AndreaBozzo/ceres-open-data-index huggingface dataset:
Development of mild gasification process: Quarterly report for the period April-June, 1987. [Reactor diameter]

Reactor diameter optimization testing began with tests on 8-inch and 4-inch reactor tubes. The tests were conducted in non-tapered stainless steel reactor tubes. The tests to date have demonstrated several points. First, straight reactor tubes can be used in place of tapered tubes in the MGU. Straight reactor tubes (stainless steel pipe) have the advantages of being cheaper and more convenient to use than tapered, cast reactor tubes. Also the tests have shown that the increased heating rate obtained with a 4-inch reactor tube resulted in only a slight increase in the liquid yield. Coal and char combustion tests were conducted to investigate the possible use of char in industrial/utility pulverized coal boilers. The TAS-Combustion System, which takes up to 2 inch x 0 feed through its micronizer to a turbo combustor, was chosen for the tests. The char burned successfully in the TAS-System and in some aspects performed as well as or better than coal. SO/sub 2/ and NO/sub x/ emissions were lower for char than for coal, but the combustion efficiency and flame temperature of coal were slightly higher than those of char. It was found that generally the char did not require support fuel except when turn down ratio of char was as much as 12 to 1 whence a small amount of support fuel is needed to stabilize the flame. Based on the data obtained during the tests, the engineers at TAS, Inc., believed that the char would be an acceptable fuel in several applications. 8 refs., 5 figs., 2 tabs.

Tags: kmd
Geological evolution and analysis of confirmed or suspected gas hydrate localities. Volume 2. Baltimore Canyon Trough and environs - US East Coast

This document is Volume 2 of a series of reports entitled ''Geological Evolution and Analysis of Confirmed or Suspected Gas Hydrate Localities.''Volume 2 provides an analysis of the ''Baltimore Canyon Trough and Environs - US East Coast.''The report presents a geological description of the Baltimore Canyon Trough region, including regional and local structural settings, geomorphology, geological history, stratigraphy, and physical properties. Included also is a discussion of bottom simulating acoustic reflectors, sediment acoustic properties, distribution of hydrates within the sediments, and the relation of hydrate distribution to other features such as salt diapirism. The formation and stabilization of gas hydrates in sediments are discussed in terms of phase relations, nucleation, and crystallization constraints, gas solubility, pore fluid chemistry, inorganic diagenesis, and sediment organic content. A depositional analysis of the area is discussed in order to better understand the thermal evolution of the locality and to assess the potential for thermogenic hydrocarbon generation. 117 refs., 31 figs., 8 tabs.

Tags: kmd
Proceedings of the workshop on valves for solids handling service in coal conversion, November 14--16, 1977

The workshop on valves for solids handling service in coal conversion was held at Morgantown, WV, November 14--16, 1977. It was co-sponsored by the United States Department of Energy, Morgantown Energy Research Center and the Valve Manufacturers Association with the assistance of TRW Energy Systems Group and West Virginia University. Sixteen papers have been entered individually into EDB and ERA. (LTN)

Tags: kmd
Development of mobility control methods to improve oil recovery by CO/sub 2/. Eighth quarterly report, July 1, 1981-September 30, 1981. PRRC Report No. 81-41

Highlights of progress achieved during the quarter ending September 30, 1981 on core flooding, development of foam-type mobility control agents, and on the development of direct thickeners consisting of polymers soluble in CO/sub 2/ are reported. The core flooding test system is operational with all components essentially complete. Foam generation this quarter has been principally concerned with experiments designed to ascertain the proper operating regions for the generator. The second mobility agent is being developed for the direct thickening of CO/sub 2/. A number of polymeric compounds have been found which are soluble in CO/sub 2/. (DMC)

Tags: kmd
Target Reservoirs for CO2 Miscible Flooding Task Two: Summary of Available Reservoir and Geological Data

The objective of the study is to build a solid engineering foundation to serve as the basis for field mini- and pilot tests in both high and low oil saturation carbonate reservoirs for the purpose of extending the technology base in carbon dioxide miscible flooding. The six tasks in this study are as follows: (1) summary of available CO/sub 2/ field test data; (2) summary of existing reservoir and geological data; (3) selection of target reservoirs; (4) selection of specific reservoirs for CO/sub 2/ injection tests; (5) selection of specific sites for tests wells in carbonate reservoirs; and (6) drilling and coring activities. This report for Task Two consists of a summary of existing reservoir and geological data on carbonate reservoirs located in west Texas, southeast New Mexico, and the Rocky Mountain states and is contained in two volumes, each with several parts.

Tags: kmd
Field-Scale Experiment in Underground Gasification of Coal at Pricetown, West Virginia

In October 1979, US Department of Energy successfully completed an underground coal gasification (UCG) field test in eastern bituminous coal near Pricetown, WV. The field test consisted of three major phases: (1) reverse combustion linkage, (2) link enhancement, and (3) gasification. During the gasification phase, gas with an average heating value of 121 BTU/scf was produced, which resulted in an average energy production of 346 BTU/day. Environmental surveys were performed to study the effect of the test on air and water quality. Water was monitored periodically at and near the site in streams, shallow wells, and deep wells before, during, and after the test. Ambient air was monitored continuously over the same period. Between September 12 and October 9, 1979, chemical changes occurred in the groundwater during high-pressure air injection as a result of a casing rupture in a production/injection well 205 feet below ground level. The water monitoring program effectively detected the contamination excursion and followed the deep migration of pollutants. A mass balance model was developed and used for analyzing the test data. Two-dimensional and three-dimensional thermodynamic models were developed to determine the cavity growth during UCG. The cavity growth at the end of gasification was predicted using the 3-D models and was confirmed by the field test data. Two major problems were encountered in the Pricetown I test. The first was related to restricted flow through the linked paths due to the production and buildup of tars and oils in situ. This problem was eliminated by reversing the flow of air alternately until the substances were burned away and the normal passage was restored. The other was related to aquifer pressurization due to rupture casing in one well. This type of problem could be avoided by using proper well completion design.

Tags: kmd
Simultaneous high-temperature removal of alkali and particulates in a pressurized gasification system. Seventh quarterly project report, October 1982-December 1982

This program is directed at performing experimental and analytical investigations, deriving system designs, and estimating costs to asertain the feasibility of using aluminosilicate-based getters for controlling alkali in pressurized gasifications systems. Its overall objective is to develop a comprehensive plan for evaluating a scaled-up version of the gettering process as a unit operation or as an integral part of a particulate removal device. This report briefly summarizes efforts previously completed on thermodynamic projections and system performance projections, together with current work on getter selection and qualification. Work on the thermodynamic projections has been completed and includes an update of the data base, development of alkali phase diagrams, and projections for several gasification processes. Getter selection and qualification efforts involved four tests with the leading candidate getter -- emathlite -- on the thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) system. Plans were also formulated for three tests with emathlite on the bench-scale unit, including one with simulated fuel gas containing water vapor and alkali.

Tags: kmd
Formation of NO/sub x/ and other products from chemically bound nitrogen in coal combustion. Final report

The purpose of this project was to advance the fundamental understanding of fuel nitrogen conversion in coal combustion towards the ultimate end of providing for the rational design of coal combustors with acceptably low NO/sub x/ outputs. In pursuit of this objective the program attached the problem both experimentally and theoretically. Experimental work concentrated upon the pyrolysis stage of coal combustion. It investigated the loss of mass, nitrogen, and sulfur from the solid phase and the distribution of important chemical species in the pyrolyzate under simulated combustion heating conditions. Experimental variables included temperature, heating rate, atmospheric reactivity, thermal history (preheating, reheating) and coal type. These experiments were performed upon twenty coals of widely varying types, two chars, and one petroleum coke. The results of the work suggest that the conditions of coal nitrogen conversion can be controlled by adjusting external variables

Tags: kmd
Physical beneficiation process and costs refinement for coal-water slurry manufacture. Quarterly technical progress report, July-September 1985

The systematic investigation into the effects of coal-water slurry dispersants was continued during this reporting period. Two related variables, product viscosity and zeta potential, were evaluated using a pH range of approximately 6.0 to 10.0, employing three different concentrations of anionic, Ammonium naphthalene sulfonate. Solids loading and grind size were held constant at 60.0% and 44 microns, respectively. The range of results as pH was increased is as follows: (1) 0.50% dispersant: 369 to 82 cps viscosity, -26.0 to -70.7 mV zeta potential; (2) 0.75% dispersant: 81 to 42 cps viscosity, -26.4 to -69.7 mV zeta potential; (3) 1.00% dispersant: 110 to 84 cps viscosity, -23.2 to -65.6 mV zeta potential. The best overall viscosity performance appeared to be with 0.75% dispersant concentration. The zeta potential study seemed to acknowledge this conclusion. Secondly, the effect of varying coal solids loading upon product viscosity was evaluated. Product solids was varied from roughly 50.0 to 65.0%, with dispersnat concentration, guar gum stabilizer concentration, and product pH held constant at 0.75%, 0.05%, and 8.0%, respectively. Three particle top sizes (75, 44, and 20 microns) were studied. The range of viscosity results as solids loading was increased as follows: (1) 75 microns top size: 177 to 400 cps; (2) 44 microns top size: 93 to 292 cps; and (3) 20 microns top size: 40 - (non-flowable paste). At 60.0% coal solids loading, the best overall performance with regard to grinding and product viscosity appeared to be the 44 micron top size material (145 cps). Lastly, three different stabilizers were evaluated at 0.05% concentration to determine product storage capability. Holding solids loading, dispersant concentration, product pH, and product top size constant at 60.0%, 0.75%, 8.0, and 44 microns, respectively, for each of the three stabilizers, guar gum gave the best performance. 3 figs., 4 tabs.

Tags: kmd
Field study of disposed wastes from advanced coal processes

The objective of this research is to develop information to be used by private industry and government agencies for planning waste disposal practices associated with advanced coal processes. DOE has contracted Radian Corporation and the North Dakota Energy   Environmental Research Center (EERC) to design, construct and monitor a limited number of field disposal tests with advanced coal process wastes. These field tests will be monitored over a three year period with the emphasis on collecting data on the field disposal of these wastes. This report discusses waste composition from fluidized bed coal combustion. Also presented is analytical data from the leaching of waste sampled from storage soils and of soil samples collected. 6 figs., 13 tabs.

Tags: kmd
Adsorption from flooding solutions in porous media. A study of interactions of surfactants and polymers with reservoir minerals. Fifth annual report, June 1983-May 1984

Accomplishments for the year are presented for the following tasks: (1) adsorption of surfactants on reservoir minerals; and (2) fluid flow through porous media. Task 1 - While adsorption of alkylbenzenesulfonates on single insoluble minerals is straightforward and now well explained, the behavior of modified sulfonates in real mixed systems is exceedingly complex and not adequately understood. Our recent electrokinetic, electron-spectroscopic and solution chemistry studies have shown that surface conversion of major consequence can take place in heterogeneous systems containing semi-soluble minerals. Furthermore, in this case, there can also be interactions between the dissolved mineral species and surfactant resulting in serious depletion of surfactant. Current emphasis of this project is on adsorption and precipitation of sulfonates in heterogeneous mineral systems containing minerals like gypsum and calcite and on the performance of modified surfactants such as ethoxylated sulfonates and alcohols in such systems. Task 2 - A Monte Carlo method based on the concept of invasion percolation is used to compute the percolation probability by which we can compute the size and distribution of immobilized oil ganglia. By this method, the oil distribution observed in CT experiments can be related to the fundamental distribution of oil within a random porous media. In order to confirm these results, experiments were performed on thin slabs of porous media. Using a gamma emitter, the movement and distribution of the water phase was observed by digital radiography (gamma camera). A methodology has been developed for the transformation of CT generated time dependent compositional data into images of local flow. By generating such streamlines a new hydrodynamic theory of fluid stability in porous media flow will be accessible. 52 references, 103 figures, 7 tables.

Tags: kmd
Environmental engineering and analysis: Final report

One of the primary missions of the Department of Energy's Morgantown Energy Technology Center (METC) is the development of an information and data base on the engineering and environmental aspects of advanced technologies for the conversion of relatively abundant energy sources, such as coal, to clean fuels. Such fuels may be suitable for a number of end uses, including substitute natural gas, fuel gas for use in gas turbines, and others. METC has provided support for the development of a number of synfuels technologies, including the Mountain Fuel Resources (MFR) and Kellogg-Rust/Westinghouse (KRW) gasification technologies, and several raw gas and aqueous waste cleanup technologies. The primary objective of this project was to obtain and evaluate environmental data for advanced synthetic fuel technologies of interest to the Department of Energy as well as associated pollution controls, such as gas cleanup and wastewater treatment technologies.

Tags: kmd
Potential Cumulative Impacts of Environmental Regulatory Initiatives on U.S. Crude Oil Exploration and Production Volume 2

A number of legislative and regulatory initiatives being considered by Congress and state and federal government agencies to protect human health and the environment will affect domestic oil and gas exploration and production (E P) activities. From a national perspective, the most important statutes affecting the domestic E P industry are the following: resource conservation and recovery act (RCRA,6164 ); safe drinking water act (SDWA,6164 ); clean water act (CWA,6164 ); clean air act (CAA,6164 ); superfund amendments and reauthorization act (SARA,6164 ); and comprehensive environmental response, compensation, and liability act (CERCLA). Many government and industry analysts have expressed growing concern that the cumulative cost of multiple environmental initiatives could have significant impacts on domestic oil and gas operations, especially for those operations conducted by smaller companies and those in marginally economic fields. Moreover, some feel that while the costs of increased environmental regulations are cumulative, the benefits from these regulations may not be. The intention of the present study is to assist policy makers by examining the cumulative impact of the increased costs of environmental regulations on domestic crude oil supplies, to aid in balancing energy/economic impacts with the environmental impacts associated with US petroleum operations. Hopefully, the study will help promote interagency dialogue in developing cost-effective environmental regulations that both protect the environment and allow access to US crude oil supplies to be maintained. 40 refs., 30 figs., 61 tabs.

Tags: kmd
Role of C-CO/sub 2/ in gasification of coal and char. Quarterly report, January 1-March 31, 1981

The high-temperature TGA has been operated with steam and CO/sub 2/ for lignite and bituminous chars. Problems with temperature calibration require verification of results before further analysis. Work on attrition of coal in a pressurized, sand fluid-bed was completed. Conditions were 5-45 cm/sec at 1 to 7 atm total pressure. The rate obtained increases with fluidizing velocity and pressure. The rate constants are negligible at velocities below approx. = 30 cm/sec for particles 60 to 175 ..mu.. in diameter. Results appear to be dependent on change in hydrodynamics with pressure. A hot-bed fluidization system was commissioned and operated. Entrainment/elutriation data for coal particles was obtained in the range 5 to 90 cm/sec at 800 to 900/sup 0/C for a 12.7 cm sand bed.

Tags: kmd
In-situ dynamic elastic moduli of Mesaverde rocks and a comparison with static and dynamic laboratory moduli. [In-situ and laboratory measurements in shale and sandstone]

This report focuses on tests performed on sandstones and shales from four wells in the Mesaverde formation. A previous document showed a comparison of the static and dynamic laboratory moduli. This document describes how field velocity logs were used to derive field dynamic moduli. A 3-way comparison was performed for these stiffness properties; the results show no agreement between the three sets of values. Differences between dynamic stiffness coefficients from the field and the laboratory exceed 200%; differences between static and dynamic coefficients range up to 600%. In turn, this indicated that a reliable method of estimating mechanical rock properties for hydraulic fracturing design has not been established, and that such a task should be pursued. 23 refs., 14 figs., 3 tabs.

Tags: kmd
Use of weighted x-ray diffraction data for semi-quantitative estimation of minerals in low-temperature ashes of bituminous coal and in shale

The intensity of x rays diffracted from a component of a mixture is proportional to the concentration of that component in the mixture. The proportionality constant is, however, affected by various parameters including sample preparation and mounting, equipment operation, the composition and crystallinity of the component and the overall composition of the mixture to name just a few. Assuming critical control of sample preparation, mounting and equipment operation, for a specific sample type, weighting factors were determined which when applied to the observed x ray intensities of the individual minerals allowed a reasonably accurate semiquantitative estimation of the mineral abundances to be calculated. The effectiveness of the weighting factors was evaluated using both parametric and nonparametric statistical comparisons with other conventional analytical procedures. Because the sample preparation and mounting procedures are critical for the success of this or any other analytical technique, the procedures used are detailed.

Tags: kmd
Development potential of coalbed methane in the Warrior Coal Basin of Alabama (Chapters 4, 5, and 6)

Coalbed methane gas has significant potential as an alternate energy source. The commercial development of coalbed methane actually began in the early 1930's. However, recently the increased commercial potential for coalbed gas exploitation has resulted in legal questions over ownership. Legal issues could be the biggest stumbling block to the development of coalbed gas. The latest methane gas ownership decision, Hoge v. US Steel Corp., 468 A2d 1380 (Pa 1983), grants methane gas rights to the owner of coal rights. Earlier decisions in the Hoge case granted coalbed methane rights to the natural gas lessee. The conveyance in Hoge only used the general term gas. Use of such ambiguous conveyances is expected to lead to more litigation. Courts in such cases attempt to ascertain the intent of the parties to the conveyance. Conventional oil and gas and hard mineral leases should be modified to be used for methane conveyances. Any conveyance must take into account the existence of any coalbed methane production regulations, such as those approved by the Alabama State Oil and Gas Board in 1984. Such controls may be authorized under oil and gas conservation statutes or mining regulations. Several states have addressed the issues of ownership or use of conflict through statutory provisions. Federal pollution laws covering discharges into federal or state waters may be inforced against methane operations. The most important policy consideration for coalbed methane development should be the timely and efficient development of energy resources with a minimum of environmental degradation. One approach to this problem would be a statute enabling a commission or board to handle conflicts between various natural resource developers, to avoid litigation and attain overall perspective on resource development. 35 references, 18 figures, 23 tables.

Tags: kmd
Development of potential uses for the residue from fluidized-bed-combustion processes. Quarterly technical progress report, March-May 1981

Progress on an extensive research program to evaluate the solid wastes from fluidized bed combustion for potential commercial uses is described. In addition, the investigation will explore methods by which the material can be safely disposed of should commercial applications be slow in developing, or not of sufficient magnitude to account for utilization of all of the waste materials. Previous research under this contract has clearly shown that spent bed materials from atmospheric fluidized bed (AFB) boilers are potentially useful in a number of commercial applications. Extensive laboratory studies to date have confirmed the fact that AFB residue materials from different sources do contain a substantial component of reactive lime which can, after proper processing, be concentrated and effectively separated from the residue. Furthermore, these spent bed materials also exhibit unusual cementitious properties when used as received or after processing in certain construction-related compositions. Major emphasis in this study has been directed toward evaluation of a number of different sources of AFB residue in the following areas of research: (1) characterization of AFB by-product materials; (2) determination of the most effective means of beneficiation or separation of these materials; (3) laboratory evaluation of the feasibility for use of AFB residue in such applications as a lime substitute, neutralization of acidic trade wastes, flue gas desulfurization, and the stabilization of highly plastic soils; and (4) performance testing of commercial applications involving some cementitious activity, such as in road base compositions, the production of structural materials, placement of structural fill material, and the dewatering and stabilization of sludges and slurries. (WHK)

Tags: kmd