general, and women's right to equality, in particular, had not yet become a global imperative'. 14 Listing among social practices which are 'defended in the name of culture' horrors such as 'a preference for sons, leading to female infanticide; ... FGM; a sale of daughters in marriage, including giving them in forced marriage as child brides ... husband's right to obedience and power to discipline or commit acts of violence against his wife, including marital rape... honor killings ... compulsory restrictive dress codes ... and restriction of women to the roles of housewives or mothers...', 15 Raday concludes that: The story of 'gender' in traditionalist cultures and religions is that of the systematic domination of women by men, of women's exclusion from public power, and of their subjection to patriarchal power within the family [and] religion forms, both theoretically and empirically, the core of cultural resistance to human rights and gender equality. 16 The patriarchal norms which are common to many religions are also hostile to the subversion of gender roles associated with homosexuality. Clashes between religious freedom and race equality are possible at least in theory, since a number of predominantly US-based 'Christian' churches including the 'Christian Knights of the Ku Klux Klan', 'Aryan Nations' and a variety of other churches within the 'Christian Identity' movement advocate white supremacism and anti-semitism. The South African Afrikaanse Protestante Kerk allows only white members and the Mormon Church reserved full membership to White men until the mid-1970s, when African American men were