AndreaBozzo/ceres-open-data-index huggingface dataset:
Evaluating the Incapacitative Benefits of Incarcerating Drug Offenders in Los Angeles and Maricopa [Arizona] Counties, 1986 and 1990

The objective of this study was to examine the observable
 offending patterns of recent and past drug offenders to assess the
 crime control potential associated with recent increases in the
 incarceration of drug offenders. The periods examined were 1986
 (representing the second half of the 1980s, when dramatic shifts
 toward increasing incarceration of drug offenders first became
 evident), and 1990 (after escalating sentences were well under way).
 Convicted offenders were the focus, since these cases are most
 directly affected by changes in imprisonment policies, particularly
 provisions for mandatory prison terms. Offending patterns of convicted
 and imprisoned drug offenders were contrasted to patterns of convicted
 robbers and burglars, both in and out of prison. The researchers used
 data from the National Judicial Reporting Program (NJRP), sponsored by
 the U.S. Department of Justice, Bureau of Justice Statistics (BJS),
 for information on the court processing of individual felony
 convictions. The National Association of Criminal Justice Planners
 (NACJP), which maintains data for the approximately 50 counties
 included in the NJRP, was contracted to determine the counties to be
 sampled (Los Angeles County and Maricopa County in Arizona were
 chosen) and to provide individual criminal histories. Variables
 include number of arrests for robbery, violent crimes, property
 crimes, and other felonies, number of drug arrests, number of
 misdemeanor arrests, rate of violent, property, robbery, weapons,
 other felony, drug, and misdemeanor arrests, offense type (drug
 trafficking, drug possession, robbery, and burglary), total number of
 incarcerations, total number of convictions, whether sentenced to
 prison, jail, or probation, incarceration sentence in months, sex,
 race, and age at sampled conviction, and age at first arrest (starting
at age 17).
Police and Child Abuse:  Policies and Practices in the United States, 1987-1988

This study was conducted by the Police Foundation and the
 American Enterprise Institute to document municipal and county law
 enforcement agencies' policies for dealing with child abuse, neglect,
 and sexual assault and exploitation, and to identify emerging police
 practices. The researchers investigated promising approaches for
 dealing with child abuse and also probed for areas of weakness that
 are in need of improvement. Data were collected from 122 law
 enforcement agencies on topics including interagency reporting and
 case screening procedures, the existence and organizational location
 of specialized units for conducting child abuse investigations, actual
 procedures for investigating various types of child abuse cases,
 factors that affect the decision to arrest in physical and sexual
 abuse cases, the scope and nature of interagency cooperative
 agreements practices and relations, the amount of training received by
 agency personnel, and ways to improve agency responses to child abuse
and neglect cases.
Production and Consumption of Research in Police Agencies in the United States, 1989-1990

The purpose of this study was to describe the dynamics of
 police research, how the role and practice of research differ among
 police agencies, and why this appears to happen. This study also
 attempts to answer, on a national scale, four fundamental questions:
 (1) What is police research? (2) Who does it? (3) Why is it done? and
 (4) What impact does it have? In addition to describing the overall
 contours of the conduct of research in United States police agencies,
 this study also sought to explore the organizational dynamics that
 might contribute to understanding the different roles research plays
 in various types of police organizations. Questionnaires were mailed
 in 1990 to 777 sheriff, municipal, county, and state police agencies
 selected for this study, resulting in 491 surveys for
 analysis. Respondents were asked to identify the extent to which they
 were involved in each of 26 distinct topic areas within the past year,
 to specify the five activities that consumed most of their time during
 the previous year, and to describe briefly any projects currently
 being undertaken that might be of interest to other police agencies. A
 second approach sought to describe police research not in terms of the
 topics studied but in terms of the methods police used to study those
 topics. A third section of the questionnaire called for respondents to
 react to a series of statements characterizing the nature of research
 as practiced in their agencies. A section asking respondents to
 describe the characteristics of those responsible for research in
 their agency followed, covering topics such as to whom the research
 staff reported. Respondent agencies were also asked to evaluate the
 degree to which various factors played a role in initiating research
 in their agencies. Finally, questions about the impact of research on
the police agency were posed.
Street Gangs and Drug Sales in Pasadena and Pomona, California, 1989-1991

These data were collected to explore connections between
street gangs and drug distribution. The research objectives for this
study were (1) to assess the magnitude of gang involvement in cocaine
and other drug sales in two suburban cities, (2) to compare the
characteristics of gang-involved drug sale incidents with those
without gang involvement, (3) to assess the generalizability of
findings on cocaine to other drugs, and from urban to more suburban
settings, and (4) to translate the implications of the research
findings into the development of law enforcement strategies. Law
enforcement arrest records and gang membership records were obtained
for two study sites, Pasadena and Pomona, California. Part 1, the
incident-level file, supplies information on arrest incidents
qualifying as drug sales. Variables in the file include presence at
arrest of violence, guns, cash, and drugs, types of charges, gang
characteristics of the incident, racial/ethnic makeup of arrestees,
gender of arrestees, and gang affiliation of arrestees. Part 2, the
participant-level file, supplies data on each participant in each
incident. Variables in this file include gender, ethnicity, gang
membership status, and charges.
Violent Offending by Drug Users: Longitudinal Arrest Histories of Adults Arrested in Washington, DC, 1985-1986

This data collection effort examined the influence of drug
 use on three key aspects of offenders' criminal careers in violence:
 participation, frequency of offending, and termination rate. A random
 sample of arrestees was taken from those arrested in Washington, DC,
 during the period July 1, 1985, to June 6, 1986. The sample was
 stratified to overrepresent groups other than Black males. Drug use
 was determined by urinalysis results at the time of arrest, as
 contrasted with previous studies that relied on self-reports of drug
 use. The research addresses the following questions: (1) Does drug use
 have an influence on participation in violent criminal activity? (2)
 Does drug use influence the frequency of violent offending? (3) Is
 there a difference in the types and rates of violent offending between
 drug-using offenders who use stimulants and those who use depressants?
 Variables regarding arrests include date of arrest, drug test result,
 charges filed, disposition date, disposition type, and sentence length
 imposed. Demographic variables include race, sex, birthdate, and place
of birth.
National Assessment Survey of Law Enforcement Anti-Gang Information Resources, 1990-1991

This study constituted a systematic national assessment of
 local law enforcement perceptions of the distribution of gang and
 gang-like problems in large cities in the United States, law
 enforcement reactions to gangs, and their policies toward gang
 problems. One purpose of the study was to examine changes in law
 enforcement perceptions of the U.S. gang problem that have occurred
 since NATIONAL YOUTH GANG INTERVENTION AND SUPPRESSION SURVEY,
 1980-1987 (ICPSR 9792) was undertaken. The overall goal was to obtain
 as "conservative" as possible an estimate of the magnitude of the
 gang problem in the United States as reflected by the official
 reaction, record-keeping, and reporting of local law enforcement
 agencies. The agencies were asked to refer the interviewer to the
 individual representative of the agency who could provide the most
 information about the agency's processing of information on gangs and
 other youth-based groups engaged in criminal activity. To obtain each
 law enforcement agency's official, not personal, perspective on gang
 problems, anonymity was intentionally avoided. Each respondent was
 first asked whether the respondent's agency officially identified a
 "gang problem" within their jurisdiction. Gangs were defined for
 this study as groups involving youths engaging in criminal activity.
 Respondents were then asked if their department officially recognized
 the presence of other kinds of organized groups that engaged in
 criminal activity and involved youths and that might be identified by
 their department as crews, posses, or some other designation. Based on
 affirmative answers to questions on the officially recognized presence
 of gangs and the kinds of record-keeping employed by their
 departments, agencies were sent customized questionnaire packets
 asking for specifics on only those aspects of the gang problem that
 their representative had reported the agency kept information on.
 Variables include city name, state, ZIP code, whether the city
 participated in National Youth Gang Intervention and Suppression
 Survey, 1980-1987, and, if so, if the city reported a gang problem.
 Data on gangs include the number of homicides and other violent,
 property, drug-related, and vice offenses attributed to youth gangs
 and female gangs, total number of gang incidents, gangs, gang members,
 female gang members, and gangs comprised only of females for 1991,
 number of juvenile gang-related incidents and adult gang-related
 incidents in 1991, number of drive-by shootings involving gang members
 or female gang members in 1991, and numbers or percent estimates of
 gang members by ethnic groups for 1990 and 1991. Respondents also
 indicated whether various strategies for combating gang problems had
 been attempted by the department, and if so, how effective each of the
crime prevention measures were.
Evaluation of the Los Angeles County Regimented Inmate Diversion (RID) Program, 1990-1991

This data collection documents an evaluation of the Los
 Angeles County Sheriff's Regimented Inmate Diversion (RID) program
 conducted with male inmates who were participants in the program
 during September 1990-August 1991. The evaluation was designed to
 determine whether county-operated boot camp programs for male inmates
 were feasible and cost-effective. An evaluation design entailing both
 process and impact components was undertaken to fully assess the
 overall effects of the RID program on offenders and on the county jail
 system. The process component documented how the RID program actually
 operated in terms of its selection criteria, delivery of programs,
 length of participation, and program completion rates. Variables
 include demographic/criminal data (e.g., race, date of birth, arrest
 charge, bail and amount, sentence days, certificates acquired, marital
 status, employment status, income), historical state and county arrest
 data (e.g., date of crime, charge, disposition, probation time, jail
 time, type of crime), boot camp data (e.g., entry into and exit from
 boot camp, reason for exit, probation dates, living conditions,
 restitution order), drug history data (e.g., drug used, frequency,
 method), data on drug tests, and serious incidence data. The impact
 data were collected on measures of recidivism, program costs,
institutional behavior, and RID's effect on jail crowding.
Drugs and Crime in Public Housing, 1986-1989: Los Angeles, Phoenix, and Washington, DC

This study investigates rates of serious crime for selected
 public housing developments in Washington, DC, Phoenix, Arizona, and
 Los Angeles, California, for the years 1986 to 1989. Offense rates in
 housing developments were compared to rates in nearby areas of private
 housing as well as to city-wide rates. In addition, the extent of law
 enforcement activity in housing developments as represented by arrests
 was considered and compared to arrest levels in other areas. This
 process allowed both intra-city and inter-city comparisons to be
 made. Variables cover study site, origin of data, year of event,
 offense codes, and location of event. Los Angeles files also include
police division.
Evaluation of the Impact of Innovative Policing Programs on Social Disorder in Seven Cities in the United States, 1983-1990

This study was designed to permit a "meta-evaluation" of
 the impact of alternative policing programs on social disorder.
 Examples of social disorder include bands of teenagers deserting
 school and congregating on street corners, solicitation by prostitutes
 and panhandlers, public drinking, vandalism, verbal harassment of
 women on the street, street violence, and open gambling and drug
 use. The data used in this study were taken from studies conducted
 between 1983 and 1990 in seven cities. For this collection, a common
 set of questions was identified and recoded into a consistent format
 across studies. The studies were conducted using similar sampling and
 interviewing procedures, and in almost every case used a
 quasi-experimental research design. For each target area studied, a
 different, matched area was designated as a comparison area where no
 new policing programs were begun. Surveys of residents were conducted
 in the target and comparison areas before the programs began (Wave I)
 and again after they had been in operation for a period ranging from
 ten months to two-and-a-half years (Wave II). The data contain
 information regarding police visibility and contact, encounters with
 police, victimization, fear and worry about crime, household
 protection and personal precautions, neighborhood conditions and
 problems, and demographic characteristics of respondents including
 race, marital status, employment status, education, sex, age, and
 income. The policing methods researched included community-oriented
policing and traditional intensive enforcement programs.
Sandhills [North Carolina] Vocational Delivery System Evaluation Project, 1983-1987

This data collection was designed to evaluate the
effectiveness of a vocational training program on post-release
vocational skills, employment, and recidivism of youthful male inmates
18 to 21 years old. The study used an experimental design to examine
the differences in post-release activities among three inmate groups. A
comprehensive inmate data base was created to describe inmates'
confinement history, employment history, and their criminal records.
The contextual data files provide additional information relevant to
inmates' post-release activities.
Clients of Street Prostitutes in Portland, Oregon, San Francisco and Santa Clara, California, and Las Vegas, Nevada, 1996-1999

These data were collected to examine the background
characteristics, attitudes, and reported behaviors of arrested clients
of prostitutes, with particular attention to the issue of violence
against women. Client intervention programs in four cities provided
opportunities for gathering information from men arrested for trying
to hire street prostitutes. For the study, a detailed anonymous
questionnaire was administered to men before the beginning of every
client intervention workshop in San Francisco, California, and
Portland, Oregon. The questionnaire was also administered at a small
program in Santa Clara, California, which was modeled after the San
Francisco program. During the course of the study, the Portland
program ceased operations and a new program began in Las Vegas, which
became a significant source of data. Men were asked about their sexual
behavior, including the number and type of partners, frequency of sex,
interest in pornography, age and circumstances of first sexual
encounter with a prostitute, sexual acts performed with prostitutes,
and condom use with prostitutes. Clients were also asked about their
attitudes toward premarital sex, homosexual sex, extramarital sex, and
sex between adults and children. Other questions probed men's views
about prostitutes, the legality of prostitution, and violence against
women. Background information gathered on clients included race,
educational level, sexual orientation, marital status, work status,
socioeconomic status, age, parents' marital status, history of sexual
or physical abuse, military service, relationship history, and sexual
preferences.
Crime Control Effects of Sentencing in Essex County, New Jersey, 1976-1997  

This study was undertaken to examine the ways in which
 different felony sanctions impact the future behavior of felony
 offenders. The study sought to determine whether the following made a
 difference in subsequent criminal behavior: (1) sentences of
 confinement, (2) the length of sentence (both the sentence imposed and
 that which was actually served), and (3) sentences of probation
 combined with jail ("split" sentences), or combined with fines,
 restitution, or other alternative sanctions. Data were collected from
 questionnaires completed by 18 judges of the Essex County, New Jersey,
 courts and by probation staff. Follow-up data were collected from
 official records provided by probation, jail, prison, and parole case
 files. Follow-up data were also collected from the following official
 records: (1) the New Jersey Offender-Based Transaction System
 Computerized Criminal History, (2) the New Jersey Department of
 Corrections Offender-Based Correctional Information System, (3) the
 United States Department of Justice Interstate Identification Index,
 (4) the National Crime Information Center Wanted Persons File, (5) the
 New Jersey PROMIS/GAVEL Prosecutors Case Tracking System, and (6)
 administrative record files of the New Jersey Department of
 Corrections. Variables in the data file include the most serious
 offense charge, most serious offense of conviction, dimension of
 conviction, offense type (person, property, social order, fraud, or
 drug offense), number of prior probations, number of probation
 revocations, number of prior jail and prison terms, mitigating and
 aggravating factors affecting the sentence, type of sentence, special
 conditions of probation, fines and restitutions imposed, minimum and
 maximum incarceration terms (in months), history of drug offenses,
 type of drugs used, probation and parole violations, total number of
 prior arrests and prior convictions, and longest arrest-free period
 after first arrest. The type of post-sentence offense, dimension,
 disposition charge, sentence, and date of arrest are provided for
 arresting events and charge episodes 1 through 108 for any
 offender. For up to 43 arrest events (for any offender), the date of
 lockup and date of exit from confinement are provided. The file also
 includes recommendations made by prosecutors and probation officers,
 and judges' ratings (on a scale of one to nine) with respect to the
 likelihood of an offender committing future property crimes, crimes
 against persons, or any crime. Judges also rated the arrest record
 length, conviction record length, and social stability of each
 offender. Retribution points, incapacitation points, and specific
 deterrence points assigned by the judges complete the
 file. Demographic variables include the race and sex of each convicted
offender, and the age of the offender at first conviction.
National Survey of Adolescents in the United States, 1995

The goal of this study was to test specific hypotheses
 illustrating the relationships among serious victimization
 experiences, the mental health effects of victimization, substance
 abuse/use, and delinquent behavior in adolescents. The study assessed
 familial and nonfamilial types of violence. It was designed as a
 telephone survey of American youth aged 12-17 living in United States
 households and residing with a parent or guardian. One parent or
 guardian in each household was interviewed briefly to establish
 rapport, secure permission to interview the targeted adolescent, and
 to ensure the collection of comparative data to examine potential
 nonresponse bias from households without adolescent participation.
 All interviews with both parents and adolescents were conducted using
 Computer-Assisted Telephone Interviewing (CATI) technology. From the
 surveys of parents and adolescents, the principal investigators
 created one data file by attaching the data from the parents to the
 records of their respective adolescents. Adolescents were asked
 whether violence and drug abuse were problems in their schools and
 communities and what types of violence they had personally
 witnessed. They were also asked about other stressful events in their
 lives, such as the loss of a family member, divorce, unemployment,
 moving to a new home or school, serious illness or injury, and natural
 disaster. Questions regarding history of sexual assault, physical
 assault, and harsh physical discipline elicited a description of the
 event and perpetrator, extent of injuries, age at abuse, whether
 alcohol or drugs were involved, and who was informed of the
 incident. Information was also gathered on the delinquent behavior of
 respondents and their friends, including destruction of property,
 assault, theft, sexual assault, and gang activity. Other questions
 covered history of personal and family substance use and mental health
 indicators, such as major depression, post-traumatic stress disorders,
 weight changes, sleeping disorders, and problems
 concentrating. Demographic information was gathered from the
 adolescents on age, race, gender, number of people living in
 household, and grade in school. Parents were asked whether they were
 concerned about violent crime, affordable child care, drug abuse,
 educational quality, gangs, and the safety of their children at
 school. In addition, they were questioned about their own
 victimization experiences and whether they discussed personal safety
 issues with their children. Parents also supplied demographic
 information on gender, marital status, number of children, employment
status, education, race, and income.