AndreaBozzo/ceres-open-data-index huggingface dataset:
LITERATURE SURVEY OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONCERNS ASSOCIATED WITH INSITU COAL/OIL SHALE OPERATIONS

The report summarizes available data on in situ coal gasification and in situ oil shale retorting to assess their potential environmental impacts on four areas: groundwater due to leaching of residual materials left underground, those due to subsidence, air quality due to percolation of gases up through the overburden. With subsequent release to atmosphere, and those due to co produced solid waste consisting of particulate matter coated with condensed hydrocarbons. Impacts on groundwater are the greatest environmental concern subsidence is of somewhat less, but still significant, concern.

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ACTIVATED SLUDGE AND POWDERED ACTIVATED CARBON-ACTIVATED SLUDGE TREATMENT OF UNDERGROUND COAL GASIFICATION CONDENSATE

Conventional activated sludge and powdered activated carbon addition to activated sludge were evaluated for the treatment of aqueous condensates produced during underground coal gasification. The study evaluated the treatability of ammonia stripped wastewater diluted to 50 percent of its-original strength. Bacterial kinetics for the activated sludge process, and operational characteristics were quantified. It was determined that UCG condensate can be biologically treated at mean cell residence times of ten to thirty days, and at an hydraulic residence time of eight days. The addition of PAC at doses of 500, 1,000, and 1,500 mg per liter of influent significantly improved performance and operational consistency.

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DETERMINATION OF HEAT FLOW MECHANISMS IN GREEN RIVER OIL FOR THE EVALUATION OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT OF IN SITU RETORTING OPERATIONS (TWO QUARTERLY PROGRESS REPORTS DATED 3/1/77 AND 6/5/77)

During the past quarter simultaneous measurements of the thermal conductivity and a.c. electrical impedance were made as function of temperature in a nitrogen ambient. Measurements were made over a range from room temperature to 900 degrees F or structural failure of the shale specimen, whichever occurred first. The swept frequency impedance measurements were made over a range of 10 Hz to 10 MHz

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CRIT REVIEW COMP EVAL COST UPDATE & BASELINE DATA DEVELOP SERVICES IN OIL SHALE MINING INSITU LIQUIF & ABOVE GROUND RETORT PROCESS FROM THE ENV PERMIT & LICENSING VIEWPT VOL 3 PART 2 EMISSION SOURCE IDENT & SOURCE-SPECIFIC POLL CONTROL APPLICATIONS

This report summarizes the major modifications to the Kjeldahl method and discusses the applicability of the method to compounds found in oil shale wastewaters. The Kjeldahl method was evaluated for the recovery of nitrogen from : (1) 17 individual N-containing reference compounds, (2) total nitrogen in 10 oil shale wastewaters, and organic nitrogen in 10 oil shale wastewaters. The Kjeldahl method was found to give quantitative recovery of nitrogen for only 3 of the 17 compounds tested. The precision of the method for both total Kjeldahl nitrogen and organic Kjeldahl nitrogen was excellent; the rsd values were below 5%. The accuracy of the method for organic nitrogen was difficult to assess, however, because there is currently no available means of validating organic nitrogen values for these wastewaters. The recovery of TKN from these wastewater samples was within 5% of the total nitrogen values obtained by a method that we are currently evaluating that uses combustion/chemiluminescence.

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Alternative fuels: Parachute Creek shale oil project's economic and operational outlook

The Department of Energy awarded the Union Oil Company $400 million in price guarantees for synthetic crude oil produced by Parachute Creek shale oil project in Colorado. In 1985, Synthetic Fuels Corporation awarded an additional $500 million in price and loan guarantees to Union to modify the project's technology with a fluidized bed combustor. In December 1985, the Congress abolished SFC and transferred responsibility for the guarantees to the Treasury. GAO believes that because of the uncertainty of the project's economic and technical viability, it would not be in the government's best interest to expand an additional $500 million in financial assistance to install the combustor. If Union elects to proceed with the combustor, GAO recommends that Treasury use the analysis in this report to critically evaluate Union's proposal and explore the government's options for minimizing additional outlays on the project.

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OPTIMAL OIL YIELD FROM IN SITU OIL SHALE RETORTING

Recent oil prices increases have made oil shale hydrocarbon reserves much more attractive for development. Utilization of oil shale involves retorting to produce oil. Which requires either mining and above ground processing, or treatment by an in situ method.  Because of the high costs and environmental problems associated with mining, above ground processing, and then disposing of spent shale, the in situ approach is being investigated in detail, and appears to be a viable alternative. A control scheme is proposed which optimizes the oil yield in such in situ processes.  This scheme was based on a model which was developed to describe operation of the Laramie Energy Research Center (U.S. Department of Energy) 150 ton oil shale retort at Laramie, Wyoming; this retort was designed and operated to simulate in situ processing of oil shale.  It is possible to obtain increases in oil yield by the optimization program.

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Minimum bed parameters for in situ processing of oil shale. Second quarterly report, January 1-March 31, 1980

This is the second in a series of quarterly reports on the Minimum Bed Parameters for In Situ Processing of Oil Shale Program. It describes activities during the period January 1 to March 31, 1980, including modification of the laboratory retorting system to eliminate problems with the ignition and product collection systems and the successful retorting of a 16% void sample.

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Oil shale pilot retorting experiment summaries:  permeability contrast runs 38, 39 and 40

To distinguish oil yield loss mechanisms caused by non-uniform permeability distributions in an oil shale retort from those caused by other factors (particle size, grade, or operating conditions), we have conducted a series of 100-kg adiabatic pilot retorting experiments with deliberate ax symmetric permeability contrasts introduced during bed loading as the only variable. Three experiments have been conducted to date: a base case with no permeability contrast and two runs with 3:1 permeability contrast. This paper documents the experimental system, operating conditions, ad results, including detailed tabulation of all data. Adequate detail has been included for comparisons with other experimental studies and to allow use of the data in detailed verification of two-dimensional model calculations.

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Determination of hydrogen sulfide, carbonyl sulfide, carbon disulfide, and sulfur dioxide in gases and hydrocarbon streams by gas chromatography/flame photometric detection

The application of a gas chromatograph/flame photometric technique to the separation and measurement of four compounds, H2S, COS, CS2, and SO2 in inert gases and hydrocarbon streams, is described. Three columns were necessary to achieve separation of the sulfur compounds from each other and from interferences. These procedures are applicable up to the 50-ppm level. Higher levels are measured after dilution. The lower detection limits in mol ppm are: COS and CS2, 0.2; SO2, 0.4; and H2S, 0.8. The standard deviation for H2S at 6.70 mol ppm level is 0.23 and for COS at 3.97mol ppm is 0.06. Although not measured, CS2 is expected to behave like COS and SO2 like H2S. The accuracy of the blends prepared by means of permeation tubes is estimated to be 3% of the amount present.

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Postburn lithology and mineralogy at Rio Blanco Oil Shale Company's Tract C-a retort 1, Rio Blanco County, Colorado. [Core samples from near the in-situ retort]

An investigation was conducted to provide basic data on some of the characteristics of a modified in situ oil shale retort after processing. Samples of retort contents and overburden were obtained from three core holes drilled into Rio Blanco's Tract C-a retort 1 in the western part of the Piceance Creek Basin, Colorado. The retort operation had been completed nearly four years before the coring, and the cavity and mine workings had been flooded by groundwater for almost one year. Cores were characterized by lithologic description, X-ray diffraction, ad optical microscopy.

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Pyrolysis of oil shale and related organic compounds in supercritical steam

The pyrolysis of all shale from the Green River Formation and from Australia has been studied in supercritical steam in an Autoclave reactor. In addition, three model compounds (polyethylene, polystyene, cholesterol) have been similarly pyrolyzed in supercritical steam. The oils produced were withdrawn, condensed, and analyzed for hydrocarbon types, and comparisons were made with pyrolyzates produced at the same temperature and pressures in a dry environment.

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THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY OF POWDERS

The effective thermal conductivity of several powders of reasonably uniform particle size, and one powder of graded particle size, was measured in the temperature range of 100 degrees C to 1000 degrees C. Most of the results can be very satisfactorily explained by assuming that the effective conductivity of the powder is composed of two parts, the first part being a two-phase gas-solid conductivity, and the second an equivalent radiation conductivity.

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Mechanisms helping to heat oil-shale blocks

Oil-shale rubble piles like those created in the vertical modified in-situ combustion process always contain oil shale blocks of assorted sizes. Tests on the behavior of large blocks conducted in the 150-ton batch retort show that retorting temperatures are attained throughout the block. Thermal diffusion probably cannot heat the interior of such blocks in the time this retorting takes place. Three separate mechanisms assisting this heating are identified. The first is a thermal exfoliation evaluated by thermomechanical analysis; the second is gas evolution assisting the exfoliation, and the third is combustion of light decomposition products from the organic matter in the oil shale. Differential thermal analysis with precise control of the atmosphere surrounding the sample demonstrates that this combustion occurs even at very low oxygen concentrations. These mechanisms help thermal diffusion heat shale blocks to temperatures necessary to decompose the organic matter in the block and to volatilize the decomposition products. The exfoliation helps the decomposition products leave the block. The exfoliation also helps oxygen diffuse into the now-porous spent shale to burn the residual carbon.

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Workshop on surface subsidence due to underground mining

This paper reviews the results of the subsidence research program at Sandia National Laboratories. The manuscript highlights the following: the application of empirical methods (profile functions) to the subsidence above long wall panels in the U.S.; the use of the “rubble model” to describe the behavior of broken strata as it distends when it falls to the mine floor (or top of the rubble pile) and then is subsequently compacted as it is loaded by overlying elements of strata;; and, the application of physical modeling techniques (centrifuge simulations) and numerical techniques to study the failure mechanisms in highly structured stratigraphy. The capabilities of the latter two are illustrated by comparing their predictions to the results of a field case that has complicated stratigraphy.

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Chromatographic techniques used in the characterization of high-boiling petroleum distillates

Systematic application of ion-exchange, coordination-complex, and adsorption chromatography was used to separate high-boiling distillates into acid, base, neutral nitrogen, saturate, and aromatic fractions. The acid, base, and neutral nitrogen fractions were further separated by adsorption, gel-permeation and thin-layer chromatography to give concentrates that were amenable to detailed characterization of the compound types present in each fraction. Each separation step was designed to take advantage of a different molecular property, such as adsorptivity, reactivity, or molecular size, of the compound types in the distillates and to provide valuable analytical data on the composition of the distillate. These techniques separate the high-boiling distillates without causing thermal degradation or chemical alteration.

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Bibliography of petroleum and allied substances in 1918. [1725 references]

This bulletin is the fourth in the series of petroleum bibliographies being published by the Bureau of Mines. In this bulletin the same general plan has been followed in arranging the references, but a few changes and additions have been made in the classification. During the year German periodicals were not available, and references to articles in foreign journals that were not available have been taken from other sources and credit given to those sources.

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Gravitational pressure gradient in oil reservoirs containing free gas:  model studies of the Elk Hills oilfield, California

"The gravitational pressure gradient (GPC) in porous sandstone containing free gas was determined to define the proper GPG to use when calculating the rate of down dip flow of oil in the Sub-Scalez No. 1 sand. Elk Hills field, Naval Petroleum Reserve 1. The GPG was determined at several gas saturations using long, artificially consolidated sandstone models that were mounted vertically in some tests and horizontally, with rotation, in others. Also determined by laboratory and field tests were relative permeabilities, capillary pressure relations, critical gas saturation, water sensitivity, and depletion drive performance.  The critical gas saturation in the models having an absolute permeability of 1 to 2 darcys was about 2 percent of pore volume. The GPG with the critical gas saturation was that due to the weight of the gas-saturated oil. The GPG in the upper part of the models was reduced as gas saturation increased to a value considerably larger than the critical. The exact gas saturation at which the GPG became less than that due to the weight of the oil could not be determined but was estimated to be of the order of 10 percent of pore volume.  Tests indicate that the rate of oil production is not permanently reduced by exposure of the sand to fresh water but that the rate of injection of fresh water will be considerably less than that to brine.  Methods for determining the factors mentioned above are discussed."

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Physical behavior of forward combustion in the underground gasification of coal

Experimental data from the Laramie Energy Research Center's Hanna II, Phase II field test are used to validate a linear permeation model of in situ coal gasification by forward combustion. These data are especially appropriate for this purpose because of the extensive instrumentation used during the field test. The mathematical model predicts gas compositions and heating values, gas production rates, temperatures and thermal efficiencies. Agreement between field test and calculated data is generally excellent; for example, calculated gas compositions generally deviate about 1 to 2 mole percent with maximum deviations of about 4 mole percent. The model identifies important chemical and physical phenomena involved in underground coal gasification (UCG) and provides a useful tool for design and for interpreting field test data.

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Underground coal gasification technology in the USSR. [76 references]

Over forty years of available, translated Soviet literature on the technology of underground gasification of coal has been reviewed. During that period a large program was undertaken estimated cumulatively at over $2 billion U.S. dollars equivalent. Many underground gasification experiments were conducted in coals of rank from lignite to anthracite and in a variety of geological and hydrological conditions. Many difficult technical problems were solved and by methods which avoided underground labor. Theoretical and experimental investigations were made to define aerodynamic flow of the blast and combustion within the ''channel.''Extensive development and experimentation enabled optimization of process variables as a function of coal type and conditions such that the calorific value of the produced gas, the process efficiency, and the percent of coal recovered are maximized while production costs are minimized. Coping with inherent moisture in the coal and water inflow into the seam and evacuation of the product gas at an optimal location and temperature in the channel are most important. Instrumentation was developed to facilitate process control, including: burn front localization, channel temperature measurement, and product gas analyses. Advanced developments include: aerodynamic means to direct the blast more directly at the burn front, heat exchangers at the gas withdrawal boreholes to enhance process efficiency, and recovery of by-products principally for use by agricultural consumers. Although it seems evident that much progress was made, it appears that the program was cut back several years ago without the construction of industrial size facilities. The author concludes that the cost of producing gas of low calorific value from underground gasifiers was not sufficiently attractive economically to the Soviets to warrant further investment at that time. (LTN)

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Petroleum asphaltenes:  chemistry and composition

This paper discusses the isolation of n-pentane asphaltenes from a Wilmington, Calif., crude oil and the separation of the asphaltene into fractions of acids, bases, neutral N compounds, saturated hydrocarbons, and aromatic hydrocarbons, using ion exchange chromatography, coordination chromatography, and adsorption chromatography. The major compound types in the acid fraction were identified by infrared spectrometry. Molecular weights were estimated by vapor-phase osmometry, mass spectrometry, and quantitative infrared spectrometry. (DLC)

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Analysis of acids in high-boiling petroleum distillates

The major acidic compounds types in ten high-boiling crude oil distillates were identified as carboxylic acids, phenols, carbazoles, and amides. Acids from crude oils having different geological characteristics were separated using a standardized separation scheme and the compositional results were compared. The separation scheme involved the use of gel permeation, adsorption, and thin-layer chromatography. Quantitative infrared analysis was used to estimate the relative amounts of acidic compound types. The structures of the acidic compounds were examined in detail using mass, fluorescence, and nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry.

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Processing of tar sand bitumens. I. Thermal cracking of Utah and Athabasca tar sand bitumens. [Yields and properties of products]

Thermal cracking characteristics of three Utah and one Athabasca tar sand bitumen were studied and results are discussed in terms of bitumen properties and composition. Bitumen character resembles representative petroleum distillation residues, but tar sand bitumens differ principally in their higher heteroatom content and in their higher concentrations of high molecular weight compounds. The thermal cracking and compositional features of Utah samples are compared with the Athabasca sample for which considerably more processing information is known. Elemental analysis, physical properties, and easily determined compositional features of the liquid products are presented. This information provides a basis for evaluation of thermally derived tar sand liquids and for comparison with coal derived liquids and shale oil.

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Bibliography of petroleum and allied substances, 1922 and 1923

"This bulletin is the seventh in the series of petroleum bibliographies published by the Bureau of Mines, Bulletins 149, 165, 180, 189, 216, and 220 being compilations (or the years 1915, 1916, 1917, 1918, 1919- 20, and 1921, respectively. In this bulletin the same general plan of classification of references has been followed, but  several additions have been made."

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Oil shale programs. Quarterly report, October 1978--December 1978

This document is the twelfth in a continuing series of quarterly reports, and describes the Sndia Laboratories'oil shale activties during the period between October 1 and December 31, 1978. This work is being performed under three seperately defined programs, all of which are funded by the United States Department of Energy (DOE) and administered through the division of Fossil Fuel Extraction. The three programs are identified as follows:

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Generation of oil-like pyrolyzates from organic-rich shales

Pyrolyzates similar to natural crude oils were generated from organic-rich shales by hydrous pyrolysis. With this type of pyrolysis it is possible to make more sophisticated correlations between crude oils and their source rocks, evaluate the hydrocarbon potential of a source rock, and elucidate the variables involved in the natural oil-generating process. 2 figures, 4 tables.

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Ground subsidence resulting from underground gasification of coal. [36 refs]

Ground subsidence has been found to be a very significant physical phenomenon that must be dealt with in the design and operation of an underground coal gasification process. This report deals with the types of subsidence that one might expect, and how they affect the process. A brief theory of bending subsidence is presented, and the experience the Soviets had while operating their commercial underground gasification stations is reviewed.

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Field-scale experiments in underground gasification of coal at Gorgas, Alabama. Use of electrolinking-carbonization as a means of site preparation. [Use of air, O, and steam separately or in various combinations]

Field scale experiments on the underground gasification of coal have been conducted since 1946 through a series of cooperative agreements by the U.S. Bureau of Mines and the Alabama Power Company. All of the trials were made on Alabama Power Company property at Gorgas, Alabama where the Company furnished the sites without cost to the Bureau.

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Bibliography of petroleum and allied substances, 1917

This bulletin is the third of the series of yearly petroleum bibliographies being published by the Bureau of Mines. The two preceding, Bulletin 149 and number 165, were for the years 1915 and 1916 respectively. In arranging the references the same general scheme has been followed, but as in those bulletins, several changes and  additions have been made in the classification, the more important being in the classes "Developments and Production" and "Refining and Refineries".

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Bibliography of petroleum and allied substances, 1921

This bulletin is the sixth in the series of petroleum bibliographies published by the Bureau of Mines Bulletins 149, 165, 180, 189 and 216 being compilations for the years 1915, 1916, 1917, 1918, 1919-1920 respectively.  In this bulletin the same general plan has been followed in arranging the references, but one of two additions have been made in the classification.

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METHOD OF CONCENTRATING KEROGEN IN COLORADO OIL SHALE BY TREATMENT WITH ACETIC ACID AND GRAVITY SEPARATION

This report describes a method of concentrating the insoluble organic material (kerogen) in a rich Colorado oil shale without any apparent altering of its original chemical form. The method involves treating finely pulverized shale with dilute acetic acid at room temperature to remove the carbonates which act as a cementing agent for the shale and thereby cause the shale particles to partially disintegrate into the organic and inorganic components.

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Oil shale project run summary:  small retort run S-14

Retort run S-14 was a combustion run in the small retort conducted on Nov. 15-16, 1977. The raw shale charge was made up of -7.6   0.001 cm (-3   0.0004 inch) Anvil Points shale. The run operated under a 50% steam and 50% air mixture. The following table summarizes the run.

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