South Wales was 187,000. By 1860 it had almost doubled to 348,000, even after the colony of Queensland had been separated from New South Wales in 1859. While some of the newcomers left the colony again with or without their hoped-for riches, most stayed and settled in the cities or countryside. There were problems, however, as the miners on the sprawling goldfields resented authoritarian attempts to impose licences and other controls on their activities. The miners had no proper representation in the Legislature, and their growing demands for democratic government could not be ignored. At the same time, the arrival of large numbers of Chinese miners led to racial violence and demands for governments to control non-white immigration. Enormous economic changes followed - initially in the mining and export of gold - which transformed the economy. Some 3,280,969 ounces of gold were produced in NSW between 1851 and 60. The longer term impacts included increasing urban development and industrialisation funded by newly generated capital. Labour shortages in the cities during the gold rushes drove the wages and conditions of workmen well above those of the rest of the world. As miners left the fields, there was rapid urban growth, and housing booms were fuelled again by goldfields capital. In the countryside, there was a growing demand to "unlock the lands" for free selection of small holdings, to break up the great runs of the squatters, who had dominated politics before the gold rushes. Along with demands for liberal political change