AndreaBozzo/ceres-open-data-index huggingface dataset:
Indirect and Direct Tensile Behavior of Devonian Oil Shales

Ultimate indirect tensile strengths of Devonian oil shales across the bedding planes is a mechanical property parameter important to predicting how oil shale will break. This is particularly important to in-situ fragmentation. The Split Cylinder Test was used to determine the indirect tensile strengths between the bedding planes. Test specimens, cored perpendicular to the bedding planes, representing oil shales of different oil yields taken from Silver Point Quad in DeKalb County, Tennessee and Friendship in Scioto County, Ohio, were subjected to the Split Cylinder Test. Linear regression equations relating ultimate tensile strength across the bedding planes to volume percent of organic matter in the rock were developed from the test data. In addition, direct tensile strengths were obtained between the bedding planes for the Tennessee oil shales. This property is important for the design of horizontal fractures in oil shales. Typical results were presented.

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Mechanics of hydraulic fracturing

A theoretical examination of the fracturing of rocks by means of pressure applied in boreholes leads to the conclusion that, regardless of whether the fracturing fluid is of the penetrating or nonpenetrating type, the fractures produced should be approx. perpendicular to the axis of least stress. The general state of stress underground is that in which the 3 principal stresses are unequal. For tectonically relaxed areas characterized by normal faulting, the least stress should be horizontal; the fractures produced should be vertical, and the injection pressure should be less than that of the overburden. In areas of active tectonic compression, the least stress should be vertical and equal to the pressure of the overburden; the fractures should be horizontal, and injection pressures should be equal to, or greater than, the pressure of the overburden. (22 refs.)

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Characterization and control of exhaust gas from diesel engine firing coal-water mixture

Exhaust from the GE-TS single cylinder diesel engine, fitted with hardened metal, and diamond-tipped metal fuel injection nozzles, and firing coal-water mixture (CWM) has been characterized with respect to gas composition, particulate size distribution, and particulate filtration characteristics. The measured flue gas compositions are roughly in keeping with results from combustion calculations. The time variations of the hydrocarbon, CO, and NO[sub x] concentrations are also understood in terms of known reaction mechanisms.

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Multi-well experiment MWX-3 as-built report

The Multi-Well Experiment, sponsored by the Department of Energy, has two overall objectives: (1) characterize low-permeability lenticular gas sands and (2) develop and evaluate technology for the production of natural gas from them. The third well of the experiment was drilled between June and August 1983 at a site in the Rulison Field, seven miles southwest of Rifle, Colorado. This report represents the as-built data and results from that well. 11 figures, 11 tables.

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Corrosion of materials in Molten Carbonate Fuel Cells (MCFC)

Results on corrosion behavior of a number of heat exchanger materials which were exposed to simulated fuel cell environments are given. Effect of alloy composition, exposure time and temperature, type of environments, and effect of carbonate tile on the overall corrosion resistance of materials are discussed. Materials that show promise for separator plants have been identified from exposure tests of up to 5000 h. One of the most significant modes of corrosion, i.e., breakaway corrosion, for a number of materials has been identified. In this mode of corrosion, alloys show tendency of accelerated corrosion after satisfactory performance for several thousands of hours. In such cases, longer term tests are generally undertaken e.g., 5000 h tests have been performed in this contract. IITRI is, however, advocating longer term tests, preferably for 10,000 h which should identify the tendency of alloys to go into breakaway corrosion if those are susceptable to such damage. A total of 24 tests were completed in both oxidizing and fuel gas environments on iron base and nickel base alloys. Twelve-dual atmospheric tests were also conducted by IITRI subcontractor IGT, located in an adjacent building on IIT campus. A detailed analysis of the results which probed into corrosion mechanisms is also given. Finally, effect of exposure in both oxidizing and reducing environment on the mechanical properties of 30A and 314L is also presented in this report.

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Interaction of trace species with the molten carbonate fuel cell: Task report No. 12

The concept of a molten carbonate fuel cell/coal gasifier power plant is under development at the present time. Since a large number of trace species will be found in the coal gasifier effluent and further, since the effect of these trace species on molten carbonate fuel cells is not known, an estimate of this effect is required. The motivation for the study is further enhanced by the fact that the cell surface area is quite large, about 3.5 x 10/sup 6/ ft/sup 2/ in the case of the ECAS II molten carbonate fuel cell. Hence, any trace species entering the cell will have ample opportunity to react with the electrodes or the electrolyte. It is relatively simple to show (neglecting solubility effects) that if a trace species strongly adsorbs on an electrode then at a concentration of only 1 ppM, the total pore area of the electrode (about 40 sq miles in the ECAS II power plant) would be covered to 50% in about a day.

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High-temperature pyrolysis mechanisms of coal model compounds

The degradation of the carboxylic acid group has been examined with respect to potential pretreatment strategies for fossil fuel conversion processes. In one potential pretreatment strategy involving cation exchange of the carboxylic acid group, a series of benzoic acid and stearic acid salts have been chosen to model the   tight''carboxylic acids of immature fossil fuel feedstocks and have been pyrolyzed with an entrained flow reactor. Our preliminary results indicate that Group I and II salts yield primarily the parent acid. Benzoate salts also yield small amounts of benzene while the stearic acid salts give no other detectable products. In two alternative treatment strategies, esterification and anhydride preparation have also been accomplished with these compounds being subjected to the entrained flow reactor conditions. The benzoate esters give a number of products, such as benzaldehyde, benzene, and low MW gases. The formation of these compounds is extremely dependent on pyrolysis conditions and alkoxy chain length. A xenon flashlamp and an entrained flow reactor have been used to heat organic substrates to varying temperatures using different heating rates. Ultrarapid flashlamp pyrolysis (heating rate>10{sup 50}C/s) has been performed. Since the ultrarapid pyrolysis products differ from those observed with traditional heating techniques and differ from the products formed photochemically, the flashlamp pyrolysis products are attributed to high temperature thermal activation.

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Semi-annual report for the unconventional gas recovery program, period ending September 30, 1980

Progress is reported in research on methane recovery from coalbeds, eastern gas shales, western gas sands, and geopressured aquifers. In the methane from coalbeds project, data on information evaluation and management, resource and site assessment and characterization, model development, instrumentation, basic research, and production technology development are reported. In the methane from eastern gas shales project, data on resource characterization and inventory, extraction technology, and technology testing and verification are presented. In the western gas sands project, data on resource assessments, field tests and demonstrations and project management are reported. In the methane from geopressured aquifers project, data on resource assessment, supporting research, field tests and demonstrations, and technology transfer are reported.

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Fundamental study on transient bubble (slug) behavior by characterizing transient forces of solid particles in fluidized beds

The objective of this work is to recognize and interpret the signals of transient motion of bubbles (slugs) in fluidized beds by measuring and utilizing the signals of transient motion of solid particles. The two signals were measured simultaneously and also synchronized by using the TTL signal technique in the same fluidized beds. Also, a simultaneous study of video bubble image, transient force and pressure signals was initiated in a two dimensional fluidized bed. we successfully synchronized three signals so that the relationship of bubble behavior and force pressure signals can be identified and characterized. It has been found that bubble image can well be correlated to the transient force signal of solid particles under certain conditions in three dimensional fluidized beds. Accordingly, it seems that the transient force signals can significantly help understanding the transient motion of bubbles (slugs), which is important to design the fluidized beds.

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Electrode reaction mechanisms in molten carbonate fuel cells

This report describes the results of a joint research effort at Illinois Institute of Technology (IIT) and Case Western Reserve University (CWRU) to elucidate the reaction mechanism of oxygen reduction at the cathode of the molten carbonate fuel cell (MCFC). This research project was aimed at developing novel experimental approaches to the chemistry and electrode kinetics of oxygen reduction under MCFC conditions, and improving our fundamental understanding of the reaction mechanism as it applies to the MCFC. IIT's contribution was focused on developing and using rotating electrodes with well-defined mass-transfer properties, to characterize the electrode kinetics of oxygen reduction in molten carbonate. CWRU's contribution was focused on developing and using micro-electrodes for the same purpose, and also on developing spectroscopic cells and carrying out various types of spectroscopic measurements to characterize the oxygen species in molten carbonate under MCFC conditions. This report is divided into two main parts. Part 1 provides the technical background of the questions concerning oxygen reduction in molten carbonate as they apply to the MCFC system. The methodological approach and the objectives of the research are also presented. The second part describes the development of the rotating electrodes, micro-electrodes and spectroscopic cells and the results of measurements, as well as the interpretation of the data. Conclusions of this project, including some recommendations for further research, are also given in this part. 111 refs., 69 figs., 7 tabs.

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Coal gasification via the Lurgi process: Topical report: Volume 1, Production of SNG (substitute material gas)

A Lurgi baseline study was requested by the DOE/GRI Operating Committee of the Joint Coal Gasification Program for the purpose of updating the economics of earlier Lurgi coal gasification plant studies for the production of substitute natural gas (SNG) based on commercially advanced technologies. The current study incorporates the recent experience with large size Lurgi plants in an effort to improve capital and operating costs of earlier plant designs. The present coal gasification study is based on a mine mouth plant producing 250 billion Btu (HHV) per day of SNG using the Lurgi dry bottom coal gasification technology. A Western subbituminous coal was designated as the plant food, obtained from the Rosebud seam at Colstrip, Montana. This study presents the detailed description of an integrated facility which utilizes coal, air, and water to produce 250 billion Btu (HHV) per day of SNG. The plant consists of coal handling and preparation, twenty-six Lurgi dry bottom gasifiers, shift conversion, acid gas removal, methanation, compression and drying of product gas, sulfur recovery, phenol and ammonia recovery, as well as necessary support facilities. The plant is a grass roots, mine mouth facility located in a Western location similar to the town of Colstrip in Rosebud County, Montana. The Lurgi Corporation assisted in this study, under subcontract to Foster Wheeler, by supplying the heat and material balances, flow sheets, utilities, catalysts and chemical requirements, and cost data for Lurgi designed process sections. Details of material supplied by Lurgi Corporation are presented in Appendix A. 52 refs., 36 figs., 64 tabs.

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Pretreatment techniques for coal gasification. Fourth quarterly report, July 1-September 30, 1985. [Steam treatment to increase light liquid yields]

Pretreatment of coal in steam is being explored with the goal of improving the economic attractiveness of coal gasification by cogeneration of light liquid fuels. A literature survey has been completed and submitted to DOE for review. Workers in the field, as well as the available literature, were surveyed for information on the design, construction and operation of dry coal feeders. Based on this information, a linear feeder was selected, designed, and constructed. In a series of off-line tests, modifications were made and tentative operating procedures established. The feeder was then installed on the reactor system and tested under operating conditions. The desired feed rates were obtained with no plugging of the feed tube. The system was found to be sensitive to variations in reactor pressure. Procedures were formulated to avoid such changes. Satisfactory feeder performance was achieved. Characterization of pretreated coal by solvent extraction was tested this quarter with excellent results. Thirteen coal batches were pretreated at various temperatures in steam and, for comparison, in helium. Twenty-seven extractions were carried out, including five of raw coal, using pyridine. To avoid thermal alteration of pretreated coal, extractions were carried out at room temperature. The results parallel our previous results on the pyrolysis of pretreated coal: pretreated coal gives about twice the extract yield of raw coal; extract yield is a maximum when pretreatment is at 340/sup 0/C; pretreatment in helium does not improve extract yield; the effect of pretreatment on extract yield is destroyed if pretreated coal is exposed to air. These results support the theory that pretreatment partially depolymerises coal. Characterization of these extracts is expected to provide information on the chemistry of pretreatment. 12 figs., 2 tabs.

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Design and installation of a condensate recovery system

The Grimethorpe Experimental Facility was designed to use steam from the Grimethorpe Power Station to drive the turbo-compressor during start-up. During this period, it was intended that steam produced in the Facility Steam/Water Circuit would be vented to atmosphere and the required condensate make-up would be supplied from storage tanks. The Condensate Recovery System (CRS) and its interconnection with the Facility is shown. The resulting changes of the thermodynamic conditions of the steam are shown. The system is capable of receiving the full output of the Steam/Water Circuit at design conditions of 440/sup 0/C, 30.3 bar abs.

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Ultrafine grinding of low-rank coal: Phases II and III: Final report

A study of ultrafine grinding of low-rank coals in a fluid-energy mill was undertaken. The overall project objectives were to (1) measure selected properties of ultrafine-pulverized, low-rank coal as a function of coal source and product moisture, and (2) determine the power requirements for a fluid-energy mill to produce /minus/10 micron sized particles as a function of coal source and product moisture. A fluid-energy mill which uses either air or steam as the pulverization medium at the Ergon, Inc. Micro-Energy Division development facility at Vicksburg, Mississippi, was used in this investigation. 19 refs., 40 figs., 24 tabs.

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Thermophysical properties of oil shales: Final technical progress report for the period January 1, 1977 to January 1, 1980

A prerequisite and initial focus of this research program was the development of measurement techniques specifically designed towards the study of the thermophysical properties of (fossil fuels) reacting materials. Measurement problems peculiar to studies of complex, heterogeneous materials such as oil shales necessitated major modifications in commercially available equipment. Part I of this report covers the apparatus, procedure and calibration for the following: (1) thermal conductivity; (2) thermal diffusivity; (3) dielectric analysis; (4) microwave dielectric analysis; (5) acoustic velocity measurements; and (6) specific heat measurements. Part II on experimental results and model calculations includes: (1) general introduction; (2) sample preparation; (3) experimental results; (4) application of experimental data to four model calculations relevant to oil shale technology; and (5) summary and conclusions. 84 refs., 104 figs., 14 tabs.

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Disposal of off-gases from hot gas desulfurization processes: Yearly technical status report

The results from the first year of a 2-year study entitled /open quotes/Disposal of Off-Gases from Hot Gas Desulfurization Processes/close quotes/ are presented in this report. The work was performed by the Center for Process Research at Research Triangle Institute under Contract AC21-86MC23260 with Morgantown Energy Technology Center (METC) of the US Department of Energy. High temperature desulfurization processes being developed by METC involve the use of regenerable mixed metal compounds such as zinc ferrite for efficient removal of reduced sulfur compounds from coal gasifier gases. 10 refs., 20 figs., 9 tabs.

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Analysis of potential combustion source impacts on acid deposition using an independently derived inventory. Volume II, appendices

This document contains 2 appendices. The first documents the methodologies used to calculate production, unit energy consumption, fuel type and emission estimates for 16 industries and 35 types of facilities utilizing direct-fired industrial combustion processes, located in 26 states (and the District of Columbia) east of the Mississippi River. As discussed in the text of this report, a U.S. total of 16 industries and 45 types of facilities utilizing direct-fired combustion processes were identified by an elimination type method that was developed based on evaluation of fuel use in industrial SIC codes 20-39 to identify pollutant sources contributing to acid rain. The final population included only plants that have direct-fired fuel consumption greater than or equal to 100 x 10/sup 9/ Btu/yr of equivalent energy consumption. The goal for this analysis was to provide at least a 1980 base year for the data. This was achieved for all of the industries and in fact, 1981 data were used for a number of the industries evaluated. The second contains an analysis of all consumption of major fossil fuels to: (1) identify all fuel usage categories, and (2) identify the kinds of combustion equipment used within each category. This analysis provides a frame of reference for the balance of the study and permits using an energy accounting methodology to quantify the degree to which the inventoried sources in individual consuming sectors are complete and representative of the total population for the sector.

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Phosphoric and electric utility fuel cell technology development. Technical progress report No. 9

The Department of Energy has initiated this program to advance electric utility cell stack technology and to reduce cell stack cost. The cell stack has a nominal 10-ft/sup 2/ active area and operates at 120 psia/405/sup 0/F. The program comprises six parallel phases, which culminate in a full-height, 10-ft/sup 2/ stack verification test: Phase I provides the information and services needed to manage the effort, including definition of the prototype commercial power plant; Phase II develops the technical base for long-term improvements to the cell stack; Phase III develops materials and processing techniques for cell stack components incorporating the best available technology; Phase IV provides the design of hardware and conceptual processing layouts, and updates the power plant definition of Phase I to reflect the results of Phases II and III; Phase V manufactures the hardware to verify the achievements of Phases II and III, and analyzes the cost of this hardware; and Phase VI tests the cell stacks assembled from the hardware of Phase V to assess the state of development.

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Improved oil mining: A feasibility study: Final report

The feasibility of the use of advance mining and petroleum production technologies for oil recovery by improved oil mining was investigated. The study included a thorough review of oil mining technology, geological aspects of improved oil mining, resource evaluation, and resources amenable to improved oil mining including candidate reservoirs that passed initial screening criteria. The technology for slant/horizontal drilling was reviewed. Reservoir engineering and production engineering aspects of improved oil mining were studied, and the applicability of enhanced oil recovery methods in improved oil mining was investigated. Existing safety standards and regulations for improved oil mining were compiled. The work included a study of Caddo Pine Island field in Louisiana as a candidate reservoir for a demonstration project for field research on improved oil mining. The economic feasibility of improved oil mining was studied, and different scenarios were prepared. 212 refs., 42 figs., 24 tabs.

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Pulsating gasification of low rank coals: Quarterly technical progress report for the period July 1, 1986-September 30, 1986

This report describes the research progress accomplished during the eighth quarter of the contract, which has been extended to ten quarters. The parametric studies were continued during this quarter to obtain steady state solutions for gasifiers without devolatilization, for gasifiers with inlet reservoir devolatilization, and for longer gasifiers than previously investigated. These steady state solutions were then used as a reference base for studying the effects of large amplitude pulsations on gasifier performance. The effect of inlet particle temperature, inlet oxygen mass fraction, and gasifier length on the growth or decay of the acoustic oscillations was determined. In all cases considered so far the amplitude of the oscillations decayed with time. Finally, the report presents the progress achieved in the experimental phase of the project. 1 ref., 14 figs., 2 tabs.

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