more data processing systems, such as data processing system 200 shown in FIG. 2, and other devices as described with respect to FIG. 1 through FIG. 16. Together, devices and software for implementing the process shown in FIG. 20 can be referred-to as a "system." The process begins as the system receives patient data (step 2000 ). The system establishes connections among received patient data and existing data (step 2002 ). The system then establishes to which cohorts the patient belongs in order to establish "cohorts of interest" (step 2004 ). The system then clusters cohorts of interest according to a selected parameter (step 2006 ). The selected parameter can be any parameter described with respect to FIG. 16, such as but not limited to treatments, treatment effectiveness, patient characteristics, and medical conditions. The system then determines whether to form additional clusters of cohorts (step 2008 ). If additional clusters of cohorts are to be formed, then the process returns to step 2006 and repeats. Additional clusters of cohorts are not to be formed, then the system performs optimization analysis according to ranked parameters (step 2010 ). The ranked parameters include those parameters described with respect to FIG. 16, and include but are not limited to maximum likely benefit, minimum likely harm, and minimum cost. The system then both presents and stores the results (step 2012 ). The system then determines whether to change parameters or parameter rankings (step 2014 ). A positive determination can be prompted by a medical