AndreaBozzo/ceres-open-data-index huggingface dataset:
BENCH SCALE FLUID BED RETORTING OF KENTUCKY OIL SHALE

A bench scale (1 1/2" diameter) fluid bed retort was used to evaluate the effect of rapid heating combined with high sweep gas velocities on product yield from Kentucky oil shale.  Emphasis was placed on product collection and material balance cloaure.  Distribution of organic carbon among spent shale oil and gas was also examined.  Spent shale was used to compare coke formation in the fluid bed as compared to bench scale fixed bed retorting.  At a bed temperature of 550 C  and 28 L/min helium fluidizing gas velocity, oil yields, based on product collected, were 135-155% (by weight) of Fischer Assay oil yields.  Under these conditions, 55% of the raw shal3e organic carbon was removed.  Material balances were 100 -.1%  For the same shale a decrease in non-condensable gases to half that obtained by Fischer Assay, was coupled with the substantial increase in oil weight recovered.  This plus a small decreaw3 in fixed carbon in the spent shale, shows a decreased in coke formation in the fluid bed retort in comparison to the fixed bed retort where fixed carbon is formed in the spent shale during retorting.  The effect if bed temperature on product yield and distribution was also studied.

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FRACTURE MECHANCIS OF LAYERED ROCKS

"Fracture mechanics would be useful in the design of fragmentation and extraction processes of layered rocks in order to achieve desired sizes and shapes at minimum cost (5). However, fracture mechanics of anisotropic media, such as oil shale, is not well understood due  to the complexity arising from the anisotropic nature of material properties (12), heterogeneity, presence of bedding planes, etc. It has become necessary i:o devise accurate and convenient methods for the evaluation of fracture toughness of such materials. Moreover,  there is Ii definite need for the establishment of a standard test procedure for the determination of fracture toughness of layered materials. Types of cracks encountered in practical applications of layered materials are general in nature; and is, therefore, the use  of numerical methods is more appropriate. Among the various approaches reported to determine the stress intensity factors, use of special elements to represent the stress singularities at the crack tip. and strain energy methods are more prominent. Methods involving the  determination of stress intensity factors, fracture toughness, and innovative methods involving discs and half discs are presented."

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A PROCESS ENGINEERING STUDY OF INTERNAL COMBUSTION RETORTING WITH AIR IN A COUNERCURRTNT SYSTEM

Five general classifications of oil-shale retorting processes  can be made according to the method used to heat the shale. These classifications arbitrarily have been designated as follows:  Class I. Heat transfer through a wall.  Class II. Gas-to-solid heat transfer where hot gas is  produced from combustion of shale within the retorting vessel.  Class III. Fluid-to-solid heat transfer where the recycled  fluid (gas or liquid) is externally heated.  Class IV. Solid-to-solid heat transfer.  Class V. Heating by electrical methods.  A process engineering study has been made of retorting processes utilizing the Class II or internal-combustion principle of heating the shale. For Simplification, this study is divided into two parts - one in which air alone is used for retorting; the other utilizing a combination of air and recycle gases. This report is concerned with  internal combustion retorting using air alone. Process engineering studies of the various basic retorting methods are being made, preliminary to engineering cost evaluation, to determine which retorting systems are impractical cal from process considerations alone ; and to allow selection of the " most feasible processes for" cost evaluation. It is believed that the results of these studies will be of interest to others concerned with oil-shale retorting process development.

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SPECIAL CORE ANALYSIS REPORT FOR OGLE PETROLEUM CORPORATION NO. 2-18 WELL MONTEREY COUNTY, CALIFORNIA

"This report presents data from: (1) Dean-Stark analysis, (2) air permeability measurements on fresh core samples, (3) chloride determinations, (4) electrical resistivity measurements, and (5) overburden porosity and permeability measurements on core samples recovered from the subject well. The studies were  performed at the request of Mr. J. Milt Robinson, who designed and submitted the proposal dated November 11, 1978, for coring and analysis~. This proposal was addressed to Mr. Thomas E. Wesson with the United States Department of Energy. A so presented in this report are detailed descriptions of procedures that were used for the special tests and measurements .  Locations of these procedures and data summarization along with tabular data and graphical presentations are listed in the table of contents."

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STUDY OF REQUIREMENTS AND COSTS OF HOUSING FOR OIL SHALE PLANTS IN WESTERN COLORADO

When a new industry is established, unless it is located in an existing community, it may be presumed necessary to develop an entirely new community to house production and associated  workers convenient near their place of employment.  Housing facilities alone, however, are not the only requisite of a  new community.  Residents of a new housing development require civic and commercial facilities reasonably convenient to their homes.  It has been considered desirable that such facilities be provided as an integral part of a planned community rather than to let them develop without plan on the outskirts of the community development.  Builder of an oil-shale industry near Rifle, Colorado are confronted with the necessity of providing adequate housing, civic, and commercial facilities in order to recruit the competent skilled workers needed to man such an industry.  Because such facilities do not now exist; because they will be needed in their entirety on or even shortly before, start of such operations; and  because there apparently is no basis for securing government, or the usual private, financing available for new housing projects, it will be necessary for industry to (a) finance this development at least in part and (b)  to work out a plan of development which will result in an investment on community development that is minimum, is feasible and is recoverable.  This report covers the study of community development for the establishment (a)of a "prototype" oil shale plant of about 12,000-barrels per-day capacity and (b) of a 234,000barrel per day oil-shale industry both in the vicinity of Rifle, Colorado.

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PRELIMINARY EVALUATION OF GAS-COMBUSTION RETORTING UNDER PRESSURE

"While the retorting of oil shale under pressure is not a new concept, past investigators have not thoroughly explored the field especially as it applies to gas circulation type retorting processes. Jacomini obtained an Austral1an patent for a pressurized system heated indirectly;  Laramie's work on the thermal solution process involved the use of pressure; and the work at the University of Colorado on the hydrogenation of oil shale is a form of  pressurized retorting. Several unique effects would result from the application of pressure to the Gas-Combustion process retorting system. Among the beneficial effects   which might be anticipated are a reduction in power requirements for gas circulation, recovery of the lighter hydrocarbons lost in the product gas under atmospheric pressure operation, a higher retorting rate owing to the use of a denser heat transfer medium, suppression of carbonate decomposition, smaller gas lines and gas handling equipment, and the possibility of using gas turbines to advantage to drive process blowers and generate electric power. Offsetting disadvantages are the necessity for introducing shale into and discharging ash from a pressurized system) and heavier lines and vessels owing to the higher pressure. It is the purpose of this study to determine whether the advantages of operating the Gas -Combustion process under pressure outweigh the disadvantages and to compare the estimated costs of producing crude shale oil by this method to shale oil production by conventional atmospheric procedures."

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TOTAL RESOURCE ENERGY EXTRACTION

"Total Resource Energy Extraction (TREE sm) uses underground coal conversion to fuel in situ recovery of crude petroleum from oil shale, tar sand and heavy oil deposits. Conventional rubbling or fracturing processes prepare the fossil energy resource for permeation by hot flue gases from underground coal conversion. The hot flue gases are generated initially by combusting low btu product gas from underground coal gasification. As the gas heating value declines below combustible limits, the  production of process energy is sustained by burning the remaining coal resource. The temperature of the flue gas is controlled by recycling the cooled gases which have transferred sensible heat to the fossil energy resource. During this permeation process, the flue gases sweep  the liquid petroleum to production wells for conventional product collection.  Shale oil production with TREE technology is 40% higher than conventional in situ combustion retorting."

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WHY THE UNITED STATES NEEDS SYNFUELS

"The United States is heading for a major problem in domestic oil production in the mid-1990's. What can be done so that the eastern oil shales can make a significant contribution to future United States oil production, and how long will it take? Let us look at the cost structure for the initial commercial module at Means. The capital cost is $65,000 per barrel/day, and the operating cost is $22 per barrel. There are several ways that these can be significantly improved:  1. Increased yields - oil recovery  2. Decreased capital costs  3. Decreased operating costs  4. Organization  5. Financial"

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THE STUDY OF THERMAL SOLUTION OF UTAH OIL SHALE KEROGEN APPENDIX A

"Batch thermal solution of Hell's Hole Canyon oil shale in  hydrocarbon solvents has been studied at temperatures of from 274. to 410·C. Three solvents were used: cyclohexane; 1,2,3,4 -tetrahydronaphthalene; and creosote oil. Five hundred milliliters of solvent and 70  grams of -8  28 mesh shale particles made up the charge to the 1-liter autoclave reactor. In 24-hour, constant-temperature runs under autogenous pressure, each solvent was found to be capable of removing  over 90 percent of the original organic material at extraction temperatures of from 360·-375·C. Cyclohexane (in the Supercritical state at all extraction temperatures) extraction resulted in somewhat  greater yields than tetralin extraction in runs below 365 C but approximately the same yields as tetralin at higher extraction temperatures. With one oil shale sample, virtually identical yields (which were from 5 to 30 percent lower than those noted for all other samples at comparable temperatures) were observed in both cyclohexane and tetralin extractions. This finding suggests that mass-transfer restrictiors with in some oil shales may restrict the yield regardless of the solvent used."

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Shale oil upgrading studies UOP

Raw shale oils contain contaminants not found in petroleum materials with the same boiling range. Thermally unstable compounds, arsenic, iron, and solids must be removed to make shale oils suitable for more severe upgrading and conversion operations. Based on studies of contaminant removal kinetics, fouling potential and catalyst stability, a commercial design incorporating special features to achieve a high on-stream efficiency while producing a stable, contaminant-free material has been completed, When compared with conventional VGO hydrotreating, the shale oil unit would require 50% more investment and a 40% greater total operating cost.

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COMPOSITION OF THE UPPERMOST BEDS OF THE NEW ALBANY SHALE IN SOUTHEASTERN INDIANA

"Composition of the New, Albany Shale  (Devonian-Missippian) of southeastern Indiana varies considerably vertically through, the section and has much smaller variations laterally. Large-scale variation can probably best be explained by variations in the amount of oxygen near the sea floor during sedimentation that resulted in green-gray organic-poor beds and brown-black organic-rich beds. variations at distances less than 0.1 foot also occur and depend to a large extent on whether the component is associated with organic matter, detrital mineral, or authigenic materials. Compositional variations are greatest in the Camp Run Member, but variations also occur in all other members, especially near the top of the Clegg Creek Member.  Anomalously high concentrations of zinc, copper.  chromium, vanadiul, nickel, hlybdenum, phosphorous,  and other elements are present in the upper beds of  the Clegg Creek. These units also have laminated  very organic rich black beds or phosphate nodules  that indicate high organic production and good preservation. Slow sedimentation is suggested by the  light sulfur isotope ratio in this bed as well as  other evidence. such as metal enrichments and laminae"

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GEOCHEMISTRY AND GEOLOGY OF STRATEGIC METALS AND URANIUM IN DEVONIAL SHALES OF THE EASTERN INTERIOR UNITED STATES

Field and laboratory studies were combined to establish relations between the sedimentology and geochemistry of uranium and other metals.  Uranium and molybdenum contents of 50-100 ppm occur in Upper Devonian shales in Tennessee and newly identified areas on Kentucky and Indiana.  These high values are found in organic-rich sediments and are restricted to certain stratigrapic units and specific parts of the basin.  Even higher uranium contents are observed in some phosphate-rich units in Indiana.  Other metals such as copper, nickel, ad vanadium also are associated with organic matter in the shale.  Pyrite contents of 5-10 percent also are present with arsenic, zinc ad mercury.

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COUPLED CHEMICAL-THERMAL-MECHANICAL BEHAVIOR OF OIL SHALE

"The interactions of the chemical, thermal, and mechanical processes occurring during the retorting of oil shale are quite complex . Particularly in the case of modified in-situ retorting of oil shale, the synergistic or combined effects of those various processes may dominate the effects considered independently . The resultant structural and chemical response could vary drastically from what would be predicted by conventional (single effect)  analyses . A few examples of such combined effects are :  1 . Exfoliation along bedding planes due to thermal warping , stress gradients, and trapped hot gas pressure, combined with the clamping effects due to compressive stress orthogonal to bedding planes .  2 . Enhanced heat transport by hot gas convection down cracks due to pressure pulses (see Reference 1) . Here again, one must consider clamping effects due to compressive stresses orthogonal to the bedding planes.  3. Removal of material from the surface by spallation, with the retort heat attacking the new surface to continue this process in a propagating damage front . This front may actually propagate faster than a normal pyrolysis front.  4 . Lubrication of cracks and joints by water or liquid hydrocarbons to lower the friction angle . Consider the action of the baseline stress field with respect to squeezing the fluid along a joint and into the interior of the structure."

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Special analyses of samples from oil-shale retort sites

The following information reports the results of organic analyses performed on your samples submitted in May and August of 1982.  CHEMIST'S REPORT  Purgeable Organic Compounds  Sample No. 2153901-2153927 and 2236923-2236954 were analyzed for the volatile organics benzene, ethyl benzene and total xylenes (ortho, meta, and para isomers) per "Determination of Selected Volatile Organic Priority Pollutants in Water by Computerized Cas Chromatography - Quadruple Mass Spectrometry" by W. Pereira and B. Hughes as published in the Journal of the American Water Works Association, April 1980. Tables 1 and 2 summarize the results. The detection limit for each compound is approximately 1 Ilg/L . Each sample bottle had a number on it upon receipt . Those numbers are listed in the "Vol. No." column.

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OIL YIELDS OF FRESH AND WEATHERED OIL SHALES OF INDIANA

"Contrary to conventional wisdom, such early researchers as Ashley and Reeves in their studies of eastern oil shales noted that weathered oil shales gave higher oil yields than did fresh shales. Preliminary work in Indiana partly supports that observation.  Oil yields from 20 weathered oil-shale samples were comparable to yields from fresh samples. Samples of weathered shale from four locations of exposed shale overlying the Springfield Coal Member of the Petersburg Formation (Pennsylvanian) gave an  average of 11.8 gallons/ton (9/t), and the average oil yield for 70 fresh samples of the same unit was 11.4 g/t. Oil shales above the Houchin Creek Coal Member of the Petersburg Formation gave an average of 10.9 g/t for 10 weathered samples compared with 7.2  g f t l or 22 fresh samples. According to limited data, weathered oil shales above the Colchester Coal Member of the Linton Formation (Pennsylvanian) gave an average of 10.3 g/t for three samples compared with 2.2 gft for six fresh samples. Although slight weathering increased yields, extreme weathering led  to reduced oil yields. Weathering tends to increase water yields dramatically; it decreases sulfur contents and brings about other chemical changes. Weathered samples of the New Albany Shale (Devonian and Mississippian) were less consistent. Moderately  weathered shales of the Henryville Bed of the Clegg Creek Member showed slight decreases in oil yields, and severely weathered samples of the Henryville and other beds of the Clegg Creek Member showed marked decreases (greater than 50 percent). Early stages of weathering seem to make kerogen more  amenable to oil production in Pennsylvanian shales than in New Albany shales. This difference may result from differences in type of organic materials and depositional environments; the New Albany Shale is mainly euxinic marine, and the Pennsylvanian shales are from varied environments dominated by terrestrial organics"

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THE DESIGN CONSTRUCTION AND OPERATION OF AN IN SITU OIL SHALE RETORTING EXPERIMENT SITE 10 ROCK SPRINGS, WYOMING

"SAl will review previous in situ experience at the Rock Springs sites and evaluate site-specific information such as core samples, site surveys, well logs, etc. SAl will obtain a six-inch-diameter core sample at least forty feet long from the portion of the Tipton member at Rock Springs Site 10 shown on the attached map. Geologic, hydrologic and lithographic evaluations will be performed  and the core will be made available for required rock mechanics tests. SAl will evaluate the basis for concept evaluation in this task."

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PROCESS DESIGN OF A COUNTERCURRENT OIL-SHALE RETORT FOR INVESTIGATION OF SHALE-OIL MIST FORMATION

This report on the process deaign of small "precision" oilshale retort carries such a volume of useful information on  countercurrent retorting that its distribution to those engaged ill oll-shale work in the Bureal was thought to be highly desirable. The fact that the plant has not and may not be constructed and operated owing to limitations of time, money, and manpower does not lessen the value ot the report as a source of  information. The approach to the problem of designing an oll-shale retort is a good one and can be generally followed  by others in future retort designs. The clear and concise discussions of design factors should be of interest to any technical person following oil-shale development work.

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CAPITAL AND OPERATING COST ESTIMATING SYSTEM HANDBOOK, MINING, RETORTING AND UPGRADING OF OIL SHALE IN COLORADO, UTAH AND WYOMING

The Bureau of Land Management (BLM) of the United States  Department of the Interior, as the manager of mineral resources  on public domain lands, is charged with the responsibility of  determining the validity of mining claims located under the  General Mining Law of 1872. One of the bases for determining the  validity of a claim is that the mineral values must be of such  potential value that an ordinary prudent person would be  justified in further expending his time and resources with the  reasonable expectation of developing a profitable mine  (paraphrase of the "Prudent man Rule").  Certain oil shale and marketable by-products from occurrences in  Colorado, Wyoming, and Utah are mineral deposits under the  jurisdiction of the ELM. In order to test the validity of claims  on the basis of the "Prudent Man Rule" it is necessary to develop  the capital and operating cost for mining and processing the  minerals fro n the oil shale occurrences. The BLM may then  incorporate this data with economic and other factors to  determine the validity of the specific claims in question.

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GEOHYDROLOGY AND SURFACE WATER HYDROLOGY PROGRAMS OF THE EQUITY/DOE BX IN SITU OIL SHALE PROJECT RIO BLANCO COUNTY, COLORADO

"The purpose of this project is to demonstrate the technical feasibility of using superheated steam at l,OOO·F and 15OO psfg as a heat-carrying medium to retort the oil shale in situ and to provide a mechanism for the recovery of this oil with minimum impact on the environment. More specifically, the oil shale will be retorted  by injecting superheated steam into the leached  zone through an array of injection wells and recovering the steam/water/oil and gas produced from the leached zone through an array of production wells. The environmental research plan is designed to determine the surface and subsurface effects of project operations in order to allow estimates of the environmental impacts of commercial oil shale development."

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PRODUCTION OF UTAH SHALE OILS BY THE PARAHO DH AND UNION "B" RETORTING PROCESSES

Uinta Basin oil shale from the Hells Hole Canyon outcrop in eastern Utah has been retorted by both the Paraho Direct Heated (DH) and Union "B" processes for the White River Shale Project. Despite wide variation in the  shale grades respectively retorted and the known retort differences, the raw shale oil products appeared to be quite similar both physically and chemically. Comparisons with existing data on Piceance Basin Colorado shale oil  from these two processes are also quite similar. The one unexpected difference was the 30°F (-1°C) pour point for the Utah Union "B" oil. Potential economic advantages could exist as far as pipelineability if this anomaly is  a naturally occurring phenomenon.

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A STUDY OF PHENOL ADSORPTION BY COAL AND MINERALS AT A PROPOSED UCG SITE

Phenols are expected to be one of the most significant organic groundwater contaminants resulting form a UCC burn, so it is important to know the ability of phenol on a clay, raw coal, and clean coal. In each case adsorption follows a Langmuir isotherm the adsorption capacity of the clay is 3.52 mg g wile two different slopes, indicating two different kinds of sites, were observed for clean coal. For one of these an adsorption capacity of 8.3 mg g-1 was observed while it was 108 mg g-1 for the other. Diazomethane was used to methyl ate hydroxyl groups of clay and coal; this leads to a reduction in adsorption capacity for both clay and coal, but the effect is much more pronounced for clay then for coal . It can be concluded that phenol will be adsorbed from aqueous solution rater effectively by coal and that at the very high phenol concentrations found in groundwater in the vicinity of test urns multilayer adsorption occurs in such a manner as to further reduce the mobility of phenol.

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AN ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ANALYSIS FOR A SHALE OIL COMPLEX AT PARACHUTE CREEK, COLORADO VOLUME II PART TWO PIPELINE

In conjunction with the proposed commercial oil shale processing facility at Parachute reek, Colorado, the Colony Development Operation proposes to contract and operate a pipeline to transport low sulfur fuel oil to a storage facility in Lisbon Valley, Utah. The fuel oil would be transferred to an existing Pure Transportation Company oil pipeline for ultimate shipment to west coast markets.

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