18-55 years old, all of whom had moderate to severe memory impairment. This included the basic functions of the smartphone using an "errorless fading of cues" training method and tapped into their preserved implicit/ procedural memory . It was then followed by several one-hour training sessions to learn calendar-based skills, such as inputting appointments and reminders. Participants then took the device home to apply their newly acquired skills in real-life situations, including a schedule of ten phone calls to complete over a two-week period at different times of the day -- to closely approximate real life commitments. A behavioural memory log was kept by family members, together with a "memory mistakes" questionnaire which involved rating a list of common memory mistakes on a frequency scale. Two additional questionnaires measured confidence in the participant when dealing with various memory-demanding scenarios e.g changing appointment dates; use of the device to support travelling back in time and forward in time e.g planning ahead, entering future events/appointments; and ease of use of the device. All participants showed "robust increases" in day-to-day memory functioning after taking the training and continued to report benefit from smartphone and PDA use, three to eight months later. *Implicit or procedural memory is a type of memory that supports learning but does not require conscious executive control (common examples of this type of memory include riding a bicycle or brushing one's teeth, which doesn't require conscious remembering of where the procedure was learned in order to perform it).