AndreaBozzo/ceres-open-data-index huggingface dataset:
Gas turbine component screening program: fuel flexible combustor

An advanced two stage coal-water mixture, high-pressure gas turbine combustion system has been designed and built. The combustor is a 1/10 scale in volume of that required for the Solar Model H Centaur gas turbine engine. It features a rich primary zone, lean secondary zone with hot refractory walls in both zones. Molten slag removal is accomplished inertially using a form of jet impaction. The primary and secondary air flows are supplied separately which allows precise control and measurement of zonal equivalence ratios and flow splits. A description of each component of the combustion system is presented along with a discussion of the suggested theory of operation. The test setup and instrumentation are also described. 13 figs., 4 tabs.

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Comparison of methods used for determining the natural gas content of coalbeds from exploratory cores

Several methods are available for determining the natural gas content of coal seams. Such methods generally yield quite different results when applied to the same exploratory core sample taken from a coalbed. A modification of the US Bureau of Mines direct method is presented which utilizes decline curves to approximate the volumes of gas which are recoverable based on exploratory cores from coalbeds. The gas contents of 20 exploratory bituminous coal cores were determined using the indirect, the direct, and the decline curve methods and are summarized in Table 6. A comparison of the values obtained using the three methods for any particular sample reflects significant differences in the estimation techniques. The decline curve approach yields values for recoverable gas content which consistently lie between the values of total gas content found using the indirect and direct methods as witnessed in Table 6. Since the decline curve for a coal sample is a direct representation of the method by which gas is actually released from the coal, the recoverable gas content value obtained for a sample is felt to be more representative of the coal than those values obtained by the indirect and direct methods.

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Kinetic theories of granular materials with applications to fluidized beds

An accurate prediction of the hydrodynamic behavior of a fluidized bed would be beneficial for many economic, environmental, and scientific reasons. One approach to modeling the hydrodynamic behavior of fluidized beds is to consider the gas and the granular material as separate but interacting continuous media. The gas is a continuous medium; for fluidized beds, it behaves as an incompressible fluid. However, the granular material is not easily considered as a continuum, in spite of its obvious fluid-like motion. An outline of the kinetic theory of gases appears in the first section. The following sections describe three extensions of the kinetic theory of gases to granular material. The concluding section briefly describes further applications of the kinetic theory of gases. We were not aware of these applications at the time the body of this review was written. This section also includes a critique of the application of the kinetic theory of gases to granular materials. Finally, the concluding section discusses an expression for the solid stress tensor that will be utilized in fluidized beds. 45 refs., 10 figs.

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Provide alkali species profiles using a well-characterized coal reactor

In this program alkali and other species leaving the surface of individual coal particles during combustion or gasification reactions were measured directly rather than attempting to infer this information from macroscopic measurements in large-scale devices. Individual coal particles were placed in a radiation field and a gas stream which had temperatures, pressures, and compositions which simulate conditions within a particular time/position in a combustor or gasifier. The species leaving the surface were then measured directly as a function of time using molecular beam mass spectrometry (MBMS). These measurements should provide the data needed for models of alkali behavior during combustion and gasification processes. 26 refs., 29 figs., 27 tabs.

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Performance of high and medium temperature valves

The Experimental Pressurized Fluidized Bed Combustion Facility at Grimethorpe, South Yorkshire, UK utilizes a number of valves operating at high temperature and pressure up to 12 bar and 950/sup 0/C with varying degrees of entrained dust in the transport fluid. Although not a defined objective, testing of different valve designs was necessary. The valves used are classed into three groups, six manufacturers being selected. The report covers the operational experience established between March 1982 and March 1984. During this period the Facility was operated for a total of 2741 coal burning hours. The major problems with the valves were valve leakage and sticking. The sticking problem was minimized by heating the valves, decreasing seat pressure and increasing actuator torque. Modifications to prevent leakage have included modifications to valve seats and supports, new support materials, new spring materials and regular maintenance. 5 refs., 28 figs., 4 tabs.

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TARGET RESERVOIRS FOR CO2 MISCIBLE FLOODING TASK TWO: SUMMARY OF AVAILABLE RESERVOIR AND GEOLOGICAL DATA

This report describes work performed by Gruy Federal, Inc., as the second of six tasks under contract with the US Department of Energy. The stated objective of this study is to build a solid engineering foundation to serve as the basis for field mini- and pilot tests in both high and low oil saturation carbonate reservoirs for the purpose of extending the technology base in carbon dioxide miscible flooding. The six tasks in this study are: (1) summary of available CO/sub 2/ field test data; (2) summary of existing reservoir and geological data; (3) selection of target reservoirs; (4) selection of specific reservoirs for CO/sub 2/ injection tests; (5) selection of specific sites for test wells in carbonate reservoirs; and (6) drilling and coring activities. The report for Task Two consists of a summary of existing reservoir and geological data on carbonate reservoirs located in west Texas, southeast New Mexico, and the Rocky Mountain states. It is contained in two volumes, each with several parts. The present volume, in four parts, is a summary of reservoir data for fields in the Rocky Mountain states. Volume One contains data for Permian basin fields in west Texas and southeast New Mexico. While a serious effort was made to obtain all publicly available data for the fields considered, sufficiently reliable data on important reservoir parameters were not always available for every field. The data in Volume II show 143 carbonate reservoirs in the study area may be suitable for CO/sub 2/ miscible flooding. Using a general estimate of enhanced oils recovery by CO/sub 2/ flooding of 10% of original oil in place, some 619 million barrels of oil could be recovered by widespread application of CO/sub 2/ flooding in the study area. Mississippian and Ordovician reservoirs appear to be the most promising targets for the process.

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California thermal oil utilization. Volume I. Executive summary. Final report

The potential for significant increases in California thermally produced crude oil (CTO) production and utilization by 1985 was studied. The DOE goal of 900,000 barrels/day of total CTO production by 1985 was evaluated. The constraints to increased CTO production were discussed. Incentives for increasing production were recommended. Physical and chemical properties, conventional refining processes, and alternate technologies for CTO were also discussed. (DC)

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Laboratory study of nitrogen miscible displacement of light oil

Systematic slim-tube displacement tests and coreflooding tests were performed to determine displacement mechanisms and the minimum miscibility pressure (MMP) for nitrogen with light oils. Emphasis of the study was on the injection of a slug of solution gas before. The effect of slug size and composition on the MMP was also studied. Candidate oils from Alaskan reservoirs (26/degree/ and 48/degree/ API) were also tested for the applicability of nitrogen miscible displacement and the slug injection technique. A series of nitrogen displacement experiments was performed on one of Alaskan oils at varying gas-oil-ratios (GOR) to determine the effect of the intermediate components (C/sub 2/-C/sub 5/) of the oil on the MMP. A correlation for the MMP has also been developed from literature data on pure nitrogen displacement and data obtained from this work. The proposed correlation shows good agreement with the prediction of the MMP of 14 oils tested. More realistic tests for the nitrogen miscible displacement method were performed in a 2-in. diameter, 2-ft long Berea sandstone core to investigate the effects of gravity segregation and mobility ratio on the recovery efficiency. Secondary and tertiary nitrogen injection tests as well as an initial evaluation of foam flooding as an improvement to nitrogen displacement were also performed. 10 refs., 7 figs., 3 tabs.

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BX In Situ Oil Shale Project. Quarterly technical progress report, June 1, 1978-August 31, 1978

Objective of this project is to demonstrate the technical feasibility of using superheated steam as a heat-carrying medium to retort in situ the oil shale in the Green River Formation leached zone and provide a mechanism for the recovery of this shale oil with a minimum impact on the environment. During this period, work on the BX In Situ Oil Shale Project consisted of drilling project wells; the running of additional pulse tests with consequent redesign of the well completion format; and the commencement of construction of surface facilities.

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Staged cascading fluidized-bed combustor

The Staged Cascade Fluidized Bed Combustor (SCFBC) is an advanced concept in fluidized bed combustion consisting of a vertical series of shallow fluidized beds which provide optimal conditions for the combustion of coal, desulfurization of combustion gases, and heat transfer to water filled tubes for the purpose of producing steam. A summary description of the conceptual design of the SCFBC is given, followed by market penetration estimates. A program is proposed to carry the concept from bench scale testing through commercialization. (LEW)

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Thermal numerical simulator for laboratory evaluation of steamflood oil recovery

A thermal numerical simulator running on an IBM AT compatible personal computer is described. The simulator was designed to assist laboratory design and evaluation of steamflood oil recovery. An overview of the historical evolution of numerical thermal simulation, NIPER's approach to solving these problems with a desk top computer, the derivation of equations and a description of approaches used to solve these equations, and verification of the simulator using published data sets and sensitivity analysis are presented. The developed model is a three-phase, two-dimensional multicomponent simulator capable of being run in one or two dimensions. Mass transfer among the phases and components is dictated by pressure- and temperature-dependent vapor-liquid equilibria. Gravity and capillary pressure phenomena were included. Energy is transferred by conduction, convection, vaporization and condensation. The model employs a block centered grid system with a five-point discretization scheme. Both areal and vertical cross-sectional simulations are possible. A sequential solution technique is employed to solve the finite difference equations. The study clearly indicated the importance of heat loss, injected steam quality, and injection rate to the process. Dependence of overall recovery on oil volatility and viscosity is emphasized. The process is very sensitive to relative permeability values. Time-step sensitivity runs indicted that the current version is time-step sensitive and exhibits conditional stability. 75 refs., 19 figs., 19 tabs.

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Acoustic and hydrodynamic turbulence-turbulence interaction and its influence on acoustic particulate agglomeration

The potential application of acoustic agglomeration of aerosols in industry are usually under high flow rate conditions. Therefore, the acoustic hydrodynamic turbulence - turbulence interaction in a resonance tube is the subject of this investigation. Measurements are made at both loop and node positions with a sound pressure level of 161.5 dB (re 20 ..mu..Pa) and the hydrodynamic Reynolds number Re ranging from 0 to 14,000. Important parameters of the final state such as the rms turbulent velocity, the integral scale, the Taylor and Kolmogorov microscales and the rate of turbulent energy dissipation epsilon are estimated. It is found that as long as the hydrodynamic flow is turbulent epsilon increases monotonically with increasing values of Re. Furthermore, epsilon is consistently larger at loop than at node. Based on this information, a numerical calculation of the turbulent agglomeration kernel K/sub T/ is performed. The strong enhancement of the turbulence-turbulence interaction on K/sub T/ at higher values of the Reynolds number Re indicates that the high hydrodynamic flow industrial environment favors turbulent acoustic coagulation for emission control.

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Advanced development of a pressurized ash agglomerating fluidized-bed coal gasification system. Fourth quarter progress report FY-1983, July 1-September 30, 1983

Overall objective of the Westinghouse coal gasification program is to demonstrate the viability of the Westinghouse pressurized, fluidized bed, gasification system for the production of medium-Btu fuel gas for syngas, electrical power generation, chemical feedstocks, or industrial fuels and to obtain performance and scaleup data for the process and hardware. Progress reports are presented for the following tasks: process development unit operations; process analysis; cold flow scaling facility; process and component engineering and design; and laboratory support studies on gas-solids flow modeling and coal/ash behavior. 14 refs., 21 figs., 16 tabs.

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Coal gasification and tar conversion reactions over calcium oxide. Final technical report, August 7, 1981-August 6, 1984

The overall objective of the present research was to investigate the technical basis for potential application of calcium oxide chemistry to improving product yields and quality and to control of pollutants from pyrolysis and gasification of coal. A systematic study of the effects of cracking temperature (in the 400 to 800/sup 0/C range) on the pyrolysis reactions of freshly formed tars, from a thin bed of Pittsburgh No. 8 Seam bituminous coal, in the absence and presence of CaO was performed. Selective studies of the effects of stone origin, stone/feed ratio, gaseous environment, carrier gas flow rate, and the crystal size of the stone, etc., on tar cracking reactions were also performed. System pressure was typically 1.2 to 1.3 atm. Some of the findings are: (1) calcium oxide greatly increases the rates and extents of the removal of tars evolved over the temperature range 250 to 700/sup 0/C; (2) major products are coke, deposited on the CaO surface, hydrogen, and light hydrocarbon gases; (3) higher absolute yields of methane in the presence of CaO; (4) CaO exhibits greater capacity for cracking freshly formed pyrolysis tars than it does for pure compounds; (5) 500/sup 0/C cracking over CaO lowers the specific mutagenicity of low temperature tar and has no significant effect on that of high temperature tar; (6) thermal treatment without CaO also lowers the mutagenicity of low temperature (but to a lesser extent than with CaO) but increases the specific mutagenicity of high temperature tar; (7) higher molecular weight tars appear to be less easily removed by Ca(OH)/sub 2/ derived CaO; and (8) substitution of CaCO/sub 3/- derived CaO results in more extensive conversion of the heavier tar fractions. 42 refs., 12 figs., 16 tabs.

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Computed tomography of coals. Quarterly technical progress report No. 6, January 1-March 31, 1984

Non-invasive x-ray computed tomography has been used to investigate the pattern of infusion of inert gas (xenon) into coal. The access of gas to the internal surfaces of coal and char has important consequences for reactivity towards liquefaction and gasification. The pattern of infusion is very nonuniform with gas penetrating along the bedding planes at a faster rate than across them. Deconvolution of the digital data from a sequence of images yields an effective diffusion or constant across a mainly vitrinite band of 1 x 10/sup -6/ cm/sup 2/sec/sup -1/. 38 figs.

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Natural gas hydrates on the North Slope of Alaska

Gas hydrates are crystalline substances composed of water and gas, mainly methane, in which a solid-water lattice accommodates gas molecules in a cage-like structure, or clathrate. These substances often have been regarded as a potential (unconventional) source of natural gas. Significant quantities of naturally occurring gas hydrates have been detected in many regions of the Arctic including Siberia, the Mackenzie River Delta, and the North Slope of Alaska. On the North Slope, the methane-hydrate stability zone is areally extensive beneath most of the coastal plain province and has thicknesses as great as 1000 meters in the Prudhoe Bay area. Gas hydrates have been identified in 50 exploratory and production wells using well-log responses calibrated to the response of an interval in one well where gas hydrates were recovered in a core by ARCO Alaska and EXXON. Most of these gas hydrates occur in six laterally continuous Upper Cretaceous and lower Tertiary sandstone and conglomerate units; all these gas hydrates are geographically restricted to the area overlying the eastern part of the Kuparuk River Oil Field and the western part of the Prudhoe Bay Oil Field. The volume of gas within these gas hydrates is estimated to be about 1.0 {times} 10{sup 12} to 1.2 {times} 10{sup 12} cubic meters (37 to 44 trillion cubic feet), or about twice the volume of conventional gas in the Prudhoe Bay Field. Geochemical analyses of well samples suggest that the identified hydrates probably contain a mixture of deep-source thermogenic gas and shallow microbial gas that was either directly converted to gas hydrate or first concentrated in existing traps and later converted to gas hydrate. The thermogenic gas probably migrated from deeper reservoirs along the same faults thought to be migration pathways for the large volumes of shallow, heavy oil that occur in this area. 51 refs., 11 figs., 3 tabs.

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METC Gasifier Advanced Simulation Model

Morgantown Energy Technology Center is developing an advanced moving-bed gasifier, which is the centerpiece of the Integrated Gasifier Combined-Cycle (IGCC) system, with the features of good efficiency, low cost, and minimal environmental impact. A mathematical model of the gasifier, the METC-Gasifier Advanced Simulation (MGAS) model, has been developed for the analysis and design of advanced gasifiers and other moving-bed gasifiers. This report contains the technical and the user manuals of the MGAS model. The MGAS model can describe the transient operation of coflow, counterflow, or fixed-bed gasifiers. It is a one-dimensional model and can simulate the addition and withdrawal of gas and solids at multiple locations in the bed, a feature essential for simulating beds with recycle. The model describes the reactor in terms of a gas phase and a solids (coal or char) phase. These phases may exist at different temperatures. The model considers several combustion, gasification, and initial stage reactions. The model consists of a set of mass balances for 14 gas species and three coal (pseudo-) species and energy balances for the gas and the solids phases. The resulting partial differential equations are solved using a finite difference technique.

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Equipment performance survey of the Westinghouse Coal Gasification Process Development Unit

An equipment performance survey was conducted by Mechanical Technology Inc. at the Westinghouse Coal Gasification Process Development Unit, located in Waltz Mill, Pennsylvania. The work was performed under a contract with the US Department of Energy, Morgantown Energy Technology Center (METC). Plant design files and maintenance records were reviewed to identify incidences of malfunctions and a history of corrective modifications of equipment operated in the plant. Interviews with plant engineering, operations, and maintenance personnel were made to obtain additional information on the malfunctions, probable causes, corrective actions, and the results of the corrective actions on selected equipment items. Based on the survey, significant operating experience and technology gaps in the equipment for the Westinghouse Coal Gasification Plant were identified. 15 figures, 6 tables.

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Development of molten carbonate fuel cell technology: Quarterly technical status report, April-June 1986

The program reported is divided into three tasks: Fuel Cell Plant Design; Component Development; and Verification Tests. The objective of Design is to identify a reference application for an internal reforming power plant and to develop a power plant conceptual design and detailed stack design. The objective of Component Development is to develop, fabricate and test components to meet the Component Functional Requirements (CFRs). The objective of Verification Tests is to determine if the cell components have attained the CFR goals. 25 figs., 14 tabs.

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Adsorption from flooding solutions in porous media: a study of interactions of surfactants and polymers with reservoir minerals. Final report

The loss of surfactants from systems relevent to micellar flooding, including the influence of oils, alcohols and polymers, was investigated. Our work has demonstrated the critical role of rock mineralogy in determining the type and extent of surfactant loss. The presence of as little as 1% gypsum in samples of kaolinite, silica and alumina caused decylbenzene sulfonate depletion to shift from adsorption-controlled to precipitation-controlled. However, in gypsum-magnesite mixtures, the influence of gypsum was greatly reduced because calcium activity was controlled by carbonate equilibria. The precipitation phenomena has been studied extensively, and a thermodynamic model developed. It has been shown that above the CMC, redissolution of the precipitate occurs due to adsorption of precipitating ions on micelles, which reduces its activity in the bulk. Modifications to surfactant structure were found to greatly enhance salt tolerance. Through addition of ethoxy groups to alkylbenzenesulfonates, salt tolerance can be improved by more than one order of magnitude for Na/sup  / and three orders of magnitude for Ca/sup 2  /. Future work will focus on such surfactants as a means to minimize surfactant loss in micellar flooding. 29 figs.

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THE TIGHT GAS ANALYSIS SYSTEM (TGAS) Volume Three SYSTEM IMPLEMENTATION

In 1980, the National Petroleum Council (NPC) published the most authoritative and comprehensive to date estimates of the technical and economic potential of tight gas sands. While the NPC study remains the landmark effort on this subject, its estimates for recoverable natural gas are considered by many to be optimistic. The Gas Research Institute and the US Department of Energy jointly commissioned construction of the Tight Gas Analysis System (TGAS) as a vehicle to perform systematic sensitivity analyses of the NPC study, to serve as a repository for future additions to the data base and analytical understandings of the technology, and to estimate the benefits of specified R and D advances. This report describes how the TGAS model is implemented on a computer system and serves as a guide to the computer code that makes up the model.

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