first experiment with parliament and the French were headed off on their last Crusade. Both countries were still largely feudal. When reading of the history of the interaction between the Europeans and the First Nations, it is important to remember that European penal systems readily engaged in torture and public executions. Indeed the King of England was executed during the middle of the 17th century. While it is true that Fathers Jean de Brbeuf and Gabriel Lalement were tortured and burned at the stake at Saint Marie among the Hurons, this was following a time honored tradition of religious burnings. One example is Mary I of England who had had almost 300 religious dissenters burned at the stake during her short five year reign. Not to be out done, the French massacre of St. Bartholomew's Day in 1572 saw tens of thousands, some say 110,000, Huguenots massacred by the Catholics in Paris. They were violent times on both sides of the Atlantic. First Nations Architecture Canada's First Nations people showed genius in their adaptation of available materials for building purposes. As in most other cultures, the first building material was wood in its various forms, from saplings for structure to bark and leaves for finish materials. Stones were used on foundations. Saplings were used as main support beams because they were more pliable than large tree trunks and took less time to cut and place. Sod and snow were used both as complete building systems and as finish materials. As