervises the troop command post and stays attuned to the tactical situation in the troop's area of operations. The XO, must be diligent, relentless, and possess unbound energy to perform the tasks required. The troop commander establishes priorities with the executive officer. The XO receives, verifies, and consolidates digital and voice tactical reports from the platoons and forwards them to the squadron, adjacent, and following units. When FBCB2 use is limited, the XO ensures the command post converts digital reports into radio voice reports to generate situational awareness of friendly, enemy, and adversary positions and activities. The XO's other duties include the following:

- Maneuvers the troop tactical command post to a position where
it can assist the troop commander's conduct of mission
command tasks that generate friendly and threat situational awareness of friendly, enemy, and adversary positions and activities. See Appendix C. The XO's other duties include the following:
 Assume command of the troop as required.  Primary sustainment planner and coordinator. (See chapter
7 for more information on the XO as a sustainment planner)
 Assist in preparation of the operations order, especially
paragraph 4 (sustainment) and paragraph 5 (command and signal).
 Ensure all voice and digital communications are properly
functioning.
 Conduct tactical coordination with higher, adjacent, and
supporting units.
- Assist the commander in preparing for follow-on missions. - Conduct additional duties such as serving as officer in charge
for a quartering party.

## First Sergeant

2-54. The 1SG is the troop's senior NCO. First sergeants have the primary responsibility for training individual skills and sustaining the troop's ability to fight. First sergeants are the troop's sustainment operator; they help the commander to plan, coordinate, and supervise all sustainment activities that support the tactical mission. The 1SGs duties include the following:

- Establish and maintain the foundation for troop discipline. - Manages refit and recuperation of forces. (Refer to FM 3-98
for more information.)
- Assist the commander in performing precombat inspections. - Execute and supervise routine operations. Routine operations
may include
 Enforcing the tactical standard operating procedures.
 Planning and coordinating training.  Coordinating and reporting personnel and administrative
actions.
 Supervising supply, maintenance, communications, and
field hygiene operations.
- Supervise, inspect, and/or observe all matters designated by the
commander.
- Primary sustainment operator and assists the commander to
plan, coordinate, and supervise all sustainment activities that support the tactical mission. (See chapter 7, of this publication for more information.)
- Assist in preparation of the operations order, especially
paragraph 4 (sustainment).
- Plan, rehearse, and supervise key sustainment actions in
support of the tactical mission, such as
 Resupply of class I, III, IV, and V products and materials.  Maintenance and recovery.  Medical treatment and evacuation.  Replacement and return-to-duty processing.
- Coordinates with the XO in all critical sustainment functions. - Conduct training and ensure proficiency in individual and unit
collective skills that support the troop's mission-essential task list.

## Scout Platoon Leader

2-55. The Scout platoon leader is responsible to the troop commander for the discipline, combat readiness, training, and the equipment maintenance of the platoon. The platoon leader has a thorough knowledge of reconnaissance and security operations, and works closely with the troop commander during the mission analysis portion of the planning process. A solid understanding of troop leading procedures and the ability to apply them quickly and efficiently in the field are essential. The scout platoon leader is proficient in the tactical employment of the scout platoon, knows the capabilities and limitations of personnel and equipment, and is an expert in threat organizations, doctrine, and equipment. 2-56. The scout platoon leader is versatile, able to exercise sound judgment, and makes correct decisions quickly based on the commander's intent and the tactical situation. It is the platoon leader's responsibility to ensure that every leader in the platoon understands and can successfully accomplish the following competencies:

- Subject matter expert in reconnaissance and security
fundamentals.
- Troop leading procedures. - Tactical movement. - Patrolling and local security. - Action on contact. - Deployment. - Observation post establishment and operation. - Patrolling and local security. - Employment of fires. - Reporting procedures. - Proper use and maintenance of all organic equipment and
communications, including digital assets.
- Employment of additional assets such as Prophet and UAS.

## Scout Platoon Sergeant

2-57. Sustainment activities are the platoon sergeant's responsibility. The platoon sergeant accomplishes this by coordination with the troop 1SG. The platoon sergeant leads elements of the platoon as directed by the platoon leader. The platoon sergeant assumes command in the absence of the platoon leader thus requiring personal proficiency in all platoon leadership competencies. The platoon sergeant is the most experienced NCO within the formation. The platoon sergeant also assists in maintenance, initiating movement, discipline, and assists and mentors the platoon leader plan when needed.

## Fire Support Team

2-58. The fire support team is critical to the Cavalry troop. It is responsible for coordinating indirect fires (mortar, field artillery, and close air support) for the troop. The team processes calls for fire from the platoons and allocates the appropriate indirect fire system based on the commander's guidance for fire support. 2-59. The fire support team vehicle can serve as the alternate troop command post. The fire support officer has ready access to the higherlevel situation and the radio systems necessary to replace the troop command post if necessary. The fire support officer's additional responsibilities include the following:

- Advise the commander on the capabilities and status of all
available fire support assets.
- Serve as the commander's primary advisor on the enemy's
indirect fire capabilities.
- Assist the commander in developing the operations order to
ensure full integration of fires.
- Recommend targets, fire support coordination measures,
methods of engagement, and is responsible for initiating indirect fires.
- Determine specific tasks and instructions required to conduct
and control the fire plan.
- Develop an observation plan, with limited visibility
contingencies, that supports the troop and higher headquarters missions.
- Request critical friendly zones to assist counterbattery fires in
response to enemy artillery and mortar attacks.
- Refine and integrate the troop target worksheet and submit the
completed worksheet to the squadron fires cell.
- Assist the commander in executing the indirect fire and target
acquisition plan into each rehearsal. Integrating indirect fire observers into the rehearsal plan is critical.
- Alert the commander to denials in requests for fires against a
target in tactical situations.
- Monitor the location and capabilities of friendly fire support
units and assist the commander in clearance of indirect fires in tactical situations.
- Designate no-fire areas as necessary to protect friendly forces.

## Mortar Section Sergeant

2-60. The mortar section sergeant is responsible for providing responsive indirect fires to support the troop commander's concept of the operation. The section sergeant assists the commander in indirect mortar fire planning. The sergeant assists in establishing movement control, triggers for movement, triggers for shifting targets, and mortar caches. As a rule of thumb, the mortar section maintains two-thirds maximum range of mortar fire forward of the reconnaissance elements. The section sergeant maintains discipline, conducts training, and exercises control over the mortar section. The sergeant supervises the section's sustainment, which includes supply and equipment maintenance. The mortar section sergeant's additional responsibilities include the following:

- Recommend employment techniques and positioning of the
mortars to support the scheme of maneuver.
- Assist in developing the troop fire support plan to determine
the best type and amount of mortar ammunition to fire based on the mission variables of METT-TC.
- Train the section to ensure technical and tactical proficiency
and combat lifesaver skills; cross train personnel within the section on key tasks to ensure continuous operations.
- Select and reconnoiter new positions and routes for the section
(in conjunction with overall troop plan); control the movements of the section.
- Keep abreast of the enemy situation and locations of friendly
units to ensure the best use of ammunition and the safety of friendly troops.
- Supervise the execution of orders. - Ensure coverage of priority targets at all times; establish the
amount and type of ammunition set aside for priority targets.
- Coordinate the fires and displacement of the mortar section
with the action of other units.
- Anticipate needs and submit timely ammunition resupply,
maintenance, and refuel requests to sustain combat operations.

## Communications Sergeant

2-61. The communications sergeant assists in all aspects of tactical communications. The communications sergeant locates with the XO or 1SG per the standard operating procedures and may operate the troop net control station. The communication sergeant receives and distributes signal operation instructions and communications security encryption keys. The communications sergeant ensures the troop receives the appropriate database for systems operating on the tactical internet. These include the FBCB2, single-channel ground and airborne radio system, the system improvement program, enhanced position location reporting system, and a high-speed integrated circuit. The communications sergeant trains operators in initialization and reinitialization of the systems and maintains the troop addressing and routing schemes. The communications sergeant troubleshoots troop digital communications equipment and ensure that necessary repairs are completed.

## Company Intelligence Support Team

2-62. The mission of the COIST is to describe the effects of the weather, enemy, terrain, and local population on friendly operations to reduce uncertainty and aid in the decision-making process. Troop leaders must review and interpret huge volumes of data on a daily basis to determine their relevance and relationships. A few examples of this data include weapons intelligence team reports, patrol debriefs, intelligence summaries, link diagrams, and be-on-the-lookout lists. The establishment of the COIST is internal, although the commander determines and directs the exact requirements for the COIST. Specified and implied tasks usually include targeting, patrol briefings, debriefings, detainee operations, and site exploitation. It is important the COIST have a sufficient number of personnel to conduct continuous 24-hour operations. Leaders in the COIST must be vigilant when performing the following tasks to derive the most benefit from the organization:

- Developing a debriefing standard operating procedures and
supervising its execution.
- Track and disseminate priority information requirements,
specific information requirements.
- Participate in squadron operations and intelligence working
group. (Refer to FM 3-55 for more information.)
- Maintain regularly scheduled communication with higher
headquarters' staff.
2-63. Regardless of how the troop commander resources the COIST, the troop commander should organize and train the COIST team to perform the following tasks:

- Conduct document and media exploitation handling and
processing.
- Patrol briefing and debriefing.
- Detainee processing and tracking. - Tactical questioning. - Troop support to nodal and pattern analysis.
- Reconnaissance and security synchronization and management. - Creation and interpretation of supporting intelligence products.
- Liaison with the squadron S-2.

## Combat Medics

2-64. Combat medics attached to the troop provide emergency medical treatment for sick, injured, or wounded personnel. The combat medics' responsibilities include the following:

- Provide medical guidance to troop leadership as necessary. - Conduct triage for injured, wounded, or ill friendly and enemy
personnel.
- Request and coordinate the evacuation of sick, injured, or
wounded personnel under the direction of the 1SG.
- Assist in the training of troop personnel in basic first aid and of
combat lifesavers in enhanced first-aid procedures.
- Requisition class VIII supplies from the squadron aid station. - Recommend locations for troop casualty collection points. - Provide guidance to the troop's combat lifesavers as necessary. - Advise the troop commander and 1SG on mass casualty
operations.
- Keep the 1SG informed on the status of casualties. - Coordinate with the 1SG for additional Army health system
requirements.

## Combat Repair Team

2-65. The maintenance team chief is responsible for all 20-level repairs to keep all assigned vehicles, weapons, and equipment mission capable. The team chief is responsible for requesting and receiving all necessary parts and consumables from higher headquarters to maintain the troop equipment fleet. The maintenance team chief provides internal troop vehicle recovery capability. The maintenance team chief coordinates with the executive officer for maintenance and supply activities. The maintenance team chief advises the troop commander in developing a maintenance plan that includes regular routine preventive maintenance and emergency maintenance so that the troop can maximize its operational readiness.

## Chemical, Biological, Radiological, And Nuclear Noncommissioned Officer

2-66. The CBRN noncommissioned officer is responsible for troop CBRN defense activities. The NCO supervises CBRN monitoring, detection, and decontamination operations.

The CBRN
noncommissioned officer assists in maintaining CBRN equipment and training CBRN equipment operators and decontamination teams. The noncommissioned officer operates from the troop command post and assists the XO in executing mission command operations. The CBRN noncommissioned officer advises the troop commander and XO on contamination avoidance measures and obscuration, flame, and CBRN reconnaissance support requirements.

Additionally, the CBRN
noncommissioned officer monitors reports of CBRN attacks and advises the commander of their impact. The CBRN noncommissioned officer is the CBRN expert and advises the commander on the integration of the CBRN reconnaissance section and platoon if the troop has that requirement.

## Supply Sergeant

2-67. The supply sergeant picks up, transports, and issues supplies and equipment to the troop. The supply sergeant works closely with the 1SG to accomplish these tasks. The supply sergeant leads the logistics package to the linkup point or, if the situation dictates, moves it forward to the supported unit's location. The supply sergeant also evacuates enemy prisoners of war and other detainees and assists in the evacuation of deceased Soldiers to the mortuary affairs collection point.

## Armorer And Supply Specialist

2-68. The armorer and supply specialist performs organizational maintenance and repairs on the troop's small arms weapons. The specialist evacuates weapons to the direct support maintenance unit if required. Normally, the specialist assists the supply sergeant in the brigade support area, but may operate forward with the troop command post to support continuous command post operations.

## Chapter 3 Reconnaissance Tasks

Cavalry troops conduct reconnaissance to determine enemy composition and disposition as well as to gather information on terrain and populations. Reconnaissance tasks enable all units to seize, retain, and exploit the initiative across the range of military operations by identifying, creating, and capitalizing upon opportunities.

Reconnaissance tasks provide commanders with information, facilitate decisionmaking, and concentrate unified efforts against decisive points.

## Section I - Basics Of Reconnaissance Tasks

3-1. Cavalry troops use visual means or other detection assets to conduct reconnaissance missions to gather information. The information may be identifying enemy or civilian population activities and resources within the area of operations or it may be information regarding meteorological, hydrographical or geographical characteristics within the area of operations.

## Reconnaissance Fundamentals

3-2. The Cavalry troop commander uses the same seven reconnaissance fundamentals when developing the reconnaissance plan and in the deployment of reconnaissance assets. (Refer to FM 3-90.2 and FM 3-98 for more information.) The seven reconnaissance fundamentals are

- Ensure continuous reconnaissance. - Do not keep reconnaissance assets in reserve. - Orient on the reconnaissance objective. - Report all information rapidly and accurately.
- Retain freedom of maneuver. - Gain and maintain enemy contact. - Develop the situation rapidly.

## Reconnaissance Techniques

3-3. Two reconnaissance techniques that the Cavalry commander must understand and recognize while conducting reconnaissance are reconnaissance push and reconnaissance pull. (Refer to FM 3 -98 for more information.) 3-4. Reconnaissance push occurs when the higher maneuver commander develops a course of action, and pushes the reconnaissance units to confirm or deny specific information gaps that will confirm or deny the suitability of the course of action. Reconnaissance push requires a higher fidelity of the enemy and friendly situations as well as the terrain. 3-5. Reconnaissance pull occurs when the friendly maneuver commander does not have a course of action, and sends the Cavalry units to find information that will pull the rest of the organization into a course of action. The Cavalry unit has to find and communicate the enemy situation and terrain information so that the maneuver commander can develop a course of action based on the information the Cavalry provides. Reconnaissance pull requires a broad and detailed plan on the part of the Cavalry commander. The plan must be adaptable and flexible to address an evolving situation.

## Reconnaissance Methods

3-6. Cavalry troop commanders use the mission variables of METT-TC to determine which method is best when conducting reconnaissance missions. Cavalry troops use combinations of methods to ensure that the unit is providing depth and redundancy throughout the area of operations. There are four methods of reconnaissance; dismounted, mounted, aerial, and reconnaissance by fire.

## Dismounted Reconnaissance

3-7. The dismounted method collects detailed information about the enemy, terrain, society, and infrastructure within a given area, zone, or along a route. The trade-off for conducting dismounted reconnaissance is that it is very time consuming. The platoons conduct dismounted reconnaissance when in close proximity to enemy positions and when encountering danger areas. Dismounts are highly effective using optics at long ranges and identifying the enemy and potential courses of action early, as well as shaping the fight through indirect fires. Additional situations in which the troop commander would direct the platoons to conduct dismounted reconnaissance are when stealthy or detailed reconnaissance is required, time is available, and restrictive terrain limits mounted reconnaissance. 3-8. Of the three types of BCTs, the IBCT is the only organization that has a dedicated dismounted troop. The IBCT dismounted troop can assume a motorized reconnaissance role if given additional mobility assets. They are well suited to air assault operations if assault aviation assets are available to insert and extract them. The commanders of the other BCT Cavalry troop types can task organize their mounted Scouts to conduct dismounted reconnaissance when the situation requires the use of that reconnaissance method. However, they are limited in the number of Scouts that they can dismount without leaving Scout vehicles unmanned.

## Mounted Reconnaissance

3-9. Mounted reconnaissance permits a more rapid and forceful tempo at the expense of stealth. The Scout platoon uses the LRAS3 or other organic optics to observe the enemy from a distance. These are the primary means of collecting information while conducting mounted reconnaissance. Units conducting mounted reconnaissance operations must keep in mind that dismounted activities are required for security reasons. 3-10. The troop commander plans mounted reconnaissance when there is

- Limited time. - Known enemy locations. - Distances requiring mounted movement. - No primary concern with stealth. - The ability to provide the same information as the dismounted
method.
- Terrain in the vicinity of a target or named area of interest that
allows the use of vehicles.

## Aerial Reconnaissance

3-11. Aerial reconnaissance provides a flexible, low-risk means for gaining basic information in the least amount of time. Cavalry troops conduct aerial reconnaissance using organic UAS or Army aviation assets placed under the operational or tactical control of the troop.

3-12. The troop commander plans the use of or requests aerial reconnaissance when there are

- Extreme time limits. - Objectives at extended ranges. - Target requiring verification. - No available ground reconnaissance elements. - High risk to ground reconnaissance assets. - Complex terrains and favorable weather conditions.
3-13. The troop commander must take into consideration some of the limitations of aerial reconnaissance:

- Weather and environmental conditions are not always
conducive for aerial reconnaissance.
- Aerial reconnaissance usually relies on visual cues (imagery)
and does not gather audio cues that might assist in answering information requirements.
- The fidelity of the imagery might be poor based on optical
constraints or concealment from aerial observation.
- Depending on the platform, aerial reconnaissance is not always
conducive for stealthy reconnaissance.

## Reconnaissance By Fire

3-14. Reconnaissance by fire places direct or indirect fire on positions where there is a reasonable suspicion of enemy. The goal is to cause the enemy to move or return fire, thereby disclosing their disposition to fight. Commanders may direct reconnaissance by fire when expecting enemy contact, under time limitations, or reconnaissance elements cannot maneuver to develop the situation. 3-15. A reconnaissance by fire technique requires one element firing while another element observes the area. Another technique is to use indirect fires while the Cavalry units are in position to observe the area where the indirect fires impact to observe any reaction from the enemy. Indirect fires may not cause any reaction if the enemy has fortified overhead cover.

## Reconnaissance Sensor Assets

3-16. A Scout directly observing a target is the most versatile reconnaissance asset because that Soldier can assess the enemy's moral and react to unforeseen circumstances to accomplish the mission. A commander uses internal sensors, such as unmanned ground sensors with external sensors, such as artillery radars, to enhance the troops' reconnaissance capabilities.

## Reconnaissance Management

3-17. No single means of reconnaissance management can answer every information requirement and there are rarely enough reconnaissance assets to cover every requirement. Troop commanders manage their reconnaissance assets using cueing, mixing and redundancy.

Additionally, they may task organize any of their organic or attached elements. (Refer to FM 3-98 for more information.)

## Commanders Reconnaissance Guidance

3-18. The troop commander develops a reconnaissance plan based on the squadron commander's guidance and overall plan. The squadron commander's guidance enables the troop commander to clarify their own intent for subordinate leaders. Reconnaissance and security guidance is contained in the five-paragraph operation order. The commander's reconnaissance guidance is how the commander communicates the way to conduct the directed form of reconnaissance. Commanders may adjust guidance by phases. The commander's guidance consists of focus, tempo of reconnaissance, engagement and disengagement criteria, and displacement criteria. (Refer to ATP 3-20.96 and FM 3-98 for more information.) 3-19. The troop commander evaluates the required tasks and the troop's capabilities to accomplish the mission. If the troop does not have the time or resources to complete all of the tasks, the troop commander informs the squadron commander. The squadron commander issues further guidance on tasks the troop must complete, restates the priority of the tasks (usually clear from the reconnaissance objective) or augments the troop. If after starting the reconnaissance, the troop commander determines that the troop cannot complete an assigned task it must report to the squadron commander and await further instructions.

## Focus

3-20. Focus allows the troop commander to determine which tasks the troop must accomplish first, where to concentrate the reconnaissance activities, and the assets required. It narrows the scope of operations to get important information to squadron operations. Reconnaissance focus links the tasks of answering the higher commander's critical information requirement, supporting targeting, and filling information requirement voids. The focus might be terrain-oriented, oriented on enemy security forces, or oriented on the civilian population. 3-21. The troop commander narrows the focus further by defining a reconnaissance objective. The troop commander uses information from the intelligence preparation of the battlefield process and asset capabilities and limitations to decide the reconnaissance objective. The reconnaissance objective consists of (confirm or deny) information about a specific geographical location, civilian population, or threat activity, allowing the unit to set priorities and focus on the reconnaissance objective when under time limits.

## Tempo Of Reconnaissance

3-22. Tempo of reconnaissance refers to the level of detail and covertness required of the Cavalry troop to accomplish reconnaissance tasks. Tempo of reconnaissance uses four terms; rapid, deliberate, stealthy, and forceful (see FM 3-98). The commander must clearly articulate for the subordinates how to interpret these terms. 3-23. Reconnaissance tempo uses factors such as planning time, movement formations, and methods. The troop commander visualizes the tempo of reconnaissance through the analysis of three mission variables of METT-TC: mission, enemy, and time.

## Engagement/Disengagement Criteria

3-24. Establishes which targets the troop is to engage, under which circumstances to use direct or indirect fires, and which targets they are to hand over to a maneuver element. The commander develops engagement and disengagement criteria based on established rules of engagement and analysis of the mission variables of METT-TC variables. Commanders plan engagement/disengagement and displacement criteria for all missions, even during security tasks. The commander issues guidance to define

- Engagement and disengagement criteria. - Bypass criteria. - Priority of fires. - Fire support coordination measures. - Weapons control status (free, tight, or hold). - Direct fire planning. - Guidance on actions on contact. - Reconnaissance handover criteria. - Rules of engagement.

## Displacement Criteria

3-25. Displacement criteria defines triggers for a planned withdrawal, passage of lines, or reconnaissance handover between units. As with engagement and disengagement criteria, the conditions and parameters set out in displacement criteria integrate the commander's intent with tactical feasibility.

## Section Ii - Forms Of Reconnaissance

3-26. Cavalry troops use four of the five forms of reconnaissance in combination with other ground and aviation reconnaissance assets to perform reconnaissance missions. Organizations, such as engineers, civil affairs, and chemical units, have specific reconnaissance tasks to perform that complement the troop's overall reconnaissance effort. The BCTs use their organic or attached Cavalry troops primarily to conduct reconnaissance tasks. The five forms of reconnaissance tasks are zone, area, route, special reconnaissance, and reconnaissance in force.

## Zone Reconnaissance

3-27. *Zone reconnaissance* is a form of reconnaissance that involves a directed effort to obtain detailed information on all routes, obstacles, terrain, and enemy forces within a zone defined by boundaries (ADRP 3-90). 3-28. Commanders choose to task organize the reconnaissance force to mitigate risks associated with an increased tempo of operations. Task organizing the force provides Cavalry organizations with an increased ability to develop the situation through action in close contact with the enemy and civilian populace. (Refer to FM 3-98.)
TASKS
3-29. The troop commander, in conjunction with the squadron commander, determines the priority of tasks that best answer PIRs then focuses the troop's collection efforts against these requirements. Tasks associated with zone reconnaissance are

- Find and report all enemy forces within the zone. - Based on engagement criteria, clear all enemy forces in the
designated AO within the capability of the unit conducting reconnaissance.
- Determine the trafficability of all terrain in the zone, including
built-up areas.
- Locate and determine the extent of all contaminated areas in
the zone.
- Inspect and classify all bridges within the zone. - Locate fords or crossing sites within the zone. - Inspect and classify all overpasses, underpasses, and culverts. - Locate and clear all mines, obstacles, and barriers in the zone
(within capability).
- Report reconnaissance information.
3-29. Based on priority, the commander may direct the following:

- Reconnoiter all terrain within the zone. - Reconnoiter specific terrain within the zone. - Locate bypass around built-up areas, obstacles, and
contaminated areas.

## Mission Command Graphic Control Measures

3-30. The squadron assigns a line of departure, a series of lateral boundaries, and a limit of advance to identify the zone. The troop commander further divides the area of operations with additional lateral boundaries to define platoon zones. The commander includes additional phase lines and contact points at necessary locations allowing platoons operating abreast to make physical contact and coordinate movement and information exchange. Commanders designate recognizable landmarks as checkpoints. The higher headquarters may include airspace coordinating measures to facilitate aerial reconnaissance within the troop's area of operations and fire control measure. (See figure 3-1, page 3-6.)

## Zone Reconnaissance Considerations

3-31. The commander develops a plan based on the mission variables of METT-TC. During troop leading procedures, the commander considers the following criteria. The commander determines commander's reconnaissance guidance by evaluating information requirements against troop capabilities.

## Friendly Forces

3-32. The commander incorporates the status of friendly forces into a plan. Friendly force considerations for zone reconnaissance include

- Mission of adjacent and follow-on forces. - Reconnaissance objectives of higher headquarters and followon forces.
- Commander's critical information requirement of higher
headquarters and follow-on forces.
- Higher commander's reconnaissance focus, tempo of
reconnaissance, engagement, disengagement, and displacement criteria including considerations for adjusting tempo and engagement criteria during reconnaissance.
- Missions of elements operating within the troop's area of
operations but not under troop control.
- Capabilities and limitations of other elements, such as ground
sensors attached to or controlled by the troop.

## Enemy Forces

3-33. The commander develops a plan focusing largely on how to collect information relating to the priority intelligence requirement while considering enemy forces. Enemy force considerations include

- Type and capabilities of likely enemy weapon systems,
surveillance systems, ground sensors, signal intercept, night observation devices, and related systems.
- Anticipated enemy course of actions including an event
template depicting composition, known and templated disposition, enemy decision points, and potential engagement areas.

## Terrain And Weather

3-34. The commander must consider the effects of terrain and weather on both friendly and threat forces in planning considerations. The commander should note that the terrain and weather might affect threat forces differently than they effect U.S. reconnaissance forces. Terrain and weather considerations include:

- Effects on weapon systems effective ranges, laser designators,
and night observation devices.

- Effects on UAS and other aviation assets for reconnaissance,
transport, resupply, fire support, and medical evacuation.
- Effects on cross-country mobility. - Effects on fords and bypasses. - Effects on civil functions and services.

## Civil Consideration

3-35. When the zone includes civilian populations, and especially when the focus of the zone reconnaissance is on civilian populations, the troop leadership must consider the six civil characteristics of ASCOPE (areas, structures, capabilities, organizations, people, and events) in relation to the operational variables of PMESII-PT (political, military, economic, social, infrastructure, information, physical environment, and time). 3-36. The supported commander's PIR may be in relation to the ASCOPE factors of key infrastructure facilities to include government agencies, political party offices, and nongovernmental organizations. It also may include the locations of power and transformer facilities, water treatment plants, food distribution points, communications networks, and media outlets. 3-37. Ensure the leaders know the locations of police stations, armories or barracks, encampments, weapons holding areas, and staging areas. Priority intelligence requirements collection may also focus on the ASCOPE factors of military forces to include the composition and dispositions of regional and local military, paramilitary, and law enforcement organizations and their uniforms, insignias, vehicles, markings, and equipment. 3-38. Priority intelligence requirements collection activities routinely focus on the ASCOPE factors of economics to include the locations, factions, key leaders, compositions, and dispositions of known friendly, neutral, and belligerent (criminal) elements. The supported command may also have PIR related to identifying ASCOPE characteristics on social variables to include recent trends in public opinion and the intensity levels of current and past disturbances, and the effects of lethal force against civilians. Using the civil characteristics of ASCOPE to assess the political variable and information activities is also a potential for the Cavalry troop zone reconnaissance plan as it relates to the supported commander's PIR.

## Planning Considerations

3-39. The commander develops a concept of operation that describes the scheme of maneuver. The concept should develop focus and tempo for reconnaissance, engagement, disengagement, and displacement criteria including changes to tempo based on anticipated contact or requirements.

3-40. The supported commander's PIR and LTIOV in relation to reconnaissance considerations drive the focus and tempo of reconnaissance and engagement criteria. The commander must decide if platoons should conduct zone, area, or route reconnaissance, or a combination of the three to enable the troop to complete its zone reconnaissance mission to answer the supported commander's PIR. The troop commander further identifies subordinate element tasks, including reconnaissance and security as required, while determining task organization and subordinate unit area of operations based on tasks and METT-TC factors. 3-41. The commander integrates reconnaissance methods such as dismounted, mounted, aerial, and reconnaissance by fire in conjunction with deployment methods and selecting movement techniques that support the desired tempo of operations. In zone reconnaissance, the troop identifies infiltration routes against potential or confirmed enemy positions that allow the use of organic information collection systems, against those positions. Determine positons that allow the surveillance of named areas of interest. 3-42. The commander should plan to establish a screen upon reaching the limit of advance. The commander develops target acquisition assignments synchronized with reconnaissance tasks that provide target description, location (known or templated), method of engagement, desired target effect and purpose, and criteria requiring change from target surveillance to designation (illumination). 3-43. The troop determines locations and criteria for reconnaissance and target handover. The troop coordinates the handover plan with external units, and coordinates engagement criteria between units, develops passage of lines graphic control measures to support noncentralized linkup procedures, and recommends infiltration routes for the follow-on units during reconnaissance handover planning. 3-44. Graphic control measures, which support the concept of the operation, include the following:

- Boundaries identifying the troop's area of operations, platoon
area of operations, line of departure,
and limit of advance.
- Routes or lanes and designated start points, release points,
check points, and rally points for each route.
- Phase lines, checkpoints, and contact points for coordination
with other elements.
- Terrain index reference systems or grid index reference
systems assist in controlling subordinate movements and reporting.
3-45. Commanders carefully plan sustainment operations for Cavalry assets before, during, and after their commitment as a vital part of maintaining reconnaissance capabilities. Sustainment considerations include priorities and security of sustainment assets. Commanders plan movement and positioning of trains and sustainment supply points. The commander plans casualty consolidation and evacuation, vehicle recovery including secured collection points and maintenance procedures, and equipment and supply destruction criteria. Resupply, including emergency resupply and caches, covers the following:

- Caches for classes I, III, IV, and VIII and other missionspecific items such as batteries.
- Drop points away from vehicle hide positions and observation
posts.
3-46. Communications considerations include positioning of the commander, XOs, and the command post. If necessary, the commander requests the squadron retransmission team to maintain communications with the higher headquarters and other designated elements. Additionally, the commander considers methods and techniques for communications between mounted and dismounted elements, and establishes responsibilities and procedures for integrating supporting units.

## Integration Of Other Elements Or Assets

3-47. The troop integrates other elements or assets into the reconnaissance effort. Other elements or assets include UAS and Army aviation assets such as attack reconnaissance units to reconnoiter routes, possible infiltration lanes, or key and restricted terrain within the area of operations. The troop uses signals intelligence collection assets provided by the BCTs military intelligence to monitor communications traffic or transmissions within designated areas containing suspected enemy or supporting forces. Additionally, the troop employs LRAS3 and unmanned ground sensors on avenues of approach into the troop's flanks. Finally, the troop integrates engineers to assist with classification of bridges, overpasses, culverts, fords, routes, obstacles, infrastructure, environment, and other classifications related to area damage control in the designated zone.

## Fires

3-48. During reconnaissance operations, the troop commander provides the commander's guidance for fires to the fire support officer. The commander's guidance emphasizes in broad terms when, where, and how the commander intends to synchronize the effects of fires with other elements of combat power for mission accomplishment. The commander's guidance for fires should include intent and end state. Understanding the commander's intent makes it easier for the fire support officer to advise the commander on how to maximize indirect fire capabilities to support all phases of the operation and to achieve the desired end state. 3-49. The commander provides the fire support officer with platoon priority of fires by phases. Priority of fires is the commander's guidance to the staff, subordinate commanders, fires planners, and supporting agencies to employ fires according to the relative importance of a unit's mission (ADRP 3-09). 3-50. Once the commander provides the fire support officer with guidance for fires, the fire support officer develops a fire support plan. The following are considerations the troop fire support plan should include as a minimum:

- Guidance on establishment of primary and alternate mortar
firing points to keep the mortar section in position.
- Displacement and movement criteria for the mortar section
positioning. (See chapter 6 for more information on use of mortars.)
- Guidance on the establishment of primary and alternate
observer positions.
- Trigger points the mortar section can cover as the platoons
bound forward.
- Trigger for each of the planning targets. - Restrictions from higher. - Attack guidance. - Fire support tasks in the task, purpose, effect format. - Priority of fires by phase. - Assessments (measure of performance and effectiveness).

## Area Reconnaissance

3-51. An *area reconnaissance* is a form of reconnaissance that focuses on obtaining detailed information about the terrain or enemy activity within a prescribed area (ADRP 3-90). An area reconnaissance provides information about a specified area such as a town, ridge, woods, or other feature critical to operations. The commander specifies exactly what to look for and why. There are two ways of conducting area reconnaissance, by maneuvering elements through the area or by establishing observation posts within or external to the area of interest. (Refer to FM 3-98 for more information.)

## Tasks

3-52. Area reconnaissance tasks are the same as the zone reconnaissance tasks mentioned above. Based on time and intent, the commander may direct the reconnaissance towards specific information requirements only. Primary tasks associated with an area reconnaissance include the following:

- Find and report all enemy within the area. - Reconnoiter specific terrain within the area. - Report reconnaissance information.
3-53. Other tasks include the following:

- Reconnoiter all terrain within the area. - Inspect and classify all bridges within the area. - Locate fords or crossing sites near all bridges within the area. - Inspect and classify all overpasses, underpasses, and culverts. - Locate and clear all mines, obstacles, and barriers in the area
within capability.
- Locate a bypass around built-up areas, obstacles, and
contaminated areas.

## Area Reconnaissance Considerations

3-54. As with the zone reconnaissance, the troop commander ensures that the troop has all known information and intelligence pertaining to the area of operations. The squadron may designate troop infiltration lanes. The troop commander determines the infiltration method and sequence. At times, the commander may be required to identify the infiltration lanes. If so, the troop conducts reconnaissance during troop leading procedures to identify and select infiltration lanes. The troop commander coordinates for support from other reconnaissance and surveillance assets available to the squadron and BCT to assist with this reconnaissance. Information from signal intelligence and imagery intelligence can help the commander to develop and complete the scheme of maneuver during troop leading procedures. The troop commander uses intelligence and imagery, along with a detailed map reconnaissance, to determine how terrain supports movement. The commander views the terrain not only from the perspective of how it supports the mission success, but also from the enemy's perspective. Measurement and signature intelligence assets previously coordinate for and provided from echelons above brigade intelligence organizations should focus on restricted terrain or high-speed avenues of approach to provide early warning of potential enemy movements. Aviation and UAS assets can provide early warning and reconnaissance of areas that are inaccessible to the ground troop. (See figure 3-2, page 3-11.)

## Area Reconnaissance Planning

3-55. While developing an area reconnaissance plan during troop leading procedures, the commander considers the following. (See zone reconnaissance considerations for a detailed list under each category.)

## Mission Variables Of Mett-Tc

3-56. The commander considers each mission variable when planning an area reconnaissance. See zone reconnaissance planning above. The commander should develop an operations sketch that portrays key terrain. The commander sketch also should highlight restricted or protected areas designated by the rules of engagement and hazardous areas, intersections, and bridges; and known hostile, belligerent, or criminal areas. Commanders should have major terrain features, such as parks; industrial complexes; airports and buildings that mask or interfere with communications or Global Positioning Systems (GPSs); assembly areas, including main thoroughfares and improved road surfaces; escape evasion routes or corridors, access routes, and subterranean routes in their sketch. 3-57. The commander develops a concept of operation. The considerations specific to area reconnaissance are below: (See zone reconnaissance for a detailed list of additional considerations under each category.) 3-58. Focus and tempo for reconnaissance should include the movement to the areas to reconnoiter, including techniques and formations if applicable. Commanders select movement techniques that support the tempo of reconnaissance and that avoid known enemy forces outside the areas to reconnoiter, they select the route(s) and establish a march order on each route, identify filtration route(s) against a higher threat and establish an order of march. Additionally commanders identify dismount points and suitable concealed locations to position vehicles prior to conducting the reconnaissance and identify vehicle positions that allow use of onboard optics, such as LRAS3, to assist in observation and provide overwatch. The commander's planning ensures reconnaissance of the designated areas answers information requirements. 3-59. Commanders ensure they synchronize and integrate all of the command assets to include target acquisition assignments, UAS and Army aviation assets, ground sensors, and engineers with reconnaissance tasks. They also integrate available joint sensors into their reconnaissance effort.

3-60. The commander plans for the area reconnaissance by determining locations and criteria for reconnaissance and target handover and priorities and use of fires to maintain maximum range forward of platoons.

Additionally the commander designates bypass and engagement criteria during both movement to, from, and during reconnaissance of designated areas. 3-61. Finally, the commander develops the disengagement and displacement criteria and actions of the higher headquarters reaction force or reserve to support the troop's conduct of reconnaissance. The commander develops graphic control measures that support the concept of operation including boundaries that identify the troop's area of operations, each subordinate element's area of operations, the line of departure, checkpoints and phase lines, fire support coordination measures, and specific areas of interest to be examined within a given area of operations.

## Infiltration And Exfiltration

3-62. Cavalry troops frequently employ infiltration and exfiltration in executing forms of reconnaissance and security to avoid detection and direct fire contact with enemy elements. Infiltration and exfiltration can occur during zone, route, or security tasks, but this ATP discusses infiltration and exfiltration as part of area reconnaissance, primarily for dismounted troops. Cavalry troops can employ infiltration and exfiltration during any form of reconnaissance or security. Area reconnaissance, in particular, is a form of reconnaissance that is especially effective for infiltration and exfiltration. Infiltration and exfiltration occurs mounted, dismounted, or using a combination of the two methods. Preceding infiltration, the troop may require insertion into the area of operations where it conducts infiltration Insertion may be by ground, air, or water assets (if they are available and the tactical situation permits). The troop exfiltrates at the conclusion of the mission, extraction may be required using ground, air, or water assets. 3-63. The following list is a sequence of operational events used to mitigate the chance of reconnaissance assets being compromised:

- Insertion (if required) by ground, air, or water assets. - Execution of the reconnaissance mission. - Extraction (if required) by ground, air, or water. - Infiltration (mounted, dismounted, or combination). - Exfiltration (mounted, dismounted, or combination).
3-64. As an example of infiltration and exfiltration, the troop must emplace observation posts as part of a reconnaissance mission. The mission variables of METT-TC dictate deliberate and stealthy emplacement of the observation posts. Vehicles infiltrate the area of operations to insert dismounted Scouts who conduct infiltration on foot to the observation post locations. The dismounts establish the observation posts to confirm or deny the commander's priority intelligence requirement. When this mission is complete, the dismounted Scouts conduct exfiltration to an extraction point (different from the insertion point in most cases) for pickup by the vehicles, which then conduct exfiltration to move back to the line of departure.

## Infiltration

3-65. *Infiltration* is a form of maneuver in which an attacking force conducts undetected movement through or into an area occupied by enemy forces to occupy a position of advantage behind those enemy positions while exposing only small elements to enemy defensive fires (FM 3-90-1)intelliggenc. Historically, the scope of the mission for the infiltrating force has been limited. Infiltration is also a march technique used within friendly territory to move forces in small groups at extended or irregular intervals. (See FM 3-90-2 for a discussion of infiltration as a movement technique.) The elements avoid enemy detection when moving through or into an area occupied by enemy or friendly forces. The troop infiltrates through the area of operations without engaging the enemy or fighting through prepared defenses. Infiltration is slow and often conducted under reduced visibility conditions. Synchronized reconnaissance and security operations using other assets, as well as intelligence preparation of the battlefield, provide the troop with additional security by locating likely enemy positions and identifying infiltration routes that avoid enemy contact. The troop's higher headquarters uses UAS cued by geospatial intelligence, Prophet, and ground sensors to locate gaps in enemy positions and assist the troop in infiltrating. 3-66. Enemy dispositions may require the BCT to attack and destroy specific elements in the enemy's disruption zone or to penetrate the defense so the troop can infiltrate. The BCT also can conduct a feint or demonstration as a military deception so the troop can infiltrate at another point.

## Planning Considerations

3-67. Infiltration and exfiltration requires centralized planning and decentralized execution planning and movement security considerations for infiltration and exfiltration are similar. Infiltration is one of the troop's most difficult missions and must be resourced and supported by its higher headquarters. The troop requires detailed knowledge of the terrain and current enemy information to enhance survivability and maximize chances for success. The BCT higher headquarters, as part of its IPB process, gathers detailed terrain analysis, focusing on identifying potential infiltration routes and likely enemy positions. The corps or division analysis and control elements of the headquarters to which the BCT attaches, uses several databases to provide detailed enemy dispositions and compositions to support infiltration planning. The S-2 evaluates intelligence shortfalls. The BCT battalion or brigade operations staff officer (S-3) tasks information collection assets to obtain more detail to support the infiltration mission. For example, the BCT S-3 may task UAS to conduct aerial reconnaissance of the proposed infiltration lanes to obtain a current picture of the area of operations prior to and during movement of the ground Scouts. 3-68. The troop commander, XO, forward support officer, first sergeant, operations sergeant, platoon leaders, platoon sergeants, and the leaders of any supporting organizations review terrain analysis and enemy data to identify gaps within enemy dispositions and potential infiltration routes. The troop commander participates in this analysis and determines whether to move the troop as a unit or in echelon on single or multiple infiltration lanes. The overriding factor in determining to use single or multiple lanes is the ability to remain undetected. Space and time separate forces moving along the infiltration lane. Moving the troop by platoons is faster and easier to control. Conversely, echeloned movement by sections or individual vehicles lessens the likelihood of detection due to the smaller size of the moving elements. 3-69. The higher headquarters and troop commander plan adequate time for infiltration. The higher headquarters and troop commander allow time for potential delays. The higher headquarters and troop commander ensure that the troop has sufficient time to reach its area of operations and subsequent primary or alternate rally points. The contingency plan addresses actions on contact, aborting the infiltration, shifting elements during reconnaissance, and actions if an element fails to arrive or arrives late at the primary rally point. The contingency plan designates alternate rally points to use if the enemy occupies the primary rally point, the primary rally point becomes compromised, or the rally point identified is unsuitable. 3-70. The concept of the operation describes the infiltration method, sequencing (by unit of echelon), and timing, as well as the higher headquarters' military deception actions and their purpose or relation to the infiltration. The commander uses the concept to identify potential observation posts, objective rally points, and vehicle hide positions. The commander also uses the concept to prescribe actions on contact and infiltration abort criteria. The commander integrates indirect fires to support the infiltration, including priority of fires, and uses the assigned named areas of interests and information requirements to develop reconnaissance focus and objective. The commander identifies primary and alternate rally points. The first Scout element reaching the rally point establishes security and then uses FBCB2 or radio voice to identify and exchange recognition signals with follow-on troop elements is an example of actions at rally points. 3-71. Terrain analysis uses the products of the intelligence preparation of the battlefield process, imagery, and ground reconnaissance to enable the troop to identify primary and alternate infiltration routes. These routes should avoid enemy positions, obstacles, populated areas, main avenues of approach, and heavily populated routes and trails. In addition, movement along the routes must not expose vehicle or Soldier silhouettes along crest lines. 3-72. Graphic control measures include checkpoints or terrain index reference systems to control movement and provide mission command flexibility in response to anticipated and unanticipated events. The troop can use a checkpoint as a rallying point if a Scout element becomes lost or it must move off the infiltration route or observation post. 3-73. Threat analysis is another planning consideration. Threat analysis assists in identifying the enemy's probable lines for deployment. Threat analysis also assists with identifying lines of contact, battle positions, fighting positions, obstacles, security forces deployed for counterreconnaissance, and identifying times of reduced alert status. 3-74. Availability of signal support is also a planning consideration available to the troop commander. Possible signal support includes the provision of digital identification means and combat net radio retransmission capabilities in follow-on sections to maintain contact with the lead elements. 3-75. Other planning considerations are the weather, casualty evacuation procedures, and an emergency resupply plan. Weather analysis helps to identify periods of reduced visibility. The weather analysis can also predict the effectiveness of troop and enemy night observation devices.

## Execution

3-76. The paragraphs below describe the operational considerations that apply when executing the infiltration. Other considerations may apply dependent on the situation. The size of the infiltrating element depends on the assigned mission, time available, the amount of available cover and concealment, and the acquisition capabilities of both friendly and enemy forces. The troop can infiltrate as a whole or by platoons. Infiltration can be executed mounted, dismounted, or a combination of the two. Scouts insert into the area of operations by ground vehicle, aircraft, or watercraft depending on the availability of equipment and the type of mission. The troop may use single or multiple infiltration lanes or zones. The lanes or zones must have sufficient width to allow the infiltrating elements to change their planned routes to avoid contact. The troop commander enforces radio listening silence except when the troop is in contact or when directed by the commander. Infiltration planning includes indirect fire. The troop employs fires only if the infiltrating element makes contact or if the commander employs fires at another location to divert attention from the infiltration lane. Fires can be in the form of troop mortars, artillery, rotary- or (in rare circumstances) fixedwing air support, or a combination of all four. The commander's for guidance engagement and disengagement criteria must state actions on contact clearly. If the unit makes visual contact undetected, it continues the mission. If detected, elements execute actions on contact.

## Infiltration Order Of Movement

3-77. The troop commanders position themselves in the infiltration order of movement where they can best exercise mission command. If a penetration is required, they may initially locate with the maneuver force command group. The troop command post and the commanding officer may collocate with the stationary force command post to coordinate a forward passage of lines. The commander and the command post commanding officer track forward movement using FBCB2. They input radio voice reports into the FBCB2. The commander modifies the troop's scheme of maneuver based on the mission variables of METT-TC and directs necessary changes using FRAGORDs via FBCB2 or radio voice to combat net radio to maneuver the troop and ensure synchronization of effort.

## Inifiltration Methods

3-78. The troop movement can be as a unit or echeloned by individual platoons. As noted earlier, infiltration can be executed mounted, dismounted, or as a combination of the two. Insertion by ground vehicle, rotary- wing aircraft, or watercraft depends on the availability of equipment and type of mission. The techniques and procedures may also address shifting to alternate infiltration lanes, actions at rally points or objective rally points, and actions upon loss of communications.

## Employment By Unit

3-79. Employment by unit lends itself to mission command as the entire troop is infiltrating at once. The troop uses multiple lanes to gain flexibility. The troop infiltrates mounted and dismounted to conduct different Cavalry missions.

## Employment By Section

3-80. The entire troop can infiltrate at one time, which allows the commander to retain control over all troop elements. A troop can use multiple lanes to gain increased flexibility. The troop infiltrates using situationally appropriate mounted and dismounted movement techniques to conduct different tactical missions.

## Dismounted Infiltration

3-81. The troop commander directs Scouts to conduct dismounted infiltration when there is

- Available time. - A requirement for stealth. - Expected or achieved enemy contact through visual means. - Terrain or enemy occupied or dominated areas that Scout
vehicles cannot move through.
- A primary concern for security.

## Mounted Infiltration

3-82. Though an infiltration may be primarily mounted, dismounted activities may be required during the operation to achieve stealth and security. The troop commander directs Scouts to conduct mounted infiltration when there is

- Limited time. - Known enemy locations. - Distance requiring mounted movement.

## Aerial Insertion

3-83. The planning and conduct of a troop aerial insertion is similar to an air assault operation. FM 3-99 discusses air assault operations in detail. The planning team must include the squadron commanding officer; the S-2, S-3; the battalion or brigade logistics staff officer (S-4); the battalion or brigade signal staff officer (S-6); the fire support officer; the aviation liaison officer; the Air Force air liaison officer; and the troop commander. The plan accounts for deceptive actions, use of reserves, suppression of enemy air defense, actions at the landing and pickup zones and sustainment to include casualty and medical evacuation.

## Single-Lane Infiltration

3-84. The least desirable technique of infiltration is on a single lane. It requires all infiltrating groups to move at intervals in the same lane. The troop commander uses the single lane technique when analysis of the mission variables of METT-TC supports the identification of only one gap in the enemy position. The troop commander considers the number of vehicles and dismounted Soldiers, time available, route concealment, and vehicle and Soldier time and distance interval used to prevent detection.

## Multiple-Lane Infiltration

3-85. The multiple-lane infiltration technique is the preferred method of infiltration. The troop infiltrates by multiple lanes through two or more gaps found in the enemy's defense.

## Infiltration Actions On Contact

3-86. When Cavalry elements infiltrate, the detection of one subordinate element may alert the enemy and compromise the entire mission. The troop rehearses techniques and procedures for actions with known and chance contact during infiltration. For example, if detected subordinate elements return fire, break contact, and report. If the Cavalry unit makes visual contact but remains undetected, it bypasses the enemy force and continues the mission. The commander's intent clearly states what the unit should do upon contact with the enemy.

## Exfiltration

3-87. *Exfiltration* is a tactical mission task where a commander removes Soldiers or units from areas under enemy control by stealth, deception, surprise, or clandestine means (FM 3-90-1). If the troop infiltrates to conduct its mission, it can expect to exfiltrate once the mission is complete. The commander conducts plans for exfiltration in conjunction with infiltration and refines the plan as the mission progresses. The commander plans for contingency exfiltration in the event conditions force the troop or its subordinate elements to conduct an unplanned exfiltration. The troop order addresses actions for both planned and unplanned exfiltration.

## Planning Considerations

3-88. Planning considerations for an exfiltration are similar to those for infiltration. The principles of route selection, movement formations, and movement security previously discussed in relation to infiltration apply during movement along exfiltration routes or to the extraction site.

Exfiltration operations require additional time to account for unforeseen circumstances, such as inadvertent contact with enemy forces or unexpected restricted terrain. Exfiltration timing is critical from a standpoint of morale and mission accomplishment. Commanders plan extraction before the operation, with alternate plans for contingencies, such as the evacuation of sick or injured personnel. The plan must address actions in the event communications are lost. When an element has missed a certain number of required transmissions, the commander assumes that the element has a communications problem, is in trouble, or both. The commander must prescribe a plan for no communication, resupply, and exfiltration that accounts for all possibilities. In addition, the plan must address alternate forms of exfiltration in addition to a linkup with the element's vehicles. The OPORD may specify dismounted exfiltration or defending in place with a later linkup with advancing friendly forces. If the element's vehicles cannot extract the element or if capture is imminent, use any of these means as an alternative. 3-89. Exfiltration extraction points for dismounts should be far enough away from observation posts to ensure the enemy does not hear vehicle or helicopter noises. Mountains, dense foliage, and other similar terrain features can screen these noises. In flat, open terrain on a clear night, rotary-wing aircraft lose most of their audio signature at approximately a five-kilometer distance. Commanders must plan movement routes that put ridgelines, rivers, and other restricted terrain between the unit and enemy forces. Near and far recognition signals should be coordinated, disseminated, and rehearsed prior to the mission. Lastly, primary and alternate linkup points should never be on a single azimuth leading away from the observation post of an exfiltration route.

## Exfiltration Methods

3-90. Ground exfiltration is the preferred method when scouts are in a stay-behind mode (withdrawal or delay). Exfiltration by ground is used when

- Friendly lines are close. - Widely dispersed enemy forces are present. - Largely uninhabited areas exist along the route. - Other methods are not feasible. - Enemy forces are not conducting aggressive or active
counterreconnaissance and security activities.
- Terrain degrades the enemy's ability to maneuver against the
exfiltrating element.
- Units must reach an extraction point after the execution phase
of the mission is complete.

## Extraction

3-91. Availability of ground vehicles makes extraction the most common method of exfiltration for troop elements. Generally, platform-based extraction is used when

- Covering long distances. - Cover and concealment are lacking. - Time of return is essential.
3-92. Extraction by air or water assets is favored under the following conditions:

- Resources are available. - Time requirements preclude any other extraction method. - Heavily populated hostile areas obstruct ground extraction. - Use does not compromise the mission. - Enemy does not have air or naval superiority.
3-93. Extraction points should be far enough away from the enemy so extraction assets remain undetected. The commander plans movement routes that put restricted terrain between the unit and enemy forces. The commander should never put primary and alternate extraction points on a single azimuth leading away from the objective.

## Route Reconnaissance

3-94. *Route reconnaissance* is a directed effort to obtain detailed information of a specified route and all terrain from which the enemy could influence movement along that route. (ADRP 3-90) That route may be a cross-country mobility corridor. It provides new or updated information on route conditions, such as obstacles, bridge classifications, enemy, and civilian activity along the route. The commander normally assigns this mission when wanting to use a specific route for friendly movement. When the reconnaissance tempo is necessarily rapid or the desire for specialized route information is high, the Scout platoon should augment with engineer reconnaissance capability.

## Tasks

3-95. Route reconnaissance requires the accomplishment of certain tasks, unless otherwise directed by the squadron commander. These tasks are not a checklist or arranged sequentially, as some may not be necessary for mission accomplishment. If limited by time, the commander directs the reconnaissance only towards specific information requirements. The following are tasks associated with a route reconnaissance:

- Find, report, and, based on engagement criteria, clear within
capabilities all enemy forces that can influence movement along the route.
- Reconnoiter and determine the trafficability of the route. - Reconnoiter all terrain the enemy can use to affect movement
along the route.
- Reconnoiter all built-up areas along route. - Reconnoiter all lateral routes. Conduct out-posting along
lateral routes to identify potential enemy positions and forces that could influence the route. (See ATP 3-20.96.)
- Inspect and classify all bridges within the area. - Reconnoiter defiles along the route, clear of enemy and
obstacles (within capability), or locate a bypass.
- Inspect and classify all overpasses, underpasses, and culverts. - Locate fords or crossing sites near all bridges on the route. - Locate and clear all improvised explosive devices (IEDs),
mines, obstacles, and barriers on the route within capability.
- Locate bypasses around built-up areas, obstacles, and
contaminated areas.
- Report route information.

## Route Reconnaissance Considerations

3-96. The higher headquarters specifies the route, including the start point, release point, and other critical points along the route. It establishes airspace coordinating measures, specifies the reconnaissance start time, and designates a completion time. The troop commander analyzes the terrain to gain an appreciation of the danger areas within the area of operations and the nature of the potential enemy using the provided IPB products to include imagery. The troop commander determines how much terrain on each flank of the route to reconnoiter. Higher headquarters constraints or restrictions may also influence how much terrain to reconnoiter. The troop commander coordinates with other reconnaissance and surveillance assets to ensure support is available to the squadron and BCT prior to and during reconnaissance. The commander may also direct a platoon to conduct a route reconnaissance as a specific task in another mission. (See figure 3-3.)

## Route Reconnaissance Planning

3-97. The troop normally performs a tactical road march to the line of departure and deploys to execute route reconnaissance. The commander determines security requirements for the move to the line of departure based on the amount and quality of intelligence known about the enemy. The commander also considers the effect final disposition of forces has on the troop's follow-on mission. The commander develops an operational concept (see below) that describes route reconnaissance procedures. The zone reconnaissance planning considerations in paragraphs 3-31 to 3-38 apply to the conduct of a route reconnaissance with the following additional civil considerations. (See zone reconnaissance for additional considerations.)

- Local government jurisdictions that encompass the route.
- Relief agencies and other nongovernmental organizations using
the route.
- Dislocated civilians using the route.
3-98. The commander develops the focus and tempo of reconnaissance and reconnaissance of the route to answer the applicable information requirements including identifying requirements to reconnoiter and classify the route or designated portions of the route; requirements to conduct an area reconnaissance of designated terrain on the flanks of the route; and selecting movement techniques that support the tempo of reconnaissance. Considerations for sustainment and communications during the route reconnaissance are the same as those for zone reconnaissance discussed in section III of this chapter. The troop commander specifies actions at built-up areas and actions on contact with enemy forces or civilians. The commander specifies the transition to the follow-on mission after completing the reconnaissance or reaching the limit of advance. Additionally, the commander plans for the following:

- Synchronizing target acquisition assignments with
reconnaissance tasks.
- Integrating other elements or assets into the reconnaissance
effort including Unmanned Aircraft System and Army aviation assets.
- Prophet, ground sensors, engineers, and CBRN reconnaissance
elements (to reconnoiter for contamination and bypasses).
- Reconnaissance handover locations and criteria. - Maintaining maximum indirect fire range forward of the
platoons using fires and priorities of fires.
- Bypass and engagement criteria. - Graphic control measures that support the concept of the
operation including
 Boundaries identifying the troop's area of operations.  Subordinate element boundaries lateral to the route to
support reconnaissance on the flanks.
 Routes including start points, release points, and
checkpoints for other critical points.
 Phase lines and contact points for coordination with other
elements.
 Limit of advance.

## Reconnaissance In Force

3-99. A *reconnaissance in force* is a deliberate combat operation designed to discover or test the enemy's strength, dispositions, and reactions or to obtain other information (ADRP 3-90). Battalion-size task forces or larger organizations usually conduct a reconnaissance in force. A commander assigns a reconnaissance in force when the enemy is operating within an area where the commander cannot obtain adequate intelligence by any other means. A unit may also conduct a reconnaissance in force in restrictive terrain where the enemy is likely to ambush smaller reconnaissance forces. A reconnaissance in force is an aggressive reconnaissance, conducted as an offensive operation with clearly stated reconnaissance objectives. The overall goal of a reconnaissance in force is to determine enemy weaknesses to exploit. It differs from other reconnaissance operations because it normally attempts to gain information about the enemy and not the terrain. The commander plans for the retrograde or reinforcement of the force in case it encounters superior enemy forces. The commander also plans to exploit success. 3-100. A Cavalry troop usually conducts its portion of a higher reconnaissance in force as an attack or a zone reconnaissance. The Cavalry troop requires augmentation to conduct a reconnaissance in force since it must penetrate the security area of a larger enemy force. These augmentations include

- Tanks or mobile gun systems. - Helicopter or UAS reconnaissance. - Artillery (or missile) fire support. - Engineer mobility and countermobility assets. - Short-range air defense. - CBRN reconnaissance assets.

## Tasks

3-101. Tasks for reconnaissance in force include

- Penetrate the enemy's security area and determine its size and
depth.
- Determine the location and disposition of enemy forces. - Attack enemy positions and attempt to force the enemy to react
by using local reserves or major counterattack forces, employing fires, adjusting positions, and employing specific
weapon systems.
- Determine weaknesses in the enemy's disposition for
exploitation.
- Locate obstacles and create lanes as specified. - Entering areas of operation in complex terrain not previously
occupied by friendly forces, such as urban environments.
3-102. A unit conducting a reconnaissance in force performs tasks within its capabilities. If it does not have the time or resources to complete all of these tasks, the troop commander informs the higher commander assigning the mission. The higher commander then issues further guidance on which tasks the troop must complete or restates the priority of tasks, which is usually clear from the reconnaissance objective. If, after starting the reconnaissance in force, the troop determines that it cannot complete an assigned task it must report to the higher commander and await further instructions. 3-103. The tasks for the Cavalry troop are attack or zone reconnaissance to support the squadron reconnaissance in force. Reference zone reconnaissance tasks in this manual for tasks conducted. Refer to FM 3-98 for the tasks of the higher command during a reconnaissance in force.

## Combat Formations

3-104. The troop uses different formations based on the mission variables of METT-TC. The troop may use a combat formation as part of a reconnaissance in force. The troop moves in one of the movement formations during tactical operationscolumn, line, echelon, box, wedge, or vee. The troop uses two types of formations, coil and herringbone, to provide security during halts. All of these formations are flexible in execution. The troop commander can modify them according to the situation, enemy, terrain, and factors within the troop itself (task organization, combat losses). To ensure the troops can transition into and out of the various movement formations easily and quickly, the formations must become second nature for all troop elements. (Refer to FM 3-90-1 for more information.)

## Troop Column And Staggered Column

3-105. The troop uses the column formation when moving on a designated route, when speed is essential, and contact with the enemy is not expected. Column and staggered column formation moves the troop quickly and efficiently from one place to another. The troop usually moves at a designated speed and with a set distance between vehicles when moving in a column formation. The situation and the troop SOP determines the march speed and distance between the vehicles. In most situations, the column formation allows the fastest movement of any formation. The column formation facilitates effective control of the troop during the move, but leaves the troop vulnerable to enemy air or ground attack. 3-106. The staggered column is a modified column formation with elements offset rather than in roughly straight alignment (as in the column). Advantages of the staggered column include all-around observation and fields of fire and enhanced overwatch capability. The staggered column often entails vehicles moving off or near the edge of the roadway, so leaders must exercise extreme caution to avoid IEDs and mines.

## Troop Line

3-107. The troop line formation, in which elements are roughly abreast during movement, is applicable in nearly all troop missions, including during the conduct of defensive tasks. The line formation affords maximum reconnaissance (and firepower, if applicable) forward over a wide frontage. A key disadvantage is the requirement for overwatch from external or adjacent elements because vehicles or elements moving on line can provide only limited security.

## Troop Vee

3-108. The troop vee formation is common for reconnaissance or security missions. The purpose is to provide maximum reconnaissance or firepower forward and to enhance mission command. The forward platoons conduct most of the information gathering, reporting, and security tasks while the rear platoons and headquarters element, positioned in-depth, provide overwatch, protection, and control the forward movement of the troop. 3-109. In addition to positioning maximum assets forward, the vee formation allows the troop commander to mass combat power at the decisive point. The vee also gives the troop depth, flexibility, and immediate mutual support during movement. Disadvantages include limited firepower to the front and somewhat limited security compared to other formations.

Note. One means of enhancing security in the vee is to position the troop mortars in or near the center of the formation to provide indirect fire support across the troop front.

3-110. The troop split-vee is a variation of the vee formation. Its use is in conjunction with the traveling overwatch movement technique in reconnaissance and security missions. In the split-vee formation, the forward platoons move approximately abreast to provide maximum reconnaissance or security. The rear platoons, if the troop has three or more platoons, work in-depth, but each rear platoon initially follows one of the forward platoons while it conducts the operation. The rear platoons key their movement on the progress of the forward platoons based on guidance from the troop commander. 3-111. The split-vee allows the rear platoons to maintain positions from which they can provide support rapidly to the forward platoons as necessary. In turn, the forward platoons can reconnoiter routes and positions for the rear platoons. A key disadvantage of the split-vee is limited firepower to the front.

## Troop Wedge

3-112. The wedge formation, though not ordinarily a typical Cavalry formation, may occur when enemy contact is likely and the troop must fight for information. The wedge provides elements with effective local security and mutual support. The formation allows the troop to employ responsive firepower to the front and flanks and to shift fires rapidly. A disadvantage of the wedge is limited reconnaissance capability to the front.

## Troop Coil And Herringbone

3-113. The troop uses the coil and herringbone formations to establish effective all-around security when it must halt during an operation. The troop commander should develop SOPs for the formations and conduct rehearsals so that correct execution becomes automatic for all elements. 3-114. The coil formation provides a perimeter defense during extended halts or lulls in the operation. Platoons and other elements position themselves in a roughly circular formation to cover enemy avenues of approach to the position. 3-115. The troop uses the herringbone when it must assume a hasty defense, with 360-degree security, during a short halt. Scouts may dismount to provide greater security, and elements should move off the road if terrain allows.

Note. When executing the coil or herringbone formation, platoons and other elements must exercise extreme caution to avoid IEDs and mines emplaced off or along the edge of the roadway.

## Special Reconnaissance

3-116. *Special reconnaissance* is reconnaissance and surveillance actions conducted as a special operation in hostile, denied, or politically sensitive environments to collect or verify information of strategic or operational significance, employing military capabilities not normally found in conventional forces (JP 3- 05). These actions provide an additive capability for commanders and supplement other conventional reconnaissance actions. Even with long-range sensors and overhead platforms, some information in the target area may only come from visual observation or other collection methods. Special operations forces can gain access to denied, hostile areas, worldwide communications, and specialized aircraft and sensors so they can conduct special reconnaissance against targets that are inaccessible to other forces. 3-117. Cavalry troops are the most likely to encounter special reconnaissance forces; therefore, Cavalry troops must prepare to conduct reconnaissance handover with special reconnaissance forces. Special reconnaissance activities include environmental and armed reconnaissance, target and threat assessment, and post strike reconnaissance. (Refer to JP 3-05 for more information.)

## Section Iii - Reconnaissance Handover

3-118. *Reconnaissance handover* is the action that occurs between two elements in order to coordinate the transfer of information and/or responsibility for observation of potential threat contact, or the transfer of an assigned area from one element to another (FM 3-98). Reconnaissance handover may cover an area or zone, such as an area of operations, a named area of interest, and a target area of interest. Reconnaissance handover may involve visual, electronic, digital, or analog observation and information sources or any combination of these. A reconnaissance handover is usually associated with a designated reconnaissance handover coordination point or a phase line designated as a reconnaissance handover line.

3-119. A reconnaissance handover provides the information connection, the overlapping communications, and the commander's reconnaissance focus required when planning and executing layered reconnaissance and surveillance operations with multiple assets. The commander's focus may differ for each echelon. (Refer to FM 3-98 for more information.)

## Reconnaissance Handover Planning Considerations

3-120. Reconnaissance handover shares several tasks with battle handover including relief in place, linkup, and passage of lines. (Refer to FM 3-90.2.) Unlike battle handover, however, it does not imply direct fire contact.

## Preparation

3-121. The troop begins coordination as soon as they identify reconnaissance handover requirements between units. The commander finds handover criteria in the higher headquarters order. Coordination includes establishing a communication plan between the units as necessary. The communication plan includes radio frequencies, net identifications, needlines for enhanced position location reporting systems, host files required to conduct the linkup (if units are from different maneuver control systems), and communications security variables for communications. Recognition signals are established and confirmed to prevent fratricide. If necessary, the troop coordinates indirect fires and fire support coordination measures, critical friendly zones, preplanned targets, final protective fires, and obscuration missions, 3-122. Troops conduct coordination to identify the transfer of command relationships for subordinate platoons and elements between units as necessary. A technique is for the troop to leave a Scout section in contact with an enemy security element while the rest of the troop continues reconnaissance farther into the area of operations. As the squadron shifts the handoff between the units, the follow-on unit may accept operational or tactical command of the Scout section until one of its own sections is able to relieve the original Scout section that is observing the enemy element. Additionally, the higher headquarters may issue on-order missions to other information collection assets to assist in the handover. A technique is to task a UAS to establish and maintain contact with a moving force while conducting a reconnaissance handover between the troops and a follow-on unit. As reconnaissance handover becomes imminent and final coordination begins, this level of coordination supports the reconnaissance handover by allowing the UAS maximum time on station and ensuring redundant observation during handover. 3-123. Rehearsals are important before executing any reconnaissance handover. During rehearsals, elements involved in the reconnaissance handover synchronize their plans and SOPs to ensure clarity and understanding during execution. (See FM 6-0 for additional information on the conduct of rehearsals.)

## Execution

3-124. The troop may conduct reconnaissance handover with follow-on or security (stationary) forces, accept reconnaissance handover from a forward force, or control the handover between subordinate elements. The requirement to maintain liaison and exchange information becomes even more important as the distance closes between the forces executing reconnaissance handover. Units may establish liaison by collocating their commanders, XOs, and command posts, if applicable. The follow-on unit may attach a Scout section to the troop to facilitate coordination and handover. Establish face-to-face liaison, if this is not possible, units must establish a reliable digital and/or voice linkup to exchange critical information. 3-125. When conducting face-to-face linkup, units complete final coordination and exchange information, and then confirm that reconnaissance handover is complete based on the specified criteria. If conducting target handover, the accepting unit acquires the target before handover is complete. The unit that is handing over responsibility supports the unit accepting handover by executing responsibilities of the stationary unit while conducting a forward passage of lines or relief in place. If follow-on forces are conducting an attack, the unit handing over the reconnaissance may facilitate the attack by conducting reconnaissance pull, executing targeting, and employing previously coordinated indirect fires. (See FM 3-90-2 for a discussion of those responsibilities.)

## Chapter 4 Security Tasks

Troop missions will often transition from reconnaissance to security along the front, flank, or rear of friendly units, facilities, population, or areas that require protection from unforeseen circumstances. Security tasks provide the protected force with reaction time and maneuver space. Troops often perform security tasks as part of a squadron security task, but they can perform security independently as situations allow.

The main difference between the conduct of security and reconnaissance is that security orients on the force, area, facility, or population to protect, while reconnaissance seeks information on enemy, terrain, populations, and infrastructure.

## Section I - Basics Of Security Tasks

4-1. Security tasks provide higher commanders with reaction time and maneuver space to react to the enemy and to develop the situation. There are five security tasks, screen, guard, cover, area security, and local security. Cavalry troops are incapable of cover and cannot conduct guard without significant augmentation. 4-2. The Cavalry troop organization and organic equipment makes it difficult to execute a security mission above screen without augmentation. The troop may participate in some other security tasks as a member of a robust combined arms force. Commanders at all levels must consider the mission variables of METT-TC when employing their units in a security role. 4-3. Current trends stress the likelihood of Cavalry troops conducting operations in noncontiguous, extended areas of operations, possibly creating significant gaps. The troop commander uses all available assets to minimize these gaps. Despite the continual evolution of sophisticated sensors and collection assets, a troop's common operational picture is never perfect, especially in periods of limited visibility or adverse weather. The troop prepares to conduct security missions because uncertainty is always present in an area of operation.

Note. Troops in the BFSBs Cavalry squadron cannot perform the same set of security missions as their counterparts in the Cavalry squadrons of the ABCT, IBCT, and SBCT. The BFSB troops can conduct screening missions for a limited time.

## Security Fundamentals

4-4. Successful security operations depend on properly applying the five fundamentals of security which are:

- Provide early and accurate warning. - Provide reaction time and maneuver space. - Orient on the main body to protect. - Perform continuous reconnaissance. - Maintain enemy contact. (FM 3-90-2 discusses each of the five
security fundamentals in detail.)
Note. During stability operations, providing early and accurate warning is much harder to achieve. Proximity to the local population results in less distance and less reaction time because. When friendly forces alienate the local populace, detecting threats becomes more difficult because locals are less likely to warn U.S. forces of pending threats and threat developments.

## Methods And Management

4-5. Security is not divorced from reconnaissance. Security fundamentals and reconnaissance fundamentals complement each other. Cavalry units conduct security tasks using reconnaissance methods and management.

## Commander's Security Guidance

4-6. The squadron commander assigning a security mission and the troop commander must address special considerations, such as those listed below, when conducting security task planning. (Refer to ATP 3-20.96 and FM 3-98 for more information.) Similar to the squadron commander, the troop commander must analyze the area of operation and build the necessary depth to provide reaction time and maneuver space to the force to protect. The troop commander determines appropriate locations and types of observation posts oriented on the force to secure. The commander develops requirements such as time to establish an observation post (OP), augmentation, intelligence support, and fire support planning, as well as integrating engineers, air ground operations, and logistics. Also planned are special requirements in addition to mission command and sustainment asset locations. 4-7. The Cavalry troop commander develops security guidance based on the squadron commander's guidance and overall plan. An understanding of this guidance aids the Cavalry troop commander in planning and executing the troop mission. The squadron guidance enables the commander to clarify troop guidance and intent for subordinate leaders. Disseminate the Cavalry commanders' guidance to the lowest level so all leaders and Soldiers understand and can execute the mission. The elements and purpose of security guidance are similar to reconnaissance guidance. (Refer to FM 3-98 for more information.)

- Focus (to include security objective). - Tempo of security. - Engagement/disengagement criteria. - Displacement criteria.

## Section Ii - Forms Of Security

4-8. The five forms of security tasks are screen, guard, cover, area security, and local security. The paragraphs below discuss each task. (Refer to FM 3-98 for more information.)

## Screen

4-9. Screen is a security task that primarily provides early warning to the protected force (ADRP 3-90). A screening troop is a security element, which primarily observes, identifies, and reports information related to a commander's PIR while aggressively executing counterreconnaissance, which impedes, harasses, or destroys the enemy's reconnaissance effort. Although it provides the least amount of protection of any security mission, a screen is appropriate when operations have created extended flanks, when gaps between forces exist that are not secured in force, or when early warning is needed over gaps that are not considered critical enough to require security in greater strength. 4-10. Troops plan screens in-depth. Depth prevents the threat from easily identifying and penetrating the screen, prevents gaps from occurring when observation posts displace, and facilitates the destruction of enemy reconnaissance elements without compromising critical operations (FM 3-98). 4-11. Troops screen a stationary force to the front, flanks, and rear of the main body. Troops screen a moving force to the flanks or rear. Screening operations are not performed forward of a moving force. Cavalry troop conduct a zone reconnaissance, reconnaissance in force, or part of a guard forward of the moving force. Cavalry troop commanders plan a series of observation posts, augmented with patrols to ensure surveillance of dead space to establish a screen.

## Tasks

4-12. Execution considerations guide screen planning. Tasks that a Cavalry troop conducts for the screen include

- Allow no enemy ground element to pass through the screen
undetected and unreported.
- Maintain continuous surveillance of all avenues of approach
that affect the main body's mission.
- Conduct counterreconnaissance to destroy, defeat, or disrupt
all enemy reconnaissance elements, within capabilities and according to engagement criteria.
- When facing an echeloned enemy force, locate and identify the
lead elements that indicate the enemy's main attack, as prescribed in the enemy's order of battle based upon IPB.
- Determine the direction of enemy movement, maintain contact,
and report threat activities even while displacing.
- Impede and harass the enemy within capabilities without
becoming decisively engaged and while displacing to provide the protected force commander with additional time and
maneuver space.

- Detect and report all enemy elements attempting to pass
through the screen, both ground and aerial, to provide the protected force commander early warning of enemy activities.

## Extended Screens

4-13. When METT-TC dictates an extended screen across frontages in excess of what the Cavalry troop can effectively accomplish, the troop commander, as part of the mission analysis, determines where to accept risk in the extended screen based on the IPB analysis and identifies what additional augmentation is required to cover the area of operation.

## Depth

4-14. Depth allows one element of the screen to pass enemy contact to another element without displacement by conducting a reconnaissance handover. The term screen line is descriptive only of the security provided along the forward trace. Depth allows the troop to do the following:

- Prevent the enemy from identifying and penetrating the screen. - Prevent gaps in the screen from occurring with displaced or
destroyed screening elements.
- Facilitate the destruction of enemy elements without
compromising critical observation posts.
- Maintain contact with enemy elements without compromising
observation posts.
4-15. Troop commanders assign platoons areas of operation that allow multiple observation posts to establish a screen and establish depth. Troop commanders plan section level operations in-depth to support their security plan. Often the observation posts on a screen do not support each other by direct fire. At a minimum, the observation posts must support and overlap by observation, while still observing named area of interests and avenues of approach. The mortar section positions behind the screen where they can support all elements of the screen. The degree to which depth can be attained is a function of many factors, including the following:

- Higher commander's intent and concept as expressed in the
OPORD.
- Geographical location of the screen based on time-distance
analysis.
- Positioning of the protected force, area, facility, or population. - Engagement criteria.
- Disengagement criteria. - Displacement criteria.
- Width of the area of operation. - Terrain and avenues of approach it will support. - Attachments and detachments. - Logistical and fire support from the main body.

## Stationary Screen

4-16. Planning considerations include establishing observation posts indepth and conducting patrols to ensure adequate surveillance of the assigned area of operation (see figure 4-1, page 4-6). Screens are active, with stationary observation posts as only one part of the mission. To ensure that continuous overlapping surveillance occurs, the troop employs observation posts, patrols (mounted and dismounted), aerial reconnaissance, and sensors. 4-17. A troop executing a screen requires the following minimum guidance from higher headquarters. (Refer to FM 3-98 for more information.) The troop commander evaluates each consideration discussed in the following paragraphs when developing the troop plan and information collection plan.

- Location of the initial screen. - Movement or maneuver to occupy the screen. - Assigned area of operations for subordinate elements. - Security. - Air and ground integration. - Surveillance and acquisition assets. - Fires. - Protection. - Mission command. - Sustainment. - Control of displacement to subsequent positions. - Reconnaissance handover between screening elements.

## Screen Location

4-18. The troop commander determines the likely enemy avenues of approach based on detailed IPB, and directs the screen accordingly. The troop commander utilizes platoon boundaries, phase lines, and recognizable terrain features to assign subordinate areas of operations.

The troop commander knows the capabilities and limitations of organic and attached sensors, and arrays them along the screen line to maximize their effects

## Screen Occupation

4-19. The troop commander determines if the troop conducts a zone reconnaissance, infiltration, or tactical road march to the screen based on time-distance analysis of both friendly and enemy units. The troop commander keeps the screening force within logistical and fire support range of the main body. The troop commander considers the time required to establish primary positions, identify subsequent positions, rehearse displacement lanes, and emplace mortars.

## Observation Post Emplacement

4-20. The troop commander is responsible for planning the emplacement of section level observation post positions to gain observation on assigned NAIs. The commander provides mission orders and security guidance to subordinate platoons and other attachments with the commander's intent and security guidance. That guidance also develops the indicators for subordinates to look for within NAIs.

## Define Trigger Lines And Decision Points

4-21. The troop commander develops specific engagement and disengagement criteria for the platoons to trigger specified actions. These can include displacement to secondary observation posts or the initiation of direct or indirect fires against the enemy. Producing a well-developed set of engagement, disengagement, and displacement criteria for the subordinate units allows the commander to exercise effective control over the troop.

## Engagement Area Development

4-22. Screens use engagement areas where the commander anticipates engaging enemy reconnaissance elements. The commander utilizes the seven engagement area development steps and plans them in-depth throughout the screen. Those steps are:

- Identify likely avenues of approach.
- Identify the enemy scheme of maneuver. - Determine where to kill the enemy.
- Plan and integrate indirect fires. - Conduct an engagement area rehearsal.
4-23. The commander understands the battlefield geometry of utilizing indirect in conjunction with aircraft and manages airspace utilizing vertical, lateral, and time separation. The commander determines critical station times, tasks, and priorities of support for subordinate elements. The troop commander plans mortar firing points to provide organic indirect fire support for screening platoons. With assistance from the troop fire support team, the troop commander incorporates artillery, casualty evacuation, and aviation assets (refer to FM 3-04) to conduct counterreconnaissance, mass effects in engagement areas, engagement of enemy high-value and high-payoff targets, support maneuver elements, and assist subordinate elements to disengage and displace.

## Mobility, Countermobility, And Survivability

4-24. The troop commander addresses the mobility of screening forces during planning by developing a detailed terrain and enemy analysis, and subsequently developing a maneuver plan to address those factors. The troop commander develops primary and alternate routes and lanes to direct subordinate units during displacement. The troop commander impedes enemy maneuver using fires and obstacles. The troop commander improves the survivability of the force through detailed planning and synchronization of enablers, such as the use of indirect fire obscuration to support displacement. A troop commander is unlikely to have a prepared position due to the nature of a screen; thus, the troop commander must use the terrain and enabler capabilities deliberately. 4-25. Passage lanes and passage points. The troop commander coordinates with the supported unit to develop passage lanes and passage points to prevent fratricide and enable troop elements to displace, or the protected force to pass forward of the screen. The troop commander plans and disseminates near and far recognition between the passing and stationary unit. 4-26. Positioning of mission command nodes. The troop commander places the troop command post in a location to maintain communication with subordinate elements and higher headquarters. The troop command post should remain outside of enemy contact, and incorporated in the troop displacement plan. 4-27. Sustainment. The troop commander has to determine how to resupply screening platoons while maintaining contact with the enemy. A troop commander can establish troop or platoon level service stations, or pre-position caches at planned subsequent positions. At each resupply point, the troop commander determines the appropriate type and amount of the required classes of supply. Commanders should plan each resupply point so that resupply occurs while the unit is not in contact with the enemy. Casualty collection points can serve as troop internal logistic release points established by the first sergeant, where platoon sergeants conduct linkup, and transfers of casualties and supplies. The troop commander plans resupply following the troop's displacement and passage of lines prior to conducting a follow-on mission. 4-28. When elements of the screen displace to other positions, the displacement is normally event-driven. The screen continues to maintain contact and provide security while displacing. (See figure 4-1.) The following factors may dictate displacement:

- Approach of an identified and specified enemy element. - Detection by an enemy force. - Relief by a friendly unit. - Movement of the main body.

## Moving Screen

4-29. The troop can conduct a moving screen to the flank or rear of a moving force. The troop does not screen forward of a moving force. Screening the rear of a moving force is essentially the same as a stationary screen. As the main body moves, the troop occupies a series of successive positions. The main body commander directs time and distance factors to maintain movement. Sensors or UAS can enhance the screen during the maneuver of Scout platoons or sections; they can work to extend the areas of coverage, also. 4-30. The planning considerations for a stationary screen also apply to a moving screen; however, the commander must account for the movement of the main body. The moving flank screen poses additional considerations. The width of the screen area is not as important as maintaining orientation on the main body and maintaining continuous observation of avenues of approach that might affect the main body's maneuver.

## Graphic Control Measures

4-31. The inherent dual orientation of a moving flank screen (the direction of movement versus orientation of the screen) poses challenges for operational control. Graphic control measures facilitate both orientations. The use of these control measures provide maximum flexibility in terms of mission execution. Troop commanders issue FRAGORDs to adjust their plans to the enemy situation using these control measures. The procedures in the following paragraphs apply when using graphic control measures to a moving flank screen. 4-32. While use of graphic control measures and the requisite planning seems excessive, they provide maximum flexibility in terms of mission execution. The troop commander can issue FRAGORDs to adjust the plan to the enemy situation.

## Phase Lines

4-33. Troop commanders use phase lines to control the unit's movement. The troop commander plans to use these phase lines as on-order boundaries to control platoon movement (parallel to the main body direction of travel). The commander places phase lines based on planned width of a Scout platoon's screen (perpendicular to the main body direction of travel). The troop commander does not divide avenues of approach with a phase line. Troop commanders use phase lines rearward of the initial screen to control retrograde movement (toward the main body). The troop commander uses phase lines as subsequent (on-order) screen lines.

## Objectives, Checkpoints, And Axis Of Advance

4-34. The commander can also use objectives, checkpoints, or an axis of advance to control the movement of task organized maneuver platoons and teams in a command relationship to the troop. The commander positions these forces to support the Scouts on the moving screen. If the Scouts make enemy contact, the commander can use these control these control measures to designate battle positions for these maneuver forces to occupy. The commander should also plan subsequent (on-order) battle positions between the screen limit of advance and the main body. The conduct of a delay by the troop using these battle positons will provide additional time for the protected force to react to the enemy attack.

## Mortar Firing Points

4-35. The commander uses mortar firing points or checkpoints to control movement of the mortar section. The commander positions firing positions rearward of the screen line where they allow the mortars to fire two-thirds maximum range forward or cover likely avenues of approach. The commander plans subsequent (on-order) mortar firing points between the screen line and the main body.

Note. Displacement criteria for the moving screen should be event-driven It should take the form of triggers related to the movement of the main body in conjunction with survivability considerations for the screening elements.

## Occupying The Screen

4-36. The troop can use three basic techniques for occupying a moving force's flank screen. The factors that determine the employment of a specific technique, or a combination of techniques, are the enemy situation (and the knowledge available about the enemy), the squadron commander's intent, the speed at which the main body is moving, the screening force's capability, and the terrain. All three techniques require the troop to maintain contact with the main body, orient the screen in relation to the main body's maneuver, and conduct reconnaissance and screen in two directions (to the flank of the main body and to the direction of travel). 4-37. The troop crosses the line of departure separately from the main body in the first technique and conducts a tactical road march within an area of operation parallel to the force. The troop then deploys from a release point to the initial screen positions and orientation. Platoons occupy observation posts as they reach them. Unmanned Aircraft Systems can conduct surveillance forward of the troop or assist in maintaining contact with the main body. Sensors can augment observation posts by providing long-range surveillance of enemy avenues of approach. The parallel tactical road march technique is the fastest but least secure technique for providing a flank screen for a moving force. The technique is appropriate to employ when the main body is moving very quickly, the line of departure is not a line of contact, or earlier reconnaissance and security indicates enemy contact is not likely in the area through which the troop is moving. 4-38. In the second technique, the troop crosses the line of departure separately from the main body and conducts a zone reconnaissance within an area of operation parallel to the force. Platoon elements establish the screen as they arrive at their positions. The second technique is appropriate when the main body is moving slower, the line of departure is not a line of contact, or earlier reconnaissance indicates enemy contact is possible in the troop area of operation. 4-39. In the third technique, the troop crosses the line of departure with the main body and conducts a zone reconnaissance out to the screen. The technique requires more time but provides the most security for the main body. The third technique is appropriate when the main body is moving slowly, the line of departure is the line of contact, or the enemy situation is vague or enemy contact is expected.

## Repositioning The Screen

4-40. The speed of the main body, distance to the objective, and the enemy situation determines the movement of the screen. Troop movement centers on a designated route of advance. The route is parallel to the axis of advance of the main body and is large enough to accommodate rapid movement of the troop and to facilitate occupation of the screen. The troop keeps the route clear to ensure rapid movement of the troop's enablers, sustainment, and mission command assets. Sustainment elements should remain off the main route unless moving or traveling on alternate routes in depth. 4-41. Both ground and aerial reconnaissance assets use the four basic movement methods: alternate bounds by observation posts, alternate bounds by units, successive bounds, and continuous marching to reposition the screen. (Refer to FM 3-90-2 for more information.)

## Limited Visibility

4-42. Troop commanders must plan for limited visibility conditions, as these conditions often occur during the conduct of a screen mission. Troop commanders should never allow gaps in the screen when aircraft cannot fly or Scouts cannot observe their assigned area. The troop can take the following actions to guard against gaps:

- Adjust ground observation posts.
- Employ night and thermal observation devices. - Increase the use of electronic surveillance devices, groundbased sensors, and LRAS3.
- Place trip flares and observation posts along dismounted
avenues of approach.
- Conduct dismounted patrols.
4-43. Depth in the screen facilitates acquisition of enemy forces that may elude forward elements. Coordinating the conduct of patrols prevents misidentification and fratricide. Rigorous noise, light, and litter discipline during limited visibility prevents compromise and bypass of observation posts by enemy forces. Additional observation posts established as listening posts take advantage of the extended distance sound travels at night. Observation posts plan and use indirect fires illumination rounds as necessary.

## Guard

4-44. *Guard* is a security task to protect the main force by fighting to gain time while also observing and reporting information and preventing enemy ground observation of and direct fire against the main body. Units conducting a guard mission cannot operate independently because they rely upon fires and functional and multifunction support assets of the main body (ADRP 3-90). 4-45. A guard is a form of security operation whose primary task is to protect the main body (see figure 4-2, page 4-10; figure 4-3, page 4-11). The guard fights to gain time while observing and reporting information. The guard force differs from the screen because it prevents observation and direct fire on the force, area, or facility to protect. The guard normally fights the enemy when necessary to gain time, and allows freedom of maneuver for the main body. The guard force reconnoiters, attacks, defends, and delays to prevent enemy ground observation and direct fire against the main body. (Refer to ADRP 3-90, FM 3-98, and ATP 3-20.96 for more information.) A guard is appropriate when

- Contact is expected. - An exposed flank or an enemy force is to the rear. - The main body is conducting a retrograde. - A requirement exists for greater protection than a screen can
provide.
4-46. A troop does not commonly conduct a guard mission unless augmented with additional combat power. A squadron conducting a moving guard normally tasks a troop with the conduct of a zone reconnaissance or a screen. The troop conducts a screen or defense during a stationary guard. On order, the troop collapses the screen depth or width to provide overlapping fires to the guard force. Existing knowledge of the terrain or enemy situation, speed of advance of the main body, and nature of the main body objective may determine which mission the troop receives. (Refer to chapter 3 of this ATP for zone reconnaissance and reconnaissance in force.) 4-47. Guard tasks. Troops do not commonly conduct a guard. Tasks listed below are squadron tasks. Squadrons conducting a guard perform certain tasks. Staffs consider whether subordinate units conducting a guard mission require augmentation to execute their mission. The tasks for a guard are as follows:

- Destroy the enemy advance guard causing the enemy main
body to prematurely deploy, within their capabilities.
- Guard forces maintain surveillance of avenues of approach into
the AO.
- While displacing, the guard force impedes and harasses the
enemy within their capability denying the enemy the ability to place effective direct fires on the protected force.
- The squadron causes the enemy main body to deploy, and then
reports its direction of travel.
- Guard forces deny the enemy ground elements the ability to
pass through the security area undetected and unreported.
- The guard force destroys or causes the withdrawal of all enemy
reconnaissance patrols
- Maintains contact and reports enemy activity during all
operations the guard force maintains contact with the protected force and other forces operating on its flanks.
- The guard force prevents direct fires upon the main body. - Troop commanders analyze requirements and notify the
squadron commander of those tasks they will be unable to accomplish. If unable to augment, the squadron commander notifies the protected force commander who then task organizes more augmentation or provides guidance on the prioritization of tasks.
4-48. Cavalry troops, as part of a squadron, should conduct engagement area (EA) development when conducting a guard or a defense. Troop and platoon leaders should also conduct an abbreviated or limited form of EA development during screens, area security missions, or any time employing observation posts. Commanders may use the acronym "I ID PEPR" to aide in EA development. The engagement area is where the troop commander intends to mass fires and their effects on the enemy. Indirect fire, attack aviation, or close air support should be the preferred

forms of engagement. After considering the mission variables of METT- TC, the commander conducts EA development. During steps 4, 5, and 6
the troop emplaces obstacles first to ensure they tie into terrain and shape the EA, then emplaces observation and direct fire to overwatch those obstacles, and finally plans indirect fires to support the plan and cover any dead space that the EA might have. However, the commander may conduct Steps 4 to 6 in any order. The steps for EA development are--
1. I- Identify likely enemy avenues of approach. 2. I - Identify most likely enemy course of action. 3. D - Determine where to kill the enemy. 4. P - Plan and integrate obstacles. 5. E- Emplace direct fire weapon systems. 6. P - Plan and integrate fires. 7. R - Rehearse the execution of operations within the
engagement area.

## Cover

4-49. A *covering force* is a self-contained force capable of operating independently of the main body, unlike the screen or guard force, to conduct the cover task (FM 3-90-2). The covering force develops the situation early and deceives, disorganizes, and destroys enemy forces. Cavalry troops conduct either zone reconnaissance or screen operations depending on the squadron commander's scheme of maneuver. (Refer to chapter 3 and the paragraphs discussing the guard in this ATP for more information. Refer to FM 3-98 and ATP 3-20.96 for more information.) The covering force fights to gain time while observing, reporting information, and preventing enemy ground observation of and direct fire against the main body. A covering force reconnoiters attacks, defends, and delays to prevent enemy indirect fires, direct observation, and direct fires against the main body. A covering force accomplishes all the tasks of screening and guard forces. A covering force or portions of it often engage with enemy forces; therefore, the covering force must have substantial combat power to engage the enemy and still accomplish its mission. Covering forces perform the following functions

- Operate beyond the artillery range of the main body. - Determine the distance from the main body using the mission
variables METT-TC.
- Develop the situation earlier, fight longer and more often, and
defeat larger enemy forces.
- Prevent enemy units from bypassing the covering force. - Subordinate elements of the covering force perform the
following actions:
 Reconnoiter.  Screen.  Attack.  Defend.  Delay.

## Area Security

4-50. *Area security* is a security task conducted to protect friendly forces, installations routes, and actions within a specific area (ADRP 3-90). It includes the reconnaissance of the area. Area security missions include protecting personnel, airfields (as well as terrain around airfields from which surface-to-air missiles can be launched), convoys, facilities, main supply routes, lines of communications, terrain features, towns, equipment, and critical points. Area security prevents the enemy from influencing friendly actions in a specific area and denies the enemy use of an area for its own purposes. Area security may include occupying and establishing a 360-degree perimeter around the area or taking actions to destroy enemy forces already present in that area. Area security operations may require the execution of a wide variety of supporting operations and tasks. When assessing the mission variables of METT- TC, the supported commander should identify the troop that may require augmentation when performing area security.

## Troop Tasks

4-51. A troop can execute the following tasks when conducting area security operations

- Screen. - Route security. - Convoy security.
- Local security. - Zone, area, and route reconnaissance.
- Offensive and defensive tasks (within capabilities).

## Area Security Techniques

4-52. The troop conducts an area security mission by preventing enemy ground elements from directly observing friendly activities within the secured area. The troop prevents (within capabilities) enemy maneuver forces from penetrating the defensive perimeter of the defended force or installation. The troop is more likely to be in close contact to a local population in area security, requiring a close relationship with local leaders and security forces to assist in identifying enemy forces. 4-53. The commander has the platoons employ a variety of enabling tasks such as patrolling, establishing observation posts, conducting convoy security, occupying battle positions, conducting ambushes, and establishing combat out-postings to accomplish security tasks. The commander can react to unforeseen contingencies using a quick reaction force or through retasking platoons or sections. The troop can execute ambushes and preemptive strikes with greater precision by integrating information collection platforms and techniques with the products of the IPB process. 4-54. Early warning of enemy activity is paramount in area security and provides the commander with time and space to react. Successful operations require proper reconnaissance planning coupled with dismounted or mounted patrols and aerial reconnaissance especially when securing fixed sites. METT-TC determines augmentation requirements for the troop; thus, consideration for the needs of aviation, maneuver forces, engineers, and artillery is given. Failure to conduct continuous reconnaissance can create a vulnerable location for the enemy to infiltrate or attack. 4-55. A troop conducting area security conducts an area reconnaissance of its assigned area of operations to detect and then eliminate enemy forces and capabilities that can damage or destroy the protected force. The troop establishes a defensive perimeter to protect the unit, installation, facility, or activity if situationally appropriate. Troop commanders typically divide the perimeter into platoon areas with boundaries and contact points. Perimeters vary in shape and distribution of assets based on the results of intelligence preparation of the battlefield and METT-TC. The most probable direction of attack may require extra weighting of assets to defeat an attack or infiltration. The troop orients on the force to protect.

4-56. The troop commander ensures platoons integrate observation posts, ground-based sensors, UAS, human intelligence, and mounted and dismounted patrols. Organic or attached tanks, Cavalry fighting vehicles, mobile gun systems, and other antiarmor weapon systems orient on highspeed avenues of approach. Unmanned aircraft systems and groundbased sensors provide overlapping surveillance coverage at extended distances from the perimeter. 4-57. Platoons can establish perimeters around critical infrastructures, and high-value assets, while other units conduct operations to provide security and assist with the provision of minimum essential stability tasks. The troop commander also can position reaction forces between several secured locations. Other missions or tasks to support area security may include screening along zones of separation or other designated areas to detect violations of peacekeeping agreements, conducting route and convoy security, conducting checkpoint operations to monitor or control movement, and patrolling between secured locations.

## Convoy Security

4-58. Both military and civilian convoys are subject to attack from insurgents, necessitating constant security. Civilian convoys do not have an internal security force like most military convoys; therefore, a security force often escorts convoys of two or more vehicles. The size of the convoy determines the number of required security force elements. The general rule of thumb is one platform for every five vehicles in the civilian convoy. 4-59. The commander ensures artillery and mortar support planning for the entire route of movement. The commander integrates troop mortars into the escort element itself or positions artillery elements to provide fire support along the route. The commander coordinates with the squadron fires cell to provide fire along the route of movement to ensure that fire support teams can enter the radio voice or digital fire direction center net, send routine location reports, and request and adjust fires at a moment's notice. The commander coordinates call signs, frequencies, areas of employment, schedules of movement, and target numbers prior to convoy movement. 4-60. The troop addresses air defense of the convoy if an air threat is possible. The convoy elements review small arms air defense procedures and establish orientation areas. The commander integrates air defense reinforcements into the movement and defense plan. If the route falls under an existing air defense umbrella, the squadron staff, along with the controlling air defense headquarters, should make the appropriate coordination. 4-61. Convoy security operations in an urban or built-up area require different emphasis and techniques than those in rural areas. The population density and characteristics of the area may require the use of nonlethal weapons and the careful application of lethal weapons. To ensure they apply minimum essential force to minimize loss of life and destruction of property, leaders must conduct detailed planning, coordination, and control. Convoys should move through populated areas when these areas are least congested and therefore less dangerous to the security of the convoy whenever possible. Convoy operations may require assistance from military or local police and other government agencies to secure the route before the convoy enters the built-up area. 4-62. The commander, the XO, and the 1SG plan for sustainment in convoy security operations. Fuel and maintenance elements should be included in the convoy itself or pre-positioned in secure areas along the route. Troops perform a detailed precombat inspection before the convoy starts movement to ensure that vehicles are full of fuel, perform preventive maintenance checks and services, and eliminate potential maintenance problems. Troops plan and rehearse casualty evacuations in detail along the entire movement route. To ensure that immediate medical support is available, coordination occurs and is maintained among the convoy security force, the troop command post, the troop trains command post (when deployed), and the designated units along the route. Troops plan and rehearse aerial medical evacuation in detail. The preferred means of evacuation is aerial medical evacuation because of the possibility of operating over extended distances from the squadron aid station.

## Route Security Techniques

4-63. Enemy forces use various methods to sever supply routes and lines of communications. Roads, waterways, and railways may have mines or improvised explosive devices along them. The enemy can locate ambush sites adjacent to the route or can destroy bridges and tunnels by demolitions making long routes difficult to secure. 4-64. Route security is a subset of area security. Cavalry troops and other forces conduct route security to prevent a threat from attacking, destroying, seizing, containing, impeding, or harassing traffic along the route. Troops prevent the enemy from placing obstacles on or destroying portions of the route to interdict traffic. Route security operations are defensive in nature and, unlike screen missions, are terrain-oriented.

## Route Security Force Tasks

4-65. The troop commander deploys platoons on and to the flanks of a designated route. The troop performs the following functions to accomplish the route security mission:

- Conducts mounted and dismounted reconnaissance of the route
and key locations along it to ensure the route is trafficable.
- Conducts route clearance. (If required, task organizes with
attached engineers and other elements.)
- Conducts intelligence preparation of the battlefield to identify
sections of the route to search for suspected enemy locations.
- Establishes roadblocks and checkpoints along the route and
lateral routes to stop and search vehicles and persons on the route and those entering the route, which may require augmentation from other units, such as an Infantry platoon.
- Occupies key locations and terrain along or near the route. - Aggressively conducts ground and aerial reconnaissance and
surveillance to maintain route security.
- Establishes observation posts (covert and overt) or ambushes at
critical points to watch for enemy activity.

## Route Security Techniques

4-66. The following discussion highlights two techniques that the Cavalry troop can use to execute route security depending on the nature of the enemy, purpose of the security mission, and characteristics of the route. 4-67. In the first technique, the troop conducts route reconnaissance at irregular intervals to avoid developing a pattern that the enemy may exploit. The troop reconnoiters the route, including conducting zone reconnaissance to either flank. Organic or attached UAS or supporting aviation assets can reconnoiter in advance of ground troops or assist in screening the flanks. In addition to conducting reconnaissance, troop elements may escort engineers conducting route clearance, improvement, or maintenance; clearing terrain at potential ambush sites; and repairing damage caused by enemy actions. 4-68. The second technique entails out-posting (see ATP 3-20.96). The troop employs out-posting on critical portions of a route or key avenues of approach to the route to provide early warning of enemy elements attempting to interdict the route. The primary purpose of out-posting is to acquire the enemy and direct employment of reaction forces or indirect fire to destroy them. The troop can employ out-posting either covertly or overtly 4-69. Based on METT-TC, the troop can employ out-posting either covertly or overtly. Covert techniques involve designated personnel discreetly staying behind once vehicles stop at a predetermined location and everyone has dismounted then remounted the vehicles. Patrolling under limited visibility to the out-posting site is another technique for covert employment. Overt employment involves parking a vehicle along the route or establishing visible observation posts to provide security to the route possibly to influence the enemy to conduct activities such as IED emplacement on another route preferably one with covert outposting. Out- posting can include fire support assets, troop mortars, or howitzer sections that can mass fires to support the observation posts.

## Route Security Procedures

4-70. Troop mortars deploy into fixed firing positions collocated with command posts on the route. Fire support assets are controlled and deployed so fire support is available to all reconnaissance elements along the route. Fire support can mass effects at critical positions or into areas of most frequent enemy activity. Fire plans should have priority targets to support convoy or patrol movement and final protective fire to support checkpoints or out-posting. 4-71. Enemy forces may emplace IEDs, mines, and demolitions; create craters or abatises; and establish ambushes or roadblocks to interdict or destroy traffic; therefore, units conduct patrols at irregular intervals along the route based on enemy trends and recent activities. Air, mounted, and dismounted patrols facilitate detection of enemy forces before they can emplace obstacles or execute ambushes. Leaders organize patrols with sufficient forces to reconnoiter off-route ambush sites and with enough combat power to survive initial enemy contact. Engineers, Infantry, military police, and other assets should augment reconnaissance patrols to increase combat effectiveness based on enemy capabilities. Other techniques to defeat enemy attempts to interdict the route or ambush convoys include the following:

- Deceptive mock convoys under escort to determine enemy
reactions.
- Ambushes along known or suspected dismounted approaches
to the route.
- Registered indirect fires triggered by sensor cues such as an
improved remotely monitored battlefield sensor system, followed by patrols.
4-72. Although UAS cannot secure the route, they can assist in observing the route, cover large areas in a short time on a continuous basis, and provide depth to the screen securing the route. Ground sensors are a technique to use for surveillance of key avenues of approach or areas that do not require continuous surveillance by scouts. Ground sensor and UAS employment reduce the Soldier requirement and logistical demands on the troop's resources.

## Local Security

4-73. Local security consists of observation posts, local security patrols, perimeter security, and other measures to provide close-in security for a force. The amount of training on these latter tasks and the resources devoted to conducting them in an area of operation depends on the mission variables of METT-TC. 4-74. Local security includes any measure the troop takes against threat and enemy actions. Local security includes finding any enemy forces in the immediate vicinity and knowing as much as possible about their intentions. Local security prevents surprise and is important to maintaining the initiative. 4-75. The troop provides local security by(See ATP 3-37.10 for a detailed discussion of local security activities.)

- Establishing a contiguous defensive perimeter around its
location.
- Employing obstacles and command detonated mines around
and within that defensive perimeter.
- Conducting stand-to. - Using effective camouflage. - Using observation posts and patrols. - Employing strict movement control. - Enforcing noise and light discipline. - Enforcing operations security. - Employing proper communications procedures. - Establishing specific alert levels within the troop.

Note. The troop can use mutual overwatch to enhance 360-degree
security. While overwatch may not prevent the enemy from
attacking a particular element, it can mitigate the enemy's ability
to engage decisively all friendly forces at once allowing friendly
elements to interdict, defeat, and destroy attacking enemy forces
before they can withdraw.

## Counterreconnaissance

Counterreconnaissance is a tactical mission task that encompasses all measures taken by a commander to counter enemy reconnaissance and surveillance efforts. Counterreconnaissance is not a distinct mission, but a component of all forms of security operations (FM 3-90-1). The focus of counterreconnaissance is to deny the enemy any information about friendly operations. Units deceive, defeat, or destroy enemy reconnaissance efforts to deny them information.

## Chapter 5 Reconnaissance And Security In Decisive Action Tasks

The squadron's fundamental role is to conduct reconnaissance and security during the BCT's execution of decisive action tasks. The squadron conducts offensive, defensive, and stability tasks as a part of the BCT to acquire accurate information about the disposition of enemy forces to shape the situation for the decisive operation. The squadron prohibits the enemy from acquiring accurate information about friendly forces and conducts reconnaissance and security while the BCT is in transition. Cavalry troops conduct reconnaissance and security as part of a squadron during the BCT's execution of decisive action tasks. The Cavalry troop conducting reconnaissance and security builds the BCT
commander's situational understanding, provides reaction time and maneuver space, and allows the commander to seize, retain, and exploit the initiative.

## Section I - Reconnaissance And Security In The Offense

5-1. The techniques described in this chapter are complimentary to the reconnaissance and security chapter discussions. For readers' ease, comprehension, and concision, the techniques are in a separate chapter. A vignette illustrates each task and shows appropriate Cavalry troop techniques for each task execution in a decisive action context. The techniques show how to apply doctrinal concepts to actual situations and missions. The solutions to each tactical problem are not prescriptive. Commanders must always determine the most effective employment for their unit in a given situation. However, these vignettes provide basic planning considerations that troop commanders should address when preparing task executions. The selected examples below do not cover every form of reconnaissance and security. 5-2. The commander briefs subordinates using the five-paragraph field order as seen in the first vignette. For simplicity and brevity, the vignettes presented discuss in detail only select planning considerations, guidance, graphics, and warfighting functions that apply to each solution. Actual mission analysis and planning require more detail than what is in the examples below.

## Security Tasks In Support Of The Offense

5-3. A squadron conducts security operations during BCT offensive operations to provide reaction time and maneuver space, which allows the BCT commander to develop audacity, concentrate combat power, achieve surprise, and maintain tempo of the operation. When a squadron provides security in the offense, it is generally by conducting an advance guard, flank guard, or moving screen. 5-4. A troop may conduct security tasks as part of the Cavalry squadron during BCT to focus on the conduct of offensive tasks within decisive action. The troop provides reaction time and maneuver space so the BCT commander can develop audacity, concentrate combat power, achieve surprise, and maintain the operation's tempo.

## Moving Screen

5-5. A moving screen operates to the flank or rear of BCT offensive operations. A squadron conducts a moving screen during offensive operations with Cavalry troops and scout platoons. The Cavalry troops and scout platoons work in coordination to establish a series of observation posts that provide early warning to the main body of potential enemy threats and defeat enemy reconnaissance efforts.

## Squadron Mission

5-6. The squadron mission for this vignette is in a five-paragraph operations order. References to annexes and appendixes are notional. The vignettes after moving screen do not adhere to the standard fiveparagraph format. They include only essential information for the vignette.

## Situation

5-7. The situation paragraph for this vignette is in the following subparagraphs.

- **Terrain**, see annex B, Intelligence. - **Weather**, see annex B, Intelligence. - **Enemy forces,** intelligence reports indicate that enemy forces
control the town of RUFU and are using it as a local command and control center. (See figure 5-1, page 5-6.) The enemy is composed of irregular forces operating in six- to eight-man teams. The enemy protects the command and control center using small arms, mortars, and antitank guided munitions in defensive positions. The town of RUFU has friendly ties with the towns of LQUI and KWILL. LQUI and KWILL have up to 30 enemy fighters that may reinforce RUFU. Teams of 3-5 men will attempt to use mountain passes to reinforce defensive positions in RUFU.
- **Friendly forces,** see annex C, Operations.
- Interagency, intergovernmental, and nongovernmental
organizations, see Annex V, Interagency Coordination.
- **Civil considerations,** see annex K, Civil Affairs Operations. - **Attachments and detachments**, see annex A, Task
Organization.
5-8. For these vignettes, coordinating instructions, below, list task organization as squadron available resources. The troop commander should determine when to request available resources.

## Mission

5-9. The squadron mission statement is as follows. The IBCT squadron conducts a screen of phase line (PL) COLTS from 030400DEC20XX to 070400DEC20XX to protect the BCTs attack into objective (OBJ) LEON.

## Execution

5-10. Commander's intent is as follows:

- Purpose. The purpose of this operation is to conduct a moving
screen along PL COLTS to provide the BCT maneuver space and reaction time. Doing so will prevent enemy reinforcements from affecting rifle BN's during their attack into OBJ LEON (RUFU).
- Key tasks are
- Identification of enemy reinforcements.
 Rapid interdiction by indirect fires and close air support
(CAS).
 Maintaining redundant mission command capability.  Synchronization with the rifle battalion's movement
(triggers).
5-11. **End state**. Reinforcements prevented from observing the rifle battalions (enemy); approaches to OBJ LEON retained (terrain); collateral damage minimized (civil); squadron consolidated, reorganized, and preparing for future operations (friendly). 5-12.

Commander's reconnaissance and security guidance.

Commanders issue reconnaissance and security guidance to complement the commander's intent. For this vignette, commander's reconnaissance and security guidance is in coordinating instructions. (Refer to FM 3-98.)
5-13. **Concept of operations.** (See figure 5-1, page 5-6). The concept of operation has five phases: Phase I, prepare for operations; Phase II, occupation of AO Joey; Phase III, occupation of AO Ben; Phase IV, occupation of AO Jessie; Phase V, consolidation and reorganization.

- *Phase I, Prepare for Operations*. Phase I begins upon receipt
of this OPORD and ends with the insertion of C Troop at landing zone (LZ) STRAWBERRY. Sustaining operation 1: B and C Troops assist fire support cell (FSC) in preparing speedballs for emergency resupply. Critical to this phase are pre-combat inspections, execution of the air mission brief, and rehearsals. Conditions to transition to the next phase require completed air mission briefs, built resupply packages, green medical evacuation conditions, A Troop postured to provide convoy security to protect the ground assault convoy, and troop rehearsals and squadron confirmation briefs are complete.
- *Phase II, Occupation of AO Joey*. Phase II begins with the
insertion of C Troop at LZ STRAWBERRY and ends with the insertion of B Troop into LZs PLUM and GRAPE. Critical to this phase is the rapid establishment of a dismounted screen of PL COLTS in AO Joey. Shaping operation 1: C Troop establishes OPs within AO Joey focused on PL COLTS. Conditions to transition to the next phase require that C Troop establish OPs, B troop postures in pickup zone (PZ), and the squadron tactical command post (TAC) positions to control the operation.
- *Phase III, Occupation of AO Ben.* Phase III begins with the
insertion of B Troop into LZs PLUM and GRAPE and ends with the insertion of C Troop into LZs PEACH and APPLE. Critical to this phase is the rapid establishment of a dismounted screen of PL COLTS in AO Ben. Shaping operation 2: B
Troop establishes OPs within AO Ben oriented on PL COLTS. Conditions for transitioning to the next phase require that C
Troop displaces from their OPs, IBCT rifle battalions reach PL BROWNS (trigger for C Troop movement), and FSC postures to conduct planned resupply.

- *Phase IV, Occupation of AO Jessie*. Phase IV begins with the
insertion of C Troop into LZs PEACH and APPLE and ends with the displacement of B and C Troops, when IBCT rifle battalions secures OBJ LEON. Critical to this phase is the rapid establishment of a dismounted screen of PL COLTS in AO Jessie. Decisive operation: C Troop establishes OPs within AO Jessie focused on PL COLTS. Conditions to transition to the next phase require IBCT rifle battalion to secure OBJ LEON and to complete aerial resupply of B and C Troops.
- *Phase V, Consolidation and Reorganization*. Phase III begins
with the displacement of B and C Troops from their respective zones and ends when the squadron closes on the tactical assembly area (TAA) and prepared for future operations. Critical to this phase is synchronizing the withdrawal from zones Ben and Jessie and the air movement to the squadron TAA. On order, B and C Troops will displace from their OPs in zones Ben and Jessie, and conduct air movement to the squadron TAA once OBJ LEON is secure.
5-14. **Scheme of movement and maneuver**. The squadron conducts the scheme of movement and maneuver in five phases. Phase I, prepare for operations; Phase II, occupation of AO Joey; Phase III, occupation of AO Ben; Phase IV, occupation of AO Jessie; and Phase V, consolidation and reorganization.

- *Phase I, Prepare for Operations*. A Troop's (ground assault
convoy security) planning priorities are downed aircraft recovery, reinforce IBCT rifle battalion in vicinity of OBJ LEON, reinforce the IBCT squadron screening PL COLTS, secure emergency resupply tactical convoy operation (TCO), and assume REDCON 2 no later than (NLT) XXXX.
 B Troop supporting effort 2 (SE2) conducts mission
planning, rehearsals, and an air mission brief to prepare for security operations. B Troop also assists the FSC in constructing four speedballs (CL I, V, VIII) for resupply operations during Phase IV.
 C Troop (SE1) conducts mission planning, rehearsals, and
air mission brief to prepare for security operations. C Troop assists FSC in constructing four speedballs (CL I, V, VIII) for resupply operations during Phase IV and assumes
PZ posture at squadron LZ NLT XXXX.

 FSC main effort (ME) constructs eight speedballs (CL I, V,
VIII) for aerial resupply operations during Phase IV.
 Headquarters and headquarters troop (HHT) supporting
effort (SE3) secures the squadron main command post and maintains RETRANS Team 1 at REDCON 2 to support mission command across the squadron's area of operations.
- *Phase II, Occupation of AO Joey*. A troop (convoy security).
No change to planning priorities.
 B Troop (SE1) assumes PZ posture at squadron LZ NLT
XXXX to enable rapid infiltration of AO Ben.
 C Troop main effort (ME) conducts air assault to LZ
STRAWBERRY (refer to FM 3-99) and establishes a screen of PL COLTS in AO Joey. C Troop establishes platoon OPs focused on NAIs 7 and 8 to provide early warning and reaction time to IBCT rifle battalion during their movement to OBJ LEON. The squadron TAC will move with C Troop throughout the operation.
 FSC (SE2) is ready to conduct emergency resupply as
necessary.
 HHT (SE3), no change.
- *Phase III, Occupation of AO Ben*. A troop (convoy security).
No change to planning priorities.
 B Troop (ME) conducts air assault to LZs PLUM and
GRAPE and establishes a screen of PL COLTS in AO Ben. B Troop establishes platoon OPs focused on NAIs 4 and 5 to provide early warning and reaction time to IBCT rifle battalion during their movement to OBJ LEON.
 C Troop (SE1) maintains their OPs in AO Joey to provide
early warning and reaction time to the rifle battalions. C Troop moves to PZ BANANA and assumes PZ posture once the IBCT rifle battalion reaches PL BROWNS (trigger for movement).
 FSC (SE2), no change.  HHT (SE3), no change.
- *Phase IV, Occupation of AO Jessie*. A Troop, (convoy
security). No change to planning priorities.
 B Troop (SE1) maintains their OPs in AO Ben to provide
early warning and reaction time to the rifle battalions. B Troop assumes PZ posture for exfiltration at LZs PLUM and GRAPE once the rifle battalions secure OBJ LEON. BPT receive aerial resupply at LZs PLUM and GRAPE, if
required.
 C Troop (ME) conducts air assault air from PZ BANANA
to LZs PEACH and APPLE and establishes a screen of PL COLTS in AO Jessie. C Troop establishes platoon OPs oriented on NAIs 1 and 2 to provide early warning and reaction time to IBCT rifle battalion while securing OBJ LEON. On order, receive aerial resupply at LZs PEACH and APPLE. C Troop assumes PZ posture for exfiltration at LZs PEACH and APPLE once the rifle battalion's secures OBJ LEON.
 FSC (SE2) conducts aerial resupply to C Troop at LZs
PEACH and APPLE to enable long duration security operations. Be prepared to conduct aerial resupply of B Troop at LZs PLUM and GRAPE, if required.
 HHT (SE3), no change.
- *Phase V, Consolidation and Reorganization.* A Troop (convoy
security). No change to planning priorities.
 B Troop (SE1) conducts air movement from PZs PLUM
and GRAPE to the squadron LZ to begin consolidation and reorganization activities. B Troop is second in the order of movement for exfiltration.
 C Troop (ME) conducts air movement from PZs PEACH
and APPLE to the squadron LZ to begin consolidation and reorganization activities. C Troop is first in the order of movement for exfiltration.
 FCS (SE3) provides area sustainment support to maintain
the squadron's combat power.
 HHT (SE2) provides helicopter landing zone control of the
squadron's LZ to enable exfiltration operations.
 Tasks to subordinate units. See annex C, Operations.
5-15. **Coordinating instructions.** Normally, the commander includes reconnaissance and security guidance with commander's intent. For this vignette, it is included under coordinating instructions along with PIR and available squadron resources. The remaining vignettes, only list relevant aspects of the five-paragraph field order, commander's reconnaissance and security guidance, PIR, and available squadron resources.

- Commander's security guidance includes the following:
 Focus. Your focus is to ensure the freedom of maneuver for
the main body. Identify any enemy attempting to mass and engage our main body with direct fires and indirect fires.
 Tempo of security. The duration of this operation is long
duration. Plan for 96 hours. Platoons will conduct a combination of both long- and short-duration observation posts. The main body's movement rate drives the tempo of security.

 Engagement/disengagement criteria. Destroy enemy armed
with mortar or heavy machine guns with attack aviation or indirect fires. Troops should disengage only to maneuver to a position of advantage over the enemy.
 Displacement criteria. Troops will displace on order. Main
body movement rates will drive displacement.
5-16. Squadron staff and the troop commander break down consolidated PIR into indicators for platoons. The following are PIR and indicators

- Squadron PIR # 12. Will the enemy attempt to reinforce RUFU
from NAIs 8, 7, 5, 4, 2 or 1? Supports BCT commander's decision to continue attack into OBJ Leon (RUFU).
 Troop SIR # 67. Is there evidence of crew served
weapons? Troop SIR # 68. Are there groups of fighting-age men carrying weapons? Answers Squadron PIR # 12. Will the enemy attempt to reinforce RUFU from NAI 8 or NAI 2? Which supports BCT commander's decision to continue attack into OBJ Leon (RUFU).
- Squadron PIR # 14 Are vehicles prestaged in towns to
transport enemy dismounts in NAI 6 will or NAI 3 (LQUI)? Supports BCT commander's decision to continue attack into OBJ Leon (RUFU)?
 Troop SIR # 69. Are there vehicles in NAI 3 (LQUI) that
could transport fighters to mountain passes? Answers squadron PIR # 14, are vehicles prestaged in towns to transport stage dismounts in NAI 3 (LQUI)? Which supports BCT commander's decision to continue attack into OBJ Leon (RUFU)?

## Troop Mission

5-17. Situation: See squadron situation above. 5-18. Mission: C Troop screens to disrupt enemy forces along PL Colts in AO Joey and on order AO Jessie from 030400DEC20XX to 070400DEC20XX to protect the BCT's attack into Objective Leon. 5-19. Execution: Commander's Intent, Expanded Purpose: Prevent enemy usage of the town of RUFU for command and control of the province and allow local forces to regain control. (See figure 5-2, page 5-7.) Key tasks include the following:

- Prevent enemy disruption on the main body. - Ensure communication with higher and adjacent headquarters
at all times.
- Retain security and freedom of maneuver at all times. - End State, Enemy: Enemy forces unable to reconnoiter or
disrupt main body within AO Joey and Jessie. Friendly: All
Soldiers consolidated with squadron at the town of RUFU and postured for follow-on operations. Terrain: Town of RUFU
secured. Civil: Collateral damage minimized. Commander's security guidance includes the following:

 Focus. Platoons should focus on the enemy. Identify their
movement, information collection positions, and indirect fire positions. Squadron and troops remain oriented on the main body.
 Tempo of security. The duration of this operation is long
duration. Plan for 96 hours. Platoons will conduct a combination of both long- and short-duration observation posts. The main body's movement rate will drive the tempo of security.
 Engagement/disengagement criteria. Destroy enemy
indirect fire and heavy weapons systems with aviation fires or indirect fire. Small arms should engage enemy elements of less than five dismounts.
 Displacement criteria. Displacement will occur in two
steps. First step begins when the main body reaches PL Cowboys. Platoons will begin collecting all assets in preparation for movement while maintaining observation. Second step, the troop commander retains authority to begin movement to the PZ.

## Moving Screen, Phase I

5-20. The moving screen will occur in four phases. Phase I is movement to AO Joey and movement to the observation post. Phase I begins with the troop in PZ posture and ends with the selection of actual observation posts and troop locations at AO Joey. 5-21. The key tasks during this phase are to establish security and communication with troop and squadron at the LZ. Next, conduct tactical movement to and set primary and alternate observation posts, mortar firing points, a casualty collection point, and the troop command post. Finally, report location of all personnel and equipment and observation of assigned NAIs. 5-22. Establish security and communication, allowing the troop to establish a foothold in the area of operation and report. Platoons will provide radio checks to the command post prior to moving to their observation posts. Troop reports will provide situational understanding to higher headquarters and ensure synchronization of sequential or simultaneous events within the brigade. 5-23. Conduct tactical movement. Platoons have templated observation posts, and the freedom to choose a suitable position based on the terrain. While not templated by troop, platoons will select alternate observation post locations. When selecting observation posts, platoons must ensure the locations can identify the indicators as soon as possible to provide early and accurate warning. Providing the early warning will give the main body more time to react to any possible threat. The troop headquarters element will set the troop command post, mortar firing point, and casualty collection point. The troop will report the command post location to the squadron. The troop also will share the casualty collection point location with the platoons. The troop command post should locate in a position that allows the command team to command their elements, maintain situational awareness of their area of observation, and report to the squadron. 5-24. Platoons report the location of all personnel, equipment, and observation of assigned NAIs. The fire support officer recommends to the commander the establishment of fire support coordination measures within the troop area of operation. Platoons must immediately report the locations of their primary and alternate observation posts to the troop. Platoons report once they begin to observe their assigned named areas of interest so the commander can build an operational picture for the squadron. The operational picture allows the fire support officer to establish the appropriate fire support coordination measure to support each observation post.

## Moving Screen, Phase Ii

5-25. Phase II is a screen of AO Joey. Phase II begins with platoons establishing observation posts and ends with all aircrafts loaded. Key tasks during this phase are establishing operations, security and displacement to PZ Banana, routine and priority casualties for evacuation to higher levels of care and the evacuation of the remains of personnel killed in action. (See figure 5-3, page 5-9.) 5-26. Establishing observation posts. The platoons must improve their positions continually throughout the duration of the observation point. It is imperative that the platoons emplace sensors and obstacles to protect the observation posts and allow them to maintain contact with enemy forces. Identify dead space and establish restricted operation zones
(ROZs) for organic unmanned aircraft systems. Maintaining enemy contact allows platoons to provide early and accurate warning to the main body of any enemy personnel moving to reinforce the town of RUFU. Maintaining enemy contact also gives the main body reaction time and maneuver space, allowing the commander to redirect combat power to neutralize the threat.

5-27. Security and displacement to PZ Banana. The troop must control the displacement of the platoons to PZ Banana. Security must control the displacement of the platoons while ensuring continuous reconnaissance of the NAIs and while conducting a deliberate reconnaissance handover with a sensor. 5-28. Load all routine and priority casualties for evacuation to higher levels of care. Evacuate the remains of and personnel effects of personnel killed in action. To maintain continuous reconnaissance, priority and routine casualties remain on the screen line and do not evacuate prior to troop movement to the PZ unless they transport with the urgent casualties to the troop casualty collection point.

## Moving Screen, Phase Iii

5-29. Phase III is movement to AO Jessie and screen set along PL Colts. (See figure 5-3.) Phase III begins with aircraft departure from PZ Banana and ends with movement to screen. Key tasks during this phase are resupply from troop to platoon level, conduct tactical movement to and set primary and alternate observation posts, mortar firing points, the casualty collection point, and the troop command post. Platoons report locations of all personnel and equipment and observation of assigned NAIs. 5-30. Resupply from troop to platoon level. The resupply will take place using the prepackaged supplies prepared prior to the start of the mission. Aerial delivery with speedballs is a technique used to deliver resupply from helicopters. The speedball in this operation consists of prepackaging supplies of class I (subsistence to include water) and class V (ammunition) into aviation kit bags, duffle bags, human remains pouches, or other suitable containers. Helicopters fly as close to the drop point as possible, reduce speed, drop supplies, and leave the area quickly. Troops pack the supplies in shock-absorbing material to minimize damage. The speedball will travel on the aircraft to LZ Apple and LZ Peach at the same time the platoons are displacing by helicopter into AO Jessie, allowing the platoons to continue to operate and still perform continuous reconnaissance. The remaining key tasks are similar to phase I.

## Moving Screen, Phase Iv

5-31. Phase IV screen of AO Jessie. Phase IV begins with platoons establishing observation posts and ends with all casualties loaded. Key tasks during this phase are establishing observation posts (See figure 5-4, page 5-11), load all routine and priority casualties and remains of KIAs for evacuation to higher levels of care, and conduct tactical movement to Objective Leon. 5-32. Establishing observation posts. See phase II.

5-33. Load all routine and priority casualties and remains of KIAs for evacuation to higher levels of care. To maintain continuous reconnaissance, priority and routine casualties remain on the screen line.

The platoon does not evacuate KIAs prior to troop movement to the PZ unless they transport with the urgent casualties to the troop casualty collection point. 5-34. Conduct tactical movement to OBJ Leon. To displace from a screen, a troop may use a variety of methods to conduct a tactical movement by foot to OBJ Leon. The troop commander controls the displacement of the platoon observation posts to ensure security and to maintain continuous reconnaissance until the troop is prepared for movement to OBJ Leon.

## Warfighting Function Considerations

5-35. The warfighting function is one technique commanders can use to verify their planning. The warfighting considerations described below apply to the above scenario. These are examples for illustrative purposes only, other considerations may apply.

## Mission Command

5-36. Facilities. Establish troop command posts in a manner that is mobile, yet maintains the ability to battle track and provide guidance to subordinates. The commander does not have to be physically present in the command post but must maintain mobility, retaining the ability to make decisions and provide positive leadership. Locate troop command post in a position that best allows the command team to synchronize their elements, maintain situational awareness of the area of operation, and report to squadron. 5-37. Systems. troop commanders must consider the effects of intervisibility lines and equipment capabilities on communications when on the move. Troops will establish retransmission sites without compromising observation posts. Retransmission antennas only need to be elevated to a minimum height necessary to provide line of sight communication. In addition, the commander must consider redundancy in retransmission sites when on the move. Units must maintain communication capability while bounding to retransmission sites. During a moving screen, troops should plan to use lower tactical infrastructure and establish their command posts in a location where they can communicate with subordinate, adjacent, and higher headquarters elements, and are able to coordinate resupply and casualty evacuation or other emergency requests. 5-38. Graphics. Create shared understanding by providing troop graphics for a moving screen to the force to protect. In addition, the troop must receive a copy of the graphic control measures from the force to protect to provide a common operational picture for the operation. Graphic control measures are event based and commanders must disseminate changes to subordinates and adjacent higher echelons due to the highly mobile nature of this operation.

## Movement And Maneuver

5-39. Aerial/aviation. Troops must utilize the five phases of the air assault to synchronize efforts with aviation elements. Troops must conduct planning as early as possible with the aviators who will support this operation. At a minimum, the aviators must be there for the operations order and integrated into a combined arms troop rehearsal.

5-40. Dismounted. To orient on the force to protect, the screening force must operate far enough forward to provide reaction time and maneuver space. The main body will dictate the tempo of this operation. The troop must prepare to displace or conduct long duration observation posts based on the tempo of the main body.

## Intelligence

5-41. To ensure continuous reconnaissance, layer area forward of the troop with sensors and ensure an event based information collection plan. When nonorganic sensors are not available, the Cavalry troop organic sensors (Raven) should cover the gaps in the information collection plan.

## Fires

5-42. Plan mortar firing point and artillery position bounds to ensure the screening force does not move beyond the range of indirect fire support. Planned mortar firing points and pre-planned targets allow for quick organic indirect fire support. No fire areas and coordinated fire lines require updates frequently from platoon through to BCT level to maintain enemy contact without risking injury to friendly troops. Deconflict airspace between troop mortars and available air assets to ensure timely fires and continuous reconnaissance.

## Sustainment

5-43. Troops should consider resupply methods to enhance continuous reconnaissance. For this scenario, the aerial resupply method uses rotary wing assets to deliver preconfigured speedballs. An important planning factor is the resupply plan after the speedball is on ground. Before the mission, rehearsals should cover the resupply process from the troop to the platoon level. Every Soldier should know when the resupply is taking place and the process of how supplies are broken down to the lowest level. If there is a need for an emergency resupply, the troop should consider the tailgate resupply method to allow continuous reconnaissance. 5-44. During a moving screen, evacuate priority and routine casualties during displacement operations. Evacuate urgent casualties from the observation posts to higher levels of care without compromising the information collection to ensure continuous reconnaissance. The troop commander and 1SG need to place special attention on the treatment and evacuation plan for casualties due to the troop operating away from normal medical support.

## Protection

5-45. The commander will designate minimum requirements for the observation posts based on mission variables. These minimum requirements include weapon systems, optics (mixture of thermal and night vision), personnel strength, and proximity to civilians. The main body tempo will contain uncertainty; obstacles emplaced should be flexible enough to move multiple times without significant effort. Commanders will ensure platoons maintain the ability to shape avenues of approach for the enemy without reduction of the obstacle compromising speed of the moving screen and thus security of the main body. Troop commanders should consider the use of spider mines and seismic sensors for longer duration observations posts.

## Reconnaissance Tasks In Support Of The Offense

5-46. Troops conduct reconnaissance operations during BCT offensive operations to allow commanders to understand the situation, visualize the battle, and make decisions. When a troop conducts reconnaissance tasks, it conducts zone reconnaissance, area reconnaissance, route reconnaissance and a reconnaissance in force.

## Reconnaissance In Force

5-47. A reconnaissance in force to support BCT offensive operations is a deliberate operation to collect information about enemy forces and other information. The troop fights for information to determine enemy weaknesses to exploit. The troop is seeking to gain direct contact with enemy forces. A squadron may conduct a reconnaissance in force prior to the BCT offensive operation as the only means to satisfy information requirements. The example below demonstrates a reconnaissance in force to collect information about a cave complex utilized by enemy forces. The BCT cannot collect information by any other means and smaller reconnaissance units are subject to ambush.

## Squadron Mission

5-48. BCT area of operation. The BCT was unsuccessful in obtaining information about the cave complex through sensors and needs the squadron to conduct a recon in force to obtain details on the cave complex defense for a possible follow on clearance operation.

Intelligence estimates assume 75 to 300 fighters guarding the complex with Man-Portable Air Defense Systems (MANPADs), recoilless rifles, small arms, and mortars. Mission: SBCT squadron conducts a reconnaissance in force to attack by fire in the vicinity of OBJ Neal, Barrington, and Hoisington NLT 030400DEC20XX in order to cause the enemy force to deploy into their defensive positions. Execution: Squadron will conduct a reconnaissance in force NLT
030400DEC120XX. Order of march is B Troop, C Troop, and A Troop. B Troop will set SBF oriented on OBJ Neal. C Troop will set SBF oriented on OBJ Hoisington. A Troop, with attached mobile gun system (MGS) platoon, will follow and assume either troop's mission. Once establishing direct fire contact, B and C Troops continue to execute reconnaissance by fire to determine the extent and orientation of defensive positions surrounding the cave complex. On order, A Troop assumes the mission and continues the fight until the squadron has met the displacement criteria. (See figure 5-5, page 5-15.) 5-49. Squadron commander's reconnaissance guidance.

- Focus. Your focus is to determine the composition and
disposition of enemy defensive positions. Identify how the enemy is going to defend the cave complex, including positioning of mortars, recoilless rifles and obstacles.
- Tempo of reconnaissance. The tempo for this operation is
forceful. The approach march will be overt to cause the enemy to deploy into defensive positions. During actions on the objective, I want you to gain and maintain direct contact with enemy forces.
- Engagement/disengagement criteria. Conduct an aggressive
operation. Enemy contact is desired and imminent. Maintain contact with enemy personnel to observe defensive techniques and to exploit their weakness. Disengage only to reestablish contact in a position of advantage over enemy defenses.
- Displacement criteria. We will displace when satisfying the
information requirements.
5-50. Squadron consolidated PIR is broken into indicators for platoons by the squadron staff, troop commander, or both. Following are PIRs and indicators. 5-51. Division PIR #2. Where is the enemy's logistics storage located? (Linked to division commander decision to commit combat forces.) Indicators could be

- Improved positions near cave complex in division NAI XX
(Refined to BDE NAI 1, 2, 3), NAI YY, NAI ZZ.
- Threat forces protecting complex terrain with three or more
fighting positions in division NAI XX, YY, ZZ.
5-52. BDE PIR #21. What cave entrances are the enemy utilizing?

(Linked to BDE commander decision to employ DPICM.) Indicators could be

- Personnel loitering at entrances in NAI 1, 2, 3. - Attempts to conceal entrance in NAI 1, 2, 3.
5-53. Squadron PIR #221. What is the size of the force defending the threat logistic storage sites? (Linked to squadron commander's decision to halt at PL Lions.) An indicator could be

- How many enemy dismounts are on the objective? - Signs of routine vehicle traffic near caves in NAI 1, 2, 3. - Signs of fires, cooking, sleeping, hygiene, or human waste in
NAI 1, 2, 3.
- Signs of cleared fields of fire for heavy weapon systems in NAI
1, 2, 3.
5-54. Squadron PIR #222. What is the force array for high value targets? Where is threat reconnaissance force? (Linked to squadron commander's decision to employ counter reconnaissance hunter or killer teams.) Indicators could be

- Location of antennas in NAI 1 or NAI 3. - Location of any tripods in NAI 1 or NAI 3.
5-55. Available resources. The following resources are available to the troop upon request:

- Modified table of organization and equipment. - MGS platoon. - UAS with full motion video over 10,000 feet. - Human intelligence collection team(s). - Priority of fire 155-mm artillery. - Signals intelligence.

## Figure 5-5. Sbct Squadron Reconnaissance In Force, Offense Troop Mission

5-56. Situation: See squadron situation above. Mission: A Troop conducts reconnaissance by fire on NAI 1 NLT 030400DEC20XX in order to cause the enemy force to deploy into defensive positions. Commander's intent (See figure 5-6, page 5-16.) 5-57. Key tasks include the following:

- Identify enemy defensive force array. - Retain freedom of maneuver while fixing enemy within OBJ
NEAL.
- Ensure communication with higher and adjacent headquarters
at all times.
5-58. End state, enemy: Enemy forces fixed in OBJ Neal after deploying to battle positions. Friendly: Alpha Troop conducts recon handover with aerial sensor and postures for follow on operations. Terrain: Key terrain for follow-on operation's attack identified. Civil: Collateral damage minimized.

5-59. Troop commanders reconnaissance guidance includes the following:

- Focus. Your focus is to determine the composition and
disposition of enemy defensive positions. The reconnaissance objective is to identify how the enemy is going to defend the cave complex, including positioning of mortars, recoilless rifles, and obstacles in NAIs 1, 2, and 3.
- Tempo of reconnaissance. The tempo for this operation is
forceful and deliberate. Tempo is deliberate because we are collecting detailed information on enemy forces. The approach march will be overt to cause the enemy to deploy into defensive positions. During actions on the objective, I want you to gain and maintain direct contact with enemy forces.
- Engagement/disengagement criteria. MGS will engage all
recoilless rifle positions and MANPADS with main gun rounds. MGS will not engage with main gun rounds on any other targets. Mortars will engage only with proximity fuse to reduce obscuration on the objective. Upon reaching the attackby-fire position, each vehicle-mounted system will expend 100 rounds of .50 cal. or 10 MK 19 rounds over a five-minute period. Platoons will disengage if the enemy does not react to our direct fire.
- Displacement criteria. We will displace when the squadron has
satisfied the information requirements.

## Reconnaissance In Force, Phase I

5-60. The troop mission occurs in three phases. Phase I, movement to attack by fire, begins crossing the line of departure (LD) and ends when establishing the attack-by-fire position. (See figure 5-7, page 5-18.) Key tasks during this phase include establishing mortar firing point 1 prior to crossing PL Lions, quickly closing the distance to the objective, and reporting identification of graphic control measures on the ground, such as target reference points, restrictive fire lines, casualty collection points, indirect fire targets, and boundaries. 5-61. The troop establishes a mortar firing point prior to crossing PL Lions to ensure the troop will maintain responsive organic indirect fire assets throughout the operations. Mortars can adjust rapidly to changing situations that may include supporting the withdrawal of the force, conducting a hasty defense, or executing exploitation. Mortars should be able to fire at least one-half to two-thirds of their range to the front of the forward elements of the supported friendly force. The mortars utilize only proximity fuse to reduce obscuration, allowing the UAS to maintain visual contact with the enemy formations. 5-62. The troop quickly closes the distance to the objective. The troop must maneuver into position quickly to reduce the probability of engagement with recoilless rifles in the open desert. The troop must maintain dispersion between vehicles and utilize intervisibility lines to maintain cover and concealment. The order of march for Phase I is 2d Platoon, mortar section, 1st Platoon. The order of march will allow the mortars and 2d Platoon the ability to provide support to the remainder of the troop through indirect fires and reconnaissance as they maneuver into their support-by-fire positions. 5-63. Platoons report identification of graphic control measures on the ground (target reference points, restricted fire lines, casualty collection points, indirect fire targets, and boundaries). Platoons must immediately identify and report the locations of their graphic control measures on the ground, reducing the risk of fratricide and allowing the troop command team to control fires as necessary. The troop headquarters needs to make changes to the control measures based on reports from the platoon. It is imperative to disseminate all changes throughout the troop to maintain a common operational picture.

## Reconnaissance In Force, Phase Ii

5-64. Phase II begins with 2d Platoon set at observation posts and ends with specific information requirements answered in NAI 1, 2, and 3. (See figure 5-8, page 5-19.) Key tasks during this phase include reconnaissance by fire, observing NAIs, and dismounts conducting area reconnaissance of NAI 3. 5-65. Reconnaissance by fire. Platoons engage targets within their assigned target reference points to achieve the desired fire pattern. For this scenario, 1st and 2d Platoons will initially employ the reconnaissance method, reconnaissance by fire. If no enemy personnel move into battle positions, the troop commander should provide the squadron commander with enough information to facilitate a decision point as to whether the troop should maneuver beyond PL Seahawks to PL Dolphins. An aggressive maneuver may cause the enemy to move out of their hide positions or may determine that no enemy battle positions, routes, cave entrances, or high-value target list (HVTL) positions exist within OBJ
NEAL. First Platoon will receive a section of the mobile gun system and engage from support by fire 2. A section of the mobile gun system and a section of reconnaissance vehicle will provide the primary direct fires into their sector of fire while observing NAI 1. Second Platoon will engage from support by fire 1 into their sector of fire while observing NAI 1 and NAI 2. Platoons must manage and report ammunition status to allow the troop to adjust rates of fire or reposition forces. 5-66. Observation of NAIs. As the troop's decisive operation for this scenario, 1st Platoon will accomplish the decisive point from a position where they can observe NAIs 1 and 2. Together with 2d Platoon, the redundancy of assets allows the troop to observe from multiple angles. Taking photos or video will assist planners of future missions to understand the enemy's actions. First Platoon can accomplish assist planners of future missions to understand the enemy's actions using optics and reporting, or they may utilize the troop's UAS and record the video feed. If the current system does not allow playback, then the platoon should record the live feed with a camera or other device. 5-67. Dismounts conduct area reconnaissance of NAI 1. A section of reconnaissance vehicles from 1st Platoon and all the other platoon dismounts will conduct an area reconnaissance of NAI 2 to assess the area as a foothold for follow on operations. Assessing the area allows the troop to provide a recommended course of action and may cause the enemy to deploy more dismounts, believing a dismounted force is attacking.

## Figure 5-8. Sbct Troop Reconnaissance In Force, Phase Ii Reconnaissance In Force, Phase Iii

5-68. Phase III begins with 1st Platoon dismounts linking up with vehicles and ends once the platoon has crossed PL Charger. (See figure 5-9, page 5-20.) Key tasks during this phase include providing handover information to aerial sensors, emplacing obscuration, and bounding south of the line of departure and transporting casualties. 5-69. Provide handover information to aerial sensors. The troop must ensure that aerial sensors maintain visual contact of OBJ Neal prior to leaving their support-by-fire position. Conducting a reconnaissance handover with the aerial sensor allows the unit to continue observing the objective, developing the enemy situation by evaluating enemy BDA, and observing the enemy's attempts to repair or improve their battle positions. Maintaining visual contact using aerial sensors greatly aids the brigade combat team with planning and executing clearance operations.

Maintaining visual contact also allows the commander to determine if the answers to the PIR gained during the reconnaissance in force have changed due to enemy activity. 5-70. Emplace obscuration. Before the troop begins movement out of their support-by-fire position, they must emplace obscuration if they made enemy contact, since they will be vulnerable as they begin to displace. Troops can request smoke missions from supporting artillery, use troop mortars to fire smoke missions, employ the smoke grenade launchers on their vehicles, have troops employ handheld smoke grenades, or any combination of these methods to achieve the required obscuration. 5-71. Bound south of the LD and transport casualties. Once the squadron has answered all PIR and all troops are prepared to move out of their attack-by-fire positions, the troop will begin to bound south until they have moved back to PL Chargers (LD). The troop will transport the priority and routine casualties to a higher level of care at this time. The troop needs to keep as many weapon systems as possible focused on the objective so they should limit casualty evacuation operations to urgent casualties only during the first two phases.

## Warfighting Function Considerations

5-72. The warfighting considerations described here apply to the scenario above. These are examples for illustrative purposes only, other considerations may apply.

## Mission Command

5-73. Facilities. In this scenario, the commander may need to move with
1st Platoon to achieve the proper understanding for decision making and adjacent unit coordination. The executive officer may need to locate the command post near 2d Platoon so the troop can report information rapidly and accurately to squadron while maintaining standoff. The 1SG
establishes the casualty collection point in a position that affords cover and concealment and if possible, centrally locates the casualty collection point between point of injury and ambulance exchange points.

5-74. Systems. Emplace enemy icons on FBCB2 graphics to facilitate cueing, mixing, and redundancy of assets to orient on the reconnaissance objective. For example, 1st Platoon identifies a potential recoilless rifle tripod in NAI 1 and emplaces the graphic on FBCB2, which cues 2d Platoon to confirm the specific information requirement by mixing with the internal UAS and redundancy through LRAS3. 5-75. Graphics. The reconnaissance in force scenario requires platoons to understand their sectors of fire because the troop must manage their ammo expenditure and prevent target overkill or fratricide. All restricted fire lines need to be easily identifiable on the ground and platoons must report identification of graphic control measures on the ground.

## Movement And Maneuver

5-76. Mounted. In this scenario, the use of speed to close the distance enables the troop to reduce the firepower overwatch of the recoilless rifles. Once in range, the mobile gun system section and RV crew-served weapons may mass upon antitank weapons and allow dismounts to maneuver without risk of suppression. Vehicles in the support-by-fire positions must continue survivability moves throughout the operation to avoid decisive engagement. Vehicle commanders and squad leaders must communicate to manage rates of fire, maintain situational awareness, and to prevent vehicles from running over dismounts. 5-77. Dismounted. The troop utilizes dismounts to clear intervisibility lines in undulating terrain and to provide a higher level of detail during the area reconnaissance of NAI 2. Without the use of dismounts, the enemy commander may only deploy antitank weapon systems. Employing dismounts may cause the enemy to fully deploy its defensive capabilities, fully answering all PIR. 5-78. Fires. Planned mortar firing points and preplanned targets allow for quick organic indirect fire support. No fire areas and coordinated fire lines require updates frequently from platoon through BCT level to maintain enemy contact to avoid risking injury to friendly troops. Airspace needs to be deconflicted between troop mortars and available air assets to ensure timely fires and continuous reconnaissance. Use indirect fire sparingly during the early phases of the operation to prevent obscuration of the enemy position. Overuse of indirect fire may disrupt the enemy deployment from hide sites to battle positions. Employ obscuration fires to conceal the movement from attack by fires back to the LD once the troop has satisfied all the information requirements.

## Sustainment

5-79. Sustainment assets should be in position as far forward as possible for resupply and maintenance support requirements. Consumption rates of class V will be a higher than normal reconnaissance mission;
therefore, adjust unit basic loads accordingly. Operators, crews, and maintenance personnel maximize momentum by fixing inoperable equipment at the point of malfunction or damage. Self-recovery will be the primary method of recovery for this mission followed by likerecovery to the maintenance collection point. Platoons should ensure each section has tow bars. 5-80. Troops will have a casualty evacuation plan, and make every effort to staff and equip nonmedical vehicles with medical personnel from point of injury to platoon casualty collection point forward to the troop casualty collection point. Troops should plan to use their ambulance Stryker for medical evacuation operations from the troop casualty collection point to the squadron ambulance exchange point. Ensure all troops know the evacuation plan for casualties.

## Protection

5-81. Dismounts should consider the use of mine detection equipment during area reconnaissance of NAI 2. Given little to no man-made cover or concealment, vehicles will need to find their own natural cover during this operation. If the enemy has MANPADs, dismounts must eliminate this threat to allow friendly air assets to conduct operations in the area.

## Zone Reconnaissance

5-82. A squadron executing a zone reconnaissance for a BCT offensive operation usually orients on the main body's axis of advance and focuses on the enemy and terrain. A zone reconnaissance normally transitions into a security task to protect the main body. The squadron ensures they conduct continuous reconnaissance as they occupy their security positions. The squadron could also conduct a zone reconnaissance as the BCT offensive operation culminates to create the space and early warning for the BCT, allowing it to consolidate and reorganize in preparation for defense operations. 5-83. The BCT and squadron staff should consider the focus, tempo, and terrain effects when planning all reconnaissance operations. These factors can affect the amount of time that is required for a subordinate unit to complete their reconnaissance tasks. 5-84. The squadron completes the zone reconnaissance and enables the BCT transition into the defense. The squadron performs zone reconnaissance to identify enemy counterattacks and to establish a screen to expand the security area.

5-85. A squadron executing a zone reconnaissance for a BCT offensive operation is deliberate, oriented on the main body's axis of advance and focused on the enemy and terrain. A zone reconnaissance normally transitions into a security task to protect the main body. Troops ensure they conduct continuous reconnaissance as they occupy their security positions. (See figure 5-10, page 5-24.)

## Squadron Mission

5-86. Situation: The squadron completes a mission as the advance guard and gathers information enabling the BCT to plan for future offensive operations. The squadron performs zone reconnaissance to identify enemy support zones and avenues of approach. The town of Tyler is a known staging area for enemy forces operating in 10 to 15 man teams. Intel reports the enemy may possess antitank missile capabilities, UAS, and BMPs. The enemy is utilizing a subterranean network north of the river to cache weapons in our security zone. Mission: ABCT squadron conducts zone reconnaissance to identify enemy support zones and avenues of approach NLT 030400DEC20XX in order to enable the main body to conduct offensive operations. Execution: ABCT squadron will conduct zone reconnaissance from LD (PL Orange) to LOA (PL Red). Subordinate units will move through sector identifying possible surface and subterranean routes that the enemy is or could be using. Troops will engage and destroy enemy within engagement criteria. Troops will not execute phase lines until given permission from higher in order to maintain security across the zone.

Squadron commander's reconnaissance guidance is as follows:

- Focus. Confirm or deny any surface or subterranean infiltration
routes. Your focus is to identify enemy caches in sector.
- Tempo of reconnaissance. The tempo for this operation is
deliberate. You will not establish your screen until you have completed a thorough reconnaissance of the zone. Reconnoiter all surface enemy infiltration routes that support a squad-size element and any subterranean cache sites.
- Engagement/disengagement criteria. Engagement criteria is
aggressivedestroy squad size or smaller elements to expand the security area. If you encounter a superior force, or an enemy force defending from a subterranean structure, break direct contact but maintain visual contact for follow-on support.
- Displacement criteria. Once the troops are set at the limit of
advance, they will establish observation posts and screen to the limit of advance. Squadron will displace upon answering all assigned indicators.
5-87. The supported headquarters provides PIR, which is broken into indicators for platoons. PIR could be the following.

5-88. Division PIR #3. Is the bridge trafficable by tanks? What bridges across the Coryell River support 72-ton vehicles? (Supports division commander's decision to cross Coryell River with follow-on forces.) Indicators include:

- Bridge classification signs indicating above 72 tons? - Observation of tanks crossing bridge in vicinity of Division
NAI 12 and Division NAI 13.
- Multiple large semi-trucks co-use of bridge in Division NAI 12
and Division NAI 13.
5-89. BCT PIR #33. Where are locations to bypass the bridge? (Supports BCT commander's decision to use multiple crossing points.) Indicators could be:

- Observation of existing bypass usage by vehicle traffic near
Division NAI 12 and Division NAI 13.
- Observation of a ford site near Division NAI 12 and Division
NAI 13.
- Observation of sturdy banks that will adequately support a
mobile bridge to span (55 feet?) near Division NAI 12, Division NAI 13, and BCT NAI 1.
5-90. BCT PIR #34. Does Route (RTE) CHARLOTTE facilitate rapid advancement of tank and armored vehicles? (Supports BCT commander decision to use march formation to PL Browns.) Indicators include:

- Paved road capable with width for three or more tanks abreast. - Soil conditions near Route Charlotte are not muddy, marshy,
rubbled, or contain surface drainage ditches, which support multiple 72-ton vehicles moving in traveling formation.
5-91. Squadron PIR #331. Where are subterranean routes that can facilitate threat rapid dismounted movement to impact Route Charlotte, Route New York, or Route Atlanta? (Supports squadron commander's decision to commit attached Infantry company to clear complex terrain.) Indicators include:

- Heavy foot traffic paths in Squadron NAI 1, 2, 3, 4, 6. - Observation of small arms fire from Squadron NAI 1, 2, 3, 4,
6.
- Smoke/fire in vicinity of Squadron NAI 1, 2, 3, 4, 6.
5-92. Available squadron resources. The following are available resources.

- Modified table of organization and equipment. - Priority of fires for the BCT's DS field artillery battalion.
- Priority support for the brigade Shadow. - Low-level voice intercept. - Engineer reconnaissance team. - Engineer obstacle-reducing team. - Human intelligence.

## Troop Mission

5-93. Situation: See the squadron situation above. Mission: B Troop conducts zone reconnaissance to gather information throughout the AO
from 031100DEC20XX to 040500DEC20XX to enable future BCT offensive operations. Commander's intent, expanded purpose: Deny the enemy a key safe haven for planning and conducting operations throughout the province. (See figure 5-11, page 5-25.) Key tasks include the following:

- Identify and report routes that support friendly armored
vehicles throughout the troop area of operations the zone.
- Destroy enemy forces within capabilities located in troop area
of operations.
- Conduct forward passage of lines. - Evaluate and report subterranean routes that could support
platoon size or greater movement.
5-94. End state, enemy: Enemy forces within the zone unable to influence future offensive operations. Friendly: Higher echelons informed and enabled to conduct planning for offensive operations. Terrain: Primary avenues of approach classified. Civil: Ensure impact upon patterns of life are minimal. The troop commander's guidance includes the following:

- Focus. The focus is to determine the threat in the zone and
identify routes and key terrain leading up to the town of Tyler. Reconnaissance objective is to ensure no enemy caches remain in the troop area of operations.
- Tempo of reconnaissance. The tempo for this operation is
stealthy and deliberate. The signature is stealthy because we do not want the enemy to know the BCT will conduct offensive operations in this area of operation. The amount of detail to collect is deliberate because the BCT has ample amount of time to plan their offensive operation.
- Engagement/disengagement criteria. Bradley fighting vehicles
will engage enemy light armor, and antitank guided munitions between PL Orange and PL Red. The mortar section will provide suppression of enemy light armor vehicles. Platoons will disengage from more than three heavy armored vehicles. Platoons will disengage from tunnels when encountering sustained small arms fire coming from the subterranean feature. The commander retains bypass authority.
- Displacement criteria. Platoons will displace upon LTIOV,
answering all assigned indicators, or upon meeting disengagement criteria

## Zone Reconnaissance, Phase I

5-95. Conduct of this operation will be in four phases. Phase I is rural reconnaissance. Phase I begins at LD and ends with crossing PL Yellow. (See figure 5-12, page 5-26.) Critical events during this phase are the forceful and rapid zone reconnaissance from LD to PL Yellow, the route reconnaissance of all primary and secondary routes, identifying and destroying enemy observation posts in zone, and collecting obstacle intelligence. 5-96. Forceful and rapid zone reconnaissance from LD to PL Yellow. Due to the time constraints, the commander will need to control the tempo of the zone reconnaissance by phase. The commander is taking prudent risk by conducting a forceful and rapid zone reconnaissance to PL Yellow because there are no NAIs that require the platoons to conduct an area reconnaissance. Zone reconnaissance missions are time intensive and the commander must communicate to subordinate platoons where the troop is willing to assume risk.

5-97. Route reconnaissance of all primary and secondary routes. The platoon must conduct reconnaissance of all routes within the zone, including routes moving north to south and routes moving east to west. Platoons may be inclined to focus on south to north routes because this will be the general direction of travel for the main body attack. However, it is imperative that the platoons understand that the BCT may utilize the east to west routes as an axis of advance. 5-98. Identify and destroy enemy observation posts in zone. Enemy observation posts on today's battlefield have many characteristics. Platoons must search for covert, military-style observation posts as well as enemy personnel disguised as civilians collecting information on friendly forces. Platoons will need to engage with civilian personnel to attempt to discern intent and discourage curious bystanders. 5-99. Collect obstacle intelligence. Platoons should focus on tactical, enemy prepared obstacles, naturally occurring obstacles and civilian created obstacles for their reports. An example of an enemy prepared obstacle would include mine and wire obstacles, tank ditches, and dragon's teeth. An example of a naturally occurring obstacle would include escarpments, changes in soil composition, and creek beds. Examples of civilian created obstacles include civilian traffic patterns, rock quarries, and market places.

## Zone Reconnaissance, Phase Ii

5-100. Phase II, urban recon, begins with crossing PL Yellow and ends with crossing PL Brown. (See figure 5-13, page 5-28.) Critical events during this phase are identifying bypass routes around urban areas and conducting area reconnaissance of NAI 4 and 3. 5-101. Identify bypass routes around urban areas. Moving through an urban area can slow a unit for a number of reasons, which may encourage a commander to bypass urban areas along the axis of advance. Bypassing an urban area, especially while en route to an objective, allows a commander to expedite movement and avoid lethal engagement with enemy forces or avoid nonlethal engagement with the population, both of which have the ability to significantly slow movement to the objective. During a zone reconnaissance, a troop should identify bypass routes around urban areas so follow-on units have the option of bypassing those urban areas where bypassing will not affect mission accomplishment negatively. When identifying a bypass, the troop must consider the trafficability of the bypass by all the vehicles within the follow-on force as well as the ability of enemy forces within the urban area to influence friendly movement on the bypass. 5-102. Conduct area recon of NAI 4. In this scenario, NAI 4 is an open area where the enemy has possibly used a subterranean network to cache weapons. The troop has a variety of methods available to them to conduct reconnaissance in this NAI. At some point, the troop should conduct dismounted reconnaissance through the NAI looking for the presence of the templated subterranean networks. It is highly unlikely the troop would be able to find signs of a subterranean network by observing the NAI from a distance. The troop should employ mine-detecting equipment if available to aid in discovering the subterranean network or cached weapons. 5-103. Conduct area recon of NAI 3. Reconnaissance of NAI 3, which is in an urban area, will require special consideration by the commander. If the commander is attempting to observe normal patterns of life or enemy activity in the urban area without influencing the enemy or civilian actions, the troop will need to utilize optics with enough standoff to conduct surveillance undetected. To develop the situation rapidly, the troop may need to conduct active reconnaissance in the village with dismounted observation posts. If the commander is looking to provoke a reaction from possible enemy forces in the urban area, the troop can move in an overt, aggressive manner without taking steps to avoid detection. As the reconnaissance of NAI 3 is an area reconnaissance within a larger zone reconnaissance mission, the troop should avoid becoming decisively engaged in the town to retain their freedom of maneuver.

## Zone Reconnaissance, Phase Iii

5-104. Phase III, crossing point recon, begins with crossing PL Browns and ends with identification of a trafficable crossing point. (See figure 5-14, page 5-29.) Critical events during this phase are conducting the linkup and confirming locations for the troop command post, mortar firing point, and casualty collection point;
conducting area reconnaissance of NAI 12 and 13, and identifying fording and armored vehicle-launch bridge sites. 5-105. Conduct linkup and confirm locations for the troop command post, mortar firing point, and casualty collection point. Upon crossing PL Browns, the platoons will converge at the intersection of RTE New York and RTE Miami. At this point, troop commanders should select a coordination point to confirm the location for the troop command post, mortar firing point, and casualty collection point during this phase. Phase III also requires the most security as it is closest to the enemy main body in the town of Tyler. The troop should plan to conduct this phase of the operation under limited visibility conditions, thus the troop may need to adjust its tempo during other phases or pause prior to executing this phase.

5-106. Conduct area reconnaissance of NAIs 12 and 13. Prior to moving dismounts forward to classify the bridges in NAI 12 and 13, the troop must establish proper security measures. Platoons will stop short of the bridges and establish overwatch positions. Platoons will use optics and additional sensors to observe the far side of the bridge and to inspect the bridge for obstacles or explosives. The approach to and classification of the bridges should be done using the most stealthy method available to reduce the chance of contact with the enemy. If available, the commander should equip platoons with engineers to remove or disable explosives. The site may contain a small guard force or be reinforced with tactical obstacles. The troop commander must understand engagement criteria from squadron and prepare to fight for the information, develop the situation rapidly, and prepare to gain and maintain contact utilizing additional enablers from the brigade. 5-107. Identify fording and armored vehicle-launch bridge sites. Should the bridges be untrafficable for tanks, the troop must continue to orient on the reconnaissance objective by finding a bypass route at a fording site, finding an alternate bridge, or providing a recommended site for an armored vehicle-launch bridge or other type of bridge.

## Zone Reconnaissance, Phase Iv

5-108. Phase IV, forward passage of lines, begins with observation posts set observing NAIs 10, 12, and 13 and ends after forward passage of lines. Critical events during this phase are observation of NAIs 10, 12, and 13; forward passage of lines; and reconnaissance handover. 5-109. Observation of NAIs 10, 12, and 13. During this critical event, the platoons will orient on several NAIs: NAI 10 with PIR 5, NAI 12 with PIR 1 and 2, and NAI 13 with PIR 1 and 2. The BCT must know about the trafficability of the bridges leading across the river to ensure the BCT can access their objectives. The platoons must develop the situation rapidly, yet remain stealthy according to the commander's reconnaissance guidance, to provide the information to the BCT. The information gained from NAIs 10, 12, and 13 must be reported rapidly and accurately to the BCT so the BCT can complete their course of action development. To avoid keeping reconnaissance assets in reserve, the troop can use its organic UAS (Raven) to collect on PIR 5 in NAI 10. Since the platoons will be operating around an urban area, this phase has the most risks involved and should occur during hours of limited visibility. The platoons should have the most information collection assets available to mitigate risks. Redundancy and mixing of collection assets will provide the BCT with information in greater detail while information collection assets are not assuming as much risks. As all units observe their NAIs, each collection asset must maintain visual contact with any threat indicator until the reconnaissance handover with the BCT is complete. 5-110. Forward passage of lines and reconnaissance handover. The reconnaissance handover is critical to the mission because it ensures continuous reconnaissance. The forward passage of lines will pass the BCT forward of the troop's area of operation while the troop's observation posts stay in place and continue to observe the NAIs for any change in information. As the BCT is moving through the troop, a designated unit must linkup, either on the ground or through digital communications, with the troop command posts to receive the most upto-date graphics, positions of friendly forces, and information about the NAIs.

## Warfighting Function Considerations

5-111. The warfighting considerations described below apply to the above scenario. These are examples for illustrative purposes only, other considerations may apply.

## Mission Command

5-112. Facilities. Platoons should update the troop command post throughout the operation with answers to indicators. The troop command post must establish each phase in a location where the troop can communicate collected information rapidly and accurately to squadron command posts. All collected information is vital to the planning timelines within the brigade, thus information collected requires timely refinement and reporting. 5-113. Systems. The distance over which the troop moves during this operation may extend beyond the reach of frequency modulation or digital systems. The commander must request retransmission sites or communicate via satellite routing from the troop to squadron. 5-114. Graphics. Troops must create shared understanding through graphics in mission orders, especially when forces converge or collectively transition the tempo of reconnaissance. In this scenario, creating the coordination point allows the commander to adjust the troop's tempo to balance with security, reposition forces to support the next area reconnaissance, and ensure the right amount of information is collected and provided to the squadron during critical events.

## Movement And Maneuver

5-115. Mounted. In this scenario, the unit must identify routes that are able to support tanks. The platoons must continuously seek bypass routes for any points where trafficability reduces below that level. If contact is possible or likely, and the followon force will need to transition to traveling overwatch or bounding overwatch, then the platoons should report whether the routes will support only a column or will support unit dispersion. 5-116. Dismounted. The trafficability of areas off the main roads may increase the chances for vehicles to be stuck or roll over. Use of dismounts to clear safety areas is paramount to speed, but leaders must inform the troop commander and higher for situational understanding. Dismounted reconnaissance within NAIs is more likely to find caches, especially when supported with mine detection devices, site exploitations kits, and cameras. 5-117. Subterranean. The troop commander must fully understand the squadron commander's guidance in dealing with subterranean networks. (Refer to ATTP 3-06.11 for more information.) Commanders must weigh the priority of reconnaissance in subterranean areas with other named areas of interest.

## Intelligence

5-118. Synthesizing and reporting information collected to the squadron command post in a timely manner will drive the BCTs future offensive operations. The zone reconnaissance will take place during the brigade's planning process as a reconnaissance pull technique. Troops should expect changes and additions to PIRs and NAIs throughout the operation.

## Fires

5-119. If the movement of the troop extends beyond the range of available artillery assets, the troop must emplace the mortar firing point to support both platoons. The troop plans final protective fires during phase four due to the troop's proximity to the enemy main body. The troop establishes no fire areas and ensures all friendly areas include critical infrastructure.

## Sustainment

5-120. The executive officer must coordinate to receive ammunition resupply in a timely manner that does not sacrifice availability if the mission requires a large amount of mortar employment. The troop should request the field maintenance team be as far forward as possible to assist in maintenance operations. Recovery operations during this scenario should include self-recovery at the platoon level followed by like recovery to pull vehicles to the squadron maintenance collection point. Troops must plan sustainment for all four phases. Resupply may not be necessary during the mission; however, plan resupply for phase four prior to conducting follow-on operations. Troops should plan multiple casualty collection points throughout the operation to allow for frequent casualty evacuations.

## Protection

5-121. When stationary, troops use camouflage nets to conceal friendly positions from UAS. Troops should be cautious of enemy attempts to employ IEDs throughout the zone.

## Section Ii - Reconnaissance And Security In The Defense

5-122. By executing reconnaissance and security tasks, the Cavalry squadron allows the BCT commander to disrupt enemy tempo, create flexibility in planning, maneuver, mass and concentrate combat power, conduct operations in depth, and provide preparation and security. Today's hybrid threat challenges the traditional military application of defensive operations by utilizing conventional and unconventional means to disrupt our defensive positions. The vignettes in this section are unique to these specific scenario examples. 5-123. Cavalry troops conduct both reconnaissance and security tasks while supporting the BCT defense. The troop orients on the BCT while conducting security tasks unless the BCT commander specifies otherwise.

## Security Tasks In Support Of The Defense

5-124. Security supporting BCT defensive operations provides early warning of activities that affect the main body. A screen can establish and expand the security area, which provides time and maneuver space so the main body has freedom of movement to establish their defensive plan. Troops conducting a screen may provide early warning of enemy formations that are conducting spoiling attacks on friendly forces. These activities do not have to be enemy centric; they can include civilian considerations. For example, a troop could screen during a BCT defense by providing early warning of violence between factions separated by natural and manmade geographical boundaries.

## Guard

5-125. A squadron's guard supporting an offensive BCT operation usually has platoon size (+) units working in coordination to establish battle positions that prevent observation or direct fire against the main body. The squadron conducts defensive tasks and limited offensive tasks to deny the enemy the ability to disrupt the friendly forces' main body. To maintain the tempo of the BCT attack, the Cavalry troops must have the ability to move quickly and decisively to maintain contact with the enemy and protected force. A guard supporting BCT defensive operations defeats or causes the withdrawal of enemy reconnaissance elements. A guard establishes and expands the security area to provide time and maneuver space to the main body. A troop as part of a squadron guard attempts to force the enemy main body to deploy early. A Troop, as a part of a squadron guard, could establish around an airfield during retrograde operations.

## Squadron Mission

5-126. Situation: The BCT is protecting the airfield where an international Red Cross evacuation of political refugees from a neighboring country is underway. (See figure 5-15, page 5-33.) Insurgent enemy forces have declared their intent to strike at coalition forces in order to demonstrate strength and counter coalition messaging that the enemy has been defeated. Intelligence reports expect an attack on the airfield by a company-sized element in the next 96 hours. Intel reports that the enemy is operating in 20 man teams armed with portable, unguided, shoulder-launched antitank rocket-propelled grenade launcher (RPG-7s),  : "Kalashnikov's Machine-gun Modernized (PKM), and Avtomat Kalashnikova (AKs) and use technical mounted (DsKHs). In addition, insurgent enemy forces conducted a recent attack using suicide bombers leashed together and led by skilled team leaders to detonate on point targets to initiate a larger attack. Additionally, significant hostile armor formations are located across the international border approximately 15 kilometers away to the northeast. For political considerations, the squadron guards the airport until the evacuation is complete as an economy of force so tensions do not escalate with the neighboring hostile country during the evacuation.

Mission: ABCT squadron conducts a guard from 050600DEC20XX to 090600DEC20XX vicinity of HICKMAN Airfield in order to protect the airfield during evacuation operations. Execution: A Troop, B Troop, and C Troop conducts a zone reconnaissance to PL Red where the squadron transitions into a guard, with troops conducting area defense. Upon completion of B Troop's zone reconnaissance of the area between PLs Blue and White, D Company conducts tactical road march and establishes TAA Colts. Once the evacuation is complete, the squadron conducts rearward passage of lines with 1-XX CAB and withdraws. Squadron commander's security guidance includes the following:

- Focus. Your focus is to defeat enemy personnel attempting to
disrupt the main body. Search all vehicles that attempt to access the airfield. Divert vehicles with three axles or more. Report groups of 10 or more military-aged males within 2 kilometers of airfield perimeter, question them, and disperse.
- Tempo of security. Tempo of security is a long duration
operation. Plan to defend airfield for 96 hours. You will conduct a zone reconnaissance to establish your battle positions. You will continue to improve your position throughout this operation. Your battle positions will provide standoff and the ability to control avenues of approach into the security area.
- Engagement/disengagement criteria. Conduct this as a discrete
operation. Positively identify enemy elements before engaging. Use escalation of force kits to mitigate civilian casualties. Break direct contact only to immediately regain contact in a position of advantage over enemy forces.
- Displacement criteria. Displacement will be on order. Once the
evacuation is complete and rearward passage of lines is complete, the squadron will displace. If enemy armor crosses the international border, the squadron will conduct battle handover with 1-XX CAB and withdraw to the southwest.

## Troop Mission

Situation: See the squadron situation above. Mission: B Troop conducts zone reconnaissance to gather information about the AO and establish defensive positions from 050600DEC20XX to 090600DEC20XX to protect the evacuation. Execution: Commander's intent, expanded purpose: Deny the enemy access to the airfield. (See figure 5-16, page 5-35.) 5-127. Key tasks include the following:

- Identify and report routes that support enemy vehicles
movement in the AO in addition to the major roads.
- Destroy smaller size enemy forces within the troop AO. - Conduct battle handover to 1-XX CAB. - Conduct rearward passage of lines through 1-XX CAB.
5-128. End State, Enemy: Enemy forces within the troop area of operations. Friendly: Higher echelons informed and enabled to conduct refugee evacuation. Terrain: Primary avenues of approach classified.

Civil: Ensure impact upon patterns of life are minimal. 5-129. Troop commander's reconnaissance guidance includes the following:

- Focus. The focus of the zone reconnaissance is to determine
the threat in the zone and identify routes and key terrain leading up to the airfield. Reconnaissance objective is to find any enemy forces in the zone.
- Tempo of reconnaissance. The tempo for this operation is
forceful and rapid. We need to move quickly throughout the zone and clear any pockets of enemy fighters. Rapidly move to establish the screen in order to protect the airfield. We need to collect information on avenues of approach that the enemy may use to access the airfield.
- Engagement/disengagement criteria. Platoons will engage
enemy light vehicles and enemy dismounts. The mortar section will provide suppression of enemy light vehicles. Platoons will disengage from more than three armor vehicles. The commander retains bypass authority.
- Displacement criteria. Platoons will displace upon answering
all assigned indicators or upon meeting disengagement criteria.
5-130. The troop commander plans both reconnaissance and security guidance when required. Commander's security guidance includes

- Focus. The focus of this phase will be enemy dismount teams
attempting to influence the evacuation.
- Tempo of security. The security tempo is long duration.
Platoons will plan for 96 hours of sustainment.
- Engagement/disengagement. Platoons will utilize indirect fire
and direct fire to develop the situation and deny enemy elements the ability to penetrate. Indirect fires will be the primary means to engage enemy dismount elements; but if indirect fire is not feasible, observation posts and security patrols can conduct attack by fire to destroy enemy elements of squad size or less. Dismounted observation posts and patrols will maintain contact with larger elements (greater than squad size and under platoon strength) and conduct battle handover with a tank platoon.
- Displacement criteria. If the enemy conducts platoon size or
larger assaults on an observation post, the platoon will displace to subsequent observation posts. The platoon will use alternating bounds to ensure they maintain enemy contact by conducting reconnaissance handover within the platoon or with
UAS. If enemy armor formations cross the international border, prepare for battle handover with 1-XX CAB currently located south of the airfield.

## Guard, Phase I

5-131. Conduct of this operation will be in three phases. Phase I is zone reconnaissance. (See figure 5-17, page 5-36.) Phase I begins at LD and ends with PL Red, the limit of advance. Critical events during this phase are forceful and rapid zone reconnaissance from LD to PL Red. Conduct route recon of all primary and secondary routes. Identify and destroy enemy observation post in zone. 5-132. Forceful and rapid zone reconnaissance from LD to PL Red. The commander will need to control the tempo of the zone reconnaissance by phase. The commander is taking prudent risk by conducting a forceful and rapid zone reconnaissance to PL Red. The tank platoon will provide overwatch on the routes and at NAIs to facilitate speed. 5-133. Route recon of all primary and secondary routes. The platoon must conduct reconnaissance of all routes within the zone. Platoons may focus on the routes for the enemy attack. However, the platoons must understand that BCT forces may utilize all routes. 5-134. Identify and destroy enemy observation post in zone. Enemy observation post on today's battlefield will take on many characteristics. Platoons must search for both covert military style observation posts as well as enemy personnel disguised as civilians and collecting information on friendly forces. Platoons will need to engage with civilian personnel to discern intent and discourage curious bystanders.

## Guard, Phase Ii

5-135. Phase II, establish screen and collapse to guard. (See figure 5-18.) Priority tasks at this phase are establish screen with observation posts indepth, develop platoon and troop fire control measures to prevent fratricide, maximize use of enablers at traffic control posts, casualty evacuations, and establish battle positions. 5-136. Establish screen with observation posts in-depth. Conducting platoon screens provides early warning for forces along the route. The depth provided will assist with establishing battle positions that ensure no threat forces pass through undetected or unreported. 5-137. Develop platoon and troop fire control measures to prevent fratricide. Identify and plot final protective fires to enable rapid response by available assets. Maximize use of enablers at traffic control posts. (See area security and casualty evacuations of dismounted personnel below.) 5-138. Establish battle positions. Establishing battle positions that maximize the integration of direct and indirect fires causes the enemy main body to deploy and provides fighting positions that allow concentration and massing of lethal fires into designated sectors of fire. The commander will need to conduct detailed planning to employ organic enablers and all direct fire elements.

## Guard, Phase Iii

5-139. Phase III, rearward passage of lines and battle handover. (See figure 5-19, 5-38.) Priority tasks at this phase are passage point selection, transfer of information, and displacement to and movement to TAA Cobrajock. Battle handover tasks are near and far side recognition and fire control measures. 5-140. Rearward passage of lines. The troop will conduct a rearward passage of lines with 1-XX CAB upon completion of the evacuation from the airfield. Troop commanders must ensure passage points and coordination points are clearly identifiable and the troop understands all actions. As the troop is moving through the CAB, a designated unit must link up, either on the ground or through digital communications, with the troop command posts to receive the most up-to-date graphics, positions of friendly forces, and enemy situations. Upon completion of rearward passage of lines, platoons will move to TAA Cobrajock. 5-141. Battle handover. During this critical event, it is important to consider near and far side recognition symbols that are easily recognizable to prevent fratricide, such as FBCB2 and VS 17 panels. Carefully plan fire control measures, both direct and indirect, for both units to prevent fratricide and to distribute fires on the enemy evenly.

## Warfighting Function Considerations

5-142. The warfighting considerations described below apply to the above scenario. These are examples for illustrative purposes only, other considerations may apply.

## Movement And Maneuver

5-143. Mounted. The troop possesses significant combat power with respect to the threat it faces. The M3A3 25-mm Bushmaster provides the troop standoff as compared to the enemy weapon systems. The M3A3 can also destroy enemy technical vehicles and vehicle-borne improvised explosive devices. The effects of antipersonnel and high explosive rounds can cause considerable collateral damage to the surrounding towns. Commanders will need to consider potential collateral damage when employing those systems. The TOW system provides additional range but has limits due to collateral damage considerations as well. The M1-series tank's 120-mm main gun provides direct fires with precision, which can reduce the risk of collateral damage. The tanks also provide enhanced day and night optics for target identification. Coaxial machine guns will create less collateral damage, but the maximum effective range will put the Cavalry fighting vehicles within range of enemy machine guns. The terrain is unrestricted to mounted forces outside of urban areas. Maneuver in the towns for the Cavalry fighting vehicles will be limited to streets. 5-144. Dismounted. Dismounts can establish observation posts to provide early warning to the crews of the Cavalry fighting vehicles. Cavalry fighting vehicles likely will operate in sections to ensure mutual support and security. The commander and platoon leaders can consider using a hunter-killer technique where dismount observation posts identify threats and cue the Cavalry fighting vehicles to move into attack-by-fire positions to destroy the enemy. The commander can request BCT engineer assets to provide countermobility along likely avenues of approach to canalize threats into the troop engagement area.

## Sustainment

5-145. The FSC will have some sustainment assets located and prepared within the combat trains command post to provide emergency resupply if necessary. Retrograde equipment that requires extended repair time to the squadron maintenance collection point. 5-146. Commanders should consider establishing the troop casualty collection point behind the main battle area. The 1SG may pull casualties from the platoon casualty collection point or directly from vehicles to preserve combat power during evacuation. Rehearsals for these operations are critical and must happen to ensure the safety of the casualty, decrease the time from point of injury to the next level of care, and reduce risks to first responders.

## Area Security

5-147. The focus of area security in support of BCT defensive operations is on the protected force, installation, route, or area. (See figure 5-20, page 5-40.) A troop could deny the enemy the use of an expected or historical ambush site. Another example is to task the troop to assess the vulnerabilities of the BCT defense, which would provide the commander with an objective assessment.

## Squadron Mission

5-148. Situation: The BCT has secured RUFU and a line of communication is in place along Route Cerami. Enemy forces have historically occupied the terrain along this route to ambush elements.

These forces number 3 to 5 personnel and usually have small arms and RPG-7s. Mission: SBCT squadron conducts route security to protect tactical combat operations as they move along Route Cerami. Execution: Troops will establish mounted and dismounted observation posts oriented on Route Cerami and conduct reconnaissance patrols throughout the areas of dead space. Squadron commander's security guidance includes the following:

- Focus. Your focus is to secure the route to ensure freedom of
maneuver for the tactical convoy operation. Secure all historical ambush sites and terrain that dominates the route.
- Tempo of security. The tempo for this operation is long
duration. Plan this operation for 24 hours. Establish observation posts adjacent to the route that are oriented on the route. Conduct roving patrols to cover dead space between OPs.
- Engagement/disengagement criteria. Conduct an aggressive
operation. Identify and report any vehicles that stop along the route or any suspicious dismounted activity. Engage any positively identified enemy element. Do not disengage without approval from squadron.
- Displacement criteria. Displace once the tactical convoy
operation reports last element clear.
5-149. Squadron PIR #511. Where are possible ambush sites? (Supports squadron commander's decision to occupy ambush site.) Indicators include:

- Choke points is NAI 001. - Observation of expended brass in NAI 002, 003. - Observation of disturbed foliage in NAI 002, 003. - Observation of small arms cache in NAI 002, 003.
5-150. Squadron PIR #521. How is the enemy conducting information collection on U.S. forces? (Supports squadron commander decision to detain potential collectors.)

- What are civilian movement patterns? - Is the enemy using dismounted or mounted methods? - Where are civilians moving away from normal lines of drift in
vicinity of NAI 001, 002, 003, and 004?
5-151. Division PIR #5. What is the level of indigenous support for enemy forces? Specific information requirement includes: (Supports division commander decision to employ information operations plan

## Xyz.)

- Is the enemy resupplying from the population.
- Is the enemy integrating with the population? Observation of
population is allowing enemy to integrate within the social structure.

## Troop Mission

5-152. Situation: See squadron situation above. Mission: B Troop, SBCT squadron conducts route security NLT 300900AUG20XX to protect tactical convoy operations as they move along RTE Cerami. Execution: Second Platoon conducts route security by performing a zone reconnaissance and establishing a screen to the north of RTE Cerami. First platoon will conduct zone reconnaissance and establish a screen to the south of RTE Cerami to prevent the enemy's influence of the route. The operation will be a three-phase operation. Phase I is reconnaissance, Phase II is security, and Phase III is displacement. Commander's intent:
We must enable the BCT to resupply in RUFU. Ensure the enemy cannot influence RTE Cerami. Maintain continuous observation of infiltration and exfiltration routes and rapidly report all suspicious activity. End State: All tactical convoy operations have reached RUFU unhindered by the enemy, identification and reporting of all enemy is complete, with minimized collateral damage and limited disruption to civilian patterns of life. (See figure 5-21.) Commander's reconnaissance guidance includes the following:

- Focus. The focus is to ensure freedom of maneuver for the
tactical convoy operation on the route. Identify all historical ambush sites and terrain that dominates the route.
- Tempo of security. The tempo for this operation is deliberate.
Plan to conduct route reconnaissance at two kilometers per hour and zone reconnaissance at half a kilometer per hour. Ensure a thorough reconnaissance of all threat avenues of approach.
- Engagement/disengagement criteria. Conduct an aggressive
operation. Identify and report any vehicles that stop along the route or suspicious dismounted activity. Engage any positively identified enemy element. Do not disengage without approval from squadron.
- Displacement criteria. Displace if the enemy conducts platoonsize or larger assault of an observation post.

## Route Security, Phase 1

5-153. Phase I, reconnaissance, begins with LD at PL Carolina and ends when reconnaissance is complete. Critical events during this phase include conducting forward passage of lines, then establishing a troop headquarters (mortar firing points, casualty collection point, and troop command post); conducting reconnaissance and establishing observation posts while the fire support officer recommends to the commander establishment of fire support coordination measures within the troop's area of operations. 5-154. Conduct forward passage of lines. Prior to crossing the line of departure, troops can request feeds from SBCT controlled Shadow (RQ-7) UAS to ensure continuous reconnaissance. The commander considers missions variables when selecting movement techniques, routes, and orders of march. If enemy contact is possible and the troop must conduct a forward passage of lines, the commander considers using traveling overwatch and ensures direct coordination with the stationary unit. For the passage of lines, troops should collocate command posts to enable the sharing of graphics and information. Far and near recognition signals will help prevent fratricide, especially during limited visibility operations. 5-155. Establish troop headquarters. Commanders consider the terrain when establishing a troop command post, a casualty collection point and mortar firing positions. Casualty collection points should be easily accessible for casualty evacuation, but provide protection from observation and the effects of fire. When terrain restricts line of sight, commanders should consider placing upper tactical internet systems on terrain that enables retransmission to ensure reporting of all information rapidly and accurately. Commanders should consider placing mortarfiring points in positions to maximize the lowest angle fire possible to ensure the best fire support coverage of the platoons. Commanders achieve security for these elements by collocating with mounted elements or placing them in mutually supporting positions. 5-156. Conduct reconnaissance and establish observation posts. In this scenario, due to restrictive terrain and task organization, the troop conducts a route reconnaissance with one platoon conducting reconnaissance of the physical route and two platoons developing the terrain and lateral routes that influence the primary route through zone reconnaissance. Reconnaissance en route to a screen enables the troop to identify enemy avenues of approach, ambush positions, and optimal locations of observation posts. Commanders should consider the rate of march for dismounted troops maneuvering through restricted terrain. Leaders must assess the Soldiers' approach march, combat and fighting loads, and where to maintain sustainment loads. Leaders have latitude on the ground to establish observation posts in positions that achieve the best observation balanced with cover and concealment. In areas of little natural vegetation, concealment kits may aide in establishing observation posts. Observation posts can use sensors to cue reconnaissance patrols to areas of dead space to achieve continuous reconnaissance. The commander employs all available collection assets to aide in redundancy and to achieve mixing to task all reconnaissance assets. 5-157. The fire support officer recommends to the commander establishment of fire support coordination measures within the troop area of operation. The fire support officer establishes no fire areas over observation posts to prevent fratricide. Dismounts should use available mission command systems to build a common operational picture. Dismounts should consider using analog battle tracking to create redundancy. Fire support personnel should plan for illumination and obscuration to enable platoon operations in all conditions. Fire support officers and commanders must consider and synchronize the multiple layers of assets operating in their areas of operations such as aviation, UAS, artillery, and mortars.

## Scheme Of Maneuver, Phase I

5-158. Prior to crossing the line of departure, B Troop commander requests BCT UAS of Route Cerami to ensure continuous reconnaissance during this phase. The troop fire support officer creates preplanned targets using the allocations from higher to cover dead space and deny the enemy key terrain. (See figure 5-22, page 5-44.) 5-159. B Troop crosses the line of departure at PL Carolina and conducts a tactical road march using a traveling overwatch movement technique and forward passage of lines through A Troop at passage point. Second Platoon conducts initial linkup with A Troop and troop command posts collocate to facilitate mission command during passage. Order of march is 2d Platoon, mortars; 1st Platoon, trains, command post. B Troop passes through A Troop and assumes responsibility for the fight at the battle handover line (PL Ohio) when two-thirds of the troop's combat power has passed through. 5-160. Second Platoon conducts route reconnaissance of RTE Cerami from checkpoint 1 to the release point at checkpoint 2 to develop the situation through action and to retain freedom of maneuver along RTE Cerami. As 2d Platoon moves beyond PL Ohio, the troop mortar section establishes a mortar firing point in the vicinity of mortar firing point 1 to support the platoons' reconnaissance tasks. Mortar firing point 1 provides two- thirds coverage forward of all platoons and is accessible by the Stryker mortar carrier. Mortar priority of fires is 1st, then 2d Platoon. The most probable threat is to the south and comes from the villages of Lqui and Kwill. 5-161. At checkpoint 1, 1st Platoon moves south and conducts zone reconnaissance from the line of departure at their boundary with 2d Platoon, between PL Ohio to PL West Virginia and the brigade boundary. First Platoon will identify and deny suspected enemy ambush locations, identify potential enemy infiltration routes, and identify any enemy in the area of operations to gain and maintain threat contact. First Platoon then establishes mounted and dismounted observation posts to observe NAIs 001 and 002 to provide early warning and to prevent the enemy influencing the force to secure on RTE Cerami. 5-162. At checkpoint 1, 2d Platoon moves north and conducts zone reconnaissance from the line of departure at their boundary with 1st Platoon, between PL Ohio and PL West Virginia to the division boundary. 1st Platoon will identify and deny suspected enemy ambush locations, identify potential enemy infiltration routes, and identify any enemy in the area of operations. Second Platoon then establishes mounted and dismounted observation posts to observe NAIs 003 and 004
to provide early warning and prevent the enemy from influencing the friendly force on RTE Cerami. 5-163. The troop command post will move from checkpoint 1 and establish itself north of RTE Cerami in a centrally located position that provides cover and concealment so the command post can report timely and accurately to the squadron. The troop fire support officer will request counterfire zones to protect the troop from indirect fires, and establish no-fire areas over sections once they establish observation posts. The company trains establish a casualty collection point center of sector off the road in covered and concealed terrain to support the troop. 5-164. Once 2d Platoon completes the route reconnaissance, it prepares to conduct a forward passage of C Troop. Second Platoon provides guides at the passage point vicinity of checkpoint 1 and guides C Troop along RTE Cerami to checkpoint 2. PL West Virginia functions as the battle handover line for C Troop to assume responsibility of the fight. Phase I is complete when observation posts are established and C Troop has completed its passage through the zone.

## Route Security, Phase Ii

5-165. Phase II, security, begins when 1st Platoon and a section from 2d Platoon transitions to the screen and the other section establishes traffic control posts along RTE Cerami. Critical events during this phase are establishing the screen with observation posts in-depth, developing platoon and troop fire control measures to prevent fratricide, maximizing the use of enablers at traffic control posts, and casualty evacuations of dismounted personnel. 5-166. Commander's security guidance includes the following:

- Focus. The focus of this phase will be enemy dismount teams
attempting to influence movement on RTE Cerami.
- Tempo of security. Tempo is long duration. Platoons will plan
for 24 hours of sustainment.
- Engagement/disengagement. Platoons will utilize indirect fire
and direct fire to develop the situation and to prevent enemy
elements from penetrating the screen. Indirect fires will be the
primary means to engage enemy dismount elements but if indirect fire is not feasible observation posts and security patrols can conduct attack by fire to destroy enemy dismount elements of five personnel or less. Dismounted observation posts and patrols will maintain contact with larger elements (greater than a 5-man team and under platoon) and conduct battle handover with mounted observation posts or 2d Platoon as the situation dictates.

- Displacement criteria. 1st Platoon will displace only on order
and no earlier than 24 hours. If the enemy conducts platoon size or larger assaults on an observation post, the platoon will displace to subsequent observation posts by alternating bounds. The platoon conducts RHO within the platoon or with UAS assets to ensure they maintain enemy contact. The displacing sections will consolidate at alternate observation posts to maintain threat contact. B Troop will contact squadron to halt traffic on RTE Cerami and conduct battle handover with air weapons teams available from higher.
5-167. Establish screen with observation posts in-depth. Conducting platoon screens provides early warning for forces along the route. To ensure no threat forces pass through undetected or unreported, a screen should achieve depth. A screen achieves depth with dismounted and mounted observation posts arrayed from the forward line of own troop (FLOT) to the rear boundary of the area of operation. Other assets can assist in achieving depth such as UAS conducting surveillance in front of the observation posts beyond the line of sight. As observation posts identify threats, they pass the enemy to subsequent observation posts and surveillance assets for tracking or engagement. Dismounted operations in this scenario can track threats until handed off to the Strykers. The Strykers, with their superior weapons systems, will engage and destroy the enemy, thus preventing the observation posts from compromise. 5-168. Develop platoon and troop fire control measures to prevent fratricide. Multiple mounted and dismounted elements in a relatively small area will require development and continuous refinement of a common operational picture to include indirect and direct fire control measures. Commanders should consider techniques to mark friendly positions, understand the enemy's capabilities, illumination, and proximity to adjacent units (Refer to ATP 3-20.98 for more information.) Identify and plot final protective fires so available assets can respond rapidly. 5-169. Maximize use of enablers at traffic control posts. Commanders should request capabilities briefs from attached enablers to maximize their effects. When conducting traffic control posts, interpreters, human intelligence collection teams and female engagement teams allow the troop to collect information while respecting local culture and values. Military working dogs can assist in threat detection and reduce risk to ground forces. Obtain traffic control post kits to improve search area organization and reduce risk. Consider requesting additional class IV materials to create serpentines and holding areas. Utilize biometric systems to identify persons of interest. 5-170. Casualty evacuation of dismounted personnel. When planning for casualty evacuation in restricted terrain, commanders should consider criteria for evacuation, techniques for transporting casualties, and extraction when ground casualty evacuation is not possible. The commander must balance the need for evacuation and associated personnel versus maintaining continuous reconnaissance.

Reconnaissance handover from an observation post to another asset may be required to maintain continuous reconnaissance. Rehearse and understand casualty evacuation and medical evacuation plans to the lowest level.

## Scheme Of Maneuver, Phase Ii

5-171. During this phase, the troop will have two platoons screening the flanks (1st and 2d Platoons) and one section from 2d Platoon conducting route security of RTE Cerami. The narrow width and depth of the troop area of operations requires the troop command post and mortar section to remain in position. (See figure 5-23, page 5-46.) 5-172. The screens must maintain surveillance of the dismounted avenues of approach to identify all enemy and to provide early warning. The screens must prepare to develop the situation using a combination of aerial, dismounted, and mounted reconnaissance methods. Platoons will select observation posts that provide the best combination of observation, cover, concealment and communications while maintaining the freedom to displace to alternate observation posts. To achieve depth in their screens, the platoons establish mounted observation posts in the less restrictive terrain and dismounted observation posts in restrictive terrain, and utilize unmanned ground sensors and UAS to cue dismount patrols to mitigate dead space. 5-173. One section from 2d Platoon will conduct route security of RTE Cerami from PL Ohio to PL West Virginia to protect tactical convoy operations from enemy ambush. The section will accomplish this by establishing observation posts oriented on the route, conducting traffic control posts, and mounted and dismounted patrols. Available human intelligence collection teams and female engagement teams can collect information from local national personnel. Military working dogs can facilitate vehicle and personnel searches to help protect the force.

Biometric usage can identify known enemy personnel transiting in the area of operations. Phase II ends when all tactical convoy operations have arrived safely at RUFU and the troop receives a change of mission

## Route Security, Phase Iii

5-174. Phase III. Consolidation and reorganization. Phase III begins with 1st Platoon and one section of 2d Platoon collapsing screens and moving to tactical assembly area Bravo. Critical events in this phase are deliberate displacement of observation posts, establishing a casualty collection point and troop command post, establishing tactical assembly area security and communications, conducting resupply, and being prepared to conduct rear passage of lines with C Troop.

5-175. Deliberate displacement of observation post, casualty collection point, and troop command post. Displacement from observation posts must be a deliberately planned and rehearsed event. The troop headquarters can set conditions for the platoons' displacement by planning and coordinating for suppression, obscuration or deception.

Rotary wing lift capabilities can aide in the speed and precision of the exfiltration. Dismounted, the platoons should plan primary and alternate routes back to their respective linkup points. Mission command systems enable a common operational picture, reducing risk. The commander must also consider whether the displacement will be simultaneous or sequential. Reconnaissance handover may be necessary and will require coordination with external assets such as a UAS or Scout and attack weapon team. 5-176. Establish tactical assembly area security, communications, and conduct resupply. Establishment of TAA Bravo following an operation enables the troop to consolidate and reorganize for follow-on operations. Establishment of a TAA cannot be ad hoc. In planning, the commander should identify a general location for the TAA, preferably in an area that provides cover, concealment, and enough space for the troop to spread out to mitigate risk. The commander should identify a quartering party task with planning the security for the area. The troop XO or 1SG can lead the quartering party with a jump command post to ensure the troop has continuous communications with higher when the main command post displaces. The quartering party can guide the platoons into designated positions and facilitate re-establishment of the main command post. Commanders should also consider when and how to displace their organic mortar systems to ensure coverage. Commanders use the TAA for resupply once they have established security. Usually, the troop XO or 1SG will linkup with the distribution platoon at a logistics release point and guide the necessary sustainment elements to the TAA where they conduct either a tailgate or service station method of resupply. The platoon utilizes observation posts to provide additional security and early warning for the tactical assembly area. 5-177. Prepare to conduct rearward passage of lines with C Troop. During the transition from security, operations to follow-on operations the troop should to facilitate passage of other units through its area of operations. Use of mission command systems or co-location of troop command posts can reduce risk and expedite passage. If this occurs, the troop should prepare to defend or secure the squadron flank.

## Scheme Of Manuever, Phase Iii

5-178. On order, B Troop transitions from security operations to prepare for follow-on operations. On order, move will be command post 1st Platoon, trains, 2d Platoon. Mortars will remain in place at mortar firing point 1 in TAA Bravo. (See figure 5-24, page 5-48.)
5-179. B Troop will conduct reconnaissance handover with UAS or other aviation assets to maintain continuous reconnaissance. The platoons will exfiltrate to a platoon rally point in the vicinity of their Strykers and conduct linkup with far and near recognition. Upon consolidation, the platoons will conduct a tactical road march to TAA Bravo. B Troop must prepare to conduct rearward passage of lines with C Troop and will collocate command posts to enable mission command. Upon completion of the rearward passage of lines, PL Ohio, B Troop assumes responsibility for the fight. 5-180. Platoons will establish local security of TAA Bravo in preparation for resupply and reorganization. The troop command post will maintain mission command throughout displacement. The troop executive officer will lead the quartering party, establish TAA Bravo, and establish an alternate command post allowing the troop main command post to relocate to TAA Bravo without loss of communications with the squadron. 5-181. The logistics release point will be at checkpoint 1. The B Troop 1SG and XO will guide resupply to TAA Bravo where platoons will receive service station resupply.

## Warfighting Function Considerations

5-182. The warfighting considerations described below apply to the above scenario. These are examples for illustrative purposes only, other considerations may apply.

## Mission Command

5-183. Facilities. Terrain effecting line of sight becomes a critical consideration for command post placement in this scenario. The troop must be in continuous contact with the platoons and squadron to provide them with early and accurate warning. The troop positions the command post center sector to reduce the masking effects of the elevated terrain to the northeast and southwest and to maintain the line of sight with the squadron. Terrain limits the areas that can support the troop headquarters. If the enemy has situational understanding of friendly task organization, capabilities and tactics, techniques, and procedures, they will have a high probability of accurately templating the command post's location. In this scenario, commanders consider survivability moves to mitigate this risk. 5-184. Systems. Despite changes in elevation, the troop can utilize the upper tactical internet to communicate. Platoons can utilize mission command systems like Nett Warrior for development and exchange of direct fire coordination measures. Utilizing mission command systems greatly enhances the platoon's ability to provide a common operational picture. Troops must obtain adjacent unit graphic control measures and signal operation instruction to enable communication and situational understanding. 5-185. Graphics. Commanders utilize control measures such as platoon boundaries to manage terrain among the platoons. Troop commanders can establish coordination and contact points along boundaries to facilitate information sharing and coordination with convoys. Utilizing mission command systems will allow a common operational picture from platoon through squadron. 5-186. Task organization. The commander must consider the span of control when task organizing for the mission perhaps holding additional enablers at the troop level, or tasked to a platoon to maximize use. Commanders clearly delineate command and support relationships for subordinates and attachments to ensure proper use.

## Movement And Maneuver

5-187. Aerial/aviation. The multiple draws and dry creek beds in the troop area of operations provides generous cover and concealment to the enemy. These multiple draws and creek beds reduce the effectiveness of visual observation, requiring the commander to consider the use of a Scout and attack weapon team and a UAS to perform continuous reconnaissance along boundaries to mitigate dead space. When considering the utilization of a Scout and attack weapon team, the commander must take into account the capabilities of the Scout and attack weapon team. Air ground integration in the scenario is essential as the airspace above the troop area of operation has the potential for congestion given the width and depth and the number of enablers available. The commander must consider using air control measures to deconflict airspace and ensure that all assets, Scout and attack weapon teams, Unmanned Aircraft Systems, and indirect fires can meet the security fundamentals. The commander should consider aerial insertion for restricted/severely restricted terrain and deep areas. The commander must balance the time available with the squadron commander's security guidance to determine if aerial insertion is appropriate. In this scenario the security focus, PIR and reduced width and depth of the troop area of operation argues against the need for aerial insertion. To answer the PIR, the troop conducts a zone reconnaissance of the area of operation. The distance traveled and time available easily allows mounted and dismounted maneuver. 5-188. Dismounted. When planning in this area of operation, dismounted movement rates over restricted and severely restricted terrain is a significant factor. The commander must consider the Soldier's load effects on movement rates against mission requirements. In this scenario, the requirement for observation posts to possess surveillance systems, sensors, and sustainment items for twenty-four hours increases the time required to conduct movement. The zone reconnaissance in Phase I reduces the Soldier's performance but not to the extent that it creates tactical risk. The need to ensure the earliest and most accurate warning during Phase II outweighs the reduced effectiveness in Phase I. Terrain considerations are the principle concern for manning and positioning an observation post in this scenario. The numerous covered and concealed avenues of approach are greater than the troop's capacity to achieve visual observation. The commander must determine where limited observation posts can achieve the greatest effect. The commander must plan security patrols to extend the ability to observe avenues of approach. The use of reconnaissance sensors and Unmanned Aircraft Systems to cue dismounted patrols mitigates dead space and ensures the most efficient use of limited dismounted assets. The terrain gives the commander the option to cross-attach personnel to maximize dismounts in restricted terrain, but the commander should consider the cost to the element losing combat power. In this scenario, consideration was the cross attachment of dismounts from 2d Platoon to assist in the zone reconnaissance and maximize observation posts during the follow-on screen. The limited ability of an SBCT Scout platoon to conduct route reconnaissance in restricted terrain argued against the detachment of dismounts from this platoon. Sensors and Unmanned Aircraft Systems were more appropriate solutions to the gap in reconnaissance assets. 5-189. Mounted. Mounted movement rates. The commander must consider the effects terrain has on the ability to maneuver combat platforms. In this scenario, the terrain was not a significant obstacle to the conduct of the route reconnaissance; however, this was not the case with the zone reconnaissance and follow-on screen. The mounted elements halted on the lower slopes of the hills closer to the road to provide support during the zone reconnaissance; thus, the mounted elements achieved depth in the screen. If the enemy has a situational understanding of friendly task organizations; capabilities; and tactics, techniques, and procedures, they will have a high probability of accurately templating mounted observation post locations. The commander should plan alternate and supplementary mounted observation post locations to mitigate this risk. 5-190. Systems. Consider range and effects of direct fire weapons systems to ensure elements are within supporting range. The limited size of the observation post and area of operation reduced the effects of dispersion and distance. The effective ranges of the troop's organic 120- mm mortars, MK 19s, and M2s were sufficient to maintain supporting range between elements without augmentation. In this scenario, the utilization of biometric automated toolsets (known as BATS) at traffic control posts was critical to maintain contact with an enemy that was not visually discernible from the civilian population. The troop commander had to consider assets available to achieve cueing, mixing, and redundancy while reducing the limiting effects of terrain on the performance of continuous reconnaissance. Unmanned ground sensors and unmanned aircraft systems were necessary to cue dismounted patrols when direct observation of all avenues of approach was impossible. Unmanned Aircraft Systems and lightweight laser designator rangefinders achieve mixing while observing NAIs 002 and 004, and LRAS3s from multiple mounted observation posts to ensure redundancy on NAIs 001 and 003.

## Intelligence

5-191. External. Troops should consider all available external intelligence disciplines. Signals intelligence assets and enablers, such as LLVI and Prophet, can provide early warning to the troop as well as potential locations of enemy activity beyond their line of sight. BCT military intelligence company human intelligence specialists can satisfy the commander's intelligence requirements and cross cue other assets. These specialists require direct access to the population and can facilitate tactical command posts along Route Cerami. Measurement and signature intelligence (MASINT), if requested ahead of time, could identify potential caves and subterranean avenues of approach to cue reconnaissance patrols or target a delivery asset. Geospatial intelligence can facilitate terrain analysis and observation post selection to ensure optimal observation and fields of fire. Troops could request ground sensors from the BCT to conduct surveillance of trails and dead space, providing the troop with early warning and cueing other assets. 5-192. Internal. The troop company intelligence support team can aide the commander and platoon leaders in intelligence preparation of the battlefield and pattern analysis if the supported BCT and division is primarily involved in the conduct of stability tasks. Determining likely enemy courses of action based on threat doctrine, history, patterns or even United States doctrine should be a primary function of the company intelligence support team. The company intelligence support team should have direct reach to the squadron S-2 to receive intelligence updates or submit requests. Biometric devices, such as BATS, and secure electronic enrollment kits (known as SEEK), can enable the positive identification of individuals encountered along the route at traffic control posts. A local national interpreter may be able to perceive body language and mannerisms in ways U.S. forces cannot.

## Fires

5-193. Ground to ground. Commanders should consider their organic mortar capabilities with respect to elevation, weather, and intended effects. If possible, commanders should integrate artillery to match the appropriate weapon to the intended target. The fire support officer should plan fire support coordination measures and coordinate with adjacent units to ensure fire support coverage and reduce risk, particularly along boundaries. Establishment of critical friendly zones can enable counterfire on threat systems to deny the enemy from massing fires on positions. Commanders should register guns to ensure timely and accurate fires. Commanders can allocate individual mortars to platoons or provide a priority of fires based off the threat, main effort, and terrain. Commanders plan to observe all fires with either sensors or personnel to achieve the desired effects. 5-194. Air to ground. Fire support officers should plan targets, establish restricted operations zones, and coordinate with air assets to echelon fires. Fire support officers should utilize mortar guntarget lines, air corridors, air control points, and airspace coordination areas to deconflict effects and reduce risk. Fire support officers should utilize aviation assets at the lowest level to maximize effects on targets. Commanders should use aircraft to mitigate effects of elevation on ground systems. 5-195. Ground to air. Hybrid threats may possess armed or unarmed UAS capabilities. The commander may request air defense artillery to mitigate this risk. If air defense artillery is unavailable, the use of cover and concealment will be paramount. Air guards may suffice in providing ground to air fires depending on the weapon system.

## Sustainment

5-196. Commanders should consider requesting class IV to facilitate traffic control post operations, observation post improvements, and assembly area development. For restricted terrain, commanders should consider the necessity of aerial resupply using speedballs and pallets to reduce Soldier load and overall risk. Commanders should rehearse logistics release point operations and methods of resupply (tailgate or service station) to ensure efficiency and to provide Soldiers with timely support. Commanders consider sequential resupply to maintain continuous reconnaissance of NAIs. Commanders should consider centrally locating recovery assets for vehicles to ensure a timely response and to prevent the destruction of those assets. 5-197. Personnel Soldier loads (approach march, combat, and fighting loads) should be closely monitored and controlled to prevent injury and to increase the rate of march during reconnaissance. A technique to consider when planning packing lists for OPs is the acronym CWORMS, which stands for compass, weapon, optics, radio, map, and seasonal gear. Commanders allocate sustainment or contingency equipment during resupply, if needed. 5-198. The terrain determines the location of the casualty collection point and ambulance exchange point for medical evacuation or casualty evacuation. Rehearsals for these operations are critical and must happen to ensure the safety of the casualty, decrease the time from point of injury to next level of care, and reduce risk to first responders. Commanders should consider using mounted platforms to maintain local security of the casualty collection point.

## Protection

5-199. Engineers. Sappers provide engineer support and route clearance to ensure countermobility and survivability. Engineers can prepare fighting positions to protect against direct fire and can clear routes of IEDs. Engineers attached to platoons may aide in the clearance of IEDs during dismounted patrols as well. Countermine and counter-IED devices may be available for clearing IEDs, as well. 5-200. CBRN. Threat CBRN capabilities are often overlooked. A chlorine gas attack is a weapon available to hybrid threats, so commanders should consider the mission-oriented protective posture (MOPP) level necessary for current threat capabilities. 5-201. Military police. Military police support may be useful for route security and traffic control posts. Military working dogs identify explosives in vehicles, or prepared as IEDs to assist the troop.

## Reconnaissance Tasks In Support Of The Defense

5-202. Reconnaissance in support of BCT defensive operations provides initial assessments and refined information collection to support the commander's situational understanding. A troop may reconnoiter a piece of key infrastructure to determine security impacts on friendly forces and civilian populations. For example, an area reconnaissance augmented with a CBRN section could determine if an enemy attack on a chlorine factory in the defensive belt would disrupt the BCT operations. Troops could conduct a reconnaissance of a mobility corridor that would allow enemy forces to infiltrate to positions with direct fire engagements on the main body. Follow-on guard requirements could transition from this action. The example below demonstrates reconnaissance to collect information about a potential mobility corridor during a BCT defense.

## Route Reconnaissance

5-203. A route reconnaissance in support of BCT defensive operations is an effort that provides the BCT with freedom of maneuver and identifies potential route vulnerabilities. Route reconnaissance can determine trafficability, route constraints, and potential enemy utilization to facilitate the movement of supplies and repositioning of forces during defensive operations. The squadron should be aware of all possible methods of movement and should not focus solely on road networks. A river system could allow enemy forces to conduct smuggling operations, cache supplies, and conduct attacks against brigade defensive positions. A squadron may also conduct a route reconnaissance to map the subterranean network that may degrade the elements of combat power for the BCT defense.

## Squadron Mission

5-204. Situation: The Coryell River is the natural boundary between our host nation partner, Rendernovia, and a separatist controlled area within its borders. Pro-separatist rebels are currently taking advantage of stirred popular support and are conducting insurgent operations to destabilize the region. They have been accomplishing this using small, 3 to 5 man teams. Mission: IBCT squadron conducts route reconnaissance of Route Gillentine to determine suitability and trafficability of the Coryell River to prepare for future joint operations. Execution: A and B Troops conduct zone reconnaissance to include NAI 1 to 5 and will move one checkpoint ahead of C Troop along Route Gillentine. Provide support to C Troop as they conduct route reconnaissance of the river. C Troop is responsible for the river and 50 meters on each side. Commander's intent omitted. Squadron commander's reconnaissance guidance includes the following:

- Focus. Terrain. Your focus is to determine the enemy's and
coalition force's potential use of the river moving through the BCT area of operation. Determine potential infiltration points, ambush sites, obstacles and staging areas.

- Tempo of reconnaissance. The tempo for this operation is
deliberate. We will analyze the river by reconnoitering the bank and physically navigating the river.
- Engagement/disengagement criteria. Civilians will be in the
area. Minimize disruptive activities and positively identify enemy forces before engaging to minimize civilian casualties. Disengage if enemy direct fire contact will cause significant civilian collateral damage. Adjacent unit coordination is critical to ensure a thorough reconnaissance and to mitigate fratricide.
5-205. The supported headquarters provides PIR, which is broken into indicators for platoons. PIR could be the following. 5-206. Squadron PIR #632. Where are the locations and the conditions of established boat launch sites? (Supports squadron commander's decision to secure boat launch sites). Indicators are

- What is the composition and disposition of obstacles around
these sites?
- What is the condition of the boat ramps? - What is the condition of the roads leading up to the boat
ramps?
5-207. BCT PIR #632. Where on the river can a threat place observation or direct fires? (Supports BCT commander's decision to establish combat outpost along the river). Indicators are

- What is the composition and disposition of enemy cache or
resupply sites?
- Are enemy forces observing the river?
5-208. Division PIR #9. What effects will military operations have on local use of the river? (Supports division commander's decision to use the river for coalition forces.) Indicators include the following:

- Amount and type of local traffic on the river itself? - How effective is the separatist propaganda campaign in this
area? (See figure 5-25, page 5-53.)
5-209. Squadron PIR #632. Where are the locations and what are the conditions of established boat launch sites? (Supports squadron commander's decision to secure boat launch sites.) Indicators are

- What is the composition and disposition of obstacles around
these sites?
- What is the condition of the boat ramps? - What is the condition of the roads leading up to the boat
ramps?
5-210. BCT PIR #632. Where on the river can a threat place observation or direct fires? (Supports BCT commander's decision to establish combat outpost along the river). Indicators are

- What is the composition and disposition of enemy cache or
resupply sites?
- Are enemy forces observing the river?
5-211. Division PIR #9. What effects will military operations have on local use of the river? (Supports division commander's decision to use the river for coalition forces.) Indicators include the following:

- Amount and type of local traffic on the river itself? - How effective is the separatist propaganda campaign in this
area? (See figure 5-26.)
5-212. Situation: See squadron situation above. Mission: C Troop conducts route reconnaissance of the Coryell River to determine trafficability of the river, identify level of insurgent activity, and prepare for future operations. Execution: The operation will be a three-phase operation. Phase I is preparation and deployment. Phase II is route reconnaissance. Phase III is consolidation and reorganization. Commander's reconnaissance guidance includes the following:

- Focus is terrain. The reconnaissance objective is the Coryell
River. Your focus is to determine the potential use of the river moving through the BCT area of operation by both enemy and coalition forces. Determine potential infiltration points, ambush sites, obstacles, and staging areas.
- Tempo of reconnaissance is deliberate. Gather information
about the river and adjoining banks. If possible, continue to develop the situation further through engaging with locals conducting business on the river.
- Engagement/disengagement criteria, weapons control status,
tight. Limiting civilian collateral damage is critical to maintaining stability in this area. Minimize disruptive activities and positively identify enemy forces prior to engaging to minimize civilian casualties. Disengage if enemy direct fire contact will cause significant civilian collateral damage. Adjacent unit coordination is critical to ensure a thorough reconnaissance and mitigate fratricide. First Platoon will bypass civilian encounters and pass them to 2d Platoon for further exploitation.
- Displacement criteria. Displace when you are unable to
navigate the route. Move to the bank and continue reconnaissance until you can reenter the river or arrive at release point.

## Route Reconnaissance, Phase I

5-213. Phase I, preparation and deployment. Critical to this phase is to establish clear direct fire coordination measures to prevent fratricide, movement of boats to and security of boat launch sites, logistics planning, and casualty evacuations planning. 5-214. Establish clear direct fire coordination measures to prevent fratricide. Commanders should create a common operational picture and distribute that common operational picture to subordinates, supporting troops, and squadron to reduce risk. Commanders of all troops must consider the range and effects of direct fire weapons in close proximity to each other. Use of friendly-based quadrants, restrictive firing lines, target reference points, and weapons control status will reduce risk. Additionally, indirect fire plans must account for the scheme of maneuver for all troops along the river. 5-215. Movement of boats to and security of boat launch sites. Coordination with the squadron movement assets may be critical. Secure the boat launch site prior to the employment of watercraft. Establish the launch point as a troop assembly area. Use of a form of reconnaissance from the squadron assembly area to the launch point may be necessary to identify obstacles or threats along the infiltration route. It is imperative that troops remain focused on the reconnaissance objective, in this case the river, and bypass obstacles and threats in route to the launch point. 5-216. Logistics planning. Planned and prepositioned speedballs and contingency kits will be critical to enable the platoons to maximize the use of other mission-critical equipment. Consider coordinating for resupply or security of resupply locations through adjacent motorized troops. Development of preplanned logistics release points or contact points will provide some predictability during resupply. 5-217. Casualty evacuations planning. Due to the nature of operating on a river, the troop will constrict along a narrow mobility corridor. Casualty evacuations planning along the route is deliberate, included in the common operational picture, and supported by adjacent troops and squadron. Development and rehearsal of a medical evacuation plan may be necessary.

## Route Reconnaissance, Phase Ii

5-218. Phase II, route reconnaissance. Critical to this phase is determining trafficability of the river, counterreconnaissance, synchronized maneuver along the river, and engagement of civilians along the river. 5-219. Determine trafficability of the river. Since the terrain is the focus, specifically the potential usage of the river, the commander should consider how to employ platoons and task-organize enablers to support answering PIRs. Engineer reconnaissance elements can facilitate the classification of the river. The commander must also plan to conduct reconnaissance on the banks of the river to identify launch points, fords, and caches. 5-220. Counterreconnaissance. The adjacent motorized troops will be critical in conducting counterreconnaissance against threats attempting to collect information on the dismount troop. C Troop must still take steps to conduct counterreconnaissance within its capabilities and the limitations placed on maneuver by the narrow areas of operation. Snipers can provide precision fires on positively identified threats within the rules of engagement.

5-221. Synchronized maneuver along the river. The troop commander must ensure boats do not outpace the motorized troops adjacent to the area of operation. Commanders can use dismounted digital mission command systems or analog systems to provide a common operational picture. (See figure 5-27.) A major consideration here is how and where to position the troop command post. Given a limited number of boats, the troop commander must balance the mobility of the command post with its ability to enable mission command. The troop command post could mount in its organic vehicles and follow an adjacent troop or maintain security on the bank of the river and bound forward behind the platoons. 5-222. Engagement of civilians along the river. Civilian considerations in this area will force the commander to consider employment of available intelligence enablers. Bypass criteria may allow a platoon to remain focused on the objective while another platoon further up river develops the human intelligence. Utilizing host-nation forces to engage with locals may facilitate a greater understanding of the overall situation due to their understanding of the area's customs and courtesies.

## Route Reconnaissance, Phase I

5-223. Phase III, consolidation and reorganization. Critical to this phase is the deliberate exfiltration plan, and intelligence handover with hostnation forces. 5-224. Deliberate exfiltration plan. Commanders may consider adding this to the troop's rehearsal plan to ensure a greater understanding across the formation. While the troop may use the river for exfiltration, the commander may also coordinate with adjacent or parent units for alternate movement assets. Consider, plan, and rehearse far and near recognition between units. Alternatively, the commander may choose to utilize the river for exfiltration at a greater risk to the forces, trading speed for security. 5-225. Intelligence handover with host-nation forces. Share information on classification of the river, atmospherics, and other information across combined forces to create situational understanding. Compile and catalog biometric data for future use.

## Warfighting Function Considerations

5-226. The warfighting considerations described below apply to the above scenario. These are examples for illustrative purposes only, other considerations may apply.

## Mission Command

5-227. Facilities. Placement of the command post is an important consideration due to the depth of the area of operation and the narrow area in which the troop will maneuver. Commanders may consider moving the command post one checkpoint or terrain feature behind the troop. Positioning of the 1SG, XO, and commander will also need to maximize use of all available resources. 5-228. Systems. Use of dismounted mission command systems will enable the troop to maintain a better common operational picture and shared understanding with adjacent units. Commanders should also consider the use of retransmission elements when operating on exterior lines of communication. Communication, both digitally and via voice systems, increases understanding and enables rapid support and reaction time. 5-229. Graphics. A shared common operational picture between adjacent and parent organizations will enable a more fluid execution of the reconnaissance while also reducing risk. Planning and combined arms rehearsals at the troop and squadron level will ensure there are limited seams between the troops and that each element maintains a mutually supporting contact.

## Movement And Maneuver

5-230. Aerial/aviation. The commander should consider the use of the troop's and any other available supporting UAS to extend situational awareness quickly when the deliberate tempo of the reconnaissance and terrain limits the pace of operations. The primary consideration for Raven employment in this scenario is the launch and recovery points. The commander can assume risk and attempt to launch and control UAS from moving Zodiacs. Use periodic stops to debark Soldiers to conduct reconnaissance, launch, and recover UAS. The mission tempo supports this decision, which allows the commander to focus the troop's reconnaissance effort when time and troops available are a constraint. Fire support coordination measures and air space coordinating measures become critical to ensure all enablers are available when needed. In this situation, the limited width of the troop's area of operations may dictate attack or scout weapons team control remain at the troop and tasked by the commander as the situation dictates. Although not selected in this scenario, aerial insertion was an option to place sniper teams forward along the route. Coordination with adjacent units became the critical factor as helicopter landing zones for aerial insertion of sniper teams would have been outside the troop's area of operations.

5-231. Dismounted. In this scenario, platoons will mount and dismount the zodiacs multiple times throughout the mission to conduct reconnaissance and sustainment activities. It is critical to identify, brief, and continually refine boat mount and dismount points. The platoon's ability to easily reach the bank and stow their zodiacs appropriately (according to the commander's reconnaissance guidance) will directly impact the effectiveness of ground reconnaissance and sustainment. 5-232. Mounted. The commander in this scenario considers the requirements for launching the Zodiacs. Failure to identify launch points correctly would have significant consequences on the timing of the mission. Launch points become a critical constraint to the commander for the execution of the mission. The commander must consider the effects of conducting this route reconnaissance against the flow of the river. The deliberate tempo of this mission negates the effects of this limiting condition, but the commander must still consider how to overcome these effects if the situation dictates an increase in tempo. The order specifies that the troop will remain one checkpoint behind the troops conducting zone reconnaissance to the flanks. The commander must consider likely delays at certain points in this mission as the flank troops conduct deliberate reconnaissance of the complex terrain in their zones. The commander must plan for these operational pauses and plan to ensure continuous reconnaissance. The commander must consider the effects that mounted Zodiacs present to the scheme of movement and maneuver. The commander must take into account that the platoons mounted on Zodiacs in the river are at a marked disadvantage if there is contact with an enemy force on the shore. A key consideration in this scenario is actions to mitigate some disadvantages of being on the river without cover and concealment and without a stable base from which to deliver accurate fire. The scenario also presents significant difficulties with battlefield geometry. The troop will have a troop forward on each flank. Constant coordination with adjacent units allows the troop time to deploy out of contact with the enemy. To minimize friendly exposure to fires from the troop, the weapons control status was designated weapons tight with engagement criteria of direct fire only in self-defense. In addition, the commander tasked the troop's sniper teams to deliver precision fires to support the troop and give wide latitude to select their positions. Detailed indirect fire and direct fire planning becomes critical to avoid fratricide. 5-233. Systems. The commander must consider that the nature of the route makes employment of mortars difficult in the troop area of operations. In coordination with the mounted troops, the mortars may need to establish mortar-firing points in the other troops' area of operations or be utilized as another maneuver asset by the commander.

The commander must consider the emplacement of dismounted mission command systems to ensure connection to upper tactical internet.

## Intelligence

5-234. External. The troop commander uses the available intelligence resources task-organized to the troop or whose products are available for -troop- use. Human intelligence may identify historic crossing points, potential ambush sites, or cache sites. Use of signals intelligence will help identify whether the enemy is operating in the area, what systems they are operating on, and their capabilities. Commanders can request additional geospatial intelligence to determine the river flow, the location of the rapids, potential launch points, and other significant, critical information regarding the terrain in which the troop will be operating. Other units operating in the vicinity of the troop provide information on the probable strength, capabilities, and locations of potential insurgents. Cross communication between the troops and a shared common operational picture reduces the potential seams. While operating in a foreign nation, commanders can consider utilizing locals or host-nation forces who are familiar with the area and the local customs. Use of available intelligence assets allows the commander to target insurgent forces and better understand the enemy's capabilities. 5-235. Internal. The commander should consider bringing biometric equipment with the troop to begin developing personnel infrastructure in the area of operations. All Scouts in the troop should have an understanding of the sociopolitical situation in the area and the potential for local or international flash point events. Use of Unmanned Aircraft Systems allows observation of dead space or danger areas prior to moving into the area and reduces risk while creating a better understanding of the area and any potential obstacles.

## Fires

5-236. Ground to ground. Troop organic mortars will be difficult to employ in this terrain and while conducting Zodiac operations. Commanders should consider maintaining centralized control of the mortars and should plan mortar-firing points to suppress possible ambush sites. Coordination with adjacent troops or artillery is critical. Commanders need to ensure that coordination is in-depth and not ad hoc. Collateral damage estimates will severely constrain targeting due to command considerations such as the use of precision guided munitions.

Use of radar zones (such as critical friendly zones and call for fire zones) allow the troop freedom of maneuver and do not allow suspected enemy indirect fires capabilities to fix or disrupt the troop.

5-237. Air to ground. Commanders utilize aircraft to counter the indirect fire threat while internal indirect fires capabilities are on the move. The troop fire support officer develops and synchronizes fire support coordination measures and airspace coordination measures to ensure that aircraft receive proper taskings and employment. Commanders may utilize aircraft to help identify PIR or observe named areas of interest. 5-238. Ground to air. Insurgent forces may use UAS or other aerial assets in reconnaissance and offensive operations. Commanders consider requesting stinger antiaircraft or other systems to maintain freedom to maneuver along the river. The terrain will severely restrict the troop's movement and may allow the enemy to further exploit with air assets.

## Sustainment

5-239. Restricted terrain necessitates aerial resupply using speedballs and pallets to reduce Soldier load and overall risk. Methods of resupply at logistics release points need rehearsals to ensure efficiency and to provide Soldiers with timely support. Commanders consider sequential resupply to maintain continuous reconnaissance of the river. The resupply method could include using rotary-wing assets or adjacent units to deliver the speedballs. Limit Soldier loads to a rucksack, combat load, and limited rations. Allocate sustainment or contingency equipment during resupply, if needed. 5-240. Terrain dictates the location of casualty collection points and ambulance exchange points and influences the use of medical or casualty evacuation. For this scenario, commanders should consider positioning casualty collection points and supply points in conjunction along the riverbanks. Rehearsals for these operations are critical and must happen to ensure the safety of the casualty, decrease the time from point of injury to the next level of care, and reduce the risk to medical responders. Consider using adjacent unit's mounted platforms to maintain local security of the casualty collection point. Move priority and routine casualties to the casualty collection points on banks of the river. Urgent casualties will evacuate by air without compromising the information collection to ensure continuous reconnaissance.

## Protection

5-241. Engineers. Engineer reconnaissance teams can classify a river. Commanders should consider utilizing them to conduct the in-depth classification to allow the Scouts to focus on the overall trafficability of the river and engage with the local population to collect priority intelligence requirements. The engineers also can provide mobility capability by reducing obstacles that may be along the banks of the river.

5-242. Chemical, biological, radiological, and nuclear environment. Insurgents may attempt to introduce a CBRN threat into the area as a point target against a target of opportunity. Commanders should consider balancing Soldier load and bringing CBRN equipment to reduce the threat. Employing detection equipment enables the fastest response, and commanders should consider making it mission-essential equipment. Establishing decontamination points along the river and maintaining communication with adjacent troops and squadrons is critical to prevent further contamination.

## Section Iii - Reconnaissance And Security In Stability

5-243. Cavalry troops conduct reconnaissance and security during stability tasks. The tactical tasks the squadron and its subordinate units conduct during stability operations include area security (refer to chapter 4 of this publication for more information), patrols, observation posts, providing security to officials, static security posts, searches, roadblocks, and checkpoints. In addition, convoys and high-ranking officials may require protection during movement through or within the areas of operation. Conducting combined operations with host-nation security forces is a key consideration during stability operations. Tasks or activities that may occur in support of combined operations include

- Establishing combined operations and intelligence centers with
host-nation security forces.
- Conducting training management and combined training with
host-nation security forces.
- Sharing intelligence, according to established regulations or
procedures, with host-nation security forces.
- Executing the targeting process in conjunction with host-nation
security forces.

## Security Tasks In Support Of Stability

5-244. Area, local, and route security tasks occur within stability environments. Units conducting security in stability settings use the same fundamentals as in other situations. (Refer to FM 3-98 for more information.)

## Screen

5-245. Cavalry troops screen during stability operations to provide early warning to the main body for follow-on operations. The squadron can conduct a screen during stability operations by establishing multiple observation points and patrols throughout the BCTs area of operation to monitor activities of interest. Screening during stability operations is unique because of the nonlinear nature of the stability environment, difficulty identifying adversaries, and clearly identified transitions. (See figure 5-27, page 5-60.)

## Squadron Mission

5-246. Situation: Intelligence reports enemy forces are taking advantage of a porous province security. They are smuggling components in blue bongo trucks to the town of AQQAR. The BCT and division is attempting to develop the situation and uncover the network responsible for producing explosively formed projectile. Mission: SBCT squadron screens along PL Browns and provincial border from 030400DEC20XX to 060400DEC20XX in order to identify and conduct reconnaissance handover of blue bongo trucks transporting weapons across the provincial border. Execution: Troops will occupy observation posts overwatching prospective NAIs NLT 030400DEC20XX. Order of march from the forward operating base (FOB) is A, B, and C. Troops screen along PL Browns and observe all possible avenues of approach for smuggling routes. (See figure 5-28, page 5-61.) Troops screen in-depth throughout their zones and be prepared to perform a reconnaissance handover with UAS or follow-on forces. The squadron commander's security guidance includes

- Focus. The squadron focus for this operation is smuggling
networks operating in our sector. Identifying and reporting blue bongo trucks are necessary in order to maintain a common operational picture.
- Tempo of security. The duration of this operation is long.
Troops maintain the screen line for 72 hours without resupply.
- Engagement/disengagement criteria. Report all suspicious
activities and do not detain personnel without authorization. Conduct reconnaissance handover with UAS or adjacent units to determine final destination of target vehicle. No enemy truck will pass through this screen undetected or unreported.
- Displacement criteria. On order, no earlier than72 hours. If
required, troops may move to alternate OPs to maintain visual contact.

## Troop Mission

5-247. Situation: See squadron situation above. Mission: B Troop screens along PL Browns from 030400DEC20XX to 060400DEC20XX to identify and conduct reconnaissance handover of enemy forces transporting weapons across the international border into Aqqar. Commander's intent, expanded purpose: Allow the brigade freedom of maneuver and protection in and around Aqqar by identifying the smuggling of explosively formed projectiles. (See figure 5-29, page 5-62.) 5-248. Key tasks are

- Maintain continuous observation of infiltration and exfiltration
routes into Aqqar.
- Rapidly report all suspicious activity and movement along
unimproved routes from the international border.
5-249. End state: The troop conducts resupply and is ready to assume follow-on missions. Enemy forces identified from PL Browns to the reconnaissance handover line with 1-36 Infantry. Key terrain observed with redundant intelligence and reconnaissance assets. Civilian economy not affected by U.S. operations in and around Aqqar. Commanders' reconnaissance guidance includes

- Focus. Terrain based. Identification of primary and alternate
routes, location of logistics resupply points, ambulance exchange points, casualty collection points, and identification of critical civilian infrastructure.
- Tempo of reconnaissance. Rapid and forceful from the
squadron combat outpost to the release point to move quickly through 1-36th Infantry's area of operation. Do not damage or destroy civilian infrastructure or vehicles. Rapid and stealthy zone reconnaissance to the screen in order to determine the trafficability of routes and future sites.
- Engagement/disengagement criteria. Weapons tight, positive
identification of rocket-propelled grenade teams and manportable air defense system, active improvised explosive device emplacement team or when engaged by direct fire. Priority of fires goes to troops in contact. When the troop expends 50 percent of ammunition or three vehicles destroyed in the troop.
- Displacement criteria, none. Bypass criteria: Identification of
all obstacles. Any hostile forces squad-size or larger.
5-250. Commander's security guidance includes

- Focus. Identification of any enemy resupply activity or enemy
reconnaissance activity.
- Tempo of security. Long duration, prepare for 72 hours of
continuous operations.

- Engagement/disengagement criteria. Weapons tight, positive
identification of rocket-propelled grenade teams and MANPADs. Active improvised explosive device emplacement team or when engaged by direct fire. Priority of fires goes to troops in contact. When the troop expends 50 percent of ammunition or three vehicles destroyed in the troop.
- Displacement criteria. Receiving effective indirect fire, or
direct fire by a squad-sized element or larger.

## Screen, Phase I

5-251. The operation occurs in three phases. Phase I begins upon receipt of the squadron operation order and ends with the troop set along the screen. The troop maintains communication with the squadron and the area of operations commander, which is critical to this phase. The troop conducts a tactical movement to observation posts and identifies primary and alternate observation posts, mortar firing points, the casualty collection point, and the troop command post. The troop must report all PIR and observation of enemy reconnaissance units while maneuvering in sector. Fire support officers recommend to the commander the establishment of fire support coordination measures within the troop area of operation. (See figure 5-30, page 5-64.) 5-252. While maintaining communication with the squadron and the area of operations commander, the troop reports all information rapidly and accurately, and executes reconnaissance handover of enemy activity to the area of operations commander. Platoons provide radio checks to the command and reports all graphic control measures throughout the movement to allow continuous situational awareness. 5-253. The platoon conducts a tactical movement to the observation post and identifies primary and alternate observation posts, mortar firing points, the casualty collection point, and the troop command post. The commander provides template observation posts while the platoons have the freedom to choose a suitable position based on the terrain. While not templated by troop, platoons select alternate observation post locations. When selecting observation posts, platoons ensure their observation posts are in locations that can identify the PIR rapidly and accurately. Early warning gives the command the ability to coordinate reconnaissance handover with the area of operations commander. The troop headquarters element sets the troop command post, mortar firing point, and casualty collection point. The troop reports the command post location to the squadron, as well as shares the casualty collection point location to the platoons. The troop command post shall locate in a position that allows the commander to command subordinate elements, maintain situational awareness of the area of operation, and report to the squadron. 5-254. Platoon reports all PIR and observation of enemy reconnaissance units while maneuvering in sector. The fire support officer recommends to the commander establishment of fire support coordination measures within the troop area of operation. Platoons immediately report the locations of their primary and alternate observation posts to the troop. Platoons report once they have begun to observe their assigned NAIs, allowing the commander to begin building an operational picture for the squadron. An operational picture allows the fire support officer to establish the appropriate fire support coordination measures and no-fire areas to support each observation post.

## Screen, Phase Ii

5-255. Phase II begins with the troop set along PL Browns and ends at 72 hours or with a change of mission order. Critical events to this phase are establishing observation posts from which the platoon reports all priority intelligence requirements and observation of enemy reconnaissance units within the assigned named areas of interest. The fire support officer recommends to the commander the establishment of fire support coordination measures within the troop area of operation. (See figure 5-31, page 5-65.) 5-256. Establishing observations posts. The platoons must continually improve their positions throughout the duration of the mission. The platoons emplace sensors and obstacles that provide protection for the observation posts so they can maintain contact with enemy forces. Platoons identify dead space and establish restricted operation zones for organic UAS through the troop fire support officer. These tasks allow the troop to report all information rapidly and accurately and execute reconnaissance handover of enemy activity to the area of operations commander. Troops establish subsequent and alternate positions to observe each NAI. Alternate and subsequent positions provide freedom of maneuver while maintaining contact, and observation within their sector to the observation posts if enemy forces engage or observe them.

## Screen, Phase Iii

5-257. Phase III is at the end of 72 hours or with a change of mission order. Phase III ends with the troop resupplied and prepared to assume any follow-on mission. The critical task is resupply of all supply classes, as needed. (See figure 5-32, page 5-66.) 5-258. Resupply of all supply classes as needed. The executive officer coordinates requirements for resupply with the squadron S-4 based on the follow-on mission. If left in place, the troop can resupply using a combination of the tailgate and service station methods discussed later in this publication. If required to displace, the troop can resupply using the service station method at a logistic release point at the squadron command post.

## Warfighting Function Considerations

5-259. The warfighting considerations described below apply to the scenario above. These are examples for illustrative purposes only, other considerations may apply.

## Mission Command

5-260. Facilities. Normally, the troop command post positions in the sector where the commander believes the enemy main effort will come. The command post is usually centrally located in the troop sector and positions so it can maintain communications with the subordinate platoons and higher headquarters. The command post positions deep enough in the troop sector so that it does not have to displace immediately upon enemy contact. Commanders should take into consideration terrain and distance, and the effects on line of sight communications, to plan for and request retransmission sites as necessary. Lastly, the troop should utilize cyber systems to assist in targeting and identifying enemy personnel (social media outlets).

5-261. Systems. The troop should maximize the use of all modified table of organization and equipment to maintain communications with higher and subordinate units within the area of operations. The troop incorporates and disseminates adjacent unit graphic control measures and signal operating instructions to facilitate cross-communication and reconnaissance handover of targets. 5-262. Graphics. The troop should develop graphic control measures to the platoon and section level to control subordinate forces efficiently, provide direct fire control measures, and create a common naming convention for reporting enemy forces. The troop establishes restricted operation zones for Ravens to observe dead space within the area of operations and named areas of interest. The troop develops airspace coordination measures in coordination with the squadron fire support officer for Scout and air weapons teams, and UAS. 5-263. Task organization. Do not keep any reconnaissance assets in reserve. Maximize the capabilities of all attached units and assets to the troop.

## Movement And Maneuver

5-264. Aerial/aviation. The troop should plan for and requests scout and air weapons teams to screen along dead space and flanks, and to execute route reconnaissance forward of the troop's main body. The troop incorporates all assets into the plan to ensure cueing, mixing, and redundancy over named areas of interest. 5-265. Dismounted. The troop should consider movement rates, Soldier load effects, observation post manning and weapon requirements, and minimum security manning. The troop commander determines the risk and need for dismounted personnel to maneuver with or without the mutual support of mounted direct fire weapon systems. The commander considers route and zone reconnaissance as implied or specified tasks while maneuvering to the screen, depending on time available. The commander bases infiltration time and movement techniques on the current enemy situation template and the supported commander's reconnaissance and security guidance. 5-266. Mounted. When conducting mission planning, the troop must consider mounted movement rates, trafficability of terrain and routes within the area of operations, location of dismounted teams concerning weapon safe danger zones, and maximum effective range of weapon systems, based on the enemy situational template.

## Intelligence

5-267. Troop commanders should refine squadron priority intelligence requirements to develop indicators to assign to specific named areas of interest and targeted areas of interest. Indicators should be specific and understandable by the Soldier who is observing the named area of interest. Commanders should always consider and request available assets at higher echelons based on mission intent. The troop should ensure a battle rhythm to push and pull intelligence updates with the squadron intelligence section, to provide continuous reconnaissance to the higher echelons.

## Fires

5-268. The commander positions organic mortars to support the troop main effort. Troops use external assets to cover observation posts or friendly positions not within range of organic systems. The commander uses the fires plan to synchronize with higher and adjacent units.

## Sustainment

5-269. The troop should always plan for the proper days of supply necessary to complete the mission successfully without logistics hindering the outcome. The troop should consider enemy threat and time- distance analysis conducted between resupply points. Troops must consider tailoring logistics resupply points and resupply methods to the mission. The troop considers aerial resupply as mission and terrain dictates. Soldiers must deploy on mission with a minimum of a combat load of ammunition for all weapons systems, unless dictated otherwise during mission planning. When considering the Soldier loads, the troop must consider contingency, sustainment, approach march, combat, and fighting loads. The troop should ensure the security of their casualty collection points and ambulance exchange points using the terrain and the enemy situation.

## Protection

5-270. The commander plans alternate and subsequent observation posts. Troops must employ early warning systems. Troops establish minimum manning requirements and mission-oriented protective posture level according to current chemical, biological, radiological, nuclear, and explosives threat levels. The commander requests air defense artillery based on enemy air threat.

## Area Security

5-271. The squadron secures the area by establishing a presence and conducting reconnaissance tasks throughout the area. Subordinate units establish perimeters around base camps, critical infrastructure, and highvalue assets, while other units conduct operations to establish presence, provide security, and assist stability or relief tasks. (Refer to FM 3-98 for more information.) 5-272. A Cavalry troop conducts area security during stability operations to protect friendly forces, installations, and routes within a specified area. Area security occurs frequently during stability operations because of the required resources and sustainment efforts over a long duration. Area security creates a situation that requires the troop to protect those elements and their necessary lines of communication.

## Squadron Mission

5-273. Situation: The local religious minority is marching to their main shrine in the city to celebrate Emilito Rey, their spiritual holiday. Intelligence reports potential breakdowns in sectarian relations between this group and the majority ethnic group within BRUDU. Suicide bombers are a tactic employed in the past as well as flash mob violence. Social media activity has spiked with this event. Mission: The SBCT squadron conducts area security NLT 051000DEC20XX to protect the religious group from enemy attacks throughout their planned march route. Execution: Troops establish mounted and dismounted observation posts at key intersections. Other dismounted patrols observe conditions among the population and respond to any aggression. Coordination between elements is critical to conduct reconnaissance handover. A Troop is responsible for checkpoints 1 to 4, B Troop is responsible for checkpoints 5 to 7, and C Troop is responsible for checkpoints 8 to 10. (See figure 5-33, page 5-69.) The squadron has a Stryker Infantry company under operational control as a quick reaction force. Squadron commander's security guidance includes

- Focus. Focus your security on crowds along the march route.
Orient defensive positions on the group as it moves along the march route.
- Tempo of security. The tempo for this operation is short
duration. Plan this operation for six hours. Establish checkpoints at key intersections and areas that have good observation. Conduct roving patrols to cover dead space between observation posts.
- Engagement/disengagement criteria. The operation is discrete.
Positively identify any enemy elements that attempt to disrupt
or attack the crowd and engage according to rules of engagement. No warning shots authorized.
- Displacement criteria. Displace once the group reaches their
shrine and the crowds disperse.

## Troop Mission

5-274. Situation: See squadron situation above. Mission: B Troop conducts area security to interdict enemy forces in sector NLT 051000DEC20XX to allow freedom of maneuver to the Emilito Rey march. Commander's intent, expanded purpose: Deter and interdict enemy threats to provide protection and freedom of maneuver to the local religious minority so they can celebrate Emilito Rey. (See figure 5-34, page 5-70.)

5-275. Critical events include
- Conducting covert infiltration of dismounted observation posts. - Maintaining security and retain freedom of maneuver.
- Fully integrating host-nation security forces into the security
plan.
- Reconnaissance handover of identified threats and the religious
group's movement between troops.
5-276. End state, enemy: Enemy forces unable to influence or disrupt the Emilito Rey march; deny enemy freedom of maneuver throughout the B
Troop sector. Friendly: B Troop resupplied and prepared to assume any follow-on mission. Terrain: Route Gold from checkpoint 5 to checkpoint 8 secured. Civil: Minimal damage to civilian infrastructure. Commander's reconnaissance guidance includes

- Focus. The focus is threat-based with an emphasis on the
identification of personnel posing a threat to the Emilito Rey march through the town via suicide vests or flash mob violence.
- Tempo of reconnaissance, rapid and stealthy. Move to
dismount points rapidly and then occupy observation posts covertly. Limited indicators at NAIs allow collection to be rapid, and the infiltration method is stealthy to avoid detection when establishing observation posts.
- Engagement/disengagement criteria. The operation criteria is
discrete. Positively identify any enemy elements that attempt to disrupt or attack the crowd and engage according to the rules of engagement. No authorized warning shots.
- Displacement criteria. Observation post discovered and
compromised. Observation post displaces to subsequent or alternate observation post to maintain contact with threat forces. Bypass criteria. Mark and report, but bypass all obstacles in the sector except obstacles within two blocks of Route Gold. Suppress, report, and bypass all direct fire contact while en route to observation posts.

## Area Security, Phase I

5-277. The operation occurs in three phases. Phase I begins upon receipt of the squadron OPORD and ends with the troop set in position with checkpoints along Route Gold. Critical to this phase is coordinating rehearsal time and place, maintaining communication with the squadron commander, conducting route reconnaissance in an urban area to identify primary and alternate routes of ingress and egress to checkpoints, and identifying observation post positions. (See figure 5-35, page 5-71.) 5-278. Coordinate rehearsal time and place. When augmented with hostnation forces, it is best to conduct a combined rehearsal to ensure everyone understands the plan and nothing is lost in translation. Language barriers can offer difficulties when conducting these operations. Implement interpreter assets at the lowest levels possible to ensure continuity and that both organizations understand the plan. Consider asking the host-nation forces to provide an organic command net radio to the interpreter to maintain a common operational picture during the operation. Rehearse to ensure all forces participating in the joint operation understand the rules of engagement and escalation of force policy.

5-279. Maintain communication with the squadron commander. Maintaining communication allows the troop to report all information rapidly and accurately. Platoons provide radio checks to the troop command post and report crossing all graphic control measures throughout the movement, allowing the troop and squadron's collective leadership to update their common operational picture. 5-280. Conduct route reconnaissance in an urban area to identify primary and alternate routes of ingress and egress to checkpoints, and to identify observation post positions. Platoons template observation posts and have the freedom to choose a suitable position based on the terrain. While not templated by the troop, platoons select alternate observation post locations. When selecting observation posts, platoons ensure their observation posts are in locations that can identify priority intelligence requirements rapidly and accurately. Providing early warning will give the command the ability to coordinate the appropriate response continue to monitor, deter, kill, or capture. The troop commander considers all mission variables when planning for the conduct of a tactical movement in an urban area.

## Area Security, Phase Ii

5-281. Phase II begins with the establishment of observation posts at all assigned named areas of interest, and ends after the area reconnaissance of assigned NAIs is complete. The platoons conduct this operation in three phases. Critical for this phase is establishing observation posts to identify sources of instability, and radical messages and themes; and identifying persons of interest. (See figure 5-36, page 5-72.) 5-282. Establishing observation posts to identify sources of instability and radical messages and themes, and to identify persons of interest. The platoons continually improve their positions throughout the duration of the mission, emplacing sensors and obstacles that provide protection for the observation posts allowing the platoons to maintain contact with the NAI. The platoons also identify dead space and restricted operation zones for organic UAS. The troop fire support officer establishes the requested restricted operation zones to support the UAS, which allows the troop to report all information rapidly and accurately, and execute reconnaissance handover of enemy activity to the area of operations commander. The troop establishes alternate positions to observe each NAI in the event large crowds compromise primary positions or restrict visibility of NAIs from that position. Ensure that there is an interpreter (if applicable) present to translate messages to the Soldiers occupying the observation post. Soldiers take measures to record all verbal messages (utilizing organic audio and video recording devices). Commanders ensure that subordinate units understand the information operation to ensure that Soldiers can distribute talking points to any locals they encounter. Commanders also ensure subordinate units are in possession of a high-value target or person of interest list. This ensures that the observation posts collect the correct data while on mission. 5-283. Commander's security guidance includes

- Focus. Your focus is to identify personnel looking to
negatively impact the Emilito Rey march using suicide vests or flash mob violence.
- Tempo of security is a long duration. The troop's mission is
approximately 36 hours.
- The engagement/disengagement criteria is discrete. Positively
identify any enemy elements that attempt to disrupt or attack the crowd and engage according to the rules of engagement. No warning shots authorized.
- Displacement criteria. Displace once the group reaches their
shrine and the crowds have dispersed.

## Area Security, Phase Iii

5-284. Phase III begins after area reconnaissance is complete and ends after the troop has withdrawn to FOB Assassin. Critical events during this phase include collapsing observation posts, departing the area of operation through alternate routes, and reporting all information collected. 5-285. Collapse mounted and dismounted observation posts. While departing their positions, observation posts should attempt to minimize any signature that will alert the local population or potential enemy. Ensure collection of any organic data collection equipment (such as retrieving audio and video devices covertly placed near the NAI to record the speaker's message). 5-286. Depart the area of operation utilizing alternate routes to broaden route reconnaissance within the area of operation. Utilizing different routes ensures the unpredictability of the troop's patterns and that the troop is maximizing all routes to perform continuous reconnaissance throughout the area of operation.

5-287. Troops report all information they collect during the mission to higher headquarters upon returning to FOB Assassin. Troops should mark all electronic data recorders by observation post position and named area of interest to assist higher headquarters in gaining situational awareness.

## Warfighting Function Considerations

5-288. The warfighting considerations described below apply to the above scenario. These are examples for illustrative purposes only, other considerations may apply.

## Mission Command

5-289. Facilities. The command post locates at the FOB location due to the short duration of the mission and close proximity between the FOB and the troop's area of operations. The FOB location is centrally located in the troop sector and positioned where it can maintain communications with the subordinate platoons and higher headquarters. The commander should be with the main effort by phase. The 1SG may collocate with the medical assets and the executive officer may locate back at the FOB. 5-290. Systems. Similar warfighting considerations as a stability screen apply. The troop should utilize cyber systems to assist in targeting and identifying enemy personnel. When operating with host-nation security forces, the commander should request a host-nation form of communication, such as a handheld radio if host-nation systems are not compatible with U.S. forces. 5-291. Graphics. See stability screen. Similar warfighting considerations apply. Transfer the ground reference grid to the lowest level, and share with host-nation forces and adjacent units to ensure the distribution of the common operational picture to all units participating in the operation.

## Movement And Maneuver

5-292. Aerial/aviation. The troop should plan for and request an attack/ reconnaissance team to provide area security of the observation posts and route reconnaissance of the high-speed avenues of approach in and around friendly forces. Troops ensure all aerial assets at the troop's disposal incorporate into the troop's information collection plan to ensure cueing, integration, and redundancy. 5-293. Dismounted. The troop should consider observation post manning and weapon requirements, and minimum security manning. The troop commander determines the risk and need for dismounted personnel to maneuver with or without the mutual support of mounted direct fire weapon systems. Troops consider route and zone reconnaissance as implied or specified tasks while maneuvering to the observation post location. Troops consider time and movement techniques based on the current situation and the squadron commander's guidance. 5-294. Mounted. Similar warfighting considerations as stability screen apply. The troop considers the civilian population and urban obstacles. The troop incorporates current rules of engagement regarding civilian pedestrian and vehicle traffic.

## Intelligence

5-295. Troop commanders should refine squadron priority intelligence requirements to develop indicators that identify threats against the protected force. Indicators should be specific and understood by the Soldier. Higher echelons always consider and request available assets based on mission intent. The troop ensures they receive an intelligence update of the enemy situation from the squadron intelligence section prior to the start point.

## Fires

5-296. See stability screen. Similar warfighting considerations apply. Coordinate the fires plan with higher and adjacent units according to current rules of engagement based upon conditions on the ground. Clear all fires at all levels and approval by the area of operations commander. In this scenario, the troop should plan for precision fires to minimize collateral damage. The troop fire support officer needs to refine target location during the planning process.

## Sustainment

5-297. The troop should always plan for the proper days of supply necessary to complete the mission successfully without logistics hindering the outcome. Considerations include enemy threat capabilities and supply expenditures against required time between resupply and the distance the troop logistics package needs to travel before getting to the area of operations. The troop plans for resupply methods for an extended mission. Soldiers must deploy on mission with a full basic load of ammunition for all weapons systems used (unless dictated otherwise) during mission planning. When planning Soldier loads, the troop must consider contingency, sustainment, approach march, combat, and fighting loads. The troop plans the security of their casualty collection points and ambulance exchange points using the terrain and the enemy situation.

## Protection

5-298. The troop plans alternate and subsequent observation posts and establishes minimum manning requirements. The troop employs early warning systems to provide greater reaction time and maneuver space against those threats previously identified. The troop employs counterradio-controlled improvised explosive device electronic warfare (CREW) systems to defeat radio-controlled improvised explosive devices. The commander requests route clearance teams for use prior to phase II of the operation. Explosive ordnance disposal assets are on standby for the duration of the operation. In concert with the rules of engagement, the commander develops guidance regarding the detention of civilian personnel who discover covert observation posts. For example, if one or more civilians discover Soldiers using a personal dwelling or business as an observation post, it may be necessary to detain those individuals until the end of the mission. Detaining these individuals prevents those isolated Soldiers from information reports to hostile elements who will attempt to kill or capture them.

## Reconnaissance Tasks In Support Of Stability

5-299. Commander's task. Cavalry units to conduct reconnaissance as part of stability tasks to complement BCT stability tasks. Squadrons conducting reconnaissance in stability settings use the same fundamentals as reconnaissance in other situations. Cavalry units can connect to other units within a BCT. (Refer to FM 3-98 for more information.)

## Area Reconnaissance

5-300. A Cavalry squadron's area reconnaissance during stability operations centers on operational variables that affect instability. Identifying these sources of volatility helps clarify the BCT commander's decisions on how to mitigate those sources of instability. 5-301. The following is a technique that allows the squadron to capture and track the results of religious center monitoring. Again, these are specific to each scenario and are not the only possible answer.

## Squadron Mission

5-302. Situation. The enemy is utilizing religious centers to influence the population against coalition forces within the BCT area of operations, and to discredit the host government's legitimacy. (See figure 5-37, page 5-75.) Pattern analysis indicates that the enemy sets IEDs on Thursday night before Friday's call to prayer. Historically, targeting against coalition elements has been at the conclusion of prayer. Mission.

Squadron conducts area reconnaissance of religious centers no later than 051500DEC20XX within Brudu, in order to identify sources of instability, radical messages and themes, and to identify persons of interest. Execution. Troops establish mounted and dismounted observation posts near identified named areas of interest to monitor the different religious centers throughout the area of operations. A Troop's area of responsibility includes NAIs 1 to 4. B Troop's area of responsibility includes NAIs 5 and 6. C Troop is responsible for NAIs 7 to 10. Squadron commander's reconnaissance guidance includes

- Focus. Identification of personnel instigating instability,
propaganda against friendly forces, and radical messages and themes. In addition, any IED emplacement activities that occur towards the end of the prayer.
- Tempo: Short duration, lest than 12 hours on the objective.
Units ensure they plan accordingly to monitor all of their NAIs.
- Engagement criteria: Weapons tight, positive identification of
rocket-propelled grenade teams and man-portable air defense systems, active improvised explosive device emplacement team or when engaged by direct fire. Priority of fires goes to troops in contact.
- Disengagement criteria: Units disengage upon threat
neutralization or the conclusion of speeches. Units continue to use discretion as they disengage.
- Displacement criteria: Observation posts discovered or
compromised. Observation post displaces to subsequent or alternate observation posts to maintain contact with threat forces.

## Troop Mission

5-303. Situation: See squadron situation above. Mission: B Troop conducts area reconnaissance of religious centers NLT
051500DEC20XX within Brudu to identify sources of radical messages and themes, and to identify persons of interest. Commander's intent, expanded purpose: Identify any production sources or transmission methods for print, audio, and visual material agitating the civilian population located within the troop AO. (See figure 5-38, page 5-77.) 5-304. The key tasks of this situation are

- Conduct covert infiltration of observation posts. - Retain security and freedom of maneuver.
5-305. End state, enemy: Monitor and document all enemy propaganda within the area of operations. Friendly: All relevant and actionable intelligence gathered and passed on to the squadron commander and higher echelon intelligence channels. Terrain: Town Brudu secured. Civil: Collateral damage minimized. 5-306. Commander's reconnaissance guidance includes

- Focus. Threat based. Identification of personnel instigating
instability, propaganda against friendly forces, and radical
messages and themes.
- Tempo. Rapid and stealthy. Move to dismount points rapidly
and then covertly occupy observation posts.
- Engagement/disengagement criteria. Weapons tight, positive
identification of rocket-propelled grenade teams and manportable air defense systems, activate improvised explosive device emplacement team, or when engaged by direct fire. Priority of fires goes to troops in contact. Neutralize threat.
- Displacement criteria. Observation post discovered and
compromised. Observation post displaces to subsequent or alternate observation post in order to maintain contact with threat forces. Bypass criteria: Mark and report, but bypass all obstacles in sector.

## 5-307. Commander's Security Guidance Includes

- Focus. Identification of personnel instigating instability,
propaganda against friendly forces, and radical messages and themes.
- Tempo of security. Short duration, less than 12 hours OPs. - Engagement/disengagement criteria. Weapons tight, positive
identification of rocket-propelled grenade teams and MANPADs, active improvised explosive device emplacement team, or when engaged by direct fire. Priority of fires goes to troops in contact. Threat neutralized.
- Displacement criteria. Observation post discovered and
compromised. Observation post displaces to subsequent or alternate observation post in order to maintain contact with threat forces.

## Area Reconnaissance, Phase I

5-308. The troop area reconnaissance operation occurs in three phases. Phase I begins upon receipt of squadron OPORD and ends with the troop set in position with observation posts on all named areas of interest in sector. Critical events in this phase include maintaining squadron communication, conducting route reconnaissance, and reporting all PIR and enemy activity. (See figure 5-39, page 5-78.) 5-309. Maintain communication with the squadron and the area of operations commander, which allows the troop to report all information rapidly and accurately, and to execute reconnaissance handover of enemy activity to the area of operations commander. Platoons provide radio checks to the command and report all graphic control measures throughout the movement to allow continuous situational awareness. 5-310. Conduct route reconnaissance in an urban area to identify primary and alternate routes of ingress and egress to NAIs and to identify observation post positions. Platoons plan templated observation posts, and have the freedom to choose a suitable position based on the terrain.

Platoons select alternate observation post locations. When selecting observation posts, platoons establish their observation posts in locations that can observe their assigned NAI and report on those PIR and indicators that they are able to observe rapidly and accurately. Platoons give the troop and squadron commander early warning so they can coordinate reconnaissance handover, as necessary. The platoon identifies high-speed avenues of approach. The troop commander considers all applicable mission variables of METT-TC when conducting a tactical movement in an urban area. 5-311. Platoons report all PIR and other observed information. Platoons report the locations of their primary and alternate observation posts to the troop command post immediately, as well as reporting once they begin to observe their assigned NAIs.

## Area Reconnaissance, Phase Ii

5-312. Phase II begins with the establishment of observation posts at all assigned NAIs and ends after the area reconnaissance of assigned NAIs is complete. Critical events in this phase include establishing observation posts, conducting counterreconnaissance, conducting area reconnaissance with Raven, and mixing collection assets. (See figure 5-40, page 5-80.)
5-313. Establish observation posts to identify sources of instability, radical messages and themes, and identify persons of interest. The platoons continuously improve their positions throughout the duration of the mission. They also emplace sensors and obstacles that provide protection for the observation posts, allowing them to maintain contact with the NAI. The troop fires support officer identifies dead space and restricted operation zones for organic UAS. Establishing observation posts allows the troop to report all information rapidly and accurately, and to execute reconnaissance handover of enemy activity to the area of operations owner. The troop establishes alternate positions to observe each NAI in the event the enemy compromises primary positions or large crowds restrict the visibility of named areas of interest from that position. Ensure that each observation post has an interpreter (if applicable) to translate messages to the Soldiers occupying the observation post. Utilizing organic audio and video recording devices, Soldiers take measures to record all verbal messages. Commanders ensure that subordinate units understand the information operation themes so that Soldiers can distribute talking points to any locals they encounter. Commanders also make sure subordinate units are in possession of a high-value target or person of interest list, ensuring the observation posts collect the correct data while on mission. 5-314. Troops conduct counterreconnaissance operations to identify enemy reconnaissance elements that may inhibit the mission in areas of operation. Units activate Prophet Systems while troops are maneuvering into sectors. Troops enable enemy early warning systems to identify and mitigate at early stages in the mission, such as suspicious personnel watching patrols while talking on cell phones. Units ensure they monitor and report any unusual activity in a sector that did not exist prior to troops moving into the sector. (Examples are tires added to fires to turn smoke black, releasing pigeons, and kites beginning to fly.) 5-315. Utilize the Raven UAS to conduct area reconnaissance of dismounted observation posts to provide early warning and reaction time to possible enemy movement. Commanders ensure troops preplan and submit ROZs for approval prior to any flight operations. Commanders consider what effects a ROZ may have on indirect fires and rotary- and fixed-wing operations in the area of operations. Troops consider operational restrictions of organic UAS. Commanders ensure they maximize the effects of the system during a critical juncture during the operation, such as if the UAS can only stay on station for 20 minutes prior to it being required to return for refuel or recharge, the commander synchronizes it's employment with the ground operation.

5-316. Mix collection assets to identify persons of interest and sources of instability in or around the named areas of interest. Troops employ all organic assets to ensure continuous reconnaissance. Mixing collection assets allows the troop to minimize dead space and meet the fundamentals of reconnaissance (for example, implementation of an LRAS3 from a vehicle which has a different vantage point as an observation post with binoculars). Upon positive identification of a person of interest, the troop recommends to higher headquarters to determine an appropriate course of action. Recommendations include, but are not limited to, reconnaissance handover to a UAS or an adjacent friendly unit, or a change of mission that may require the unit to detain the person of interest.

## Area Reconnaissance, Phase Iii

5-317. Phase III begins after area reconnaissance is complete and ends after the troop withdraws to FOB Assassin. Critical events to this phase include collapsing observation posts and departing the area of operations. 5-318. Collapse mounted and dismounted observation posts. Troops depart their positions minimizing any signature that will alert the local population or potential enemy. Ensure collection of any data collection equipment acquired to support troop operations, such as retrieving audio and video devices covertly placed near the NAI to record a speaker's message. 5-319. Depart the area of operation utilizing alternate routes to broaden route reconnaissance within the area of operation. To ensure troops do not establish predictable patterns, they use alternate routes. Troops maximize the use of all routes to perform continuous reconnaissance throughout the area of observation. 5-320. Troop will report all information they collect during the mission to higher headquarters upon return to FOB Assassin. Troops mark all electronic data recorders with the observation post position or named area of interest to assist in all source intelligence production at higher headquarters.

## Chapter 6 Augmentation

Combat power augmentations are capabilities provided by other units and teams to the troop in support of the current mission. The commander employs available augmentation to enhance the effectiveness of troop operations. The commander and subordinate leaders must understand the capabilities and limitations of augmentation, and ensure a clear task and purpose when integrating this support into troop-level operations. Augmentation helps the troop commander to accomplish the mission while achieving the squadron commander's intent. Augmentation should complement, not detract from, the troop mission. The integration of these assets begins during troop planning and continues through rehearsals and execution. The following paragraphs discuss combat augmentation that a troop commander may encounter during operations.

## Section I - Brigade Combat Team Assets

6-1. The squadron provides the troop additional combat power, either organic to the squadron or from the BCT. The squadron's higher headquarters, the BCT, has organic capability in the form of a field artillery battalion and the brigade engineer battalion, which includes the military intelligence and signal companies, and the CBRN
reconnaissance platoon.

## Engineer Support

6-2. Combat engineers accomplish mobility, countermobility, and survivability tasks to increase the effectiveness of troop operations. Combat engineers integrate with the commander's maneuver and indirect fires assets, enhancing the commander's opportunities to accomplish combined arms missions. 6-3. General (construction) engineers do not organize, equip, or train to perform close combat operations. When close combat is less likely to occur, they may employ their technical capabilities to support the troop for specialized missions, such as reconnaissance tasks related to infrastructure or environmental conditions. 6-4. An engineer reconnaissance team is the baseline engineering reconnaissance element. The identified element may be a team, squad, platoon, or larger unit. Highly trained personnel are required for obstacle and other tactical engineer reconnaissance operations. (Refer to ATP 3-34.22 and ATP 3-34.81 for more information.) 6-5. Engineer reconnaissance teams assist the troop in conducting zone, area, and route reconnaissance to answer the applicable commander's critical information requirements, with an additional focus on technical information. Engineer reconnaissance support may be critical in urban operations, tunnel and subsurface operations and other operations in complex terrain. Reconnaissance support is also critical in mobility, countermobility, and survivability operations. Engineer capabilities support environment and infrastructure classification in reconnaissance operations. Environmental and infrastructure assessments support the performance of a detailed survey, when the situation permits. The engineer reconnaissance team is normally task-organized for a specific mission from the combat mobility platoons or the mobility support platoon found within one of the brigade engineer battalion's engineer companies. The engineer reconnaissance team

- Provides detailed technical information on complex obstacles
and enemy engineer equipment to increase the supporting unit's reconnaissance capabilities.
- Conducts an analysis of assets needed to bypass, breach, mark,
or reduce any encountered obstacle.
- Provides detailed technical information on routes (including
classification) and specific information on bridges, tunnels, fords, and ferries along the route.
- Provides the initial level of technical information required for
an airfield assessment.
- Conducts tactical reconnaissance with a specified focus on the
initial technical information required for environmental or infrastructure assessments.

## Fire Support

6-6. Fire support is fires that directly support land, maritime, amphibious, and special operations forces to engage enemy forces, combat formations, and facilities in pursuit of tactical and operational objectives (JP 3-09). The paragraphs below discuss the different fire assets and their capabilities available to Cavalry troop commanders.

## Fire Support Team

6-7. A *fire support team* is a field artillery team organic to each maneuver battalion and selected units to plan and coordinate all available company supporting fires, including mortars, field artillery, naval surface fire support, and close air support integration (ADRP 3-09). The fire support team also assists in target acquisition, calls for fire, and fire control through digital links established with the squadron fires cell. The squadron fire support officer, S-2, and S-3 coordinate closely to focus and synchronize lethal and nonlethal effects that support the troop scheme of maneuver by taking advantage of near-real time targeting information provided by intelligence, acquisition, and targeting systems. Target acquisition systems also provide targeting information that the reconnaissance and fire support elements use during reconnaissance and security missions.

## Troop Mortars

6-8. The troop mortar section (while organic, is listed here with fire support to facilitate fires planning) provides organic indirect fire support that is extremely responsive to the troop's tactical needs. The section can place a heavy volume of timely, accurate, sustained indirect fires that can disrupt enemy fires and movement, allowing the troop to maneuver to positions of advantage. Mortars are effective in covering obstacles or dead space, engaging dismounted threats, marking targets for air attack, or providing screening smoke (obscuration). They are ideal weapons for providing immediate suppression and for attacking targets on reverse slopes, in narrow ravines, in built-up areas, and in other areas that are difficult to strike with low- angle fires. Mortars are largely ineffective at destroying armor vehicles. Plan and employ mortars for the appropriate target or mission. 6-9. The troop often operates within a large area that the mortar section cannot completely cover during missions. In such a situation, the commander decides whether to position the mortars to cover the most critical area or to move them to a position where they can cover a portion of multiple areas and adjust as necessary. If commanders know the availability of other fires assets, they can attempt to incorporate them into their plan.

6-10. The progress of the troop determines the movement of the mortars during Cavalry operations. While the section is on the move, it prepares to provide immediate fires using direct lay, direct alignment, or hip shoot techniques. The section plans the movement so it is in position to support the troop at critical times, such as when crossing danger areas or clearing complex terrain. 6-11. Cavalry troops in the ABCT and SBCT have a section of two mounted 120-mm mortars and a fire direction center. In the IBCT, motorized troops have a section of two HMMWV-towed 120-mm mortars and a fire direction center, while the dismounted troop has a section of two 60-mm mortars and a fire direction center. Table 6-1 (page 6-3) summarizes the troop's mortar capabilities.

Note. BFSB troops do not have organic mortars.

| WEAPON       | AVAILABLE       |
|--------------|-----------------|
| MUNITIONS    |                 |
| BURST        |                 |
| RADIUS       |                 |
| SU           |                 |
| RA           |                 |
| MAX          |                 |
| RANGE        |                 |
| METERS       |                 |
| MIN          |                 |
| RANGE        |                 |
| METERS       |                 |
| MAX RATE     |                 |
| (RDS PER     |                 |
| MINUTE)      |                 |
| M            |                 |
| 3500         |                 |
| (HE)         |                 |
| 30           |                 |
| m            |                 |
| 60 mm        |                 |
| HE,WP,       |                 |
| Illumination |                 |
| 70 (HE)      |                 |
| 30 for 4     |                 |
| minutes      |                 |
| 7200         |                 |
| (HE)         |                 |
| 180 (HE)     | 15 for 1 minute |
| m            |                 |
| 120 mm       |                 |
| HE,WP,       |                 |
| obscuration, |                 |
| Illumination |                 |
| Legend:      |                 |
| HE           |                 |
| - high       |                 |
| explosives;  |                 |
| Max -        |                 |
| maximum;     |                 |
| Min -        |                 |
| minimum;     |                 |
| mm -         |                 |
| millimeter;  |                 |
| rds -        |                 |
| rounds; WP   |                 |
| - white      |                 |
| phosphorous  |                 |

## Effect Types Of Mortar Support

6-12. The troop request one of five effect types of mortar support during a call for fire, depending on the desired results intended for the target. The five effect types of mortar support are destruction, neutralization, suppression, obscuration, and illumination.

## Destruction

6-13. High explosive rounds can destroy soft targets, but typically require a very large amount of ammunition to achieve the intended effect. The destruction effect results in 30 percent casualties or material damage to the targeted asset. High explosives are very effective against dismounted threats and in urban environments.

## Neutralization

6-14. Once a target suffers 10 percent casualties or damage, it is neutralized, which temporarily renders it ineffective or unusable. This effect is beneficial when maneuvering a unit into a position of relative advantage.

## Suppression

6-15. High explosive rounds cannot destroy armored vehicles unless they achieve a direct hit; however, their use can greatly disrupt enemy movement. High explosive rounds can force mounted enemy units to button up or move to less advantageous positions.

## Obscuration

6-16. Troops use smoke rounds for obscuration, marking targets, and screening. In obscuration, place smoke on or just in front of enemy positions to obscure their vision. Obscuration can support infiltration and exfiltration. Screening is placing smoke between the enemy and the troop's positions to conceal movement. Mortar-delivered obscuration can mark enemy positions, which can help to enhance friendly maneuver and orient direct fires or close air support. Obscuration may be more effective in urban environments where structures minimize the impact of winds that normally disperse obscuration effects. In any situation, Scouts are careful not to allow friendly obscuration to work against them by marking their own positions.

## Illumination

6-17. Illumination rounds light an area or enemy position during periods of limited visibility, which can increase the effectiveness of image intensification devices and sensors. It also assists the troop in gathering information, adjusting mortars or artillery, or engaging enemy targets with direct fire. Ground burst illumination marks enemy positions and provides a thermal target reference point for control of direct and indirect fires. As with obscuration, however, Scouts are careful not to illuminate friendly positions. Scouts pay close attention to wind direction and speed to ensure proper placement of the rounds whenever they employ illumination.

## Employment Techniques

6-18. The troop mortar section employs as a separate element during operations. It generally moves independently of the platoons and provides its own security. The commander usually designates positions for the section sergeant and provides guidance for indirect fires forward of the platoons. The commander can delegate this responsibility to the fire support officer, which allows the officer and the section sergeant to work together to develop a firm fire support plan. 6-19. If the section divides into individual tubes, the section leadership splits to ensure adequate coverage. Known as split section operations, this technique is the least preferred method of operation because the individual tube is isolated and dependent on the element it attaches to for all defense, maneuver, and sustainment requirements. Split section operations requires a higher degree of crew training and does not provide for mutual support against air or ground threats. While this may provide a wider coverage area, it has its own inherent disadvantages. Split section operations degrade mass effects particularly with high explosives and illumination. If the mortar section losses communications in either vehicle, split section operations is not possible. Additionally, planning requirements doubles for the following

- Command and control. - Clearance of fires. - Survivability moves. - Resupply

## Mortars In Urban Operations

6-20. Mortars are well suited for operations in urban areas because they have a high rate of fire, short minimum range, and a steep angle of fall of mortar ammunition, which minimizes dead space behind buildings.

Mortar fire dead space on the gun-target line beyond a building is only about one-half the height of the building. (Refer to ATTP 3-21.90.)

## Field Artillery

6-21. A fires battalion or battery may employ both low- and high-angle fires to support the troop. Munitions include high explosive, dualpurpose improved conventional munitions, extended range, dual purpose, improved conventional munitions, copperhead, scatterable mines, obscuration, and illumination. The GPS-aided Excalibur high explosive round is useful for striking well-located targets; its guidance system and top attack trajectory make it less likely to produce collateral damage. 6-22. In addition to cannon artillery, multiple launch rocket system units provide unguided or GPS-guided rocket or missile fires. Multiple launch rocket system units do not have obscuration or illumination munitions, although they may fire antitank scatterable mines that comply with international treaties for the use of landmines.

## Aviation Fires And Close Air Support

6-23. Attack helicopter fires are a powerful asset in the area of operation because they can destroy enemy elements of varying sizes, including large armor formations. The troop may require Army rotary-wing aviation to support subordinate platoons and teams engaged in close combat. 6-24. *Close air support* is air action by fixed- and rotary-wing aircraft against hostile targets that are in close proximity to friendly forces and require detailed integration of each air mission with the fire and movement of those forces (JP 3-0). (Refer to JP 3-09.3 for more information.) Planning of close air support targets is the responsibility of the commander and the fire support officer in coordination with the squadron tactical air control party. The squadron tactical air control party consists of air liaison officers and joint terminal attack controllers (JTACs). The air liaison officer advises the commander of the capabilities and limitations of fixed- wing close air support, while the JTAC is the primary means for requesting and controlling close air support. Joint fires observers act as extended eyes for the JTAC in support of type II or III terminal attack control engagements or organic fire support personnel request and control if no JTAC support is available. For procedures associated with CAS execution with non-JTAC personnel. (See JP 3-09.3.)

## Target Acquisistion

6-25. Target acquisition systems gather information in several ways. Assets include

- AN/TPQ-36 and AN/TPQ-37 radars.
- Unmanned Aircraft Systems. - Fire support teams.
- AH-64 helicopters. - Scouts. - Fixed-wing aircraft performing reconnaissance and
surveillance missions using advanced targeting pods.
6-26. Targeting is a command responsibility. Locating, identifying, classifying, tracking, and attacking targets and then assessing battle damage are difficult tasks. Competition for assets is intense. Detailed guidance, thorough planning, and disciplined execution prevent unnecessary redundancy and maximize available combat effects.

## Fires Planning

6-27. One of the commander's greatest challenges is to synchronize and concentrate all available assets at the critical time and place. To ensure the fires assigned are effective and understood by subordinates, the commander conducts fire planning.

## Planning Considerations

6-28. The planning process begins with receipt of the mission. The commander, XO, and fire support officer interact throughout planning and execution to ensure continuous necessary support. As the commander develops the plan for employment of forces, they and the fire support officer plan for the best use of fires by determining

- Fires and nonlethal assets that support the troop and
subordinate elements.
- Targets to attack. - Indirect fires and nonlethal assets to employ (ammunition and
delivery).
- Desired target effects. - Engagement priorities.
6-29. The commander clearly states the intent for fires and ensures that the fires plan supports each phase of the operation. Areas that the commander coordinates with the fire support officer are

- Scheme of maneuver: includes the area of operation, timing
and triggers of advance, rate of movement, passage of lines, and Army aviation in the area of operation.
- Identify priority of fires: identifies which platoon has priority
of fires.
- Identify critical targets: seriously impede mission
accomplishment.

- Identify priority targets: along with the time, they will be in
effect.
- Close air support: the commander and fire support officer, in
coordination with the squadron tactical air control party, determine what close air support assets are available, when they are available, and how to use (including target selection and desired effects).
- Fire support coordination measure: established by higher
headquarters, these control measures are existing or proposed, permissive, or restrictive.
- Ammunition restrictions: place limitations on the use of
obscuration, improved conventional munitions, or other ammunition (including established controlled supply rates).
6-30. The fire support plan outlines how to use lethal and nonlethal fires. The troop fire support officer develops the plan and constantly refines it as the operation continues. It ranks targets in priority order, matches them with the available indirect fires systems, eliminates duplication with squadron targets, and allows fires execution quickly and without specific direction from the commander. A fire support plan includes

- Priority of fires. - Critical and priority targets. - Rules of engagement. - Allocation of priority targets and final protective fire, if
available.
- Execution matrix. - Fire support coordination measure. - Clearance of fires. - Required airspace coordinating measures. - The general concept of how indirect fires support the operation. - A target list that includes locations for fires use.
6-31. The fire support officer disseminates the fire support plan containing all the elements listed above within the troop by OPORD or by other means such as a digital message. Upon receipt and modification, based on platoon indirect fire plans, the platoon leaders receive the updated fire plans.

Note. Scout platoons often generate platoon-level graphic control measures because of the decentralized nature of reconnaissance and security missions. The troop fire support team and troop headquarters element must routinely incorporate platoon graphic control measures.

## Coordination Considerations

6-32. The troop fire support officer has the following responsibilities in coordinating fires:

- Ensure the squadron fire support officer, troop mortar section,
and any other supporting elements have the correct fire support plan.
- Conduct fires rehearsals prior to every operation, when
feasible.
- Keep the squadron fire support officer informed of the tactical
situation.
- Select the appropriate fires method to engage targets. - Inform the troop commander regarding the status of all fires
assets.
- Modify the fire support plan as necessary and disseminate
changes.
- Coordinate requests for additional fires, if necessary. - Monitor execution of the fire support plan throughout the
operation.
6-33. The troop fire support officer ensures that the fire support plan remains supportable. The fire support officer has to stay abreast of the tactical situation and coordinate, refine, and anticipate all fire support requirements. The fire support officer immediately informs the commander if the plan becomes unworkable or if circumstances dictate changes to the plan.

## Intelligence Support

6-34. The BCT intelligence cell assists the commander and staff in understanding the situation and with decisionmaking. The intelligence cell provides timely, relevant, accurate, predictive, and tailored intelligence analysis, reporting, and products. 6-35. The military intelligence company supports the BCT and its subordinate commands through collection, analysis, and dissemination of information and intelligence. Its mission is to conduct analysis, fullmotion video, signals intelligence, and human intelligence collection.

The military intelligence company also provides analysis and intelligence personnel for the company intelligence support teams. Refer to ATP 2-19.4 for more information.

## Chemical, Biological, Radiological, And Nuclear Support

6-36. The only CBRN element organic to the squadron is the squadron CBRN officer and NCO. The exception is the CBRN Scout platoon in the surveillance troop of the SBCT Cavalry squadron. These squadron CBRN assets use decision support tools embedded in the joint warning and reporting network to plan CBRN defense, provide tracking support during squadron operations, and gain and maintain awareness of the CBRN situation in the squadron area of operations and area of interest. Designated staff members integrate contamination avoidance, protection, and decontamination principles to assist the squadron commander in CBRN defense (the troop CBRN noncommissioned officer assists the troop commander). (Refer to ATP 3-11.32/MCWP 3-37.2/NTTP 3-11.37 for more information.)

## Section Ii - External Brigade Combat Team Assets

6-37. When required, the troop requests augmentation from outside the BCT through the BCT operations officer. Both habitual and other augmentation forces are below.

## Army Aviation Support

6-38. Army Aviation conducts air-ground operations as the aerial maneuver force of the combined arms team, or as an independent maneuver force in support of ground forces. Army aviation supports the Cavalry troop conducting reconnaissance and security operations through various tasks, including movement to contact, attack, reconnaissance, security, and air assault tasks. Depending on the required task, Cavalry squadrons request support using attack/reconnaissance air mission requests or lift air mission requests. Both examples and more information on Army aviation is in FM 3-04.

## Movement To Contact

6-39. The speed, range, lethality, long-range communications, and reconnaissance capabilities of Army aviation make attack reconnaissance units ideally suited to conduct movement to contact and especially with the employment of manned-unmanned teaming. Cavalry troops may increase their freedom of maneuver by having aviation assets develop the situation and create favorable conditions to conduct subsequent tactical or enabling tasks.

## Attack

6-40. Army aviation may conduct hasty and deliberate attacks in support of friendly forces in close enemy contact or against enemy forces out of contact with friendly forces. Attack reconnaissance unit aircrews use a standardized check-in brief to contact the supported ground unit. The check-in brief in table 6-2 provides the ground unit with key and essential information on the attack weapons team supporting their request.

## Aircraft Transmission To Ground Unit

1. Check in call:
"ABLE 6 , THIS IS GUN 52 ."
(Ground Unit) (Aircraft call-sign)
2. Aircraft team composition and location:
"TWO
            AH-64Es
                           APPROXIMATELY
                                                     5
KILOMETERS NORTH OF YOUR POSITION."
(Composition) (Location)
3. Munitions available:
"WEAPONS LOAD: 30 MILLIMETERS, POINT
DETONATING ROCKETS, K2A AND N- MODEL
HELLFIRES."
4. Night vision capability and type (if appropriate):
"NIGHT VISION AND FORWARD LOOKING
INFRARED CAPABLE."
5. Station time (if appropriate):
"WE HAVE APPROXIMATELY 120 MINUTES OF
PLAY TIME."

6-41. When the Cavalry troop is in close contact with enemy forces, the ground maneuver commander controls the synchronization and integration of aviation maneuver, and the distribution and deconfliction of aviation fires. Air ground reconnaissance requires detailed planning; however, it is not always feasible. In this case, Cavalry troops use the attack aviation call for fire, a standardized 5-line format for employing attack aircraft as depicted in table 6-3, page 6-8.

## Attack Aviation Call For Fire (5-Line)

1. Observer/Warning Order:
"GUN 52, THIS IS ABLE 6, FIRE MISSION, OVER."

             (Aircraft call-sign) (Observer call-sign)
2. Friendly Location/Mark:
             "MY POSITION BUILDING 2,
             MARKED BY INFRARED STROBE."
                 (Target reference point, grid, other information)
                 (Strobe, beacon, infrared strobe, information)
3. Target Location:
             "TARGET LOCATION BUILDING 10
             (AB 1234 5678) ."
                              (Bearing [magnetic] and range
                              [meters], target reference point, grid,
                              other information)
4. Target Description/Mark:
             "3rd FLOOR WINDOW, MARKED BY
             TRACER AND INFRARED POINTER."

             (Target description) (Infrared pointer, tracer,
             other information)
5. Remarks:
             "AT MY COMMAND, OVER."

(Threats, danger close clearance, restriction, at
my command, other information)

6-42. Alternatively, Army aviation may conduct attacks against enemy forces out of friendly contact to preemptively divert, disrupt, delay, or destroy enemy capabilities before they can be brought to bear on friendly forces. While these operations may require more detailed planning and range from relatively low- risk to extremely high-risk, they may be effective at shaping the enemy force prior to Cavalry troop operations. The air mission commander controls the maneuver and fires for these operations.

## Reconnaissance

6-43. Army aviation conducts reconnaissance in a manner similar to the cavalry troop; however, the capabilities are inherently different for aviation units. Army aviation attack reconnaissance units are specifically equipped, trained, and organized to conduct all forms of reconnaissance except special reconnaissance. Assault and general support aviation units can also perform limited reconnaissance missions based on mission variables. Regardless of whether reconnaissance is a specified task or not, it is always an implied task for every aviation element to gather and report information on enemy and friendly disposition, terrain, and civil activities observed during the course of all operations. 6-44. Effectively employing aviation assets using a combination of manned and unmanned assets, Army aviation provides depth to the reconnaissance operation and allows the commander to collect information with multiple perspectives at the appropriate time. Ground and air reconnaissance assets may cue each other to gain greater detail on a named area of interest. Aviation assets may also compliment the sensors of ground reconnaissance forces by mixing systems to increase the probability of collection.

## Security

6-45. Similar to reconnaissance, Army aviation attack reconnaissance units are specifically equipped, trained, and organized to conduct security operations; however, the only security task that aviation can perform autonomously is the screen. Army aviation conducts screens at all echelons, from elements as small as an attack weapons/Scout weapons team using manned-unmanned teaming, up to elements as large as an attack reconnaissance battalion or squadron, either independently as a pure aviation maneuver force or as a member of the combined arms team. When task-organized to a ground maneuver force with an area, screen, guard, or covering force security mission, Army aviation conducts tactical, enabling, and sustaining tasks, including screen, attack, reconnaissance, air assault, air movement, aeromedical evacuation, and mission command support. 6-46. Unbound by complex terrain, Army aviation adds depth to the overall security operation for the protected force. For example, UAS in the deep area conduct reconnaissance of a NAI to provide early and accurate warning of impending enemy forces to manned assets screening along the forward line of troops. The manned assets then gain and maintain enemy contact to provide early and accurate warning to the Cavalry troop, or call for fires on the enemy positions.

## Air Assault

6-47. Army aviation conducts air assaults in support of offensive, defensive, and stability operations throughout the depth and breadth of the AO. Aviation assault and heavy lift units transport Cavalry troops and their equipment from secure or permissive PZs to unsecure or secure LZs in the objective area. For example, Cavalry troops may be air assaulted into the deep area to conduct dismounted reconnaissance, or engineer assets can be air assaulted rapidly to conduct a bridge classification.

## Air And Missile Defense Support

6-48. Air and missile defense encompasses passive and active measures. The air and missile defense design nullifies and reduces the effectiveness of enemy attack or surveillance by enemy aircraft, UAS, and missiles. Air defense measures make the troop a less detectable target, which reduces the possibility of attack. In the event of attack, air defense counters the enemy by destroying aircraft or disrupting the attack. 6-49. The troop has no specified organic air defense assets; however, it can receive air and missile defense augmentation from a supporting higher headquarters. Joint doctrine employs Air Force assets to attain air superiority and reduce the risk of hostile aircraft engaging friendly ground units. (Refer to ATP 3-01.94 for more information.)

## Close Air Support

6-50. Commanders employ close air support to augment supporting fires that attack the enemy day or night in a variety of weather conditions. Improvements in tactics, techniques, procedures, and equipment have enhanced the ability of aircraft to provide support. The speed, range, and maneuverability of aircraft allow them to attack targets that other supporting arms may not be able to engage because of limiting factors such as target type, range, terrain, or the ground scheme of maneuver. Ground commanders are the ultimate authority for the use of all supporting fires in their respective area of operations. The ground commander at the lowest level is responsible for employment of close air support assets unless the higher commander in the ground force chain of command specifically retains the responsibility. There are two types of close air support requests that a Cavalry may initiate: preplanned and immediate.

## Preplanned Close Air Support Requests

6-51. The ground commander coordinates preplanned CAS requests according to the air tasking order production timeline, which results in the preplanned CAS request appearing as a mission on the air tasking order. Normally, this is 48 to 72 hours in advance of the operation. These requests may or may not include detailed target information because of the mission's lead-time. However, these requests include potential targets, desired effects, proposed times, and a general priority.

## Immediate Close Air Support Requests

6-52. Immediate close air support requests are CAS requests not submitted to the air operations center in time to have the mission appear on the air tasking order. The window for submitting preplanned requests will be theater specific.

## Close Air Support Considerations

6-53. Close air support mission success is directly related to thorough mission planning based on

- Weather. - Target acquisition. - Target identification. - Identification of friendly forces. - General ordnance characteristics. - Final attack heading. - Suppression of enemy air defense. - Close air support and artillery integration.

## Airspace Coordination Area

6-54. An airspace coordination area provides airspace for the relatively safe travel of aircraft. The coordination area also facilitates the simultaneous attack of targets near each other by multiple fire support assets. Classification for airspace coordination areas are formal or informal, based on the amount of time available and the level of control desired. (Refer to JP 3-09.3 for additional information.)

## Night Close Air Support Operations

6-55. Close air support assets provide night support using GPS- and laser-guided munitions. The two most important requirements of a night close air support operation are the same identification of the target, and positive marking and identification of friendly unit locations. 6-56. Flares released from forward air controllers-airborne, other close air support aircraft, or flare ships can effectively illuminate target areas. However, artillery- and mortar-fired illumination is preferable as these assets provide a longer sustained rate of fire. 6-57. Commanders rely on their own assets for marking and illumination requirements. Marking of friendly unit locations improves safety and provides target area references. Tracers and infrared beacons can serve both purposes.

## Explosive Ordnance Disposal Support

6-58. The Cavalry troop may require explosive ordnance disposal support to destroy enemy ammunition and equipment, and to ensure that unexploded ordnance is inoperable. Explosive ordnance disposal capabilities are not organic to the troop. Higher headquarters requests this augmentation. Process requests for explosive ordnance disposal support through squadron operational channels to the BCT, which in turn forwards the request to the supporting explosive ordnance disposal headquarters. If there is a constant presence of improvised explosive devices and unexploded ordinance hazards, an explosive ordnance disposal team attaches to the troop.

## Civil Affairs Support

6-59. A civil affairs company normally allocates to support a brigadesize element, with a civil affairs team being the lowest echelon civil affairs tactical support element provided to a supported commander. The civil affairs team would normally conduct operations in a squadron's area of operation. The civil affairs team executes civil affairs operations and can conduct civil engagement with, and civil reconnaissance and assessments of, the civil component of the AO. As part of the commander's civil-military operations, civil affairs conduct operations nested within the overall mission and intent. The civil affairs team has the ability to leverage operational and strategic-level civil affairs assets and capabilities through reachback to shape operations. Civil affairs reachback may include:

- Civil affairs company civil-military operations center. - Civil affairs battalion headquarters. - Civil affairs brigade headquarters. - Civil-military advisory group. - USAR 38G military government specialist capabilities.

## Religious Support

6-60. Unit ministry teams and chaplain sections advise commands on the impact of culture and religion in the operating environment. Specifically, Cavalry squadrons and BCTs have unit ministry teams attached to support planning and operations to Cavalry troops with cultural awareness information, specifically information on indigenous religions within the area of operations. Religious support personnel may also coordinate for subject matter expert advice from chaplains with advanced training on world religions. Chaplains and religious affairs specialists also provide ethical and moral advisement on operational matters ranging from direct confidential ethical advice to unit leaders on ethical problems, to broader advisement provided in the ordinary course of staff operational planning and working group participation. The support of unit ministry teams may be particularly helpful in stability operations by identifying protection for key religious personnel and facilities, protecting vulnerable population elements such as dislocated civilians, and in planning and preparing liaison mission support to engage local indigenous leaders.

## Military Information Support Operations

6-61. The current military information support operations rules of allocation allow for the attachment of a tactical detachment to brigadesize units. However, in contingency operations, major combat operations, and other extraordinary situations, an entire tactical company with organic audio, visual, and audio-visual development personnel and equipment may attach depending on operational necessity and authorization. The commander directs and leads military information support operations as an integral part of all operations. The commander employs military information support operations forces to shape the area of operation and to set the conditions for success at the tactical level. In addition, the commander uses military information support operations to inform and influence target groups and individuals in decisive action. 6-62. When properly employed, military information support operations forces can save the lives of friendly people, whether military or civilian, while degrading the enemy's morale, efficiency, and willingness to fight. Military information support operations discourage aggressive actions by creating dissidence and disaffection within enemy and adversary ranks, ultimately inducing desertion, malingering, in-fighting, and surrender. For more information on allocation and capabilities. (Refer to FM 3-53 and ATP 3-53.2.)

## Chapter 7 Sustainment

Cavalry squadrons frequently operate in locations distant from their organic sustaining base. They often carry a configured load or are task-organized with assets necessary to ensure their sustainment until they can be relieved.

Sustainment of a Cavalry troop is critical to the squadron's mission success. The sections in this chapter discuss the basics of sustainment, sustainment planning, organization, logistical package operations, troop resupply operations, maintenance, and field services in addition to the Army Health System and personnel service support available to the troop commander.

## Section I - Basics Of Sustainment

7-1. The troop's ability to continue its mission for extended periods depends on the squadron's ability to obtain, transport, and distribute resources such as fuel, ammunition, replacement personnel, and rations. Likewise, the troop develops rapid and dependable ways to treat and evacuate wounded Soldiers and repair combat equipment to sustain troop morale, combat power, and the readiness to fight. The troop's sustainment capabilities allow for quicker deployability and the reduction of the support footprint in the squadron operations and brigade combat team support area. Despite advances in sustainment, mission command, and situation awareness that facilitates support of the troop's sustainment assets, supporting wide-ranging and decentralized operations remains a challenge. The responsibility to sustain the troop properly rests with the commander. The troop XO and 1SG share responsibility for sustainment activities to support all troop operations.

## Sustainment Functions

7-2. Sustainment involves the interrelated functions of conducting logistics, providing personnel services, and providing health service support. Logistics determines the depth and duration of troop operations and is essential to retaining and exploiting the initiative. (Refer to ADRP

3-0.) Logistics includes
- Maintenance.
- Transportation. - Supply. - Field services. - Distribution. - Operational contract support. - General engineering support.
7-3. Personnel services include
- Human resources support. - Financial management. - Legal support. - Religious support. - Band support.
7-4. Army Medical Department functions include
- Organic and area medical support. - Hospitalization (including treatment of chemical, biological,
radiological, and nuclear patients).
- Dental treatment. - Behavioral health and neuropsychiatric treatment. - Clinical laboratory services. - Medical evacuation (including en route care and medical
regulating).
- Medical logistics (including blood and blood products)

## Supply Classes

7-5. Supply classes fall into categories for management and planning. (See table 7-1.)

| DEFINITION                                            |
|-------------------------------------------------------|
| CLASS                                                 |
| I                                                     |
| Subsistence, water, and gratuitous health and comfort |
| items.                                                |
II
Clothing, individual equipment, tentage, organizational tool sets and kits, hand tools, unclassified maps,
administrative and housekeeping supplies and equipment, and chemical, biological, radiological, and nuclear (CBRN) equipment.
III
Petroleum (bulk and packaged), oils, and lubricants.
IV
Construction fortification and barrier materiel.
V
Ammunition.
VI
Personal demand items normally sold through exchanges.
VII
Major end items.
VIII
Medical materiel, including repair parts peculiar to medical equipment.
IX
Repair parts and components.
X
Materiel to support nonmilitary programs.

## Troop Sustainment Personnel

7-6. Troop sustainment requires planning and oversight from several key leadership positions. The minimum duties and responsibilities by position are below.

## Commander

7-7. The troop commander plans, prepares, and executes its portion of the squadron sustainment plan and ensures the troop sustainment operations meet the tactical plan. Concurrent with other planning, the company develops its sustainment plan during the mission analysis, and refines it in the war-gaming portion of the troop-leading process. Routinely conduct troop rehearsals to ensure the support and services do not affect reconnaissance and security tasks.

## Executive Officer

7-8. The XO is the troop's primary sustainment planner and coordinator, reporting directly to the commander. During preparations for the mission, the XO works closely with the 1SG to determine specific support requirements of the tactical plan. The XO performs the following sustainment functions:

- Assists the troop commander in developing sustainment
priorities and guidance according to the squadron's concept of support, and enforces those priorities.

- Determines the location of the troop's resupply point based on
analysis during operational planning.
- Compiles reports from subordinate elements and completes the
troop Logistics Status Reports (LOGSTAT) to submit to the squadron S-4 daily, but may require reports that are more frequent during periods of increased intensity.
- Leads the company sustainment rehearsal in cooperation with
the company 1SG.
- Determines resupply method according to METT-TC - Determines requirements for all classes of supply during
operation
- Prepares paragraph 4 and sustainment appendix of the troop
OPORD

## First Sergeant

7-9. The 1SG is the troop's primary sustainment operator. The 1SG executes the troop's logistical plan, relying heavily on troop and squadron SOPs, and directly supervises and controls the troop trains. The 1SG also performs these sustainment functions:

- Leads sustainment rehearsals with the executive officer and
integrates sustainment into the troop's maneuver rehearsals
- Directs and supervises casualty evacuation, ensuring medical
assets remain flexible and responsive to tactical missions.
- Directs and supervises the collection, initial identification, and
evacuation of human remains to the casualty collection point for further transfer to the mortuary affairs collection point.
- Establishes and organizes the troop's resupply point. - Meets the logistics package at the logistics release point;
guides it to the troop's resupply point; supervises resupply operations there; and if necessary, guides the logistics package to its subsequent destination.
- Tracks changes in expenditure rates, Class I and Class V and
gives to troop XO for further reporting to squadron S-4 via LOGSTAT.
- Supervises evacuation of detainees and damaged equipment.
- Coordinates and synchronizes human resources support with
the squadron S-1, including personnel accountability reports, casualty reports, replacement operations, personnel readiness management, mail operations, essential personnel services, and
other administrative or personnel requirements.

- Provides the troop an orientation for new personnel and in
consultation with the commander,
assigns replacements to the troop's subordinate elements.
- Maintains the troop battle roster.

## Supply Sergeant

7-10. The supply sergeant is the troop's representative in the squadron's field trains. The supply sergeant assembles the logistics packages (LOGPACs) and moves forward with the LOGPACs to the troop. The supply sergeants also performs the following sustainment functions:

- Responsible for organizing the troop LOGPACs in the field
trains.
- Assists the troop XO in determining requirements based on the
troop's consumption of food; water; ammunition; petroleum, oils, and lubricants (POL); and batteries: based on the operation.
- Coordinates with the battalion S-4 for resupply of the troop. - Receives and evacuates human remains to the mortuary affairs
collection point in the brigade support area.
- Maintains and provides supplies for troop field sanitation
activities.
- Transports, guards, or transfers detainees, as required. - Coordinates with the squadron S-1 section to turn in or pick up
mail and personnel action documents.
- Picks up replacement personnel and delivers them to the first
sergeant, as necessary.
- Manages the commander's property book and prepares
financial liability investigations of property loss.

## Platoon Sergeant

7-11. The platoon sergeant performs the following sustainment functions:

- Ensures Soldiers perform maintenance on all assigned
equipment.
- Compiles and submits LOGSTAT for the platoon as directed,
according to the troop SOP.
- Obtains supplies and mail from the supply sergeant and
ensures proper distribution within the platoon.

## Section Ii - Sustainment Planning

7-12. Sustaining Cavalry assets before, during, and after their commitment is a vital part of maintaining reconnaissance capabilities. The methods employed to sustain those assets are situationally dependent because a commander's methods of deploying Cavalry assets depends on the mission variables of METT-TC. The commander addresses METT-TC as part of the planning process for each Cavalry operation. (Refer to ATP 3-20.96.)

## Sustaining Reconnaissance Operations

7-13. The overriding consideration in sustaining reconnaissance is maintaining the operation's momentum. The availability of adequate supplies and transportation to sustain the operation becomes more critical as the operation progresses. The XO and 1SG work closely with the S-4 in the planning process to ensure that sustainment capabilities meet the demands of reconnaissance. 7-14. Planning reconnaissance operations includes

- Considering the use of blivets for fuel and water and caching
for other classes of supply.
- Ensuring units deploy with basic loads and meet replenishment
requirements.
- Planning for increased consumption of petroleum, oils, and
lubricants.
- Planning for recovery of damaged vehicles to the maintenance
collection point.
- Using push packages of preplanned and preconfigured essential
sustainment items.
- Planning for increased vehicular maintenance. - Requesting additional sustainment assets from the squadron to
support attachments or extended operations.
- Planning for aerial resupply. - Planning and coordinating detainee operations. - Longer transportation and turnaround times.
- Trains and convoy security. - Planning for increased use of medical assets, including
 Casualty evacuation from discrete operations remotely
located, extended distances across the line of departure.
 Use of casualty collection points and ambulance exchange
points.
 Augmentation of medical treatment elements.

## Sustaining Security Operations

7-15. As with reconnaissance, emphasis on any consideration varies with the mission assigned and shifts during mission execution. Planning for security operations includes

- Planning for increased use of class IV and class V. - Requesting additional sustainment assets from squadron for
attachments.
- Continuing routine resupply according to SOP. - Resupplying during limited visibility to reduce the chance of
enemy contact.
- Preparing to conduct immediate resupply. - Planning for alternate means of evacuation for casualties. - Emphasizing recovery and evacuation of equipment over
forward repair.
- Planning for trains and convoy security.

## Sustainment Planning Requirements

7-16. The XO is the primary sustainment planner at troop level with input from the 1SG. The 1SG is the primary executor of sustainment operations at the troop. Additionally both work together for cohesion, and to reduce friction. Supply is essential for enhancing Soldier's quality of life and providing prolong endurance of support of decisive action. Supply provides the material and life support that gives the troop the combat power and prolonged endurance to accomplish the mission. (FM 4 -95.) Significant to sustainment planning is that reconnaissance and security forces often require a basic load in excess of the typical three days of supply configuration due to mission requirements. Listed after the class of supply in parenthesis is the troop position with primary planning responsibility. Troop leaders should consider the following information when planning requirements for the classes of supply and maintenance.

## Class I (Xo And 1Sg)

7-17. The troop supply sergeant typically delivers the loads via logistics packages (LOGPACs) from the brigade support area to the squadron combat trains where the supply sergeant links up with the troop 1SG or representative. The executive officer will plan when the LOGPAC arrives based on METT-TC and discuss during the troop rehearsal. Generally, the unit basic load for each Soldier is nine meals ready to eat. The XO should work with the squadron S-4 to obtain the ration and issue cycle and the LOGPAC schedule for resupply. For water, the XO calculates water requirements based on gallons per Soldier per day. Refer to ATP 4-44 for the water planning factor tables. The XO adjusts the standard planning factor based on unique conditions associated with a given operation. The supply sergeant should plan for retrograde of waste from the troop during resupply operations.

## Class Ii (Xo)

7-18. The troop XO in conjunction with the supply sergeant determines class II requirements. The 1SG ensures troops deploy with limited stocks of class II items. The troop supply sergeant can request additional class II supplies through the squadron S-4. For example, the XO and supply sergeant should consider chemical lights for night operations (marking breech lanes at night) and engineer tape (marking helicopter LZs, or platoon areas during quartering party operations).

## Class Iii (Xo)

7-19. The XO plans class III requirements for the troop and should generate consumption fuel estimates based on historical data. How the troop receives fuel is dependent on the troop SOP, the operating environment, and the higher headquarters plan for class III distribution. It is imperative that platoon sergeants anticipate requirements and submit refuel requests to the XO in a timely manner. The XO monitors reports by subordinates during operations, and submit daily LOGSTATs to the squadron S-4 to ensure accurate resupply operations.

## Class Iv (Xo Or Supply Sergeant)

7-20. There is usually little to no requirement for the troop to have class IV on hand. If assigned the following tasks, the supply sergeant with oversight from the XO should determine requirements and coordinate with the squadron S-4 to obtain the class IV package:

- Blocking passes. - Conducting traffic control post operations.
- Detention holding areas. - Security operations.

## Class V (Xo With Input From The 1Sg)

7-21. The troop deploys with a combat load of munitions. Operational requirements initiate class V sustainment and requirement drives the forecasting process. The troop XO needs to know the current ammunition requirement, ammunition basic load, and troop on hand balance when submitting the LOGSTAT report. The XO coordinates with the squadron S-4 to ensure the distribution concept for class V includes the capability to distribute rapidly preconfigured ammunitions packages and loads. The XO tracks the frequency of LOGPACS of munition supply and knows the primary and alternate resupply plan.

## Class Vi (1Sg)

7-22. Troops normally deploy with required minimum health and comfort items. If an operation is longer than 30 days, health and comfort packs are available through the supply system that provide everyday necessities. Leaders should include class VI into the packing list and include in precombat checks and precombat inspections.

## Class Vii (Xo)

7-23. Command levels manage and control class VII major end items. The troop XO is the subject matter expert on what major components are fully mission capable, tracks the operational readiness rate, and reports to the squadron S-4.

## Class Viii (Medics Or Suppy Sergeant With Oversight From The Xo And 1Sg)

7-24. Class VIII includes all medical supplies on hand at the troop. Prior to any operation, the supply sergeant (with assistance from medical personnel) should check all medical supplies in the combat lifesaver bag for expiration. The troop supply sergeant with oversight from the XO or 1SG requests replacement and resupply through the squadron medical platoon.

## Class Ix And Maintenance Support (Xo)

7-25. The commander establishes maintenance priorities based on what systems are critical to the success of the operations. The link between the troop and the maintenance support is a trained operator/crew who can properly use and maintain equipment. The continued demand for equipment requires that the operator and crew perform preventive maintenance checks and services. The XO compiles the troop DA Forms 5988-E, (*Equipment Maintenance and Inspection Worksheet*) from the platoon leader, platoon sergeants, and maintenance team chief and informs the commander. Generally, the XO sends the worksheets to the appropriate maintenance section for verification and repair via the LOGPAC.

## Supporting Attachments And Detachments

7-26. Commanders plan for and coordinate for the sustainment of attachments and detachments prior to execution for each mission. The following paragraphs discuss techniques that the troop commander uses in the sustainment planning.

## Attachments

7-27. The augmentation consists of maintenance, recovery, and supply support for classes III, V, and IX, normally. The troop attaches the necessary sustainment augmentation when a supporting element attaches to the troop. An SOP to establish this augmentation should be coordinated in advance. Additional sustainment assets can attach to squadron sustainment elements or attach directly to the troop. 7-28. Leaders receive basic information to anticipate support requirements when receiving attachments. Planning considerations include

- Number and type of vehicles, personnel, and weapon systems. - Current status and strength. - When attachment is effective and for how long. - Sustainment assets that accompany the attachment. - When and where linkup will occur and who is responsible.

## Detachments

7-29. The squadron detaches Cavalry troops for certain missions, if the situation requires. Use the same considerations that apply to receiving attachments. The troop deploys with the appropriate level of support, including maintenance, based on how long the troop detaches. The commander pays particular consideration to class III and V resupply, and medical, which also applies when the troop operates at a considerable distance from squadron sustainment assets. The squadron S-4 sends the following information to the receiving unit's S-4 when the troop detaches to another unit:

- Number and type of vehicles, personnel, and weapon systems. - When and where linkup will occur, and who is responsible for
linkup.
- Current status and strength. - When attachment is effective and for how long.

## Sustainment Communications

7-30. The combat trains' command post is the net control station for the squadron administrative and logistics net. All sustainment leaders and sites operate on the administrative and logistics net to respond to requests and coordinate sustainment execution. The troop XO and 1SG use this net to submit sustainment reports and requests for support. The administrative and logistics net is used to control movement of sustainment assets during logistics package displacement and movement until the LOGPACs release to 1SGs at logistics release points.

## Sustainment Reporting

7-31. Accurate logistics status reporting of the troop's sustainment status is essential to keep the troop combat ready. Standard operating procedures establish report formats, reporting times, and radio voice brevity codes to keep sustainment nets manageable. The troop commander sends detailed information to the supporting sustainment element and the higher tactical command post. The troop commander sends detailed radio voice reports to the supporting sustainment element, and at the same time, gives a summarized status in each general category to the higher tactical command post using a brevity code. Limit routine reports to a summary of items changing during the reporting period. The troop commander submits immediate reports as necessary. (Refer to appendix A for more information.) 7-32. The commander knows the sustainment status of the troop at all times. The command post tracks the status of subordinate elements by a code, which allows the commander to use the percentage of combat power, fuel, ammunition, and personnel available to assess the troop's combat capability quickly. For example, the troop may assign the following code words:

- GREEN for 90 to 100 percent. - AMBER for 80 to 89 percent. - RED for 60 to 79 percent. - BLACK for less than 60 percent.

## Section Iii - Logistics Package Operations

7-33. A LOGPAC is a grouping of multiple classes of supplies and supply vehicles under the control of a single convoy commander. Tactical grouping of sustainment elements accommodates METT-TC, but adheres to some fundamental tenets that are suitable for inclusion in SOPs.

## Troop Trains

7-34. The trains provide sustainment during operations. Trains can collocate with the command post or operate separately under the control of the 1SG. Usually, troop trains locate at least 2000 meters away from the troop's combat operations. The troop trains are out of the enemy's direct fire range if at least one terrain feature separates it and the enemy. The troop trains can consolidate with the squadron trains if locations and distances allow for colocation alleviating stress on the troop's limited sustainment assets. 7-35. The supply sergeant and armorer usually locate in the squadron field trains. Generally, the troop trains in the ABCT and the IBCT include a maintenance support team from the forward support company, with capabilities for maintenance, recovery, and limited combat spares. Troop trains in the Cavalry squadron of the BFSB may include a field maintenance team, if the mission requires direct maintenance support.

## Supply Routes

7-36. Main supply route is the route or routes designated within an operational area upon which the bulk of traffic flows in support of military operations (JP 4-01.5). The commander plans alternate supply routes in the event that the enemy interdicts the main supply route or it becomes too congested. Alternate supply routes must meet the same criteria as the main supply route. In the event of CBRN contamination, designate either supply route as the dirty main supply route to handle contaminated traffic. Security of supply routes in a noncontiguous area of operation may dictate that the troop provide security for sustainment convoys and other sustainment elements, such as caches.

## Logistics Package Planning

7-37. The headquarters and headquarters troop 1SG is responsible for ensuring that the LOGPAC reaches the logistics release point. The logistics release point is the point along the supply route where the Cavalry troop 1SG takes control of the troop LOGPAC. Likely areas for logistics release points are near main supply routes, at crossroads, or close to water (lakes, ponds, and reservoirs). In some situations, the mission variables of METT-TC may require placement of the logistics release point in a less conspicuous location. In all cases, logistics release point sites must be secure. The use of logistics release points controls the movement of assets and specifies which functions will occur at the checkpoint. Movement of sustainment assets is primarily based on the three methods listed below:

- On order. - Triggered by events (such as a troop going RED on class V). - Triggered by distance between sustainment assets and the
supported elements.

## Logistics Package Resupply

7-38. The troop XO or 1SG submits the LOGSTAT to the squadron S-4. The S-4 coordinates and ensures that LOGPACs contain requested or required supplies. Additionally, the S-4 determines which logistics release points best support the operation and notifies all units. Logistics packages normally operate every 24 to 72 hours for routine resupply. The S-4 remains prepared to organize unscheduled LOGPACs to provide immediate resupply.

## Organization

7-39. The troop supply sergeant is responsible for organizing the troop LOGPAC in the field trains. The troop LOGPAC normally consists of the following:

- Troop supply truck, which brings replacements, incoming mail,
and the troop water trailer.
- Class I rations. - Bulk fuel and packaged petroleum, oil, and lubricant products
(class III).
- Class V, including demolitions and mines.
 Squadron SOPs usually establish a standard LOGPAC load
of munitions.
 S-4s use reports from the XO or 1SG to adjust the standard
load.
- Additional trucks as necessary, to carry other classes of supply
that the troop requests.
- Class IX parts or other requested maintenance items.

## Movement And Control

7-40. Once the squadron LOGPAC is operational, the headquarters and headquarters troop 1SG moves it forward to the logistics release point. At the logistics release point, Cavalry troop 1SGs, or their representatives, assume control of the troop LOGPACs. The S-4, or a combat trains command post representative, should be present at the logistics release point to monitor the operation, coordinate with troop 1SGs, receive hard-copy logistics reports, and deliver sustainment situation updates. The squadron identifies LOGPAC turnaround times in the SOP. Upon completion of resupply operations, the troops return the LOGPAC vehicles to the logistics release point. The headquarters and headquarters troop 1SG forms the vehicles into a convoy for movement back to the field trains.

## Logistics Package Survivability

7-41. Convoys must take all the necessary measures to avoid an ambush during combat situations. These are generally passive measures, supplemented by active measures, taken to defeat or escape from an ambush. 7-42. No single defensive measure, or combination of measures, can prevent or effectively counter all ambushes or IED detonations. The effectiveness of counterambush measures directly relates to the state of Soldiers' training and the ability of their leaders.

## Avoiding An Ambush

7-43. Troops must take the following actions to avoid an ambush (using the intelligence preparation of the battlefield process and products):

- Select the best convoy route - Maintain vigilant observation of the route ahead of the convoy
to detect anything suspicious.
- Conduct map (digital) reconnaissance. - Conduct ground reconnaissance. - Conduct aerial reconnaissance. - Obtain current intelligence information. - Use operations security to deny the enemy foreknowledge of
the convoy.
- Present a formidable target. - Never routinely schedule convoys by time or route.

## Reducing The Effectiveness Of An Ambush

7-44. Take the following actions to reduce the effectiveness of an ambush:

- Harden vehicles. - Cover loads. - Space prime targets throughout the convoy. - Wear protective equipment. - Use assistant drivers. - Carry troops and supplies. - Use prearranged signals to warn the convoy of an ambush or
IED.
- Coordinate for escort vehicles (using a combination of
overwatch and 360-degree local security based on the mission variables of METT-TC).
- Coordinate for reaction force support.
- Maintain the interval between vehicles. - Thoroughly brief and rehearse all convoy personnel on
immediate action drills.
- Move through the kill zone, if possible. - Stop short of the kill zone or IED. - Do not block the road. - Rapidly respond to orders. - Aggressively return fire. - Counterattack with escort vehicles. - Call for fire support. - Call for the reaction force.

## Section Iv - Troop Resupply Operations

7-45. The commander uses standardized procedures to rearm, refuel, and refit the troop as quickly and efficiently as possible to sustain its continuity of effort. The troop has a limited amount of time to conduct sustainment if operating at extended distances from the squadron field trains location in the BCT support area. Class I (subsistence and water), class III (bulk fuel), and class V (ammunition) take priority. Resupply techniques vary based on the mission variables of METT-TC. Resupply techniques rely on coordination of the troop headquarters-elements and the resupplying element. Nonstandard elements may resupply the troops based on proximity and availability, but may not be from their supported squadron. 7-46. The squadron staff conducts detailed planning and coordination for combat resupply of the troops operating in their BCTs forward security area. The troop carries a three-day supply forward. The squadron plans to extract the troop prior to the troop depleting the three-day supply and conducts resupply of the troop in its assembly area. When this is not feasible, the troop XO and 1SG, along with the squadron staff, plan and coordinate for ground infiltration or aerial insertion of resupply items to designated drop-off points or cache points. 7-47. A troop conducts routine resupply activities in its assembly area or at a location behind its positions. These resupply activities take place when the troop is not in contact with enemy forces. They also take place when the troop commander decides the risk of not conducting resupply outweighs the risk of interrupting the troop's ongoing operations.

## Resupply Site Selection

7-48. The 1SG carefully chooses the logistics release point site to provide responsive support for the troop, to support the movement of wheeled resupply vehicles, and to limit exposure to enemy fires. The 1SG knows about the current tactical situation and can determine what the troop will be doing when resupply takes place. The 1SG selects the exact LOGPAC site based on map and ground reconnaissance. The 1SG ensures the LOGPAC site meets the following criteria:

- Cover and concealment. - Reduction of thermal signature. - Enough room to disperse the vehicles. - Terrain level enough to allow refueling. - Proximity to the platoon positions (which is three to eight
kilometers behind the forward line of own troops and the center of the area of operation).
- Road or trail network to support the wheeled resupply vehicles
and heaviest troop vehicles.
- Road or trail network that allows one-way traffic flow to the
LOGPAC.

## Resupply Methods

7-49. The tailgate method or service station method are two basic methods used during resupply operations. A troop or platoon may perform either method depending on dispersion of the elements. The troop may conduct resupply using a combination of tailgate and service station methods. The troop can vary the specifics of the two basic methods or it can use them in combination. During a screen mission, for example, it could use the tailgate method for its most forward observation posts and the service station method for its observation posts in-depth. Other resupply methods used in specific situations are aerial resupply, troop prestock resupply (pre-positioning and cache), and emergency resupply.

## Tailgate Method

7-50. The troop uses the tailgate method in static positions such as assembly areas. Class III and class V supply vehicles, and other bulkissue vehicles move from vehicle to vehicle to conduct resupply. The rest of the sustainment vehicles are centrally located in the troop area. The reconnaissance vehicles require little or no movement. Personnel move to a centralized location to receive additional supplies. The tailgate method provides 360-degree security throughout the resupply operation. On the other hand, it is very time-consuming and requires an adequate road network for the wheeled supply vehicles to reach each troop vehicle. The following procedures take place during tailgate resupply. 7-51. During tailgate resupply, reconnaissance vehicles remain in place while petroleum, oils, lubricants, and ammunition trucks travel in a clockwise direction around the assembly area to each vehicle position and conduct resupply. Crewmembers rotate through the feeding area and pick up supplies, water, and mail. Soldiers maintain security throughout the rotation process. First sergeant and platoon sergeants arrange for the evacuation of the remains of Soldiers killed in action and their personal effects. They transfer the remains and personal effects to a mortuary affairs collection point. Ambulances pick up, treat, and evacuate seriously wounded in action Soldiers. Casualties with less serious wounds report to the ambulance for emergency medical treatment and disposition. Soldiers either return to duty or evacuate for further treatment. Soldiers consolidate and secure detainees. Soldiers transport enemy prisoners of war to the squadron trains on a returning supply vehicle as soon as possible. Troop armorers, radio repairmen, and supporting maintenance personnel perform repairs of known problems and spot-check other vehicles. Soldiers repair vehicles needing maintenance on site or evacuate them to a maintenance collection point. First sergeants and platoon sergeants closely monitor the resupply operation. Empty LOGPAC vehicles move to a holding area where they are loaded with killed in action, enemy prisoners, and inoperative equipment. The supply sergeant moves the LOGPAC back to a logistics release point. The supply sergeant links up and transfers the LOGPAC to the support platoon leader, then returns to the field trains. Troops may be required to provide an element to conduct convoy security to ensure the safe return of the LOGPAC to the brigade support area and the retrograde storage area. 7-52. The tailgate method is the least preferred resupply method because of limited assets in the squadron and the amount of time required to execute. The tailgate method occurs only if it allows for faster resupply than the service station method or for better operations security.

## Service Station Method

7-53. The commander employs the service station method during tactical operations that preclude the troop from establishing an assembly area for the resupply. The service station method is most effective when the troop is in an area of operation no more than three to five kilometers wide. Individual platoons or sections resupply at the LOGPAC while the rest of the troop stays in position. The 1SG sets up the LOGPAC. Soldiers from the trains who are not involved in the resupply and platoon vehicles that resupplied or are awaiting resupply provide LOGPAC security. (See figure 7-1, page 7-12.) 7-54. The service station method begins with the vehicles of the first platoon or section entering the LOGPAC at a designated location and following a one-way traffic flow. Vehicles carrying killed in action remain pouches move to the mortuary affairs holding area, out of view of the troop, and transfer the remains and personal effects at the casualty collection point. Vehicles take Soldiers needing medical attention to the combat medics who treat them or prepare them for evacuation. Platoon sergeants supervise the operation and conduct face-to-face coordination with 1SGs for any special requirements while platoon leaders make contact with the troop commander face-to-face or by radio for orders and situation reports (SITREPs). Crews requiring maintenance support move to a designated maintenance holding area for on-site repair. When vehicles rotate through stations with maintenance personnel, armorers and radio repairmen repair known problems and spot-check other vehicles. Crews then rotate to the supply truck to pick up mail, supplies, and class I items. Finally, platoon leaders and platoon sergeants conduct precombat inspections and the platoon or section moves to its designated position once resupply is completed. Platoons remaining rotate individually through the LOGPAC for resupply. The troop LOGPAC returns to the logistics release point after the resupply operation. The troop LOGPAC links up with the combat or field trains representative who led the LOGPAC forward. The troop LOGPAC returns to the brigade support area and the retrograde storage area.

## Aerial Resupply

7-55. Aerial resupply is a vital link in the distribution system, providing the capability to supply the troop even with disrupted ground lines of communication or the terrain is too hostile. Helicopters are a vital lifeline when Cavalry troops operate forward of friendly lines for extended periods. Aerial resupply provides the troop freedom of movement by drastically reducing their dependence on surface logistical support its flexibility and effectiveness make it a responsive asset to use; however, they require significant planning and entail consideration of a different set of risks. Aerial assets are useful in resupplying dismounted Cavalry troops in observation posts in restricted terrain. In addition, the signature of resupply helicopters can compromise troop positions. Careful choice of resupply routes and landing zones minimize this risk.

## Troop Prestock (Pre-Positioning And Cache)

7-56. The two methods of prestock resupply differ in the level of security provided for the supplies. With pre-positioning, supplies are unattended, although leaders take steps to prevent enemy elements from locating the supplies. Security personnel guard the site when the unit resupplies by cache. 7-57. Both pre-positioning and cache occur in a variety of reconnaissance and security operations. Advance elements can prestock positions along the intended route of advance or near the objective during reconnaissance. Cavalry elements can set up prestock points throughout the area of operation in security operations. These points can be in alternate or supplementary observation posts in addition to other locations throughout the depth of the area of operation. Scouts also use prestock to provide resupply for patrols. 7-58. Leaders carefully plan and execute prestock operations at every level. Leaders place prestock points in easy to find locations for someone who has never visited the site. All leaders, down to vehicle commander and squad leader, know the exact locations of prestock points. As noted, the troop sustainment team takes steps to ensure security and survivability of pre-positioned supplies by digging in prestock positions, selecting covered and concealed positions, and considering the effects of weather, terrain, and wildlife. The sustainment team also develops plans to remove or destroy prestock supplies to prevent the enemy from capturing them.

## Emergency Resupply

7-59. Emergency resupply, commonly referred to as immediate resupply, normally involves fuel and ammunition while in contact with the enemy. The resupply begins at the section and platoon level by redistributing ammunition between vehicles to cross-level loads. The platoon sergeant reports the need for emergency resupply to the 1SG who relays the request to the squadron S-4. The unit's combat trains maintain a small load of class III and V for these situations. The S-4 coordinates a linkup between the combat trains and the troop 1SG. The 1SG meets the resupply trucks and moves back to the troop area of operation. The 1SG
and troop XO choose a resupply point that is just behind the troop position and masked by terrain from enemy direct fire and observation.

The fuel truck moves to the resupply point, and vehicles or sections rotate through the resupply point to refuel. Emergency resupply should occur only when the troop expends fuel and ammunition at a rate greater than expected; it is not a routine solution for failures in sustainment planning and execution.

## Section V - Maintenance

7-60. The Army has two levels of maintenance: field maintenance and sustainment maintenance. Field maintenance is on-system maintenance, and mainly involves preventive maintenance and replacement of defective parts. Field maintenance includes maintenance actions performed by operators and always returns repaired equipment to the troop. Sustainment maintenance consists of off-system component repair or end item repair and return to the supply system.

## Field Maintenance

7-61. Within the squadron, field-level maintainers are concentrated in the fire support cell. Generally, the ABCT, SBCT, and IBCT include a field maintenance team from the FSC with capabilities for field maintenance, recovery, and limited combat spares. The Cavalry squadron of the BFSB may include a field maintenance team if the mission requires direct maintenance support. The FSC provides replenishment of class IX to perform field level maintenance on all equipment to include small arms and communication equipment. The FSC sends the field maintenance teams forward to support the troop as close to the battle as possible. When standard maintenance repairs are not practical, the troop (in coordination with the field maintenance team) may apply battle damage repairs following the battle damage assessment and repair process.

## Recovery

7-62. The first level of recovery for the troop is self-recovery. The operator and crew use the basic issue items and additional authorized lists or on-vehicle equipment items to perform self-recovery. If selfrecovery fails, use like recovery. The troop will use another piece of equipment "of the same weight class or heavier" to recover the damaged equipment using tow bars, chains, or tow cables. When self-recovery and like- recovery fail, use the FSC dedicated recovery assets. 7-63. The troop should plan for recovery operations and include the recovery plan in the sustainment rehearsal. Use the maintenance time guidelines established by the troop commander to make a repair-orrecovery decision. The type of recovery method used is METT-TC dependent and it is important for the troop to know the location of the maintenance collection point.

## Battle Damage Assessment And Repair

7-64. Battle damage and assessment is the procedure used to return disabled equipment rapidly to the operational commander by fieldexpedient repair of components. Troop commanders should address battle damage assessment in the sustainment section of their operation order. (For more information, refer to ATP 4-31.)

## Maintenance Collection Point

7-65. If the field maintenance team cannot repair the equipment quickly on site, evacuate the component to the squadron's maintenance collection point where FSC maintainers will repair. Evacuate unrepairable components to the squadron field trains generally located in the brigade support area.

## Section Vi - Medical Support Treatment By Nonmedical Personnel

7-66. Nonmedical personnel performing first-aid procedures assist the combat medic in their duties. An individual administers first aid (self-aid and buddy aid) with enhanced first aid from the combat lifesaver. Combat lifesavers and buddy aid are crucial to sustaining medical care for wounded or injured Soldiers.

## Self-Aid And Buddy Aid

7-67. Each individual Soldier must be proficient in a variety of first-aid procedures. These procedures include aid for chemical casualties with an emphasis on lifesaving tasks, which enables the Soldier or a buddy to apply first aid to alleviate a life-threatening situation.

## Combat Lifesaver

7-68. The combat lifesaver is a nonmedical Soldier selected by the unit commander for additional training beyond basic first-aid procedures. Usually a minimum of one individual per squad, crew, team, or equivalent- size unit is a combat lifesaver. The primary duty of this individual does not change. The combat lifesaver's additional duty is to provide enhanced first aid before the combat medic arrives. The combat lifesaver is usually the first person on the scene to provide first aid to wounded and injured personnel.

## Treatment By Medical Personnel

7-69. The combat medic, the physician, the physician assistant, or the health care specialist in the squadron aid station provides medical treatment after initial care. Emergency medical treatments, known as immediate far forward care, are lifesaving steps that do not require the knowledge and skills of a physician. The combat medic is the first individual in the medical chain who makes decisions based on medical military occupational specialty-specific training. The physician and the physician assistant in a treatment squad provide advanced trauma management to the casualty at the squadron aid station and conduct routine sick call when the tactical situation permits.

## Squadron Medical Platoon

7-70. The squadron medical platoon is the focal point of Army Health System support for the squadron and troop. The platoon receives, treats, evacuates patients, and coordinates further medical evacuation as necessary. It establishes and operates the squadron aid station, which is the primary medical treatment facility for the squadron and troop. The squadron medical platoon has a headquarters section, treatment squad, combat medic section, and ambulance squads (two squads for the IBCT and four squads for the ABCT).

## Health Service Support

7-71. The medical platoon's health service support mission requirements include the following:

- Provide Role 1 medical care, which includes the following:
 Emergency medical treatment for patients with wounds,
injuries, or illnesses.
 Advanced trauma management.  Casualty collection.  Medical evacuation from point of injury or supported troop
location to the squadron aid station or supporting treatment team.
 Sick call services.  Class VIII resupply.
- Establish the squadron aid station where it can best support
squadron operations under the direction of the main command post or the combat trains command post.
- Establish a chemical casualty aid station during CBRN
operations.
- Provide training to certify combat lifesavers and to recertify
them every 12 months to sustain their skills.
- Attach combat medics from the combat medic section to each
of the platoons and troop headquarters to form the troop medical team.
- Place ambulances forward with supported troops to provide
emergency medical treatment, reduce evacuation time, and augment troop medical capabilities, as required.
- Maintain field medical records according to AR 40-66.

## Medical Platoon Force Health Protection Responsibilities

7-72. One of the medical platoon's mission requirements is to establish a combat and operational stress control program for the troop, including requesting assistance from the supporting mental health section. The supporting mental health section conducts combat and operational stress control classes on stress reduction techniques and prevention of combat and operational stress reactions. Other mission requirements include the following:

- Implement force health protection operations to counter health
threats.
- Implement force health protection operations to prevent
disease and noncombat injury.
- Plan and conduct predeployment and postdeployment health
assessments.
- Establish and execute a medical surveillance program. - Coordinate the occupational environmental health surveillance
program.

- Ensure that troop personnel practice effective oral hygiene.
- Assist with the training of field sanitation teams. - Develop force health protection measures for the troop SOP. - Send chemical and biological specimens to the area medical
laboratory for confirmatory analysis.
- Conduct sanitation inspections of troop living area, food
service areas, and waste disposal.
- Conduct sanitation inspections of potable water distribution
points and equipment.

## Squadron Aid Station

7-73. The squadron medical platoon establishes and operates the squadron aid station. Trained personnel at the medical treatment facility stabilize patients for further evacuation, provide emergency lifesaving and limb-saving treatment, and treat minor wounds or illnesses so that patients can return to duty. The squadron aid station normally consolidates with the combat trains command post.

## Treatment Teams

7-74. The squadron medical platoon can split its treatment squad into two treatment teams to support squadron and troop operations based on the mission. These treatment teams (teams Alpha and Bravo) operate the squadron aid station and provide medical care and treatment including sick call, emergency medical treatment, and advanced trauma management. Team Alpha has an operational medicine officer (primary care physician and squadron surgeon), a health care NCO, and two health care specialists. Team Bravo has a physician assistant, a health care NCO, and two health care specialists. The physician, physician assistant, and health care NCOs and specialists provide emergency medical treatment and assist with advanced trauma management procedures according to their occupational specialties. 7-75. The treatment teams can operate for limited times in split-based operations in direct support of squadron units. The teams can also operate in split-based operations when the squadron aid station must move to a new location. One team remains at the initial location and continues to treat patients while the other team moves to the new location and establishes patient care capabilities. Once the jump team has established a treatment capability at the new location, the other team ensures evacuation or return to duty for all patients, as required, and moves to the new location. When echeloned, the aid stations are limited primarily to triage, stabilizing, and preparing patients for evacuation.

## Ambulance Squads

7-76. Medical platoon ambulances provide medical evacuation and en route care from the Soldier's point of injury or the troop casualty collection point to the squadron aid station. The ambulance team supporting the troop works in coordination with the combat medics supporting the platoons. Medical evacuation teams attach to the troop on a habitual basis. They assist the troop combat medics with medical treatment and evacuation to the squadron aid station and plan and execute aerial evacuation for litter-urgent patients when possible.

Note. Plans for using nonmedical vehicles should be included in the squadron or troop SOPs and OPORDs for mass casualty situations.

## Combat Medic Section

7-77. The allocation of combat medics usually is one combat medic per each platoon in the troop. The platoon combat medic normally locates with, or near, the platoon leader or platoon sergeant. The senior troop combat medic normally collocates with the 1SG. As the tactical situation allows, the senior troop medic manages the troop casualty collection point, provides treatment, and prepares patients for medical evacuation or casualty evacuation, as their condition requires.

## Evacuation

7-78. There are two methods of evacuating injured Soldiers: medical evacuation and casualty evacuation. Medical evacuation is using ground or air ambulances to evacuate a patient from the point of injury to a supporting medical treatment facility or from one medical treatment facility to another while providing en route care. Casualty evacuation is using nonmedical vehicles or other means for patient transport without the provision for en route care. 7-79. Medical evacuation is critical in health service support planning. The troop is responsible for the evacuation of casualties from the point of injury to the casualty collection point. The medical platoon is responsible for evacuation of casualties from the casualty collection point to the squadron aid station. The squadron or brigade S-1 or S-4 ensures there is a coordinated evacuation plan from all troop casualty collection points to the squadron aid station, to the brigade support medical company, or to higher medical treatment facilities. Patients evacuate no further than their condition requires, then return to duty as soon as possible.

## Force Health Protection

7-80. All leaders are responsible for maintaining the health and fighting fitness of Soldiers; therefore, the commander must emphasize preventive measures. All leaders must be active participants in the areas of hygiene, sanitation, safety, sleep deprivation, physical fitness, counseling, and the treatment of combat stress and fatigue.

## Preventive Medicine

7-81. Preventive medicine encompasses the rules of hygiene and field sanitation to prevent the spread of debilitating diseases. Establish these rules of hygiene and field sanitation in the troop SOP, and observe and enforce these rules of hygiene and field sanitation daily. Safety is another continuous requirement of preventive medicine. To prevent accidents that could injure Soldiers, leaders continuously enforce proper equipment operating procedures and general safety. 7-82. Preventive medicine personnel who are organic to the BCT brigade support medical company provide preventive medicine operational support. The BCT preventive medicine section is equipped to conduct preventive medicine surveillance and control.

## Physical Fitness

7-83. Physical fitness is essential in helping Soldiers to maintain stamina and energy levels. Leaders need to be creative in establishing physical training opportunities and implementing them around mission requirements, especially while deployed.

## Combat And Operational Stress Control

7-84. Combat and operational stress control focuses on protecting the force through treatment and prevention of combat and operational stress. The brigade support battalion has a combat and operational stress control team consisting of a behavioral science officer and a mental health specialist. Chaplains can assist with combat stress control by identifying Soldiers who are under extreme stress.

## Appendix A Analog Reports

Commanders can use the following report formats to ensure clear communications between units and echelons to facilitate common reporting formats.

## Contact Report

A-1. Soldiers issue a contact report immediately upon contact with a threat or unknown force in the area of operations. A contact report is an alert, which can be very brief. A contact report takes priority over all other communications traffic and is primarily by radio. If Soldiers are already in a hide position and have detected the enemy before being detected first (and time permits) this initial report may be digital. State CONTACT, followed by a description of the threat or unknown force and the cardinal direction from the sender.

## Blue 1Spot Report

A-2. Soldiers use a spot report (SPOTREP) when scouts observe any known or suspected threat activity. A spot report is necessary when any characteristic in the area of operation can affect mission accomplishment or when required by the OPORD. Soldiers always send threat information in the clear. A SPOTREP takes priority over all other routine radio traffic. The initial SPOTREP should follow no more than one minute after the contact report. State SPOTREP or UPDATED SPOTREP followed by pertinent information on these lines:

- **Line ALPHA:** Observer or source (omit if it is the calling
station, otherwise use call signs or description).
- **Line BRAVO:** Activity or characteristic observed. Use the
SALUTE format:
 **Size:** The number of sighted personnel, vehicles, or other
equipment.
 **Activity:** What the threat is doing.
 **Location:** Grid coordinates. Report the center of mass for
identical, closely grouped items, otherwise, report multiple
grid coordinates of traces.
 **Unit:** Patches, signs, or markings.  **Time:** Time the observed activity occurred.  **Equipment:** Description or identification of all equipment
associated with the activity.
 **Line CHARLIE:** Actions the reporting Soldier has taken
and personal recommendations. Actions usually involve conducting additional reconnaissance to determine the complete threat situation or recommending and executing a specific course of action.
 **Line DELTA:** Self-authentication (if required).

## Blue 1 Spot Report, Example

YELLOW 4, THIS IS YELLOW 2. BLUE ONE, OVER.
ONE BRDM, STATIONARY, ORIENTED SOUTH AT
GRID MS289546; 1725 HOURS. CONTINUING TO
OBSERVE, OVER.

## Blue 2Situation Report

A-3. Subordinate units submit a SITREP on the tactical situation and status to their higher headquarters. Submit the SITREP daily, after significant events, or when the platoon leader or commander requests it. State SITREP followed by pertinent information on these lines:

- **Line 1:** The as-of date-time group (DTG). - **Line 2:** Brief summary of threat activity, casualties inflicted,
and prisoners captured.
- **Line 3:** Friendly locations (encoded using control measures or
Terrain Index Reference System [TIRS] points).
- **Line 4:** Combat vehicles, operational tanks. - **Line 5:** Defensive obstacles (encoded using codes, control
measures, or TIRS points). The type and location can be listed as
 Obstacles. Abbreviations can include MF (minefield), TD
(tank ditch), AB (abatis), RC (road crater), and CW (concertina wire).
 Executed demolition targets.  Reserved demolition targets.
- **Line 6:** Personnel strength classified using the following status
levels:

 GREEN: Full strength; 90% or more fit for duty.
 AMBER: Reduced strength; 80% to 89% fit for duty.  RED: Reduced strength; 60% to 79% fit for duty; the unit is
mission capable.
 BLACK: Reduced strength; 59% or less fit for duty.
- **Line 7:** Classes III and V supplies available for combat
vehicles. Status levels for ammunition and petroleum, oil, and lubricants are the same ones used for personnel strength (GREEN, AMBER, RED, or BLACK) with percentages referring to the amount of basic load level available. (Refer to Line 6 of this report.)
- **Line 8:** Summary of tactical intentions.
Note. If an item is status level BLACK on lines 6 or 7, the appropriate yellow (logistics) report follows the transmission.

## Blue 2 Situation Report, Example

YANKEE 21, THIS IS YANKEE 02, BLUE TWO,
OVER. LINE 1: 062230.
LINE 2: NEGATIVE CONTACT. LINE 3: VISIT 7. LINE
4B: 2. LINE 5: ABATIS, FROM X19 EAST ZERO
POINT THREE NORTH ONE POINT SEVEN. LINE 6:
GREEN. LINE 7A: GREEN. LINE 7B: AMBER. LINE
8: CONTINUING MISSION.

## Blue 4Report For Bridge, Overpass, Culvert, Underpass, Or Tunnel

A-4. To send a bridge report (known as a BRIDGEREP), state BRIDGEREP, followed by pertinent information on these lines:

- **Line ALPHA:** Type and location (for a long tunnel, include
the entrance and exit locations). Use a TIRS point or grid coordinates.
- **Line BRAVO:** Overall length.
- **Line CHARLIE:** Width of roadway. - **Line DELTA:** Height restrictions. - **Line ECHO:** Length and number of spans.
- **Line FOXTROT:** Computed classification. - **Line GOLF:** Bypass locations and conditions. Use a Blue 5
report if necessary.

## Blue 5Report For Ford, Ferry, Or Other Crossing Site

A-5. To send the crossing site report (known as a CROSSREP), state CROSSREP followed by pertinent information on these lines:

- **Line ALPHA:** Type and location, using a TIRS point or grid
coordinates.
- **Line BRAVO:** Length of crossing in meters. - **Line CHARLIE:** Usable width. - **Line DELTA:** Current speed in meters per second. - **Line ECHO:** Maximum depth in meters. - **Line FOXTROT:** Bottom material and condition. - **Line GOLF:** Capacity classification of any existing ferry
equipment.
- **Line HOTEL:** Slope of entry bank. - **Line INDIA:** Slope of exit bank. - **Line KILO:** Other comments as necessary.

## Blue 7Route Reconnaissance Report

A-6. To report the results of a route reconnaissance, scouts should send an initial route reconnaissance report (known as ROUTEREP) at the start point. At a minimum, updates follow the initial report when obstructions, phase lines, and route changes become necessary. These update reports should include only the line(s) that have changed from the initial ROUTEREP. To send the report, state ROUTEREP, followed by pertinent information on these lines:

- **Line ALPHA:** From location, reported using a control
measure or TIRS point.
- **Line BRAVO:** To location, reported using a control measure
or TIRS point.
- **Line CHARLIE:** Type of route, reported using the following
designations:
 Highway: number 1.
 Road: number 2.  Trail: number 3.  Cross-country: number 4.
- **Line DELTA:** Classification of route. Check for height, width,
and weight restrictions to determine the appropriate class and
report which vehicles the route can handle using the following designations:
 All squadron and battalion vehicles (70-class minimum),
reported using the Number 1.
 Tracked vehicles only, number 2.  CFVs only (35-class restriction), number 3.
- **Line ECHO:** Seasonal limitations of route based on weather
support capability, reported as follows:
 All weather (usable year-round), reported using the letter
X.
 Limited all weather (use limited during bad weather), letter
Y.
 Fair weather (may be impassable during bad weather),
letter Z.
- **Line FOXTROT:** Rate of movement the route supports,
reported as follows:
 Fast: Reported using the number 1.
 Slow: Reported using the number 2.
- **Line GOLF:** Location and type of any critical points (send the
applicable report). Report the following obstructions in all cases:
 Curves with a radius of 45 meters or less.  Uphill slopes with grades of five percent or greater.  Width restrictions of six meters or less for one-way traffic,
ten meters or less for two-way traffic.
 Overhead clearance of 4.3 meters or less.

## Blue 9Obstacle Report

A-7. Report all pertinent information using the following format:
- **Line ALPHA:** Type of obstacle or obstruction. - **Line BRAVO:** Location, using grid coordinates. For large,
complex obstacles, send the coordinates of the ends and all turn points.
- **Line CHARLIE:** Dimensions and orientation.
- **Line DELTA:** Composition.
- **Line ECHO:** Threat weapons influencing obstacle. - **Line FOXTROT:** Observer's actions.

## Blue 10Bypass Report

A-8. Report all pertinent information using the following format:

- **Line ALPHA:** Observer or source. - **Line BRAVO:** Length, width, surface type, grade. - **Line CHARLIE:** Coordinates of from and to locations. - **Line DELTA:** Seasonal and weather limitations. Use letter
designation (X, Y, or Z) as described in the Blue 7 ROUTEREP (line Echo).
- **Line ECHO:** Bypass markings. - **Line FOXTROT:** Observer's actions.

## Blue 11Stand-To Report

A-9. Send the stand-to report (known as the STANREP) to the platoon leader or tactical command post, as applicable, when stand-to is completed. To send this report, state STANREP, followed by pertinent information on these lines:

- **Line ALPHA:** Time stand-to was complete. - **Line BRAVO:** Weapons on hand and functional. Use the term
UP for functional weapons on hand. Use EXCEPTION for weapons that are not on hand or not functional.
- **Line CHARLIE:** Sensitive and accountable items on hand.
Use UP or EXCEPTION, as applicable.
- **Line DELTA:** Vehicles and radios on hand and functional.
Use UP or EXCEPTION, as applicable.
- **Line ECHO:** Report the on-hand or functional status of any
other equipment using UP or EXCEPTION.
Note. For lines B, C, D, and E, refer to the Yellow 1 equipment status report (ESTAT) for equipment line numbers.

## Blue 11 Stand-To Report, Example

BLACK 3, THIS IS RED 1; BLUE 11, OVER. LINE
ALPHA: COMPLETE TIME 0600. LINE BRAVO: UP.
LINE CHARLIE: ITEM 38, MISSING 1 EACH. LINE
DELTA: RED 3 WILL NOT START.

## Intelligence Reports

A-10. Units routinely send intelligence reports to account for friendly equipment, captured enemy materiel, and personnel. These reports are significant because they relay information that has possible intelligence value in a concise format.

## Green 2  Sensitive Items Report

A-11. Units send the sensitive items report, known as SENSEREP, daily at prescribed times (before and after significant movement, after significant events, and after any consolidation or reorganization). Items covered include machine guns; personal weapons; night vision devices; binoculars; nuclear, biological, and chemical (NBC) equipment; communications-electronics operating instruction materials; maps and graphics; and special equipment assigned to platoons for particular operations. To send this report, state SENSEREP followed by pertinent information on these lines:

- **Line ALPHA:** Reporting unit (use call sign). - **Line CHARLIE:** Results of sensitive items check. Use the
term UP for on-hand or functional items. For missing items, report the line description and serial number and provide an explanation. Use additional lines from the Yellow 1 report.
- **Line ECHO**: Initials of person sending report.

## Green 2 Sensitive Items Report, Example

THIS IS RED 1. GREEN TWO, OVER. LINE ALPHA: RED. LINE CHARLIE: ALL UP. LINE ECHO: REMOTE WEAPONS SYSTEM.

## Green 3Splash Report

A-12. Units use the splash report for downed or missing aircraft. To send this report, provide all pertinent information on these lines:

- **Line 1:** Call sign.
- **Line 2:** Aircraft data (type and status).
- **Line 3**: Pilot status.

## Green 4Patrol Report

A-13. Units may submit the patrol report by radio or wire, when required. The following debriefing format can be used to ensure all pertinent information is provided in the patrol report:

- Designation of patrol. Include these elements:
 To:  From:  Maps:
- Size and composition of patrol. - Task. - Time of departure. - Time of return. - Routes (out and back). - Terrain, includes a description of terrain by type (such as dry,
swampy, and so forth), depth of ravines and draws, condition of bridges (type, size, and strength), and effect of terrain on tracked and wheeled vehicles.
- Threat includes details of threat strength, disposition, defenses,
equipment, weapons, attitude, morale, exact location, and movements. The report should include the time of observation of the threat activity and coordinates for the location where the activity occurred.
- Any map corrections. - Miscellaneous information includes pertinent details of NBC
warfare, if applicable.
- Results of encounters with the threat, includes threat prisoners
and casualties, captured documents and equipment, identification of threat elements, and threat disposition after the contact.
- Condition of the patrol, includes disposition arrangements for
any dead or wounded.
- Conclusions and recommendations, includes the extent of
mission accomplishment and any patrol equipment and tactics recommendations.
- Additional remarks by the debriefer.
Note. The report should conclude with the name, rank or grade, and organization or unit of the patrol leader.

## Green 6Enemy Prisoner Of War And Captured Material Report

A-14. The enemy prisoner of war captured materiel report informs the troop or battalion tactical command post of EPWs and captured materiel of immediate tactical value only. Usually, units tag EPWs and captured materiel immediately to show the place, time, and circumstances of capture to ensure information of intelligence value is not lost. Provide all pertinent information on the following lines (examples are in parentheses):

- **Line 1:** State GREEN 6. - **Line 2:** Item captured (state enemy prisoner of war). - **Line 3:** DTG of capture (260845SEP83). - **Line 4:** Place of capture using grid coordinates (NS 621434). - **Line 5:** Capturing unit (appropriate call sign). - **Line 6:** Circumstances of capture described as briefly as
possible.
A-15. Format for reporting captured materiel. Provide all pertinent information on the following lines (examples in parentheses):

- **Line 1:** State GREEN 6. - **Line 2:** Item captured (state MATERIEL). - **Line 3:** Type of document or equipment (communicationselectronics operating instruction).
- **Line 4:** DTG of capture (160900JUN83). - **Line 5:** Place of capture, using grid coordinates (NE824615). - **Line 6:** Capturing unit (appropriate call sign). - **Line 7:** Circumstances of capture described as briefly as
possible.
Note. After sending the report to the company team or troop commander, provide disposition instructions or recommendations, if necessary.

## Logistics Reports

A-16. Units use a logistics report to report the status of sustainment items and request resupply. Units should immediately follow a status report with a request report.

## Yellow 1Equipment Status Report

A-17. Each platoon sergeant sends the equipment status report (ESTAT) by courier or voice radio to the troop or task force tactical command post every day. The information is as of 1200 hours that same day. Units record the equipment status using one of these terms: operational, inoperative, or combat loss. Provide all pertinent information using the following categories and lines:

- Weapons.
 **Line 1:** Bayonet multipurpose system, XM9.  **Line 2:** Pistol, 9 mm, automatic, M9 with equipment.  **Line 3:** Rifle, 5.56 mm, M4 with equipment.  **Line 4:** Launcher, grenade, M203A2, with equipment.  **Line 5:** Machine gun, M2, caliber .50, heavy barrel.  **Line 6:** Machine gun, 7.62 mm, M240B.  **Line 7:** Machine gun, light 5.56 mm, M249.  **Line 8:** Machine gun, grenade, 40 mm, MK19 MOD III.  **Line 12:** Command launch unit, Javelin.
Note. Use lines 13, 14, 15, and 16 as needed for additional weapons assigned to the platoon.

- Vehicles and vehicle equipment.
 **Line 17:** HMMWV, M1151, 50 Cal.  **Line 18:** HMMWV, M1151, MK19.  **Line 18:** HMMWV, TOW M1151.  **Line 19:** CFV, M3.  **Line 20:** Stryker.
Note. Use lines 21, 22, 23, and 24 as needed for additional vehicles and vehicle equipment assigned to the platoon.

- NBC equipment.
 **Line 25:** Radiac set AN/VDR-2.
 **Line 26:** Radiac set ANUDR-13.  **Line 27:** Mask chemical biological M40.
 **Line 28:** Mask, chemical-biological, combat vehicle M42.
Note. Use lines 29, 30, and 31 as needed for additional CBRN
equipment assigned to the platoon.

- Radios.
 **Line 32:** Radio set: AN/PRC-119F (C).  **Line 33:** Radio set: Hand Held AN/PRC-148.  **Line 34:** Radio set: Radio Set: AN/PSC-5.  **Line 35:** Radio set: AN/VRC-89F (C).  **Line 36:** Radio set: AN/VRC-91F (C).  **Line 37:** Radio set: AN/VRC-92F (C).  **Line 38:** Radio set: AN/VRC-104(V) 6, 150 WATT W/
PRC-150 HF radio.
Note. Use lines 39, 40, and 41 as needed for additional radios assigned to the platoon.

- Miscellaneous equipment.
 **Line 42:** Demolition set, explosive, initiating, electric, and
semi-electric.
 **Line 43:** Detecting set, mine, portable, metallic, AN/
PSS-11.
 **Line 44:** Night vision goggles, AN/PVS-7B.  **Line 45:** Battlefield Anti-Intrusion System, AN/PRS-9.  **Line 46:** Binoculars, modular construction, mil scale
reticle, 7 x 50 mm with equipment.
 **Line 47:** Telescope, straight, military.
Note. Use lines 48, 49, and 50 as needed for any additional equipment assigned to the platoon.

## Yellow 1ABattle Loss Spot Report

A-18. The platoon leader or platoon sergeant transmits the Yellow 1A report as soon as possible after items are lost or damaged in battle. Losses are reported using line numbers from the Yellow 1 report. Provide pertinent information on the following lines:

- **Line 1:** Time of loss. - **Line 2:** Number of equipment pieces to be evacuated to troop
and battalion or higher for maintenance. Refer to the appropriate line numbers from the Yellow 1 report.
- **Line 3:** Number of equipment pieces destroyed, abandoned,
and left in pieces. Refer to the appropriate line numbers from the Yellow 1 report.
- **Line 4:** Location (encoded) of abandoned equipment.

Note. Yellow 1A reports are not cumulative. Units send a Yellow
1A report showing total unit status no later than 1300 hours once
daily. The Yellow 1A report gives equipment status as of 1200
hours that day.

## Yellow 2Ammunition Status Report

A-19. Transmit an ammunition status report once daily at 1300 hours or immediately upon completion of threat contact, the following status codes are used:

- **GREEN:** 90 percent or more on hand, all ammunition types. - **AMBER:** 80 percent to 89 percent on hand, all ammunition
types.
- **RED:** 60 percent to 79 percent on hand, all ammunition types. - **BLACK:** 59 percent or less on hand, all ammunition types.
Note. BLACK status in a Yellow 2 report requires immediate follow-up with a Yellow 2A report. GREEN, AMBER, or RED status does not require submission of a Yellow 2A report.

## Yellow 2AAmmunition Request

A-20. The required quantity of each type of ammunition is requested using the following line numbers:

- **Line 1:** Report as-of DTG. - **Line 2:** 5.56-mm mix. - **Line 3:** 5.56-mm ball. - **Line 4:** 5.56-mm tracer. - **Line 5:** 7.62-mm (coax). - **Line 6:** Grenade, 40-mm, high explosive. - **Line 7:** Grenade, 40-mm, white phosphorous. - **Line 8:** Grenade, 40-mm, antipersonnel. - **Line 9:** Caliber .50 (M2). - **Line 10:** Caliber .50 (M85). - **Line 11:** 40-mm, high explosive/dual purpose. - **Line 12:** 25-mm high explosive. - **Line 13:** 25-mm AP.
- Line 14: TOW. - Line 15: AT4. - Line 16: Javelin.
- **Line 17:** Grenade, fragmentation. - **Line 18:** Grenade, smoke. - **Line 19:** Grenade, thermite. - **Line 20:** Blasting cap, nonelectric. - **Line 21:** Fuze, igniter. - **Line 22:** Fuze, blast, time. - **Line 23:** Mine, Claymore. - **Line 24:** Mine, antitank. - **Line 25:** Mine, AP.

Note. All Yellow 2A requests are for the quantity of ammunition
the platoon requires unless otherwise specified. When sending a
Yellow 2A report, use only the lines required for specific requests.
Use additional lines (beginning with Line 26) to request any other
types of ammunition that the platoon needs. Attached units should
coordinate with the S-4 for additional line numbers for their
ammunition requirements.

## Yellow 3Petroleum, Oils, And Lubricants Status Report

A-21. Units send the petroleum, oils, and lubricants (known as POL) report twice daily, or as required. The following status codes are used:

- **GREEN:** 90 percent or more of the required quantity on hand. - **AMBER:** 80 to 89 percent on hand. - **RED:** 60 to 79 percent on hand. - **BLACK:** 59 percent or less on hand.

## Yellow 3APol Request

A-22. Use the following line numbers to request the required quantity of each type of POL product:

- **Line 1:** Report as of DTG. - **Line 2:** Diesel gallon (gal). - **Line 3:** Oil, OE-30 (gal). - **Line 4:** Oil, OE-90 (gal). - **Line 5:** Antifreeze (gal). - **Line 6:** Brake fluid (gal). - **Line 7:** Hydraulic fluid, OHA quart (qt). - **Line 8:** Hydraulic fluid, OHT (qt). - **Line 9:** Grease, GAA pound (lb).

Note. Use lines 10, 11, and 12 as needed for any other equipment
assigned to the platoon. Use additional lines (beginning with Line
21) to request any other POL products the platoon or attached
elements require.

## Personnel Reports

A-23. Units use personnel reports to notify the command group of casualties and to request replacement personnel. A request for replacements must immediately follow a casualty report.

## Red 2Personnel Battle Loss Report

A-24. Units transmit a Red 2 report to the troop and task force tactical command post as casualties occur. The unit also completes DA Form
1156, (*Casualty Feeder Card*) with witness statements, and submits all to the 1SG. Red 2 is an interim report to update information sent in the last Red 1 report. Provide all pertinent information using the following lines:

- **Line 1:** Battle roster number. - **Line 2:** DTG of the incident. - **Line 3:** Location of the incident (encoded). - **Line 4:** Type of casualties, encoded by letter as follows:
 **ALPHA:** Killed in action, hostile action.  **BRAVO:** Killed in action, nonhostile action.  **CHARLIE:** Body recovered.  **DELTA:** Body not recovered.  **ECHO:** Body identified.  **FOXTROT:** Body not identified.  **GOLF:** Missing in action.  **HOTEL:** Captured.  **INDIA:** Wounded in action, slight, hostile action.  **JULIET:** Wounded in action, serious, hostile action.  **KILO:** Wounded in action, slight, nonhostile action.  **LIMA:** Wounded in action, serious, nonhostile action.  **MIKE:** Accident.
- **Line 5:** Location of casualties or evacuation.

## Red 3Medical Evacuation Request

A-25. Units send a Red 3 report to the medical team on the troop or company command net to request medical evacuation support. A-26. The following is the ground evacuation format. Provide pertinent information on the following lines:

- **Line 1:** State EVAC. - **Line 2:** Location for pickup (encoded). - **Line 3:** Number of casualties. - **Line 4:** Category of patient condition, encoded by letter
designation as follows:
 **ALPHA:** Urgent.  **BRAVO:** Priority.  **CHARLIE:** Routine.
Note. Use the letter designation with the number of patients in each category; for example, TWO ALPHA indicates that two patients require evacuation on an urgent basis.

A-27. The air evacuation format is as follows:

- **Line 1:** Location. Specify the grid coordinates for the six-digit
grid location preceded by the 100,000-meter grid identification.
- **Line 2:** Radio frequency and call sign. The frequency and call
sign is the radio frequency and call sign at the site of the unit requesting evacuation.
- **Line 3:** Patient category of precedence. Classify the casualties'
priority for evacuation using the
following terms:
 Urgent. Evacuation required within two hours saving life or
limb.
 Priority. Patient's medical condition is deteriorating,
becoming urgent within four hours.
 Routine. Evacuation required, but several hours until
patient's condition expected to deteriorate.
 Tactical immediate. Evacuation required so casualties do
not endanger the tactical mission.
- **Line 4:** Special equipment and emergency medical supplies. - **Line 5:** Number and type of casualties. - **Line 6:** Security of pickup site. Describe conditions for
security at the pickup zone.
- **Line 7:** Signaling and site marking. Specify the signaling and
marking methods to use.
- **Line 8:** Patient nationality and status. - **Line 9:** CBRN contamination area. Specify locations of any
contaminated areas affecting the evacuation operation.

## Chemical, Biological, Radiological, Nuclear, And High-Yield Explosive Reports

A-28. Units use chemical, biological, radiological, nuclear, and high yield explosives reports to describe contaminated areas, means of delivery, persistence, and initial agent identification. Units ensure that appropriate protective postures occur before gathering information for CBRN reports.

## Cbrn-1Observer's Initial Report

A-29. To send the CBRN-1 report, state CBRN ONE and give the type of CBRN incident (nuclear, biological, or chemical). Other information that may be sent includes precedence of the report, date and time of the report (universal time [also called ZULU]), and security classification with the FROM and TO times the classification is applicable. Provide all pertinent information on the following lines:

- **Line ALPHA:** Strike serial number (if known). - **Line BRAVO:** Position of observer (universal transverse
Mercator [known as UTM] coordinates or name of place).
- **Line CHARLIE:** Grid or magnetic bearing (specify which is
used) or azimuth of attack from observer (in degrees or mils, specify which is used).
- **Line DELTA:** DTG attack started, ZULU. - **Line ECHO:** Illumination time in seconds (for nuclear burst),
time the attack ended (toxic agent attack only).
- **Line FOXTROT:** Location of attack (UTM coordinates) and
vicinity of attack (actual or estimated, specify which is given).
- **Line GOLF:** Means of delivery (if known). - **Line HOTEL:** Type of burst (air, surface, unknown), type of
toxic agent, or type of attack.
- **Line INDIA:** Number of shells, other data (for toxic attack
only).
- **Line JULIET:** Flash-to-bang time (in seconds). - **Line KILO:** Crater present or absent, diameter in meters (if
known).
- **Line LIMA:** Cloud width (degrees or mils, specify which) five
minutes after burst.
- **Line MIKE:** Cloud height (top or bottom, specify which) ten
minutes after burst (degrees or mils, specify which).
- **Line SIERRA:** DTG of reading (local or ZULU time).
Note. DO NOT DELAY REPORTS in an attempt to provide

complete format information. Omit information that is not
applicable or available. Items always reported are the type of
report; lines D and H; and one of the following lines: B, C, F, or
G. Carefully specify the units of measure used (such as degrees,
mils, or grid azimuth).

## Cbrn-3Immediate Warning Of Expected Contamination

A-30. The CBRN-3 report is by radio. State NBC THREE, followed by pertinent information on these lines:

- **Line ALPHA:** Strike serial number (if known). - **Line DELTA:** DTG when attack started. - **Line FOXTROT:** Location of attack (actual or estimated,
specify which).
- **Line PAPA:** Area of expected contamination. - **Line YANKEE:** Bearing or azimuth of left, then right radial
lines (specify degrees or mils, use four digits for each line).
- **Line ZULU:** Effective downwind speed (in kilometers [km]
per mile, use three digits), downwind effective distance of zone (in km, use three digits), and cloud radius (in km, use two digits).

## Cbrn-4Report Of Radiation Dose-Rate Measurement

A-31. Units submit CBRN-4 report, used for nuclear activity only, immediately after any radiation is detected and thereafter as required by the OPORD. To send this report, state CBRN FOUR, followed by pertinent information on these lines:

- **Line QUEBEC:** Location of reading, use friendly graphics or
encryption. Omit this line when transmitting on a wire net.
- **Line ROMEO:** Dose rate in centigray per hour (cGy/hr)
(average total dose rounded to the nearest 10 cGy). Specify whether the dose rate is INITIAL, INCREASING, PEAK, or DECREASING. Specify SHIELDED if the dose rate was measured inside a vehicle.
- **Line SIERRA:** DTG of reading. Specify the time zone.
Note. Repeat lines Q, R, and S as often as necessary. Ideally, measure radiation dose rates in the open one meter above the ground. If the rate is measured in a shielded location, it is converted (as accurately as possible) to a rate in the open.

## Cbrn-5Report Of Areas Of Contamination

A-32. To send the CBRN-5 report, state CBRN FIVE. Units may send other information including precedence of the report, date and time of the report (ZULU), and security classification with from and to for the length of time the classification is applicable. Provide all pertinent information on the following lines:

- **Line ALPHA:** Strike serial number, if known. - **Line OSCAR:** Reference DTG for estimated contours of
contaminated areas.
- **Line SIERRA:** DTG when detection of contamination
occurred.
- **Line TANGO:** H+1 DTG or DTG of latest reconnaissance of
contamination in the area.
- **Line UNIFORM:** Coordinates of contour lines marking dose
rate of 1000 cGy/hr.
- **Line VICTOR:** Coordinates of contour lines marking dose
rate of 300 cGy/hr.
- **Line WHISKEY:** Coordinates of contour lines marking dose
rate of 100 cGy/hr.
- **Line X-RAY:** Coordinates of contour lines marking dose rate
of 20 cGy/hr.

## Appendix B Troop Operating Distances

Troop commanders and leaders develop troop areas of operation based on manning, available weapons systems, and the desired amount of depth. The primary considerations are the mission variables of METT-TC. Additional considerations to emphasize when developing planning distances include enemy, friendly optics and laser capabilities, weapons ranges, and terrain.

Troop commanders and leaders may apply the following basic equations prior to mission execution to calculate an approximate operating area for each of their platoons. If all the platoons have similar METT-TC variables, then commanders can triple the distance based on one platoon's area of operation when conducting a map reconnaissance. Using the formula described below, leaders can make tentative plans for positions and fires coverage. Below are several examples troop commanders and leaders can use as a reference to develop operating distances specific to their particular mission. Many factors of METT-TC are not available in these generic examples. Leaders must apply all planning specifics to their mission.

## Abct Scout Platoon

B-1. An ABCT scout platoon maximizes its capabilities in firepower and optics. The scout platoon has protection allowing for greater risk against ABCT- arrayed threats. An ABCT troop commander can use the following method to calculate their planning distances and depth starting at the platoon level for unrestricted terrain for a six-vehicle scout platoon:

- Disperse vehicles based on enemy fires capability yet still
within friendly fires coverage; 500 meters between vehicles is the minimum recommended planning factor to provide force
protection against enemy indirect fire.

- Optics for the ABCT Cavalry troop usually allow acquisition
of enemy targets up to 10 km and identification at 3 km.
- Weapons systems vary across formation types and significantly
influence distance-planning considerations. As an example, the M242 25-mm cannon would allow over 1000 meters between vehicles while maintaining mutual support and sufficient weapons range beyond the supported vehicle.
- Analyze terrain as unrestricted, restricted, or severely
restricted. (Refer to ATP 2-01.3.) Unrestricted terrain is free of any restriction to movement. Unrestricted terrain for armored or mechanized forces is typically flat to moderately sloping terrain with scattered or widely spaced obstacles such as trees or rocks. As an example, in desert terrain, troops are able to screen more area by maximizing the use of optics and weapons capabilities.
B-2. Given the planning factors above, to find the planning screen front, take half of the maximum effective range of the weapons system and multiply that by three quarters the number of vehicles to account for mutually supporting position. Incorporate a factor of one for the terrain classification. Finally, add in the maximum effective range of the weapons system to cover the flank security factor to establish a front of nine kilometers. To find the planning screen depth, divide the front in half to establish a depth of 4500 meters. By changing the planning factors to meet their variables, commanders can rapidly estimate their fires protection and planning distance. (See figure B-1.) To see this expressed in a formula-style equation, refer to table B-1, page B-10.

## Abct Cavalry Troop

B-3. For an ABCT troop over a contiguous front in unrestricted terrain, the mission variables of terrain and troops available need the most stringent consideration as both have substantial effects on the width and depth that a formation can occupy. At the troop level, mortars are an additional weapon system to incorporate as a planning factor. The troop commander deliberately plans where to locate the mortars to ensure that they provide maximum coverage to the element. The troop commander ensures clear priorities of fire when organic indirect fires cannot provide sufficient coverage of the troop's frontage. The above planning factor establishes a front of 25 to 28 kilometers. Using available dismounted personnel in observation posts, the troop commander rounds the planning depth to four to five km for platoons. (Refer to figure B-2, page B-3 and table B-2, page B-11.)

## Ibct Mounted Scout Platoon And Cavalry Troop Ibct Mounted Scout Platoon

B-4. The firepower, mobility, and mix of weapons systems allows leaders the flexibility to array forces in an IBCT scout platoon to meet the mission variables of METT-TC. An IBCT troop commander can use the following method to calculate their planning distances and depth starting at the platoon level for severely restricted terrain for a sixvehicle scout platoon:

- Disperse vehicles based on enemy fires capability yet still
within friendly fires coverage; 500 meters between vehicles is the minimum recommended planning factor to provide force protection against enemy indirect fire.
- Optics available allow acquisition of enemy targets up to 10
km and identification at 3 km.
- Weapons systems, the combination of the MG .50 caliber,
MK19 grenade launcher, and TOW II allow for up to 1000 meters between vehicles to maintain mutual support and sufficient weapons range beyond the supported vehicle.

- Severely restricted terrain severely hinders or slows movement
in combat formations. Commanders may attempt to enhance mobility by committing engineer assets to improving mobility or deviating from doctrinal tactics, such as moving in columns instead of line formations, or at speeds much lower than those preferred.
B-5. Given the planning factors above, to find the planning screen front, take half of the maximum effective range of the weapons system and multiple that by three quarters the number of vehicles, which will account for the mutually supporting position. Incorporate a factor of 0.25 for the terrain classification. Finally, add in the maximum effective range of the weapons system to cover the flank security factor, which will establish a front of 3 km. To find the planning screen depth, divide the front in half, which establishes a depth of 1500 meters. (See figure B-3 and table B-3, page B-11.)

## Ibct Mounted Cavalry Troop

B-6. The IBCT Cavalry troop combines mobility and firepower against the threat forces facing the IBCT. The mobility and firepower density in a Cavalry troop is unique to the rest of the IBCT forces, allowing it to conduct reconnaissance and security tasks forward of the maneuver battalions. (See figure B-4, page B-5.)

## Ibct Dismounted Scout Platoon

B-7. The IBCT dismounted scout platoon allows discreet, stealthy execution of reconnaissance and security tasks. An IBCT troop commander can use the following method to calculate their planning distances and depth, starting at the platoon level for severely restricted terrain. For this example, an area reconnaissance is demonstrated using NAIs. (See figure B-5, page B-6.)

- Disperse based on enemy fires capability yet still within
friendly fires coverage; 250 meters between observation posts is the minimum recommended planning factor to provide force protection against enemy indirect fire.
- Optics available allow acquisition of enemy targets up to 10
km and identification at 2 km.
- Weapons systems vary across formation types and significantly
influence distance-planning considerations. For example, the MG 240 allows 400 meters between positions to maintain mutual support and sufficient weapons range beyond the supported vehicle.
- Severely restricted terrain severely hinders or slows movement
in combat formations unless the commander makes some effort to enhance mobility.

## Ibct Dismounted Cavalry Troop

B-8. The IBCT dismounted Cavalry troop conducts reconnaissance and security using stealth. It relies on mobility from external assets such as vehicle or aircraft support, and is well suited for air assault operations. The IBCT dismounted Cavalry troop has capabilities similar to the rifle battalions in the IBCT. (See figure B-6.)

## Sbct Scout Platoon And Cavalry Troop Sbct Scout Platoon

B-9. The SBCT scout platoons platform commonality allows commanders simplicity in planning. SBCT troop commanders and staffs can use the following method to calculate their planning distances and depth starting at the platoon level for restricted terrain for a six-vehicle scout platoon:

- Disperse vehicles based on enemy fires capability, yet still
within friendly fires coverage; 500 meters between vehicles is the minimum recommended planning factor to provide force protection against enemy indirect fire.

- Optics available allow acquisition of enemy targets up to 10
km and identification at 3 km.
- For weapons systems, the MG .50 caliber and MK19 grenade
launcher would allow up to 1000 meters between vehicles to maintain mutual support and sufficient weapons range beyond the supported vehicle.
- Restricted terrain hinders movement to some degree. Units
may have difficulty maintaining preferred speeds, moving in combat formations, or transitioning from one formation to another. Restricted terrain slows movement by requiring zigzagging or frequent detours. Restricted terrain for armored or mechanized forces typically consists of moderate-to-steep slopes or moderate-to- densely spaced obstacles such as trees, rocks, or buildings. (See figure B-7.)

## Sbct Cavalry Troop

B-10. The SBCT Cavalry troop combines mobility and firepower against the threat forces facing the SBCT and has similar capabilities of its parent BCT. The SBCT Cavalry troop relies on mobility coupled with protection to conduct reconnaissance and security tasks. (See figure B-8, page B-9.)
The same width and depth formula is expressed below two different ways:

## Width Formula

Width = (0.5 weapons system maximum effective range) x (0.75 number of vehicles) x terrain + flank security Depth = width/2
Expressed another way:
([(.5R)(.75Nv)] x t) + F = W .375 RNvT + F = W

## Depth Formula

D = W/2 (depth will not be greater than 1/3 maximum effective range of internal indirect fire assets

## Legend

R - Maximum effective range of weapon system Nv - Number of vehicles in formation T - Terrain
T - 1 for unrestricted T - .5 for restricted T - .25 for severely restricted
F - Flank security. Calculated by using maximum effective range of weapon system W - Width D - Depth

## Number Of Vehicles

Nv x .75
6 x .75 = 4.5 5 x .75 = 3.75 4 x .75 = 3 3 x .75 = 2.25
Unrestrictive - 1
Restrictive - 0.5 Severely Restrictive - 0.25
1. M242 Bushmaster maximum effective range = 3000

2. Number of vehicles = 6 3. Type of terrain = unrestrictive 4. Flank security. Calculated by using maximum effective range of weapons system

Width = (0.5 weapons system maximum effective range) x (0.75 number of vehicles) x terrain + flank security Screen width = 0.5 of 3000 times 0.75 of 6 times 1 + 3000 Screen width = 1500 times 4.5 times 1 + 3000 Screen width = 9750 Screen depth = width/2 Screen depth = 4875
Unrestrictive - 1 Restrictive - 0.5 Severely Restrictive - 0.25
1. M2 .50 caliber maximum effective range = 1830 2. Number of vehicles = 6

3. Type of terrain = severely restrictive

4. Flank security. Calculated by using maximum effective range of weapons system
Width = (0.5 weapons system maximum effective range) x (0.75 number of vehicles) x terrain + flank security Screen width = 0.5 of 1830 times 0.75 of 6 times 0.25 + 1830
Screen width = 915 times 4.5 times 0.25 + 1830 Screen width = 2860 Screen depth = width/2 Screen depth = 1430

B-11. Table B-4 depicts a formula available to Cavalry troop's leaders to plan operational distances. The formulas aide in commanders and leaders squadrons for staff and commander planning of operational area distances.

## Terrain

Unrestrictive - 1 Restrictive - 0.5 Severely Restrictive - 0.25

1. M2 .50 caliber maximum effective range = 1830 2. Number of vehicles = 6 3. Type of terrain = restrictive

4. Flank security. Calculated by using maximum effective range of weapons system Width = (0.5 weapons system maximum effective range) x (0.75 number of vehicles) x terrain + flank security Screen width = 0.5 of 1830 times 0.75 of 6 times 0.5 + 1830 Screen width = 915 times 4.5 times 0.5 + 1830 Screen width = 3860
Screen depth = width/2 Screen depth = 1945

B-12. Table B-5 is a chart of available optics to Cavalry troops by BCT formation type. The chart aides in commanders and leaders squadrons for staff and commander planning of operational area distances.

| DAYSIGHTS                       | TARGET                         |
|---------------------------------|--------------------------------|
| RECOGNITION                     |                                |
| TARGET                          |                                |
| IDENTIFICATION                  |                                |
| 2000 Meters                     | * Not Tested                   |
| Mil Scale Reticle 7X50MM W/E    |                                |
| No Data                         | 900 Meters                     |
| with M240B                      |                                |
| Telescope:                      |                                |
| Straight - ELCAN M145 Straight  |                                |
| Telescope                       |                                |
| Soldier Carried                 |                                |
| Laser Target Locator Module     |                                |
| (LTLM)                          |                                |
| 2.7 KM Day/.45                  |                                |
| KM Night                        |                                |
| 4.2 KM                          |                                |
| Day/900 M                       |                                |
| Night                           |                                |
| Crew Systems                    |                                |
| No Data                         | 4.3 KM Day/1.4                 |
| KM Night                        |                                |
| Range Finder-Target Designator: |                                |
| Laser AN/PED-1 Lightweight      |                                |
| Laser Designator Rangefinder    |                                |
| (LLDR)                          |                                |
| No Data                         | Command Launch Unit: (Javelin) |
| 13305405-119                    |                                |
| 2000 Meters                     |                                |
| Block 0                         |                                |
| 2500 Meters                     |                                |
| Block I                         |                                |
| Soldier Weapon Sight            |                                |
| No Data                         | 600 Meters                     |
| 1/2 Moon                        |                                |
| Sight: Night Vision (SNS)       |                                |
| AN/PVS-30 Clip-on Sniper Night  |                                |
| Sight                           |                                |
| Sight: Thermal AN/PAS-13B (V)1  | 820 Meters                     |
| No Data                         | Medium Weapon Thermal Sight    |
| (MWTS): AN/PAS- 13(V2)          |                                |
| 1200 Meters                     |                                |
| (MWTS I)                        |                                |
| 1430 Meters                     |                                |
| (MWTS II)                       |                                |
| No Data                        | Heavy Weapon Thermal Sight   |
|--------------------------------|------------------------------|
| (HWTS): AN/PAS-13(V3)          |                              |
| 2200 Meters                    |                              |
| (HWTS I)                       |                              |
| 2753 Meters                    |                              |
| (HWTS II)                      |                              |
| Target Acquisition System: TOW |                              |
| Improved ITAS M41              |                              |
| TOW2A Missile                  | No Data                      |
| TOW 2A RF Missile              | No Data                      |
| TOW 2B Missile                 | No Data                      |
| TOW 2B Aero Missile            | No Data                      |
| No Data                        | 3750 Meters                  |
| Missile                        |                              |
| No Data                        | 4200 Meters                  |
| Missile                        |                              |

Legend: ITAS - Information Technology Approval System; KM - kilometer; MM - millimeter; TOW - tube launched, optically tracked, wire guided.

B-13. Table B-6; table B-7, page B-15 and table B-8, page B-16 are charts of available weapons to Cavalry troops by BCT formation type. The charts aide in commanders and leaders squadrons for staff and commander planning of operational area distances.

| WPN         | Amount    |
|-------------|-----------|
| WPN         |           |
| Systems     |           |
| MAX Range   |           |
| (Depends on |           |
| Ammunition  |           |
| Type)       |           |
| M3A3 25mm   | 23        |
| 65          | 150m-350m |
| Grenade     |           |
| Launcher    |           |
| MG .50 Cal  | 32        |
| 12            | 100m-2,200m   | 40mm MG       |
|---------------|---------------|---------------|
| Grenade MK 19 |               |               |
| MOD III       |               |               |
| 75            | 600m-1,800m   | 7.62mm        |
| M240B/240L    |               |               |
| 9mm           | 112           | 50m           |
| M4            | 293           | 600m          |
| 36            | 50m           | 12 Gauge      |
| Shotgun       |               |               |
| 120mm Mortar  | 6             | 7,200m        |
| TOW Missile   | 23            | 3,000m-3,750m |
| Javelin       | 12            | 2,000m        |
| WPN           | Amount WPN   |
|---------------|--------------|
| Systems       |              |
| MAX Range     |              |
| (Depends on   |              |
| Ammunition    |              |
| Type)         |              |
| 42            | 150m-350m    |
| Grenade       |              |
| Launcher      |              |
| MG .50 Cal    | 20           |
| 12            | 100m-2,200m  |
| MK 19 MOD III |              |
| 26            | 600m-1,800m  |
| M240L/240B    |              |
| 9mm           | 51           |
| M4            | 344          |
| 34            | 50m          |
| Shotgun       |              |
| Javelin       |              |
| 24            | 2,000m       |
| Tow           | 12           |
| M249       |   18 | 600m-1000m   |
|------------|------|--------------|
| 120mm      |    4 | 7,200m       |
| 60mm       |    2 | 3,649m       |
| Rifle M110 |    2 | 800m         |
| Rifle M107 |    2 | 1,800m       |

Legend: M - meter, MAX - maximum, MG - machine gun, mm
millimeter, TOW - tube launched, optically tracked, wire guided, WPN - weapon.

| WPN              | Amount        |
|------------------|---------------|
| WPN              |               |
| Systems          |               |
| MAX Range        |               |
| (Depends on      |               |
| Ammunition       |               |
| Type)            |               |
| 34               | 150m-350m     |
| Grenade Launcher |               |
| MG .50 Cal       | 38            |
| 18               | 100m-2,200m   |
| Grenade MK 19    |               |
| MOD III          |               |
| 48               | 600m-1,800m   |
| M240L/240B       |               |
| 9mm              | 21            |
| M4               | 374           |
| 36               | 50m           |
| Shotgun          |               |
| 6                | 3,500m-7,200m |
| Mortar           |               |
| Javelin          | 36            |

Legend: M - meter, MAX - maximum, MG - machine gun, mm
millimeter, WPN - weapon.

## Appendix C Troop Command Post

C-1. The Cavalry troop is the only combat arms company-sized element in the BCT to have an authorized command post. The following section describes the personnel and associated responsibilities as they relate to the command post, functions, and layout of different Cavalry troop command posts.

## Duties And Responsibilities

C-2. XO. The XO ensures collaboration with the 1SG to ensure the command post seamlessly conducts the required activities. The XO focuses on the usefulness and effectiveness of information acquired from the command post, and ensures dissemination and implementation of the commander's guidance and intent. The XO must manage the battle rhythm of the command post to include rest cycles that support 24-hour operations. The following are minimum activities the XO conducts or supervises:

- Ensures subordinate sections accomplish their duties according
to the commander's intent, unit SOP, and orders.
- Ensures analog battle tracking systems are in place (and digital,
if applicable).
- Synchronizes logistic support. - Provides a centralized point for information collection and
dissemination, coordination, time management, and tracking the status of subordinate elements.
- Identifies information that relates to the commander's critical
information requirements.
- Coordinates the integration of combat enabling units
(attachments).
- Receives and submits the LOGSTAT. - Enforces adherence to the operational timeline.
C-3. 1SG. The 1SG ensures that the command post is functioning as intended, and properly provides the information needed by the XO and commander. The 1SG also provides feedback to the XO and commander on how to improve command post operations to achieve the commander's intent. The following are minimum activities the 1SG conducts or supervises:

- Manages troop trains operations. - Executes casualty evacuation. - Executes logistic support. - Establishes and periodically inspects tactical assembly area
security.
- Enforces discipline and adherence to troop SOPs. - Manages personnel replacement and mortuary affairs
operations.
- Monitors health and welfare of troop personnel. - Enforces adherence to the operational timeline.
C-4. Operations NCO. The operations NCO consolidates reports and battle tracks troop units. Additionally the operations NCO

- Deploys the command post. - Establishes the command post. - Implements security plan. - Manages reports to and from subordinate, adjacent, and higher
units.
- Monitors the tactical situation. - Maintains and updates subordinate, adjacent, and higher unit
locations and activities.
- Monitors the enemy situation. - Manages the command post log/DA Form 1594, (Daily Staff
Journal or Duty Officer's Log).
- Serves as a communications relay between units, if necessary. - Publishes orders and instructions to subordinate units. - Updates both digital and analog graphics. - Enforces adherence to the operational timeline.

## C-5. Communications Nco

- Supervises or assists with command post tasks. These include
relaying information, monitoring the situation, establishing the command post security plan and radio watch schedule, and
informing the commander and subordinate elements of significant events.
- Establishes troop headquarters communications networks.
- Implements radio telephone operator plan. - Performs troubleshooting and limited repair of organic
communications equipment.
- Conducts preventative maintenance checks and services on
communications equipment.
- Identifies shortcomings on communications equipment.
C-6. CBRN NCO
- Determines likelihood of CBRN agents and determine
battlefield effects.
- Oversees emplacement of joint chemical agent detector
devices.
- Identifies possible dirty routes. - Enables all chemical defense techniques. - Identifies possible decontamination sites. - Assists with command post duties, if necessary.
C-7. Company intelligence support team (if available)
- Develops and updates the enemy situation. - Develops enemy situation template with most likely and most
dangerous enemy course of action.
- Provides weather and light data. - Plans UAS employment to answer PIR. - Conducts battle damage assessment tracking.
C-8. Medics
- Establishes and rehearses routes to squadron aid station. - Identifies areas for casualty collection points. - Produces medical evacuation plan (time and distance
estimates).
- Conducts reconnaissance of, and mark helicopter LZs for
medical evacuation, if necessary.
C-9. Combat repair team (if available)
- Updates maintenance collection point location on operational
graphics.
- Identifies possible vehicle evacuation locations. - Reviews and verifies faults annotated on DA Form 5988-E
(*Equipment Maintenance and Inspection worksheet*).
- Updates maintenance tracker.

## Functions

C-10. The command post design and layout considerations supports functionality, and successful mission command. Troop command posts can have any configuration that supports the mission. Commanders additionally ensure the XO, with assistance from the 1SG, executes

- Analysis and synthesis of collected information. - Efficient facilitation of information flow. - Connectivity to information systems and the network (if
possible).
- Positioning information displays for ease of use. - Integrating information on maps and display. - Adequate workspace for the commander and headquarter
personnel.
- Ease of deployment, employment, and displacement. - Effective and efficient power generation and distribution.

## Troop Command Post Layout

C-11. Figure C-1, figure C-2, page C-4, and figure C-3 on page C-5, are different types of BCT Cavalry troop command posts. The following command posts are not prescriptive, but used for reference only. Units may vary configuration based on equipment and personnel available.)

## Glossary

The glossary lists acronyms and terms with Army or joint definitions. Where Army and joint definitions differ, (Army) precedes the definition. Terms for which ATP 3-20.97 is the proponent are marked with an asterisk. The proponent manual for other terms are listed in parentheses after the definition.

## Section I - Acronyms And Abbreviations

1SG
first sergeant
ABCT
Armored brigade combat team
ADP
Army doctrine publication
ADRP
Army doctrine reference publication
AO
area of operation
ATP
Army techniques and procedures
BCT
brigade combat team
BFSB
battlefield surveillance brigade
CAS
close air support
CBRN
chemical, biological, radiological, and nuclear
COIST
company intelligence support team
DTG
date-time group
EA
engagement area
FBCB2
Force XXI Battle Command, Brigade and Below
FM
field manual
FOB
forward operating base
FSC
fire support cell
GPS
Global Positioning System
HHT
headquarters and headquarters troop
HMMWV
high mobility multipurpose wheeled vehicle
IBCT
Infantry brigade combat team
IED
improvised explosive device
IPB
intelligence preparation of the battlefield
JP
joint publication
JTAC
joint terminal attack controller
KM or km
kilometer
LD
line of departure
LOGPAC
logistics package
LRAS3
Long-Range Advanced Scout Surveillance System
LTIOV
latest time information is of value
LZ
landing zone
MANPAD
Man-Portable Air Defense System
METT-
TC
mission, enemy, terrain and weather, troops and support available-time available and civil considerations
MTOE
modified table of organization and equipment
NAI
named area of interest
NBC
nuclear, biological, and chemical
NCO
noncommissioned officer
NLT
no later than
OBJ
objective
OP
observation post
OPORD
operation order
PIR
priority intelligence requirement
PL
phase line
POL
petroleum, oils, and lubricants
PZ
pickup zone
RTE
route
ROZ
restricted operation zone
S-2
battalion or brigade intelligence staff officer
S-3
battalion or brigade operations staff officer
S-4
battalion or brigade logistics staff officer
SBCT
Stryker brigade combat team
SITREP
situation report
SOP
standard operating procedure
SPOTREP
spot report
TAA
tactical assembly area
TIRS
Terrain Index Reference System
TOW
tube launched, optically tracked, wire-guided
UAS
Unmanned Aircraft System
XO
executive officer

## Section Ii - Terms

adversary A party acknowledged as potentially hostile to a friendly party and against which the use of force may be envisaged (JP 3-0).

area reconnaissance A form of reconnaissance that focuses on obtaining detailed information about the terrain of enemy activity within a prescribed area (ADRP 3-90).

area security A security task conducted to protect friendly forces, installations routes, and actions within a specific area (ADRP 3-90).

Class I
Subsistence, water, and gratuitous health and comfort items (JP 4-09).

Class II
Clothing, individual equipment, tentage, organizational tool sets and kits, hand tools, unclassified maps, administrative and housekeeping supplies and equipment, and chemical, biological, radiological, and nuclear (CBRN) equipment (JP 4-09).

Class III
Petroleum (bulk and packaged), oils, and lubricants (JP 4-09).
Class IV
Construction fortification and barrier materiel (JP 4-09).
Class V
Ammunition (JP 4-09).
Class VI
Personal demand items normally sold through exchanges (JP 4-09).

## Class Vii Major End Items (Jp 4-09).

Class VIII
Medical materiel, including repair parts peculiar to medical equipment (JP 4-09).

## Class Ix Repair Parts And Components (Jp 4-09).

close air support Air action by fixed- and rotary-wing aircraft against hostile targets that are in close proximity to friendly forces and require detailed integration of each air mission with the fire and movement of those forces (JP 3-0).

counterreconnaissance A tactical mission task that encompasses all measures taken by a commander to counter enemy reconnaissance and surveillance efforts. Counterreconnaissance is not a distinct mission, but a component of all forms of security operations (FM 3-90-1).

covering force A self-contained force capable of operating independently of the main body, unlike a screen or guard force, to conduct the cover task (FM 3-90-2).

enemy A party identified as hostile against which the use of force is authorized (ADRP 3-0).

exfiltration A tactical mission task where a commander removes Soldiers or units from areas under enemy control by stealth, deception, surprise, or clandestine means (FM 3-90-1).

fire support team A field artillery team organic to each maneuver battalion and selected units to plan and coordinate all available company supporting fires, including mortars, field artillery, naval surface fire support and close air support integration (ADRP 3-09).

guard A security task to protect the main force by fighting to gain time while also observing and reporting information and preventing enemy ground observation of and direct fire against the main body. Units conducting a guard mission cannot operate independently because they rely upon fires and functional and multifunctional support assets of the main body (ADRP 3-90).

hybrid threat The diverse and dynamic combination of regular forces, irregular forces, terrorist forces, and/or criminal elements unified to achieve mutually benefitting effects (ADRP 3-0).

infiltration A form of maneuver in which an attacking force conducts undetected movement through or into an area occupied by enemy forces to occupy a position of advantage behind those enemy positions while exposing only small elements to enemy defensive fires (FM 3-90-1).

intelligence preparation of the battlefield/battlespace A systematic process of analyzing the mission variables of enemy, terrain, weather, and civil considerations in an area of interest to determine their effect on operations (ATP 2-01.3).

mission command
(Army) The exercise of authority and direction by the commander using mission orders to enable disciplined initiative within the commander's intent to empower agile and adaptive leaders in the conduct of unified land operations (ADP 6-0).

neutral A party identified as neither supporting nor opposing friendly or enemy forces (ADRP 3-0).

operational environment A composite of the conditions, circumstances, and influences that affect the employment of capabilities and bear on the decisions of the commander (JP 3-0).

reconnaissance handover The action that occurs between two elements in order to coordinate the transfer of information and/or responsibility for observation of potential threat contact, or the transfer of an assigned area from one element to another (FM 3-98).

reconnaissance in force A deliberate combat operation designed to discover or test the enemy's strength, dispositions, and reactions or to obtain other information (ADRP 3-90).

route reconnaissance A directed effort to obtain detailed information of a specified route and all terrain from which the enemy could influence movement along that route (ADRP 3-90).

situational understanding The product of applying analysis and judgment to relevant information to determine the relationships among the operational and mission variables to facilitate decisionmaking (ADP 5-0).

special reconnaissance Reconnaissance and surveillance actions conducted as a special operation in hostile, denied, or politically sensitive environments to collect or verify information of strategic or operational significance, employing military capabilities not normally found in conventional forces (JP 3-05).

threat Any combination of actors, entities, or forces that intend to harm United States forces, United States national interests, or the homeland (ADRP 3-0).

Troop leading procedures A dynamic process used by small-unit leaders to analyze a mission, develop a plan, and prepare for an operation (ADP 5-0).

zone reconnaissance A form of reconnaissance that involves a directed effort to obtain detailed information on all routes, obstacles, terrain, and enemy forces within a zone defined by boundaries (ADRP 3-90).

## Zulu Time Zone Indicator For Universal Time (Jp 5-0). References Required Publications

ADRP 1-02. *Terms and Military Symbols,* 7 December 2015. JP 1-02. Department of Defense Dictionary of Military and Associated Terms, 8 November 2010.

## Related Publications

Most Army publications are available online at http://www.apd.army.mil/. Other publications are available on the Central Army Registry on the Army Training Network, https://atiam.train.army.mil.

## Army Publications

ADP 5-0. *The Operations Process,* 17 May 2012. ADP 6-0. *Mission Command,* 17 May 2012. ADRP 3-0. *Unified Land Operations,* 16 May 2012. ADRP 3-07. *Stability,* 31 August 2012. ADRP 3-09. *Fires,* 31 August 2012. ADRP 3-90. *Offense and Defense,* 31 August 2012. ADRP 5-0. *The Operations Process,* 17 May 2012. ADRP 6-0. *Mission Command,* 17 May 2012. AR 40-66. Medical Record Administration and Health Care Documentation, 17 June 2008. ATP 2-01. *Plan Requirements and Assess Collection,* 19 August 2014. ATP 2-01.3. *Intelligence Preparation of the Battlefield/Battlespace,* 10 November 2014.

ATP 2-19.4. *Brigade Combat Team Intelligence Techniques,* 10 February 2015. ATP 3-01.94. *Army Air and Missile Defense Command Operations,* 20
April . ATP 3-09.42. *Fire Support for the Brigade Combat Team,* 1 March 2016.

ATP 3-11.32/MCWP 3-37.2/NTTP 3-11.37. Multi-Service Tactics, Techniques, and Procedures for Chemical, Biological, Radiological, and Nuclear Passive Defense, 13 May 2016.

ATP 3-20.96. *Cavalry Squadron,* 12 May 2016. ATP 3-20.98. *Reconnaissance Platoon,* 5 April 2013. ATP 3-34.22. *Engineer OperationsBrigade Combat Team and Below,* 5 December 2014. ATP 3-34.81. *Engineer Reconnaissance,* 1 March 2016. ATP 3-37.10. *Base Camps,* 26 April 2013. ATP 3-53.2. *Military Information in Conventional Operations,* 7 August 2015. ATP 3-60. *Targeting,* 7 May 2015. ATP 4-31. Recovery and Battle Damage Assessment and Repair (BDAR), 27 August 2014. ATP 4-44. *Water Support Operations,* 2 October 2015. ATTP 3-06.11. *Combined Arms Operations in Urban Terrain,* 10 June 2011. ATTP 3-21.90. *Tactical Employment of Mortars,* 4 April 2011. FM 3-04. *Army Aviation,* 29 July 2015. FM 3-53. *Military Information Support Operations,* 4 January 2013. FM 3-55. *Information Collection,* 3 May 2013. FM 3-90-1. *Offense and Defense Volume 1,* 22 March 2013. FM 3-90-2. Reconnaissance, Security, and Tactical Enabling Tasks Volume 2, 22 March 2013. FM 3-98. *Reconnaissance and Security Operations,* 1 July 2015. FM 3-99. *Airborne and Air Assault Operations,* 6 March 2015. FM 4-95. *Logistics Operations,* 1 April 2014. FM 6-0. *Commander and Staff Organization and Operations,* 5 May 2014. FM 27-10. *The Law of Land Warfare,* 18 July 1956. TC 7-100. *Hybrid Threat,* 26 November 2010. TC 7-100.3. *Irregular Opposing Forces,* 17 January 2014. TC 7-100.4. *Hybrid Threat Force Structure Organizational Guide,* 4 June 2015.

## Joint And Department Of Defense Publications

Most Joint publications are available online at www.dtic.mil/doctrine/

JP 3-0. *Joint Operations,* 11 August 2011. JP 3-05. *Special Operations,* 16 July 2014. JP 3-09. *Joint Fire Support,* 12 December 2014. JP 3-09.3. *Close Air Support,* 25 November 2014. JP 4-01.5. *Joint Terminal Operations,* 2 November 2015. JP 4-09, *Distribution Operations*, 19 December 2013. JP 5-0, *Joint Operation Planning*, 11 August 2011.

## Prescribed Forms

This section contains no entries.

## Referenced Forms

Unless otherwise indicated, DA forms are available on the Army Publishing Directorate (APD) web site (www.apd.army.mil).

DA Form 1156, *Casualty Feeder Card*. DA Form 1594, *Daily Staff Journal or Duty Officer's Log*. DA Form 2028, Recommended Changes to Publications and Blank Forms. DA Form 5988-E, Equipment Maintenance and Inspection Worksheet (EGA).

## Index

Entries are listed by paragraph number, unless mentioned otherwise.

A
ABCT Cavalry troop. 1-18 aerial insertion. 3-83 area security. 5-281, 4-52, 4-50 armorer and supply specialist. 2-68 aviation. 6-43, 6-40
close air support. 6-55, 6-50
B
BFSB Cavalry troop. 1-31
C
CBRN NCO. 2-66 combat formations. 3-104

coil. 3-114
column. 3-105
herringbone. 3-115
staggered. 3-106
troop line. 3-107
troop vee. 3-108
troop wedge. 3-112

commander. 3-2, 2-49 communications sergeant. 2-61 company intelligence support team. 2-62 concept of operations. 2-39, 2-25 convoy security. 4-58 covering force. 4-49 criminal organizations. 1-10
D
depth. 4-14

        E
engineer reconnaissance team. 6-4
event template. 2-22
execution matrix. 2-21

executive officer. 7-8, 2-53 exfiltration. 3-87, 3-62
extraction. 3-91
methods. 3-90 planning. 3-88, 3-67

         F
fire support team. 6-7, 2-58
first sergeant. 7-9, 2-54
first-aid procedures. 7-66

G
global positioning systems. 3-56
I
IBCT Cavalry troop. 1-21 infiltration. 3-65, 3-62

execution. 3-76
order of movement. 3-77
planning. 3-67
single lane. 3-84

irregular forces. 1-9
L
local security. 4-73

       M
maintenance team chief. 2-65
medics. 2-64
mission, enemy, terrain and weather, troops and support available, time
 available, and civil considerations (METT-TC). 1-4

mortar section sergeant. 2-60 moving screen. 5-24, 5-5, 4-29
O
orders. 2-37

format. 2-39
techniques. 2-46
verbal. 2-42
written. 2-43

P
platoon sergeant. 7-11, 2-57
R
reconnaissance aerial. 3-11
area. 5-317, 3-51

by fire. 3-14
dismounted. 3-7
fires. 3-48
four methods of. 3-6
guidance. 3-18
handover. 3-118
in force. 5-51, 3-99
in support of stability tasks. 5-308
mounted. 3-9
route. 5-203, 3-97, 3-94
special. 3-116
techniques. 3-3
tempo. 3-22
zone. 5-86, 3-27

regular forces. 1-8
resupply
   aerial. 7-55
   emergency. 7-59
   prestock. 7-56
   service station method. 7-53
   tailgate method. 7-50

route security. 4-63
procedures. 4-70 techniques. 4-66
S
SBCT Cavalry troop. 1-28 scheme of fires. 2-25 Scout platoon leader. 2-55 Scout platoons. 1-36 security mission. 4-6 security operation guard. 4-45 squadron guard. 5-129 stability. 5-249 stationary screen. 4-16 supply sergeant. 7-10, 2-67
T
target acquisition systems. 6-25 troop leading procedures. 2-4 troop mortars. 6-18, 6-8
types of Cavalry troops. 1-21
dismounted. 1-25 mounted. 1-22

## U

Unmanned Aircraft System. 5-318, 5-234, 5-158, 4-72, 4-67, 4-29, 3-122, 3-65, 3-11
W
warfighting function. 5-39, 2-3

## Atp 3-20.97

1 September 2016
By Order of the Secretary of the Army

MARK
 A.
MILLEY
General,
United
States
 Army
 Chief
 of
 Staff

Official:

GERALD B.
 O'KEEFE
Administrative
Assistant to the
Secretary of the
   Army
  1623503

DISTRIBUTION:
Active Army, Army National Guard, and U.S. Army Reserve: To be distributed in accordance with the initial distribution number (IDN) 115890, requirements for ATP 3-20.97.