ARMY, MARINE COPS, NAVY, AIR 1

## ~Procedures:: Multiservice Tactics, Techniques, And Quick Reference Checklist Dtcide To Siurvver

S - Size up **the** situation, surroundings, physical condition, equipment.
U - Use all your senses
R - **Remember** where you are.
V - Vanquish fear and panic.
I - Improvise and improve.
V - Value living.
A - Act like the natives.
L - Live by your wits.

## 1. Immediate Actions

a. Assess immediate situation. THINK BEFORE YOU ACT!
b. Take action to protect yourself from nuclear, biological, or
chemical hazards (Chapter IX).
c. Seek a concealed site.
d. Assess medical condition; treat as necessary (Chapter V).
e. Sanitize uniform of potentially compromising information.
f. Sanitize area; hide equipment you are leaving.
g. Apply personal camouflage.
h. Move away from concealed site, zigzag pattern recommended.
i. Use terrain to advantage, communication, and concealment.
j.
Find a hole-up site.

## 2. **Hole-Up-Site** (Chapter I)

a. Reassess situation; treat injuries, then inventory equipment.
b. Review plan of action; establish priorities (Chapter VI).
c. Determine current location. d. Improve camouflage. e. Focus thoughts on task(s) at hand.
f. Execute plan of action. Stay flexible!
Recommend inclusion of this manual in the aviator's survival vest.

## 3. **Concealment** (Chapter 1)

a. Select a place of concealment providing-
(1) Adequate concealment, ground and air.
(2) Safe distance from enemy positions and lines of
communications (LOC).
(3) Listening and'observation points.
(4) Multiple **avenues** of escape.
(5) .Protection from the environment.
(6) Possible **communications/signaling** opportunities.
b. Stay alert, maintain security.
c. Drink water.

## 4. Movement (Chapters I And 11)

a. Travel slowly and deliberately.
b. DO *NOT* leave evidence of travel; use **noise** and light
discipline.
c. Stay away from LOG.
d. Stop, look, listen, and smell; take appropriate action(s).
e. Move from one concealed area to another.
f
Use evasion movement techniques (Chapter I).

## 5. Communications And **Signaling** (Chapter Iii)

a. Communicate as directed in applicable plans/orders, particularly when considering transmitting in the blind.

b. Be prepared to use communications and signaling devices on short notice.

c. Use of communications and signaling devices may compromise position.

## 6. Recovery (Chapter I)

a. Select site(s) IAW criteria in theater recovery plans.
b. Ensure **site** is free of hazards; **secure** personal gear.
c. Select best area for communications and signaling devices.
d. Observe site for proximity to enemy activity and LOG.
e. Follow recovery force instructions.
FM 21 -76-1
U.S. Army Training and Doctrine Command Fort Monroe, Virginia MCRP 3-02H
Marine Corps Combat Development Command Quantico, Virginia NWP 3-50.3
Navy Warfare Development Command Newport, Rhode Island AFTTP(I) 3-2.26
Headquarters Air Force Doctrine Center Maxwell Air Force Base, Alabama
29 JUNE 1999

## Survival, Evasion, And Recovery Multiservice Procedures For Survival, Evasion, And Recovery

Note:
This *UN7CLASSIFIEDpublication* is designed to provide Service members quick-reference survival, evasion, and recovery information.

See Appendix B' for the scope, ;purpose, application, implemntaton plan, anid user information.

## Table Of Contents

Page

## Chapter 1 Evasion

| 1.    | Planning I-1   |
|-------|----------------|
| 2.    | Camouflage I-1 |
| 3.    | Shelters       |
| 4.    | Movement       |
| -     | 3              |

## Chapter' 11 Navigation

| 1. Stay    | or            | Move           |
|------------|---------------|----------------|
| 2.         | Navigation    | and            |
| Position   | Determination |                |
| II-1       |               |                |
| 3.         | Travel        | Considerations |
|            |               |                |
| II-10      |               |                |
| 4.         | River         | Travel         |
|            |               |                |
| II-10      |               |                |
| 5.         | Ice           | and            |
| Snow       | Travel II-11  |                |
| 6.         | Mountain      |                |
| Hazards    |               |                |
| 11I-12     |               |                |
| 7.         |               |                |
| Summer     | Hazards       |                |
| 11-12      |               |                |
| 8.         | Dry           | Climates       |
|            |               |                |
| 11-12      |               |                |
| .                | Tropical    | Climates.                                         |
|------------------|-------------|---------------------------------------------------|
| 9.               |             |                                                   |
| Tropical         | Climates    |                                                   |
|                  |             |                                                   |
| 11-13            |             |                                                   |
| 10.              |             |                                                   |
| Open Seas        |             |                                                   |
|                  |             |                                                   |
| : 11-13          |             |                                                   |
| CH               | PTE         |                                                   |
| R                |             |                                                   |
| [IRADIO.         |             |                                                   |
| 3OIM             |             |                                                   |
| NI               |             |                                                   |
| JATI             |             |                                                   |
| M                | ANDlQ       | SIGNALING                                         |
| :                |             |                                                   |
| .                |             |                                                   |
| 1.               | Radio       |                                                   |
| Communications   |             |                                                   |
| (Voice           | and         |                                                   |
| Data) III-1      |             |                                                   |
| 2.               |             |                                                   |
| Signaling        |             |                                                   |
|                  |             |                                                   |
| ..               |             |                                                   |
| II1-2            |             |                                                   |
| .                | Site        | Preparation c..cccceviiiienienneriiinninireeee |
| .                | Recovery    | Procedures...                                     |
| 1.               |             |                                                   |
| Responsibilities |             |                                                   |
|                  |             |                                                   |
| IV-1             |             |                                                   |
| 2.               |             |                                                   |
| Site             | Selection   |                                                   |
|                  |             |                                                   |
| IV-1             |             |                                                   |
| 3.               | Site        |                                                   |
| Preparation IV-1 |             |                                                   |
| 4.               | Recovery    |                                                   |
| Procedures IV-1  |             |                                                   |
| 1.               | Immediate   |                                                   |
| First            | Aid         |                                                   |
| Actions          |             |                                                   |
|                  |             |                                                   |
| ...              | V-1         |                                                   |
| .                | Immediate   | First                                             |
| Common           | Injuries    | and                                               |
| .                | Plant       | MediCine                                          |
| .                | Health      | and                                               |
| 2.               | Common      |                                                   |
| Injuries         |             |                                                   |
| and              |             |                                                   |
| Illnesses        |             |                                                   |
| V-9              |             |                                                   |
| 3.               | Plant       | Medicine                                          |
|                  |             |                                                   |
| V-15             |             |                                                   |
| 4.               | Health      |                                                   |
| and              | Hygiene     |                                                   |
|                  |             |                                                   |
| V-18             |             |                                                   |
| 6.               |             |                                                   |
| Rules            |             |                                                   |
| for              | Avoiding    |                                                   |
| Illness          |             |                                                   |
| V-18             |             |                                                   |

## Chapter.Vi ?:Pesona L.Prot 'Ion....:J.

|                |                   |              | .                                                   | Priorities    |  ccocerenen.                     |
|----------------|-------------------|--------------|-----------------------------------------------------|---------------|----------------------------------|
| .              | Care              | and          | Use                                                 | of            | Clothing                         |
| .              | Other             | Protective   | Equipment                                           |               | eteeresentaeeeenanresseiraneeaen |
| .              | Shelters          | ..           | cerveeeesannraas                                | VI-3          |                                  |
| 1.             |                   |              |                                                     |               |                                  |
| Priorities     |                   |              |                                                     |               |                                  |
| VI-1           |                   |              |                                                     |               |                                  |
| 2.             | Care and          |              |                                                     |               |                                  |
| Use of         | Clothing          |              |                                                     |               |                                  |
|                |                   |              |                                                     |               |                                  |
| VI-1           |                   |              |                                                     |               |                                  |
| 3.             | Other             |              |                                                     |               |                                  |
| Protective     |                   |              |                                                     |               |                                  |
| Equipment      |                   |              |                                                     |               |                                  |
|                |                   |              |                                                     |               |                                  |
| 4.             | Shelters          |              |                                                     |               |                                  |
|                |                   |              |                                                     |               |                                  |
| VI-3           |                   |              |                                                     |               |                                  |
| 5...Fires      |                   |              |                                                     |               |                                  |
| VI-8           |                   |              |                                                     |               |                                  |
| 5.             |                   |              |                                                     |               |                                  |
| Waer           | Requirements V... |              |                                                     |               |                                  |
| 1              |                   |              |                                                     |               |                                  |
| .              | Water             | Requirements | .                                                   |               |                                  |
| .              | Water             |              |                                                     |               |                                  |
| Rourements     |                   |              |                                                     |               |                                  |
|                |                   |              |                                                     |               |                                  |
| 1-             |                   |              |                                                     |               |                                  |
| .              | Water             | Procurement  |                                                     |               |                                  |
| CHAPTER...V OO |                   |              |                                                     |               |                                  |
| ..             |                   |              |                                                     |               |                                  |
| I-             |                   |              |                                                     |               |                                  |
| 1.             |                   |              |                                                     |               |                                  |
| Foodr          |                   |              |                                                     |               |                                  |
| Procurement    |                   |              |                                                     |               |                                  |
|                |                   |              |                                                     |               |                                  |
| VII1-          |                   |              |                                                     |               |                                  |
| 2.             |                   |              |                                                     |               |                                  |
| Foodr          |                   |              |                                                     |               |                                  |
| Preparation    |                   |              |                                                     |               |                                  |
|                |                   |              |                                                     |               |                                  |
| VIII-7         |                   |              |                                                     |               |                                  |
| .              | Food              | Preparation  | ccccivnenieinninnnneeninsineneese              | e             |                                  |
| .              | Food              | Preservation |                                                     |               |                                  |
| 3.             | Food              |              |                                                     |               |                                  |
| Preservation   |                   |              |                                                     |               |                                  |
|                |                   |              |                                                     |               |                                  |
|                |                   |              |                                                     |               |                                  |
| VIII-11        |                   |              |                                                     |               |                                  |
| .              | Nuclear           | Conditions.  |                                                     |               |                                  |
| 1.Nuclear      |                   |              |                                                     |               |                                  |
| Conditions     |                   |              |                                                     |               |                                  |
|                |                   |              |                                                     |               |                                  |
| .              |                   |              |                                                     |               |                                  |
| 2.             | Biological        | CONAItIONS   | coevevereerevererreerniensesnsessssnsessesesenesees | IX-6          |                                  |
| .              | Chemical          | Conditions.. |                                                     |               |                                  |
| 2.             | Biological        |              |                                                     |               |                                  |
| Conditions     |                   |              |                                                     |               |                                  |
|                |                   |              |                                                     |               |                                  |
| IX-6           |                   |              |                                                     |               |                                  |
| 3.             | Chemical          |              |                                                     |               |                                  |
| Conditions     |                   |              |                                                     |               |                                  |
|                |                   |              |                                                     |               |                                  |
| IX-7           |                   |              |                                                     |               |                                  |

## The Code Of Conduct

ARTICLE I
I am an American, fighting in **the** forces wh 'wh guard my country and our way of life. I
am prepared to give my **life** in te defense.

AR vCLE II
I will never surrender of my own free **will.** If in command, I will never surrender the members of my command while they still have the means to resist.

## Article Iii

II am captured, I will continue to resist by all means **available.** I will make every effort to escape and aid others to **escape.** I will accept neither parole nor **special** favors from the enemy.

ARTICLE IV
If I become a prisoner of war, I will keep faith with my fellow prisoners. I will give no information or take **part** in any action which might be **harmful** to my comrades. If I am senior, I will take **command.** If not, I will obey the lawful orders of those appointed over me and will back them up in every way.

ARTICLE V
When questioned, **should** I become a prisoner of war, I am required to give name, rank, service number and **date** of birth. I will evade answering further **questions** to the utmost of my ability I will make no oral or written statements disloyal to my country and its allies or harmful to their cause.

ARTICLE VI
I will never forget that I am an American, fighting for freedom, responsible for my
actions, and dedicated to the principles which made my country free. I will trust in my
God and in the United States of America.

## Chapter I Evasion 1. Planning

a. Review the quick reference checklist on the inside cover.
b. Guidelines for successful evasion include-
(1) Keeping a positive attitude.
(2) Using established procedures.
(3) Following your evasion plan of action. (4) Being patient. (5) Drinking water (DO *NOT* eat food without water).
(6) Conserving strength for critical periods.
(7) Resting and sleeping as much as possible. (8) Staying out of sight.
c. The following odors stand out and may give an evader away:
(1) Scented soaps and shampoos. (2) Shaving cream, after-shave lotion, or other cosmetics. (3) Insect repellent (camouflage stick is least scented).
(4) Gum and candy (smell is strong or sweet).
(5) Tobacco (odor is unmistakable).
d. Where to go (initiate evasion plan of action):
(1) Near a suitable area for recovery.
(2) Selected area for evasion.
(3) Neutral or friendly country or area.
(4) Designated area for recovery.

## 2. Camouflage

a. Basic principles:
(1) Disturb the area as little as possible.
(2) Avoid activity that reveals movement to the enemy. (3) Apply personal camouflage.
b. Camouflage patterns (Figure I-1):
(1) Blotch pattern.
(a) Temperate deciduous (leaf shedding) areas.
(b) Desert areas (barren).
(c) Snow (barren).
(2) Slash pattern.
(a) Coniferous areas (broad slashes).
(b) Jungle areas (broad slashes).
(c) Grass (narrow slashes).
(3) Combination. May use blotched and slash together.
c. Personal camouflage application follows:
(1)
Face. Use dark colors on high spots and light colors on any remaining exposed areas. Use a hat, netting, or mask if available.

(2) Ears. The insides and the backs should have 2 colors to break up outlines.

(3) Head, neck, hands, and the under chin. Use scarf, collar, vegetation, netting, or coloration methods.

(4) Light colored hair. Give special attention to conceal with a scarf or mosquito head net.

d. Position and movement camouflage follows:
(1)
Avoid unnecessary movement.
(2) Take advantage of natural concealment:
(a) Cut foliage fades and wilts, change regularly.
(b) Change camouflage depending on the surroundings.
(c) DO *NOT* select vegetation from same source.
(d) Use stains from grasses, berries, dirt, and charcoal.
(3) DO *NOT* over camouflage.
(4) Remember when using shadows, they shift with the sun.
(5) Never expose shiny objects (like a watch, glasses, or pens).
(6) Ensure watch alarms and hourly chimes are turned off.
(7) Remove unit patches, name tags, rank insignia, etc.
(8) Break up the outline of the body, *"V"* of crotch/armpits.
(9) Conduct observation from a prone and concealed position.

## 3. Shelters

a. Use camouflage and concealment.
b. Locate carefully-easy to remember acronym: BLISS.
B - Blend
L - Low silhouette
I -Irregular shape
S-Small S - Secluded lodation
(1) Choose an area
(a) Least likely to be searched (drainages, rough terrain,
etc.) and blends with the environment.
(b) .With escape routes **(DO** *NOT* corner yourself).
(c) With observable approaches.
(2) Locate entrances and exits in brush and along ridges,
ditches, and rocks to keep from forming paths to site.
(3) Be wary of flash floods in ravines and canyons.
(4) Conceal with minimal to no preparation.
(5) Take the direction finding threat into account before
transmitting from shelter.
(6) Ensure overhead concealment..

## 4. Movement

a. A moving object is easy to spot. If travel is necessary-
(1) Mask with natural cover (Figure 1-2).
(2) Use the military crest.
(3) Restrict to periods of low light, bad weather, wind, or
reduced enemy activity.
(4) Avoid silhouetting (Figure 1-3).
(5) At irregular intervals-
(a) *STO?* at a point of concealment.
(b) *LOOK* for signs of human or animal activity (smoke,
tracks, roads, troops, vehicles, aircraft, wire, buildings, etc.). Watch for trip wires or booby traps and avoid leaving evidence of travel.

Peripheral vision is more effective for recognizing movement at night and twilight.

(c) *LISTEN* for vehicles, troops, aircraft, weapons,
animals, etc.
(d) *SMELL* for vehicles, troops, animals, fires, etc.
(6) Employ noise discipline; check clothing and equipment for items that could make noise during movement and secure them.

b. Break up the human shape or recognizable lines.
c. Route selection requires detailed planning and special
techniques (irregular route/zigzag) to camouflage evidence of travel.
d. Some techniques for concealing evidence of travel follows:
(1)
Avoid disturbing the vegetation above knee level.
(2) DO *NOT* break branches, leaves, or grass.
(3) Use a walking stick to part vegetation and push it back to
its original position.
(4) DO *NOT* grab small trees or brush. (This may scuff the bark or create movement that is easily spotted. In snow country, this creates a path of snowless vegetation revealing your route.)
(5) Pick firm footing (carefully place the foot lightly but squarely on the surface to avoid slipping). TRYNOT TO-

(a) Overturn ground cover, rocks, and sticks. (b) Scuff bark on logs and sticks.
(c) Make noise by breaking sticks. (Cloth wrapped
around feet helps muffle this.)

(d) Mangle grass and bushes that normally spring back.
(6) Mask unavoidable tracks in soft footing by-
(a) Placing tracks in the shadows of vegetation, downed
logs, and snowdrifts.
(b) Moving before and during precipitation allows tracks
to fill in.
(c) Traveling during windy periods.
(d) Taking advantage of solid surfaces (logs, rocks, etc.)
leaving less evidence of travel.
(e) Patting out tracks lightly to speed their breakdown or
make them look old.
:!
(7) Secure trash or loose equipment-hide or bury discarded
items. (Trash or lost equipment identifies who lost it.)

(8) Concentrate on defeating the handler if pursued by dogs.
e. Penetrate obstacles as follow s:
(1) Enter deep ditches feet first to avoid injury.
(2) Go around chain-link and wire fences. Go under fence if
unavoidable, crossing at damaged areas. DO *NOT* touch fence; look for electrical insulators or security devices.

(3) Penetrate rail fences, passing under or between lower rails. If impractical, go over the top, presenting as low a silhouette as possible (Figure I-4).

(4) Cross roads after observation from concealment to determine enemy activity. Cross at points offering concealment such as bushes, shadows, bend in road, etc. Cross in **a manner** leaving your footprints parallel (cross step sideways) to the road. (Figure
'-5)
(5) Use same method of observation for railroad tracks that was used for roads. Next, align body parallel to tracks with face down, cross tracks using a semi-pushup motion. Repeat for the second track.

(Figure I-6).

## Chapter Ii Navigation 1. Stay Or Move Considerations

a. Stay with the vehicle/aircraft in a non-combat environment.
b. Leave only when-
(1) Dictated by the threat.
(2) Are certain of your location, have a known destination,
and have the ability to get there.
(3) Can reach water, food, shelter, and/or help. (4) Convinced **rescue** is not coming.
c. Consider the following if you decide to travel:
(1) Follow the briefed evasion plan.
(2) Determine which direction to travel and why.
(3) Decide what equipment to take, cache, or destroy.
d. Leave information at your starting point **(in a** non-combat
environment) that includes-
(1) Destination.
(2) Route of travel.
(3) Personal condition.
(4) Supplies available.
e. Consider the following for maps (in a combat environment):
(1) DO *NOT* write on the map.
(2) DO *NOT* soil the map by touching the destination.
(3) DO *NOT* fold in a manner providing travel information.
Note: These actions may compromise information if cazpturedi

## 2. Navigation And Position Determination

a. Determine your general location by-
(1) Developing a working knowledge of the operational area.
(a) Geographic checkpoints.
(b) Man-made checkpoints.
(c) Previous knowledge of operational area.
(2) *Using* the Rate x Time = *Distance* formula.
(3) Using information provided in the map legend.
(4) Using prominent landmarks.
(5) Visualizing map to determine position.

b. Determine cardinal directions (north, south, east, and west)
by-

(1) Using compass.
(2) Using stick and shadow method to determine a true north south line (Figure l-).

(3) Remembering the sunrise/moonrise is in the east and sunset/moonset is in the west.

(4) Using a wristwatch to determine general cardinal direction (Figure 11-2).

(a) Digital watches. Visualize a clock face on the watch.

(b) Northern Hemisphere. Point hour hand at the sun.

South is halfway between the hour hand and 12 o'clock position.

(c) Southern Hemisphere. Point the 12 o'clock position on your watch at the sun. North is halfway between the 12 o'clock position and the hour hand.

## Using A **Watch** - To Determine

&
~
North/South one **hour** from actual time
"Figure 11-2. Direction Using a Watch

(5) Using a pocket navigator **(Figure** 11-3)-
(a) Gather the following **necessary** materials:
oFlat writing material (such as an MRE box).
.1-2 inch shadow tip device (a twig, nail, or match).
"Pen or pencil.
(b) Start construction at sunup; end construction at
sundown. Do the following:
eAttach shadowtip device in center of paper.

*Secure navigator on flat surface (DO *NOT* move during set up period).

*Mark tip of shadow every 30 minutes annotating the time.

*Connect marks to form an arc.

.Indicate north with a drawn arrow.

presen tie (draw arrwno pint totre north).

(d) Remember the navigator is current **for** approximately
1 week.

CAUTION: The Pocket Navigator is *NOT* **recommended** if evading.

(6) Using the stars (Figure **II-4)** the-
(a) North Star is used to locate true north-south line.
(b) Southern Cross is used to locate true south-north line.
c. Orient the map by-
(1) Using a true north-south line (Figure II-5--
(a) Unfold map **and** place on a firm, flat, level
nonmetallic surface.
(b) Align the compass on a true north-south line.
(c) Rotate map and compass until stationary index line
aligns with the magnetic variation indicated in marginal information.
*Easterly (subtract variation from 360 degrees).
.Westerly (add variation to 360 degrees).

## (2) Using A Compass Rose (Figure Ii-6)--

(a) Place edge of the lensatic **compass** on magnetic north line of the compass **rose closest** to your location.

(b) Rotate map and **compass** until compass reads 360
degrees.

(3) If there is NO **compass,** orient **map** using cardinal direction **obtained** by the **stick** and shadow method or the celestial aids (stars) method.

d. Determine specific location.
(1) Global Positioning System (GPS).
(a) DO *NOT* use GPS for primary navigation.
(b) Use GPS to confirm your position ONLY.
(c)
Select **area** providing maximum satellite reception.
(d) Conserve GPS battery life.
(a) Try to use 3 or -more azimuths.
(b) Positively identify a major land feature and determine
a line of position (LOP).
(c) Check map orientation each time compass is used.
(d) 'Plot the LOP using a thin stick or blade of grass
(combat) or pencil **line** (non-combat).
(e) Repeat **steps** (b) through. (d) for other LOPs.
e. Use the compass **for** night navigation by-
(1) **Setting** up compass for night navigation (Figure I1-8).
(2) **Aligning** north-seeking arrow with luminous line and
follow front of compass.
(3) Using point-to-point navigation.
f. Route selection techniques follow:

## Setting The Compass For Nighttravel

(1) Circumnavigation.
(a) Find a prominent landmark on the opposite side of
the obstacle.
(b) Contour around obstacle to landmark.
(c) Resume your route of travel.
(2) Dogleg and 90 degree offset (Figure H-9).
(3) Straight-line heading as follows:
(a) Maintain heading until reaching destination.
(b) Measure distance by counting the number of paces in
a given course and convert to map units.
.One pace is the distance covered each time the same foot touches the ground.

.Distances measured by paces are approximate
(example in open terrain, 900 paces per kilometer [average], or example in rough terrain, 1200 paces per kilometer [average]).

(c) Use pace count in conjunction with terrain evaluation and heading to determine location. An individual's pace varies because of factors such as steep terrain, day/night travel, or injured/uninjured condition. Adjust estimation of distance traveled against these factors to get relative accuracy when using a pace count.

(4) Deliberate offset is-
(a) Used when finding a point on a linear feature (that is, road or river).

(b) Intentionally navigated to left or right of target so you know which way to turn at the linear feature.

(5) Point-to-point is same as straight line.

(a) Pick out landmarks on the heading and walk the trail of least resistance to a point.

(b) On reaching a point, establish another landmark and continue.

## 3. Travel Considerations

a. Pick **the** easiest and safest route (non-combat).
b. Maintain a realistic pace; take rest stops when needed.
c. Avoid overdressing and overheating.
d. Consider food and water requirements.
e. Take special care of feet (change **socks** regularly).
f. Pack equipment to prevent loss, damage, pack imbalance, and
personal safety.
g. Go around obstacles, not over or through them.
h. Travel on trails whenever possible (non-combat).
.Travel in forested areas if possible.
j. Avoid creek bottoms and ravines with NO escape in the event
of heavy rains.
k. Consider the following for swamps, lakes, and unfordable rivers:

(1) Circumnavigate swamps, lakes, and bogs if needed.
(2) Travel downstream to find people and slower water.
(3) Travel upstream to find narrower and shallow water.

## 4. River Travel

River travel may be faster and save energy when hypothermia is not a factor. It may be a primary mode of travel and LOC in a tropical environment (use with caution if evading).

a. Use flotation device (raft, log, bamboo, etc.).
b. Use a pole to move the raft in shallow water.
c. Use an oar in deep water.
d. Stay near inside edge of river bends (current speed is less).
e. Keep near shore.
f. Watch for the following DANGERS:
(1) Snags.
(2) Sweepers (overhanging limbs and trees).
(3) Rapids (DO *NOT* attempt to shoot the rapids).
(4) Waterfalls.
(5) Hazardous animals.
g. Consider using a flotation device when crossing rivers or large/deep streams.

## 5. Ice **And** Snow Travel

Travel should be limited to **areas** free of hazards.

a. DO *NOT* travel in-

(1) Blizzards.
(2) Bitterly cold winds.
(3) Poor visibility.
b. Obstacles to winter travel follow:
(1) Reduced daylight hours (BE AWARE).
(2) Deep soft snow (if movement is necessary, make
snowshoes **[Figure** II-10]). Travel is easier in early morning or late afternoon near dusk when snow is frozen or crusted.

(3) Avalanche prone areas to avoid:
(a) Slopes 30-45 degrees or greater.
(b) Trees without uphill branches (identifies prior
avalanches).
(c) Heavy snow loading on ridge tops.
(4) If caught in an avalanche, do the following:
(a) Backstroke to decrease burial depth.
(b) Move hand around face to create air pocket as moving snow slows.

(5) Frozen water crossings.
(a) Weak ice should be expected where-
*Rivers are straight.
*Objects protrude through ice. *Snow banks extend over the ice.
'Rivers or streams come together.
*Water vapor rising indicates open or warm areas.
(b) Air pockets form when a frozen river loses volume.
(c) When crossing frozen water, distribute your weight by
laying flat, belly crawling, or using snowshoes.
c. Glacier travel is hazardous and should be avoided.

## 6. Mountain Hazards

a. Lightning. Avoid ridge tops during thunderstorms.
b. Avalanche. Avoid areas prone to avalanches.
c. Flash floods. Avoid low areas.

## 7. Summer Hazards (See Page Ii-10; Paragraph 3, Travel Considerations, **Items** H Through K.)

(1) Dense brush.
(a) Travel on trails when possible (non-combat). (b) Travel in forested areas if possible.
(c) Avoid creek bottoms and ravines with no escape in the
event of heavy rains.
(2) Swamps, lakes, and unfordable rivers.
(a) Circumnavigate swamps, lakes, and bogs if needed.
(b) Travel downstream to find people and slower water.
(c) Travel upstream to find narrower and shallow water.

## 8. Dry Climates

a. DO *NOT* travel unless certain of reaching the destination using the water supply available.

b. Travel at dawn or dusk on hot days.
c. Follow the easiest trail possible (non-combat), avoiding-
(1) Deep sandy dune areas. (2) Rough terrain.
d. In sand dune areas-
(1) Follow hard valley floor between dunes.
Eu"
(2) Travel on the windward side of dune ridges.

e. If a sandstorm occurs-
(1) Mark your direction of travel.
(2) Sit or lie down in direction of travel.
(3) Try to get to the downwind side of natural shelter.
(4) Cover the mouth and nose with a piece of cloth.
(5) Protect the eyes.
(6) Remain stationary until the storm is over.

## 9. Tropical Climates

a. Travel only when it is light. b. Avoid obstacles like thickets and swamps.
c. Part the vegetation to pass through. Avoid grabbing
vegetation; it may have spines or thorns (use **gloves** if possible).
d. DO *NOT* climb over logs if you can go around them.
e. Find trails-
(1) Where 2 streams meet.
(2) Where a low pass goes over a range of hills.
f. While traveling trails--
(1) Watch for disturbed **areas** on game trails; they may
indicate a pitfall or trap.
(2) Use a walking stick to probe for pitfalls or traps.
(3) DO *NOT* **sleep** on the trail.
(4) Exercise caution, the enemy uses the trails also.

## 10. Open Seas

a. Using currents-
(1) Deploy sea anchor (Figure **II-11).** Sea anchor may be adjusted to make use of existing currents.

(2) Sit low in the raft.
(3) Deflate the raft slightly so it rides lower in the water.
b. Using winds-
(1) Pullin sea anchor.
(2) Inflate raft so it rides higher.
(3) Sit up in raft so body catches the wind.
(4) Construct a shade cover/sail **(Figure** H-12). (Sail aids in
making landfall.)

## Trough Adjust Anchor From Crest Of Wave To Trough Or Vice Versa

king landfall. Indications of land are-
Fixed cumulus clouds in a clear sky or in a cloudy sky ther clouds are moving.

Greenish tint in the sky (in the tropics).

Lighter colored reflection on clouds (open water causes
-eflections) (in the arctic).

(4) Lighter colored water **(indicates** shallow water).
(5) The **odors** and sounds.
(a) Odors from **swamps and** smoke.
(b) Roar of surf/bird **cries** coming from one direction.
(6) Directional flights **of birds** at dawn and at dusk.
d. Swimming ashore-
(1) Consider physical condition.
(2) Use a flotation aid.
(3) **Secure** all gear to body before **reaching** landfall.
(4) Remain in raft as long as possible.
(5) Use the sidestroke or breaststroke to **conserve** strength if
thrown from raft.
(6) Wear **footgear** and at least 1 layer of clothing. (7) Try to make landfall during **the** lull **between** the sets of
waves (waves are generally in *sets* of 7, from smallest to largest).
(8) In moderate surf
(a) **Swim** forward on the back of a wave.
(b) Make a shallow dive just before the wave breaks to
end the ride.
(9) In high surf.
(a) **Swim** shoreward in the trough between waves.
(b) When the seaward wave approaches, face it and
submerge.
(c) After it **passes,,** work shoreward in the next trough.
(10) If caught in the undertow of a large wave-
(a) Remain calm and swim to the surface.
(b) Lie as close to the surface as possible.
(c) Parallel shoreline and attempt landfall at a point
further down shore.
(11) Select a landing point.
(a) Avoid places where waves explode upon rocks.
(b) Find a place where waves smoothly rush onto the
rocks.
(12) After selecting a landing site-
(a) Face shoreward.

(b) Assume a sitting position with feet 2 or 3 feet lower than head to absorb the shock of hitting submerged objects.

## E. Rafting Ashore-

(1) Select landing point carefully.
(2) Use caution landing when the sun is low and straight in
front of you causing poor visibility.
(3) Land on the lee (downwind) side of islands or point of land
if possible.
(4) Head for gaps in the surf line.
(5) Penetrate surf by-
(a) Taking down most shade/sails.
(b) Using paddles to maintain control.
(c) Deploying a **sea** anchor fo
for stability.

## F. Making Sea **Ice** Landings On Large Stable Ice Flows. Icebergs, Small Flows, And Disintegrating Flows Are Dangerous (Ice Can Cut A Raft).

(1) Use paddles to avoid sharp edges.
(2) Store raft away from the ice edge.
(3) Keep raft inflated and ready for use. (4) Weight down/secure raft so it does not blow away.

## Chapter Iii Radio Communications And Signaling 1. Radio Communications (Voice And Data)

a. Non-combat.
(1) Ensure locator beacon is operational. (2) Follow standing plans for on/off operations to conserve
battery use.
b. Combat.
(1) Turn off locator beacon.
(2) Keep it with you to supplement radio communications.
(3) Follow plans/orders for on/off operations.
c. Make initial contact as soon as possible or as directed in
applicable plans/orders.
d. If no immediate contact, then as directed in applicable plans/orders.

e. Locate spare radio and batteries (keep warm and dry).
f. Transmissions.
(1) Use concealment sites (combat) that optimize line of site
(LOS).
(2) Face recovery asset.
(3) Keep antenna perpendicular to intended receiver (Figure
Ill-i).
(4) DO *NOT* ground antenna (that is finger on antenna or attaching bolt, space blanket, vegetation, etc.).

(5) Keep transmissions short (3-5 seconds maximum). Use data burst if available.

(6') Move after each transmission *(ONLY* in combat, if possible).

(7) If transmitting in the blind, ensure a clear LOS towards the equator.

(8) Use terrain masking to hinder enemy direction finding.

g. Listening (use reception times in applicable plans/orders or as directed by recovery forces).

## 2. Signaling

a. Pyrotechnic signals.
(1) Prepare early (weather permitting).
(2) Use as directed in applicable plans/orders or as directed
by recovery forces.
(3) Extend over raft's edge before activating.
b. Signal mirror (Figure III-2).
(1) Use as directed by recovery forces.
(2) If no radio, use only with confirmed friendly forces. (3) Cover when not in use.
c. Strobe/IR lights.
(1) Prepare early, consider filters and shields.
(2) Use as directed by recovery forces. (3) Conserve battery life.

## D. Pattern Signals (Use As Directed In Applicable Plans/Orders). (1) Materials

(a) Manmade (space blanket, signal; paulin, parachute).
(b) Natural use materials that contrast the color and/or
texture of the signaling area (rocks, brush, branches, stomped grass).
(2) Location.
(a) Maximize visibility from above. (b) Provide concealment from ground observation.
(3) Size (large as possible) and ratio (Figure m-3).

NO.
-:-MESSAGECOD
1
REQUIRE ASSISTANCE
2
REQUIRE MEDICAL ASSISTANCE
3
NO or NEGATIVE
4
YES or AFFIRMATIVE
5
PROCEEDING IN **THIS** DIRECTION

e. **Sea** dye marker.

| (1)      | DO     |
|----------|--------|
| NOT      |        |
| waste in | rough  |
| seas     |        |
| or       | fast   |
| water.   |        |
| (2)      |        |
| Conserve | unused |
| dye      | by     |
| (3)      | May    |
| snow.    |        |

f. Non-combat considerations:
(1) Use a fire at night.
(2) Use smoke for day (tires or petroleum products for dark
smoke and green vegetation for light smoke). (Figure III-5)
(3) Use signal mirror to sweep horizon.
(4) Use audio signals (that is, voice, whistle, and weapons
fire).

## Chapter Iv Recovery 1. Responsibilities

a. Establish radio contact with recovery forces (if possible).
b. Maintain communication with recovery forces until recovered.
c. Be prepared to authenticate as directed in applicable
plans/orders.
d. Follow recovery force instructions, be prepared to report-
(1) Enemy activity in the recovery area.
(2) Recovery site characteristics (slope, obstacles, size, etc.).
(3) Number in party/medical situation.
(4) Signal devices available.
e. If no radio, a ground-to-air signal may be your only means to effect recovery.

## 2. Site Selection

a. Locate area for landing pick-up, if practical (approximately
150 feet diameter, free of obstructions, flat and level).

b. Assess evidence of human activity at/near the site (in combat).
c. Locate several concealment sites around area (in combat).
d. Plan several tactical entry and exit routes (in combat).

## 3. Site Preparation

a. Pack and secure all equipment.
b. Prepare signaling devices (use as directed or as briefed). c. Mentally review recovery methods (aircraft, ground, boat, etc.).

## 4. Recovery Procedures

a. Assist recovery force in identifying your position. b. Stay concealed until recovery is imminent (in combat).
c. For a landing/ground recovery--
(1) Assume a non-threatening posture.
(2) Secure weapons and avoid quick movement.
(3) DO *NOT* approach recovery vehicle until instructed.
(4) Beware of rotors/propellers when approaching recovery
vehicle, especially on sloping or uneven terrain. Secure loose equipment that could be caught in rotors/propellers.

d. For **hoist** recovery devices (Figures IV-1 and IV-2)-
(1) Use eye protection, if available **(glasses** or helmet visor).
(2) Allow metal on device to contact the surface before
touching to avoid injury from static discharge.
(3) Sit or kneel for stability while donning device.
(4) Put safety strap under armpits.
(5) Ensure cable is in front of you.
(6) Keep hands clear of all hardware and connectors.
(7) DO *NOT* become entangled in cable.
(8) Use a thumbs up, vigorous cable shake, or radio call to
signal you are ready.
(9) Drag feet on the ground to decrease oscillation.
(10) DO *NOT* assist during hoist or when pulled into the
rescue vehicle. Follow crewmember instructions.
e. For **nonhoist** recovery (rope or unfamiliar equipment)-
(1) Create a "fixed *loop"* big enough to place under armpits
(Figure IV-3).
(2) Follow the procedures in "d" above.

## Chapter V Medical

WARNING:
These emergency medical procedures are for survival situations. Obtain professional medical treatment as soon as possible.'

## 1. Immediate First Aid Actions

| Remember    | the       |
|-------------|-----------|
| ABCs        |           |
| of          | Emergency |
| Care.       |           |
| Airway      |           |
| Breathing   |           |
| Circulation |           |

a. Determine responsiveness as follows:
(1) If unconscious, arouse by shaking gently and shouting.
(2) If no response-
(a) Keep head and neck aligned with body.
(b) Roll victims onto their backs.
(c) Open the airway by lifting the chin (Figure V-i).
(d) Look, listen, and feel for air exchange.
(3) If victim is not breathing-
(a) Check for a clear airway; remove any blockage.
(b) Cover victim's mouth with your own.
(c) Pinch victim's nostrils closed.
(d) Fill victim's lungs with 2 slow breaths.
(e) If breaths are blocked, reposition airway; try again.
(f)
If breaths still blocked, give 5 abdominal thrusts:
.Straddle the victim.
.Place a fist between breastbone and belly button.
.Thrust upward to expel air from stomach.
(g) Sweep with finger to clear mouth.
(h) Try 2 slow breaths again.
(i)
If the airway is still blocked, continue (c) through (f)
until successful or exhausted.
(j)
With open airway, start mouth to mouth breathing:
*Give 1 breath every 5 seconds.
eCheck for chest rise each time.
(4) If victim is unconscious, but breathing-
(a) Keep head and neck aligned with body.
(b) Roll victim on side (drains the mouth and prevents
the tongue from blocking airway).
(5) If breathing difficulty is caused by chest trauma, refer to page V-7, paragraph **id,** Treat Cheat Injuries.

>:th
;:'
the aiway.

Y
<ou mna.>:cau **.e.mor.i** su.d~g and..c.as

b. Control bleeding as follows:
(1) Apply a pressure dressing (Figure V-2).
(2) If *STILL* bleeding-
(a) Use direct **pressure** over the wound.
(b) Elevate the wounded area above the heart.

## (3) If *Still* Bleeding--

(a) Use a pressure point between the injury and the heart
(Figure V-3).

(b) Maintain pressure for 6 to 10 minutes before checking to see if bleeding has stopped.

(4) If a limb wound is *STILL* bleeding-
CAUTION11:
Use of ai tourniquet is-a LAST *RESORT* measure, Use ONLY when severe,' uncontrolled bleeding will cause loss of !life.'
Recognize that long-erm use of a tourniquet may cause **loss** of limb.

(a) Apply tourniquet (TK) band just above bleeding site on limb. A band at least 3 inches (7.5 cm) or wider is best.

(b) Follow steps illustrated in Figure V-4.
(c) Use a stick at least 6 inches (15 cm) long.
(d) Tighten only enough to stop arterial bleeding.
(e) Mark a TK on the forehead with the time applied.
(f) DO *NOT* cover the tourniquet.
CAUTON:
Thefllowing directions..apply ON
Yin survia situations where rescue is UNLK1J.L
:and NO medical aid i available.


(g) If rescue or medical aid is not available for over 2
hours, an attempt to *SLOWLY* **loosen** the tourniquet may be made 20
minutes after application. Before loosening-

sEnsure pressure dressing is in place. .Ensure bleeding has stopped
.Loosen tourniquet *SLOWLY* to restore circulation.
eLeave loosened tourniquet in position in case
bleeding resumes.

1. Wrap a wide band around
the injured limb. Tie with a
square knot.
2. Pass a stick, bayonet or
scabbard through the
tourniquet knot.
3. Tighten tourniquet by
turning stick just enough to
stop arterial bleeding.
4. Bind free end of the stick
to keep tourniquet from
unwinding.
c. Treat shock. (Shock is difficult to identify or treat under field conditions. It may be present with or without visible injury.)

(1) Identify by one or more of the following:
(a) Pale, cool, and sweaty skin.
(b) Fast breathing and a weak, fast pulse. (c) Anxiety or mental confusion.
(d) Decreased urine output.
(2) Maintain circulation.
(3) Treat underlying injury.
(4) Maintain normal body temperature.
(a) Remove wet clothing.
(b) Give warm fluids.
*DO *NOT* give fluids to an unconscious victim.
*DO *NOT* give fluids if they cause victim to gag.
(c) Insulate from ground.
(d) Shelter from the elements.
(5) Place conscious victim on back.
(6) Place very weak or unconscious victim on side, this will-
(a) Allow mouth to drain.
(b) Prevent tongue from blocking airway.
d. Treat chest injuries.
(1) Sucking chest wound. This occurs when chest wall is penetrated; may cause victim to gasp for breath; may cause sucking sound; may create bloody froth as air escapes the chest.

(a) *Immediately* seal wound with hand or airtight material.

(b) Tape airtight material over wound on 3 sides only
(Figure V-5) to allow air to escape from the wound but not to enter.

(c) Monitor breathing and check dressing.

(d) Lift untapped side of dressing as victim *exhales* to allow trapped air to escape, as necessary.

(2) Flail chest. Results from blunt trauma when 3 or more ribs are broken in 2 or more places. The flail segment is the broken area that moves in a direction opposite to the rest of chest during breathing.

(a) Stabilize the flail segment as follows:
.Place rolled-up clothing or bulky pad over site.
.Tape pad to site
eDO *NOT* wrap tape around chest.
(b) Have victim keep segment still with hand pressure.
(c) Roll victim onto side of flail segment injury (as other
injuries allow).
(3) Fractured ribs.
(a) Encourage deep breathing (painful, but necessary to
prevent the possible development of pneumonia).
(b):DO
NOT
contrict reahin bytapng ibs tfractures, sprains, and dislocations.

(1) Control bleeding.
(2) Remove watches, jewelry, and constrictive clothing.
(3) If fracture penetrates the skin-
(a) Clean wound by gentle irrigation with water.
(b) Apply dressing over wound.
(4) Position limb as normally as possible.
(5) Splint in position found (if *unable* to straighten limb).
(6) Improvise a splint with available materials:
(a) Sticks or straight, stiff materials from equipment.
(b) Body parts (for example, opposite leg, arm-to-chest).
(7) Attach with strips of cloth, parachute cord, etc.
(8) Keep the fractured bones from moving by immobilizing
the joints on both sides of the fracture. If fracture is in a joint,
immobilize the bones on both sides of the joint.

## Caution: Splint Fingers In A Slightly Flexed Position, *Not* In Straight Position. Hand Should Look Like It Is Grasping An Apple.

(9) Use *RICES* treatment for 72 hours.
(a) Rest. (b) Ice. (c) Compression. (d) Elevation. (e) Stabilization.
(10) Apply cold to acute injuries.
(11) Use 15 to 20 minute periods of cold application.
(a) DO *NOT* use continuous cold therapy.
(b) Repeat 3 to 4 times per day.
(c) Avoid cooling that can cause frostbite or hypothermia.
(12) Wrap with a compression bandage after cold therapy.
(13) Elevate injured area above heart level to reduce swelling.
(14) Check periodically for a pulse beyond the injury site.
(15) Loosen bandage or reapply splint if no pulse is felt or if
swelling occurs because bandage is too tight.

## 2. Common Injuries And Illnesses A. Burns.

(1) Cool the burned area with water.
(a) Use immersion or cool compresses.
(b) Avoid aggressive cooling with ice or frigid water.
(2) Remove watches, jewelry, constrictive clothing.
(3). DO *NOT* remove embedded, charred material that will cause burned areas to bleed.

(4) Cover with sterile dressings.
(5) DO *NOT* use lotion or grease.
(6) Avoid moving or rubbing the burned part.
(7) Drink *extra* water to compensate for increased fluid loss
from burns. (Add 1/4 teaspoon of *salt* [if available] to each *quart* of water.)

(8) Change dressings when soaked or dirty.
b. Eye injuries.
(1) Sun/snow blindness (gritty, burning sensation, and possible reduction in vision caused by sun exposure).

(a) Prevent with improvised goggles. (See Chapter VI,
page VI-3, **Figure** VI-2.)

(b) Treat by patching affected eye(s).
eCheck after 12 hours.
*Replace patch for another 12 hours if not healed.
(c) Use cool compresses to reduce pain.
(2) Foreign body in eye.
(a) Irrigate with clean water from the *inside* to the
outside corner of the eye.

(b) If foreign body is not removed by irrigation, improvise a small swab. Moisten and wipe gently over the affected area.

(c) If foreign body is *STILL* not removed, patch eye for 24
hours and then reattempt removal using steps (a) and (b).

c. Heat injury.
(1) Heat cramps (cramps in legs or abdomen).
(a) Rest.
(b) Drink water. Add 1/4 *teaspoon* of salt per quart.
(2) Heat exhaustion (pale, sweating, moist, cool skin).
(a) Rest in shade.
(b) Drink water.
(c) Protect from further heat exposure.
(3) Heat stroke (victim disoriented or unconscious, skin is hot
and flushed [sweating may or may not occur], fast pulse).

UAUTIQe Hande
:et ske vctmgety Socs ezue:
:ardia a.::.::::.:.:::.:an"::;:occ;:;::r.;
(a) Cool as rapidly as possible (saturate clothing with water and fan the victim). Remember to cool the groin and armpit areas. (Avoid overcooling.)
(b) Maintain airway, breathing, and circulation.

d. Cold injuries:
(1) Frostnip and frostbite-
(a) Are progressive injuries.
*Ears, nose, fingers, and toes are affected first.

*Areas will feel cold and may tingle leading to-
**Numbness that progresses to-
*eWaxy appearance with stiff skin that cannot glide freely over a joint.

(b) Frostnipped areas rewarm with body heat. If body heat WILL *NOT* rewarm area in 15 to 20 minutes, then frostbite is present.

(c) Frostbitten areas are deeply frozen and require medical treatment.

CAUTION: In frostbite, repeated freezing and thawing causes severe pain and increases damage to the tissue. DO *NOT* rub frozen tissue.

DO *NOT* thaw frozen tissue.

(2) Hypothermia-
(a) Is a progressive injury.
*Intense shivering with impaired ability to perform complex tasks leads to-
**Violent shivering, difficulty speaking, sluggish thinking go to-
***Muscular rigidity with blue, puffy skin; jerky movements go to-
****Coma, respiratory and cardiac failure.

(b) Protect victim from the environment as follows:
*Remove wet clothing.

*Put on dry clothing (if available).

*Prevent further heat loss.

**Cover top of head.

**Insulate from above and below.

*Warm with blankets, sleeping bags, or shelter.

.Warm central areas before extremities.

esPlace heat packs in groin, armpits, and around neck.

"e.Avoid causing burns to skin.

.::::.:
p::: ;.......i~~i CAUTON~
a~nl yoteri vti genly Avoi overly rapid

## E. Skin Tissue Damage.

(1) Immersion injuries. Skin becomes wrinkled as in dishpan hands.

:t t ..:.

.::. cr-_: :::
:.......:.

........

a ir

(a) Avoid walking on affected feet.
(b) Pat dry; DO *NOT* rub. Skin tissue will be sensitive.
(c) Dry socks and shoes. Keep feet protected.
(d) Loosen boots, cuffs, etc., to improve circulation.
(e) Keep area dry, warm, and open to air.
(f) DO *NOT* apply creams or ointments.
(2) Saltwater sores.
(a) Change body positions frequently.
(b) Keep sores dry. (c) Use antiseptic (if available).
(d) DO *NOT* open or squeeze sores.

## F. Snakebite.

CAT:
>_
i nakeite
"1
r,
'
trea:tment **.rec** cmmendatio iSfr t tQa e edical ad d
......

e.

(1) Nonpoisonous. Clean and bandage wound.
(2) Poisonous.
(a) Remove constricting items.
(b) Minimize activity.
(c) DO *NOT* cut the bite site; DO *NOT* use your mouth
to create suction.

(d) Clean bite with soap and water; cover with a dressing.
(e) Overwrap the bite site with a tight (elastic) bandage
(Figure **V-6).** The intent is to slow capillary and venous blood flow but not arterial flow. Check for pulse below the overwrap.

(f) Splint bitten extremity to prevent motion.
(g) Treat for shock (page V-7, paragraph Ic).
(h) Position extremity below level of heart.
(i) Construct shelter if necessary (let the victim rest).
(j) For conscious victims, force fluids.
g. Marine life.
(1) Stings.
(a) Flush wound with salt water (fresh water stimulates
toxin release).

(b) Remove jewelry and watches.
(c) Remove tentacles and gently scrape or shave skin.
(d) Apply a steroid cream (if available).
(e) DO *NOT* rub area with sand.
(f) Treat for shock; artificial respiration may be required
(page V-1, paragraph la).

(g) DO *NOT* use **urine** to flush or treat wounds.
(2) Punctures.
(a) **Immerse** affected part in hot water or apply hot
compresses for 30-60 minutes (as hot as victim can tolerate).
(b) Cover with clean dressing.
(c) Treat for shock as needed.
h. Skin irritants (includes poison oak and poison ivy).
(1) Wash with large **amounts** of water. Use soap (if
available).
(2) Keep covered to prevent scratching.
i. Infection.
(1)
Keep wound clean.
(2) Use iodine tablet solution or diluted betadine to prevent or
treat infection.
(3) Change bandages as needed.
j.
Dysentery and diarrhea.
(1) Drink *extra* water.
(2) Use a liquid diet.
(3) Eat charcoal. Make a paste by mixing fine charcoal
particles with water. (It may relieve symptoms by absorbing toxins.)

k. Constipation (can be expected in survival situations).
(1) DO *NOT* take laxatives.
(2) Exercise.
(3) Drink extra water.

## 3. Plant Medicine

a. Tannin.

(1)
Medical uses. Burns, diarrhea, dysentery, skin problems, and parasites. Tannin solution prevents infection and aids healing.

(2) Sources. Found in the outer bark of all trees, acorns, banana plants, common plantain, strawberry leaves, and blackberry stems.

(3) Preparation.
(a) Place crushed outer bark, acorns, or leaves in water.
(b) Leach out the tannin by soaking or boiling.
*Increase tannin content by longer soaking time.
*Replace depleted material with fresh bark/plants.
(4) Treatments.
(a) Burns.
*Moisten bandage with cooled tannin tea.

*Apply compress to burned area.

*Pour cooled tea on burned areas to ease pain.

(b) Diarrhea, dysentery, and worms. Drink strong tea solution (may promote voiding of worms).

(c) Skin problems (dry rashes and fungal infections).

Apply cool compresses or soak affected part to relieve itching and promote healing.

(d) Lice and insect bites. Wash affected areas with tea to ease itching.

b. Salicin/salicylic acid.
(1)
Medical uses. Aches, colds, fever, inflammation, pain, sprains, and sore throat (aspirin-like qualities).

(2) Sources. Willow and aspen trees (Figure V-7).

## E. Common Cattail.

(1)
Medical uses. Wounds, sores, boils, inflammations, burns, and an excellent food source.

(2) Source. Cattail plant found in marshes (Figure V-7).
(3) Preparation.
(a) Pound roots into a pulpy mass for a poultice.
(b) Cook and eat green bloom spikes.
(c) Collect yellow pollen for flour substitute. (d) Peel and eat tender shoots (raw or cooked).
(4) Treatments.
(a) Apply poultice to affected area.
(b) Use plant for food, vitamins, and minerals.

## B. Typical Aspen Leaf 4. Health And Hygiene

a. Stay clean (daily regimen).
(1) Minimize infection by washing. (Use white ashes, sand, or loamy soil as soap substitutes.)
(2) Comb and clean debris from hair. (3) Cleanse mouth and brush teeth.

(a) Use hardwood twig as toothbrush (fray it by chewing on one end then use as brush).

(b) Use single strand of an inner core string from parachute cord for dental floss.

(c) Use clean finger to stimulate gum tissues by rubbing. (d) Gargle with salt water to help prevent sore throat and aid in cleaning teeth and gums.

(4) Clean and protect feet.
(a) Change and wash socks
(b) Wash, dry, and massage.
(c) Check frequently for blisters **and** red areas.
(d) Use adhesive tape/mole skin to prevent damage.
b. Exercise daily.
c. Prevent and control parasites.
(1) Check body for lice, fleas, ticks, etc.
(a) Check body regularly.
(b) Pick off insects and eggs (DO *NOT* crush).
(2) Wash clothing and use repellents.
(3) Use smoke to fumigate clothing and equipment.

## 5. Rules For Avoiding Illness

a. Purify all water obtained from natural sources by using iodine tablets, bleach, or boiling for 5 minutes.

b. Locate latrines 200 feet from water and away from shelter.
c. Wash hands before preparing food or water.
d. Clean all **eating** utensils after each meal.
e. Prevent insect bites by using repellent, netting, and clothing.
f. Dry wet clothing as soon as possible.
g.- Eat varied diet.
h. Try to get 7-8 hours sleep per day.

## Chapter Vi Personal Protection 1. Priorities

a.

Evaluate available **resources** and situation, then accomplish individual tasks accordingly.

b. First 24 hours in order of situational needs-
(1) Construct survival shelter according to selection criteria.
(2) Procure water.
(3) Establish multiple survival signals.
(4) Build Fire.
c. Second 24 hours in order of situational needs-
(1) Construct necessary tools and weapons.
(2) Procure food.

## 2. Care And Use Of Clothing

a. Never discard clothing. b. Wear loose and layered clothing.
(1) Tight clothing restricts blood flow regulating body
temperature.
(2) Layers create more dead air space.
c. Keep entire body covered to prevent sunburn and dehydration
in hot **climates.** When fully clothed, the majority of body heat escapes
through the head and neck areas.
d. Avoid overheating.
(1)
Remove layers of clothing before strenuous activities.
(2) Use a hat to regulate body heat.
(3) Wear a hat when in direct sunlight (in hot environment).
e. Dampen clothing when on the ocean in hot weather.
(1)
Use salt water, *NOT* drinking water.
(2) Dry clothing before dark to prevent hypothermia.
f. Keep clothing dry to maintain its insulation qualities (dry
damp clothing in the sun or by a fire).
g. If you fall into the water in the winter-
(1) Build fire.
(2) Remove wet clothing and rewarm by fire.
(3) Finish drying clothing by fire.
h. If no fire is available-
(1) Remove clothing and get into **sleeping** bag (if available).
(2) Allow wet clothes to freeze. (3) Break ice out of clothing.
i. Keep clothing clean (dirt reduces its **insulation** qualities).
Examine clothing frequently for damage.
(1) DO *NOT* sit or lie directly on the ground.
(2) Wash clothing whenever possible.
(3) Repair when necessary by using-
(a) Needle and thread. (b) Safety pins. (c) Tape.
j. Improvised foot protection (Figure VI-1).
(1) Cut 2 to 4 layers of cloth into a 30-inch square.
(2) Fold into a triangle.
(3) Center foot on triangle with toes toward corner.
(4) Fold front over the toes.
(5) Fold side corners, one at a time, over the instep.
(6) Secure by rope, vines, tape, etc., or tuck into other layers

## 3. Other Protective Equipment

a. Sleeping bag.
(1) Fluff before use, *especially* at foot of bag.
(2) Air and dry daily to remove body moisture.
(3) Improvise with available material, dry grass, leaves, dry moss, etc.

b. Sun and snow goggles (Figure VI-2).
(1) Wear in bright sun or snow conditions.
(2) Improvise by cutting small horizontal slits in webbing,
bark, or similar materials.
c. Gaiters (Figure **VI-3).** Used to protect from sand, snow, insects, and scratches (wrap material around lower leg and top of boots).

## 4. Shelters

Evasion considerations apply.

a. Site selection.

(1) Near signal and recovery site.
(2) Available food and water.
(3) Avoid natural hazards:
(a), Dead standing trees.
(b) Drainage and dry river beds except in combat areas.
(c) Avalanche areas.
(4) Location large and level enough to lie down. in.
b. Types.
(1) Immediate shelters. Find shelter needing minimal improvements (Figure VI-4).

*
(2) General she]
that gives protection froi
(3)
Thermal A]
VI-5 through VI-7). Cc shelter.

*(a)
Snow is
(b) Air vent poisoning when using at.

(b) If using porous material like parachute, blankets,
etc.-
.Stretch as. tight as possible
.Use a 40-60 degree slope.
eUse additional layers in heavy rain.
d. Shelter construction materials:
(1) Raft and raft parts.
(2) Vehicle or aircraft parts.
(3) Blankets, poncho,'or parachute material. .
(4) Sheet of plastic or plastic bag.
(5) Bark peeled off dead trees.
(6) Boughs, broad leaves, dry moss.
(7) Grass and sod.
(8) Snow. (9) Sand and rocks..
e. Bed construction. Construct a bed to protect from cold, damp,
ground using-
(1) Raft.or foam rubber from vehicle seats.
(2) Boughs, leaves, or dry moss.

## 5. Fires

.>::;:::.::
Weigh aards::anid>rsks::o deteetio aai~the ned fo

## A Tr..

a. Evasion considerations:
(1) Use trees or other sources to dissipate smoke.
(2) Use fires at dusk, dawn, or during inclement weather.
*
(3) Use fires at times when the local populace is cooking..
b. Fire building. The 3 essential elements for starting a fire are
* heat, fuel, and oxygen.
(1) Heat sources:
(a) Matches or lighter.
(b) Flint and steel (experiment with various rocks and
metals until a good spark is produced).
(c) Sparks from batteries.
(d) Concentrated sunlight (use magnifying glass or
*
flashlight reflectors).
(e) Pyrotechnics, such as flares (last resort), etc.
(f) Friction method (Figure VI-11). Without prior training, this method is difficult to master and requires a lot of time to build the device.

Note: If possible, carry a fire-starting device with you.

(2) Fuel is divided into 3 categories: tinder, kindling, and fuel.

(Gather large amounts of each category before igniting the fire.)
(a) **Tinder.** Tinder must be very finely shaved or shredded to provide a low combustion point and fluffed to allow oxygen to flow through. (To get tinder to burn hotter and longer, saturate with Vaseline, Chapstick, insect repellant, aircraft fuel, etc.)
Examples of tinder include-
*Cotton.

*Candle (shred the wick, not the wax).

*Plastic spoon, fork, or knife.

*Foam rubber.

*Dry bark.
.Dry grasses.
eGun powder.
.Pitch. .Petroleum products.
(b) **Kindling.** Kindling must be small enough to ignite
tall flame of the tinder. Gradually add larger kindling rig at the size of fuel to burn.
(c) **Fuel.** Examples of fuel include-
SD~TEPEE
eDry hardwood (removing bark reduces smoke). .Bamboo (open chambers to prevent explosion). eDry dung.
es. Fires are built to meet specific needs or uses.., Tepee fire (Figure **VI-12).** Use the tepee fire to produce a d heat source for cooking, lighting, or signaling.

## Tepeefire

(3) Sod fire and reflector **(Figure** VI-14). Use fire reflectors to get the most warmth from a fire. Build fires against rocks or logs.

VI-15). Use the Dakota fire hole
(4) Dakota fire hole (Figure'
i winds or evasion situations.

efficient.

## Water 1. Water Requirements

Drink **extra** water. Minimum 2 quarts per day to maintain fluid level. Exertion, heat, injury, or an illness increases water loss.

Note: Pale yellow urine indicates adequate hydration.

## 2. Water Procurement

a. DO *NOT* drink-
(1) Urine. (2) Fish juices.
(3) Blood.
(4) Sea water.
(5) Alcohol.
(6) Melted water from new sea ice.
b. Water sources:
(1) Surface water (streams, lakes, and springs).
(2) Precipitation (rain, snow, dew, sleet) (FigureVII-1).
(3) Subsurface (wells and cisterns).
(4) Ground water (when no surface water is available)
(Figure VII-2).

(a) Abundance of lush green vegetation.
(b) Drainages and low-lying areas.
(c) *"V"* intersecting game trails often point to water.
(d) Presence of swarming insects indicates water is near.
(e) Bird flight in the early morning or late afternoon
might indicate the direction to water.
(5) Snow or ice.
(a) DO *NOT* eat ice or snow.
*Lowers body temperature.
*Induces dehydration.
*Causes minor cold injury to lips and mouth.
(b) Melt with fire.
eStir frequently to prevent damaging container.
*Speed the process by adding hot rocks or water.
(c) Melt with body heat.
eUse waterproof container.
*Place between layers of clothing.
*DO *NOT* place next to the skin.
(d) Use a water generator **(Figure** VII-3).
(6) Open seas.
(a) Water available in survival kits.
(b) Precipitation.
*Drink as much as possible.

*Catch rain in spray shields and life raft covers.

*Collect dew off raft.

(c) Old sea ice or icebergs (Table VII-1).

| OLD        | SEA    |
|------------|--------|
| ICE        |        |
| NEW        |        |
| SEA        | ICE    |
| Bluish     | or     |
| blackish   |        |
| Milky      |        |
| or         | grey   |
| Shatters   |        |
| easily     |        |
| Does       |        |
| not        | break  |
| easily     |        |
| Rounded    |        |
| corners    |        |
| Sharp      |        |
| edges      |        |
| Tastes     |        |
| relatively |        |
| salt-free  |        |
| Tastes     |        |
| extremely  |        |
| salty      |        |

(7) Tropical areas.
(a) \All open sources previously mentioned. (b) Vegetation.
.Plants with hollow sections can collect moisture.
.Leaning Tree. Cloth absorbs rain **running** down tree
and drips into container **(Fire** VIT-4).

.Banana plants.

.Water trees (avoid milky sap).

osTap before dark. Let sap stop running and harden during the daytime.

esProduce most water at night. *.For evasion situations, bore into the roots and collect water.

eVines **(Figure** VII-5A).

seCut bark (DO *NOT* use milky sap).

self juice is clear and water like, cut as large a piece of vine as possible (cut the top first).

.. Pour into hand to check smell, color, and taste to determine if drinkable.

**.DO
NOT touch vine to lips.

**.When water flow stops, cut off 6 inches of opposite end, water will flow again.

.Old bamboo.

**Shake and listen for water.

osBore hole at bottom of section to obtain water.

**Cut out entire section to carry with you.

esFilter and purify.

.Green bamboo (Figure VII-5B).

AUJN
Liquid conitainedl in.geen coconuts **(ripe** coconuts may, eBeach well. Along the coast, obtain water by digging a beach well (Figure VII-6).

(8) Dry areas.
(a) Solar still **(Figure** VII-7).
(b) Vegetation **bag** (Figure VII-8).
(c) Transpiration bag (Figure VII-9).
*Water bag must be clear.
.Water will taste like the plant smells.
(d) Seepage basin (Figure VII-lO).
CAUTION:
DO *NOT* use poisonous/toxic plants' in vegetation/ '.

transpiration bags.

## 3. Water Preparation And Storage

a. Filtration. Filter through porous material (sand/charcoal).
b. Purification.
(1) Water from live plants requires no further treatment.
(2) Purifr all other water.
(a) Boil at least 1 minute.
(b) Pour from one container to another to improve taste
to aerate.
(c) Water purification tablets. Follow instructions on
package.

## C. Potable Water.

(1) If water cannot be purified, obtain water from a clear, cold, clean, and fast running source (if possible).

(2) Put in clear container and expose to the sun's ultraviolet rays to kill bacteria.

d. Storage. To prevent contamination, use a clean, covered or sealed container.

(1) Trash bag.
(2) Prophylactic.
(3) Section of bamboo.
(4) Flotation gear.

## Chapter Viii Food 1., Food Procurement

a. Sources and location.
(1) Mammals can be found where-
(a) Trails lead to watering, feeding, and bedding areas.
(b) Droppings or tracks look fresh.
(2) Birds can be found by-
(a) Observing the direction of flight in the early morning
and late afternoon (leads to feeding, watering, and roosting areas).
(b) Listening for bird noises (indication of nesting areas
(3) Fish and other marine life locations (Figure VIII-1).
(4) Reptiles and amphibians are found almost worldwide.
(5) Insects are found-
(a) In dead logs and stumps. (b) At ant and termite mounds. (c) On ponds, lakes, and slow moving streams.
b. Procurement techniques.
(1) Snares-
(a) Work while unattended.
(b) Location:
.Trails **leading** to water, **feeding,** and bedding areas.

*Mouth of dens (Figure VIII-2).

(c) Constructio:
*Use materi San animal.

.ting reopening, and V]

(d) Placement c
)op snare.

not break under the strain of loop) if wire is used~ (Figure wire locks in place, or impra'

(2) Noose stick (easier and safer to use than the hands).
(3) Twist stick (Figure VIII-6).
(a) Insert forked stick into a den until something soft is
met.
(b) Twist the stick, binding the animal's hide in the fork.
(c) Remove the animal from the den.
(d) Be ready to **kill** the animal; it may be dangerous.
(4) Hunting and fishing devices. (See **Figure** VIII-7 for fishing procurement methods.)

(a) Club or rock.
(b) Spear. (c) Slingshot. (d) Pole, line, and hook. (e) Net.
(f) Trap.

## (5) Precautions:

(a) Wear shoes to protect the feet when wading in water.
(b) Avoid reaching into dark holes.
(c) **Kill** animals before handling. Animals in distress
may attract the enemy.
(d) DO *NOT* secure fishing lines to yourself or the raft. (e) Kill fish before bringing them into the raft.
(f) DO *NOT* eat fish with-
*Spines.
.Unpleasant odor.
*Pale, slimy gills.
*Sunken eyes.
*Flabby skin.
*Flesh that remains dented when pressed.
(g) DO *NOT* eat fish eggs or liver (entrails).
(h) Avoid all crustaceans above the high tide mark.
(i) Avoid cone-shaped shells (Figure VIII-8).
(j)
Avoid hairy insects; the hairs could cause irritation or
infection.
(k) Avoid poisonous insects, for example:
.Centipedes.
" Scorpions. oPoisonous spiders.
(1) Avoid disease carrying insects, such as-
"Flies. .Mosquitoes. .Ticks.

## C. Plant Foods. Before Using The Following Guide Use Your Evasion Chart To Identify Edible Plants:

Note: If you cannot positively identify an edible plant and choose to try an unknown plant, these guidelines may help determine edibility.

(1) Selection criteria.
(a) Before testing for edibility, ensure there are enough plants to make testing worth your time and effort. Each part of a plant (roots, leaves, stems, bark, etc.) requires more than 24 hours to test. DO *NOT* waste time testing a plant that is not abundant.

(b) Test only 1 part of 1 plant at a time.
(c) Remember that eating large portions of plant food on
an empty stomach may cause diarrhea, nausea, or cramps. *Two* good examples are *green apples* and *wild onions.* Even after testing food and finding it safe, eat in moderation.

(2) Avoid plants with the following characteristics:

## Note: Using These Guidelines In Selecting Plants For Food May Eliminate Some Edible Plants; However, These Guidelines Will Help Prevent Choosing Potentially Toxic Plants.

(a) Milky sap (dandelion has milky sap but is safe to eat and easily recognizable).

(b) Spines, fine hairs, and thorns (skin irritants/contact dermatitis). Prickly *pear* and *thistles* are exceptions. Bracken fern *fiddleheads* also violate this guideline.

(c) Mushrooms and fungus.
(d) Umbrella shaped flowers (hemlock is eliminated).
(e) Bulbs *(only* onions smell like onions).
(f) Grain heads with pink, purplish, or black spurs.
(g) Beans, bulbs, or seeds inside pods.
(h) Old or wilted leaves.
(i) Plants with shiny leaves.
(j) White and yellow berries. (Aggregate berries such as
black and dewberries are always edible, test all others before eating.)

(k) Almond scent in woody parts and leaves.

## D. Test Procedures.

(1) Test only 1 part of a plant at a time.

(2) Separate the plant into its basic components (stems, roots, buds, and flowers).

(3) Smell the food for strong acid odors. Remember, smell alone does not indicate a plant is edible or inedible.

(4) DO *NOT* eat 8 hours before the test and drink only purified water,
(5) During the 8 hours you abstain from eating, test for contact poisoning by placing a piece of the plant on the inside of your elbow or wrist. The sap or juice should contact the skin. Usually 15
minutes is enough time to allow for a reaction.

(6) During testing, take *NOTHING* by mouth EXCEPT
purified water and the plant *you* are testing.

(7) Select a small portion of a single part and prepare it the way you plan to eat it.

(8) Before placing the prepared plant in your mouth, touch a small portion (a pinch) to the outer surface of your lip to test for burning or itching.

(9) If after 3 minutes there is no reaction on your lip, place the plant on your tongue and hold it for 15 minutes.

(10) If there is no reaction, thoroughly chew a pinch and hold it in your mouth for 15 minutes (DO *NOT* SWALLOW). If any ill effects occur, rinse out your mouth with water.

(11) If nothing abnormal occurs, swallow the food and wait 8
hours. If **any** ill effects occur during this period, induce vomiting and drink a water and charcoal mixture.

(12) If no ill effects occur, eat 1/ **cup** of the same plant prepared the same way. Wait another 8 hours. If no ill effects occur, the plant part as prepared is safe for eating.

CA TON
1Rietropical fruits should. be peeled and eaten raw. Softness, rahe than color, is the best indicator of ripeness. Cook unripe fruits aii:nd iscBard. seeds and skin.

2 I
oo undergrudportions when possible' to reduce bacterial cwitminai~nand ease digestion of their generally high starch contenn
3y uring evasion, you may not be able to cook.

Concentrate your efors on leafy green plants,, ripe fruits, and above ground ripe vget#-bles not requiring significant preparation.

## 2. Food Preparation

Animal food gives the greatest food value per pound.
a. Butchering and skinning.
(1) Mammals.
(a) Remove the skin and save for other uses.
(a) One cut skinning of small game **(Figure** VIII-9).
.Open the abdominal cavity.
.Avoid rupturing the intestines.
eRemove the intestines. eSave inner organs (heart, liver, and kidneys) and all
meaty parts of the skull, brain, tongue, and eyes.
(b) Wash when ready to use.
(c) If preserving the meat, remove it from the bones.
(d) Unused or inedible organs and entrails may be used
as bait for other game.
(2) Frogs and snakes.
(a) Skin.
(b) Discard skin, head with 2 inches of body, and internal
organs.
(3) Fish.
(a) Scale (if necessary) and gut fish soon after it is
caught.
(b) Insert knifepoint into anus of fish and cut open the
belly.
(c) Remove entrails.
(d) Remove gills to prevent spoilage.
(4) Birds.
(a) Gut soon after killing.
(b) Protect from flies.
(c) Skin or pluck them. (d) Skin scavengers and sea birds.
(5) Insects.
(a) Remove all hard portions such as the legs of
grasshoppers or crickets. (The rest is edible.)
(b) Recommend cooking grasshopper-size insects.
(6) Fruits, berries, and most nuts can be eaten raw.
b. Cooking.
(1) Boiling (most nutritious method of cooking-drink the
broth).
(a) Make metal cooking containers from ration cans.
(b) Drop heated rocks into containers to boil water or
cook food.
(2) Baking.
(a) Wrap in leaves or pack in mud.
(b) Bury food in dirt under coals of fire.
(3) Leaching. Some nuts (acorns) must be leached to remove the bitter taste of tannin. Use one of the following leaching methods:

(a) First method:
eSoaking and pouring the water off.
*Crushing and pouring water through. Cold water
should be tried first; however, boiling water is sometimes best.

*Discarding water.
(b) Second method:
*Boil, pour off water, and taste the plant.
*If bitter, repeat process until palatable.
(4) Roasting.
(a) Shake shelled nuts in a container with hot coals. (b) Roast thinly sliced meat and insects over a candle.

## 3. Food Preservation

b. Keeping an animal alive.
c. Refrigerating.
(1) Long term.
(a) Food buried in snow maintains a temperature of approximately 32 degrees F.

(b) Frozen food will not decompose (freeze in meal-size portions).

(2) Short term.
(a) Food wrapped in waterproof material and placed in a stream remains cool in summer months.

(b) Earth below the surface, particularly in shady areas or along streams, is cooler than the surface.

(c) Wrap food in absorbent material such as cotton and re-wet as the water evaporates.

c. Drying and smoking removes moisture and preserves food.
(1) Use salt to improve flavor and promote drying.
(2) Cut or pound meat into thin strips.
(3) Remove fat.
(4) DO *NOT* use pitch woods such as fir or pine; they produce
soot giving the meat an undesirable taste.

d. **Protecting** meat from **animals** and insects.
(1) Wrapping food.
(a) **Use** clean material.
(b) Wrap pieces individually.
(c) **Ensure** all **corners** of the **wrapping** are insect proof.
(d) Wrap soft fruits and **berries** in leaves or moss.
(2) Hanging meat.
(a) Hang **meat** in the shade.
(b) Cover during daylight **hours** to protect from insects.
(3) Packing **meat** on the trail.
(a) Wrap before flies **appear** in the morning.
(b) Place **meat** in fabric or clothing for insulation.
(c) Place meat inside the pack for carrying. Soft material
acts as insulation helping keep the meat cool.

(d) Carry shellfish, crabs, and shrimp in wet seaweed.

e. DO *NOT* store food in the shelter; it attracts unwanted animals.

## Chapter Ix Induced Conditions (Nuclear, Biological, And Chemical Considerations) 1. Nuclear Conditions

a.
Protection.
(1) **FIND** PROTECTIVE SHELTER IMEDiTELY!
(2) Gather all equipment for survival (time permitting).
(3) Avoid detection and capture.
(a) Seek existing shelter that may be improved (Figure
IX-1).
(b) If no shelter is available, dig a trench or foxhole as follows:
eDig trench deep enough for protection, then enlarge for comfort **(Figure** IX-2).

eCover with available material.

Parachute or other suitable material

## (4) Radiation Shielding Efficiencies (Figure Ix-3).

NUCLEAR EXPLOSIONS: Fall **flat.** Cover exposed body parts. Present minimal profile to direction of blast. DO NOTlook at *fireball!* Remain prone until blast effects are over.

SHELTER: Pick, as soon as possible, 5 minutes unsheltered is maximum!
Priority:
         (1) Cave or tunnel covered with
                                      (4) Basements.

3 or more feet of earth.
(5) Abandoned stone/mud buildings.
(2) Storm/storage cellars
(6) Foxhole 4 feet deep (remove topsoil
(3) Culverts.
within 2 feet radius of foxhole lip).

## Radiation Shielding Efficiencies

Iron/Steel
.7 inches
Cinder Block 5.3 inches
One thickness reduces received
Brick **2.0** inches
Ice **6.8** inches
radiation dose by 1/2.
Additional thickness added to any
Concrete
2.2 inches
Wood (Soft) 8.8 inches
amount of thickness reduces received
Earth
3.3 inches
Snow 20.3 inches radiation dose by 1/2.

SHELTER SURVIVAL: Keep contaminated materials out of shelter.

Good Weather: Bury contaminated clothing outside of shelter (recover later).

Bad Weather: Shake strongly or beat with branches. Rinse and /or shake wet clothing.

DO NOT wring out!

PERSONAL HYGIENE: Wash **entire** body with soap and *any* water; give close attention to fingernails **and** hairy parts.

No Water: Wipe all exposed skin surfaces **with clean** cloth or uncontaminated soil.

Fallout/dusty conditions--keep **entire** body covered. Keep **handkerchief/cloth** over mouth and nose. Improvise goggles. DO NOT smokel

## Daily Radiation Time Table For No Rate Meter

| 4-6              | Complete isolation    |
|------------------|-----------------------|
| 9-12             |                       |
| 2-4              |                       |
| hours exposure   |                       |
| per              | day                   |
| 3-7              |                       |
| Brief exposure   |                       |
| (30              |                       |
| minutes          |                       |
| maximum)         |                       |
| 13               |                       |
| Normal movement. |                       |
| 8                |                       |
| Brief exposure   |                       |
| (1               |                       |
| hour             |                       |
| maximum)         |                       |

## Figure Ix-3. Radiation Shielding Efficiencies

(5) Leave contaminated equipment and clothing near shelter for retrieval after radioactive decay.

(6) Lie down, keep warm, sleep, and rest.

b. Substance:
(1) Water. Allow no more, than 30 minutes exposure on 3d day for water procurement.

(a) Water sources (in order of preference):
*Springs, wells, or **underground** sources are safest.

*Water in pipes/containers in abandoned buildings.

*Snow (6 or more inches below the surface during the fallout).

*Streams and **rivers** (filtered before drinking).

eLakes, ponds, pools, etc.

lWater from below the surface (DO *NOT* stir up the water).

*Use a seep well.
(b) Water preparation (Figures IX-4 and IX-5).
*Filtering through earth removes 99 percent of
radioactivity.

ePurify all water sources.
(2) Food.
(a) Processed foods (canned or **packaged)** are preferred;
wash and wipe containers before use.

(b) Animal foods.
*Avoid animals that appear to be **sick** or dying.
*Skin carefully to avoid **contaminating** the meat.
*Before cooking, cut meat away from the bone, leaving
at least *1/8* inch of meat on the bone.

SDiscard all internal organs.
*Cook all meat until **very** well done.
(c) Avoid.
*Aquatic food sources (use only in extreme
emergencies because of high concentration of radiation).

.Shells of all eggs (contents will be safe to eat).
.Milk from animals.
(d) Plant foods (in order of preference).
.Plants whose edible portions grow underground (for example, potatoes, turnips, carrots, etc.). Wash and remove skin.

*Edible portions growing above ground that can be washed and peeled or skinned (bananas, apples, etc.).

eSmooth skinned vegetables, fruits, or above ground plants that are not easily peeled or washed.

c. Self-aid:
(1) General rules:
(a) Prevent exposure to contaminants.
(b) Use personal hygiene practices and remove body
waste from shelter.
(c) Rest, avoid fatigue.
(d) Drink liquids.
(2) Wounds.
(a) Clean affected area.
(b) Use antibacterial ointment or cleaning solution.
(c) Cover with clean dressing.
(d) Watch for signs of infection.
(3) Burns.
(a) Clean affected area.
(b) Cover with clean dressing.
(4) Radiation sickness (nausea, weakness, fatigue, vomiting,
diarrhea, loss of hair, radiation bums).
(a) Time is required to overcome.
(b) Rest.
(c) Drink fluids.
(d) Maintain food intake.
(e) Prevent additional exposure.

## 2. Biological Conditions

a. Clues which may alert you to a biological attack follow:
(1) Enemy aircraft dropping objects or spraying.
(2) Breakable containers or unusual bombs, particularly
those bursting with little or no blast, and muffled explosions.
(3) Smoke or mist of unknown origin.
(4) Unusual substances on the ground or vegetation; sick
looking plants or crops.
b. Protection from biological agents follow:
(1) Use protective equipment.
(2) Bathe as soon as the situation permits.
(3) Wash hair and body thoroughly with soap and water. (4) Clean thoroughly under fingernails.
(5) Clean teeth, gums, tongue, and roof of mouth frequently.
c. Survival tips for biological conditions follow:
(1) Keep your body and living area clean.
(2) Stay alert for clues of biological attack.
(3) Keep nose, mouth, and skin covered.
(4) Keep food and water protected. Bottled or canned foods
are safe if sealed. If in doubt, boil food and water for 10 minutes.

(5) Construct shelter in a clear area, away from vegetation, with entrance 90 degrees to the prevailing wind.

(6) If traveling, travel crosswind or upwind (taking advantage of terrain to stay away from depressions).

## 3. Chemical Conditions

a. Detecting.
(1) Smell. Many agents have little or no odor.
(2) Sight. Many agents are colorless:
(a) Color. Yellow, orange, or red smoke or mist.
(b) Liquid. Oily, dark patches on leaves, ground, etc.
(c) Gas. Some agents appear as a mist immediately after
shell burst.

(d) Solid. Most solid state agents have some color.

(3) Sound. Muffled explosions are possible indications of chemical agent bombs.

(4) Feel. Irritation to the nose, eyes, or skin and/or moisture on the skin are danger signs.

(5) Taste. Strange taste in food or water indicates contamination.

(6) General indications. Tears, difficult breathing, choking, itching, coughing, dizziness.

(7) Wildlife. Presence of sick or dying animals.

b. Protection against chemical agents follows:
(1) Use protective equipment.
(2) Avoid contaminated areas.
(a) Exit contaminated area by moving crosswind.
(b) Select routes on high ground.
(c) Avoid cellars, ditches, trenches, gullies, valleys, etc.
(d) Avoid woods, tall grasses, and bushes as they tend to
hold chemical agent vapors.

(e) Decontaminate' body and equipment as soon as possible by-

eRemoving. Pinch-blotting.
eNeutralizing. Warm water.
.Destroying. Burying.
c. Self-aid in **chemically** contaminated areas.
(1) If a chemical defense ensemble is available
(a) Use all protective equipment.
(b) Follow antidote directions when needed.
(2) If a chemical defense ensemble is **not** available-
(a) Remove or tear away contaminated clothing.
(b) Rinse contaminated areas **with** water.
(c) Improvise a breathing filter using materials available
(T-shirt, handkerchief, fabric, etc.).
d. Tips for the survivor:
(1) DO *NOT* use wood from a contaminated area for fire.
(2) Look for signs of chemical agents around water sources
before **procurement** (oil spots, foreign **odors,** dead fish, or animals).
.(3)
Keep food and water protected.
(4) DO *NOT* use plants for food or water in contaminated
areas.

## Appendix A The Will To Survive Article Vi Code Of Conduct

I will never forget that I am an American fighting for freedom, responsible for my actions, and dedicated to the principles which made my country free. I will trust in my God and in the United States

## 1. Psychology Of Survival

a. Preparation-
(1)
Know your capabilities and limitations.
(2) Keep a positive attitude. (3) Develop a realistic plan.
(4) Anticipate fears.
(5) Combat psychological stress by-
(a) Recognizing and anticipating existing stressors
(injury, death, fatigue, **illness,** environment, hunger, isolation).

(b) Attributing normal reactions to existing stressors
(fear, anxiety, guilt, boredom, depression, anger).

(c) Identifying **signals** of distress created by stressors
(indecision, withdrawal, forgetfulness, **carelessness,** and propensity to make mistakes).

b. Strengthen your will to survive with-
(1) The Code of Conduct.
(2) Pledge of Allegiance.
(3) Faith in America.
(4) Patriotic songs.
(5) Thoughts of return to family and friends.
c. Group dynamics of survival include-
(1) Leadership, good organization, and cohesiveness promote high morale:

(a) Preventing panic.
(b) Creating strength and trust in one another.
(c) Favoring persistency in overcoming failure.
(d) Facilitating formulation of group goals.
(2) Taking care of your buddy.
(3) Working as a team.
(4) Reassuring and encouraging each other.
(5) Influencing factors are-
(a) Enforcing the chain of command.
(b) Organizing according to individual capabilities.
(c) Accepting suggestions and criticism.

## 2. Spiritual Considerations

a. Collect your thoughts and emotions.
b. Identify your personal beliefs.
c. Use self-control.
d. Meditate.
e. Remember past inner sources to help you overcome adversity. f. Pray for your God's help, strength, wisdom, and rescue.
(1) Talk to your God.
(2) Give thanks that God is with you. (3) Ask for God's help.
(4) Pray for protection and a positive outcome.
g. Remember scripture, verses, or hymns; repeat them to yourself and to your God.

h. Worship without aid of written scripture, clergy, or others.
i. Forgive-
(1) Yourself for what you have done or said that was wrong.
(2) Those who have failed you.
j.
Praise God and give thanks because-
(1) God is bigger than your circumstances. (2) God will see you through (no matter what happens).
(3) Hope comes from a belief in heaven and/or an after-life.
k. Trust.
(1) Faith and trust in your God.
(2) Love for family and self.
(3) Never lose hope. (4) Never give up.
1. With other survivors-
(1) Identify or appoint a religious lay leader.
(2) Discuss what is important to you.
(3) Share scriptures and songs.
(4) Pray for each other.
(5) Try to have worship services.
(6) Write down scriptures and songs that you remember.
(7) Encourage each other while waiting for rescue,
remember-
(a) Your God loves you. (b) Praise your God.

## Appendix B Publication Information 1. Scope

This UNCLASSIFIED multiservice tactics, techniques, and procedures publication is designed to assist Service **members** in a survival situation regardless of geographic location.

## 2. Purpose

This publication provides Service members a quick reference, weatherproof, pocket-sized guide on basic survival, evasion, and recovery information.

## 3. Application

The target audience for this publication is any Service member requiring basic survival, evasion, and recovery information.

## 4. Implementation Plan

Participating Service command offices of primary responsibility
(OPRs) will review this publication, validate the information, and reference and incorporate it in Service and command manuals, regulations, and curricula as follows:
Army. The Army will incorporate the procedures in this publication in US Army training and doctrinal publications as directed by the commander, US Army Training and Doctrine Command (TRADOC). Distribution is in accordance with the Department of Army Form 12-99-R.

Marine **Corps.** The Marine Corps will incorporate the procedures in this publication in US Marine Corps training and doctrinal publications as directed by the commanding general, US Marine Corps Combat Development Command (MCCDC).

Distribution is in accordance with Marine Corps Publication Distribution System.

Navy. The Navy will incorporate these procedures in US Navy doctrinal and training publications as directed by the commander, Navy Warfare Development Command (NWDC). Distribution is in accordance with Military Standard Requisitioning and Issue Procedures Desk Guide and Navy Standing Operating Procedures Publication 409.

Air **Force.** Air Force units will validate and incorporate appropriate procedures in accordance with applicable governing directives. Distribution is in accordance with Air Force Instructions
33-360.

## 5. User Information

a. The TRADOC-MCCDC-NWDC-AFDC Air Land Sea Application (ALSA) Center developed this publication with the joint participation of the approving Service commands. ALSA will review and update this publication as necessary.

b. This publication reflects current joint and Service doctrine, command and control (C2) organizations, facilities, personnel, responsibilities, and procedures. Changes in Service protocol, appropriately reflected in joint and Service publications, will likewise be incorporated in revisions to this document.

c. We encourage recommended changes for improving this publication. Key your comments to the specific page and paragraph and provide a rationale for each recommendation. Send comments and recommendation directly to-

## Army

Commander
US Army Training and Doctrine Command
ATTN: ATDO-A
Fort Monroe VA 23651-5000
DSN 680-3153 COMM (757) 727-3153

## Marine Corps

Commanding Generai
US Marine Corps Combat Deveiopment Command
ATTN: C42
3300 Russell
          Road

Quantico VA 22134-5001
DSN 278-6234 COMM (703) 784-6234

## Navy

Commander Navy Warfare Deveiopment Command (Det Norfolk)
ATTN: ALSA Liaison Officer 1530 Gilbert Street Norfolk VA 23511-2785
DSN 262-2782 COMM (757) 322-2782 -
E-mail: ndcJointnctamsiant navymil

## Air Force

HQ Air Force Doctrine Center
ATTN: DJ
216 Sweeney Boulevard Suite 109
Langley AFB VA 23665-2722
DSN 754-8091 COMM (757) 764-8091
E-mail Address: afdc.djIlangley.af.mii

## Alsa

ALSA Center
ATTN: Director
114 Andrews Street
Langley AFB, VA 23665-2785
DSN 575-0902 COMM (757) 225-0902
E-mail: alsadirector@langley.af.mil

This publication has been prepared under our direction for use by

our respective commands and other commands as appropriate.

Commanding General Development Command Headquarters Air Force Doctrine Center This publication is available on the Army Doctrinal and Training Digital Library (ADTDL) at http://155.217.58.58.

By Order of the Secretary of the Army:
ERIC K. SHINSEKI
Official:
General, United States Army Chief of Staff JOEL B. HUDSON
Administrative' Assistant to the Secretary of the Army
9916744

DISTRIBUTION:
Active Army, Army National Guard, and U.S. Army Reserve: To
be distributed in accordance with the initial distribution
number 311368, requirements for TM 55-1680-351-10.

By Order of the Secretary of the Air Force:

TIMOTHY A. KINNAN
Major General, USAF
Commander
Headquarters Air Force Doctrine Center

Air Force Distribution: F
ARMY PIN: 077493-000
MARINE PCN: 14400006800