AndreaBozzo/ceres-open-data-index huggingface dataset:
Tool Mark Analysis of Cut Costal Cartilage, 2009-2010 [United States]

The study was designed to establish the potential error rate associated with the generally accepted method of tool mark analysis of cut marks in costal cartilage. Three knives with different blade types were used to make experimental cut marks in costal cartilage of pigs. Each cut surface was cast, and each cast was examined by three analysts working independently. Presence of striations, regularity of striations, and presence of a primary and secondary striation pattern were recorded for each cast. The distance between each striation was measured. The Cut Mark Measurement Data (Dataset 1) are comprised of the observations and measurements of three analysts on 180 distinct specimen identifiers. The repeated measurements were aggregated by taking the Mean Interstriation Distance (MID) and the medians of the numeric variables for each combination of the categorical variables, resulting in the Aggregated Cut Mark Measurement Data (Dataset 2).
National Elder Mistreatment Study, 2008 [United States]

The overall aim of this project was to conduct a national epidemiological study to determine prevalence and risk factors for elder mistreatment in community residing older adults, defined generally as physical, sexual, emotional, neglectful, or financial mistreatment of a person aged 60 years or older. A second goal was to determine whether proxy reports of mistreatment would yield prevalence estimates similar to those of older adult respondents themselves, thereby demonstrating the validity of an alternate method of assessing elder mistreatment. Random Digit Dialing methodology was used to derive a nationally representative sample (based on age, race, and gender) of 6,052 older adults (target goal 4,000) and 538 proxy respondents (target goal 500) for this study. Participants were interviewed via telephone in English or Spanish about a variety of mistreatment types and mistreatment risk factors, in addition to questions regarding health, social support, and demographics. Specific elder mistreatment categories included emotional, physical, sexual, financial, and neglect.
Neighborhood Violence in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 1996-2007

This study assessed the implementation and impact of the One Vision One Life (OVOL) violence-prevention strategy in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. In 2003, the rise in violence in Pittsburgh prompted community leaders to form the Allegheny County Violence Prevention Imitative, which became the OVOL program. The OVOL program sought to prevent violence using a problem-solving, data-driven model to inform how community organizations and outreach teams respond to homicide incidents. The research team examined the impact of the OVOL program on violence using a quasi-experimental design to compare violence trends in the program's target areas before and after implementation to (1) trends in Pittsburgh neighborhoods where One Vision was not implemented, and (2) trends in specific nontarget neighborhoods whose violence and neighborhood dynamics One Vision staff contended were most similar to those of target neighborhoods. The Pittsburgh Bureau of Police provided the violent-crime data, which the research team aggregated into monthly counts. The Pittsburgh Department of City Planning provided neighborhood characteristics data, which were extracted from the 2000 Census. Monthly data were collected on 90 neighborhoods in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania from 1996 to 2007, resulting in 12,960 neighborhood-by-month observations.
Explaining Developmental Crime Trajectories at Places: A Study of "Crime Waves" and "Crime Drops" at Micro Units of Geography in Seattle, Washington, 1989-2004

This study extends a prior National Institute (NIJ) funded study on mirco level places that examined the concentration of crime at places over time. The current study links longitudinal crime data to a series of other databases. The purpose of the study was to examine the possible correlates of variability in crime trends over time. The focus was on how crime distributes across very small units of geography. Specifically, this study investigated the geographic distribution of crime and the specific correlates of crime at the micro level of geography. The study reported on a large empirical study that investigated the "criminology of place." The study linked 16 years of official crime data on street segments (a street block between two intersections) in Seattle, Washington, to a series of datasets examining social and physical characteristics of micro places over time, and examined not only the geography of developmental patterns of crime at place but also the specific factors that are related to different trajectories of crime. The study used two key criminological perspectives, social disorganization theories and opportunity theories, to inform their identification of risk factors in the study and then contrast the impacts of these perspectives in the context of multivariate statistical models.
Evaluating Alternative Police Responses to Spouse Assault in Colorado Springs: an Enhanced Replication of the Minneapolis Experiment, 1987-1989

The purpose of this study was to replicate an experiment in
 Minneapolis (MINNEAPOLIS INTERVENTION PROJECT, 1986-1987 [ICPSR 9808])
 testing alternative police response to cases of spouse assault, using
 a larger number of subjects and a more complex research design. The
 study focused on how police response affected subsequent incidents of
 spouse assault. Police responses studied included arrest, issuing
 emergency protection orders, referring the suspect to counseling,
 separating the suspect and the victim, and restoring order only (no
 specific action). Data were obtained through initial incident reports,
 counseling information, and personal interviews. Follow-up interviews
 were conducted at three- and six-month periods, and recidivists were
 identified through police and court record checks. Variables from
 initial incident reports include number of charges, date, location,
 and disposition of charges, weapon(s) used, victim injuries, medical
 attention received, behavior towards police, victim and suspect
 comments, and demographic information such as race, sex, relationship
 to victim/offender, age, and past victim/offender history. Data
 collected from counseling forms provide information on demographic
 characteristics of the suspect, type of counseling, topics covered in
 counseling, suspect's level of participation, and therapist comments.
 Court records investigate victim and suspect criminal histories,
 including descriptions of charges and their disposition, conditions of
 pretrial release, and the victim's contact with pretrial services.
 Other variables included in follow-up checks focus on criminal and
 offense history of the suspect. The data collection includes separate
 data files for the original, second, and final versions of some of the
forms that were used.
Evaluation of the New York City Police Cadet Corps, 1986-1989

The purpose of this study was to examine whether the
Police Cadet Corps program in New York City had achieved its goal of
improving the police force through additional training of applicants
with higher education. The evaluation of the program was designed to
answer questions such as (1) How was the program recruitment
implemented, and with what success? (2) What were the role-related
perceptions and attitudes of the cadets and how did they differ, if at
all, among different types of cadets and from those of the members of
the latest recruit class? (3) How, if at all, did the program
experience affect the cadets' perceptions and attitudes? and (4) How
did the attitudes and perceptions of cadets compare to non-cadet
recruits with and without some college education in the same academy
class? Four cohorts of cadets were asked to complete several different
questionnaires throughout the course of the program, which culminated
in graduation from the police academy. Two sets of non-cadet recruits
from the academy were also included in the research. Major variables
in the data collection detail reasons for entry into the police
department, opinions regarding police, and perceptions and attitudes
toward the police cadet program. Some questionnaires also provided
information on demographic characteristics of the cadets (race, sex,
marital status, military service and branch, highest level of
education, family income, and year of birth). The unit of observation
is the New York City police cadet.
Drug Abuse as a Predictor of Rearrest or Failure to Appear in Court in New York City, 1984  

This data collection was undertaken to estimate the
prevalence of drug use/drug use trends among booked arrestees in New
York City and to analyze the relationship between drug use and crime.
The data, which were collected over a six-month period, were generated
from volunteer interviews with male arrestees, the analyses of their
urine specimens, police and court records of prior criminal behavior
and experience with the criminal justice system, and records of each
arrestee's current case, including court warrants, rearrests, failures
to appear, and court dispositions. Demographic variables include age,
education, vocational training, marital status, residence, and
employment. Items relating to prior and current drug use and drug
dependency are provided, along with results from urinalysis tests for
opiates, cocaine, PCP, and methadone. The collection also contains
arrest data for index crimes and subsequent court records pertaining
to those arrests (number of court warrants issued, number of pretrial
rearrests, types of rearrests, failure to appear in court, and court
dispositions), and prior criminal records (number of times arrested
and convicted for certain offenses).
Mental Disorder and Violent Crime:  A 20-Year Cohort Study in New York State, 1968-1988

The objectives of this study were (1) to compare long-term
patterns of violent crime for mentally disordered patients and for
prison inmates, and (2) to evaluate the predictive validity of a
diagnosis of schizophrenia for subsequent arrests for violent crimes.
For purposes of this data collection, violent crimes were defined as
including murder, manslaughter, rape, assault, kidnapping, and sodomy.
The study analyzed individual state mental hospital patients and
inmates of state prisons in New York State over a 20-year span. In the
process of obtaining information regarding the individuals, three
different areas were focused on: hospital, incarceration, and arrest
histories. Variables for hospital histories include inpatient
hospitalizations, admission and discharge dates, legal status for all
state hospitals through 1988, primary diagnosis for target and most
recent admissions, and placements in New York State Department of
Correctional Services mental hospitals. Incarceration history variables
include time spent in adult state prisons, incarcerations through 1988,
and dates of release (including re-entry to community on parole,
outright release, or escape). Arrest histories include information on
the subject's first adult arrest through 1988 (only the most serious
charge for each incident is recorded) and out-of-state arrests, when
available. Demographic variables include age, race, and date of birth.
Relationship of Mental Disorder to Violent Behavior in the United States, 1983-1984

This study investigates the relationship between mental
 disorder and violent behavior. Detailed interviews were conducted with
 inmates in the North Carolina prison system. Each respondent was given
 a psychological assessment using the Diagnostic Interview Schedule,
 Version III. Conditions of particular interest were schizophrenia,
 mood disorders (depression and dysthymia), traumatic stress disorder,
 and alcohol disorders. The data supply information on the respondent's
 criminal history, psychological status at the time of interview, and
 history of rule infractions while incarcerated for the current
 offense. In addition to the psychological assessment, questions were
 also asked covering areas of general health status, criminal history,
 and drug and alcohol use.  Demographic information includes age,
education, marital status, and race.
Arson Measurement, Analysis, and Prevention in Massachusetts, 1983-1985

These data were gathered to test a model of the
socioeconomic and demographic determinants of the crime of arson.
Datasets for this analysis were developed by the principal
investigator from records of the Massachusetts Fire Incident Reporting
System and from population and housing data from the 1980 Census of
Massachusetts. The three identically-structured data files include
variables such as population size, fire incident reports, employment,
income, family structure, housing type, housing quality, housing
occupancy, housing availability, race, and age.
Perceptual Deterrence and Desistance from Crime:  A Study of Repetitive Serious Property Offenders in Tennessee, 1987-1988    

For this data collection, offenders confined to prison were
 surveyed to examine the utility of deterrence theory variables as
 predictors of differential desistance from serious property crimes. The
 investigators also examined subjects' "criminal calculus," that is,
 their expectations of the likely gains and losses of further criminal
 behavior and the conditions under which they likely would commit
 further crimes. Specifically, the data explored whether decisions to
 commit crime are based on assessment of potential returns from
 alternate courses of action and the risk of legal sanctions. Sixty
 repeat offenders who had served one or more prison sentences were asked
 about their history of criminal activity, reasons for committing
 crimes, expectations of future criminal activities, and likely
 consequences of committing crimes. Data were collected in pre-release
 interviews in 1987 and 1988 as part of a larger study. Variables
 include age, education, age at first arrest, alcohol and drug use as a
 juvenile, as a young adult, and as a mature adult, past crimes,
 willingness to commit specific property crimes, reasons for being
 willing or unwilling to commit specific property crimes, expectations
 of arrest subsequent to actual crimes committed, and the likelihood of
future criminal activity.
Evaluation of the Implementation and Impact of the Massachusetts Intensive Probation Supervision Project, 1984-1985

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness
 of an Intensive Probation Supervision (IPS) program on high-risk
 offenders. The IPS program was characterized by four changes in usual
 procedures: (1) increased supervision, (2) risk/needs assessment for
 substance abuse, employment, and marital/family relationships, (3)
 stricter enforcement of probation, and (4) a four-stage revocation
 procedure for technical violations. The investigators also studied
 whether the additional caseload of the probation officers who
 implemented the IPS program reduced the number of supervision contacts
 with non-IPS probationers under normal minimum, moderate, and maximum
 supervision regimens. Offenders put on IPS probation in 1985 from 13
 experimental courts were compared to high-risk offenders put on
 regular probation in the experimental courts in 1984, and to high-risk
 offenders on regular probation from 13 control courts for both 1984
 and 1985. Data were derived from risk assessment forms,
 needs/strengths assessment forms, probation supervision records, and
 criminal history data obtained from the state's probation central
 field. For each offender, a full range of data were collected on (1)
 offender risk characteristics at initial, four-month, ten-month, and
 termination assessments, (2) offender needs characteristics at the
 same intervals, (3) probation officer/offender contact chronologies
 for the entire one-year follow-up period, and (4) offender prior
criminal history and recidivism during a one-year follow-up period.
Anticipating Community Drug Problems in Washington, DC, and Portland, Oregon, 1984-1990

This study examined the use of arrestee urinalysis results
 as a predictor of other community drug problems. A three-stage public
 health model was developed using drug diffusion and community drug
 indicators as aggregate measures of individual drug use
 careers. Monthly data on drug indicators for Washington, DC, and
 Portland, Oregon, were used to: (1) estimate the correlations of drug
 problem indicators over time, (2) examine the correlations among
 indicators at different stages in the spread of new forms of drug
 abuse, and (3) estimate lagged models in which arrestee urinalysis
 results were used to predict subsequent community drug
 problems. Variables included arrestee drug test results, drug-overdose
 deaths, crimes reported to the local police department, and child
 maltreatment incidents. Washington variables also included
 drug-related emergency room episodes. The unit of analysis was months
 covered by the study. The Washington, DC, data consist of 78 records,
 one for each month from April 1984 through September 1990. The
 Portland, Oregon, data contain 33 records, one for each month from
January 1988 through September 1990.
National Assessment Program Survey of Criminal Justice Personnel in the United States, 1986

This survey probed the needs and problems facing local
 criminal justice practitioners. Within each sampled county, survey
 questionnaires were distributed to the police chief of the largest
 city, the sheriff, the jail administrator, the prosecutor, the chief
 trial court judge, the trial court administrator (where applicable),
 and probation and parole agency heads. Although the general topics
 covered in the questionnaires are similar, specific items are not
 repeated across the questionnaires, except for those given to the
 sheriffs and the police chiefs. The sheriffs surveyed were those with
 law enforcement responsibilities, so the questions asked of the police
 chiefs and the sheriffs were identical. The questionnaires were
 tailored to each group of respondents, and dealt with five general
 areas: (1) background characteristics, including staff size, budget
 totals, and facility age, (2) criminal justice system problems, (3)
 prison crowding, (4) personnel issues such as training needs and
 programs, and (5) operations and procedures including management,
 management information, and the specific operations in which the
 respondents were involved. In some cases, sets of question items were
 grouped into question batteries that dealt with specific topic areas
 (e.g., staff recruitment, judicial training, and number of personnel).
 For example, the Staff Recruitment battery items in the Probation and
 Parole Questionnaire asked respondents to use a 4 point scale to
 indicate the seriousness of each of the following problems: low
 salaries, poor image of corrections work, high entrance requirements,
 location of qualified staff, shortage of qualified minority
applicants, and hiring freezes.
Classification of Rapists in Massachusetts, 1980-1990

The purpose of this study was to apply the latest version
of a typological system for rapists (MTC:R3) developed at the
Massachusetts Treatment Center for Sexually Dangerous Persons (MTC) to
a large sample of offenders currently or previously incarcerated at
MTC and to examine the system's reliability and concurrent and
predictive validity. Data are available from two of the project's
components. In the first component, 201 rapists who were committed to
MTC between 1958 and 1981 were classified. This sample was used to
revise the previous classification system (R2), upon which the
development of the current system rests. Of these 201 men, 94 were in
residence at the time of the study and 107 had been released. The
second component classified a sample of 54 rapists who were committed
after 1981. This sample was not used to develop the criteria for the
typology. As an overview, this project had two missions: (1) to
subtype about 250 rapists using MTC:R3 criteria, and (2) to utilize an
archivally-derived database to examine the concurrent and predictive
validity of the system. In addition to the subtype assignments, the
primary source of data was the detailed institutional files that were
used to code a 1,500-variable questionnaire.
Criminal Violence and Incapacitation in California, 1962-1988

These data were gathered to investigate the usefulness of
 statistical methods, particularly multiple-regression analysis, in
 predicting repeat criminal activity subsequent to an individual's
 release from prison. The data collection consists of follow-up
 information, collected in 1988, on a sample of males released from
 California prisons. The follow-up study identified criminal activity
 subsequent to individuals' release from prison through 1988.
 Predictor variables include age, prior periods of arrest, history of
 drug use, seriousness of original offense, and number of arrests for
nuisance, person, property, and fraud offenses.
Validating Prison Security Classification Instruments in Hawaii, 1984-1985

The purpose of this study was to develop and validate a
 reliable and accurate method for measuring the effectiveness of
 offender classification systems to improve the management of
 correctional facilities. In the early 1980s, the state of Hawaii began
 classifying its prisoners with a newly developed Federal Bureau of
 Prisons classification instrument. This study was designed to develop
 a method to evaluate this form. Two prediction models were used. The
 first, initial classification, used the sum of four variables to
 arrive at a security score, which was taken to be predictive of
 violence. The second, reclassification, used the sum of seven
 different variables to obtain a custody total, which was then used as
 a major determinant of reclassification. Two groups of inmates were
 used: inmates who had committed infractions and inmates with no
 reported infractions. Research variables include (a) initial
 classification: offense (severity), expected length of incarceration
 (sentence), type of prior commitments, and history of violence, and
 (b) reclassification: percentage of time served, involvement with
 drugs/alcohol, mental/psychological stability, most serious
 disciplinary report, frequency of disciplinary reports, responsibility
 that the inmate demonstrated, and family/community ties. In addition,
 the collection supplies information on race and sex of inmates,
 sentence limitation, history of escapes or attempts, previous
 infractions, entry, reclassification, and termination dates (month and
 year), and custody level. There are demographic variables for sex and
race. The unit of observation is the inmate.
Criminal Victimization Among Women in Cleveland, Ohio:  Impact on Health Status and Medical Service Usage, 1986

The impact of criminal victimization on the health status
 of women is the focus of this data collection. The researchers
 examined the extent to which victimized women differed from
 nonvictimized women in terms of their physical and psychological
 well-being and differences in their use of medical services. The
 sample was drawn from female members of a health maintenance plan at a
 worksite in Cleveland, Ohio. Questions used to measure criminal
 victimization were taken from the National Crime Survey and focused on
 purse snatching, home burglary, attempted robbery, robbery with force,
 threatened assault, and assault. In addition, specific questions
 concerning rape and attempted rape were developed for the
 study. Health status was assessed by using a number of instruments,
 including the Cornell Medical Index, the Mental Health Index, and the
 RAND Corporation test battery for their Health Insurance
 Experiment. Medical service usage was assessed by reference to medical
 records. Demographic information includes age, race, income, and
education.