AndreaBozzo/ceres-open-data-index huggingface dataset:
Similarity considerations for acoustic agglomeration

From the various experiments performed, it is readily seen that acoustic agglomerators work, not only in reducing the total number concentration but also to effectively shift the size distribution to a larger size range depending on the frequency and intensity applied to the particular particle size distribution. To what extent the acoustic agglomerators work has not been studied extensively, but the potential for industrial application is promising. The acoustic agglomerator will be like any other conventional particulate abatement device from the viewpoint, that the design, materials and construction will be dictated solely for that particular application and given system conditions. In addition, the acoustic agglomerator will have to be tuned to that specific application for best results. In spite of the low efficiencies of sound generators, the total energy consumption is small, rapidly increasing at the higher sound intensity levels where turbulence dominates, wherein the amount of useful energy for agglomeration is smaller relative to the input acoustic energy, although it is counter benefitted by the increase in the rate of agglomeration and removal. Thus it is the availability of space and costs which will inherently decide the rates of agglomeration and removal which indirectly will determine the intensity levels to be used.

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Powder-lubricated piston ring development

The overall objective of this program was to demonstrate the feasibility of a new particulate lubrication concept for reducing piston ring/cylinder liner wear in coal-water slurry-fueled diesels by replacing the present oil-lubricated system with powder lubrication that would utilize coal ash, either alone or in combination with another powder. The feasibility of this particular lubrication concept for reducing ring/liner wear was demonstrated in a series of experiments utilizing redesigned and properly selected components. Wear performance for suitable ring/liner materials lubricated with a powder that incorporates the abrasive ash particles was evaluated in terms of load capacity, friction, and rate of wear for the best combination of ring design, ring and liner materials, and powder constituents. In addition, the use of a powder-lubricated system in the upper portion of the cylinder isolated the particulates from the lower portions of the engine, thus further reducing engine wear. (VC)

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Radium concentration factors and their use in health and environmental risk assessment

Radium is known to be taken up by aquatic animals, and tends to accumulate in bone, shell and exoskeleton. The most common approach to estimating the uptake of a radionuclide by aquatic animals for use in health and environmental risk assessments is the concentration factor method. The concentration factor method relates the concentration of a contaminant in an organism to the concentration in the surrounding water. Site specific data are not usually available, and generic, default values are often used in risk assessment studies. This paper describes the concentration factor method, summarizes some of the variables which may influence the concentration factor for radium, reviews reported concentration factors measured in marine environments and presents concentration factors derived from data collected in a study in coastal Louisiana. The use of generic default values for the concentration factor is also discussed.

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Thermal and catalytic cracking of tars and tar constituents from coal-gasification processes. Final report. [Synthetic zeolites (Linde LZ-Y82, Norton Zeolon 900-H, Davison 13-X, faujasite), natural zeolite (chabazite)]

The objective of this program is to screen catalysts and determine operating conditions for maximizing gas and char production from the pyrolysis of coal gasification tars. The product yields from cracking a bituminous coal tar in a fixed-bed reactor were determined at various temperatures in the presence and absence of some packing materials. Synthetic zeolites, Linde LZ-Y82, Norton Zeolon 900-H (mordenite), Davison 13-X, and ultra-stable faujasite (H-Y), as well as a natural zeolite, chabazite, showed strong catalytic activity. In contrast, molecular sieves 5-A and natural erionite having smaller pore diameters were found to be much less active. Clay minerals such as kaolinite, montmorillonite and Kieselguhr exhibited catalytic activities which were similar to those of the zeolites with small pore sizes, but they were still far more effective than quartz particles. Based on the assumption of first-order kinetics, the activation energies for the tar conversion were evaluated for several packing materials. It was found that the zeolite LZ-Y82 was remarkably effective in converting tar to chars and gases in the temperature range of 350 to 500/sup 0/C, although this effectiveness decreased very rapidly with a continuous tar feed carried by an inert gas. Among the factors involved for catalytic effectiveness are (1) the effective pore size greater than about 0.7 nm (or 7A), (2) large internal surface area accessible to the tar vapor, and (3) large number of strongly acidic sites. 22 references, 6 figures, 22 tables.

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New Mexico synfuels project. Coal-liquid fuels and high-Btu coal gas. Volume I. Executive summary. [San Juan County, New Mexico]

The New Mexico Synfuels Project is technically feasible to construct and operate. No major environmental issues have been identified that would cause significant adverse impacts in the region. Socioeconomic conditions existing in the region of the plant are conducive to a project of this type. Federal and state authorities have been kept advised of the progress of the project and have been encouraging in their assistance. A suitable plant site and the basic input resources of coal and  water are available. There is limited market potential for the plant products. With the exception of carbon dioxide, revenues derived from sales of the by-products do not contribute significantly to support of the plant. Of the two primary products, SNG has potential markets in Southern California and the Gulf Coast but suffers a price disadvantage relative to conventional supplies in both areas. Methanol has possible uses as a utility or turbine fuel, particularly in Southern California where power companies have expressed an interest in methanol for peaking purposes. A base load demand, however, is necessary for the development of a substantial market and at this time is not anticipated as developing unless additional environmental constraints are imposed on emissions. If carbon dioxide produced by the plant could be marketed to West Texas enhanced oil recovery projects, it would contribute significantly to the economics. The economic viability of the project as proposed is marginal. Estimated market prices for the plant products do not appear to be sufficient to achieve an acceptable rate of return on investment to the project sponsors. Some means of financial assistance, preferably in the form of loan guarantees and price supports, will be necessary if the project is to proceed.

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Computed tomography of coals. Quarterly technical progress report No. 3, March 6, 1983-June 30, 1983

X-ray computed tomography (CT) is a non-destructive non-invasive technique for investigating the structures within coal. CT digital images have been taken for a number of coals with a range of rank from anthracite to lignite. Techniques have been developed for the location of the x-ray fan beam during the acquisition of the CT data and for subsequent physical sectioning of the coal along that plane. Preliminary comparisons have been made between the CT images and the coal surfaces, and an outline is given of the methods to be used in obtaining digital reflectance maps for further, more detailed comparisons. Xenon gas diffusion experiments with Illinois No. 6 coal are also reported. The CT images of the xenon penetration are obtained by difference. The images show the combined effect of adsorption and gas penetration within the coal. A preliminary finding of higher xenon penetration into more mineral-rich vitrain bands is reported. The theoretical bases for interpretation of the gas permeation experiments are developed. 18 references, 31 figures, 5 tables.

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Improved CO sub 2  enhanced oil recovery -- Mobility control by in-situ chemical precipitation

The overall objective of this study has been to evaluate the feasibility of chemical precipitation to improve CO{sub 2} sweep efficiency and mobility control. The laboratory experiments have indicated that carbonate precipitation can alter the permeability of the core samples under reservoir conditions. Furthermore, the relative permeability measurements have revealed that precipitation reduces the gas permeability in favor of liquid permeability. This indicates that precipitation is occurring preferentially in the larger pores. Additional experimental work with a series of connected cores have indicated that the permeability profile can be successfully modified. However, Ph control plays a critical role in propagation of the chemical precipitation reaction. A numerical reservoir model has been utilized to evaluate the effects of permeability heterogeneity and permeability modification on the CO{sub 2} sweep efficiency. The computer simulation results indicate that the permeability profile modification can significantly enhance CO{sub 2} vertical and horizontal sweep efficiencies. The scoping studies with the model have further revealed that only a fraction of high permeability zones need to be altered to achieve sweep efficiency enhancement. 64 refs., 30 figs., 16 tabs.

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Keystone Project:  coal-to-methanol feasibility study. Volume I. Project summary. [Cairnbrook, Pennsylvania]

The Keystone Project is proposed to be a facility that would eventually produce up to 67,000 barrels per day (bpd) of fuel-grade methanol from 2330 tons per day of bituminous coals. Initial production capacity of the plant, which could be on stream in early 1988, would be 13,300 barrels per day, could be expanded to the full 67,000 bpd capacity by the addition of unit additional process trains. This approach provides for a rapid and cost-effective implementation of the project with minimum risk. The Feasibility Study involved a comprehensive 18-month evaluation aimed at assessing the viability of the project from technical, economic, financial, marketing, environmental, health and safety, socioeconomics and business aspects. The work scope included seven tasks, which address important issues in the project: Preliminary Facility Design; Economic and Financial Analysis; Market Analysis; Siting Evaluation and Resource Assessment; Environmental, Health, Safety and Socioeconomic Assessments; Detailed Evaluation and Plan for Project Completion; and Program Management. The results provide a body of quantitative and qualitative information on which a decision can be made by interested investors whether to proceed with the project. The following work objectives were accomplished: a preliminary facility design and cost estimates based on a specific site were established; the size and nature of potential markets, probable product prices and key market regulatory issues were evaluated; the commercial feasibility of the project was determined based on economic and financial parameters, such as capitalization and debt structure, local and federal incentives and investor rate of return and cash flow; and environmental, health and safety, socioeconomics and related regulatory aspects of the project were evaluated. The results indicate that the project can be viable if given appropriate financial support from the US Synthetic Fuels Corporation.

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Surface characterization of contaminant reactants covering the period June 14, 1982-June 14, 1983

Interactions of gaseous NO and SO/sub 2/ with Al/sub 2/O/sub 3/, SiO/sub 2/, and iron deposited on SiO/sub 2/ were carried out at temperatures 298, 473, and 673K. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) was used in the analysis. Pure Al/sub 2/O/sub 3/ and SiO/sub 2/ did not show any reaction with either NO or SO/sub 2/ at any of the three temperatures. Iron was deposited on SiO/sub 2/ in the metallic state. Both gases interacted with the Fe/SiO/sub 2/ system. Interaction increased with increasing iron deposition. Two forms of nitrogen were observed when NO was exposed to the Fe/SiO/sub 2/ system at 298K. They were identified as nitride and molecularly adsorbed NO. At 473K, the amount of nitride increased while molecularly adsorbed NO was not observed. Neither form of nitrogen was observed at 673K. Two forms of sulfur, sulfate and sulfide, were observed at 298K on the SO/sub 2//Fe/SiO/sub 2/ system. At 473K, amount of sulfide increased while the amount of sulfate decreased. Neither form of sulfur was observed at 673K. 30 references, 9 figures, 11 tables.

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Acquisition, classification, and evaluation of engineering and geologic information and characteristics of West Virginia petroleum reservoirs amenable to enhanced oil recovery technology, particularly carbon dioxide injection. Volume I:  methodology and results. Final technical report

A study was undertaken with the objectives of: preparing an overall assessment of West Virginia reservoirs as candidates for one or more EOR processes; compiling, synthesizing, and analyzing the geologic/engineering data necessary to evaluate the EOR potential of those reservoirs identified as possible EOR candidates; and evaluating and interpreting the results of ongoing and proposed CO/sub 2/ injection field tests in West Virginia. This volume is the final report on the contract study. It presents Gruy Federal's methodology, results, and conclusions organized under the three study objectives listed above.

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Potential use of California lignite and other alternate fuel for enhanced oil recovery. Phase I and II. Final report. [As alternative fuels for steam generation in thermal EOR]

The Nation's continued reliance on liquid fossil fuels and decreasing reserves of light oils gives increased impetus to improving the recovery of heavy oil. Thermal enhanced oil recovery EOR techniques, such as steam injection, have generally been the most effective for increasing heavy oil production. However, conventional steam generation consumes a large fraction of the produced oil. The substitution of alternate (solid) fuels would release much of this consumed oil to market. This two-part report focuses on two solid fuels available in California, the site of most thermal EOR - petroleum coke and lignite. Phase I, entitled Economic Analysis, shows detailed cost comparisons between the two candidate fuels and also with Western coal. The analysis includes fuels characterizations, process designs for several combustion systems, and a thorough evaluation of the technical and economic uncertainties. In Phase II, many technical parameters of petroleum coke combustion were measured in a pilot-plant fluidized bed. The results of the study showed that petroleum coke combustion for EOR is feasible and cost effective in a fluidized bed combustor.

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Recovery of sulfur from hot gas desulfurization processes

High-temperature desulfurization processes, which are being developed by METC, utilize regenerable mixed-metal sorbents, such as zinc ferrite, to remove reduced sulfur compounds from coal gasifier gases. In order to meet environmental regulations and to assure the successful development of an economical hot gas desulfurization process using regenerable sorbents, the regenerator off-gas must be treated to convert most of the SO{sub 2} to a more environmentally acceptable form of sulfur, such as elemental sulfur. The present study, which is the subject of this report, has been directed at developing techniques for this conversion. Two concepts for the conversion SO{sub 2} in the regenerator off-gas to elemental sulfur were addressed in this study. In the first concept, which was considered in the first and second years of this study, the SO{sub 2} in the off-gas is adsorbed onto a sorbent at 550 to 700{degrees}C. The sulfated sorbent is then regenerated using a reducing gas to produce an H{sub 2}S-rich gas suitable for the recovery of elemental sulfur in a Claus unit. In the second concept, which was studied in the second and third year of the contract, a near stoichiometric mixture of off-gas and reducing gas is reacted in the presence of a catalyst at 550 to 700{degrees}C to produce elemental sulfur directly in one step. 23 refs., 18 figs., 27 tabs.

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Reservoir characteristics in Uinta basin gas wells. Final report, September 1, 1978-January 31, 1980

Volumes of 29 lenticular tight gas sandstone reservoirs in the Uinta Basin, Utah have been approximated from long-term pressure buildups on 6 wells. Average reservoir volume was interpreted to be about 240,000 ft/sup 3/ per ft of net pay. Outcrop reservoir geometry studies indicate an average reservoir volume (without any reservoir interconnection assumed) of about 30% less than the average based upon production analysis. Therefore, some reservoir interconnection may exist. Results of this study are consistent with the Knutson lenticular reservoir model in which average reservoir width is 22 times the gross sand thickness, length is 10 times the width, and reservoir interconnection is a function of the sand fraction in the productive interval. Apparent reservoir permeabilities, assuming radial flow, range from .009 to .052 millidarcies and actual sandstone matrix permeabilities are interpreted to range from .06 to .21 millidarcies. Fracture half lengths are interpreted to be about 0.1 ft/bbl of fluid with an average proppant load of 1.2 to 1.7 lb/gal at injection rates of 18 to 24 BPM and injection pressures of 2,500 to 4,600 psi for each 100 ft of gross sand in the fracced interval.

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High temperature coal gas chloride cleanup for molten carbonate fuel cell applications. Topical technical report, September 1984-June 1985

The removal of HCl vapor from hot coal gas streams was studied in a fixed, thin bed reactor. A synthetic sorbent, Katalco Chloride Guard 59-3 and two natural minerals, shortite and nahcolite were examined. In the temperature range of 523/sup 0/C to 623/sup 0/C, these sorbents reacted rapidly with HCl vapor and were able to reduce the level of HCl in the coal gas to about 1 ppM. The capacity for chloride uptake was found to be a function of both the porosity and the sodium carbonate content of the sorbents. In a dry coal gas atmosphere at 523/sup 0/C, nearly 90% of the sodium carbonate in Katalco Guard could be converted to NaCl. The presence of steam and higher temperatures both tend to reduce the capacity of the sorbent. Shortite possesses a higher sodium carbonate content than Katalco Guard, but it was found to have lower capacity for HCl because of its low porosity; only about 20% of the sodium carbonate was converted to NaCl. Nahcolite powder, after pelletization and calcination, was found to be porous and to possess moderate surface area. This mineral, which is nearly pure NaHCO/sub 3/, decomposes to Na/sub 2/CO/sub 3/ at the reaction temperature; about 90% of the Na/sub 2/CO/sub 3/ in nahcolite was converted to NaCl in the temperature range of 523/sup 0/C to 650/sup 0/C. 20 refs., 13 figs., 5 tabs.

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Proceedings of the seventh annual gasification and gas stream cleanup systems contractors review meeting: Volume 2

On June 16 through 19, 1987, METC sponsored the Seventh Annual Gasification and Gas Stream Cleanup Systems Contractors Review Meeting which was held at the Sheraton Lakeview Conference Center in Morgantown, West Virginia. The primary purpose of the meeting was threefold: to review the technical progress and current status of the gasification and gas stream cleanup projects sponsored by the Department of Energy; to foster technology exchange among participating researchers and other technical communities; to facilitate interactive dialogues which would identify research needs that would make coal-based gasification systems more attractive economically and environmentally. More than 310 representatives of Government, academia, industry, and foreign energy research organizations attended the 4-day meeting. Fifty-three papers and thirty poster displays were presented summarizing recent developments in the gasification and gas stream cleanup programs. Volume II covers papers presented at sessions 5 and 6 on system for the production of synthesis gas, and on system for the production of power. All papers have been processed for inclusion in the Energy Data Base.

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Visualization experiments on steam injection in Hele-Shaw cells

Flow visualization experiments have been successfully employed in reservoir engineering research for many years. They involve 2-D geometries in transparent Hele-Shaw cells and glass micromodels. Although much work has been done on immiscible flows (drainage or imbibition), visualization of steamfloods, which constitute a major part of current EOR methods, has not been attempted to data. In this paper, we present experimental results on steam injection in a transparent, pyrex glass Hele-Shaw cell. Both synthetic (Dutrex 739) and natural heavy oils were used under a variety of conditions, including effects of gravity.

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Development of a technology assessment data base

The objective of this project was to develop an energy consumption data base that could be used for analysis of energy use patterns and estimation of the market potential for new energy technologies. All consumption of fuels and electricity have been disaggregated into blocks of energy consumption where the form of energy used and the characteristics of the consuming hardware have been defined, e.g., gasoline in passenger cars, distillate oil for space heat in single family dwellings, natural gas for compressors used for pipeline transmission, coal used in steam boilers, etc. The general approach to the development of the data base was to use all the detail available in basic references. Where additional detail could be provided by reasonable extrapolations, interpolations, or the use of supplemental information, this was done. The use of this approach provided a detailed data base for all sectors, without expenditure of resources greatly exceeding those for a much less definitive study. It is worth noting that new information collection activities that have been instituted by the Department of Energy, Energy Information Administration were essential to the development of the comprehensive data base that has been produced.

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Atomization characteristics of coal-water slurry. Final report

Dwindling supplies of oil have led to increasing interest in alternative fuels which can be used to replace petroleum-derived liquid fuels. One such fuel is coal-water slurry. This study presents the atomization behavior of coal-water slurries at conditions typical of a gas turbine combustor. Slurry spray characteristics were determined using five different types of atomizer. The five nozzle types included were: (1) plain-orifice, (2) pressure-swirl, (3) plain-jet airblast, (4) air-assist and (5) prefilming airblast. The effects of airblast air velocity, chamber pressure and air-to-fuel mass ratio (AFR) on SMD were investigated for the latter three nozzle types. Values of SMD were determined for levels of tank pressure between 1 and 2.0 MPa, air-to-fuel mass ratios (AFR) between 0.5 and 6.0, and airblast air velocities between 30 and 100 m/sec. Several slurries with loadings between 50 and 70% (by weight) were used. The Sauter mean diameter and drop size distribution parameter were measured using the forward light-scattering technique in the form of a commercially available Malvern 2600 particle size analyzer. Droplet microstructure was determined using the liquid nitrogen-freezing technique and spray radial and circumferential patternation data were obtained through the use of a patternator. 39 refs., 64 figs., 4 tabs.

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