AndreaBozzo/ceres-open-data-index huggingface dataset:
North Atlantic Gyre Area Chlorophyll-a time series and trend from Observations Reprocessing

'''DEFINITION'''

Oligotrophic subtropical gyres are regions of the ocean with low levels of nutrients required for phytoplankton growth and low levels of surface chlorophyll-a whose concentration can be quantified through satellite observations. The gyre boundary has been defined using a threshold value of 0.15 mg m-3 chlorophyll for the Atlantic gyres (Aiken et al. 2016), and 0.07 mg m-3 for the Pacific gyres (Polovina et al. 2008). The area inside the gyres for each month is computed using monthly chlorophyll data from which the monthly climatology is subtracted to compute anomalies.  A gap filling algorithm has been utilized to account for missing data. Trends in the area anomaly are then calculated for the entire study period (September 1997 to December 2021).

'''CONTEXT'''

Oligotrophic gyres of the oceans have been referred to as ocean deserts (Polovina et al. 2008). They are vast, covering approximately 50% of the Earth’s surface (Aiken et al. 2016). Despite low productivity, these regions contribute significantly to global productivity due to their immense size (McClain et al. 2004). Even modest changes in their size can have large impacts on a variety of global biogeochemical cycles and on trends in chlorophyll (Signorini et al. 2015). Based on satellite data, Polovina et al. (2008) showed that the areas of subtropical gyres were expanding. The Ocean State Report (Sathyendranath et al. 2018) showed that the trends had reversed in the Pacific for the time segment from January 2007 to December 2016. 

'''CMEMS KEY FINDINGS'''

The trend in the North Atlantic gyre area for the 1997 Sept – 2021 December period was positive, with a 0.14% year-1 increase in area relative to 2000-01-01 values. This trend has decreased compared with the 1997-2019 trend of 0.39%, and is no longer statistically significant (p>0.05). 
During the 1997 Sept – 2021 December period, the trend in chlorophyll concentration was negative (-0.21% year-1) inside the North Atlantic gyre relative to 2000-01-01 values. This is a slightly lower rate of change compared with the -0.24%  trend for the 1997-2020 period but is still statistically significant (p<0.05).

'''DOI (product):''' 
https://doi.org/10.48670/moi-00226
Black Sea Biogeochemistry Analysis and Forecast

"Short description:''' 

BLKSEA_ANALYSISFORECAST_BGC_007_010 is the nominal product of the Black Sea Biogeochemistry NRT system and is generated by the NEMO 4.2-BAMHBI modelling system. Biogeochemical Model for Hypoxic and Benthic Influenced areas (BAMHBI) is an innovative biogeochemical model with a 28-variable pelagic component (including the carbonate system) and a 6-variable benthic component ; it explicitely represents processes in the anoxic layer.
The product provides analysis and forecast for 3D concentration of chlorophyll, nutrients (nitrate and phosphate), dissolved oxygen, zooplankton and phytoplankton carbon biomass, oxygen-demand-units, net primary production, pH, dissolved inorganic carbon, total alkalinity, and for 2D fields of bottom oxygen concentration (for the North-Western shelf), surface partial pressure of CO2 and surface flux of CO2. These variables are computed on a grid with ~2.5km x 59-levels resolution, and are provided as daily and monthly means.

'''DOI (product) :'''  
https://doi.org/10.48670/mds-00354
EUROPEAN SEAS MEAN DYNAMIC TOPOGRAPHY

'''Short description:'''

The Mean Dynamic Topography MDT-CMEMS_2024_EUR is an estimate of the mean over the 1993-2012 period of the sea surface height above geoid for the European Seas. This is consistent with the reference time period also used in the SSALTO DUACS products

'''DOI (product) :'''   
https://doi.org/10.48670/mds-00337
Black Sea, Bio-Geo-Chemical, L3, daily Satellite Observations (Near Real Time)

'''Short description:'''

For the '''Black Sea''' Ocean '''Satellite Observations''', the Italian National Research Council (CNR – Rome, Italy), is providing '''Bio-Geo_Chemical (BGC)''' regional datasets:
* '''''plankton''''' with the phytoplankton chlorophyll concentration (CHL) evaluated via region-specific algorithms (Zibordi et al., 2015; Kajiyama et al., 2018) and Phytoplankton Functional Types (PFT) evaluated via region-specific algorithm
* '''''reflectance''''' with the spectral Remote Sensing Reflectance (RRS)
* '''''transparency''''' with the diffuse attenuation coefficient of light at 490 nm (KD490) 
* '''''optics''''' including the IOPs (Inherent Optical Properties) such as absorption and scattering and particulate and dissolved matter (ADG, APH, BBP), via QAAv6 model (Lee et al., 2002 and updates)

'''Upstreams''': SeaWiFS, MODIS, MERIS, VIIRS-SNPP & JPSS1, OLCI-S3A & S3B for the '''""multi""''' products, and OLCI-S3A & S3B for the '''""olci""''' products

'''Temporal resolution''': daily

'''Spatial resolutions''': 1 km for '''""multi""''' and 300 meters for '''""olci""'''

To find this product in the catalogue, use the search keyword '''""OCEANCOLOUR_BLK_BGC_L3_NRT""'''.

'''DOI (product) :'''   
https://doi.org/10.48670/moi-00301
Global Ocean - Arctic and Antarctic - Sea Ice Concentration, Edge, Type and Drift (OSI-SAF)

'''Short description:''' 

For the Global - Arctic and Antarctic - Ocean. The OSI SAF delivers five global sea ice products in operational mode: sea ice concentration, sea ice edge, sea ice type (OSI-401, OSI-402, OSI-403, OSI-405 and OSI-408). The sea ice concentration, edge and type products are delivered daily at 10km resolution and the sea ice drift in 62.5km resolution, all in polar stereographic projections covering the Northern Hemisphere and the Southern Hemisphere. The sea ice drift motion vectors have a time-span of 2 days. These are the Sea Ice operational nominal products for the Global Ocean.

'''DOI (product) :'''   
https://doi.org/10.48670/moi-00134
Global Ocean Ensemble Physics Reanalysis

'''Short description:'''

You can find here the CMEMS Global Ocean Ensemble Reanalysis product at ¼ degree resolution : monthly means of Temperature, Salinity, Currents and Ice variables for 75 vertical levels, starting from 1993 onward.
 
Global ocean reanalyses are homogeneous 3D gridded descriptions of the physical state of the ocean covering several decades, produced with a numerical ocean model constrained with data assimilation of satellite and in situ observations. These reanalyses are built to be as close as possible to the observations (i.e. realistic) and in agreement with the model physics The multi-model ensemble approach allows uncertainties or error bars in the ocean state to be estimated.

The ensemble mean may even provide for certain regions and/or periods a more reliable estimate than any individual reanalysis product.

The three reanalyses, used to create the ensemble, covering “altimetric era” period (starting from 1st of January 1993) during which altimeter altimetry data observations are available:
 * GLORYS2V4 from Mercator Ocean (Fr);
 * ORAS5 from ECMWF;
 * and C-GLORSv7 from CMCC (It);
 
These three products provided three different time series of global ocean simulations 3D monthly estimates. All numerical products available for users are monthly or daily mean averages describing the ocean.

'''DOI (product) :'''   
https://doi.org/10.48670/moi-00024
Antarctic Monthly Sea Ice Extent from Observations Reprocessing

'''DEFINITION'''

Sea Ice Extent (SIE) is the area covered by sufficient sea ice, that is the area of ocean having more than 15% Sea Ice Concentration (SIC). SIC is the fractional area of ocean surface that is covered with sea ice. SIC is computed from Passive Microwave satellite observations since the 1970s. SIE is often reported with units of millions square kilometers. SIE includes all sea ice, and does not include lake and river ice. The change in sea ice extent (trend) is expressed in millions of km squared per decade. In addition, trends are expressed relative to the 1979-2024 period in % per decade. These trends are calculated (i) for the annual mean values; (ii) for the winter maximum cover (September in the Southern Hemisphere); (iii) for the summer minimum extent (February in the Southern Hemisphere). The annual mean trend is reported on the key figure. The September and February trends are reported in the text below.  See also section 1.7 in Samuelsen et al. (2016) for an introduction to this Ocean Monitoring Indicator (OMI).


'''CONTEXT'''

Sea ice is frozen seawater that floats at the ocean surface. This large blanket of millions of square kilometers insulates the relatively warm ocean waters from the cold polar atmosphere. The seasonal cycle of sea ice, forming and melting with the polar seasons, impacts both human activities and biological habitat. Knowing how and by how much the sea-ice cover is changing is essential for monitoring the health of the Earth (Meredith et al. 2019; Fox-Kemper et al. 2021).


'''CMEMS KEY FINDINGS'''

Since 1979, there has been an overall slight increase of sea ice extent in the Southern Hemisphere but a sharp decrease was observed after 2016. Over the period 1979-2024, the annual rate amounts to -0.06 +/- +0.06 millions km squared by decade (-0.48% per decade). Winter (September) sea ice extent trend amounts to -0.03 +/- +0.06 millions km squared by decade (-0.14% per decade). Summer (February) sea ice extent trend amounts to -0.06 +/- +0.05 millions km squared by decade (-1.96% per decade). These trend estimates are hardly significant, which is in agreement with the IPCC SROCC, which has assessed that ‘Antarctic sea ice extent overall has had no statistically significant trend (1979–2018) due to contrasting regional signals and large interannual variability (high confidence).’ (Meredith et al. 2019). Southern Hemisphere sea-ice extent for June through October 2024 were second lowest sea ice extent values (for these months) since 1979. November 2024 was the lowest sea ice extent recorded for all November months since 1979.

'''DOI (product):''' 
https://doi.org/10.48670/moi-00187
Nutrient and carbon profiles vertical distribution

'''Short description:'''

This product consists of vertical profiles of the concentration of nutrients (nitrates, phosphates, and silicates) and carbonate system variables (total alkalinity, dissolved inorganic carbon, pH, and partial pressure of carbon dioxide), computed for each Argo float equipped with an oxygen sensor.
The method called CANYON is based on a neural network trained using nutrient data (GLODAPv2 database)

'''DOI (product) :'''
https://doi.org/10.48670/moi-00048
Mediterranean Sea, Bio-Geo-Chemical, L3, daily Satellite Observations (Near Real Time)

'''Short description:'''

For the '''Mediterranean Sea''' Ocean '''Satellite Observations''', the Italian National Research Council (CNR – Rome, Italy), is providing '''Bio-Geo_Chemical (BGC)''' regional datasets:
* '''''plankton''''' with the phytoplankton chlorophyll concentration (CHL) evaluated via region-specific algorithms (Case 1 waters: Volpe et al., 2019, with new coefficients; Case 2 waters, Berthon and Zibordi, 2004) and Phytoplankton Functional Types (PFT) evaluated via region-specific algorithm (Di Cicco et al. 2017)
* '''''reflectance''''' with the spectral Remote Sensing Reflectance (RRS)
* '''''transparency''''' with the diffuse attenuation coefficient of light at 490 nm (KD490) (for '''""multi'''"" observations achieved via region-specific algorithm, Volpe et al., 2019)
* '''''optics''''' including the IOPs (Inherent Optical Properties) such as absorption and scattering and particulate and dissolved matter (ADG, APH, BBP), via QAAv6 model (Lee et al., 2002 and updates)

'''Upstreams''': SeaWiFS, MODIS, MERIS, VIIRS-SNPP & JPSS1, OLCI-S3A & S3B for the '''""multi""''' products, and OLCI-S3A & S3B for the '''""olci""''' products

'''Temporal resolution''': daily

'''Spatial resolutions''': 1 km for '''""multi""''' and 300 meters for '''""olci""'''

To find this product in the catalogue, use the search keyword '''""OCEANCOLOUR_MED_BGC_L3_NRT""'''.

'''DOI (product) :'''   
https://doi.org/10.48670/moi-00297
Baltic Sea Ocean Colour Plankton, Reflectances, Transparency and Optics L3 NRT daily observations

'''Short description:'''

For the '''Baltic Sea''' Ocean '''Satellite Observations''', the Italian National Research Council (CNR – Rome, Italy), is providing '''Bio-Geo_Chemical (BGC)''' regional datasets:
* '''''plankton''''' with the phytoplankton chlorophyll concentration (CHL) evaluated via region-specific neural network (Brando et al. 2021) and Phytoplankton Functional Types (PFT) evaluated via region-specific algorithm
* '''''reflectance''''' with the spectral Remote Sensing Reflectance (RRS)
* '''''transparency''''' with the diffuse attenuation coefficient of light at 490 nm (KD490) 
* '''''optics''''' including the IOPs (Inherent Optical Properties) such as absorption and scattering and particulate and dissolved matter (ADG, APH, BBP), via QAAv6 model (Lee et al., 2002 and updates)

'''Upstreams''': OLCI-S3A & S3B 

'''Temporal resolution''': daily

'''Spatial resolution''': 300 meters 

To find this product in the catalogue, use the search keyword '''""OCEANCOLOUR_BAL_BGC_L3_NRT""'''.

'''DOI (product) :'''   
https://doi.org/10.48670/moi-00294
Global Ocean Waves Analysis and Forecast

'''Short description:'''
 
The operational global ocean analysis and forecast system of Météo-France with a resolution of 1/12 degree is providing daily analyses and 10 days forecasts for the global ocean sea surface waves. This product includes 3-hourly instantaneous fields of integrated wave parameters from the total spectrum (significant height, period, direction, Stokes drift,...etc), as well as the following partitions: the wind wave, the primary and secondary swell waves.
 
The global wave system of Météo-France is based on the wave model MFWAM which is a third generation wave model. MFWAM uses the computing code ECWAM-IFS-38R2 with a dissipation terms developed by Ardhuin et al. (2010). The model MFWAM was upgraded on november 2014 thanks to improvements obtained from the european research project « my wave » (Janssen et al. 2014). The model mean bathymetry is generated by using 2-minute gridded global topography data ETOPO2/NOAA. Native model grid is irregular with decreasing distance in the latitudinal direction close to the poles. At the equator the distance in the latitudinal direction is more or less fixed with grid size 1/10°. The operational model MFWAM is driven by 6-hourly analysis and 3-hourly forecasted winds from the IFS-ECMWF atmospheric system. The wave spectrum is discretized in 24 directions and 30 frequencies starting from 0.035 Hz to 0.58 Hz. The model MFWAM uses the assimilation of altimeters with a time step of 6 hours. The global wave system provides analysis 4 times a day, and a forecast of 10 days at 0:00 UTC. The wave model MFWAM uses the partitioning to split the swell spectrum in primary and secondary swells.

'''DOI (product) :'''   
https://doi.org/10.48670/moi-00017
Black Sea Physics Reanalysis

'''Short description''':  

The BLKSEA_MULTIYEAR_PHY_007_004 product provides ocean fields for the Black Sea basin starting from 01/01/1993. The hydrodynamic core is based on the NEMOv4.0 general circulation ocean model, implemented in the BS domain with horizontal resolution of 1/40º and 121 vertical levels. NEMO is forced by atmospheric fluxes computed from a bulk formulation applied to ECMWF ERA5 atmospheric fields at the resolution of 1/4º in space and 1-h in time. A heat flux correction through sea surface temperature (SST) relaxation is employed using the ESA-CCI SST-L4 product. This version has an open lateral boundary, a new model characteristic that allows a better inflow/outflow representation across the Bosphorus Strait. The model is online coupled to OceanVar assimilation scheme to assimilate sea level anomaly (SLA) along-track observations from Copernicus and available in situ vertical profiles of temperature and salinity from both SeaDataNet and Copernicus datasets. Upgrades on data assimilation include an improved background error covariance matrix and an observation-based mean dynamic topography for the SLA assimilation.

'''DOI (Product)''': 
https://doi.org/10.48670/mds-00356
Arctic Ocean Physics Analysis and Forecast

'''Short description:'''

The operational TOPAZ5 Arctic Ocean system uses the HYCOM model and a 100-member EnKF assimilation scheme. It is run daily to provide 10 days of forecast (average of 10 members) of the 3D physical ocean, including sea ice with the CICEv5.1 model; data assimilation is performed weekly to provide 7 days of analysis (ensemble average).

Output products are interpolated on a grid of 6 km resolution at the North Pole on a polar stereographic projection. The geographical projection follows these proj4 library parameters: 

proj4 = "+units=m +proj=stere +lon_0=-45 +lat_0=90 +k=1 +R=6378273 +no_defs" 

'''DOI (product) :'''
https://doi.org/10.48670/moi-00001
Arctic Ocean Biogeochemistry Reanalysis

'''Short description:'''

The TOPAZ-ECOSMO reanalysis system assimilates satellite chlorophyll observations and in situ nutrient profiles.  The model uses the Hybrid Coordinate Ocean Model (HYCOM) coupled online to a sea ice model and the ECOSMO biogeochemical model. It uses the Determinstic version of the Ensemble Kalman Smoother to assimilate remotely sensed colour data and nutrient profiles. Data assimilation, including the 80-member ensemble production, is performed every 8-days. Atmospheric forcing fields from the ECMWF ERA-5 dataset are used.

'''DOI (product) :'''  
https://doi.org/10.48670/moi-00006
Mediterranean Sea Biogeochemistry Analysis and Forecast

'''Short Description'''

The biogeochemical analysis and forecasts for the Mediterranean Sea at 1/24° of horizontal resolution (ca. 4 km) are produced by means of the MedBFM4 model system. MedBFM4, which is run by OGS (IT), consists of the coupling of the multi-stream atmosphere radiative model OASIM, the multi-stream in-water radiative and tracer transport model OGSTM_BIOPTIMOD v4.6, and the biogeochemical flux model BFM v5.3. Additionally, MedBFM4 features the 3D variational data assimilation scheme 3DVAR-BIO v4.1 with the assimilation of surface chlorophyll (CMEMS-OCTAC NRT product) and of vertical profiles of chlorophyll, nitrate and oxygen (BGC-Argo floats provided by CORIOLIS DAC). The biogeochemical MedBFM system, which is forced by the NEMO-OceanVar model (MEDSEA_ANALYSIS_FORECAST_PHY_006_013), produces one day of hindcast and ten days of forecast (every day) and seven days of analysis (weekly on Tuesday).

Salon, S.; Cossarini, G.; Bolzon, G.; Feudale, L.; Lazzari, P.; Teruzzi, A.; Solidoro, C., and Crise, A. (2019) Novel metrics based on Biogeochemical Argo data to improve the model uncertainty evaluation of the CMEMS Mediterranean marine ecosystem forecasts. Ocean Science, 15, pp.997–1022. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5194/os-15-997-2019

''DOI (Product)'': 
https://doi.org/10.48670/mds-00358
Arctic Ocean Tidal Analysis and Forecast

'''Short description:'''

The Arctic Ocean Surface Currents Analysis and Forecast system uses the HYCOM model at 3 km resolution forced with tides at its lateral boundaries, surface winds sea level pressure from the ECMWF (European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts) and wave terms (Stokes-Coriolis drift, stress and parameterisation of mixing by Langmuir cells) from the Arctic wave forecast. HYCOM runs daily providing 10 days forecast. The output variables are the surface currents and sea surface heights, provided at 15 minutes frequency, which therefore include mesoscale signals (though without data assimilation so far), tides and storm surge signals. 

'''DOI (product) :'''   
https://doi.org/10.48670/moi-00005
Atlantic-Iberian Biscay Irish- Ocean Physics Reanalysis

'''Short description:'''

The IBI-MFC provides the ocean physical reanalysis multi year product for the Iberia-Biscay-Ireland (IBI) region starting in 01/01/1993, extended on yearly basis by using available reprocessed upstream data and regularly updated on monthly basis to cover the period up to month M-4 from present time using an interim processing system. The model system is designed, implemented and run by Mercator Ocean International, while the operational product post-processing and interim system are run by NOW Systems with the support of CESGA supercomputing centre.
The IBI numerical core  is based on the NEMO v3.6 ocean general circulation model, run at 1/36° horizontal resolution. Altimeter data, in situ temperature and salinity vertical profiles and satellite sea surface temperature are assimilated.
The product offers 3D and 2D daily, monthly and yearly physical ocean fields, as well as hourly mean fields for surface variables. Additionally, climatological parameters (monthly mean and standard deviation) of these variables for the period 1993-2016 are delivered.

'''DOI (Product)''': 
https://doi.org/10.48670/moi-00029
Atlantic -Iberian Biscay Irish- Ocean Wave Reanalysis

'''Short description:'''

The IBI-MFC provides a high-resolution wave reanalysis multi-year product for the Iberia-Biscay-Ireland (IBI) region starting in 01/01/1980, extended on yearly basis by using available reprocessed upstream data and regularly updated on monthly basis to cover the period up to month M-4 from present time using an interim processing system. The model system is designed and implemented by Météo-France and NOW Systems - the latter is in charge for the operational product post-processing and interim system run, with the support of CESGA supercomputing centre.  
The multi-year model configuration is based on the MFWAM model developed by Météo-France, covering the same region as the IBI near real time (NRT) analysis and forecasting product, at the same horizontal resolution of 1/36º. The system assimilates significant wave height altimeter data and wave spectral data (Envisat and CFOSAT). The MY system is forced by the ECMWF ERA5 reanalysis wind data and nested into the Global Ocean Wave Reanalysis product.
The catalogue includes hourly instantaneous fields of different wave parameters, including air-sea fluxes. Additionally, climatological parameters of significant wave height and zero -crossing wave period are delivered for the reference time interval 1993-2016.

'''DOI (Product)''': 
https://doi.org/10.48670/moi-00030
Mediterranean Sea, Bio-Geo-Chemical, L4, monthly means, daily gapfree and climatology Satellite Observations (Near Real Time)

'''Short description:'''

For the '''Mediterranean Sea''' Ocean '''Satellite Observations''', the Italian National Research Council (CNR – Rome, Italy), is providing '''Bio-Geo_Chemical (BGC)''' regional datasets:
* '''''plankton''''' with the phytoplankton chlorophyll concentration (CHL) evaluated via region-specific algorithms (Case 1 waters: Volpe et al., 2019, with new coefficients; Case 2 waters, Berthon and Zibordi, 2004), and the interpolated '''gap-free''' Chl concentration (to provide a ""cloud free"" product) estimated by means of a modified version of the DINEOF algorithm (Volpe et al., 2018)
* '''''transparency''''' with the diffuse attenuation coefficient of light at 490 nm (KD490) (for '''""multi'''"" observations achieved via region-specific algorithm, Volpe et al., 2019)
* '''''pp''''' with the Integrated Primary Production (PP).

'''Upstreams''': SeaWiFS, MODIS, MERIS, VIIRS-SNPP & JPSS1, OLCI-S3A & S3B for the '''""multi""''' products, and OLCI-S3A & S3B for the '''""olci""''' products

'''Temporal resolutions''': monthly and daily (for '''""gap-free""''' and '''""pp""''' data)

'''Spatial resolutions''': 1 km for '''""multi""''' (4 km for '''""pp""''') and 300 meters for '''""olci""'''

To find this product in the catalogue, use the search keyword '''""OCEANCOLOUR_MED_BGC_L4_NRT""'''.

'''DOI (product) :'''   
https://doi.org/10.48670/moi-00298