AndreaBozzo/ceres-open-data-index huggingface dataset:
HIGH RESOLUTION SENSING TECHNIQUES FOR SLOPE STABILITY STUDIES FINAL REPORT October 1976- September 1978

"The National Bureau of Standards (NBS), In conjunction with the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), conducted a  four-phase evaluation of high resolution remote sensing techniques for application to problem of determining slope stability. The first two phases, for which the USGS was chiefly responsible, concentrated on documenting the subsurface features and associated characteristics which determine or influence slope stability. In phase three, the NBS surveyed a variety of electromagnetic and acoustic  remote sensing techniques which exhibited the greatest potential for detecting the subsurface features and  characteristics and which satisfied the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) conditions of availability, practicality and portability. Two techniques were chosen for further experimental and developmental pursuit: the existing FM-CW radar system and the planar near-field reconstruction (PNFR) approach, respectively. In phase four, the existing FM-CW radar system was applied and analyzed In a series of field experiments to determine the subsurface structure at a designated test site in the Pike National Forest south of Denver, Colorado. Local and regional subsurface conditions for the test site were mapped and a detailed geologic section of the site was produced from core samples taken from four boreholes drilled into the subsurface granite. The FM-CW system, which ha displayed considerable success in the past for  locating near-surface normal, accurately revealed a joint at a depth of 6.5 meters which was confirmed by the core data. The PNFR technique, which is still in the  development stage at NBS and is based on an effective utilization of the exact holographic or near-field equations , was also pursued to the point of running computer simulated experiments . Preliminary results for the detection of small subsurface abnormalities by the PNFR technique have been highly encouraged."

Tags: kmd
"Utilization of Pulverized Fuel  Ash and Fluid Bed Combustion  Ash In AFBC Concretes"

The Tennessee  Valley Authority (TVA) and the Kentucky Energy Cabinet (KET), have been sponsoring research into the production of AFBC concretes made with coal combustion ashes.  Atmospheric fluidized bed combustion (AFBC) spent bed ash (SB) and pulverized fuel ash (PFA) were substituted for river sand and cement in the production of AFBC concrete. PFA and SB are both required to provide the pozzolanic reactions necessary for strength development.  Moreover, the SB has the granular consistency of a fine aggregate and serves as a total replacement for river sand.  However, a preconditioning step (prehydration) of the SB is required to control heat release and molar volume expansion.

Tags: kmd
SLOPE STABILITY OF OVERBURDEN SPOIL DUMPS FROM SURFACE PHOSPHATE MINES IN SOUTHEASTERN IDAHO

The objectives of the study are: 1. To determine the engineering (structural and hydraulic) properties of the material in the mine dumps, and the variability of these properties, from laboratory tests on a limited number of samples. 2. From these properties define and develop general criteria to insure stability, considering the structural characteristics and potential build-up of pore pressures. 3. From analyses of existing hydrologic data evaluate possible magnitude of overland flow, surface erosion, and sediment loads. 4. Indicate the type and amount of hydrologic and soil property data needed for better future design and placement of overburden materials.

Tags: kmd
INVESTIGATION OF COLOR AND COLOR INFRARED AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHIC TECHNEIQUES FOR INING AND RECLAMATION PLANNING AND MONITORING

The objectives of this study were the evaluation of the technical and economical feasibility of utilizing color and color infrared aerial photography to satisfy some informational needs for premine planning, mine progress monitoring, and reclamation monitoring. Seven aerial data collection missions were conducted within a 2-year period over strip mine sites in Pennsylvania. Scales of 1:6,000; 1:12,000; 1:24,000; and 1:48,000 were flown on the first aerial mission. The 1:12,000 was chosen as the optimal scale for the remaining six flights. An extensive literature and legislative review and discussion with strip mine operators identified the informational parameters that could possibly be obtained from aerial photography. Interpretability accuracies were evaluated for parameters in the broad categories of land use, soils, water, vegetation, and geology. Man hours for photo interpretation and costs of aerial data collection were monitored closely and incorporated into a cost benefit analysis. Those parameters that could be mapped, identified, or measured with accuracies greater than or equal to 75 percent were incorporated into a photo interpretation training manual. An additional analysis was performed to determine the applicability of the interpretation methodologies and results developed for Eastern sites to Western surface coal mining sites.

Tags: kmd
SYNTHETIC FLUOSPAR FLUX IN THE BASIC CUPOLA: EVALUATION OF OPERATION AND FLUORINE VOLATILITY

The Bureau of Mines evaluated synthetic fluorspar as a substitute for natural fluorspar flux in basic cupola iron making. The synthetic fluorspars tested were prepared from waste fluosilicic acid generated during the processing of fluorapatite ore. The cupola trials showed the synthetic products to be the equivalent of natural fluorspar from an operational standpoint. However, wet scrubber sampling showed that substantial losses of volatilized fluorine occurred from the cupola during operation. The losses during synthetic fluorspar trials considerably exceeded those from natural fluorspar trials. Laboratory viscosity testing, using a high-temperature rotational viscometer, confirmed this finding and indicated that fluorspar volatility in slags is related to slag basicity. Synthetic fluorspar is accordingly recommended more for highly basic cupola operation (>1.3 basicity) than for neutral or acid operation, because of the increased potential for pollution and bag house filter deterioration.

Tags: kmd
SO2 EMISSIONS FROM THE OXIDATION OF RETORTED OIL SHALE

For Western oil shale of commercial value, there I sufficient energy in either the pyrolysis gas or the carbonaceous residue to retort the raw shale. It is economically desirable to obtain the energy from the char because of the recent rapid increase in the market value of natural gas. It is further desirable to maximize the energy utilization from the char by minimizing endothermic carbonate mineral decomposition. Some processes using fluidized bed combustion of retorted oil shale have this capability.

Tags: kmd
OIL SHALE PROCESSING WITH THE AOSTRA TACIUK PROCESSOR

The AOSTRA Taciuk Processer has been developed for the simultaneous extraction and primary upgrading of oil sands bitumen over the course of the past 13 years. More recently, attention has been given to other possible applications for the Processor. One such application is the thermal retorting of oil shale's for the recovery of liquid hydrocarbons.

Tags: kmd
REFINING OF MILITARY JET FUELS FROM SHALE OIL PART III PILOT PLANT SAMPLE PREPARATION INTERIM REPORT FOR PERIOD NOVEMBER 1979 - JUNE 1981

Phase III work performed was aimed at confirming final process design estimates proposed in Phase I and producing sample lots of turbine fuel for aircraft performance evaluations. Drum quantities of JP-4, JP-8 and Broad range jet fuel were supplied to AFWAL, along with a gasoline blending component, diesel fuels, and residual fuels for these evaluations. Also, the scaled-up data from Phase III operating data were utilized in the Phase IV Economic Evaluations.

Tags: kmd
OIL SHALE RESOURCES OF THE GREEN RIVER FORMATION IN THE NORTHEASTERN PART OF THE GREEN RIVER BASIN, WYOMING

Oil shale resource data are provided for a 1,300 square mile area around Farson, Wyoming. The data were derived form analyses of samples from 14 core holes drilled by the U. S. Bureau of Mines and the Department of Energy, plus 4 core holes drilled by private companies. Fischer assay oil yield data for nine stratigraphic resource units are tabulated, correlated, and contoured to provide an assessment of shale oil potential in the area.

Tags: kmd
SANDIA/GEOKINETICS RETORT 23:  A HORIZONTAL IN SITU RETORTING EXPERIMENT

Sandia National Laboratories and Geokinetics, Inc. have recently completed processing of a 6000 ton horizontal in situ oil shale retort near Vernal, Utah. The heavily instrumented, explosively fractured oil shale bed, containing 12% void, was combustion retorted using a number of district operating conditions, including air at high and low flow rates and air plus 30% combusted recycle gas. A number of techniques were used to evaluate the effectiveness of these various processing modes. Te extensive suite of thermal instrumentation, for example, allowed continuous mentoring of the steam and retorting fronts and estimation of oil coking losses and total shale retorted. Actual sweep efficiency, based upon these data, was 79% Sweep efficiency estimates from steam front data were nearly identical, both in total shale contacted and spatial distribution of the swept zone. The thermal data also provided a direct means of assessing the validity of a number of retort diagnostic techniques based on fluid product analyses. Off gas material balance calculation estimates of sweep efficiency, for example, were 77% while retorting efficiency was 58% of Fischer Assay, with a 27% oil loss to combustion and a 15% loss to coking. Oil loss estimates based on oil analyses were similar. The experiment demonstrated that true in situ retorting of thin-seam rubble shale beds with low void volume is practical using horizontal burn techniques and that existing retort diagnostics are capable of providing a detailed analysis of the process.

Tags: kmd
ENTRAINED - SOLIDS RETORT RUN NUMBER 20 (1225 DEGREES F) AND RELATED REFINING DATA

The shale used for this run was part of a shipment of 148 bags averaging 110 lb. each, which was received from the Rifle Station in April 1952. It was blended from upper bench and "EF" bed shale's in proportions of 75 percent upper bench and 25 percent "EF" bed. It has an average Fischer assay oil content of 24.5 gal. per ton.

Tags: kmd
EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES INA BOTTOM-BURNING OIL SHALE COMBUSTION RETORT

An experimental study of oil production from Parachute Creek Basin oil shale was conducted in a bottom-burning retort. This retort was designed to simulate an in situ operation where the product vapors flowed upward over raw rubbished shale on which the less volatile products could condense and then be revalorized as the combustion front approached. This produced a refluxing which resulted in a thermal cracking of the heavy distillates. The oil produced from this process is shown to contain more naptha and less heavy residuals than oil from other combustion retort processes and thus would not require further processing prior to being transported to the refinery.

Tags: kmd
HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER IN A COMBUSTION OIL SHALE RETORT

The heat and mass transfer characteristics of combustion retorting of crushed or fragmented oil shale are studied in order to evaluate the interactions between various thermal and chemical processes. An analytical model of the gas solid heat and mass transfer in a packed bed was developed. The model was formulated such that the effects of mass addition to the retort gas stream due to thermal decomposition of oil shale could be evaluated. The model simulates the packed bed by approximating it as closely spaced and staggered tube bundle of equal void fraction. It was found that the convective heat transfer to such a cylinder bundle adequately described the convective packed bed heat transfer if appropriate dimensions are chosen.

Tags: kmd
ENTRAINED-SOLIDS RETORT RUN NUMBER 10 (1100 DEGREES F) AND RELATED REFINING DATA

The shale used for this run was part of a shipment of 148 bags averaging 110 lb. each, which was received from the Rifle Station in April 1952, It was blended from upper bench and "EF" bed shale's in proportions of 75 percent upper bench and 25 percent "EF" bed. It has an average Fischer assay oil content of 28.9 gal. per ton.

Tags: kmd
ENTRAINED-SOLIDS RETORT RUN NUMBER 23 (1125 DEGREES F) AND RELATED REGINING DATA

The shale used for this run was part of a shipment, which was received from the Rifle Station in February 1953. It was obtained from the upper 29 feet of the Mahogany ledge, and had an average Fischer assay oil content of 23.9 gal. per ton.

Tags: kmd
ENTRAINED - SOLIDS RETORT RUN NUMBER 18 (1150 DEGREES F) AND RELATED REFINING DATA

The shale used for this run was part of a shipment of 148 bags averaging 110 lb. each, which was received from the Rifle Station in April, 1952. It was blended from upper bench and "EF" bed shale's in proportions of 75 percent upper bench and 25 percent "EF" bed. It has an average Fischer assay oil content of 28.8 gal. per ton.

Tags: kmd
ENTRAINED - SOLIDS RETORT RUN NUMBER 19 (1175 DEGREES F) AND RELATED REFINING DATA

The shale used for this run was part of a shipment of 148 bags averaging 110 lbs. each, which was received from the Rifle Station in April 1952. It was blended from upper bench and "EF" bed shale's in proportions of 75% upper bench and 25% "EF" bed. It has an average Fischer assay oil content of 26.5 gal. per ton.

Tags: kmd
ENTRAINED - SOLIDS RETORT RUN NUMBER 13 (1200 DEGREES F) AND RELATED REFINING DATA

The shale used for this run was part of a shipment of 148 bags averaging 110 lb. each, which was received from the Rifle Station in April, 1952. It was blended from upper bench and "EF" bed shale's in proportions of 75 percent upper bench and 25 percent "EF" bed. It has an average Fischer assay oil content of 27.0 gal. per ton.

Tags: kmd
REFINERY CRACKING OPERATIONS CRACKING PLANT RUN NO. 53

Run No. 53, from September 8 to 10, 1952, was an N-T-U crude recycle cracking operation using the reaction chamber. Estimated maximum permissible operating conditions were employed for the purpose of collecting data to establish a practical limit of severity. The operating conditions for the one test period conducted were 950 degrees F. heater outlet temperature and 300 p.s.i.g. recreation chamber pressure. These conditions were too severe for prolonged operation and the run was terminated after 48 hours of operation because of coking of the pressure control valve in the reaction chamber to flash chamber transfer line.

Tags: kmd
ENTRAINED - SOLIDS RETORT RUN NUMBER 30 (1300 DEGREES F) AND RELATED REFINING DATA

The shale used for this run was part of a shipment received from the Rifle Station in February 1953. It was obtained form the upper 29 feet of the Mahogany ledge and was crushed to minus 1/4 inch particle size before shipment. It was prepared for the run by additional grinding consisting of one pass through a hammer mill containing a screen having 5/32 openings. The Fischer assay oil content of the shale as charged was 23.4 gal./ton.

Tags: kmd
ENTRAINED - SOLIDS RETORT RUN NUMBER 12 (1300 DEGREES F) AND RELATED REFINING DATA

The shale used for this run was part of a shipment of 148 bags averaging 110 lb. each, which was received from the Rifle Station in April 1952. It was blended from upper Bench and "EF" bed shale's in proportions of 75 percent upper bench and 25 percent "EF" bed. It has an average Fischer assay oil content of 27.2 gal. per ton.

Tags: kmd
ENTRAINED - SOLIDS RETORT RUN NUMBER 9 (1400 DEGREES F) AND RELATED REFINING DATA

The shale used for this run was part of a shipment of 148 bags averaging 110 lb. each, which was received from the Rifle Station in April 1952. It was blended from upper Bench and "EF" bed shale's in proportions of 75 percent upper bench and 25 percent "EF" bed. It has an average Fischer assay oil content of 28.9 gal. per ton.

Tags: kmd
ENTRAINED - SOLIDS RETORT RUN NUMBER 34 (N.T.U. 1400 DEGREES F) AND RELATED REFINING DATA

This run was the third of a series in which N. T. U. crude was charged to the retort. The primary purpose of these runs was to determine what differences exist between oils produced at high temperatures and those produced at lower temperatures and subjected to subsequent thermal treatment at high temperatures.

Tags: kmd
ENTRAINED - SOLIDS RETORT RUN NUMBER 11 (1500 DEGREES F) AND RELATED REFINING DATA

The shale used for this run was part of a shipment of 148 bags averaging 110 lb. each, which was received from the Rifle Station in April 1952. It was blended from upper Bench and "EF" bed shale's in proportions of 75 percent upper bench and 25 percent "EF" bed. It has an average Fischer assay oil content of 28.9 gal. per ton.

Tags: kmd
ENTRAINED - SOLIDS RETORT RUN NUMBER 21 (1650 DEGREES F) AND RELATED REFINING DATA

The shale used for this run was part of a shipment of 148 bags averaging 110 lb. each, which was received from the Rifle Station in April 1952. It was blended from upper Bench and "EF" bed shale's in proportions of 75 percent upper bench and 25 percent "EF" bed. It has an average Fischer assay oil content of 28.9 gal. per ton.

Tags: kmd
ANNUAL REPORT OF THE LARAMIE ENERGY RESEARCH CENTER 1976

The year of 1976 was one of growth and increase opportunity. The growth of the Center is reflected in relation to our budget which increased 10% from $7.695.000 for fiscal year 1976 to $8,505,000 for fiscal year 1977. Our in-house efforts have moved deeper into the extramural arena through technical project management; and a reorganization of our management structure to a matrix organization, which creates a flexible team able to respond readily to newer demands. This was accomplished without an increase in personnel due to manpower ceiling restrictions.

Tags: kmd
ANNUAL REPORT 1977 Laramie Energy Research Center

1977 was truly an eventful year - a year of transition.  For one thing, on October 1,1977, the Department of Energy (DOE) succeeded the Energy Research and Development Administration (ERDA), and now the Laramie Energy Research Center (LERC) is an important part of this huge cabinet-level organization with nearly 20,000 employees. LERC reports to the Fossil Energy Program Director, who in turn reports to the Assistant Secretary for Energy Technology in this Department. Robert D. Thorne, a Laramie native, who worked here as a student has been nominated as Assistant Secretary. His father was past Director, Harold M. Thorne. LERC's role and mission have not changed. We remain as a  petroleum, coal, and oil shale research center primarily concerned with developing technology for the in situ recovery of energy values of oil shale, coal, and tar sands. LERC is nationally and internationally recognized for its expertise and accomplishment in oil shale and shale oil technology. Indeed, we have been designated as the "lead center" for these technologies.

Tags: kmd
ANNUAL REPORT 1979 Laramie Energy Technology Center

"The year 1979 marks the end of a decade of progress and transition for the Laramie Energy Technology Center. It was a decade of great change and achievement. Most  certainly, we ended the 1970's in a stronger position than we entered it. Some of the evolution that has taken place during the decade will be traced in the following pages,  although this report primarily will focus on the achievements of 1979. In proportional terms , our human resources have not kept up with budget increases.  However, I am gratified to report that what we have lacked in quantity has been more than made up for by the quality and competence of our employees, and that we concluded 1979 on a successful note. This is also a harbinger of events as they will likely occur during the decade we now enter . LETC's horizons have expanded both nationally and internationally since our designation as the Department of Energy's lead center for oil shale and non-oil shale in situ processes. In addition to a steady stream of American scientists and engineers to the  Center, we have had an increase in the number of foreign technologists visiting LETC. During 1979, we hosted over 60 foreign visitors, representing 17 countries."

Tags: kmd
SYNTHETIC LIQUID FUELS ANNUAL REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR FOR 1949  PART II.  - OIL FROM OIL SHALE

"Approximately half of all the fuel energy used in the  United States is now provided by oil and natural gas. A persistent and rapid growth in energy demand during  the last 3 decades has been absorbed largely by the liquid and gaseous rather than solid fuels . In 1948 the energy provided by coal was substantially the same BS in  1920 . Meanwhile, the use of oil and natural gas each had increased fivefold. On a per capita basis, the change is more significant . Coal consumption has dropped from about 6 tons per person to 4-1/2 tons, while oil has increased from 4-1/3 barrels to 14-1/3, and natural gas from 7, 500 cubic feet to about 35,000. These facts would have only academic interest if the United States had unlimited supplies of all fuels. However, while the Nation's reserves of coal are adequate to meet our needs for centuries, those of oil and natural gas appear limited . It is obvious, therefore, that the security of our liquid-fuel position would be greatly enhanced if the supply could be based in an increasing degree on solid fuels, such as coal/and oil shale, which make up more than 95 percent of our fuel reserves, instead of natural oil and gas . In addition, this would create new employment and help to stabilize the market for coal, which may be facing comparatively bleak prospects in the near future unless its position with respect to other fuels is improved."

Tags: kmd
A PLANNING PROGRAM FOR OIL SHALE DEVELOPMENT

The goal of the Department of the Interior's planning program is to evolve sound policies and procedures that will enable the Nation's oil shale resources to be developed in time to meet the growing need for energy, and to do so in a manner that will assure the environmental integrity of the immediate and surrounding area . An initial  objective of the program is to develop a plan that will lead to a competitive sale of a maximum of six leases of public oil shale lands starting in 1972. The .United States currently consumes about 5.3 billion barrels of liquid  fuels each year. This will expand to nearly 8 billion barrels in 1985. Our cumulative requirements over the next 15 years, 105 billion barrels, is about equal to all of the oil this Nation has consumed over the 100 years prior to 1970 . Most of the Nation" future needs for oil will be obtained from domestic production and foreign oil imports. Fuels from oil shale, coal, and tar sands will also be needed in the early 1980's to supplement these conventional supply sources . The proposed planning program for oil shale development will mark a significant step in assuring  that the Nation's enormous requirements for energy will be available at reasonable costs to the consumer.

Tags: kmd
IN SITU ENERGY RECOVERY TECHNOLOGY .  SESSION II - IN SITU OIL SHALE PROCESSING

"A modified in situ oil-shale process. the Oxy process, has both economic and environmental advantages compared with aboveground processing. The Oxy process, which  recovers a higher percentage at oil than do  aboveground retorting processes produces sufficient water for its operations, minimizing the effect on  agricultural conditions in the semiarid land where the U. S. oil shale is prevalent. The reduction of the mining required will necessitate fewer people than does the equivalent production of shale oil from aboveground retorting processes. After three successful in situ retorting  experiments under actual field conditions. Occidental has now constructed a commercial scale in situ retort. which has a cross sectional area approximately 14,400 square feet and a depth of over 250 feet."

Tags: kmd