The idea is related to the notion of critical periods: organisms have a heightened sensitivity to certain environmental stimuli during specific periods of their development. If the organism does not receive appropriate stimuli during this critical period, it may never develop certain functions, or develop them with great difficulty or in limited ways. So what is Schore telling us? If an infant doesn't receive the kind of emotional interactions it needs from its caretakers during the early months of life, its brain won't develop normally. Certain neurons that should have interconnected will instead die. "Use it or lose it" -- if you don't get what you need during those first two years, that experience will affect you for life. As my own client translates it, this means "brain damage." You might be able to modify that damage with a lot of hard work, but neuroplasticity has its limits. You will never be the person you might have been if you'd gotten what you needed during that critical period of emotional development. A deeply sobering thought. You can call it what you like -- bad parenting, failure of attunement, insecure attachment -- but when things go wrong between parent and child in the first two years of life, you are permanently damaged by it in ways that cannot be entirely erased. The awareness that you are damaged, the felt knowledge that you didn't get what you needed and that as a result, your emotional development has been warped and stunted in