were kept ignorant of next higher layer. Pro- -mising members were inducted the next higher layer and indoctrinated in the beliefs of that layer. The first layer was orthodox Islam. The sec- ond layer believed in a more moderate form of Islam. The next layer, in agnosticism. The next layer, in Atheism. (ref: Nesta Webster) . International banking in the Middle Ages was difficult. If a sovereign defaulted, the bankers could not collect. If an individual defaulted, the banker would lose in biased and corrupt courts of the defaulters country. The international bankers responded by forming a very cohesive banking community, sending their sons to each other for training etc. In the Middle Ages, nationalism was weak and the co- hesiveness of the bankers was strong; they, in effect, formed a pow- erful sovereign country. The bankers were, and still are, more loyal to their own sovereign country than to the counties of which they are subjects. One of the methods of controlling a country was to finance, or threat- ten to finance, the country's enemies. The bankers have no qualms about causing war and misery. They prided themselves in having nerves of steel. Any banker who had qualms about they were doing was derided as having lost his nerve. Their descendents still have the same attitude. . In the Middle Ages almost everybody was illiterate and innumerate, some times even monarchs. On the other hand, the Jews were literate and numerate. Their economic activity being limited to money lending,