AndreaBozzo/ceres-open-data-index huggingface dataset:
Role of Law Enforcement in Public School Safety in the United States, 2002

The purpose of this research was to develop an accurate description of the current involvement of law enforcement in schools.  The researchers administered a school survey (Part 1) as well as a law enforcement survey (Part 2 and Part 3). The school survey was designed specifically for this research, but did incorporate items from previous surveys, particularly the School Survey on Crime and Safety and the National Assessment of School Resource Officer Programs Survey of School Principals. The school surveys were then sent out to a total of 3,156 school principals between January 2002 and May 2002. The researchers followed Dillman's mail survey design and received a total of 1,387 completed surveys. Surveys sent to the schools requested that each school identify their primary and secondary law enforcement providers. Surveys were then sent to those identified primary law enforcement agencies (Part 2) and secondary law enforcement agencies (Part 3) in August 2002. Part 2 and Part 3 each contain 3,156 cases which matches the original sample size of schools. For Part 2 and Part 3, a total of 1,508 law enforcement surveys were sent to both primary and secondary law enforcement agencies. The researchers received 1,060 completed surveys from the primary law enforcement agencies (Part 2) and 86 completed surveys from the secondary law enforcement agencies (Part 3). Part 1, School Survey Data, included a total of 309 variables pertaining to school characteristics, type of law enforcement relied on by the schools, school resource officers, frequency of public law enforcement activities, teaching activities of law enforcement officers, frequency of private security activities, safety plans and meetings with law enforcement, and crime/disorder in schools. Part 2, Primarily Relied Upon Law Enforcement Agency Survey Data, and Part 3, Secondarily Relied Upon Law Enforcement Agency Survey Data, each contain 161 variables relating to school resource officers, frequency of public law enforcement activities, teaching activities of law enforcement agencies, safety plans and meetings with schools, and crime/disorder in schools reported to police according to primary/secondary law enforcement.
Offender Characteristics, Offense Mix, and Escalation in Domestic Violence in Colorado Springs, Colorado, Miami-Dade, Florida, Omaha, Nebraska, Charlotte, North Carolina, and Milwaukee, Wisconsin, 1987-1989

Using data from five Spouse Assault Replication Program
(SARP) sites, this study examined the extent to which domestic
violence offenders exhibit a specialized proclivity toward violence
and the extent to which attack severity escalates, de-escalates, or
stays about the same over time. The specialization question was
examined using official arrest records from the Charlotte, North
Carolina, Colorado Springs, Colorado, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, and Omaha,
Nebraska sites. Escalation was examined using victim interview data
from the Charlotte, Milwaukee, Omaha, and Miami-Dada, Florida
sites. This collection consists of 18 SAS setup files used to recode
the variables from the original datasets, organized in five groups, by
city of each data collection site. This collection does not contain
the original data files, themselves.
Evidence-Based Review of Rape and Sexual Assault Preventive Intervention Programs in the United States, 1990-2003

This study was an evidence-based review of sexual assault
 preventive intervention (SAPI) programs. A total of 67 publications
 including articles, government reports, and book chapters (excluding
 dissertations) representing 59 studies met the inclusion criteria and
 were included in the data abstraction process. In order to be included
 in the review, the resource had to be an English-language publication,
 published between 1990 and June 2003, of a SAPI evaluation of a
 primary or secondary preventive intervention program that targeted
 people who were adolescent-age or older, and which included outcome
 measures and a pre-test/post-test or between-group differences
 design. The findings for the article reviews are presented in evidence
 tables, for the general population in Part 1 and the evidence tables
for individuals with disabilities in Part 2.
Prosecuting Domestic Violence Cases with Reluctant Victims in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, 1994-1995 

Officials in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, introduced two
 experiments designed to provide answers to questions of how to deal
 with victim reluctance in domestic violence cases. Two projects funded
 by the National Institute of Justice (NIJ) evaluated these Milwaukee
 domestic violence experiments. The first project examined the
 effectiveness of a specialized domestic violence court that opened in
 September 1994. The primary intent of the specialized domestic
 violence court was to speed up the disposition of cases. The second
 project examined the impact of a change in the district attorney's
 (DA's) screening policy that admitted more cases into the special
 court, which became effective January 1, 1995. The liberalized
 prosecutorial policy was intended to determine whether arrests that
 the DA normally rejected for prosecution because victims failed to
 attend the prosecutor's charging conference could be prosecuted
 successfully none the less. The researchers collected data from three
 time periods: (1) prior to September 1994, (2) between September 1994
 and January 1995, and (3) post-Janurary 1995. For the first
 experiment, several samples were selected from court and DA records to
 assess the impact of the introduction of the special domestic violence
 court and its impact after the change in the DA's charging policy.
 These samples of domestic violence cases (court samples) filed by the
 prosecutor included: (1) 237 cases from Summer 1994, (2) 190 cases
 from Fall 1994, and (3) 242 cases from Spring 1995. For the second
 experiment, three additional samples (complaint room samples) were
 collected of domestic cases declined by the prosecutor to determine
 how victim attendance at the charging conference and other factors
 affected the decision to prosecute: (1) 152 cases from Summer 1994,
 (2) 155 cases from Fall 1994, and (3) 152 cases from Spring 1995.
 Variables in this dataset include if the case was filed, type of
 charges, number of prior misdemeanors, number of prior felonies,
 number of misdemeanors after, number of felonies after, number of
 felony convictions, number of misdemeanor convictions, number of
 subpoenas, number of judicial body attachment orders, whether the
 victim was cooperative, if the victim testified, method of
 disposition, type of disposition, time to disposition, time to
 sentencing, sentencing conditions, if the defendant received jail or
 prison time, if the defendant received probation time, number of
 months incarcerated, number of months on probation, and several date
 variables. Additional variables provide the sex of the defendant, the
 relationship between the defendant and the victim, if the victim was
injured, if the victim was intoxicated, and use of a weapon.
Rape Prevention Through Bystander Education at a Northeastern State University, 2002-2004

The purpose of the study was to evaluate the effectiveness
of a rape prevention program that used a community of responsibility
model to teach women and men how to intervene safely and effectively
in cases of sexual violence before, during, and after incidents with
strangers, acquaintances, or friends. Instead of focusing on women as
potential victims and men as potential perpetrators, the program was
different from other prevention programs in that it approached both
women and men as potential bystanders or witnesses to behaviors
related to sexual violence. Three hundred and eighty-nine
undergraduate students were recruited to participant in the study in
the spring (first wave) and fall (second wave) semesters of 2003 at a
northeastern state university in the United States. Participants were
randomly assigned to one of two treatment groups or a control
group. All first-wave participants filled out pretest questionnaires
(Part 1), post-test questionnaires (Part 2), and questionnaires two
(Part 3) and twelve (Part 4) months following the first post test.
Those in the first wave experimental conditions participated in the
one-session or three-session training program prior to filling out the
post-test questionnaire, and they participated in a booster session
before filling out the questionnaire at the two-month mark.
Second-wave participants experienced similar treatments through the
two-month follow-up questionnaire. After that, they received a
four-month follow-up questionnaire (Part 5) at the same time that the
first-wave participants did their twelve-month follow-up
questionnaire. Numerous demographic variables are included in the
study, along with variables from 15 different scales, a knowledge
questionnaire, responses to vignettes, and respondents' own
experiences with sexual violence.
Effectiveness of Culturally-Focused Batterer Counseling for African American Men in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 2001-2004

This study used an experimental clinical trial to test the
 effectiveness of culturally-focused batterer counseling against
 conventional cognitive-behavioral counseling in African American
 men. A total of 503 men, including all African American men mandated
 by the domestic violence court in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, to
 batterer counseling between November 2001 and May 2004, were randomly
 assigned to one of three counseling options: culturally-focused
 counseling in an all African American group, conventional counseling
 in an all African American group, or conventional counseling in a
 racially mixed group. All three counseling options required a minimum
 of 16 weekly group sessions. At program intake, the men completed a
 background questionnaire, the Short Michigan Alcoholism Screening Test
 (SMAST) and the Racial Identity Scale (RAIS), contained in Part 1,
 Men's Intake Questionnaire Data. The men later completed a survey of
 past experiences of violence, contained in Part 2, Men's Past Violence
 Survey Data. The men were interviewed once at five months after
 program intake about their impressions of and ratings of the
 counseling. Results of those interviews are in Part 3, Men's
 Five-Month Follow-up Data. A female partner was interviewed for 399 of
 the male subjects at program intake. Their responses are contained in
 Part 4, Women's Background Data. Female partners (both initial victims
 and new partners) were interviewed at 3, 6, 9, and 12 months after the
 initial interview at the time of the men's program intake (Parts
 5-8). The follow-up interviews asked about the women's relationship
 status, abusive behavior and its circumstances, help seeking, and
additional intervention.
Measuring Police-Community Interaction Variables in Indianapolis, 1999-2000

This study, funded under the Measuring What Matters
Program, was conducted to identify general neighborhood strengthening,
or community building, processes and police contributions to them. The
purpose of the study, also known as the Police-Community Interaction
Project (PCIP), was to conceive, identify, or define recognizable
patterns of interaction and to find ways to treat these as quantities
that vary in amount and can be shown to fluctuate over time or across
places. To that end, researchers conducted surveys of block clubs,
neighborhood associations, and umbrella groups to gauge the issues
that were important to them, steps they were taking to address these
issues, and the ways in which they interacted with the police.
Researchers also attended the meetings and events held by the Westside
Cooperative Organization (WESCO), an umbrella group, and gathered
coded data about the meetings, events and issues discussed. Specific
variables in the study include demographic variables about the blocks,
neighborhoods, and districts represented by the organizations,
descriptive variables on the organizations themselves, variables
describing issues of importance to the organizations and steps those
organizations were taking to address the issues, variables to describe
the interaction between the organizations and police, and variables
describing police involvement in community activities.
National Survey of Weapon-Related Experiences, Behaviors, and Concerns of High School Youth in the United States, 1996  

This national-level survey of youth was undertaken to
gather detailed behavioral and attitudinal data concerning weapons and
violence. The research project sought to obtain information from a
broad sample of high-school-aged youth to achieve diversity regarding
history, cultural background, population size and density, urban and
non-urban mix, economic situation, and class, race, and ethnic
distributions. Data for the study were derived from two surveys
conducted during the spring of 1996. The first survey was a lengthy
questionnaire that focused on exposure to weapons (primarily firearms
and knives) and violence, and was completed by 733 10th- and
11th-grade male students. Detail was gathered on all weapon-related
incidents up to 12 months prior to the survey. The second survey,
consisting of a questionnaire completed by 48 administrators of the
53 schools that the students attended, provided information regarding
school characteristics, levels of weapon-related activity in the
schools, and anti-violence strategies employed by the schools. The
student survey covered demographic characteristics of the respondent,
family living situations, educational situations and aspirations,
drug, criminal, and gang activities, crime- and violence-related
characteristics of family and friends, respondent's social and
recreational activities, exposure to violence generally, personal
victimization history, and possession of and activities relating to
firearms and knives. Administrators were asked to provide basic
demographic data about their schools and to rate the seriousness of
violence, drugs, guns, and other weapons in their institutions. They
were asked to provide weapon-related information about the average
male junior in their schools as well as to estimate the number of
incidents involving types of weapons on school grounds during the past
three years. The administrators were also asked to identify, from an
extensive list of violence reduction measures, those that were
practiced at their schools. Variables are also provided about the type
of school, grades taught, enrollment, and size of the community. In
addition to the data collected directly from students and school
administrators, Census information concerning the cities and towns in
which the sampled schools were located was also obtained. Census data
include size of the city or town, racial and ethnic population
distributions, age, gender, and educational attainment distributions,
median household and per capita income distributions, poverty rates,
labor force and unemployment rates, and violent and property crime
rates.
Inventory of Data Elements in State and Federal Corrections Information Systems, 1998

This survey summarizes the data elements maintained by
state and federal corrections information systems that track adult,
sentenced offenders, and assesses the severity of obstacles in
reporting statistical information. Two instruments, an Inventory
Questionnaire and an Obstacles Survey, were mailed to Departments of
Correction in all 50 states and the District of Columbia, and to the
Federal Bureau of Prisons. The Inventory Questionnaire asked 207
questions about data elements describing offenders, 15 questions about
elements describing facility management, and 20 questions about the
capabilities of the information system to process data
electronically. For some elements, questions were asked to determine
if more detailed information (subvalues) about the element existed.
The Obstacles Survey asked departments to rate the severity of
problems they may encounter when processing requests for statistical
information. The items were grouped into five categories: legislative
and institutional factors, hardware factors, software factors,
staffing factors, and data factors.
Impact of Gang Migration:  Effective Responses by Law Enforcement Agencies in the United States, 1992

This study was the first attempt to investigate gang
 migration systematically and on a national level. The primary
 objectives of the study were (1) to identify the scope of gang
 migration nationally, (2) to describe the nature of gang migration,
 (3) to assess the impact of gang migration on destination cities, and
 (4) to describe the current law enforcement responses to the migration
 of gangs and identify those that appeared to be most effective for
 various types of migration. Two phases of data collection were
 used. The major objective of the initial phase was to identify cities
 that had experienced gang migration (Part 1). This was accomplished by
 distributing a brief mail questionnaire in 1992 to law enforcement
 agencies in cities identified as potential gang or gang migration
 sites. The second major phase of data collection involved in-depth
 telephone interviews with law enforcement officers in cities that had
 experienced gang migration in order to develop descriptions of the
 nature of migration and police responses to it (Part 2). For Part 1,
 information was collected on the year migration started, number of
 migrants in the past year, factors that deter gang migration, number
 of gang members, names of gangs, ethnic distribution of gang members
 and their drug market involvement, number of gang homicides, number of
 1991 gang "drive-bys", and if gangs or narcotics were specified in the
 respondent's assignment. For Part 2, information was collected on the
 demographics of gang members, the ethnic percentage of drug gang
 members and their involvement in distributing specific drugs, and the
 influence of gang migrants on local gang and crime situations in terms
 of types and methods of crime, drug distribution activities,
 technology/equipment used, and targets of crime. Information on
 patterns of gang migration, including motivations to migrate, drug gang
 migration, and volume of migration, was also collected. Local responses
 to gang migration covered information sources, department policies
 relative to migration, gang specialization in department, approaches
 taken by the department, and information exchanges and coordination
among local, state, and federal agencies.
Differences in the Validity of Self-Reported Drug Use Across Five Factors in Indianapolis, Fort Lauderdale, Phoenix, and Dallas, 1994

This study investigated the accuracy of self-reported drug
 use in three ways. First, the researchers examined differences in the
 accuracy of self-reported drug use across five factors: gender, race,
 age, type of drug, and offense seriousness. Second, an attempt was
 made to determine the specific sources of inaccurate self-reports in
 terms of differences in underreporting and overreporting. Third, the
 researchers sought to explain differences in underreporting and
 overreporting in terms of true differences or differences in
 opportunity to underreport or overreport. This study used data
 collected in 1994 as part of the Drug Use Forecasting (DUF) Program
 [DRUG USE FORECASTING IN 24 CITIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1987-1997
 (ICPSR 9477)]. The DUF drug testing and measurement methodology
 allows the accuracy of self-reported drug use to be checked with a
 biological criterion, namely urine tests. The sample for this study
 consisted of 4,752 white and Black adults from Indianapolis,
 Ft. Lauderdale, Phoenix, and Dallas. The five exogenous measures
 included in this study were type of drug (marijuana vs.
 crack/cocaine), age (18 through 30 vs. 31 or over), offense
 seriousness (misdemeanor vs. felony), race (Black vs. white), and
 gender (male vs. female). The endogenous measures were accuracy
 (self-report and drug test both positive or both negative
 vs. otherwise), underreporting (self-report negative but drug test
 positive vs. otherwise), and overreporting (self-report positive but
 drug test negative vs. otherwise). Variables include result of
 marijuana urine test, result of cocaine/crack urine test, marijuana
 self-report, cocaine/crack self-report, age group, sex, race, offense
category, and ethnic/gender group.
Divorce Mediation and Domestic Violence in the United States, 1993  

This study gathered data on policies and procedures for
 identifying domestic violence issues among divorcing couples and
 examined divorce mediation practices and policies in cases with
 allegations of spousal violence. Mediators and court administrators
 provided information on: (1) whether and how they attempted to gauge
 the level of domestic abuse and the capacity of divorcing parties to
 mediate, and (2) common adjustments to the mediation process made to
 enhance safety in divorce cases where domestic abuse is present. Data
 collection involved a collaboration with the Association of Family and
 Conciliation Courts (AFCC) in the administration and analysis of this
 survey. Court programs providing divorce mediation and/or custody
 evaluations in 1993 were targeted. The questionnaire was mailed in
 late 1993 to 200 institutional members of the AFCC and active
 providers of family and divorce services in the National Center for
 State Courts database. A total of 149 public-sector divorce mediation
 and custody/visitation counseling providers responded. Variables
 include information on the rules, statutes, or guidelines under which
 the program operates, case handling procedures prior to mediation or
 custody/visitation evaluations, and procedures used when clients come
 to mediation. Information is also provided on the number of paid
 professional staff, number of custody/visitation mediations and
 evaluations completed, population of the jurisdiction, the program's
 relationship to the court, types of orientation programs for parents
 provided by the court, if the community had any supervised visitation
services, and the city and state in which the program is located.