AndreaBozzo/ceres-open-data-index huggingface dataset:
Computer modeling of coal-gasification reactors. Volume IV. Operating manual for EF (Entrained Flow coal gasifier) computer model. Final report, June 1975-November 1980. [Computer codes:  EF, CEST, COEFTB, PVAPOR]

The EF (Entrained Flow) computer code and three auxiliary computer codes encompass, in operational terms, the computer model of entrained flow coal gasification developed by Systems, Science and Software for the Department of Energy. The primary aspects (geometry, hydrodynamics, thermodynamics, chemistry, etc.) of the computer model are encompassed in the EF computer code which, however, uses tabular information previously generated by the three small, auxiliary computer codes: CEST, COEFTAB and PVAPOR. In this users'manual, each of the four computer programs is described in terms of the theoretical background and objective of each program, a list of the subroutines in each program and their purposes, a detailed description of the program input including an example, and a copy of real program output for the same example.

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Interactions of structurally modified surfactants with reservoir minerals: Calorimetric, spectroscopic and electrokinetic study

The objective of this project is to elucidate mechanisms of adsorption of structurally modified surfactants on reservoir minerals and to develop a full understanding of the effect of the surfactant structure on the nature of the adsorbed layers at the molecular level. An additional aim is to study the adsorption of surfactant mixtures on simple well-characterized minerals and on complex minerals representing real conditions. The practical goal of these studies is the identification of the optimum surfactant structures and their combinations for micellar flooding. In this work, the experiments on adsorption were focussed on the position of sulfonate and methyl groups on the aromatic ring of alkyl xylene sulfonates. A multi-pronged approach consisting of calorimetry, electrokinetics, wettability and spectroscopy is planned to elucidate the adsorption mechanism of surfactants and their mixtures on minerals such as alumina and kaolinite. 32 refs., 15 figs., 7 tabs.

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A model of erosion in fluidized beds developed using kinetic theory for granular flows: Topical report

An analytical erosion model is developed by using the kinetic theory of gases extended to granular media in combination with Finnie's single-particle erosion model for ductile surfaces. The erosion expression will predict erosion values for submerged surfaces in fluidized beds using hydrodynamic data calculated from a two-phase computer code. A discussion and evaluation of the behavior of the erosion model for various types of particle-wall interactions is presented. Assumptions and limitations inherent in the model are also discussed. The erosion model requires average granular phase velocity gradients that will be provided by a transient, two-phase flow numerical code called FLUFIX. FLUFIX provides an Eulerian history of voidage, particle velocity, fluid velocity, and pressure fields within a fluidized bed. The hydrodynamic model on which FLUFIX is based is described as well as details on the incorporation of FLUFIX-generated data into the erosion model. 32 refs., 5 figs.

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Production of bitumen-derived hydrocarbon liquids from Utah's tar sands: Final report

In previous work done on Utah's tar sands, it had been shown that the fluidized-bed pyrolysis of the sands to produce a bitumen-derived hydrocarbon liquid was feasible. The research and development work conducted in the small-scale equipment utilized as feed a number of samples from the various tar sand deposits of Utah elsewhere. The results from these studies in yields and quality of products and the operating experience gained strongly suggested that larger scale operation was in order to advance this technology. Accordingly, funding was obtained from the State of Utah through Mineral Leasing Funds administered by the College of Mines and Earth Sciences of the University of Utah to design and build a 4-1/2 inch diameter fluidized-bed pilot plant reactor with the necessary feeding and recovery equipment. This report covers the calibration and testing studies carried out on this equipment. The tests conducted with the Circle Cliffs tar sand ore gave good results. The equipment was found to operate as expected with this lean tar sand (less than 5% bitumen saturation). The hydrocarbon liquid yield with the Circle Cliffs tar sand was found to be greater in the pilot plant than it was in the small unit at comparable conditions. Following this work, the program called for an extensive run to be carried out on tar sands obtained from a large representative tar sand deposit to produce barrel quantities of liquid product. 10 refs., 45 figs., 11 tabs.

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Studies involving high temperature desulfurization/regeneration reactions of metal oxides for fuel cell development. Project status report, April 1982

The reactivity of the supported V/sub 2/O/sub 3/ system was once again found to be much higher than unsupported V/sub 2/O/sub 5/ sorbent (by a factor of 10). The result strongly confirms that V/sub 2/O/sub 3/ has the ability to react with H/sub 2/S. We have also prepared ZnO and CuO/ZnO sorbents supported on zeolite and will carry out desulfurization/regeneration tests in the bench sale engineering reactor. Work is in progress for designing a fluidized bed reactor.

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Studies involving high temperature desulfurization/regeneration reactions of metal oxides for fuel cell development. Project status report, May 1982

Desulfurization tests of V/sub 2/O/sub 5/ supported on Al/sub 2/O/sub 3/ prepared at Giner, Inc. were carried out in the engineering reactor as well as the quartz reactor. The analytical results of sulfided sample supported the conclusion that V/sub 2/O/sub 3/ has the affinity to react with H/sub 2/S at 650/sup 0/C. The higher sulfur conversion confirms the possibilities of V(HS)/sub 3/ formation rather than V/sub 2/S/sub 3/. Additional desulfurization/regeneration tests are in progress. Calculations for design of a fluidized bed reactor are completed.

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Studies involving high temperature desulfurization/regeneration reactions of metal oxides for fuel cell development. Project status report, July 1982

Mixed oxide CuO/ZnO on zeolite prepared in three different manners with a different ratio of CuO to ZnO and different weight loadings on support to study the sulfur removable capacity and its regenerability. Several desulfurization/regeneration tests of CuO/ZnO on zeolite support (prepared by method A) were carried out. The sulfur capacity of a fresh sample appears to be higher than pure mixed oxide sorbents. The decrease in sulfur capacity of regenerated sorbents could be due to many reasons, such as loss of surface area due to sintering effect, structural degradation and/or complex formation of copper and zinc. Further tests of this sorbent are in progress. Construction of the fluidized bed reactor system is in the final stage.

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Studies involving high temperature desulfurization/regeneration reactions of metal oxides for fuel cell development. Project status report, June 1982

Desulfurization/regeneration tests of V/sub 2/O/sub 5/ supported on alumina prepared at Giner, Inc., Harshaw Vanadia catalyst obtained from METC and unsupported high purity V/sub 2/O/sub 5/ (Union Carbide) were carried out in a new quartz lined reactor. The results obtained are similar to those obtained in the previously used stainless steel reactor. Figure 1 and 2 confirm that V/sub 2/O/sub 3/ has an affinity to react with H/sub 2/S. The vanadia catalyst obtained from METC showed lower sulfur capacity than the one obtained directly. It is seen that change in desulfurization temperature has little effect on sulfur capacity (Figure 1), but the change in water concentration of inlet gas mixture has a large effect on sulfur capacity (Figure 2). Both of these results are in agreement with our earlier experiments. Surface analyses of mixed oxide CuO/ZnO, CuO/zeolite and CuO/Al/sub 2/O/sub 3/ sorbents were carried out by Scanning Eletron Microscopy (SEM). Procurement of quartz reactor, furnace and other accessories and construction of fluidized bed reactor systems have progressed well.

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Low Emission Combustor Technology Program. Final report, Volume II

This work is part of the DOE/METC Low Emission Combustor Technology Program to evaluate coal-water mixtures (CWM) in a low emission staged rich/lean combustor - the Multiannular Swirl Burner (MASB) - for stationary combustion turbines. This Final Report, Volume 2 contains the results of the last set of combustion tests of this combustor with CWMs and methane fuels. This set of tests includes the testing of the cooled deposition pin designed for ash deposition measurements and a particulate sampling probe. Preliminary collection of particulates and pin deposits was made. Combustion test results for CWM (62% by weight) with a methane (38%) pilot show the high combustion efficiencies, up to 88%. All test results including those reported earlier show that efficiencies up to 99.5% are obtained for CWM and methane mixture (72%/28%) for this combustor and 53% for CWM alone. Results reported here indicate that CWM with only 50% solid loading is a marginal fuel at the heat release rates being attempted for this metal wall combustor and that a higher heat content fuel is required.

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Studies involving high temperature desulfurization/regeneration reactions of metal oxides for fuel cell developments. Project status report, December 1982

The test evaluation of supported system CuO/Zeolite was carried out in the fluidized bed reactor with 450 mean average particle diameter. In all the tests, the sulfur capacity was observed below 1 mole % conversion for 10 ppM H/sub 2/S concentration in the effluent gas. There was an improvement in sulfur capacity of air-steam regenerated batches (Run 171 and 172) compressed to air regenerated batches (Run 169 and 170). We believe CuO-ZnO system has greater potentials than supported CuO only. We plan to carry out a desulfurization test of mixed oxide CuO/ZnO sorbent with ZrO/sub 2/ as diluent.

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Utilization of Western fly ash in wet scrubbing FGD processes

An important SO/sub 2/ control option available for utilities using Western coals and lignites is to use the alkalinity of the ash from such coals for SO/sub 2/ control. This technology, commonly called fly ash alkali (FAA) scrubbing, is presently used on eleven large-scale boilers and is the focus of this manual. The purpose of this manual is to serve as a guide to the utility planner who must select FGD technology. Its particular objectives are: (1) to help the planner assess the applicability of FAA technology to a particular situation; and (2) once this applicability is established, to develop a preliminary process design. Thus, the scope of this manual is limited to an overview of FGD technology, an examination of FAA fundamentals and operating experience, and preliminary guidelines concerning the design of various components of the FAA system. 106 references, 60 figures, 48 tables.

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Pollutant control in coal gasification. First quarterly report, July 1, 1981-September 30, 1981

This report describes the technical progress at the end of the first quarter on a study sponsored by the Department of Energy entitled Pollution Control in Coal Gasification. The objectives of this study are to evaluate in detail the potential of: (a) vapor phase cracking; and (b) wet oxidation of simulated and actual coal gasifier effluent streams as a means of reducing the concentration of organics in these streams. Thus far, vapor phase studies have not begun. Wet oxidation studies were begun. Four tests were conducted involving an alumina catalyst and a cobalt catalyst at 2 different initial concentrations. The extent of the reactions were monitored through analysis of phenolics and chemical oxygen demand. 1 reference, 5 figures, 1 table.

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Pollution control in coal gasification. Sixth quarterly report, October 1, 1982-December 31, 1982

A series of tests was conducted to determine the effect of homogeneous copper ions on wet oxidation. Phenol removal data indicate a minimal influence of anion and catalyst loading. Comparison data reveals almost identical phenol removal associated with sulfate and chloride forms of cupric ion. For the lower concentration feed, a fourfold increase in catalyst concentration did not effect phenol removal except for slight improvement at the lowest residence time. For the higher concentration feed solution, increased catalyst concentration did not increase phenol removal. Phenol removal was seen to be less dependent on initial feed concentration in the homogeneous catalysis tests, than in the previously described heterogeneous catalysis tests. COD removals in the homogeneous catalysis tests showed similar trends. The effect of anion was insignificant. The effect of catalyst concentration on COD removal was noticeable for low concentration feed, a fourfold increase in copper ion concentration improved COD removal for both long and short residence times. The results do not confirm this effect for the higher concentration feed solution. 2 figures, 1 table.

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Western oil shale conversion using the ROPE copyright  process

Western Research Institute (WRI) is continuing to develop the Recycle Oil Pyrolysis and Extraction (ROPE) process to recover liquid hydrocarbon products from oil shale, tar sand, and other solid hydrocarbonaceous materials. The process consists of three major steps: (1) pyrolyzing the hydrocarbonaceous material at a low temperature (T {le} 400{degrees}C) with recycled product oil, (2) completing the pyrolysis of the residue at a higher temperature (T > 400{degrees}C) in the absence of product oil, and (3) combusting the solid residue and pyrolysis gas in an inclined fluidized-bed reactor to produce process heat. Many conventional processes, such as the Paraho and Union processes, do not use oil shale fines (particles smaller than 1.27 cm in diameter). The amount of shale discarded as fines from these processes can be as high as 20% of the total oil shale mined. Research conducted to date suggests that the ROPE process can significantly improve the overall oil recovery from western oil shale by processing the oil shale fines typically discarded by conventional processes. Also, if the oil shale fines are co-processed with shale oil used as the heavy recycle oil, a better quality oil will be produced that can be blended with the original shale oil to make an overall produce that is more acceptable to the refineries and easier to pipeline. Results from tests conducted in a 2-inch process development unit (PDU) and a 6-inch bench-scale unit (BSU) with western oil shale demonstrated a maximum oil yield at temperatures between 700 and 750{degrees}F (371 and 399{degrees}C). Test results also suggest that the ROPE process has a strong potential for recovering oil from oil shale fines, upgrading shale oil, and separating high-nitrogen-content oil for use as an asphalt additive. 6 refs., 10 figs., 11 tabs.

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Eastern gas shales. [Appalachian, Illinois and Michigan Basins]

Eastern Gas Shales research has for its goal the development of scientific and engineering knowledge to permit the recovery of natural gas from shale formations that underlie the Appalachian, Illinois, and Michigan Basins. As information was gathered on the geology and chemistry of gas-bearing Devonian shales, studies of well completion and stimulation methods were conducted in the laboratory as well as in the field. Key accomplishments in geologic research are as follows: Geologic and geochemical studies estimated gas resources in place to be 2500 trillions of cubic feet (Tcf) in Appalachian Basin, 85 Tcf in the Illinois Basin, and 76 Tcf in the Michigan Basin. Shale gas resources in the Appalachian Basin were appraised to be between 577 and 1131 Tcf. Screening reports identifying areas favorable for shale gas discovery and development were published and distributed. Over 150 new geologic maps were prepared and distributed to guide shale gas exploration. Geologic and geochemical analyses for 35 cored wells were compiled and published. Key accomplishments in reservoir assessment, diagnostics, fracturing, and production research are as follows: A wireline tool was designed for measuring rock stress at multiple depths in the borehole. The tailored pulse method of stimulation was developed and tested. Guidelines were established for selecting a stimulation method in various regions through the analyses of 95 tests. It was established that prospects for infill well development are widespread. Predictive capability was developed for dual-porosity, dual-permeability shale reservoir. Key accomplishments in technical integration and evaluation are as follows: Completed estimates of technically recoverable gas resources in Ohio for selected stimulation methods. The Drilling Decision Tree System was completed and sent to the National Energy Software Center along with its users manual. 5 figures, 3 tables.

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Fixed-bed gasification research using US coals. Volume 14. Gasification of Kemmerer subbituminous coal

A single-staged, fixed-bed Wellman-Galusha gasifier coupled with a hot, raw gas combustion system and scrubber has been used to gasify numerous coals from throughout the United States. The gasification test program is organized as a cooperative effort by private industrial participants and governmental agencies. The consortium of participants is organized under the Mining and Industrial Fuel Gas (MIFGa) group. This report is the fourteen volume in a series of reports describing the atmospheric pressure, fixed-bed gasification of US coals. This specific report describes the gasification of Kemmerer subbituminous coal, from August 11, 1984 to August 15, 1984. 4 refs., 20 figs., 13 tabs.

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Determination of sulfur anions in spent oil shale leachates by ion chromatography

The leaching and transport of chemical constituents from spent oil shale disposal areas is an area of environmental concern at the present time. Sulfur-containing compounds are prevalent in spent oil shales and have the potential to leach into aqueous systems surrounding disposal sites. Computer modeling has been used in recent years to predict the transport of species in an aqueous environment. The quality of model predictions, however, depends on the validation steps taken in comparing model predictions with laboratory data on ion speciation. Further, the quality of the validation step depends on the reliability of laboratory methods in generating ion speciation data. The purpose of this study was to develop methods to separate and quantify sulfur-containing anions in spent oil shale leachates by suppressed ion chromatography. The anions studied were S{sup 2{minus}} (sulfide), SO{sup 2{minus}}{sub 3} (sulfite), SO{sup 2{minus}}{sub 4} (sulfate), SCN{sup {minus}} (thiocyanate), S{sub 2}O{sup 2{minus}}{sub 3} (thiosulfate), and S{sub 4}O{sup 2{minus}}{sub 6} (tetrathionate). After the separations were developed, a series of method-challenging experiments were performed to test the reliability of the methods and assure the development of an analytically sound product. 24 refs., 7 figs., 5 tabs.

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Primary heater module, Phase II. Volume 6. Final report, February 1980-November 1983. [64 photographs of the fluidized-bed combustor]

Research was conducted on components and subassemblies of coal-fired heaters suitable to supply the heat input to closed-cycle gas turbine-based cogeneration systems of 25 to 50 MWe electrical output. Three concepts were researched: (1) a dry bottom, pulverized coal-fired radiant furnace heater for 1450 to 1550/sup 0/F turbine inlet temperature, (2) an atmospheric pressure fluidized bed fired heater for 1450 to 1550/sup 0/F, and (3) a heater employing atmospheric pressure fluidized beds in series, for 1750/sup 0/F turbine inlet temperature. The series beds concept employs ceramic heating surface in its high-temperature bed. Both laboratory and field testing was conducted on heating surface materials durability in the pulverized coal and fluidized bed environments. Burner and furnace designs were researched for pulverized coal heaters employing large quantities of flue gas recirculation to moderate the furnace heat flux. A 6'by 6'fluidized bed was assembled and tested for materials and operational research on the 1450 to 1550/sup 0/F heater concept. A ceramic-to-metal joint concept was devised, fabricated and made ready for test. The conceptual commercial heater concepts were refined. The program results indicate that each of the three heater concepts is technically feasible. The fluidized bed concepts are judged most likely to be both technically and commercially feasible. Their continued development is recommended.

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Advanced Coal-Fueled Industrial Cogeneration Gas Turbine System: Semiannual report for the period December 2, 1986-June 1, 1987

Objective of the Solar/METC program is to prove the technical, economic, and environmental feasibility of a coal-fired gas turbine for cogeneration applications through tests of a Centaur Type H engine system operated on coal fuel throughout the engine design operating range. The five-year program consists of three phases: Phase I - System Description, Phase II - Component Development, and Phase III - Prototype System Verification. This report covers Phases I and II.

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Program of mineralization and cycling in marine systems: Organic geochemistry of particulates and sediments (CaBS): Technical progress report, November 15, 1988--May 14, 1989

The principal objective of the current on-going project is to understand the processes involved in the cycling of organic carbon in the southern California Bight. This involves the evaluation of the relative flux of planktonic carbon to the seafloor versus the import of terrestrial carbon components and the determination of the rate of decomposition of sedimenting organic matter in the water column. These goals were achieved by the chemical characterization of sedimenting particles (from traps) as well as in the near surface sediments. The organic matter in the marine regime comprises contribution from land plants, marine productivity (plankton and bacteria) as well as anthropogenic sources. At UCLA, we have been focusing on the chemical characterization of selected classes of organic carbon compounds derived from these various sources to understand the vertical flux and the chemical composition of the particulate organic matter which are controlled by complex transport, transformation, degradation and remineralization processes.

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Photoassisted electrolysis applied to coal gasification. Quarterly report, July 1, 1981-September 30, 1981

After the program was funded beginning early July, 1981, the literature search (Task 1) has been initiated and is still in progress. We hope we will report the conclusions of the literature search in the next quarter. We have spent most of our time on ordering and purchasing equipment, setting up the equipment, and studying coal oxidation mechanisms at noble metal electrodes (Task 2). We have also carried out some ground work on photoassisted electrolysis (Task 3) of coal at the semiconductor thin film electrode by preparing and characterizing n-SnO/sub 2/ electrodes. We conclude from our study that coal is oxidized catalytically by iron(III), which in turn is reduced to iron(II). The iron(II) generated from this catalytic reaction undergoes the electrochemical oxidation, completing a cycle. The rate for this catalytic reaction is determined to be approximately (3.0  - 1.0) x 10/sup -5/ sec/sup -1/ for iron(III) and 1.2 x 10/sup -4/ sec/sup -1/ for Ce(IV) at 20/sup 0/C, respectively.

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