AndreaBozzo/ceres-open-data-index huggingface dataset:
Age of Rocks

The geologic time scale divides the 4.6 billion years of earths history into hierarchy of time periods. Every layer of rock corresponds to a specific time in the history of the formation of the Earth. The Precambrian era began with the formation of the Earth; it was followed by the Paleozoic, Mesozoic, and Cenozoic eras. Each of these eras is divided into periods, the periods into epochs, and epochs into ages. Paleontological studies and isotopic dating methods are used to determine the time divisions.

Organization: Natural Resources Canada | Ressources naturelles Canada
Geological Provinces

The geologic time scale divides the 4.6 billion years of earths history into hierarchy of time periods. Every layer of rock corresponds to a specific time in the history of the formation of the Earth. The Precambrian era began with the formation of the Earth; it was followed by the Paleozoic, Mesozoic, and Cenozoic eras. Each of these eras is divided into periods, the periods into epochs, and epochs into ages. Paleontological studies and isotopic dating methods are used to determine the time divisions.

Organization: Natural Resources Canada | Ressources naturelles Canada
Major Rock Categories

Rocks are divided into three main categories according to how they were formed: igneous, sedimentary or metamorphic processes. Rocks differ in their texture, mineral and chemical composition, and bedding characteristics depending on which of these three processes that formed them. Igneous rocks, which are also referred to as magmatic rocks, are formed from materials that come from the depths of the Earth. There are two categories of igneous rocks: intrusive (or plutonic) rocks and volcanic rocks. Sedimentary rocks are the product of the consolidation of loose sediment that has accumulated in beds. A metamorphic rock is derived from a pre-existing igneous or sedimentary rock that is transformed, to a greater or lesser degree, by the action of physical factors such as temperature and pressure, or chemical factors that include the addition of new minerals.

Organization: Natural Resources Canada | Ressources naturelles Canada
Surficial Hydrogeological Materials

Surficial hydrogeological materials show the distribution of sediment deposited in glacially influenced environments. Most drinkable groundwater resources in Canada occur in shallow surficial-sediment aquifers. Surface sediments, such as gravel, sand, silt and clay, or mixed sediments, are an important control on vegetation patterns and surface-water recharge to aquifers. In addition, areas with significant thicknesses of sand and gravel-large moraines and buried valleys-often host prolific aquifers.

Organization: Natural Resources Canada | Ressources naturelles Canada
Land Cover (generalized)

This map shows a simplified distribution of land cover types across Canada interpreted from satellite data obtained in 1995. Land cover has an important role in the water cycle as it significantly affects evapotranspiration and the amount of water leaving a watershed. Evapotranspiration is the sum of evaporation and transpiration, both of which are related to types of land cover. Plants with larger surface area and deeper roots have greater transpiration.

Organization: Natural Resources Canada | Ressources naturelles Canada
Current Water Levels, 2008

The map shows 3172 hydrometric stations, 1491 active and 1681 inactive, located on rivers and lakes across the country. All the stations on the map are situated in a drainage area of 200 square kilometres or more. For 1200 stations shown on the map, surface water level measurements are recorded in real time, every three hours daily, when in operation, although the number of stations recording data varies throughout the year. Hydrometric stations record information on the water level, flow velocity and discharge. Water level is the elevation at the water’s surface; flow velocity is the rate of water flow; and discharge is the amount of water flowing past a point in a unit of time. For both active and inactive stations recorded water data are available. The hydrometric network is run and operated through a federal-provincial cost-sharing program.

Organization: Natural Resources Canada | Ressources naturelles Canada
Drainage Basins

A drainage basin is an area that drains all precipitation received as a runoff or base flow (groundwater sources) into a particular river or set of rivers. Canada’s major drainage regions are the Atlantic Ocean, Hudson Bay, Arctic Ocean, Pacific Ocean and Gulf of Mexico. Rivers are organized into networks, each with its own recharge area upstream, and drainage channel and mouth downstream. Networks are ordered from ocean to main river to secondary rivers to streams which correspond to ocean basins, river basins, sub-basins, sub-sub-basins, and so forth. The boundary of a watershed is called a drainage divide.

Organization: Natural Resources Canada | Ressources naturelles Canada
Human Components of Watersheds

Apart from a source of drinking water, the water resources in watersheds supply water for irrigation and the production of hydroelectricity, and are a primary mode of transportation. Major water consumers are municipalities, agriculture, mining, manufacturing and thermal power generation. The original map consisted of several optional layers to show the impact of human activity on watersheds and the utilization of watersheds for economic, social or cultural purposes. Only layers from the original map that could be viewed simultaneously without loss of information are mapped. Refer to the map text for the complete list of the human components of watersheds that were originally mapped.

Organization: Natural Resources Canada | Ressources naturelles Canada
Physical Components of Watersheds

The physical components of a watershed are rivers, lakes, ponds and reservoirs, groundwater aquifers, snowpacks, glaciers, ice fields, wetlands and precipitation. This map shows the different hydrological components of a watershed, some physical components that affect watersheds and some components that describe watersheds. The original map consisted of several optional layers to show the characteristics of the physical environment that effected or affected watersheds. Only layers from the original map that could be viewed simultaneously without loss of information are mapped. Refer to the map text for the complete list of the physical components of watersheds that were originally mapped.

Organization: Natural Resources Canada | Ressources naturelles Canada
Watersheds

A watershed is an area that drains all precipitation received as a runoff or base flow (groundwater sources) into a particular river or set of rivers. The easiest way to describe the network of rivers and lakes on a small-scale map is to show the watersheds. In Canada, there is a detailed hierarchy of watersheds, ranging from the largest (drainage into oceans and their equivalents), down to the smallest ramification. Canada’s ocean watersheds are the Atlantic Ocean, Hudson Bay, Arctic Ocean, Pacific Ocean and Gulf of Mexico.

Organization: Natural Resources Canada | Ressources naturelles Canada
Permafrost

Permafrost occurs when the ground remains at or below a temperature of 0oC for a minimum period of two years. Permafrost occurs not only at high latitudes but also at high altitudes. Almost all of the soil moisture in permafrost occurs in the form of ground ice, which in turn occurs in several different forms. The quantity of ice in the ground varies widely. Permafrost and ground ice have had significant effects on the economic development of the North. It affects the energy and mining industries, as well as the construction of modern settlements and infrastructure elements such as roads, railways, airfields, and utilities.

Organization: Natural Resources Canada | Ressources naturelles Canada
Physiographic Regions

Canada’s landscape is very diversified and comprises several distinctive areas, called physiographic regions, each of which has its own topography and geology. The physical geography of Canada comprises two great parts: the Shield and the Borderlands. The Shield consists of a core of old, massive, Precambrian crystalline rocks. The Borderlands areas are formed by younger rocks and surround the Shield like two rings. The inner ring comprises a chain of lowlands, plains and plateaus of generally flat-lying sedimentary rocks. The outer ring consists of discontinuous areas of mountains and plateaus in which the younger rocks are deformed. Each of these areas is divided into regions, each of which comprises many smaller subdivisions that are distinctive based on their topography and geology. This map shows the location of these physiographic regions.

Organization: Natural Resources Canada | Ressources naturelles Canada
Beef Cattle by Census Division, 1996

In 1996, Canadian exports of cattle and beef accounted for 2.1 billion, the second single largest agricultural export product after wheat ($4.7 billion). Although 72% of the cow-calf farms are in Western Canada, Eastern Canada is still an important meat producer and represents most of the Canadian beef market. Beef cows outnumber dairy cows in every province except Quebec and Newfoundland and Labrador. The slaughter has undergone major structural changes in the nineties. Today the top four slaughter and processing plants account for 70% to 75% of the total slaughter, compared with 53% in 1992.

Organization: Natural Resources Canada | Ressources naturelles Canada
Dairy Cows by Census Division, 1996

Dairy farming generated more than $3.9 billion in farm sales in 1997. Dairy farming is one of Canada’s most important agricultural activities, ranking first in total farm sales in Quebec, Ontario, and Nova Scotia in 1997. Most of the dairy farms in Canada are in Quebec (37%) and Ontario (33%). In 1996 there were 30 900 farms reporting over 1.2 million dairy cows, a dramatic drop since 1971, when approximately 145 000 farms reported 2.3 million dairy cows. Although the number of cows has steadily declined, milk production has continued to climb. In the 1996 to 1997 dairy year, approximately 77.5 million hectolitres of milk were produced in Canada.

Organization: Natural Resources Canada | Ressources naturelles Canada
Small Farms by Census Division, 1996

Small farms are defined here as those with product sales of $40 000 or less before expenses are deducted, based on the value of a dollar in 1995. Small farms accounted for half (or 139 000) of all Canadian census farms in 1996. Many small farms are not making money, after subtracting operating expanses from the gross farm revenue; the result is a financial loss. A great number of small-farm operators, 64% reported income from non-farm wages or employment income in 1996. The number of small farms decreased by 5.6% since 1991.

Organization: Natural Resources Canada | Ressources naturelles Canada
Surficial Materials

Most unconsolidated materials covering the Canadian landmass have glacial origins. Some sediments were entrained by glaciers and deposited at a distance without being sorted. Other sediments were picked up and reworked by glacial melt water, or transported and deposited by river or wind action. Some sediments are organic or volcanic in origin. Sediments are classified according to the manner in which they were transported and deposited.

Organization: Natural Resources Canada | Ressources naturelles Canada
Wheat Acreage by Census Division, 1996

Wheat is the most important economic crop in Canada. Wheat is grown commercially in all provinces except Newfoundland and Labrador, with most of the production being concentrated in the Prairie Provinces and Ontario. In 1996, production was just short of 30 million tonnes. The domestic use of wheat crop totals about 8 million tonnes per year. The rest, about 19 million tonnes depending on the current year’s production is exported, almost all of it as grain. Exports of Canadian grown wheat are shipped around the world. The largest market is in Asia (China, Bangladesh, and Japan). Although Canada produces and exports a large volume of wheat, it rivals with Australia and the European Union only for second place among the world’s exporting nations. The perennial leader is United States.

Organization: Natural Resources Canada | Ressources naturelles Canada
Area Irrigated in Western Canada, 2001

Canada has one of the most plentiful supplies of fresh water in the world. However, this supply is not limitless, and must be shared among many users. The agriculture sector is one of many competitors for this resource: It uses about 9% of the water withdrawn in Canada. The four western provinces drew 90% of all water withdrawn in Canada for agriculture in 2001. Irrigation accounts for 85% of the water used in agriculture; drinking water for livestock and wash water for equipment are just a few drops in the collective bucket. In 2001, 7% of census farms reported using irrigation.

Organization: Natural Resources Canada | Ressources naturelles Canada
Change in Area of Potatoes, 1991 to 2001

Potatoes, especially processing potatoes, have become a major Canadian commodity; the 2002 crop had a total farm value of 978.0 million Canadian dollars. In the 1999 to 2000 crop year, Canada exported 637.3 million Canadian dollars worth of frozen fries and imported 18.1 million Canadian dollars worth, for a healthy trade surplus of 619.2 million dollars.

Organization: Natural Resources Canada | Ressources naturelles Canada
Change in Greenhouse Area, 1991 to 2001

Canada’s greenhouse area doubled between 1991 and 2001, to about 17.9 million square metres. Flowers have traditionally been the main greenhouse commodity, accounting for more than two-thirds of greenhouse sales in 2001. However, the demand for top-quality salad makings is so great that vegetables are starting to challenge flowers. Total greenhouse product sales reached 1.86 billion Canadian dollars in 2001.

Organization: Natural Resources Canada | Ressources naturelles Canada
Grape Area in Production, 2001

Grapes, especially the best wine grapes, need mild winters and hot summers. In Canada, these conditions are found in relatively small pockets in the most southerly regions of the country. About 80% of the grapes grown in Canada are used for wine production. Canadian producers sold about 1 billion Canadian dollars worth of wine in Canada and another 116 million Canadian dollars worth abroad in 2001 and 2002.

Organization: Natural Resources Canada | Ressources naturelles Canada
Very Large Livestock Farms, 2001

Large livestock farms (which includes very large livestock farms) have been expanding in the last few years. This reflects the trend throughout Canadian agriculture towards fewer, larger farms producing more food, either for Canadian tables or for export. Large livestock farms are found in most agricultural areas of Canada. Notably, they’ve expanded in some of the country’s more intensely settled rural areas – those within commuting distance of metropolitan centres – where the human population has also been rising. An animal unit is the means of equally measure farm animals of different sizes based on feed input and manure output.

Organization: Natural Resources Canada | Ressources naturelles Canada
Very Large Livestock Farms, 2001 (Western Canada)

Large livestock farms (which includes very large livestock farms) have been expanding in the last few years. This reflects the trend throughout Canadian agriculture towards fewer, larger farms producing more food, either for Canadian tables or for export. Large livestock farms are found in most agricultural areas of Canada. Notably, they’ve expanded in some of the country’s more intensely settled rural areas – those within commuting distance of metropolitan centres – where the human population has also been rising. An animal unit is the means of equally measure farm animals of different sizes based on feed input and manure output.

Organization: Natural Resources Canada | Ressources naturelles Canada
Significant Earthquakes and Seismic Hazard

An earthquake is the rapid shaking of the Earth’s surface that follows the sudden release of energy within the Earth. They are most commonly caused by movements along the edges of the plates that make up the Earth’s crust. Each year, more than 3500 mostly small earthquakes are recorded in or near Canada, 50 of which can be felt. More than half of all the earthquakes in Canada occur along the west coast. There is also scattered activity in southeastern Canada and in the Arctic. The size of an earthquake is measured on a magnitude scale, and its intensity is measured on the Modified Mercalli Scale. This map shows the most significant earthquakes recorded in Canada to 2006.

Organization: Natural Resources Canada | Ressources naturelles Canada
Surficial Materials (Diamond Exploration)

Minerals associated with diamond source rocks found in glacial sediments indicate presence of a kimberlite. To a certain extent it also gives an evaluation of the potential presence of diamonds. Regional ice advance and retreat pattern knowledge, combined with geophysical analysis, help to find the kimberlites that are the rock formations where diamonds can be found. This map shows the location of surficial materials and gives the general direction of ice flow.

Organization: Natural Resources Canada | Ressources naturelles Canada
All Generating Stations, 1997 - By Fuel

This map shows the 815 generating stations with a capacity of 500 kilowatts or greater classed by the principal fuel used. Two fuels are dominant: water power (hydro-electricity) and petroleum products. The pattern of hydro plants across Canada is partly explained by Canada's geology: areas that are either rugged or mountainous should have more good sites for these plants than do flat-lying areas. The geology map of Canada has been added here confirms this: it shows that the Canadian Shield (rugged) and Orogen areas (mountainous areas) do have many more hydro stations than do platforms (flat-lying areas). For the other prominent fuel - petroleum products - it can be seen that a large number of plants in Canada's North operate on petroleum fuels.

Organization: Natural Resources Canada | Ressources naturelles Canada
Major Floods

Floods are part of the natural hydrological cycle (the seasonal fluctuation of water levels) and occur along rivers and streams somewhere in Canada every year. Flooding is a common natural hazard that has caused 260 known disasters since 1900, resulting in the loss of 235 lives and 8.7 billion dollars in damage. This map depicts 260 flood disaster events from 1902 - 2005.

Organization: Natural Resources Canada | Ressources naturelles Canada
Coal Resources

Canada has about 1% of the world’s coal resources. Ninety-seven per cent of Canada’s coal is found in the Western Provinces, although it is also found in Ontario, Nova Scotia and New Brunswick. There are coal resources in Northern Canada, but they are not well explored. Coal is used to generate electricity (thermal or steam coal) and to make steel (metallurgical or coking coal, used to produce the coke that, in turn, serves as a heat source and reducing agent in the steel manufacturing process). Depicted on the map are the major coal deposits in Canada, categorized by rank, and the locations of major coal fields and coal mines, major coal transportation routes and major coal-powered electrical generating stations.

Organization: Natural Resources Canada | Ressources naturelles Canada
Crude Oil and Natural Gas Resources

Canada has significant proven reserves of crude oil (178 billion barrels), second only to those of Saudi Arabia. Canadian natural gas reserves were 58 trillion cubic feet as of year-end 2006. These resources are found in the country’s seven major sedimentary basins. The primary petroleum-producing sedimentary basin is the Western Canada Sedimentary Basin (WCSB), which extends from the Canadian Shield to the Rocky Mountains through Manitoba, Saskatchewan, Alberta and northeastern British Columbia. There are also producing basins in southern Ontario, offshore Newfoundland, and the Scotian Shelf. Potential reserves are also found in Northern Canada, where an estimated 30 per cent of Canada’s conventional oil resources are located. The map shows the major petroleum-producing fields (or pools) of conventional natural gas, crude oil and the oil sands, as well as the extensive pipeline network.

Organization: Natural Resources Canada | Ressources naturelles Canada
Generating Stations, 2007 - Technology

A generating station is an industrial facility built and operated to generate electricity. The map shows the 916 generating stations (power plants) operating in 2007. There were 479 hydroelectric stations, 375 thermal plants (combustion, internal combustion and steam), 7 nuclear plants, 54 wind turbines and 1 tidal power plant.

Organization: Natural Resources Canada | Ressources naturelles Canada
Generating Stations, 2007 - Power Source

A generating station is an industrial facility built and operated to generate electricity. The map shows the 916 generating stations (power plants) operating in 2007. There were 479 hydroelectric stations, 375 thermal plants (combustion, internal combustion and steam), 7 nuclear plants, 54 wind turbines and 1 tidal power plant.

Organization: Natural Resources Canada | Ressources naturelles Canada
Hydropower Resources

Hydroelectricity is electricity generated by hydropower, which usually requires the potential energy of water stored behind a dam to drive a water turbine and generator. The map shows 632 large dams and 6 major dams. Major dams are defined as being greater than 150 metres in height and large dams as between 10 to 15 metres and 150 metres. Also, mapped are 479 hydroelectric generating stations. A generating station (power plant) is an industrial facility built and operated to generate electricity. Hydroelectric power is generated from a plant in which the turbine generators are driven by falling or flowing water.

Organization: Natural Resources Canada | Ressources naturelles Canada
Uranium Resources

Uranium is a common element throughout the Earth’s crust, soils, and oceans. Uranium resources are naturally occurring deposits that may have a sufficient concentration of uranium to support mining operations. Canada has about 8% of the world’s unmined uranium resources, but accounts for some 25% of the global primary uranium production. Canada’s uranium mines are located in the Athabasca Basin of northern Saskatchewan, which has ore grades as high as 21% uranium metal, an order of magnitude larger than any other deposits in the world. The nuclear industry provides about 15% of Canada’s electrical power (50% of Ontario’s). The map shows districts with potential for uranium development, small occurrences of uranium, locations of uranium mines and facilities, and locations of nuclear facilities that generate electrical power.

Organization: Natural Resources Canada | Ressources naturelles Canada
Female Median Income (1995$)

This map shows female median income for the female population 15 years of age and over reporting income in 1995 (not including institutional residents). The distribution of incomes above the national female median of $14 508 were most prominent in Vancouver, Calgary, Toronto, Ottawa-Hull, Montréal, and Quebec. Based on the 1996 Census, the number of women reporting income has steadily increased over the years. In 1995, women represented nearly half of all income recipients, compared with 17% in 1990. However, women still represented the majority of workers in the 25 lowest paying occupations. Women had on average increased their purchasing power by 5% between 1980 and 1985, with an additional 12% gain over men between 1985 and 1990.

Organization: Natural Resources Canada | Ressources naturelles Canada