be accessed by unauthorized entities. In the US, the recently issued International Strategy for Cyberspace recognizes and reinforces the primary commitment of government to citizens' legal protections. It also strongly affirms that fundamental freedoms, privacy and free flow of information are ideals that cannot be compromised, either online or offline. [24] Similarly, as Canada's Cyber Security Strategy sets out, our efforts to tackle these issues must be done in accordance with Canadian values like the rule of law, accountability and privacy. [25] Over the past decade, Canada has taken a number of steps to enhance its own cyber security. Across government, there have also been expanded efforts to better protect citizens and businesses from online risks and threats. The state's interest in detecting and preventing crime begins to prevail over the individual's interest in being left alone at the point where credibly based probability replaces suspicion. History has confirmed the appropriateness of this requirement as the threshold for subordinating the expectation of privacy to the needs of law enforcement. ~ Hunter et al. v. Southam Inc., [1984] 2 S.C.R. 145 Cyber security programs must recognize that issues of sovereignty and integrity arising from local data held on Canadian servers and systems. These contain personal information that must not be compromised or undermined. The online interests of law enforcement and national security investigations -- efforts to police online systems and networks -- cannot proceed without due process, appropriate oversight and careful consideration. Canadian and American governments have come to realize that