AndreaBozzo/ceres-open-data-index huggingface dataset:
Proceedings of the Advanced Research and Technology Development (AR and TD) direct utilization contractors review meeting

The Advanced Research and Technology Development Direct Utilization Contractors Review Meeting was held August 13-15, 1985, at the Sheraton Lakeview Conference Center in Morgantown, West Virginia. This meting was sponsored by the US Department of Energy (DOE), Office of Fossil Energy, Morgantown and Pittsburgh Energy Technology Centers, and was hosted by Morgantown Energy Technology Center. This annual meeting provides a forum for the exchange of information between DOE AR and TD contractors and interested parties and was attended by over 200 individuals from industry, academia, national laboratories and other governmental agencies. Fifty-three papers were presented on research results of coal fuel properties, preparation, combustion and pyrolysis characteristics, mineral matter and ash behavior. Papers have been entered individually into EDB and ERA.

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CHEMFLUB:  a computer code model for fluidized bed coal gasification reactors. Volume II. User's manual

This manual is the result of a detailed analysis of the CHEMFLUB code. The first portion, Chapter II, consists of a description of the variables needed to run CHEMFLUB and output variables which contain the results produced by the code. Chapter III provides all of the information needed to run CHEMFLUB including setting of input variables, printing output options, constructing the calculation mesh and restarting a previous calculation. The next section, Chapter IV, is a detailed discussion of the code operation; followed by Chapter V which contains the flow charts of CHEMFLUB. Chapter VI discusses the diagnostic messages currently contained in CHEMFLUB to alert the user to incorrect input conditions, calculation problems, etc. Chapter VII consists of the results of using CHEMFLUB to perform a calculation. The sample problem is discussed, the input used for the problem is shown, and the generated output is provided so that a user can verify the results produced by operating the code. The file needed to restart the calculation and the output produced are also included. The information gained from using CHEMFLUB is summarized in Chapter VIII so its limitations and capabilities can be better understood by users. 4 references, 8 figures, 22 tables.

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FLAG:  a computer code model for fluidized bed coal gasification reactors. Volume II. User's manual

The ideas associated with FLAG can logically be divided into the three general categories of theory, structure, and use. Theory represents the information surrounding the physical and mathematical models and the computational techniques used to solve the mathematical models. Structure represents the details of the algorithms which are used to translate the theory in lines of code. Use represents the instructions required to run the code. Volume I, the Technical Manual, contains the theory and Volume III, the Systems Manual, contains the details of structure of the code. This volume, the User's Manual, contains the instructions on how to operate FLAG. In general, this volume treats FLAG as a black box, i.e., it is only necessary to know how to input information and understand the output, but it is not necessary to know or understand the inner workings of the code. Nevertheless, there are two exceptions to this. The first exception comes about when a required input parameter is directly related to theory and can only be explained within that context. The second exception comes about because output is generated throughout the code and some knowledge of the structure is needed to interpret the results. Information from Volume I and Volume III has been reproduced here when it helps clarify these issues. The appendices contain a sample data file and sample JCL for compiling and executing the code on a Digital Corporation, VAX 11/780 computer system. The output presented in the figures given in this volume was generated using the sample data with the system configured according to the sample JCL. It has been assumed that a systems programmer will configure the JCL specifically for the system on which FLAG is to run, thus the details of the JCL are given in Volume III. 8 figures, 9 tables.

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Tertiary oil recovery by CO/sub 2/ injection. Quarterly report, April--June 1978

Total water injection for the quarter was 17,370, an increase of approximately 2700 barrels over the previous period. The increase was due to remedial work on the input wells that was completed during March. The only problems occurred during June, when excessive shutdowns resulted from line plugging after moving the water tanks. This problem was subsequently solved. Oil production for the period was 4314 barrels, an increase of approximately 660 barrels over the previous quarter. Although increases in production were experienced in wells outside the pattern, the central producer continued at about 1 barrel per day with increasing water production. Total production attributable to CO/sub 2/ injection is 8562 barrels.

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Naturally occurring carbon dioxide sources in the United States. A geologic appraisal and economic sensitivity study of drilling and producing carbon dioxide for use in enhanced oil recovery

Large accumulations of gas containing high percentages of naturally occurring subsurface carbon dioxide are located in several geographic provinces of the United States. Central Mississippi, West Virginia, the Delaware--Val Verde Basins of West Texas and several locations in the Rocky Mountains contain gas deposits with high percentages of carbon dioxide. Preliminary characterizations of reservoir rock quality and gas composition were performed for these areas. Four significant accumulations of carbon dioxide were chosen for in-depth geologic, reservoir, and economic analyses. Anticipated flowing pressure, sustained flow rates, recovery efficiencies, original gas in place, and reserves were determined. Sensitivity studies designed to bracket a possible range of prices were generated, utilizing estimated development and production costs, for each of the four areas. Projections of the potential supply, profitability of drilling and producing, and preliminary analysis of potential demand for naturally occurring carbon dioxide are presented.

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Department of Energy/Morgantown Energy Technology Center 42-inch diameter producer stream gas clean-up system mathematical model

This report presents the mathematical models and computational procedure for the material balance calculation around each of the following units that constitute the METC producer gas clean-up system: gas cyclone; humidifier; electrostatic precipitator; hydrolysis unit; direct cooler; Stretford process; and final wash tower. The computation procedure is specifically designed to calculate the material balance for the producer gas clean-up system. All items to be computed by the program are listed. The process is sequential, in that the outlet stream from a unit is directly fed into the unit immediately following it. This procedure simplifies the computation because no iteration procedure is required. Two different kinds of data input are needed in each process unit calculation: preassigned data, such as temperature and pressure etc., and feed composition and flow rate. The gasifier simulation program developed earlier is integrated with this gas clean-up system simulation program through a hypothetical joint box. The present clean-up system modeling is handicapped by a lack of some crucial information, among them being: vapor--liquid equilibrium and enthalpy data for tar; proprietary process equipment performance information; and reaction kinetics information. Wherever such information is lacking, appropriate assumptions are made to circumvent the difficulty. These assumptions, however, should be verified by comparing computed values from this program with experimentally obtained data from the pilot plant.

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Molten carbonate fuel cell performance model update. Final report

This report describes work performed to improve porous electrode and mass transfer models used in calculating the performance of molten carbonate fuel cells. The report is comprised of three parts. Parts I and II contain the mathematical model development. Porous electrode modeling is addressed in Part I. Gas diffusion within electrode pores is treated. A method is developed for computing electrode performance that includes the effects of limited gas phase diffusion and finite electronic conductivity of the electrode. A heterogeneous film model is proposed as a representation of some anodes currently under development. In Part II, the formation of vertical concentration gradients in the gas distribution channels is considered. An improved mass transfer scheme is developed in order to include the effect of this pehnomenon on cell performance. Part III contains listings of the computer models developed and/or modified during this research.

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Development of coal-fueled IMHEX (Internal Manifold Heat Exchanger) MCFC (molten carbonate fuel cells) stack: Systems analysis of 200 MWe power plant

The system analysis task took as its basis the nominal 200 MWe plant which is responsive to the electric utilities tendency to add capacity in small increments. The scope of the study encompassed the four principal subsystems which constitute a fuel cell power plant: Coal Gasification, Coal Gas Purification, Fuel Cell and bottoming Cycle. The screening of 45 alternate configurations was conducted to find the optimum among them in terms of ability to perform and to deliver low cost electricity. Although the accuracy of that screening was only to about plus or minus 50%, the relative positions of the more attractive cases are established with adequate confidence. Parametric and sensitivity studies were performed for Case C27, which is a 200 MW(e) MCFC power plant with a steam bottoming cycle. The parametric study was conducted to assess plant performance by varying fuel cell design and operating conditions. The study found that out of eleven case studies and three variables evaluated, fuel cell current density had the greatest impact on plant performance and costs followed by fuel utilization and excess air. Out of 26 sensitivity assessments, it was shown that cost of electricity (COE) is most sensitive to plant finance charges, followed by inflation rate, plant capital costs and capacity factors. Alternative technologies were also assessed, as part of the overall program for the development of coal-fired, MCFC-based power plants. A comparison of the selected coal gasification molten carbonate fuel cell designs with competing coal-based technologies such as pulverized coal power plants with stack scrubbing, pressurized fluidized bed combustion, and integrated coal gasification combined cycle was also conducted. 19 figs., 6 tabs.

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Geochemical and Geologic Factors Effecting the Formulation of Gas Hydrate

The main objective of our work has been to determine the primary geochemical and geological factors controlling gas hydrate information and occurrence and particularly in the factors responsible for the generation and accumulation of methane in oceanic gas hydrates. In order to understand the interrelation of geochemical/geological factors controlling gas hydrate occurrence, we have undertaken a multicomponent program which has included (1) comparison of available information at sites where gas hydrates have been observed through drilling by the Deep Sea Drilling Project (DSDP) on the Blake Outer Ridge and Middle America Trench; (2) regional synthesis of information related to gas hydrate occurrences of the Middle America Trench; (3) development of a model for the occurrence of a massive gas hydrate as DSDP Site 570; (4) a global synthesis of gas hydrate occurrences; and (5) development of a predictive model for gas hydrate occurrence in oceanic sediment. The first three components of this program were treated as part of a 1985 Department of Energy Peer Review. The present report considers the last two components and presents information on the worldwide occurrence of gas hydrates with particular emphasis on the Circum-Pacific and Arctic basins. A model is developed to account for the occurrence of oceanic gas hydrates in which the source of the methane is from microbial processes. 101 refs., 17 figs., 6 tabs.

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Proceedings of the separations technology workshop for coal gasification

On December 8, 1988, the Morgantown Energy Technology Center sponsored the workshop ''Separation Technology Workshop for Coal Gasification.''The purpose was to bring together experts in various separation and fossil fuel conversion areas to discuss common problems and possible solutions that could lead to the more rapid development of economically viable coal gasification-based processes. The workshop was organized into four sessions: (1) gas-gas separations, (2) gas-particle separations, (3) liquid-particle separations, and (4) liquid-liquid separations. Two invited speakers gave presentations at each session: one presented an overview of the separations area, and the other discussed practical applications. Individual projects are processed separately for the data bases.

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Hydrate thermal measurements:  project status. (Monthly report, February-March 1985)

One purpose of this project is to measure the heat capacity and heat of dissociation of samples of in-situ natural gas hydrates. These calorimetric measurements will be made using a Perkin-Elmer model DSC-2 differential scanning calorimeter. A second purpose is to measure and model hydrate dissociation rates. These experimental measurements will be made with a Cahn 2000 recording electrobalance. This month we completed the electrobalance experiments on samples of carbon dioxide. We compared the results of these experiments with those involving samples of ice in order to calculate the radiative flux from the heater. We have determined that this heat flux is 322 Btu/ft/sup 2/-hr. We have also begun preliminary work with actual methane hydrate cylinders. We have experienced some problems with preparing a clean, whole cylinder for each experiment but these problems will soon be overcome. We continue to refine the technique of high-pressure differential scanning calorimetry on methane hydrate samples. We now run the experiments across 10 K temperature intervals at 2.5 K/min rather than 5 K/min. We also determine the water content of each sample exclusively by means of electrobalance weight measurements.

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FEFFLAP:  a finite element program for analysis of fluid-driven fracture propagation in jointed rock. Volume 1. Theory and programmer's manual

FEFFLAP (Finite Element Fracture and Flow Analysis Program) is a finite element program for two-dimensional analysis of static or quasi-static propagation of discrete fractures in homogeneous or jointed media. The fractures, or cracks, can be driven by a variety of loading  conditions, including internal fluid pressure. The code contains quite sophisticated fracture mechanics: stress intensity factors are calculated with special crack tip finite elements; fracture instability and angle of propagation are estimated from any one of three fracture criteria; induced cracks can change direction and can interact with pre-existing fractures. FEFFLAP also provides for non-linear behavior of discontinuities such as geologic interfaces and joints, and for steady-state viscous fluid flow in the cracks and the discontinuities. The program is both incremental and iterative. FEFFLAP can calculate the exact load required to initiate or extend any crack. A multiple load capability is available in the code, for complicated fracturing problems involving simultaneously loads that can change and loads that do not change. The operation of the code depends heavily on graphics because it is a fully interactive model. The code can accommodate up to 10 different materials and can propagate up to 9 cracks at a time; these numbers can be increased with minimal modifications. This report describes the theory underlying the code. The logic of the program is also given in some details to enable potential users to make modifications and additions, as well as to facilitate transfer of the current version, developed on a CRAY, to other machines. 44 references, 26 figures, 7 tables.

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Compilation and preliminary evaluation of the existing health and environmental data base for coal gasification

As the gasification of coal has progressed technically, in several facilities having reached the commercial/industrial stage of development, researchers have also been conducting investigations of the health and environmental implications of various gasification technologies; a sizable amount of these data has been reported over the past decade. In this report, the authors present a compilation of the health and environmental data now available on coal gasification and make a preliminary evaluation of the information. The report addresses two tasks: first, to determine the scope and adequacy of the existing data for the characterization and understanding of health and environmental issues; second, to begin establishing suitable standards for reducing and abstracting the existing data for inclusion in the gasification technology data base of the Morgantown Energy Technology Center (METC). The report includes background information of coal-gasification studies; a summary of the toxicological and chemical data now available on gasification; and an analysis of selected subsets of the health and environmental data base, focusing on Ames mutagenicity findings for materials at all gasifiers studied and on the toxicological and chemical data on materials produced by the METC gasifier. The report also includes four appendixes, one of which contains one-page summaries of 116 publications relevant to the focus of this data-compilation effort. 4 figures, 20 tables.

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Organic and inorganic analyses of water samples from in-situ oil-shale retorting site near Rock Springs, Wyoming, 1989

During the oil shortage of the 1970's, the US Department of Energy (DOE) conducted experiments to test in-situ methods of oil recovery from the large reserves of oil shale in Colorado, Wyoming, and Utah. The in-situ experiments involved different methods of fracturing the oil-shale formation and various techniques for igniting the retort chamber to extract the shale oil. These processes produced, along with the oil, a variety of organic and inorganic by-products, some of which have not been removed. On May 25, 1988, the Wyoming Department of Environmental Quality issued a notice of violation to DOE. DOE was ordered to perform a site characterization of one experimental area (site 9) near Rock Springs in southwestern Wyoming. The US Geological Survey, in cooperation with DOE, performed a site characterization as the first step in attempting to restore the ground water to its original condition. The results of that study are reported by Lindner-Lunsford and others (1991,6094 ); the present volume contains copies of the original analyses of water samples collected from 37 wells for that study. 1 ref.

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Evaluation of oil shale bitumen as a pavement asphalt additive to reduce moisture damage susceptibility

An unrefined shale bitumen was evaluated as an agent to reduce moisture damage susceptibility of asphalt aggregate mixtures. Some activity was observed but less than might have been expected based on the molecular weight and nitrogen content of the bitumen. The counter effects of free carboxylic acids, which are known to be variable in asphalt and which are also present in the unrefined bitumen, appear to diminish the activity of the bitumen to inhibit moisture damage. 5 refs., 1 tab.

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Chemical and toxicological studies of coal gasification wastewater circulated through a cooling tower

Argonne National Laboratory is studying health and environmental issues related to coal gasification, using data and samples from the oxygen-blown slagging fixed-bed gasifier at the University of North Dakota Energy Research Center (UNDERC). The pilot study reported here developed preliminary chemical and toxicological data needed to evaluate the health and environmental, as well as the process, implications of using partially treated gasifier wastewater in cooling towers. This minimal-treatment process removes organic compounds by solvent extraction and removes ammonia and acid gas by steam stripping; then, without intermediate biological treatment, the wastewater is reused in a cooling tower. Samples were collected of both the influent wastewater to the cooling tower and the effluent in the tower's blowdown pipeline. These samples were analyzed for the presence of organic chemicals and trace metals and tested for mutagenic and teratologic activity. Results indicate that the UNDERC solvent-extracted and steam-stripped coal gasification wastewaters doe not contain any easily observed mutagenic or cytotoxic activity. The blowdown water sampled was not cytotoxic or mutagenic after phenol removal and ten-fold concentration. Initial indications are that UNDEREC cooling tower blowdown water may contain teratogenically active compounds. Phenolic material is volatilized in the cooling tower and 85 to 90% is lost as a vapor effluent. Probably less than 10% oxidative degradation of phenols occurs in the UNDERC cooling tower. Hydantoins and most inorganic elements are concentrated in the blowdown water approximately ten-fold, as expected. Trace element distributions of zinc and lead in the blowdown water are not as predicted and are unexplained. The aerodynamic size of the drift aerosol may be 12 ..mu..m or greater, depending on the characteristics of the cooling tower's eliminators. 26 references, 2 figures, 13 tables.

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Pollution control in coal gasification. Second quarterly report, October 1, 1981-December 31, 1981

This report describes the technical progress at the end of the second quarter on a study sponsored by the Department of Energy entitled Pollution Control in Coal Gasification. The objectives of this study are to evaluate in detail the potential of: (a) vapor phase cracking (VPC,6097 ); and (b) wet oxidation of simulated and actual coal gasifier effluent streams as a means of reducing the concentration of organics in these streams. VPC studies have not yet begun; however, much of the system has been built and catalysts selected. Wet oxidation catalyst tests have continued with seven tests involving three commercial catalysts, char from the RTI gasifier, and a baseline test without catalyst. 2 references, 10 figures, 2 tables.

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Studies involving high temperature desulfurization/regeneration reactions of metal oxides for fuel cell development. Project status report, August 1982

Desulfurization/regeneration tests of mixed oxide CuO/ZnO on zeolite (prepared by method B) and ZnO supported on zeolite (17.81% ZnO prepared earlier) were carried out. The sulfur loading of fresh CuO/ZnO and ZnO sorbents on zeolite support were found to be higher than pure oxide sorbent. The decline in sulfur loading capacities of regenerated sorbents appears to be due to sintering during regeneration. We have completed the assembly of the fluidized bed reactor and have begun studying the fluidization characteristics of zeolite support material. The results of these tests will be presented in the next monthly report. The pore-plugging model for the packed bed reactor has been extended to create six semi-empirical models. Experiments have been proposed which could discriminate between the models and identify a best model for describing the packed bed desulfurization reactor. A topical report on this modeling work is being prepared for separate submission.

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