AndreaBozzo/ceres-open-data-index huggingface dataset:
General-purpose gas simulator for single- or multi-well studies GAS3D2, Version 1. 00

GAS3D2 is closely related to the 2-dimensional naturally fractured gas reservoir simulator, SUGARMD. The code is basically the same, except for the third dimension capability in GAS3D2 and the gas desorption/naturally fractured reservoir capabilities in SUGARMD. GAS3D2 may be considered to be a second generation model to the gas simulator in the code SIMPAC. Most of the general features such as dynamic dimensions, input/output formatting, and optional solution algorithms have been retained from SIMPAC. However, both speed and efficiency are much improved due to major changes in three areas. First, gas property data is handled by a simple table look-up routine in GAS3D2, as compared to the rigorous, but time consuming, polynomial and Newton-Raphson iterative technique used in SIMPAC for gas viscosity and z-factor determination. Second, the nonlinearity introduced by the quantity P/Z on the right-hand side of the final material balance equation is rigorously handled in GAS3D2 by the iteration scheme presented by van Poolen. Convergence is nearly always obtained in three to five iterations with all coefficients updated. Thus, by specifying a convergence tolerance of 1 psi, one is assured of complete coefficient updating. This permits use of much larger time-steps and also improves material balance errors. The third major improvement in GAS3D2 is the use of all implicit source terms, as mentioned earlier. This also permits larger time-steps and completely avoids oscillation problems that frequently are associated with explicit source terms. In addition to the major improvements mentioned above, three new routines have been added for bottom hole to surface pressure calculations. This is a major step in providing the capability to simulate a complete gas field operation. In fact, together with a surface pipeline model, GAS3D2 could be used for an operational study of a large gas or storage field. 9 references.

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Three-Dimensional Laboratory Simulation of the Pressure Dependency of UCG

Western Research Institute conducted a series of laboratory tests of underground coal gasification (UCG) at 100, 300, and 500 psig to investigate the effects of pressure on UCG product gas quality. Pressure did not significantly influence methane production rates because high temperatures thermodynamically exclude methanation as a principal producer of methane. The methane produced in these experiments was the result of pyrolysis reactions. Hydrogen and carbon monoxide production decreased in the higher pressure tests, as expected from chemical equilibrium calculations. Mass transfer influences on the cavity wall growth rates were indicated by the strong dependency of air mass flux on gas quality observed in all three experiments. The difference noted between steeply dipping bed and horizontal underground coal gasification performance as a function of pressure is probably attributable to differences in reactor geometries. 12 refs., 11 figs., 4 tabs.

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Gasification of char in a membrane filter: Final report

This report deals with the feasibility of reducing the amount of char on a barrier filter by in-place gasification. Compared to the very rapid pyrolysis step, the gasification of char on a filter requires substantial time under conditions that favor the gasification reactions. Three categories of information were of greatest interest: (1) The origin, characteristics and properties of the char. (2) The conditions under which the char was gasified and the rates and extents of the gasification reactions. (3) Any interpretation or mathematical modeling of the experimental results. 74 refs., 10 tabs.

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Characterization of solid wastes from conventional coal combustion processes

The program objective is to establish a data base that will assist in the evaluation of potential hazards of disposing solid wastes from fossil energy power plants. Twenty-four samples were received to determine the amounts of organic solvent extractable matter and aqueous leachable matter. The organic matter that was extracted or leached was characterized by combined gas chromatography/high-resolution mass spectrometry (GC/HRMS) for most of the 24 samples. The stability of the stored samples was also studied over nine months. This report describes the methods used in this study, presents the results, and compares the chemical composition of similar and dissimilar samples. 14 refs., 6 figs., 16 tabs.

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CO/sub 2/ formation damage study. Quarterly report, July 1, 1981-September 30, 1981

The objective of this is to assess the possibility of formation damage due to CO/sub 2/ injection processes and seek ways to avoid or minimize this problem. The study will determine the types of chemical and physical changes that can occur in carbonate or other reservoirs because of injected CO/sub 2/ and/or its chemical additives and the possible effects on oil recovery due to those changes. Experimental investigations during this quarter focused on: formation of organic precipitates when CO/sub 2/ contacts crude oil; and precipitation of CaCO/sub 3/. Three crude oils from pilot CO/sub 2/ tests were studied to determine their tendency to form precipitates at their respective reservoir pressure and temperature. The most significant variables affecting possible formation damage were found to be temperature and CO/sub 2/ solution pressure. Elevation of the reservoir temperature lowers plugging and is a possible solution to the problem. Laboratory experiments continued using glass column filled with crushed limestone. When solutions of CaCl/sub 2/ and Na/sub 2/CO/sub 3/ in 3% brine were fed continually into the top of the column, CaCO/sub 3/ continued to deposit in the top of the column, CaCO/sub 3/ continued to deposit in the limestone column. Permeability and porosity in the upper portion of the limestone pack decreased faster than in the lower portion. This indicated that the rate of CaCO/sub 3/ precipitation depends on the degree of supersaturation and that equilibrium is rapidly attained. Preliminary results of CaCO/sub 3/ precipitation in fluidized bed suggest that the amount of scale formation depends directly upon the surface area, concentration of supersaturation, and the residence time of the solutions within the bed.

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Reduction of erosion in elbows due to flow modifications: Final report, Phase 1. [Elbows]

The objective of this project is to investigate the concept of flow-field modification as a method for reducing erosion in bends (elbows) used in pneumatic transport systems. Flow field modifications were primarily accomplished by injecting air at selected locations within the bends. Part I of this project shows the feasibility of the concept. Part II of this project will include further experiments and analysis, leading to a design methodology for incorporating this concept into piping systems. This report represents the final report for Part I of this project. This report contains a survey of the literature dealing with the erosion in bends (elbows) and the fundamental subjects of erosion and two-phase, gas-solids, flow. Based on this literature survey, a pneumatic transport test loop was constructed. Several bend designs were tested, using sand, under a variety of operating conditions. The results of this exploratory effort indicate that modifying the flow field in a bend with jets may: (1) decrease erosion; (2) change the erosion pattern with the same amount of erosion; or (3) significantly increase the erosion process. Data indicate that the erosion rate may be reduced by low-velocity jets for high phase-density flow. Apparently the interaction of jets with dilute phase-density flow tends to accelerate the erosion process. It is recommended that the project be continued in order to more fully understand the process and its capabilities to solve the difficult technical problem of erosion in bends (elbows).

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Performance of high and low temperature refractories

Refractory is used extensively in the furnace and gas paths at the Experimental Pressurized Fluidized Bed Combustion Facility at Grimethorpe, South Yorkshire, England. The report covers aspects of the design, curing and the final condition of the refractories used. The report covers the period from initial curing of the refractory, in September 1979, until March 1984. 9 refs., 50 figs., 5 tabs.

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Evaluation of candidate materials in a static turbine cascade

An important part of the tests has been the evaluation of a range of materials in a static cascade. Some of these materials are considered candidates for the manufacture of blades for a gas turbine powered by a Pressurized Fluidized Bed Combustor and some are materials with well known properties included as corrosion indicators. This testing has been accomplished using a static cascade of specimens through which approximately 5.5 kg/s of gas was passed after solids removal by three stages of cyclone. The cascade consisted of five stages of specimens. The first three stages each consisted of nine impulse aerofoils, which turned the flow but did not accelerate it. The fourth stage was made up of nine reaction blades which both turned the flow and accelerated it to near sonic velocity, whereupon the flow entered the fifth stage which consisted of three erosion targets. Half of the impulse specimens and one of the erosion targets were cooled by air. The specimens were exposed for a total of 647 hours. After each of the sub-series, ten specimens were replaced and the specimens removed subjected to detailed examination. After the total period, a further five specimens which had been exposed for the full operating period were removed for examination. The remaining twenty-four specimens are to receive further hours of exposure in the follow-on programme at Grimethorpe. Details of the exposure conditions and the results of the examinations of the specimens are presented. It is most encouraging that no evidence was found of erosion of the blades by particles of entrained dust; however, there was evidence of Type II, low temperature, hot corrosion on many of the specimens, but this is to be expected in view of the operating temperatures at the inlet to the cascade.

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Computer modeling and analysis of chemical processes from coal conversion streams and related experiments. Final technical report

The goal of this contract was to develop computer codes of phenomenological models which would simulate and characterize the net gas stream in coal conversion processes. Toward this end, the Aerodyne computer code, PACKAGE (Plasma Analysis, Chemical Kinetics, and Generator Efficiency) was used extensively. Furthermore, more sophisticated mathematical models were developed and investigated which improved the predictions from the PACKAGE Code. Therefore, in the development of these models, possible interfacing with PACKAGE was always kept in mind, and, whenever possible, final formulation is given in a form which may be directly utilized by our code. This report describes the progress achieved during the period of this contract. Seven sections have been entered individually into EDB and ERA.

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Oxidation and explosive limits of low-rank coal, Volume 1

The principal objective of this study was to determine oxidation rates, flammability (explosive) limits and flame propagation rates of finely divided, low-rank, subbituminous coal from the Decker, Montana mine and to relate these data to the physical and chemical properties of the coal. The four basic tasks of the study were: (1) coal collection and preparation, (2) coal characterization, (3) rapid oxidation and flammability measurements, and (4) data reduction and reporting, 101 refs., 26 figs., 10 tabs.

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Groundwater contamination from refinery operations: Final report. [Fate and transport of hydrocarbons in groundwater]

The objective of this research project has been to evaluate the problems of groundwater contamination which are attributable to refining operations and to produce a model that will describe the transport of the hydrocarbon phase through the unsaturated zone to the capillary zone and predict the extent of spreading and the contamination of the groundwater via solution. This final report describes the development of a mathematical model for the simulation of immiscible flow through the unsaturated zone. This information is essential to the US Department of Energy in its mission to assure a reliable, affordable, and environmentally acceptable supply of energy that is compatible with the national goals of security, economic well-being, and protection of health and safety. 33 refs., 5 figs., 1 tab.

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Investigations of enhanced oil recovery through use of carbon dioxide. Volume I. Phase behavior studies. Final report, October 1, 1980-December 31, 1984. [oil 1(pentane, decane, eicosane, squalane,5118 ); oil 2 (pentane, decane, butylbenzene, 2-methylnapthalene, biphenyl,5118 ); oil 3(pentane, decane, butybenzene, eicosane, 2-methylnaphthalene, squalane, biphenyl)]

The literature contains a large number of reports which use oil displacement results from dynamic systems to infer the CO/sub 2/-oil phase behavior relevant to the multiple-contact miscible (MCM) process in CO/sub 2/ flooding. However, reports with direct measurements of pertinent phase-equilibria data are less available. This study provides direct experimental data for several CO/sub 2/-oil systems containing heavy hydrocarbons. In Part I of this study, compositional effects due to the chemical nature of the heavy hydrocarbons are explored using synthetic oils which model the phase behavior observed for natural reservoir fluids. The phase behavior of three CO/sub 2/-synthetic oil systems is reported at temperatures near 40/sup 0/C and pressures up to 240 atm. The results show that heavy paraffins are more readily extracted into the CO/sub 2/-rich liquid phase in the presence of aromatics. As a consequence of the enhanced extraction, aromatics impair CO/sub 2/'s ability to selectively solubilize lighter components from a mixture of hydrocarbons. Part II of this study focuses on multiple-contact CO/sub 2/-oil phase behavior for mixtures of a highly asphaltic crude oil. The single-contact results show no liquid-liquid-vapor three phase region or liquid-liquid critical point at temperatures greater than 111/sup 0/F. A critical CO/sub 2/ level must be reached before substantial hydrocarbon extraction occurs. The forward multiple-contacts show that CO/sub 2/ is multiple-contact miscible with the oil by the vaporizing-gas drive mechanism at about 1809 psia and 111.9/sup 0/F. The swept zone multiple-contacts show a cumulative liquid volume production of about 35% OOIP after the second CO/sub 2/ contact, with further contacts recovering essentially no additional oil. The residual oil is composed of very heavy, highly aromatic hydrocarbon. 30 refs., 57 figs., 34 tabs.

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Investigations of enhanced oil recovery through use of carbon dioxide. Volume II. Displacement studies. Final report, October 1, 1980-December 31, 1984. [Oil 1 (pentane, decane, eicosane, squalane,5117 ); oil 2 (pentane, decana n-butylbenzene, 2-methylnaphthalene, biphenyl,5117 ); oil 3 (pentane, decane, butylbenzene, eicosane, 2-methylnaphthalene, squalane, biphenyl)]

The lowest pressure at which CO/sub 2/ can develop miscibility with a particular reservoir oil is termed the ''minimum miscibility pressure''(MMP). There are two major factors which determine the CO/sub 2/ MMP, reservoir temperature and crude oil composition. The purpose of this investigation was to use compositional data to suggest how the compositional changes which accompany a CO/sub 2/ oil displacement affect the observed recovery efficiency. The experimental approach was to perform sandpack displacements of dead Brookhaven crude oil at a variety of temperatures and pressures (Part I), and to perform corefloods using CO/sub 2/ with synthetic or natural reservoir oil systems (Part II). The sandpack results provide compositional proof that for a given temperature, increasing pressure affects greater oil recovery. Compositional analyses of samples from displacements performed at lower pressures indicate that the major components extracted into the CO/sub 2/-rich phase are in the C/sub 9/ to C/sub 12/ range. As the run pressure is increased, the ability of CO/sub 2/ to extract heavier hydrocarbons improves to provide greater oil recoveries. To determine whether the improvement in hydrocarbon extraction observed in static PVT measurements would translate into higher oil recoveries in CO/sub 2/ displacement tests, tertiary corefloods were performed using synthetic oils. The coreflood results show that the oil displacement efficiency for CO/sub 2/ flooding is improved by increasing the aromatic content of the oil. Another series of corefloods was initiated to examine the gravity stable displacement process. Ongoing experiments are quantitating the incremental oil recovered with injection rate reduction for a reservoir amenable to gravity stable flooding. Progress to date is presented. 25 refs., 24 figs., 33 tabs.

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Carbon dioxide flooding

This paper reports that gas injection is one of the oldest methods used by engineers to improve oil recovery, and its use has increased recently. Much of the new expansion (especially in the U.S.) is coming from the nonhydrocarbon gases, nitrogen and CO{sub 2}. The full impact of CO{sub 2} flooding will be felt during the next several years since construction of CO{sub 2} pipelines into the west Texas area was completed in the 1980's and the larger floods are continuing to respond with good increases in tertiary oil production.

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Research instrumentation system description, installation and commissioning

This report includes all aspects of Research Instrumentation development, design, installation, commissioning and operation, taking account of modifications made or in hand at March, 1982. The overall project objectives and the detailed experimental objectives of the Research Instrumentation systems are described. Development of the Research Instrumentation from the initial proposals in December, 1977 to commissioning and operation during 1981 is detailed in chronological order. The key dates and activities relating to the provision of Research Instrumentation facilities are listed. A general description of the main facility is given, followed by a detailed description of the design of each Research Instrumentation system including the control system and utility services. The design criteria and design data are tabulated in order to illustrate the reasons for certain aspects of the detailed design. The method of operation of each system is also described. Work carried out during the installation and commissioning periods from October, 1980 to December, 1981 is described and the allocation of labor and the difficulties encountered during this period are highlighted. An account is given of the main commissioning activities carried out. The operation and performance of each Research Instrumentation system is reviewed. The design and operating data for each system are tabulated and compared as an indication of how the installed system met the design requirements. With the exception of the traversing dust sampling systems, where commissioning was not completed and the alkali sampling system which was not installed until December, 1981, all the systems performed satisfactorily. The ability of each system to meet the particular experimental objectives is also appraised. Problems which occurred and the modifications required as a result of commissioning and operating experience are itemized.

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Design, construction, operation and evaluation of a prototype culm combustion boiler/heater unit:  site evaluation; socio-economic impact

It has been proposed to construct a fluidized bed culm combustion boiler/heater unit in the Shamokin, Pennsylvania area. The facility would burn culm from a nearby coal mine and provide steam to an industrial user. The environmental setting of the area prior to development is described, including climatology, air quality, ecology, hydrology, wastes, noise, land use, socioeconomics, and geology and subsurface conditions. The environmental impacts of the proposed action are then evaluated as related to air quality, ecology, hydrology, wastes, noise, and socioeconomics. Measures for mitigating impacts on air quality, wastes, and noise are briefly described, and possible environmental effects that cannot be avoided are briefly enumerated. (LEW)

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Electrostatic granular bed filter development program. Final report

The application of the electrostatically enhanced granular bed filter (EGB) in a pressurized fluidized bed (PFB) combined cycle power plant is explored in this study. In a PFB combustor power plant, dust particles entrained in the combustion gases must be removed at high temperature (1700/sup 0/F) and pressure (10 atm) in order to protect a gas turbine from erosion. The EFB filter provides a unique design adapted to avoid filter front face plugging which has been the limiting factor in the successful development of granular bed filters for this application. Under the present study, laboratory experiments and analyses were performed to provide the engineering data necessary to design a test module in the actual PFB environment. An analytical model for predicting the performance of an EGB was also developed. The test data and the model were then utilized to establish preferred geometries and operating parameters of the EGB filter system applied in a 663 MWe PFB power plant. Preliminary conceptual designs were established and an economic evaluations performed. The results of the system analysis and economic studies were analyzed to assess the applicability of the EGB filter to utility scale PFB power plants. New power plants must also meet New Source Performance Standards (.03 lb/10/sup 6/ Btu) which necessitates removal of dust in the respirable size range which would otherwise be harmless to the gas turbine. A key technical issue in the PFB application is whether the hot gas cleanup equipment can satisfy the NSPS. The potential of the EGB for achieving NSPS ahead of the gas turbine is demonstrated, and the conceptual design and economics of this application are presented. (LCL)

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Surfactant enhanced volumetric sweep efficiency

Surfactant-enhanced waterflooding is a novel EOR method aimed to improve the volumetric sweep efficiencies in reservoirs. The technique depends upon the ability to induce phase changes in surfactant solutions by mixing with surfactants of opposite charge or with salts of appropriate type. One surfactant or salt solution is injected into the reservoir. It is followed later by injection of another surfactant or salt solution. The sequence of injections is arranged so that the two solutions do not mix until they are into the permeable regions well away from the well bore. When they mix at this point, by design they form a precipitate or gel-like coacervate phase, plugging this permeable region, forcing flow through less permeable regions of the reservoir, improving sweep efficiency. The selectivity of the plugging process is demonstrated by achieving permeability reductions in the high permeable regions of Berea sandstone cores. Strategies were set to obtain a better control over the plug placement and the stability of plugs. A numerical simulator has been developed to investigate the potential increases in oil production of model systems. Furthermore, the hardness tolerance of anionic surfactant solutions is shown to be enhanced by addition of monovalent electrolyte or nonionic surfactants. 34 refs., 32 figs., 8 tabs.

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