Lieberman (2007) comments that these Dmanisi remains add to the unusually high variability within fossils attributed to Homo erectus e.g. cranial capacities in early specimens vary from around 600cc in the Dmanisi individuals, to nearly 1100cc in 1-million-year-old specimens from Africa, and even higher in younger fossils. Homo heidelbergensis This is an alternative name for fossils that are also classified as " archaic Homo sapiens ". Archaic H. sapiens first appears in the fossil record about half a million years ago. These fossils appear intermediate between Homo erectus and fully modern humans. Skulls attributed to archaic sapiens have an average cranial capacity of 1200cc, which is larger than erectus but less than the average value for modern sapiens . The vault of the skull is more rounded than in erectus , and many of the fossils have large brow ridges, receding foreheads, and weak chins. The Petralona, Steinheim, and Swanscombe remains are also regarded as "archaic" Homo sapiens . Homo neanderthalensis Neandertals (or Neanderthals) lived between 230,000 and 30,000 years ago, during the last Ice Age, and were found only in Europe and the Middle East, where they coexisted with modern humans for the later part of their existence. This species gets its name from the Neander valley, or Tal, in Germany, where the type specimen was found in 1856. All Neandertals are heavily built but those from Western Europe are particularly robust. Their heavy physique was probably an adaptation to the extremely cold conditions in which they lived. Neandertal