AndreaBozzo/ceres-open-data-index huggingface dataset:
Wind River Basin/Madden Field Case Study

Naturally occurring effective fractures strongly influence the flow rates of gas wells in the Madden field, Fremont and Natrona Counties, Wyoming. The objective of this project was to characterize the spatial distribution of natural fractures from which gas is produced in the Tertiary, Lower Fort Union (LFU) interval in Madden Field. A cost-effective means of predicting the presence of these fractures can help manage risk associated with field development. It was hoped that P wave seismic data could be used to diagnose the fracture density and orientation within the 37 square mile 3D area. The seismic processing was designed to reveal the azimuthal anisotropy in the seismic response of the target interval. A Gas Prospectively Map, which incorporates both geologic and geophysical attributes, was created from the available data. A positive correlation was found to exist between this map and LFU well reserve estimates. The seismic techniques used in this study provide a cost-effective tool to evaluate fracture intensity and direction in the LFU. The results of this study are taken into account, along with other subsurface and production data, in the ongoing Madden field LFU development program.

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Microseismic Monitoring of the B-Sand Hydraulic Fracture Experiment at the DOE/GRI Multi-Site Project

Six hydraulic-fracture injections into a fluvial sandstone at a depth of 4500 ft were monitored with multi-level triaxial seismic receivers in two wells, resulting in maps of the growth and final geometry of each fracture based upon microseismic activity, These diagnostic images show that the hydraulic fractures are highly contained for smaller-volume KC1-water injections, but height growth is significant for the larger volume, higher-rate, higher-viscosity treatments. Fracture lengths for most injections are similar. Final results are also compared with fracture models.

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A FINITE DIFFERENCE MODEL FOR FREE SURFACE GRAVITY DRAINAGE SUPRI TR 96

The unconfined gravity flow of liquid with a free surface into a well is a classical well test problem which has not been well understood by either hydrologists or petroleum engineers. Paradigms have led many authors to treat an incompressible flow as compressible flow to justify the delayed yield behavior of a time-drawdown test. A finite-difference model has been developed to simulate the free surface gravity flow of an unconfined single phase, infinitely large reservoir into a well. The model was verified with experimental results in sandbox models in the literature and with classical methods applied to observation wells in the Groundwater literature. The simulator response was also compared with analytical Thesis (1935) and Ramey et aI. (1989) approaches for wellbore pressure at late producing times. The seepage face in the sandface and the delayed yield behavior were reproduced by the model considering a small liquid compressibility and incompressible porous medium. The potential buildup (recovery) simulated by the model evidenced a different phenomenon from the drawdown, contrary to statements found in the Groundwater literature. Graphs of buildup potential vs. time, buildup seepage face length vs. time, and free surface head and sand bottom head radial profiles evidenced that the liquid refills the desaturating cone as a flat moving surface. The late time pseudo radial behavior was only approached after exaggerated long times.

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Stratigraphy of the Book Cliffs in East Central Utah

The Book Cliff's, a prominent feature in east central Utah, extend from near Castlegate, Utah, eastward into Colorado. They were formed under semi-arid conditions by the more rapid erosion of the soft illancos shales underlying n thick sequence of late Cretaceous sandstones. In general the cliff scarps face south with the north dip slope forming the south flank of the Uinta Basin. The strata exposed in the Book Cliffs range in age from Upper Cretaceous to Lower Tertiary.

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Smelting Iron Ore with Anthracite: Bureau of Mines Experimental Blast Furnace

An experimental iron blast furnace of 3-foot-diameter hearth, producing about 12 tons of metal per day, was operated for 2 weeks with various proportions of anthracite replacing a corresponding amount of coke. The furnace operated well with anthracite in amounts of up to 40 percent of the total fuel and produced metal of uniformly low sulfur and normal silicon contents. An increase to 50 percent anthracite during two attempts resulted in poor operation and the charge hung in the shaft of the furnace.

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The Second Underground Gasification Experiment at Gorgas, Al.

The second experiment in underground gasification of coal at Gorgas was operated continuously for 22-1/2 months without any great difficulty. As shown in figure 1, the initial development consisted of 1,100 feet of double entry between borehole II and the entry seal driven horizontally in the coal bed and a single entry 300 fee long connecting borehole II with borehole I. Theses entries provides a passage for the gas-making fluids along the coal faces. Five large-diameter boreholes on 300-foot centers were drilled from the surface to the entries, and subsequently two additional large-diameter boreholes were drilled near the perimeter of the reacting zone in order to introduce air at the horizon of the coal bed and to remove gas and products of combustion. An air black of approximately 7.500 c.f.m. usually was employed, but at times a reduced blast rate was used. The operational characteristics of the installation were studied, and records were kept of the volume of air admitted to the system, temperatures at various points underground, and other pertinent data.

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Experiment in Underground Gasification of Coal, Gorgas, Al.

An underground gasification experiment was conducted in the Pratt coal bed at Gorgas, Al. The primary objectives of the experimental work were to determine: (1) if combustion of coal as it exists in the coal bed can be maintained and controlled. (2) if coal in place can be completely gasified. (3) the effect of the gasification of coal in place upon the overlying strata. One of the secondary objectives of the experiment was to determine the quality and yield of gas that could be obtained under the experimental conditions existing during this first experiment at Gorgas.

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Appendix E Preliminary Analysis of Three Samples from UPRC Stratus Federal Well, Frontier Formation

High quality microfracture data from Stratus Federal core sample ST16027c indicates that quartz-lined opening-mode fractures strike west-northwestward (strike 280 degrees). Crosscutting relations among microfractures and subsidiary maxima on rose diagrams from samples ST16027c and ST16041.5c suggest that an additional, possibly older fracture set having a strike of approximately N050E may be present, but further image analysis is need to test this hypothesis. The only macroscopic structures visible in the thin sections are stylolites: a subhorizontal stylolite is present in ST16027c and a vertical stylolite occurs in ST16041.5c. We are constructing large-scale (20 millimeters=100 microns) photo collages to document relations between microfractures and stylolites. A new fracture point-counting method is being tested on sample ST16042.5c, and usable orientation data has as yet not been compiled from this sample.

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Crosshole EM for Oil Field Characterization and EOR Monitoring: Field Examples from Lost Hills, California

A steamflood recently initiated by Mobil Development and Production U.S. at the Lost Hills #3 oil field in California is notable for its shallow depth and the application of electromagnetic geophysical techniques to monitor the subsurface steam flow. Steam was injected into three stacked eastward-dipping unconsolidated oil sands at depths from 60 to 120 m; the plume is expected to develop as an ellipsoid aligned with the regional northwest-southeast strike. Because of the shallow depth of the sands and the high viscosity of the heavy oil, it is important to track the steam in the unconsolidated sediments for both economic and safety reasons.

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Microwave Processing: potential for New Composite Materials for Enhanced Drilling Assemblies

A number of years ago a film episode from the "Star Trek" series captured the imagination of many as the crew's chief engineer showed earthlings how to manufacture a product referred to as "transparent aluminum," required to fabricate an unusually large aquarium on their spaceship. While the concept of transparent aluminum might seem alien to most, similar products have been developed at Penn State University's Materials Research Laboratory (MRL) as part of a larger study that uses microwave processing (MWP) to make composite materials. It was discovered that MWP allows the manufacture of a number of composites including aluminum oxide with a magnesium oxide  impurity, forming a transparent, synthetic gem-like material, as shown in Figure 1. Other gem materials (e.g. rubies, etc., Figure 2) can also be manufactured rather quickly by MWP. Furthermore, these composite materials are multi-crystalline, not a single crystal, which results in a less brittle, more durable behavior.

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The Deep Trek Project

The absence of high temperature electronics is an obstacle to the development of untapped energy resources (deep oil, gas, and geothermal). This paper describes a project under the U.S. Dept. of Energy's Deep Trek program to develop SOI CMOS processes and design platforms targeted to meet this need. Deep Trek is a technology development program to enable drilling systems for the extreme conditions that are encountered in tapping deep natural gas reservoirs. The program is administered by the Strategic Center for Natural Gas (SCNG), which is an organization of the National Energy Technology Laboratory. The objective is to dramatically reduce the cost and risk of drilling to depths of 20,000 feet (6,096 meters) or more. To put this in perspective, more than 70% of current natural gas production is from wells that are less than 5,000 feet (1,524 meters) deep. The Deep Trek program has funded multiple projects and multiple technologies since 1997. Projects have been funded to address tubing materials, cements, drilling fluids, and electronics tools which show the technical application diversity of the Deep Trek program scope. This Deep Trek project is awarded to Honeywell International and is managed from Honeywell's Defense and Space Electronic Systems organization. The goal of this project is to commercialize high temperature building block chips that are specified by the Joint Industrial Participation (JIP) membership (Oil and Gas Service and Operators, Aerospace & Down Hole Instrumentation Companies). The benefit of accomplishing this goal will provide a high temperature process and tool kit infrastructure to enable future down-hole electronics for oil and gas exploration and production electronic tool needs.

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The Deep Trek Project

This paper is an update of the high-temperature SOl electronics processes and toolkits that are being developed and utilized under the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) Deep Trek High-Temperature Electronics program [1]. This program began in late 2003 and is expected to be complete by early 2007. The motivation for the Deep Trek program is to support technology development that makes deep oil and gas drilling economically viable. Down hole data acquisition systems are necessary to make deep drilling and reservoir production cost-effective. High temperature encountered at great depth (>200?C) is the single biggest obstacle for electronic data acquisition systems in very deep wells. Electronics needed in these environments include signal conditioning, A-to-D conversion, digital processing and control electronics, and memory (including non-volatile memory).

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IMPROVED EFFICIENCY OF MISCIBLE CO2, FLOODS AND ENHANCED PROSPECTS FOR CO2, FLOODING HETEROGENEOUS RESERVOIRS

The objective of this work is to improve the effectiveness of CO2 flooding in heterogeneous reservoirs. Our intent is to investigate new concepts that can be applied by field operators within the next two to five years.   Activities are being conducted in three closely related areas: 1) further exploration of the applicability of selective mobility reduction (SMR) in the use of foam flooding, 2) possible higher economic viability of floods at slightly reduced CO2 injection pressures, and 3) taking advantage of gravitational forces during low IFf, CO2 flooding in tight, vertically fractured reservoirs.

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Tantalum Capacitor Technology Assessment

Tantalum electrolytic capacitors have long been used in high temperature applications. Since the introduction of the first practical devices in the 1950?s, steady progress has been made increasing energy density and reliability. These are polar devices having distinct positive and negative terminals that cannot be reversed. The family of tantalum electrolytic capacitors can be subdivided into two major categories, solid tantalums and wet tantalums. As will be noted, these types are somewhat different in their operation. All modern tantalum capacitors share a common element, the pellet anode, made by pressing and sintering high surface area tantalum powder to form a pellet of tantalum with low density, high surface area, and a high level of internal porosity. An insulating layer of tantalum oxide, which serves as the capacitor dielectric, is formed on the surface of the pellet. The thickness of the dielectric determines the voltage rating of the capacitor. Wet tantalum capacitors are generally available with voltage ratings up to 125 volts. Tantalum chips are made with voltage ratings up to 50 volts. The size of the  tantalum pellet and the thickness of the dielectric determine the overall capacitance of the device.

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Development and Application of Insulated Drill Pipe for High Temperature, High Pressure Drilling?

The objective of this document is to provide a summary report describing the state-of-the- art of the proposed technology. When we refer to ?the proposed technology? of insulated drill pipe (IDP), however, we should remember that IDP addresses several effects of high-temperature drilling that are usually addressed with different technologies. This assessment, then, will look at several different kinds of HT drilling tools as they relate to the use of IDP.

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Application Of Reservoir Characterization And Advanced Technology To Improve Recovery And Economics In A Lower Quality Shallow Shelf Carbonate Reservoir

The Class 2 Project at West Welch was designed to demonstrate the use of advanced technologies to enhance the economics of improved oil recovery (lOR) projects in lower quality Shallow Shelf Carbonate (SSC) reservoirs, resulting in recovery of additional oil that would otherwise be left in the reservoir at project abandonment. Accurate reservoir description is critical to the effective evaluation and efficient design of lOR projects in the heterogeneous SSC reservoirs. Therefore, the majority of Budget Period 1 was devoted to reservoir characterization.

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Seismic imaging of oil production rate

Field and laboratory data indicate anomalously high reflectivity from fluid-saturated reservoirs at the low-frequency seismic range. It also has been observed that the reflected signal is frequency-dependent and is strongly related to the reservoir flow properties. We have obtained an asymptotic representation of the seismic reflection from a fluid-saturated porous medium in the low-frequency domain. The frequency-dependent component of the reflection coefficient is proportional to the square root of the product of frequency of the signal and the mobility of the fluid in the reservoir. This provides an opportunity for locating the most productive zones of the field before drilling. In the presented example we quantify low-frequency imaging amplitude attribute in terms of reservoir fluid mobility and reservoir production rate.

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SIMULATION STUDIES TO EVALUATE THE EFFECT OF FRACTURE CLOSURE ON THE PERFORMANCE OF FRACTURED RESERVOIRS

A three-year research program to evaluate the effect of fracture closure on the recovery of oil and gas from naturally fractured reservoirs has been completed. The overall objectives of the study were to: (1) evaluate the reservoir conditions for which fracture closure is significant, and (2) evaluate innovative fluid injection techniques capable of maintaining pressure within the reservoir. The evaluations of reservoir performance were made by a modern dual porosity simulator, TETRAD. This simulator treats both porosity and permeability as functions of pore pressure. Simulated well bores can assume any orientation from vertical to horizontal. The Austin Chalk in the Pearsall Field in of South Texas was selected as the prototype fractured reservoir for this work. Availability of published data was the principal basis for this selection. Consequently, the simulation models were initialized with properties typical of the Pearsall Field, Austin Chalk reservoir. During the first year, simulations of vertical and horizontal well  performance were made assuming that fracture permeability was insensitive to pressure change. Sensitivity runs indicated that the simulator was predicting the effects of critical reservoir parameters in a logical and consistent manner. The results confirmed that horizontal wells could increase both rate of oil recovery and total oil recovery from naturally fractured reservoirs. In the second year, the performance of the same vertical and horizontal wells was reevaluated with fracture permeability treated as a function of reservoir pressure. To investigate sensitivity to in situ stress, differing loading conditions were assumed. The highest condition assumed all principal stress components equaled the overburden stress. The lower stress cases assumed the horizontal stress components were unequal and less than the overburden stress. Simulated natural depletions confirm that pressure sensitive fractures degrade well  performance. The severity of degradation worsens when the initial reservoir pressure approaches the average stress condition of the reservoir, such as occurs in over pressured reservoirs. Simulations with water injection indicate that degradation of permeability can be counteracted when reservoir pressure is maintained and oil recovery can be increased when reservoir properties are favorable.

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VISUALIZATION AND SIMULATION OF BUBBLE GROWTH IN PORE NETWORKS

Bubble nucleation and bubble growth in porous media is an important problem encountered in processes, such as pressure depletion and boiling. To understand its basic aspects, experiments and numerical simulations in micromodel geometries were undertaken. Experiments of bubble growth by pressure depletion were carried out in 2-D etched-glass micromodels and in Kele-Shaw cells. Nucleation of bubbles and the subsequent growth of gas clusters were visualized. Contrary to the bulk or to Hele-Shaw cells, gas clusters in the micromodel have irregular and ramified shapes and share many of the features of an external invasion process (e.g. of percolation during drainage). A pore network numerical model was developed to simulate the growth of multiple gas clusters under various conditions. The model is based on the solution of the convection-diffusion equation and also accounts for capillary and viscous forces, which play an important role in determining the growth patterns. Numerical simulation resulted in good agreement with the experimental results.

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COMPREHENSIVE ENVIRONMENTAL, SAFETY AND HEALTH PROGRAM PLAN for Management and Operating Contract for the Department of Energy's National Oil and Related Programs

The mission of the BDM-Oklahoma Environment, Safety, and Heath program is to ensure that all operations conducted at the National Institute for Petroleum and Energy Research (NIPER) and all off-site locations are executed in full compliance with applicable Federal, State, and local laws and regulations, Executive Orders (EO), DOE Orders, and Secretary of Energy Notices (SEN) and other directives. It is the policy of BDM-Oklahoma that all operations are planned and conducted to avoid accidents and to avoid loss of time and property. BDM-Oklahoma believes that environment, safety, and health; quality; productivity; and cost are factors that must be considered as part of all programs conducted at the NIPER and all off-site locations. BDM-Oklahoma ES&H compliance goals give first priority to the safety and health of its employees and the public. Safety will be considered in all operations. BDM-Oklahoma also considers full environmental compliance a priority for all work conducted as part of this contract. Compliance with other requirements, and best management practices are also an essential part of BDM-Oklahoma's ES&H compliance strategy. BDM-Oklahoma will use this strategy to move beyond compliance to excellence. It is the policy of BDM-Oklahoma that Environment, Safety, and Health requirements be built into all research and operations by early interdisciplinary review of proposed work, identification of applicable requirements, and incorporation of these needs into all operating plans and procedures that are developed. Building environment, safety, and health requirements into programs will reduce the need for inspection and enforcement activities directed toward coerced compliance. The Environment, Safety, and Health (ES&H) Program will provide managers and all employees a proactive focal point for assistance in planning, evaluation, and successful and timely resolution of environment, safety, and health issues. BDM-Oklahoma will, through its management structure, develop appropriate compliance strategies for all research and operations using a graded approach that will fit appropriate compliance needs to the individual project or work task. Compliance strategies will be designed to meet the specific needs of the work being considered by balancing compliance requirements, program needs, and costs.

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