of gender expectations. Christopher Mclean, in his recent paper The costs of masculinity , advocated for a changing future, "...if we want to implement policies to change boys' behaviour, then we have to pay attention to the question of meaning -- and that means theory. We need to develop a theory of masculinity that makes sense of men's experiences and behaviours -- not only to the theory-makers, but to the men themselves, because the crucial task is to get men and boys actively involved in the project of change, in cooperation with, rather than in opposition to, women and other groups who are experiencing the real negative effects of dominant masculine culture. We need a theory of masculinity that speaks to men's experience of themselves, while enabling them to honestly acknowledge their complicity in the collective structures of dominant masculinity and gender injustice. We need a sense that change is possible, and that it is going to be good for us, as men, too." Questions Evaluate the continuities and changes occurring between males and females over time. How can the two genders work together cooperatively? Do males and females have widely divergent viewpoints or are the stereotypes and discrimination in society creating these divergent viewpoints? Explain. What are the possible futures for males and females if the existing inequalities are maintained? What areas of society would best be addressed to reduce inequality and differences between the genders? More Commonwealth Office of the Status of Women, Facts about Women , 1999,