of both donor and recipient cytokine polymorphisms and their role in allograft survival. There was an entire session devoted to this topic. Cytokines which have been investigated include IL-2, IL-6, IL-10, TNFa , IFNg , TGFb . While individual reports describe single polymorphisms with transplant outcome in renal, heart, lung and bone marrow transplants, it is difficult to see a common thread. The effect that these polymorphisms have on expression and in turn transplant outcome are likely to be exerted via interaction with a host of other factors such as level of HLA matching and degree of immunosuppression. Further research needs to be done in this area not only in terms of genetic polymorphism, but how the pattern of cytokine production itself is indicative of transplant success. Final Session In the final session of the meeting Tony Monaco addressed future directions in immunological manipulation of solid organ transplant recipients. He felt that there are two approaches ready for extensive clinical trials ? they are co-stimulatory blockade and cytoreduction followed by haemopoetic reconstitution. Non radiation based methods of cytoreduction include polyclonal anti lymphocyte serum and immunotoxin. He discussed possible methods of achieving tolerance such as clonal deletion, suppression or anergy, but stressed that the marker of tolerance is chimerism. He demonstrated a direct relationship between the dose of marrow given and the degree of tolerance achieved. Concluding Remarks The foregoing is merely a snapshot of what was an incredible week and reflects unashamedly my personal interests. I have not touched on