AndreaBozzo/ceres-open-data-index huggingface dataset:
HEALTH AND ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS OF COAL TECHNOLOGIES

Coal is a combustible, rocklike substance formed from plant remains that have undergone physical and chemical changes through geological processes. In early geological times a warm, moist climate prevailed and swamps covered large parts of the world. Ferns, reeds, mosses, and other plants grew in great numbers, sometimes reaching as much as 200 feet in height. After the plants died are sank to the bottom of the swamps, water and new layers of plant material sealed them off from the air, preventing them from decaying completely. Some of this mass was covered by the sea, which deposited layers of inorganic sediment, sand, and dirt, forming the overburden now found over coal seams. Thus, coal lies in giant subterranean sandwiches, shallow or deep, flat or pitched. Most coal beds are broad and thin, and are within 3,000 feet of the surface.

Tags: kmd
SITE VISIT REPORT: U.S. DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY'S ANVIL POINT OIL SHALE RESEARCH FACILITY, RIFLE, COLORADO (FINAL REPORT)

This report details the activities, facilities, and equipment used to sample raw feedstock and waste solids at the U. S. Department of Energy's Anvil Point Oil Shale Research Policy in Rifle, Colorado. Explanation of sampling locations, deviations from the test plan, sampling techniques, and plant design and reviewed.

Tags: kmd
SITE VISIT REPORT: SAN MIGUEL ELECTRIC COOPERATIVE, INC. UNIT NO. 1, CHRISTINE, TEXAS (FINAL REPORT)

This report details the activities, facilities, and equipment used to sample raw feedstock and waste solids at the San Miguel Electric Cooperative Plant near Jourdanton, Texas. Explanation of sampling locations, deviations from the Test Plan, sampling techniques, and plant design are reviewed.

Tags: kmd
SITE VISIT REPORT: OKLAHOMA GAS AND ELECTRIC COMPANY MUSKOGEE STATION, MUSKOGEE, OKLAHOMA (FINAL REPORT)

This report details the activities, facilities, and equipment used to sample raw feedstock and waste solids at Oklahoma Gas and Electric Company's Muskogee Plant. Explanation of sampling locations, deviations from the Test Plan, sampling techniques and plant design are reviewed.

Tags: kmd
SITE VISIT REPORT: MINNKOTA POWER COOPERATIVE'S AND SQUARE BUTTE ELECTRIC COOPERATIVE'S MILTON R. YOUNG PLANT, CENTER, NORTH DAKOTA (FINAL REPORT)

This report details the activities, facilities, and equipment used to sample raw feedstock and waste solids at the Minnkota Power Cooperative's and the Square Butte Electric Cooperative's Milton R. Young Plant in Center, North Dakota. Explanation of sampling locations, deviations from the Test Plan, sampling techniques and plant design are reviewed.

Tags: kmd
SITE VISIT REPORT: IOWA-ILLINOIS GAS AND ELECTRIC COMPANY RIVERSIDE GENERATING STATION, BETTENDORF, IOWA, (FINAL REPORT)

This report details the activities, facilities, and equipment used to sample raw feedstock and waste solids at the Iowa-Illinois Gas and Electric Company's Riverside Plant. Explanation of sampling locations, deviations from the test plan, sampling techniques, and plant design are reviewed.

Tags: kmd
SITE VISIT REPORT: GRAND FORKS ENERGY TECHNOLOGY CENTER SLAGGING FIXED-BED GASIFIER (SFBG), GRAND FORKS, NORTH DAKOTA (FINAL REPORT)

This report details the activities, facilities, and equipment used to sample lignite slag from the Department of Energy Grand Forks Energy Technology Center's slagging fixed-bed gasifier. Explanation of the sampling location, discussion of the sampling technique, and a review of the gasifier design are included in this report.

Tags: kmd
SITE VISIT REPORT: GEORGETOWN UNIVERSITY FLUIDIZED BED COMBUSTOR, WASHINGTON, DC FINAL REPORT

This Site Visit Report describes the procedures used to collect samples of coal, limestone, and combined waste from the fluidized bed boiler at Georgetown University's Steam Generating Plant in Washington, D. C. A layout of the plant, including its feed and waste material handling systems is provided. A discussion of the plan's materials handling procedures leads to the development of the sampling schedule used to ensure that the waste sampled was that generated from the sampled lots of feedstocks. Also included is a description of the procedures used to process, containerize, and label each sample type.

Tags: kmd
SITE VISIT REPORT; ASHLAND SYNTHETIC FUELS, INC. H-COAL PILOT PLANT, CATLETSBURG, KENTUCKY (FINAL REPORT)

This report details the activities, facilities, and equipment used to sample feedstock and solid wastes for Ashland Synthetic Fuel's H-Coal Demonstration Unit in Catlettsburg, Kentucky. Explanation of the sampling locations, sampling techniques, and plant design are reviewed.

Tags: kmd
LOWERING THE SULFUR AND ASH CONTENTS OF HIGH-SULFER COALS BY PEROXIDE-ACID TREATMENT

Considerable effort has been devoted in recent years to upgrading high-sulfur coals by both physical and chemical methods. Some methods are mild, selectively removing mineral components without significantly altering the organic matter. The more drastic methods break down the coal structure, separating it into an inorganic sludge and an organic product essentially not coal. As a recently publicized example, high gradient magnetic separation has been proposed as a technique for removing pyrite and other weakly paramagnetic minerals for slurried coal. The Bureau of Mines froth flotation process removes pyrite and other minerals by taking advantage of differences in density and wettability of these undesirable substances and organic material. A method known as Meyer's Process involves up to six leaches of pulverized coal with ferried salt solution at about 100 C, converting pyrite to surface and elemental sulfur. A more vigorous chemical method requires leaching finely pulverized coal with aqueous alkali at about 225 C in a closed system under or inert atmosphere, followed by treatment with strong acid and leaching with water. The still more vigorous PAMCO process involves dissolution of coal in solvent at elevated temperature, hydrogen treatment, physical separation of undissolved matter, and vacuum distillation of the dissolved products.

Tags: kmd
SITE VISIT REPORT: KANSAS CITY POWER AND LIGHT COMPANY LA CYGNE GENERATING STATION, LA CYGNE, KANSAS (FINAL REPORT)

This report details the activities, facilities, and equipment used to sample raw feedstock and waste solids at Kansas City Fower and Light Company's La Cyane Generating Station. Explanation of sampling locations, deviations from the test plan, sampling techniques accordance with the Fossil Energy Waste General Sampling and plant design are reviewed.

Tags: kmd
PRODUCTION OF LIQUID FUELS FROM COAL AND LIGNITE

Acting on this suggestion, the Bureau recently sent Dr. H. H. Storch, supervising chemist in direct charge of our synthetic fuel research at the Bureau's Pittsburgh experiment station, and Dr. W. C. Schroeder, chemical engineer and Assistant Chief of our Fuels and Explosive Service, to Greater Britain where they visited the commercial coal hydrogenation plant of Imperial Chemical Industries, the mericial coal hydrogenation plant of Imperial Chemical Industries, the British Fuel Research Station, and the Scottish oil shale plants, they were received very cordially and obtained valuable help, which will be useful in developing our demonstration plant program. I will not go into the results of their visit, as they are present at these hearings and can speak for themselves. You will be interested in what they have to say, and I am sure that they will be glad to answer your questions insofar as they do not involve revealing in formation that must be kept in confidence with respect to the war program.

Tags: kmd
EFFECT OF GEOTECHNICAL FACTORS ON THE SUBSIDENCE REPSONSE

Subsidence has in the past, and continues to be, a source of serious problems in Illinois. The concern for subsidence problems in Illinois is demonstrated by the fact that Illinois is not of the few coal mining states where the legislature has passed legislation dealing directly with subsidence problems. This concern is also demonstrated by the subsidence investigations that have been conducted by state and federal agencies in Illinois since at least 1916.

Tags: kmd
CHROMATOGRAPHIC SEPARATION OF COAL LIQUIDS

The distribution of Pb, Cd, Hg, and Se between a coal sample from Hanna, Wyoming, and groundwater from the coal seam was measured by adding known amounts of the elements to an 8% suspension of the pulverized coal in artificial groundwater, and measuring the amount of each element remaining in solution after equilibration for 30 minutes. Pb and Cd were very strongly adsorbed, Hg was fairly strongly adsorbed, and Se was not adsorbed at all.

Tags: kmd
SYMPOSIUM ON COAL REFINING PROCEEDINGS, EDMONTON, ALBERTA

The LR Process is a flexible process for the production of synthetic crude oil. It can be applied to both the carbonization of fine-grained coal and to the distillation of oil shale, tar sand, and similar feedstocks. An especial feature of the process is that the heat for pyrolysis is introduced into the reactor by circulating fine-grained heat carriers. Another major characteristic is that the pyrolysis residue is preferably used as a heat carrier.

Tags: kmd
A SPECTROSCOPIC INVESTIGATION OF THE BANDING OR LITHOTYPES OCCURRING IN VICTORIAN BROWN COAL SEAMS

Solid state carbon-13 NMR and infrared spectroscopies are used to investigate the gross chemical structural differences between the five primary lithotypes or coal bands present in Victorian brown coal seams. Examination of a series of coal lithotypes along with their insoluble kerogen fractions outlines significant structural variation between the light and dark samples, particularly in their aromaticities and levels of lignin derived structures.

Tags: kmd
DRYING AND CARBONIZATION OF FIRE COAL IN THE ENTRAINED AND FLUIDIZED STATE

"This investigation was conduced under a cooperative agreement between the Bureau of Mines and the Texas Power and Light Company. The report presents a summary of results of experimental work conducted at the laboratories of the Coal Branch of Region IV in Denver, Colorado during 1950 and 1951 on the drying and carbonization of Texas lignites and other typical non-coking western US coals.  The major object of the investigation was to develop the technology of carbonizing the lower rank coals to extract the valuable tars before burning the charred residues for production of thermal electric power."

Tags: kmd
FLASH HYDROPYROLYSIS OF COAL: THE DESIGN, CONSTRUCTION, OPERATION, AND INITIAL RESULTS OF A FLASH HYDROPYROLYSIS EXPERIMENTAL UNIT

The design, construction, operation, and initial results of a Coal Flash Hydropyrolysis experimental unit is described. The purpose of the unit is primarily to obtain process chemistry data for non-catalytic, gas phase coal liquefaction process. The unit is a highly instrumented facility designed to feed coal up to 1 lb/hr, and hydrogen up to 10 lb/hr at design temperatures to 800C and pressures to 4000 psi. the system incorporates an entrained downflow tubular reactor, 1" I.D. by 8 feet long with a 3 foot cooling section below. The unique coal feeding device is capable of delivering coal to the reactor at flowrates as low as 0.1 lb/hr.

Tags: kmd
CARBON RATIOS IN CARBONIFEROUS COALS OF OKLAHOMA, AND THEIR RELATIONSHIP TO PETROLEUM

"In other papers attention has been called by the writer to the great importance of the hypothesis, advanced by David White, that the percentage of fixed carbon in pure coal affords a measure of incipient metamorphism and a method of determining the general prospects of oil in a region in which coals occur.  Notwithstanding the simplicity of the method and the definiteness of results, very little use of it has been made, only one or two of the scores of geologists with whom the writer has talked having made practical application of it in the field. This appears to be due in part to the appearance of White's discussion in a publication known to comparatively few and accessible to still fewer geologists, and in part to the extremely cautious and somewhat general character of the original statements."

Tags: kmd
NATURAL FACTORS INFLUENCING COAL SORPTION PROPERTIES; 1 - PETROGRAPHY AND THE SORPTION PROPERTIES OF COAL

At higher pressures of methane fusinites at the II, III and IV stages of metamorphism adsorb more methane than vitrinites. In the latter, methane sorption capacity is at a minimum at medium ranks. Fusinites of all ranks are curable of much more rapid sorption of methane and carbon dioxide than vitrinites. One may suggest that coal seams including bands or lenses of fusinite are more liable to blowouts than the seams with no such bands. Seams rich in fusinites, apparently, are almost more easily degassed.

Tags: kmd
CONTROLLED COMUSTION OF A VARYING LOW-BTU COAL-DERIVED GAS

As a part of the United States Department of Energy's High Temperature Turbine Technology Program, the Morgantown Energy Technology Center is participating in a Ceramics Corrosion/Erosion Materials Study. The objective is to create a technology base for ceramic materials for use in stationary gas power turbines operating in a high temperature environment produced by combustion of low-caloric, coal-derived gas. Dynamic and Static Test facilities are designed and installed which have the capability to burn a varying low-caloric, coal derived fuel gas in a controlled manner. This paper gives a description of METC's design philosophies in developing these combustion test facilities.

Tags: kmd
CHEMICAL STRUCTURE AND PROPERTIES OF COAL XX-COMPOSITION OF THE INDIVIDUAL MACERALS (VITRINITES, FUSINITES, MICRINITES AND EXINITES)

"The previous publications of this series the constitution and physical properties of coal have been discussed only with reference to the principal petrographic component, the maceral vitrinite.  Consideration will now be given to the composition and structure of the other macerals. Such a study is of great importance because the various macerals behave quite differently from one another in technological operations (preparation, carbonization, hydrogenation)."

Tags: kmd
THE SUPPLY OF USA THERMAL COAL EXPORTS TO 2000

The objective of this study is to describe the present structure of the USA coal industry and then suggest the likely supply of USA thermal export coal in the year 2000. The supply curves will be estimated by combining typical present day mine costs for the important regional mine types with present day regional mine production broken down by mine size and type. The cost estimates will then be adjusted to allow for various rates of increase in real costs to the year 2000. The production data will also be adjusted to correspond to the expected 2000 output. The production attributable to each regional mine type will be ranked in terms of the average mine production costs, FOB port and the supply curve is given by the horizontal summation of this set of mine outputs. The supply curves will be estimated for average variable costs and average total costs will be expressed in terms of dollars per tonne and dollars per million BTUs. All costs are in 1983 USA dollars.

Tags: kmd
Coal Liquids Evaluation and Paraho-SOHIO Shale Oil Quarterly Progress Report for the Period Ending June 30, 1980

"Research continued in the environmental and health evaluation of products, by-products, and effluents derived from shale oil and from processes that convert coal to liquids. The toxic nature of these materials is investigated by using various chemical, physical, biological, and ecological test protocols.  Results are presented according to the functional character of the studies, many of which are generic to fossil energy derived liquids. The coal liquids and shale oil evaluation activities are identified in separate chapters of the report."

Tags: kmd
MECHANICS OF COAL PYROLYSIS V - KINETICS OF PYROLYTIC DEHYDROGENATION IN THE RANGE 600 DEGREES TO 800 DEGREES C

Rates of hydrogen formation in the temperature range 600C to 800C are reported for three coals of widely different rank. Between 35 and 70 percent of the total hydrogen available at any one temperature disengages with first order kinetics, but the apparent activation energies calculated from the corresponding rate constants are low and vary, for the coals in question, from ca. 8 to 15 kcal/mole. Since rate control by C-H bond rupture or gaseous diffusion must be ruled out, it is concluded that the rate determining step is a function of lamellar mobility, i.e. that hydrogen forms in a bimolecular process which occurs whenever two contiguous carbon lamellae move into an appropriate configuration.

Tags: kmd
CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE STUDY OF COAL - INFLUENCE OF STRUCTURAL IRREGULARITIES UPON THE CHEMICAL CHARACTER OF NO. 6 COAL IN FRANKLIN AND WILLIAMSON COUNTIES, ILLINOIS

Within the large area of the Illinois coal basin, the rank of coal varies though almost the entire range of the high volatile group, in general increasing southward or southeastward across the basin. The rate of variation within the greater part of the area is so gradual that the chemical character of any bed is well represented by average values for fairly large areas, such, for example, as are represented by individual counties. This is particularly true of the calorific value for the dry, mineral matter free coal-what has been designated the "unit coal calorific value." County average unit coal values have for several years been recommended by the State Geological Survey as generally applicable to the coal in individual mines in any county.

Tags: kmd
THE CARBON RATIO RULE AND PETROLEUM POTENTIAL IN NPC REGION 9

"David White's carbon ratio rule relating coal rank and oil occurrence is still applicable, though temperature and duration of elevated temperature are now considered to be the determining factors in coal maturation, not pressure or thrusting as White thought.  Actual coal seams are no longer required to determine rank, for grains of dispersed coaly material, which can be recovered from most samples of sedimentary rock, can be analyzed by optical methods.  The carbon ratio rule cannot be applied easily throughout Region 9 because there is a lack of data over broad areas and coalification rends must be extrapolated. One interpretation of the coalification pattern in Region 9 leads to postulation of a geothermal high in the western half of the Mississippi Embayment area, in southern Illinois, and in the eastern portions of the Arkoma Basin and Ouachita Mountains of Arkansas. The coalification pattern needs to be delineated more accurately where coal seams are absent by using modern techniques of rank determination on finely dispersed coaly material."

Tags: kmd
Gregoire Lake In-Situ Steam Pilot Seismic Monitoring Program Geophysical Report #2 Volume 2

The objective of this geophysical project is to monitor the migration of the in-situ heat fronts with a combination of promising new geophysical techniques such as high resolution 3-D seismic, Vertical Seismic Profiles and Acoustic Tomography. To accomplish this it was necessary to determine optimum field acquisition and processing techniques so critical for imaging the tar sand heat fronts.

Tags: kmd
Gregoire Lake In-Situ Steam Pilot Seismic Monitoring Program Geophysical Report #2 Volume 1

The objective of this geophysical project is to monitor the migration of the in-situ heat fronts with a combination of promising new geophysical techniques such as high resolution 3-D seismic, Vertical Seismic Profiles and Acoustic Tomography. To accomplish this it was necessary to determine optimum field acquisition and processing techniques so critical for imaging the tar sand heat fronts.

Tags: kmd
TAR SANDS RECOVERY PROCESSES, UPGRADING, ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS - A PEER REVIEW - FINAL REPORT

"The U.S. Department of Energy (DOE), Office of Oil, Gas and Shale Technology, sponsored a peer review of tar sands research. The goal of this peer review was to assist DOE in maintaining quality control over its funded research and insure that the highest technical standards be followed.  This report documents the proceedings of the peer review session. The review comments of the research presentations by the panel of nationally recognized experts as well as the presenters'responses to the review comments are included. Each presentation was reviewed for clarity of objectives, budget and schedule, contribution to the technology base and existing research, and methodology. The expert panelists also commented on the overall research program."

Tags: kmd
The Viscosity of Heavy Oil and Bitumen Which Contain Subsaturation Concentrations of Carbon Dioxide

"Viscosity measurements using a high pressure rotational viscometer have been made on oil samples obtained from Lloydminster and Cold Lake deposits in Canada. The effect of dissolved carbon dioxide pressure and temperature on the viscosity of these samples has been determined.  A general equation has been developed to correlate to the experimental viscosity data with the concentration of carbon dioxide in solution, the temperature and the pressure."

Tags: kmd
PROBLEMS FREQUENTLY ENCOUNTERED IN EVALUATING TAR SAND RESOURCES - EXAMPLE: THE SOUTH TEXAS SAN MIGUEL DEPOSIT

This paper discusses some of the problems frequently encountered in evaluating unconventional resources where the hydrocarbon density and viscosity and the formation matrix properties are significantly different from those used in standardizing traditional core and log analysis procedures. It uses, for example purposes only a 1.093 Kg/m^3 gravity resource located in Texas known as the San Miguel tar sand deposit. During a five year period over 50 wells were drilled, cored, and logged in an effort to evaluate various aspects of this resource. In addition, a number of detailed research and laboratory investigations were conducted in support of the formation evaluation program.

Tags: kmd
THE ENPEX PROJECT: PRODUCTION AND UPGRADING OF SOUTH TEXAS TAR SANDS

The ENPEX project comprises the production and upgrading of heavy crude San Miguel tar in an integrated facility designed to produce a syncrude or clean fuel products. The project utilizes fluidized bed coal combustion to produce high pressure steam (2500 psi) for steam flooding of fifty feet of San Miguel net pay located at a depth of approximately 1,800 feet. ENPEX has successfully utilized CONOCO's FAST technology to produce over 16,000 barrels of crude San Miguel tar in the world's first major steam flood project to be fueled entirely by coal. Currently the produced tar from the project must be blended with a lighter oil for transport from the site and refining by the Gulf Coast refiners. Future plans for the project include long term operations, utilizing a multipattern steam flood, with support from the U.S. Synthetic Fuels Corporation as per the SFC/ENPEX Four Corners Agreement of July, 1984. ENPEX has designed a fully integrated production and refining plant utilizing CONOCO's fast technology for production of between 5,000 and 20,000 barrels per day of tar, and CE Lummus'LC-FINING hydrocracking technology for the production of syncrude from the native tar.

Tags: kmd
APPRAISAL OF THE TECHNICAL AND ECONOMIC POTENTIAL OF U.S. TAR SANDS

This study of the technical and economic potential of U.S. tar sands shows that, under conventional extraction technology, domestic tar sands can make an important contribution to domestic liquid fuel or asphalt supplies. However, in general, attractive tar sands economics require higher oil prices than those existing in mid-1986. The study shows that of the 22 billion barrels of measured tar sand resources in the U.S., 5.7 billion barrels are technically recoverable with the conventional extraction technologies-4.9 billion barrels by surface mining and 0.8 billion recoverable by cyclic steam injection. Of this, 1 to 2 billion barrels are recoverable at oil prices in the mid $20 per barrel range.

Tags: kmd