AndreaBozzo/ceres-open-data-index huggingface dataset:
System analysis of simplified IGCC (Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle) plants

The Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle (IGCC) has been identified as an advanced coal-to-electricity power generation system with the potential for attractive performance and economic characteristics. A 100 MW demonstration of this concept has been constructed on the Southern California Edison utility system and is supplying electrical output to the grid with excellent availability. With this successful demonstration accomplished, approaches are being evaluated that will retain the attractive operational and environmental characteristics of the IGCC system while offering the potential for increased efficiency and reduced capital cost. The current system evaluation study has focused on developing the performance and economic advantages of these simplification techniques. The simplified IGCC system attempts to achieve reduction in capital cost through elimination of a number of major plant elements while maintaining or increasing the plant efficiency. The elements in the gasification subsystem are simplified by air blowing the gasifier and providing the coal in a dry feed system. By using a fixed-bed gasifier, the gas outlet temperature is reduced to a point where gas cooling is not required and the cleanup functions are performed at gasifier exit temperature directly. When these modifications are employed, the process flow schematic is reduced in complexity. Taking the simplification concept one step further, the power generation system can be modified to include direct combustion of the high-temperature coal gas without any additional heat exchange. The steam generated in the heat recovery steam generator can also be injected into the gas turbine flow path (eliminating the steam turbine) or used in a conventional steam turbine bottoming plant. 42 figs., 43 tabs.

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Extractors manual for Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle Data Base System: Major Plants Data Base

National concern over the depletion of conventional energy sources has prompted industry to evaluate coal gasification as an alternative source of energy. One approach being evaluated is gasifying coal in a gasifier and feeding the fuel gas to a combined-cycle power plant. This system is called an Integrated Gasification Combined-Cycle (IGCC) power plant. The US Department of Energy (DOE) is also encouraging the development of new technologies by sponsoring research and development (R and D) projects in IGCC. In order to make data generated from these projects available to government and private sector personnel, the IGCC Data System has been established. A technology-specific data system consists of data that are stored for that technology in each of the specialized data bases that make up the Morgantown Energy Technology Center (METC) data system. The IGCC Data System consists of data stored in the Major Plants Data Base (MPDB) and the Test Data Data Base (TDDB). To capture the results of government-sponsored IGCC research programs, documents have been written for the MPDB and TDDB to specify the data that contractors need to report and the procedures for reporting them. The IGCC documents identify and define the data that need to be reported for IGCC projects so that the data entered into the TDDB and MPDB will meet the needs of the users of the IGCC Data System. This document addresses what information is needed and how it must be formatted so that it can be entered into the MPDB for IGCC. The data that are most relevant to potential IGCC Data System users have been divided into four categories: project tracking needs; economic/commercialization needs; critical performance needs; and modeling and R and D needs. 4 figs., 28 tabs.

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Morgantown Energy Technology Center Publications List, FY 1987

This Publications List includes the scientific and technical reports and papers authored by the Morgantown Energy Technology Center (METC) staff as well as those written by METC contractors during fiscal year 1987. The reports and papers are arranged by METC areas of expertise: Arctic and Offshore, Components, Environment, Fluidized-Bed Combustion, Fuel Cells, Gas Stream Cleanup, Gasification, Heat Engines, Instrumentation and Control, Low-Rank Coal, Oil Shale, Tar Sands, Unconventional Gas and Enhanced Oil Recovery, Underground Coal Gasification, and Crosscutting Technologies. The reports are subarranged by report numbers from the Energy Data Base. Author/corporate author, report number, order number, and title indexes follow.

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ASPEN simulation of environmental control processes: Task 2, Topical report

Accomplishments of Task 2 of this project are presented. Task 2 has resulted in the development and implementation of three new unit operations in the computer program ASPEN. The first is a multi-phase flash algorithm. The second is a new, sophisticated venturi model, and the third is a solid/liquid separator (clarifier/thickener) model. The flash algorithm considers one organic liquid, one aqueous liquid, one vapor, and any number of precipitated solid phases. However, the algorithm only includes temperature and vapor fraction specified options. We recommend that the new flash algorithm be used in updating previous simulations conducted for systems containing electrolytes. One possibility would be upgrading portions of the Great Plains Gasification Project Simulations made with ASPEN. The new ASPEN venturi model is a sophisticated one with simultaneous calculation of heat, mass, and momentum transfer. The new ASPEN solid/liquid separator model can perform thickening and/or clarification calculations in eithert the design or simulation modes.

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Fine particle coal as a source of energy in small-user applications: Final report, July 1, 1985-February 28, 1986

Progress made during the period 1 July 1985 to 28 February 1986 on the utilization of fine coal as a source of energy in the case of a small user (requiring about 150,000 Btu/hr of heat) is reported. Details of three aspects of the work are described: (1) design features of a 150,000 Btu/hr pulse combustor capable of operating on either fine coal or a coal-water slurry, and the progress made towards its fabrication and evaluation; (2) test results of the influence of ethyl alcohol addition to CWM to prevent freezing at low temperatures; and (3) economic analysis and results predicted therefrom on the market penetration viability of CWM for small-scale applications in the commercial and residential sectors. 85 refs., 8 figs., 4 tabs.

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Extractors manual for Fluidized-Bed Combustion Data Base System: Major Plants Data Base. [FBC; planning]

Fluidized-bed combustion (FBC) technology is rapidly emerging as an acceptable alternative to conventional coal-fired boiler technology. To satisfy the engineering public's need for experimental data and to assist in the study of technical uncertainties in FBC technology, the Department of Energy (DOE) has initiated the development of a data system to store the results of Government-sponsored research. The FBC Data System consists of FBC data stored in the MPDB, TDDB, and MMDB; it will contain both atmospheric and pressurized FBC facilities. To capture the results of Government-sponsored FBC programs, documents have been written for the MPDB and TDDB to specify the data that contractors need to report and the procedures for reporting them. The FBC documents identify and define the data that need to be reported for FBC projects so that the data entered into the MPDB and TDDB will meet the needs of the users of the FBC Data System. This document identifies what information is needed and how it must be formatted so that it can be entered into the MPDB for FBC demonstration and commercial plants. The structure of the MPDB is shown in Figure 1-1. Section 2.0 describes the needs of potential users of the FBC Data System. Section 3.0 explains how the contractor should report and format this data so that it can be entered into the MPDB. Section 4.0 explains the quality control procedures that should be used to ensure the integrity of the data that is stored in the MPDB. 2 figs., 28 tabs.

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Advanced water-cooled phosphoric acid fuel cell development

This program was conducted to improve the performance and minimize the cost of existing water-cooled phosphoric acid fuel cell stacks for electric utility and on-site applications. The goals for the electric utility stack technology were a power density of at least 175 watts per square foot over a 40,000-hour useful life and a projected one-of-a-kind, full-scale manufactured cost of less than $400 per kilowatt. The program adapted the existing on-site Configuration-B cell design to electric utility operating conditions and introduced additional new design features. Task 1 consisted of the conceptual design of a full-scale electric utility cell stack that meets program objectives. The conceptual design was updated to incorporate the results of material and process developments in Tasks 2 and 3, as well as results of stack tests conducted in Task 6. Tasks 2 and 3 developed the materials and processes required to fabricate the components that meet the program objectives. The design of the small area and 10-ft{sup 2} stacks was conducted in Task 4. Fabrication and assembly of the short stacks were conducted in Task 5 and subsequent tests were conducted in Task 6. The management and reporting functions of Task 7 provided DOE/METC with program visibility through required documentation and program reviews. This report describes the cell design and development effort that was conducted to demonstrate, by subscale stack test, the technical achievements made toward the above program objectives.

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Development and use of an advanced coal-fueled diesel engine cycle simulation with group effects, Volume 1

The main objective of this study is to include the group effects of the vaporization and combustion processes in a CWS-fueled cycle simulation of a C.I. engine. A secondary objective of this study is to make additional improvements to the simulation, and to complete a parametric study of input parameters on performance, combustion conditions, and in-cylinder processes. The improvements to the simulation are the addition of a transient Nusselt number calculation for the heat transfer to the droplets, new flexibility in the entrainment model, the possibility of mass and diameter injection profiles other than the previously used   top-hat''profile, and a new devolatilization model. The next section presents a review of previous research efforts into both experimental coal-fueled engines, CWS-fueled engine cycle simulations, and analytical studies of group combustion behavior. Next, the model used in the current study is described. Finally, results from this study are presented and discussed followed by conclusions based on these results.

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Arctic ice island and sea ice movements and mechanical properties. First quarterly report, October 1-December 31, 1983

Research activities for the first quarter are presented for the following tasks: (1) ice island; (2) intrusion of the pack ice edge in the Chukchi Sea; and (3) spray ice adhesion to offshore structure coatings. With respect to the ice island portion of this project the following activities are planned for the year: (1) use aerial photography, satellite imagery, and all available historical records to establish a time history of all of the ice shelves of Ellesmere Island; (2) establish positioning buoys on the existing ice islands to track their trajectories daily and to telemeter daily barometric pressure and temperature, via System Argos; (3) relate geostrophic winds to the observed trajectories; (4) begin to build a pseudo-random model for ice island motion over the long term which would enable a determination of the probability of interaction between ice islands and offshore structures. The overall objective of task 2 is to investigate and analyze the causes and extent of summer time pace ice intrusions into the Chukchi Sea, which would interfere with exploration drilling and emplacement of permanent production structures. For task three a method for evaluating shear and tensile strengths of the interface bond between the sea spray ice layer and the structure or ship surface will be developed. A second more detailed task is to then measure the mechanical properties of this bonded layer for a variety of candidate coatings, as functions of temperature, loading rate, strain rate, salinity, and ice type. 25 references, 92 figures.

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Indirect liquefaction of coal via biosynthesis

The work reported here examines the concept of using microorganisms as a highly selective biocatalyst for the syngas conversion. Since a suitable organism has not been identified, the work attempts to define the desirable properties of the biocatalyst, indicates the possible incentive for its development, and suggests a plan for continued development of the concept. A single overall concept was evaluated in which an alcohol is produced by the bioconversion from a cooled and partially purified syngas. The alcohol is recovered from the organism suspension by evaporation and prepared for use as a gasoline blending component by conventional concentration and drying. Three design cases were developed for economic evaluation: (1) ethanol production assuming a single-stage bioconversion; (2) n-butanol production in a single-stage bioconversion; and (3) ethanol production based on a two-stage bioconversion in which an acetate solution is produced in the first stage and then converted to the final ethanol product in a second bioconversion. The overall process scheme, together with the scale of production, is illustrated in Figure 1-1. All costs presented reflect first-quarter 1986 US dollar estimates. 10 refs., 20 figs., 24 tabs.

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Mt. Vernon, Ohio area lineament analysis

The objective is to investigate the Devonian Shale (gas) potential in the Mt. Vernon, Ohio area. The subject lineament analysis subroutine was designed as an exploration technique to locate a new (contract) well to test the Devonian Shale for hydrocarbon accumulations. The library of maps and images, i.e. in any final process combination leading to final photography which presented an array of same area view were analyzed, and major regional lineaments were identified. This paper presents: the exploration rationale; method; results of investigations 1 to 4; next step rationale; and recommendations. 2 figures.

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Laboratory analysis of gas hydrate cores for evaluation of reservoir conditions. For the months January 1, 1984-May 31, 1984

The objective is to provide technical assistance to METC's effort to develop a leading program in the evaluation of hydrate samples in porous media at reservoir conditions. An existing computer program has been modified to calculate enthalpies of dissociation, equilibrium pressures, and earth temperature-depth profiles for hydrate formation as a function of gas composition. In this report results of the depth-temperature studies are presented. The effect of gas composition, geothermal gradient, permafrost thickness and pressure gradient on the thickness of a hydrate stability zone in permafrost regions is covered. The effect of ocean bottom temperature, gas composition and ocean depth on a hydrate stability zone beneath the ocean is shown. These variables are considered to be among the more important in determining the potential that a particular region has for containing hydrates and they need to be measured in any geological investigation of a region. 24 references, 11 figures, 1 table.

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Characterization of reservoir rocks and fluids by surface electromagnetic transient methods

The objectives of this research were to improve the interpretations of transient electromagnetic (TEM) measurements over two-dimensional subsurface structures. TEM is a surface electromagnetic method employed in fossil energy reservoir exploration and characterization. Electrical measurements find application in (1) assisting in fossil energy exploration mainly in areas where seismic methods yield inadequate data quality, such as volcanic covered terrain, permafrost areas, and the Rocky Mountain Overthrust; (2) mapping contacts between hydrocarbon and brines in shallow producing horizons, and (3) in monitoring enhanced oil recovery processes which cause zones of lower resistivity. The work under this contract consisted of three tasks: (1) Selection of a test site and acquisition of a high density, 3-component data set over the test site; (2) development of finite element modeling algorithms for computing 3-D EM fields over 2-D subsurface structures; and (3) development of TEM 2-D subsurface imaging method. Accomplishments for these three tasks are presented in this report.

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Geotechnology for tight gas reservoirs

This annual report summarizes progress which has been made in Fiscal Year 1989 on this program of geotechnology for tight gas reservoirs. Most of the studies are an outgrowth of the results and experience from the Multiwell Experiment -- an unprecedented investigation of western gas reservoirs typical of the Mesaverde Formation. Results are presented in the following study areas: (1) tectonism, subsidence and fracturing of these reservoirs, (2) mechanism for the formation of regional fractures in flat-lying basins, (3) the case against natural hydraulic fracturing, (4) characterization and implications of dickite-mineralized fractures, (5) significance of coring-induced fractures, (6) determination of an effective stress law for permeability in tight sandstones, and (7) stress azimuths for two well sites in the Piceance Basin. In addition, technology transfer aspects and impact of the Multiwell Experiment are summarized. 27 refs., 28 figs., 1 tab.

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The MAGSORB process for bulk separation of carbon dioxide

Objective is to study the removal of CO[sub 2] from a fuel gas produced by a coal gasifier, with a K[sub 2]CO[sub 3]-modified MgO sorbent. During this period, the packed-bed reactor was completed. Three sorbent batches were prepared, six packed-bed tests were conducted, and thermobalance testing was completed. Betchel completed a cost estimate for the MAGSORB unit in a coal gasification/methanol synthesis plant. The use of MAGSORB offers three potential advantages over conventional processes: lower heat losses, simplified desulfurization, and potential integration with advanced hot gas desulfurization.

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Flash pyrolysis of coal in reactive and non-reactive gases: Final report, October 1, 1982--September 30, 1986

The purpose of this study was to compile a process chemistry data base for the flash pyrolysis of several ranks of coal. The process of flash pyrolysis is defined in terms of reaction conditions as follows: (1) Rapidly heating coal particles to temperatures above approximately 400/degree/C at rates ranging from hundreds to thousands of degrees per second; (2) maintaining a relatively short residence time of the coal particles at reaction temperature and pressure, on the order of less than one second to tens of seconds; and (3) rapidly cooling the reaction system, at rates on the order of hundreds of degrees per second, to temperatures below about 300/degree/C. In this manner, yields of gases and lighter liquids tend to increase and the yields of heavier oils, tars, and chars decrease. A number of methods can be used to obtain the rapid heat up rate of the coal particles. The optimum method, from a process point of view, is by the use of a preheated gas stream which is rapidly mixed with the coal feed material. Thus, this report covers the flash pyrolysis of coal particles mixed and entrained with preheated reactive and non-reactive gases. 16 refs., 15 tabs., 27 figs.

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Using image analysis to determine petrophysical properties of reservoir rocks

The objective of this work is to apply computer image analysis methods to measurements of pore and grain parameters in reservoir rocks and to use the measured values of these parameters to predict petrophysical properties such as porosity, permeability, and capillary pressure. By computer image analysis, rapid measurements of pore and grain diameters, areas, and perimeters can be performed, and from these measurements various other parameters, such as shape factor, form factor, and specific surface can be derived. A commercially available PC-based image analysis system previously adapted for computations of petrophysical properties has been improved. Based on pore and pore throat measurements, rapid and reliable predictions of porosity, permeability, grain size distribution, and capillary pressure can be made from thin sections fabricated from rock samples as small as drill cuttings. 9 refs., 11 figs., 3 tabs.

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Potential of infill drilling to increase Devonian shale gas reserves in the Appalachian Basin

This report presents results of two studies to evaluate the potential of infill drilling as a gas production strategy in the Devonian shales. This case study (Volume 1), completed in West Virginia, compares actual field data with simulations. Infill wells were placed in an existing field in an area of high flow capacity (determined by history matching). Results indicate that 50 percent more gas may be recovered over a 10-year period if infill wells are drilled in the more geologically favorable area of a field. Geologically favorable areas of a field are locations where high permeability and thickness have been calculated through history matching. A simplified economic analysis was performed to determine feasible infill scenarios. A Devonian-gas-shale economics model was used to evaluate the results of both studies. Required gas prices were calculated for a 20 percent rate-of-return on investment for each infill drilling scenario. Results determined that less than 80-acre well spacing was not economically feasible. A reduced number of wells spaced 80 acres or more apart was productive, in agreement with the state-wide study (Volume 2). Accordingly, areas in West Virginia and Kentucky are candidates for infill drilling, but such areas of high flow capacity can only be found through a detailed geologic characterization with history matching. 15 refs., 42 figs., 8 tabs.

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Potential of infill drilling to increase Devonian shale gas reserves in the Appalachian Basin

This report presents results of two studies to evaluate the potential of infill drilling as a production strategy in the Devonian shales. This study (Volume 2) uses data evolved during the Eastern Gas Shales research program to compile gas-in-place estimates and to analyze key production mechanisms. Each of the three states was partitioned into areas based on key geological parameters and tectonophysics that established the natural stress and fracture regimes. Within these partitioned areas, a simulation study of infill drilling was conducted to determine the impact of reduced well spacing on 40-year cumulative gas production. In this approach, one, three, and five infill wells were randomly located in a field of five existing wells that had been producing for 20 years. After 20 years of well production, the well recovery for each simulated infill well was evaluated. 5 figs., 5 tabs.

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