(for authors) against this form of misconduct on the part of reviewers is to pre-publish their work in the form of a preprint or technical report on a public system such as arXiv . The preprint can later be used to establish priority, although this violates the stated policies of some journals. Many journals deal with peer review failures by publishing letters, [ 60 ] though some opt not to do so. Retraction of an article may be required. The author of a disputed article is allowed a published reply to a critical letter. However, neither the letter nor the reply is usually peer-reviewed, and typically the author rebuts the criticisms. Thus, the readers are left to decide for themselves if a peer review failure occurred. "Perhaps the most widely recognized failing of peer review is its inability to ensure the identification of high-quality work. The list of important scientific papers that were initially rejected by peer-reviewed journals goes back at least as far as the editor of Philosophical Transaction's 1796 rejection of Edward Jenner 's report of the first vaccination against smallpox ." [ 61 ] Tai's method , in which the method of Riemann sums for numerical integration was republished in a Diabetes research journal, Diabetes Care . [ 62 ] The method is almost always taught in high school calculus, and was thus considered an example of an extremely well known idea being re-branded as a new discovery. A conference organized by the Wessex Institute of Technology