happens" says Hare "In those 95% of organizations that are authoritarian." Four Types of Work Abuse According to Hare, four types of work abuse exist. Neglectful or ongoing abuse occurs when employees' basic needs are not met or they are blamed for expressing these needs. Ongoing abuse often happens in the midst of the other three types of work abuse. In chronic scapegoating one person is chosen for abuse by the group. Everyone joins in as a way to vent negative feelings that can't otherwise be addressed in the work system. If the scapegoat leaves the company, another employee usually assumes the scapegoat role. With acute scapegoating one person receives the negative treatment--usually because the person's behaviors don't match group norms. The scapegoating stops when this employee leaves the organization. Denial of due process, the fourth type of work abuse, occurs secondary to the other forms of abuse. With denial of due process the employer prevents or undermines appropriate means to resolve conflicts. Most work "horror stories" are cases of scapegoating resulting from unresolved conflicts. Why Managers Abuse Two reasons compel managers to abuse subordinates, according to Hare. "One is the normative source, which comes from pressure by other managers to abuse," Hare says. "The other is from the internal source that is an accumulation of past injuries that they now have an opportunity to offload." Hare attributes these injuries to childhood shaming experiences suffered by the manager that continue to manifest through school and into adulthood. "Even at their