AndreaBozzo/ceres-open-data-index huggingface dataset:
Development of molten carbonate fuel cell power plant technology. Quarterly technical progress report No. 2, January 1-March 31, 1980

The overall objective of this 29-month program is to develop and verify the design of a prototype molten carbonate fuel cell stack which meets the requirements of 1990's competitive coal-fired electrical utility central station or industrial cogeneration power plants. During this quarter, effort was continued in all four major task areas: Task 1 - system studies to define the reference power plant design; Task 2 - cell and stack design, development and verification; Task 3 - preparation for fabrication and testing of the full-scale prototype stack; and Task 4 - developing the capability for operation of stacks on coal-derived gas. In the system study activity of Task 1, preliminary module and cell stack design requirements were completed. Fuel processor characterization has been completed by Bechtel National, Inc. Work under Task 2 defined design approaches for full-scale stack busbars and electrical isolation of reactant manifolds and reactant piping. Preliminary design requirements were completed for the anode. Conductive nickel oxide for cathode fabrication has been made by oxidation and lithiation of porous nickel sheet stock. A method of mechanizing the tape casting process for increased production rates was successfully demonstrated under Task 3. In Task 4, theoretical calculations indicated that hydrogen cyanide and ammonia, when present as impurities in the stack fuel gas, will have no harmful effects. Laboratory experiments using higher than anticipated levels of ethylene showed no harmful effects. Components for the mobile test facility are being ordered.

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Tar sand extraction by steam stimulation and steam drive:  measurement of physical properties

The measurement of the following thermophysical properties of Utah tar sands is in progress: thermal conductivity, specific heat relative permeability, and viscosity (of the recovered bitumen). During the report period (October 1, 1978 to November 1, 1979), experimental procedures have been developed and a basic data set has been measured. Additionally, standard core analysis has been performed for four drill sites in the Asphalt Ridge, Utah area.

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High-temperature, solid oxide electrolyte fuel cell power generation system. Quarterly technical progress summary report, April 1-June 30, 1984

Significant improvements were made toward producing uniform support tubes and reducing energy requirements for the initial processing stage. Interconnection material thermal properties were improved to match those of other fuel cell components. Air bubbles in the air electrode filter-dip slurry were eliminated, since this was found to reduce the incidence of air electrode radial cracking. The EVD reactor equipment and process were modified and good interconnection and electrolyte layers are being produced on 12-cell batches. The three-cell life test is still stable after 5500h of operation at 1000/sup 0/C. Longer time Mn diffusion studies in single and polycrystalline ZrO/sub 2/(Y/sub 2/O/sub 3/) yielded diffusion coefficient values consistent with those measured in shorter tests. Mn diffusion studies in EVD ZrO/sub 2/(Y/sub 2/O/sub 3/) showed the diffusion coefficient value to be intermediate between Mn diffusion in single and polycrstalline ZrO/sub 2/(Y/sub 2/O/sub 3/). Kinetics of La/sub 2/Zr/sub 2/O/sub 7/ formation at the interface between La/sub 2/O/sub 3/ and ZrO/sub 2/(Y/sub 2/O/sub 3/) were studied. Dual atmosphere testing of Inconel 600 provided data on the effects of hydrogen and high-temperature operation. RF inductive-loss scanning proved to be a satisfactory method of detecting cell defects nondestructively. Preparation of the dedicated five-station cell test facility was completed. Submodule and generator designs were updated through new cell and component data input. Finally, fabrication of the submodule continued with mockup tests of several components being used to predict their in-situ performance.

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Chemical and mineralogical characterization of core samples from underground coal gasification sites in Wyoming and West Virginia

A comprehensive analytical scheme for the chemical, mineralogical and physical property characterization of coal cores has been developed. The scheme includes the determination of those properties that are important in the evaluation of the burning characteristics of coal, and will thus aid in the selection of areas favorable for underground coal gasification and in the optimization of this in-situ energy extraction process. Four coal cores were analyzed, two from a western underground coal gasification site near Hanna, Wyoming (Carbon County) and two from an eastern site near Pricetown, West Virginia (Wetzel County). To obtain a valid seam evaluation, analyses were obtained on 148 samples representing the total column of the coal interval from each of these four cores. From the analytical data, average properties for the coal interval of each core were derived for use in site-evaluation studies and for correlation with important operating parameters in the underground gasification tests at these sites. Results are also presented for an additional nine samples selected from a fifth coal core taken at the Hanna, Wyo. site. The compositional heterogeneity found by vertically sampling the entire coal column at the selected sites demonstrates the importance of carrying out detailed core analyses for an adequate bed assessment. On the other hand, the lateral continuity in chemical and mineralogical composition observed for the coal deposits at both the western and eastern sites indicates that stratigraphic variations are systematic and therefore predictable. (auth)

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Development of BEACON technology. Quarterly report, October-December 1981

The BEACON process involves the catalytic deposition of a highly reactive carbon from a gas stream containing carbon monoxide. The carbon-depleted gas is combusted with air to produce power, and the carbon is reacted with steam to produce methane. Laboratory multicycle tests with K1 and K2 catalysts were completed this quarter. Both catalysts were cycled through 40 deposition and steaming cycles. Both catalysts showed good stability. The K1-based material was found to be more active than the K2-based material, both for carbon deposition and for steaming. Gas conversion proceeded to near-equilibrium levels for both catalysts. Investigation of the effects of multicycle operation and carbon loading levels on catalyst C77-K2 stability continued this quarter. Testing in a 1-inch quartz fluid bed reactor showed no significant catalyst deterioration after 40 cycles at low carbon loadings. However, significant morphology changes occurred at higher carbon loadings. During testing in a new 1-1/2 inch diameter fluid bed reactor, there was evidence of inadequate mixing: large variations in carbon loading within the bed were observed, and the bed plugged at the higher carbon loadings. Multicycle testing of K1 and K2 catalysts continued in the 4-inch diameter fluid bed reactor. The K1 catalyst showed no decrease in catalytic activity after 9-1/2 of the planned 30 cycles. The K2 catalyst showed evidence of contamination from an undetermined source, and testing was discontinued after 9 cycles. A tandem reactor system which will circulate solids between a carbon deposition reactor and a carbon steaming reactor is now being designed for future catalyst testing. 19 figures, 21 tables.

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Development of BEACON technology. Quarterly report, January-March 1982

The BEACON process involves the catalytic deposition of a highly reactive form of carbon from a gas stream which contains carbon monoxide. The carbon-depleted gas is combusted with air to produce power, and the carbon is reacted with steam to produce methane or hydrogen. Process conditions favoring the production of hydrogen were explored this quarter. Excess steam was found to suppress methane formation, and reduction of catalyst methanation activity was demonstrated. The effect of carbon loading on the physical stability of catalyst C77-K2 and the effect of trace sulfur levels on the chemical stability of the catalyst were examined. The carbon loading tests did not show the catalyst breakup that was expected. Tests of chemical stability of the catalyst in the presence of sulfur-containing gases showed a decline in performance even at levels as low as 4 ppM. Experiments conducted using a Paraho-type oil shale retort offgas as a feedstock showed that acceptable performance could be obtained by removing carbon dioxide from the feedgas. Design of the tandem two reactor system is continuing, along with cold flow testing of the proposed solids transfer system. A simplified thermodynamic analysis of the BEACON process shows that BEACON's increased efficiency over competing processes results from more hot gas going to the turbine with less power required to compress the air for combustion. 16 figures, 13 tables.

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Contamination of optical windows by a dust-laden stream. [Laser-based diagnostic systems for in-situ characterization of entrained particles and gas-phase species]

The present work represented a laboratory study to assess optical access ports (OAP) effectiveness of three different designs. The flow conditions were controlled and OAP geometries were simple. These experiments are important for understanding the basic mechanics of OAP operation. For applications to coal conversion process streams, the design features become increasingly complex and the OAP must be operational at a specific location. Laboratory experiments addressed the rate of contamination of three OAP designs (one recessed window and two minimal-offset window designs). The rate of window contamination as measured by the relative light intensity decreased as the purge flow was increased for the recessed window design. For purge flows representing about 20 percent of the stream flow, no contamination of the windows was observed with this design. The minimal-offset, single-jet OAP did not effectively diminish window contamination. The window contamination increased as the purge flow rate was increased from zero purge. Of the three designs tested, the recessed window, porous metal insert design appears to be best suited for long-term applications (greater than 30 hours exposure time). The particulate deposition was uniform over the window surface for this design. The minimal-offset, single-jet OAP was effective for cleaning a small localized area for both the concurrent and countercurrent jet configuration. However, a majority of laser-based diagnostic instruments relies on the collection of scattered light and the small clean area may be insufficient for instrument operation. The recessed window, porous metal insert design would be better suited for this type of instrument. 11 references, 8 figures, 1 table.

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Proceedings of the sixth annual contractors meeting on contaminant control in coal-derived gas streams

This document contains papers that were presented at the Department of Energy's Sixth Annual Contractors Meeting on Containment Control in Coal-Derived Gas Streams. The meeting was sponsored and hosted by the Department of Energy, Morgantown Energy Technology Center, and was held June 4-5, 1986, at the Sheraton Lakeview Conference Center in Morgantown, West Virginia. This year's meeting was attended by 176 individuals from industry, academia, national laboratories, the Department of Energy, and other governmental agencies. The purpose of this meeting was to present technical information on high-temperature, high-pressure control technologies for particulate and chemical contaminants in coal-derived gas streams. The meeting provided a forum for the exchange and dissemination of contaminant control information generated under the sponsorship of the Department of Energy. The contaminant control technologies and instrumentation research have direct application to pressurized fluidized-bed combustion and coal gasification as well as a number of additional Fossil Energy research programs, commercial processes, and noncoal related operations. Selected papers have been entered individually into EDB and ERA.

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Techniques and relative energy requirements for fine-coal grinding

The Coal Grinding Task Group basically characterized coal grinding technology (June 1982) with an emphasis on identifying any needs related to producing very fine coal (<325 mesh). The underlying assumption was that future coal usage in non-designed-for-coal-applications will depend on coal being free of ash (and perhaps sulfur), or capable of behaving in a fluid-like manner, or both. One common step toward both of these attributes is the fine grinding of coal. Of the various types of fine grinding devices identified, two were found to appear superior from the standpoints of energy consumption and operational lifetime. These are the attritor (a special embodiment of which is the Drais Direct Dispersion System), and the Fluid Energy Reduction Mill. There are two widely regarded theories that relate energy consumption to product particle size. The first was developed by Rittinger about 1867 and holds that, ''The work required to reduce particle size is directly proportional to the new surface area produced.''The second theory, developed by Kick in 1885, was based on plastic deformation, ''The work required for crushing a given quantity of material is constant for the same reduction ratio, irrespective of the original size.''Neither of these theories has been found to be exactly applicable; however, the Rittinger theory appears reasonably usable in the range of 10 to 100 microns. The Kick theory appears better matched to larger particle sizes. Another approach, known as the Bond theory, fits between the two. The conclusion is that cost, scale of available hardware and technology, and the ability to make reliable predictions relative to producing any UCCWM that requires particles below the 10-micron size should be approached with great caution.

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Prediction and measurement of entrained flow coal gasification processes. Volume III. Data Book: for evaluation of pulverized coal reaction models. Final report, 8 September 1983-28 February 1985. [71 references]

A major task during this study has been the identification, collection and publication of detailed experimental data for evaluation of comprehensive coal gasification/combustion codes. A review of the literature was completed and prospective data were identified for inclusion in this data book in five categories of increasing complexity: (1) non-reacting, gaseous flows (58 cases,4316 ); (2) non-reacting, particle-laden flows (43 cases,4316 ); (3) gaseous combustion (34 cases,4316 ); (4) pulverized coal combustion (57 cases,4316 ); (5) entrained coal gasification (6 cases). Selection of these data was based on a set of criteria which included data completeness, availability of detailed, digital profiles for several properties (e.g., species concentrations, velocity, temperature) and data accuracy. From these 198 cases, which are referenced herein, the data base was reduced to a total of 37 sets of data from 8 laboratories, with at least 4 cases in each category above. For these 37 cases, the measured data, together with geometrical dimensions and test conditions were documented in a uniform tabular format in this report. These data were also stored on a magnetic tape for distribution. Possible experimental errors and limitations in the data base were identified and recommendations were made for additional experimental studies. Computations with the generalized coal gasification code (PCGC-2, see Volume 2, User's Manual) developed as a part of this and other contracts have been completed for all 37 of these sets of data. Some of the comparisons of predictions and measurements are summarized in Volume 1 of this final report and also in Volume 1 of the interim report (January 1984) for this same contract. 71 refs., 8 figs.

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State of Michigan peat resource estimation. Volume 2. Site descriptions. Final report

Volume two of the State of Michigan Peat Resource Estimation report contains site descriptions for the deposits that were sampled during the intensive survey in 1981 and 1982. The sections are listed along with a photograph of the soil survey map for each sampled township in those counties with non photobase soil surveys. Photobase surveys are readily available from the USDA-SCS and the land type maps are very general. Neither are included in this document. A listing of all deposit locations is included for these counties. Sections that were drawn in the sample but either contained less than 80 acres of organic soils or were less than 100 cm thick when we probed the organic deposit are listed in the township maps but were not sampled and therefore have no descriptions. The field and laboratory procedures are discussed in Volume I.

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Re-analysis of the MWX (Multi-Well Experiment) fracture stimulation data from the Fluvial zone of the Mesaverde Formation and comparison with Paludal and Coastal zone behavior

To investigate Western US tight gas sands, DOE established the Multi-Well Experiment (MWX), a field research facility near Rifle, Colorado, where three closely spaced wells were drilled through the lenticular Mesaverde formation in the Piceance basin. Testing included extensive coring and core analysis, production testing, and instrumented fracture stimulation experiments. Because one of the more important aspects of the MWX project was to establish the predictability of well stimulation procedures, extensive fracture testing was conducted in the Paludal, Coastal, and Fluvial zones. This report focuses on a review and re-analysis of the MWX stimulation data obtained in the Fluvial zone. This follows a similar re-analysis of the Paludal and Coastal zone data which compared stress analysis methods, defined a relationship between stress and lithology, identified weaknesses in the fluid loss pressure decline analysis, and demonstrated a methodology for combining history matching of injection/decline pressures with the pressure decline analysis to better characterize the leak-off and geometry associated with the hydraulic fracture. Where appropriate, the techniques and results from the analysis of the three Mesaverde zones are compared and discussed, helping to set forth guidelines for future testing in this formation. 11 refs., 69 figs., 10 tabs.

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ENCOAL Mild Coal Gasification Project

ENCOAL Corporation, a wholly-owned subsidiary of Shell Mining Company, is constructing a mild gasification demonstration plant at Triton Coal Company's Buckskin Mine near Gillette, Wyoming. The process, using Liquids From Coal (LFC) technology developed by Shell and SGI International, utilizes low-sulfur Powder River Basin Coal to produce two new fuels, Process Derived Fuel (PDF) and Coal Derived Liquids (CDL). The products, as alternative fuels sources, are expected to significantly reduce current sulfur emissions at industrial and utility boiler sites throughout the nation, thereby reducing pollutants causing acid rain.

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Disposal of fly ash and fly ash alkali FGD waste in a western decoaled strip mine

The potential impacts of fly ash and fly ash-generated FGD waste on groundwater quality by disposal in various surface mine settings is being evaluated by an ongoing study at the Center Mine near Center, North Dakota. Of concern is the generation and potential impact on groundwater of highly mineralized leachate characterized by very high concentrations of sodium and sulfate. Also of concern is the potential for generation of leachate characterized by elevated concentrations of certain toxic trace elements, particularly arsenic, selenium and molybdenum. The research involves detailed field studies and computational geochemical studies. The field study is evaluating two hydrogeologically distinctive types of disposal settings in the Center Mine: the pit bottom and the vee-notch between spoil ridges. This study has demonstrated that water in contact with both the fly ash and fly ash FGD waste is characterized by very high TDS concentrations. Predominate major species in solution are sodium, magnesium, calcium and sulfate. Sulfate concentrations in waste-effected groundwater are sufficiently high so that the water would be unfit to drink. Data from this project indicate that neither the fly ash nor the fly ash FGD waste from the Milton R. Young Plant constitute a hazardous waste as defined by RCRA regulations. Disposal in a pit-bottom position increases the potential for contact between the wastes and laterally migrating water in the base of the spoils and results in relatively slow, but continuous, dissolution of the waste material. Disposal in pit-bottom sites which contain standing water, due to groundwater inflow, will result in initial rapid dissolution, followed by relatively slow but continuous dissolution of the wastes. Vee-notch disposal sites are typically above the post-closure water table. The effect of evapotranspiration in semi-arid settings will be to minimize infiltration into vee-notch sites, thereby minimizing the potential for leachate generation.

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Second annual contractors'meeting on contaminant control in hot coal derived gas streams. Proceedings

The second annual contractors'meeting on contaminant control in hot coal derived gas streams was held February 17-19, 1982, at the Ramada Inn, Morgantown, West Virginia. It was sponsored by US Department of Energy, Morgantown Energy Technology Center, P.O. Box 880, Morgantown, West Virginia 26505. All thirty-one papers have been entered individually into ERA and EDB. (LTN)

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System planning report for use of failure and operational reporting system

The Failure and Operational Reporting System (FORS) was developed to meet the need for collecting, organizing and processing critical plant operating and failure experience data. The design of the system is different from that used on other reporting systems; it excludes many conventional reporting functions, providing only for the selective reporting of significant data. An important characteristic of FORS is its flexibility to provide unique plant-specific data for a variety of plants. While the data are intended for use in the detection, analysis, and resolution of particular problems occurring at specific plants, its major purposes are to facilitate inter-plant exchange of technical information on plant design, operation, failure and maintenance and to form a historical data base for use in product improvement and new plant design. The FORS design thus has a strong potential for achieving immediate and practical benefits from a minimum effort at low cost, while at the same time forming the basis for longer range improvements in plant and equipment designs and operating practices.

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Entrained flow gasification at elevated pressure. Quarterly technical progress report No. 5, 1 March-31 May 1986

The three main tasks of this study are: (1) entrained coal gasification measurements, which include elevated pressure tests of four coal types, investigation of injector design, cold-flow measurements in simulated gasifier flows, and investigation of advanced optical diagnostic techniques that could be applied to gasification measurements; (2) improvement of the computer code for gasification processes, including improvement of physical submodels and numerical methods, and comparison of model predictions with experimental results for code validation; and (3) application of results to industrial and METC needs through technical seminars, expansion of a detailed data book, and distribution of the code to other users. Accomplishments are presented for these three tasks. 50 refs., 17 figs., 2 tabs.

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