AndreaBozzo/ceres-open-data-index huggingface dataset:
Some physical chemical concepts relevant to coal science. [Dielectric relaxation studies of water present in coals]

This report discusses approaches to understanding certain physical and physical chemical properties of low-rank coals from a molecular perspective. Dielectric relaxation measurements are described which have identified two distinct modes of water incorporation in lignite. The theoretical aspects of dielectric relaxation are presented along with the experimental details. The need for performing vapor pressure measurements on lignite-water vapor equilibrium systems is examined. In recent years, many researchers have attempted to understand the macromolecular network in coal by means of techniques useful for studying bulk polymers. Here, the underlying theoretical ideas are presented for dynamic mechanical relaxation and rubber elasticity. Researchers have drawn inferences, from the measurement of viscoelastic properties of coals, about the molecular nature of the crosslinking in the organic network. Their conclusions are critically examined and suggestions are made as to how the experimental procedures might be improved. The interpretation of the temperature dependence of slag viscosity is a particularly vexing problem. Here, it is suggested that the theoretical methods used to describe the viscosity of molten glasses may be useful as a point of departure in characterizing slag viscosities. Finally, a brief outline of the Hildebrand theory of liquid-liquid miscibility is presented; the ideas relevent to understanding supercritical solvent extraction of coals in terms of the Hildebrand solubility parameter are discussed. 28 references, 22 figures.

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Sour water stripping of coal gasification waste water. Final report

Coal gasification at the METC gasifier produces an aqueous decanter waste which must be treated before it can be disposed. The initial attempts for treating the waste was biological decomposition; this work had already been started in 1976. In the summer of 1977, it was realized that the biological treatment would not be successful unless the ammonia and hydrogen sulfide were removed from the waste since these materials were interfering with the biological activity. It was then suggested that the present project be initiated to study the stripping of ammonia and hydrogen sulfide from the water. A computer model which would predict the vapor-liquid equilibrium for carbon dioxide-ammonia-water-hydrogen sulfide-organics was developed. This model was then used for the preliminary design of the stripping column. There are two basic conclusions to the study. First, a significant fraction of the organics (in the range of 50%) will be removed in the steam. This organic loss in the steam severely limits the utility of the stripping column. There are two possible means of overcoming this difficulty; a distillation column could be installed instead of the stripping column or valuable compounds could be recovered from the steam. Only the latter alternative has any chance for economic viability. The second important conclusion obtained from the study is that in any process for the removal of ammonia and hydrogen sulfide, the sour water should first be passed through a flash drum to remove the majority of the carbon dioxide before entering the stripping column. 42 references.

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State-of-the-art review and report on critical aspects and scale-up considerations in the design of fluidized-bed reactors. Final report on Phase II

This paper reviews correlations involving the entrainment behavior of particles, such as catalysts, in fluidized bed reactors, in particular the dependence on particle size, density, concentration, gas velocity, density, etc. Some of the published correlations are criticized as obviously failing in certain situations. The author makes an analogy of a liquid boiling and ejecting droplets from the surface which either fall back or finally gradually evaporate and rise and builds his theory on this behavior. The paper includes a discussion of bubbling fluidized beds and circulation of solid particles in such beds. The paper reviews a considerable amount of experimental data. (LTN)

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Industrial application of fluidized-bed combustion. Quarterly technical progress report, July-September 1980

The fluidized bed boiler plant is planned as an addition to the existing Georgetown University heating and cooling plant. The boiler is designed to operate at either 275 psig delivering steam directly to the header, or at 625 psig delivering steam to the 275 psig header through a pressure reducing station prior to the possible installation of a steam turbine to demonstrate cogeneration of electricity. The work reported concentrated on problems concerning startup and on operation. The operation of the boiler, instrumentation, coal and limestone handling systems, solids removal system, plant auxiliaries, ash removal, stack emissions, and maintenance are described, and plant performance data are given. (LEW)

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Back end valves:  history and modifications, status report, June 1983

At the Grimethorpe Experimental Facility the valves which control the combustor freeboard pressure are known as the back end valves. They are situated downstream of the main heat exchanger. They are required to work under adverse conditions and their operation has not been without problems. The report provides a description of the valves and a history of their operation and modifications from December 1980 to April 1983. Considerable erosion and control problems were experienced during 1981, however, operational and mechanical modifications have now been made which have greatly improved the reliability of the valves.

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Measurement of the flow properties of coals for in-situ gasification. Quarterly report, December 1977--February 1978. [Different gases, degree of water saturation, etc]

The effective and relative permeabilities of Gillette, Wyoming sub-bituminous and Pricetown, W. Va. bituminous coals to carbon dioxide were measured as functions of water saturation and structural orientation at simulated overburden pressures of 200 psig and 400 psig. The results indicate that carbon dioxide has a negligible effect on permeability reduction. This fact is of interest to both in-situ coal gasification and to methane drainage. Reductions in permeability were of the order of 0 to 20 percent of values determined with nitrogen. The effect of CO/sub 2/ on the Gillette coals was to drastically alter the shape of the effective and relative permeability curves at lower water saturations. The effect of doubling the overburden pressure had a proportionally inverse effect on the effective permeabilities to gas. This effect is most pronounced at lower water saturations. The general characteristic behavior of the relative permeability curves remained relatively independent of the stress field.

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High-temperature solar hydrogen process. Final report, April 1, 1081-May 31, 1982

The objective of this program was to continue developmental research on three promising chemical processes for producing hydrogen from water using a solar thermal energy source. The effort consisted of parametric laboratory studies of various process steps and a conceptual design of a solar reactor/receiver suitable for use with a solid reactant. The thermal decomposition of copper (II) oxide to copper (I) oxide and oxygen was studied at temperatures from 800/sup 0/ to 950/sup 0/C using steam as a carrier gas. The reaction followed a shrinking-sphere model rate law. The thermal decomposition of anhydrous copper sulfate was studied using nitrogen and sulfur dioxide as carrier gases. Similarly, the thermal decomposition of zinc sulfate was studied under both nitrogen and sulfur dioxide carrier gases. The precipitation of zinc sulfate from aqueous solution by taking advantage of its retrograde solubility was studied at 250/sup 0/C and 700 psi. Experimental results confirmed that the addition of certain homogeneous catalysts, such as hydrogen iodide, to the solution neither interfered with the sulfate precipitation nor were themselves precipitated. Several conceptual designs of solar reactor/receivers were evaluated specifically for use in decomposing solid metal sulfates. Five designs were selected as likely candidates for further experimental work: (1) a rotary kiln, (2) a fluidized bed, (3) an air slide, (4) a rotating drum, and (5) a pebble bed reactor. The air slide was chosen as the most promising.

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Kinematics of the mosquito terrane, Coldfoot Area, Alaska: Keys to Brooks Range tectonics: Final report, Project No. 2

Within the large-scale geometry of the Brooks Range, the Angayucham terrane occurs as a vast overthrust sheet. From the north flank of the Ruby terrane it underlies the Koyukuk basin and stretches north as the roof thrust to the various nappe terranes of the Brooks Range. The tectonic relationship of the Ruby terrane to the south flank of the Brooks Range lies largely obscured beneath the Angayucham in the eastern apex of the Koyukuk basin. The Mosquito terrane occurs as a window through the Angayucham at this juncture. The composition and structures of the Mosquito terrane reveal that is the result of shear along a sub-horizontal step or flange within the prominent, through-going dextral strike-slip fault system which cuts across the eastern Koyukuk basin and southeastern Brooks Range. Units of the Mosquito were derived from both the Angayucham and Ruby terranes. A consistent tectonic fabric imposed upon them is kinematically linked to the strike-slip system and indicates a northeasterly direction of transport across the terrane. The presence of Ruby-correlative units within the Mosquito suggests the Ruby underlies the Angayucham and that it is in contact with terrances of the southern Brooks Range at that structural level along high-angle strike-slip faults. These relationships demonstrate that an episode of dextral transpression is the latest in the history of terrane accretion and tectonic evolution of the Brooks Range. 35 refs.

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Oil recovery by carbon dioxide injection. Quarterly report, July--September 1977

This report is the twenty-first report on the progress of the Rock Creek carbon dioxide project in Roane County, West Virginia. Designed, developed, and operated by Pennzoil Company, this project will demonstrate the feasibility of miscible carbon dioxide oil recovery in the Rock Creek Big Injun Field. A successful demonstration of this process will lead to a field wide commercial development. Also, the technical success of this project would be utilized in the development of other miscible carbon dioxide oil recovery projects in numerous fields within the Appalachian area. No significant delays in the project were incurred during the third quarter of 1977. A delay in the delivery of materials needed to complete construction of the carbon dioxide handling system necessitated the completion date of this phase of the project to be extended to the end of the fourth quarter of 1977. During the past quarter, it was discovered that communication between E. Lewis WIW No. 17 and L.W. Shaffer No. 1 exists via a permeable streak in the Big Lime. Attempts will be made to eliminate this problem. With the exception of this water problem in Shaffer No. 1, no major change in fluid production occurred in the producing wells. The water supply and water handling system performed trouble-free throughout the quarter. T. Henderson WSW No. 1 has proven to be a formidable water source by experiencing little drawdown at an average producing rate of approximately 2,900 barrels per day. Water injection continued on schedule into all of the injection wells with the exception of three wells experiencing some problem. Slight casing leaks appeared in two injection wells while a packer failure occurred in the third well. The packer failure has been rectified and the casing leaks will be dealt with in the near future.

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Oil recovery by carbon dioxide injection. Quarterly report, October--December 1977

This report is the twenty-fourth report on the progress of the Rock Creek carbon dioxide project in Roane County, West Virginia. Designed, developed, and operated by Pennzoil Company, this project will demonstrate the feasibility of miscible carbon dioxide oil recovery in the Rock Creek Big Injun Field. A successful demonstration of this process will lead to a field wide commercial development. Also, the technical success of this project would be utilized in the development of other miscible carbon dioxide oil recovery projects in numerous fields within the Appalachian area. No significant delays were incurred in the project during the fourth quarter of 1977. The project progressed satisfactorily with the only schedule extension being that of the carbon dioxide handling system as discussed in the last quarterly report. The water supply and handling system performed trouble-free throughout the quarter. The Henderson water source continued to provide an adequate water supply for the entire project. Water injection proceeded on schedule into the 19 injection wells. Tubing strings were run on packer in the two wells with apparent casing leaks. This solution proved effective. The progress of the project and the corresponding cash outlay is depicted pictorially on Figure No. 1. Figure No. 2 is a map of the project area.

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Laboratory analysis of gas hydrate cores for evaluation of reservoir conditions. Final report

Methodology and procedures for the study of hydrate cores are detailed. Topics discussed are the (1) equipment and procedures for the formation and evaluation of hydrate cores in the laboratory, (2) the thermodynamic properties of gas hydrates, (3) the enthalpy of hydrate dissociation, (4) conditions in the earth where hydrates can form, (5) kinetics of hydrate formation and dissociation, and (6) heat transfer to gas hydrates. Empirical correlations for these properties and kinetic behavior are given. 24 references, 39 figures, 10 tables.

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Formation of bubbles in gas particulate fluidized beds

The method of characteristics is applied to the nonlinear equations describing two phase flow. The method shows how a small disturbance changes with time and distance and can, eventually, produce a flow discontinuity similar to a shock wave in gases. The parameters entering the analysis are the amplitude of the initial disturbance, the wave length of the original disturbance, the particulate pressure function, the particulate size, the uniform fluidization voidage, the uniform fluidization velocity, the fluid viscosity, the particulate density, and the fluid density. A study of the parameters indicates a qualitative agreement with experimental data for gas-particulate fluidized beds. It is shown theoretically, and these results have been confirmed experimentally, that the following factors increase bed stability: a decrease in the particulate size, an increase in the bed density, an increase in the fluid viscosity, and a decrease in the particulate density. This theory is the first to show rigorously that a small disturbance can lead to a particulate shock wave which may indicate the creation of a bubble. 18 figs, 2 tables. (RWR)

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Bedding-orientation contours of Middle Devonian shales exposed in the Middle Mountain syncline, Valley and Ridge province, West Virginia

Bedding-orientation contours have been used to estimate the effect of the Parsons structural lineament on exposed Middle Devonian shales in the Middle Mountain syncline of the Valley and Ridge province, Pendleton County, West Virginia. Models are developed which permit the interpretation of bedding-orientation contours in terms of fold geometry and faulting. Patterns in the contours of bedding strike and dip have been related to: (1) the regional structure of the syncline, and (2) internal faulting and folding related to structure in the underlying Devonian Oriskany Sandstone. The analysis shows that the strike line map and contours of standard deviations in bedding dip are most useful as a tool to locate structure. Deformation domains defined as areas of high standard deviation in bedding dip have been used to locate and define the extent of faulting. Deformation domains are found to be larger and more numerous within the Parsons structural lineament where it intersects the exposed Middle Devonian shales of the syncline. These deformation domains contain more intensely jointed shale, and are directly related to faults and folds in the underlying Devonian Oriskany Sandstone. Deformation domains therefore represent a small scale analogue to Shumaker's fracture facies. Thus information on the Oriskany structure can be used to predict the location of intensely fractured reservoirs. Structural shortening in the Parsons structural lineament is taken up by more numerous faults and low amplitude folds, and thus more numerous fractured reservoirs. Future exploration for fractured gas reservoirs can then be optimized by concentrating subsurface studies along cross-strike structural discontinuities (such as the Parsons structural lineament), and determining their westward extent into the Plateau. 11 figures.

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A 32-month gasifier mechanistic study and downstream unit process development program for the Pressurized Ash-Agglomerating Fluidized Bed Gasification System: Quarterly progress report, January 1--March 31, 1986

The scope of work under this contract consists, in part, of design and installation of an external hot gas cleanup system for testing in the Process Development Unit (PDU) at Waltz Mill, PA. The design report was finalized and released this quarter, and construction work continued to complete installation of the external fixed-bed desulfurizer of zinc ferrite sorbent, the associated hot piping, and instrumentation. The upstream tertiary particulate removal system (a sintered metal filter) was successfully commissioned during PDU test TP-036-4. The post-test inspection results are included herein. This report also discusses the process followed in selection of a zinc ferrite sorbent for PDU testing and defines the hot gas cleanup Test Program Scope for 1986.

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PFB coal fired combined cycle development program. System analyses and trade-offs (Task 1. 3)

The systems analyses and optimization studies performed in connection with a program to design and evaluate a commercial 663 MWe coal-fired combined cycle power plant using pressurized fluidized bed combustion and advanced technology in the hot gas cleanup system and gas turbines are presented. Details on the plant control system are included. (LCL)

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Technical and economic evaluation of a gasifier energy storage system clean carbon production: Final report

The ultimate objective of this project is the development of an integrated system for producing clean carbon-based products from coal that is based on low-cost existing gasification technologies; can utilize all coal types as feedstocks; does not require exotic materials of construction; produces a product with high market values; and has significant cost advantages over potential competing processes. This report presents the results of the first phase of this project, whose objective is to determine whether the concept is technically feasible and economically attractive. This assessment involves the following work activities: conducting a review of the publicly available literature related to the catalytic production of carbon from carbon monoxide; developing conceptual designs for potential process systems; performing heat and material balances for the most attractive process concepts; sizing equipment; and estimating capital and operating costs in order to determine the possible product cost.

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Proceedings of the annual coal fuel heat engines and gas stream cleanup systems contractors review meeting

This annual meeting provided a forum for the exchange of information between DOE contractors and interested parties, and this year's meeting was attended by 236 individuals from industry, academia, national laboratories, and other Governmental agencies. The overall objective of these programs is the development of technology that is essential for private sector commercialization of integrated heat engine and gas stream cleanup systems which will produce power from coal in a cost competitive and environmentally acceptable manner. Forty two projects are presented and processed separately for the data bases.

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Chemical and physical development of char particles during devolatilization: Final report

The objective of this project was to explore the chemical and physical development of coal char particles during devolatilization and, from the data obtained, develop predictive models which would describe the chemical and physical properties of the chars as they develop and change in the devolatilization process. These predictive models relate the chemical, thermal, optical, other physical properties, and kinetic rates to time, temperature and composition parameters as they change in the devolatilization process. Experiments were performed to study the chemical and physical transformation of char during devolatilization. These experiments were used to determine the controlling mechanisms for the transformation and to develop computer models to describe it. Experiments were performed in several existing facilities (an entrained flow reactor, a heated tube reactor, and a Thermogravimetric analyzer) with analysis of evolved products by Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy (TG-FTIR), which were previously described. A new non-isothermal technique was developed for measuring char reactivity and a new transparent wall reactor was built to study devolatilization and combustion using in-situ FT-IR diagnostics. Results were obtained for the spectral emittance of coal and its transformation during devolatilization. The question of heat transport between coal particles and their environment was studied. Measurements were made for char reactivity and its relationship with coal properties and pyrolysis conditions. A new general model of coal devolatilization was developed. An equilibrium model was added to the general model to describe the high temperature gas phase reactions and an evaluation was made of kinetic rates measured at AFR and reported in the literature to identify reasons for the discrepancies and identify the most reliable values. 113 refs., 75 figs., 16 tabs.

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Vapor pressure studies of the solubilization of hydrocarbons by surfactant micelles. First annual report, September 1, 1981-September 30, 1982. [Benzene dissolved in aqueous sodium octylsufate solution]

Vapor pressure solubilization techniques developed in our laboratory have been used to obtain unique information about the interaction of hydrocarbons with micelles and monomers of aqueous anionic surfactants. Recent results for benzene-octylsulfate system have led to the determination of accurate thermodynamic constants characterizing the transfer of benzene into the octylsulfate micelles and the interaction of benzene molecules within the micelles. A new model for solubilization has been proposed, using the Poisson distribution equations as a point of departure for predicting the behavior of hydrocarbon-surfactant micelle systems throughout the range of accessible hydrocarbon and surfactant activities. Research is in progress to determine the influence of added NaCl and cosurfactant species on the formation of solubilizates of hydrocarbons. Attempts are also being made to infer surfactant monomer activities from surface tension-composition isotherms and vapor pressure osmometry measurements.

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