One must remember, however, that it is not the position of the tongue which is the self-sufficient and decisive factor in speech production and in the formation of purposely discriminative speech sounds. We must maintain a thoroughly realistic attitude and correlate the role of the tongue with the other articulators and with the whole of the speech apparatus, as well as with the auditory and speech-discriminatory goal achieved by the total complex of the motor devices, both the surface and the deep ones such as the pharynx and the larynx. In particular, tongue-height-fronting, as Delattre insists, "has very little relation to the acoustic result, that is, to formant frequency-intensity-time display," whereas the place and narrowness of constriction and especially the shape and volume of cavities correlate best with the acoustic and perceptual result (1967:22f.). The study of speech sounds has often suffered from a kind of tongue-fetishism, supported perhaps by the metonymic closeness of the vocables for 'anatomic tongue' ( langue, jazyk) and 'tongue=language' ( langue, jazyk). For the delineation of the articulatory employments of the tongue, the age-old attention to substitutions made in the pathological cases of tongueless speakers has provided quite instructive material. Many testimonies have been collected and cited to show that the amputation of a large portion of the tongue is not necessarily imcompatible with the power of speech: reports of the fifth century about African confessors who preserved the gift of speech although their tongues had allegedly been cut out; or, later, such publications as