thereby including Australia . Haidt's first metaphor is 'the rider and the elephant'. The huge and powerful elephant is the embodiment of the instincts (not mentioned by the author , though I don't see how they can be excluded) intuitions, feelings and emotions we all have, and are expressed, particularly in our values. Instincts are generally taken to be the 'hard-wired' or gene-determined aspects of our nature; intuitions arise from our life experiences and, together with our instincts, fashion our patterns of behaviour that can be roughly described as our 'cultural characteristics', in striving to secure our needs, pursue our wants, and reach our goals. The rider is our reasoning self whose task, according to Haidt, is to serve the elephant by steering it away from dangers it cannot see or comprehend: 'Brains evaluate everything in terms of potential threat or benefit to the self, and then adjust behaviour to get more of the good stuff and less of the bad.' (p. 35) Overall, in the author's view expressed in his second metaphor: 'We are 90 Percent Chimp and 10 per cent Bee' (p. 187) -- proportions we could argue about while accepting the principle. There are two aspects to this. Though not everyone sees humans in this light, it is no great surprise that many think we are basically self-centred, often violent and dictatorial individuals like Chimpanzees with whom we share 99 per cent of genes, with a minor mix of the social behaviour of bees. These insects are