the United States officially relied on U.N. Security Council Resolution 1441. Turn back the clock 40 years to the Cuban missile crisis where, again, I think the United States, in adopting the blockade, called a quarantine, and considering the use of air strikes against targets in Cuba, was exercising and considering exercising what would be a preemptive use of force. But it didn't want to make that argument publicly, because that unleashes -- once you start expanding the rules of self-defense, you may open that aperture too far. So again, in the Cuban missile crisis, the United States didn't say we're relying on a new right of preemptive self-defense that's necessary in a nuclear world. It used this argument that the OAS had approved the quarantine. But -- under, I think, a good reading of the U.N. Charter, that doesn't get you there, but it was better than articulating a broad preemptive doctrine that might boomerang and come back to hurt us. But I think the broader point is that, as John suggests, the traditional rules of anticipatory self-defense, which say that you can use self-defense when an enemy attack is imminent, that kind of rule is hard -- which grew out of a world of state versus state, conventional army against conventional army, where you could usually recognize an imminent attack coming. That rule doesn't serve us very well, doesn't meet our security requirements in a world of weapons of mass destruction proliferation, when we don't even have accurate