AndreaBozzo/ceres-open-data-index huggingface dataset:
Low-Quality Natural Gas Sulfur Removal/Recovery System

Natural gas provides more than one-fifth of all the primary energy used in the United States. Much raw gas is "subquality", that is, it exceeds the pipeline specifications for nitrogen, carbon dioxide, and/or hydrogen sulfide content, and much of this low-quality natural gas cannot be produced economically with present processing technology.  Against this background, a number of industry-wide trends are affecting the natural gas industry. Despite the current low price of natural gas, long-term demand is expected to outstrip supply, requiring new gas fields to be developed. Several important consequences will result. First, gas fields not being used because of low-quality products will have to be tapped. In the future, the proportion of the gas supply that must be treated to remove impurities prior to delivery to the pipeline will increase substantially.1,2 The extent of treatment required to bring the gas up to specification will also increase. Gas Research Institute studies have shown that a substantial capital investment in facilities is likely to occur over the next decade. The estimated overall investment for all gas processing facilities up to the year 2000 alone is approximately $1.2 Billion, of which acid gas removal and sulfur recovery are a significant part in terms of invested capital.3 This large market size and the known shortcomings of conventional processing techniques will encourage development and commercialization of newer technologies such as membrane processes. Second, much of today's gas production is from large, readily accessible fields. As new reserves are exploited, more gas will be produced from smaller fields in remote or off-shore locations. The result is an increasing need for technology able to treat small-scale gas streams. Third, 80% of raw gas that is over specification in carbon dioxide also contains hydrogen sulfide.2 About 13% of presently known and predicted reserves are prone to hydrogen sulfide contamination.1 As subquality fields are exploited, the need for better, cheaper hydrogen sulfide removal and sulfur recovery processes will increasing. Finally, atmospheric discharge of sulfur compounds, either by venting or flaring, now commonly used, will be increasingly regulated for environmental reasons.

Tags: kmd
Post Waterflood C02 Miscible Flood in Light Oil Fluvial - Dominated Deltaic Reservoirs

Only one well remains on production in the Port Neches CO2 project; Kuhn #14. Production from this project is approaching economic limit and the project is nearing termination at this point. The workover to return Kuhn #38 to production failed and the well is currently shut in. All produced CO2 is currently being reinjected in the reservoir. The CO2 recycled volume is 2 MMCFD.

Tags: kmd
Increased Oil Production And Reserves Utilizing Secondary/tertiary Recovery Techniques On Small Reservoirs In The Paradox Basin, Utah

The Paradox basin of Utah, Colorado, and Arizona contains nearly 100 small oil fields producing from carbonate buildups or mounds within the Pennsylvanian (Desmoinesian) Paradox Formation. These fields typically have one to four wells with primary production ranging from 700,000 to 2,000,000 barrels (1 11,300-3 18,000 m3) of oil per field at a 15 to 20 percent recovery rate. At least 200 million barrels (3 1,800,000 m3) of oil is at risk of being unrecovered in these small fields because of inefficient recovery practices and undrained heterogeneous reservoirs. Five fields (Anasazi, Mule, Blue Hogan, Heron North, and Runway) within the Navajo Nation of southeastern Utah are being evaluated for waterflood or carbon-dioxide-miscible flood projects based upon geological characterization and reservoir modeling. The results can be applied to other fields in the Paradox basin and the Rocky Mountain region, the Michigan and Illinois basins, and the Midcontinent.

Tags: kmd
INCREASING WATERFLOOD RESERVES IN THE WILMINGTON OIL FIELD THROUGH IMPROVED RESERVOIR CHARECTERIZATION AND RESERVOIR MANAGEMENT

This project uses advanced reservoir characterization tools, including the pulsed acoustic cased-hole logging tool, geologic three-dimensional (3-D) modeling software, and commercially available reservoir management software to identify sands with remaining high oil saturation following waterflood. Production from the identified high oil saturation sands will be stimulated by recompleting existing production and injection wells in these sands using conventional means as well as short radius and ultra-short radius laterals. Although these reservoirs have been waterflooded over 40 years, researchers have found areas of remaining oil saturation. Areas such as the top sand in the Upper Terminal Zone Fault Block V, the western fault slivers of Upper Terminal Zone Fault Block V, the bottom sands of the Tar Zone Fault Block V, and the eastern edge of Fault Block IV in both the Upper Terminal and Lower Terminal Zones all show significant remaining oil saturation. Each area of interest was uncovered emphasizing a different type of reservoir characterization technique or practice. This was not the original strategy but was necessitated by the different levels of progress in each of the project activities.

Tags: kmd
Advanced Cuttings Transport Study

In this study, foam as a circulating fluid was analyzed and discussed in horizontal and highly inclined wellbores. Rheological and hydraulic behaviors of aqueous foam were investigated extensively. Rheological models are developed for estimating generalized consistency index (K?) and generalized flow behavior index (N) for laminar foam flows in pipes and annular geometries. Rheology experiments were conducted to determine foam rheological properties as a function of foam quality. Analysis of the flow curves of the foam used in this study indicated that foam behaves like a pseudo-plastic fluid with a negligible yield stress; and the flow behavior and consistency indices changing non-linearly with foam quality. Wall slip was observed.

Tags: kmd
CO2 Huff-N-Puff Process in a Light Oil Shallow Shelf Carbonate Reservoir

The principal objective of the Central Vacuum Unit CO2 Huff-n-Puff project is to determine the feasiblilty and practicality of the technology in a waterflooded shallow shelf carbonate environment.  The results of parametric simulation of the CO2 H-n-P process coupled with the CVU reservoir characterization components will determine if this process is technically and economically feasible for field implementation.

Tags: kmd
SUBSTATION AND COMMUNICATION SITE GROUNDING SAFETY ASSESSMENT VOLUME I STATION REPORTS

In July 1994 Southwestern Power Administration contracted with Allen & Hoshall to perform a grounding safety assessment for forty-nine substation and communication sites throughout Arkansas, Missouri, and Oklahoma. This assessment involved on-site inspections of all elements of the grounding system, and testing of the soil resistivity and the ground grid impedance. Data was collected from more than eight visits from August 1995 to May 1996. The field data collected from SPA substations during the site inspections was analyzed to determine allowable step and touch potential levels under fault conditions. An examination was made of the existing grounding grid layout with respect to equipment location, station fencing, areas of special consideration, and adjoining facilities. Touch and step potential levels were determined throughout the site. Based on the visual inspection and the analysis results, recommendations were made to conform to industry standards. The communication sites were similarly studied. These sites do not experience power fault currents, but are more susceptible to transient currents caused by lightning strikes to the communication towers. Items noted at the Substations included the lack of grounding grid beyond the fence line, and the use of large mesh layouts along the outer edges of the grid. To address these items, the installation of additional grounding conductors and  rounding rods may be necessary. For some stations, a redesign of the grounding system or additional stone surfacing is required. The major recommendation for the communication facilities was the installation or conversion of the existing grounding design to single - point grounding. This will provide a greater level of protection for the equipment in the communication houses. Total estimated cost for all recommended improvements is $3.37 million. The safety assessment report is divided into two volumes. The first volume includes the written reports, step and touch potential calculations, and cost estimate breakdowns for each substation and communication site, as well as two chapters on basic power system grounding and soil resistivity and grid impedance testing methods. The second volume contains the collected field data, analysis reports and support data for the sites included in the study.

Tags: kmd
Application of Integrated Reservoir Management and Reservoir Characterization to Optimize Infill Drilling

This project has used a multi-disciplinary approach employing geology, geophysics, and engineering to conduct advanced reservoir characterization and management activities to design and implement an optimized infill drilling program at the North Robertson (Clearfork) Unit in Gaines County, Texas. The activities during the first Budget Period consisted of developing an integrated reservoir description from geological, engineering, and geostatistical studies, and using this description for reservoir flow simulation. Specific reservoir management activities were identified and tested. The geologically targeted infill drilling program currently being implemented is a result of this work.

Tags: kmd
Increased Oil Production And Reserves Utilizing Secondary/tertiary Recovery Techniques On Small Reservoirs In The Paradox Basin, Utah

The Paradox basin of Utah, Colorado, and Arizona contains nearly 100 small oil fields producing from carbonate buildups or mounds within the Pennsylvanian (Desmoinesian) Paradox Formation. These fields typically have one to four wells with primary production ranging from 700,000 to 2,000,000 barrels (111,300-318,000 m3) of oil per field at a 15 to 20 percent recovery rate. At least 200 million barrels (31,800,000 m3) of oil is at risk of being unrecovered in these small fields because of inefficient recovery practices and undrained heterogeneous reservoirs. Five fields (Anasazi, Mule, Blue Hogan, Heron North, and Runway) within the Navajo Nation of southeastern Utah are being evaluated for waterflood or carbon-dioxide-miscible flood projects based upon geological characterization and reservoir modeling. The results can be applied to other fields in the Paradox basin and the Rocky Mountain region, the Michigan and Illinois basins, and the Midcontinent

Tags: kmd
Adding Value to the Atlas of Major Appalachian Gas Plays

Natural gas is produced from more than 100 stratigraphic levels in more than 1000 named fields in a broad trend that extends from New York to Tennessee and includes large portions of Pennsylvania, Ohio, West Virginia, and eastern Kentucky. In the new Atlas of Major Appalachian Gas Plays these gas-bearing reservoirs have been organized into 30 major plays that have both historic significance and future potential. A "play" as used in the atlas is a group of geologically similar drilling prospects having similar source, reservoir and trap controls of gas migration, accumulation, and storage. Thus, they share some common elements of risk with regard to the possible occurrence of gas within them. The 30 Appalachian gas plays have been designated by their reservoir lithology and by reference to trap type or the geologic conditions that control production within the play. Eighteen of the 30 plays are designated by the depositional environment that produced the reservoir lithology; the other 12 are designated by the geologic factors that control production in the play.

Tags: kmd
SOUTH-CENTRAL ALASKA NATURAL GAS STUDY

The south-central Alaska Natural Gas Study is a geologic, engineering, and economic assessment of the options to meet the intermediate- and long-term natural gas demand for the region. An abundant supply of low-cost natural gas from the Cook Inlet Basin was discovered more than 30 years ago as a by-product of oil exploration. This low-cost gas has supplied all of south-central Alaska's residential, commercial, and industrial demand including manufacture and export of large quantities of fertilizer and liquefied natural gas (LNG) since the late 1960?s. Consumers and businesses throughout the region have also benefited from low-cost gas.

Tags: kmd
SUBSTATION AND COMMUNICATION SITE GROUNDING SAFETY ASSESSMENT  VOLUME 4 SPRINGFIELD MAINTENAANCE AREA FIELD DATA AND COMPUTER ANALYSIS

Springfield Maintenance Area Field Data and Computer Analysis Carthage Substation, Crane Radio Station, Decatur Radio Station, Hercules Radio Station, Jenkins Radio Station, Neosho Switching Station, Norfolk Substation Nixa Substation, Selmore Radio Station, Springfield Substation, Sugar Camp Radio Station

Tags: kmd
GEOSCIENCE/ENGINEERING CHARACTERIZATION OF THE INTERWELL  ENVIRONMENT IN CARBONATE RESERVOIRS BASED ON OUTCROP ANALOGS, PERMIAN BASIN, WEST TEXAS AND NEW MEXICO -- WATERFLOOD PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS FOR THE SOUTH COWDEN GRAYBURG RESERVOIR, ECTOR COUNTY, TEXAS

A reservoir engineering study was conducted of waterflood performance in the South Cowden field, an Upper Permian Grayburg reservoir on the Central Basin Platform in West Texas. The study was undertaken to understand the historically poor waterflood performance, evaluate three techniques for incorporating petrophysical measurements and geological interpretation into heterogeneous reservoir models, and identify issues in heterogeneity modeling and fluid-flow scale up that require further research. The approach included analysis of relative permeability data, analysis of injection and production data, heterogeneity modeling, and waterflood simulation.

Tags: kmd
DEVELOPING A COST EFFECTIVE ENVIRONMENTAL SOLUTION FOR PRODUCED WATER AND CREATING A "NEW" WATER RESOURCE

This report summarizes the status of this project for the quarter January 1, 1997 to March 31, 1997. Phase II has been started and Task 7, Develop Pilot Scale Test Work Plan has been completed. The operational portion of this phase, Task 8 has been initiated with several pieces of pilot equipment already on-site. The start up of the full process train will not occur until the next quarter. The project is slightly behind schedule. A no cost extension was requested and was granted. The anticipated completion date is December 31, 1997. The project is on budget.

Tags: kmd
High Pressure Downhole Pump Jet-Assist Drilling

The objective of this project is to accelerate development and commercialization of a high pressure downhole pump, DHP, to be used for ultra-high pressure, jet assist drilling. As a means to accomplishing this objective, a second generation prototype of a DHP for drilling in 200 mm (7-7/8 inch) holes was designed, fabricated, tested in the laboratory, and tested downhole in the field.

Tags: kmd
Natural Gas Storage Utilization: Current Market Drivers and Probable Trends

Since the understanding of these shifts is fundamental to GRI?s and DOE?s allocation of funding for Research and Development in the area of natural gas storage, International Gas Consulting, Inc. (IGC) was asked to analyze current market drivers for and probable trends in the utilization of natural gas storage. This was accomplished using direct contacts with representatives from across U.S. industry and geographical segments in order to support GRI?s research investments in the storage sector.

Tags: kmd
High Data Rate MWD Mud Pulse Telemetry

The objective of this project is to build and test a research prototype of a 20 to 30 bits/second MWD mud-pulse telemetry system. At current telemetry rates of 1 to 3 bits/second, the driller must be very selective about what drilling data is transmitted. This lack of information makes it more difficult to optimize the drilling of wells. Halliburton has demonstrated that a 30 bits/second mud-pulse can be recovered in a 10,000 foot flow loop.

Tags: kmd
Appendix 19 Technology Transfer Greater Green River Basin Production Improvement Project

Two of the most prolific tight gas reservoirs in the Green River Basin, the Frontier and the Mesaverde, are candidates for the application of horizontal well completion technology. Several horizontal completions have already been implemented in the Mesaverde as an alternative to vertical, hydraulically-fractured wells. The objective of the current project, however, was to apply the concept of horizontal and directional drilling to the Second Frontier Formation on the western flank of the Rock Springs Uplift in order to reduce the technical risks and economic uncertainty standing in the way of increased efficient industry development of this low permeability (tight) gas resource. The western GGRB area has not been tested with alternative completion technologies, and the blanket marine and lenticular fluvial reservoirs characteristic of the Second Frontier represent a prime candidate for a DOE demonstration project that would compare production improvements by drilling, completing and testing vertical, horizontal and directionally-drilled wells. Developing techniques to more efficiently improve exploitation efficiencies in the Second Frontier has potentially high rewards because the potential recoverable gas resource in the Deep Frontier is large, with gas-in-place ranging from 10 to 25 BCF per 640-acre section. Phases I and II of the project involved site characterization and the subsequent drilling of a vertical characterization well through the Second Frontier Formation. Information gained from the vertical well was used to further characterize the geology of the site, reservoir quality, natural fractures, stress directions, and gas productivity in order to evaluate the feasibility of implementing subsequent phases of the project (multiple lateral wellbores). Production and pressure data from the vertical well were also used in evaluating the potential effectiveness of a hydraulic fracture treatment.

Tags: kmd
DOE NN-20 MICROBOREHOLES PROJECT

Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL) and its contractors have developed a conceptual design for a directional microborehole drilling system for hard-rock boring. Analytical calculations, simulations, and the results of laboratory testing of critical prototype drilling components have influenced the design. Two reduced-size drilling systems to produce small diameter, 500-ft-Iong,  directionally drilled river crossing trajectories are proposed to prove feasibility of the concept: 1) a 2-lI4-in. diameter, early demonstration unit to drill directional ultraslimholes; and 2) a 1-lI8-in. diameter, ultimate design to drill directional microboreholes. Both concepts use versatile, coiled-tubing-deployed, hydraulically-powered drilling assemblies, and a surface platform that includes a tubing injector unit to develop high load insertion (snubbing) of the tubing into the sealed borehole. Surface injection will be used to develop the required bit thrust, and both concepts provide for the use of a commercial, real-time, location and steering system that is readily and routinely adapted for deployment on a coiled-tubing drilling platform. The conceptual drilling platform and its subassemblies are shown in Fig. 1.

Tags: kmd
THE FOURTH INTERNATIONAL RESERVOIR CHARECTERIZATION CONFERENCE

This volume contains the Proceedings of the Fourth International Reservoir Characterization Technical Conference held March 2-4, 1997 at the Wyndham Greenspoint Hotel, Houston, Texas. The Department of Energy Bartlesville Project Office (DOE/BPO), BDM-Oklahoma, Inc., and the American Association of Petroleum Geologists (AAPG) were co-sponsors of the event. The theme for the conference was Advances in Reservoir Characterization for Effective Reservoir Management. Thomas C. Wesson, DOE/BPO, and Thomas E. Burchfield of BDM-Oklahoma, Inc., were Conference Co-Chairmen. The opening address was given by Dr. Olivier Guillon, Deputy Director of Research and Development, Elf Aquaitaine Production. Luncheon speakers included Dr. Mark McElroy, Division Manager of E&P, Phillips Petroleum Company and Dr. Leif Hinderaker, Senior Advisor for Reservoir Technology at the Norwegian Petroleum Directorate (NPD). On Sunday, March 2, 1997, the DOE Class Workshop kicked off with tutorials by Dr. Steve Begg (BP Exploration) and Dr. Ganesh Thakur (Chevron). Tutorial presentations are not included in these Proceedings but may be available from the authors.

Tags: kmd
ANISOTROPY AND SPATIAL VARIATION OF RELATIVE PERMEABILITY AND LITHOLOGIC CHARACTER OF TENSLEEP  SANDSTONE RESERVOIRS IN THE BIGHORN AND WIND RIVER BASINS, WYOMING

This multidisciplinary study was designed to provide improvements in advanced reservoir characterization techniques. This goal was accomplished through: (1) an examination of the spatial variation and anisotropy of relative permeability in the Tensleep Sandstone reservoirs of Wyoming; (2) the placement of that variation and anisotropy into pale geographic, and depositional regional frameworks; (3) the development of pore-system imagery techniques for the calculation of relative permeability; and (4) reservoir simulations testing the impact of relative permeability anisotropy and spatial variation on Tensleep Sandstone reservoir enhanced oil recovery.

Tags: kmd
West Hackberry Tertiary Project

The West Hackberry Tertiary Project is a field test of the concept that air injection can be combined with the Double Displacement Process to produce a tertiary recovery process that is both low cost and economic at current oil prices. The Double Displacement Process is the gas displacement of a water invaded oil column for the purpose of recovering tertiary oil by gravity drainage. In reservoirs with pronounced bed dip such as those found in West Hackberry and other Gulf Coast salt dome fields, reservoir performance has shown that gravity drainage recoveries average 80% to 90% of the original oil in place while waterdrive recoveries average 50% to 60% of the original oil in place. The target for tertiary oil recovery in the Double Displacement Process is the incremental oil between the 50% to 60% waterdrive recoveries and the 80% to 90% gravity drainage recoveries. In previous field tests, the Double Displacement Process has proven successful in generating tertiary oil recovery. The use of air injection in this process combines the benefits of air's low cost and universal accessibility with the potential for accelerated oil recovery from the combustion process. If successful, this project will demonstrate that utilizing air injection in the Double Displacement Process will result in an economically viable tertiary process in reservoirs (such as Gulf Coast salt dome reservoirs) where any other tertiary process is presently uneconomic.

Tags: kmd
IMPLEMENT RUSSIAN ALUMINUM DRILL PIPE AND RETRACTABLE DRILLING BITS INTO THE USA Volume II: Development of Retractable Drill Bits in Russia

This report describes the development of Retractable Bits (RBs) for drilling without the need to trip the drill string that has been ongoing in Russia during the past 50 years, including the latest research and field applications in offshore stratigraphic drilling projects. The potential to drill with fewer trips of the drill string significantly affects the process of borehole construction, sidetracking, as well as workovers. Other benefits of RBs include: 1. Continuous circulation of the borehole during the RB operational cycle (run in/drill/pull out) 2. Tools for a variety of operations (e.g., drilling, coring, milling) can be run in turn without pulling the drill string 3. The ability to log the borehole without pulling the drill string 4. Reduction of rig crew workloads

Tags: kmd