Bureau of Indian Affairs, the Canadian policy was to rely upon the RCMP whenever any policing was necessary. The Americans also sought from the outset to use the court system as a "civilizing" tool to foster their values and beliefs in substitution for traditional law and governmental structures. It was felt that this was accomplished best through the hand-picking of individual tribal members to be appointed as judges under the supervision of the Bureau of Indian Affairs agents. The Canadian approach was much more oppressive. All Indian agents automatically were granted judicial authority to buttress their other powers, with the result that they not only could lodge a complaint with the police, but they could direct that a prosecution be conducted and then sit in judgment of it. Except as accused, Aboriginal people were excluded totally from the process. The clear result of all this development was that Indian agents were armed with broad power over almost every aspect of Indian life. They presided at all Indian council meetings and virtually directed local decisions. As agents and as justices of the peace, they presided over the enforcement of laws in relation to: ? trespass to reserve lands; ? removal of renewable and non-renewable resources; ? sale or purchase of farm produce; ? logging; ? non-payment of rent; ? seizure of goods; ? band council by-laws; ? actions in debt, tort or contract; ? private purchase of Crown presents to Indians; ? intoxication offences; ? common bawdy houses; ? celebrating a