AndreaBozzo/ceres-open-data-index huggingface dataset:
Mineral characterization of fluidized-bed combustion aerosol ash--Montana Rosebud sub-bituminous coal

Bulk and aerosol fly ash samples from the MERC 18''atmospheric fluidized bed combustor have been characterized by three analytical techniques: X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (XRF) for elemental analysis, x-ray powder diffraction (XRD) for mineral identification and scanning electron microscopy/x-ray emission (SEM) for regional and surface analysis. The combustion tests were carried out on Montana Rosebud sub-bituminous coal with limestone added as a sulfur sorbent. Bulk samples were removed from the bed and particle collecting devices. Aerosol sampling from the effluent stream was conducted by the Lovelace Inhalation Toxicology Research Institute. The results of these analyses indicate that (1) the fluidized-bed fly ash is not composed of spherical, homogeneous particles, but irregularly shaped particles; (2) particle size distributions of the aerosols may exhibit multimodal behavior; (3) excess calcium from the bed may react with the aluminosilicate fly ash to form crystalline calcium aluminosilicates; and (4) calcium sulfate predominates in the small particles.

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Western limits of detachment and related structures in the Appalachian foreland

The papers presented at a symposium on some geological aspects of the Appalachian forelands are compiled in this volume. The purpose of the symposium was to furnish results of recent work to contractors of the Eastern Gas Shales Project (EGSP) and to explorers in general. The work summarized dealt with the fracture systems related to the detached (thin-skinned) structures, at or near the western limit of detachment in the Appalachian basin. Most papers focused on the fractured Devonian shale sequence which is the subject of EGSP's work.

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Arctic and offshore research: Technology status report

This report describes the state of technology relative to the production of oil and gas in the Arctic. It discusses the technical issues that warrant investigation, and focuses on the current Department of Energy supported activities. Major accomplishments during the last year include the following: The Arctic and Offshore Research Information System (AORIS) was planned with industry survey recommendations incorporated. It contains a directory of 85 Arctic databases, a bibliographic component of over 7,000 citations, and a data component of about 300 data sets on sea ice characteristics. Seven position, pressure, and temperature buoys were deployed on ice islands (up to 3 by 6 miles in size) drifting off Ellesmere Island. Ice island movement, as much as 340 miles southwest of the Ward Hunt Ice Shelf during the last 4 years, represents a potential hazard to Arctic offshore structures in the Alaskan Beaufort Sea. The redesigned Seafloor Earthquake Measurement System (SEMS II) was deployed near Shell's Ellen-Elly platforms, about 10 miles offshore of Long Beach, California. The SEMS monitored the July 1986 southern California earthquakes. This was the first time earthquakes were simultaneouslly monitored by sensors located on land, aboard offshore platforms, and beneath the seafloor. Sea spray ice bond shear strength to various structural and protective coatings has been determined. The polyethylene coating demonstrated the most potential for rapid shedding of spray ice by gravity loading. Measurements of temperatures and salinities were completed as part of a pilot test to (1) detect seasonal conditions at the water-seabed interface, and (2) determine how they influence permafrost growth in the coastal waters of the Beaufort Sea. The temperatures and computed freezing point data suggest that seasonal seabed freezing can occur most of the winter. 13 refs., 14 figs., 4 tabs.

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Validation of the one-dimensional compositional reservoir simulator (CRSIM-1D): Technical note

The analysis presented in this manuscript validates the one-dimensional compositional reservoir simulator (CRSIM-1D). CRSIM-1D was developed at the Morgantown Energy Technology Center (METC), and is the first stage of an ongoing investigation of methods for increasing sweep efficiency of miscible EOR carbon dioxide (CO/sub 2/) floods. After its development, the simulator was validated to (1) ensure reliable predictions, (2) understand the sensitivity of input parameters, and (3) identify stability limitations of the code. The results from this study are presented in this report. The first part of this report summarized the results from the comparison of predictions from CRSIM-1D with both experimental data and the predictions from simulators. Four problems from the literature were examined: (1) 3-component oil displaced by a rich gas using single-point upstream weighting, (2) 3-component oil displaced by a rich gas using two-point upstream weighting, (3) 3-component oil displaced by a lean gas, and (4) 15-component oil displaced by CO/sub 2/. In all cases, the results from CRSIM-1D compare well with the results from the literature. Additionally, this report discusses the sensitivity of CRSIM-1D with regard to computational and physical variables. Sensitivities were evaluated for a wide range of physical variables (injection rate, porosity, etc.) and computational variables (time step size and grid size). Part of this evaluation compares CRSIM-1D's predictions to exact solutions that exist for simple problems such as incompressible immiscible floods. These comparisons should provide potential users with insight into the accuracy of predictions from CRSIM-1D. 18 refs., 15 tabs.

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Planning information report for development of multi-megawatt fuel cell power plants. Final report

The program to develop multi-megawatt-sized fuel cell power plants for the electric utility industry began in 1971 with an effort funded entirely by the private sector. Phosphoric acid technology was then, and remains, the most promising technology for initial commercial development. Technical development of the fuel cell has advanced significantly, and commercialization appears closer. In order to obtain a utility-oriented review of the DOE program, as well as a definition of market and commercialization needs, DOE entered into a cooperative agreement with the Fuel Cell Users Group of the Electric Utility Industry, Inc. The agreement, which embraces two studies funded by EPRI, began in March 1982 and includes the following activities: Fuel Cell Users Group Base Program, Evaluation of Commercialization, Study of Fuel Cell Applications, and Integration Study/Planning Information Report.

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Development of molten carbonate fuel cell power plant technology. Quarterly technical progress report No. 11 for April 1-June 30, 1982

The work performed on task 2 (develop and verify cell stack design) is reported. This task establishes the detailed design of a full-scale stack which meets the functional requirements of the reference power plants design selected in Task 1. Under this task, the cell and stack components required for this design are also developed. This effort culminates in the verification of the stack design by a test of a short stack of full-area cells. Progress is detailed. (WHK)

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Engineering assessment of entrainment gasification

This report represents the engineering assessment of entrainment gasification. The purpose of this study was to review the state-of-the-art and certain technical and economic aspects of entrainment gasification in order to provide guidance for its future development. The technical analysis was primarily accomplished by the use of a simple mathematical model. The economic analysis, for the most part, drew heavily on the results from two independent studies. Finally, certain observations and conclusions are listed, as well as suggested recommendations for future development work. The report generally concludes that, in relation to other gasification technologies, entrainment gasification is technically sound and economically competitive; and makes one set of recommendations associated with the operational aspects of large-scale development, and another set pertaining to further research and development efforts that could lead to improved gasifier performance.

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Western Gas Sands Project. Quarterly basin activities report

A summation of information is presented on geology and drilling activity in the four primary study areas of the Western Gas Sands Project. The areas of interest are the Greater Green River Basin, the Piceance Basin, the Uinta Basin, and the Northern Great Plains Province. Drilling activity is discussed for the months of October, November, and December, 1977, with the major emphasis on wells located in low permeability sandstone areas, having significant gas production and utilizing hydraulic fracturing treatments. The drilling information was obtained primarily from ''The Rocky Mountain Region Report''published by Petroleum Information Corporation on a daily basis. Another source of information was the ''Montana Oil and Gas Journal''which is released weekly.

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Western Gas Sands Project. Status report

The progress during December, 1977 of the major government sponsored endeavors undertaken to increase gas production from the low permeability gas sands of the western United States is summarized. The USGS is continuing geological and geophysical studies in the four major western basins to better characterize the resource base. Shipping arrangements for the core donated to the USGS by Inexco WASP (a well drilled for possible nuclear explosive stimulation in Wyoming) have been made, and cores for macrofossil and ostracode analysis from the Bowdoin Dome area have been collected. The National Laboratories, funded by DOE, are continuing their work in the area of research and development. The emphasis is on the development of new tools and instrumentation systems, rock mechanics, mathematical modeling and data analysis. Field tests and demonstrations active in the Uinta and Piceance Basins are Gas Producing Enterprises (GPE) Natural Buttes, Wells No. 14, 18, 19, 20, 21, and 22; Mobil Research and Development, Well No. F-31-13G; and Rio Blanco Natural Gas Company, Well No. 498-4-1. Colorado Interstate Gas Company has initiated activity on its project with the installation of equipment, and Mitchell Energy Company's proposal to conduct an MHF test in the Cotton Valley lime gas reservoir in Texas is nearing the contract negotiation stage.

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Proceedings of the AR and TD (Advanced Research and Technology Development) direct utilization, and instrumentation and diagnostics contractors review meeting: Volume 2

The Advanced Research and Technology Development (AR and TD) Direct Utilization, and Instrumentation and Diagnostics Contractors Review Meeting was held on October 14-16, 1987, at the Sheraton Lakeview Conference Center in Morgantown, West Virginia. This meeting was sponsored by the US Department of Energy (DOE), Office of Fossil Energy, and the Morgantown and Pittsburgh Energy Technology Centers, and this year was hosted by the Morgantown Energy Technology Center. This annual meeting provides a forum for the exchange of information between DOE AR and TD contractors and interested parties and was attended by approximately 200 individuals from industry, academia, national laboratories, and other Governmental agencies. Papers were presented on ongoing research and research results relating to combustion phenomena, coal properties, cleanup, mineral-matter transformations, pyrolysis, atomization, instrumentation, erosion/corrosion, and deposition. A total of 12 technical sessions were chaired by staff from both the Morgantown and Pittsburgh Energy Technology Centers. Conference coordination was provided by the Conference Services staff of EG and G Washington Analytical Services, Inc., Morgantown Operations. The proceedings have been reproduced from camera-ready manuscripts furnished by the authors. They have not been refereed, nor have they been extensively edited. Papers have been entered individually into EDB and ERA.

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Oil recovery by carbon dioxide injection. Quarterly report, January--March 1977

No major delays in the project were incurred during the first quarter of 1977. Therefore, the revised project schedule, graphically detailed in Figure No. 1, remained unchanged. During the past quarter, the new producing facilities were nearly completed. The two center producing wells continued to pump but the inability to run the stock tank oil during the severe weather necessitated a decrease in pumping time which, in turn, caused a decrease in production. The D. T. Cummings water supply wells continued to be the only source of water for the project. The T. Henderson WSW No. 1, drilled in December, 1976, underwent a three month production test which proved it to be a stable source of water. Installation of the water supply line from the Henderson well to the injection facility was started in late February and neared completion as of April 1, 1977. Progress on the carbon dioxide storage system continued on schedule with the four storage tanks being set at the injection facility. No progress was made on the carbon dioxide injection system which is scheduled for completion during the third quarter of 1977. Water injection into the thirteen back-up water injection wells continued on schedule with the exception of a few problem wells. Since an adequate water supply is forthcoming with the completion of the Henderson water supply line, no action will be taken to increase injectivity until this water supply is on stream. The start of pattern injection will occur coincidentally with the increased water supply.

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Coal flow meter development. Phase II. Laboratory evaluation

With the increased application of new combustion and power generating techniques, the need has arisen for better means to accurately measure the coal flowing into a fluidized bed through small pipes. To be most useful, the flowmeter should provide real-time data on the coal flow rate, the moisture level in the coal and the heating value of the coal. The techniques of electron and nuclear magnetic resonance (ESR and NMR) offer the potential of meeting these criteria in a non-invasive manner. Phase I of the program measured the ESR and the hydrogen NMR characteristics of a wide variety of coals and related these signals to the calorific value, moisture level and coal composition. Under Phase II an experimental apparatus was assembled and evaluated in the laboratory to develop the detailed concept of the combined ESR-NMR flowmeter to be constructed in Phase III. The evaluation of the laboratory model indicates a good general utility of the concept for coal flow measurements. The program will continue in Phase III with the construction and testing under actual flow conditions of a 3/8 inch model.

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Experimental investigation and predictive modeling of the adsorption of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from water onto activated carbon. First annual report, September 1, 1980-October 31, 1981

Eleven of the sixteen polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) which appear on the US Environmental Protection Agency priority pollutant list have been investigated with respect to adsorption onto activated carbon. Adsorption characteristics were examined in terms of PAH molecular and physicochemical properties. The partitioning behavior of PAH was investigated by generating adsorption isotherm data for eleven PAH from water onto Filtrasorb 400 activated carbon at 25/sup 0/C using batch shake testing. An evaluation of the Henry's Law, Langmuir, BET, Freundlich and Redlich-Peterson adsorption isotherm equations indicated that the Langmuir equation most appropriately represents the data. Fitting the data to two linearized forms of the Langmuir equation provides estimates of the Langmuir parameters b and q/sup 0/ which apply over different equilibrium concentration (c/sub e/) ranges. The products of the parameters bq/sup 0/ obtained using the low c/sub e/ linear form of the Langmuir equation approximate Henry's Law adsorption constants. These values range from 2390 mg/g per mg/l for naphthalene to 326,000 mg/g per mg/l for chrysene. The parameter q/sup 0/ obtained using the high c/sub e/ linear form of the Langmuir equation reflects limiting adsorption capacity. These values range from 580 mg/g for naphthalene to 14.7 mg/g for benz(a)anthracene. The high c/sub e/ and low c/sub e/ capacity terms (q/sup 0/ and bq/sup 0/, respectively) were further correlated with several molecular and physicochemical parameters which have been proposed to explain chemical and physical properties of PAH. Correlations which are presented here provide an understanding of the behavior of PAH in industrial process and treated wastewaters, and will assist the engineer or scientist in assessing the design of treatment systems for PAH removal.

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Development of advanced, continuous mild gasification process for the production of co-products

The current objective of the University of North Dakota Energy and Environmental Research Center (EERC) mild gasification project is to optimize reaction char and marketable liquids production on a 100-lb/hr scale using Wyodak subbituminous and Indiana No. 3 bituminous coals. Tests performed using the EERC 100-lb/hr process development unit (PDU) include a refractory-cure (Test P001), a test using petroleum coke (Test P002), and tests using Wyodak and Indiana coals. The reactor system used for the 11 PDU tests conducted to date consists of a spouted, fluid-bed carbonizer equipped with an on-line condensation train that yields three boiling point fractions of coal liquids ranging in volatility from about (77{degrees}--750{degrees}F) (25{degrees}--400{degrees}C). The September--December 1990 quarterly report described reaction conditions and the bulk of the analytical results for Tests P010 and P011. This report describes further P010 and P011 analytical work, including the generation of simulated distillation curves for liquid samples on the basis of sulfur content, using gas chromatography coupled with atomic emission detection (GC/AED) analysis. 13 figs., 3 tabs.

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Development of improved cathodes for solid oxide fuel cells

The University of Missouri-Rolla conducted a 17 month research program focused on the development and evaluation of improved cathode materials for solid oxide fuel cells (SOFC). The objectives of this program were: (1) the development of cathode materials of improved stability in reducing environments; and (2) the development of cathode materials with improved electrical conductivity. The program was successful in identifying some potential candidate materials: Air sinterable (La,Ca)(Cr,Co)O{sub 3} compositions were developed and found to be more stable than La{sub .8}Sr{sub .2}MnO{sub 3} towards reduction. Their conductivity at 1000{degrees}C ranged between 30 to 60 S/cm. Compositions within the (Y,Ca)(Cr,Co,Mn)O{sub 3} system were developed and found to have higher electrical conductivity than La{sub .8}Sr{sub .2}MnO{sub 3} and preliminary results suggest that their stability towards reduction is superior.

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Valve development for coal-gasification plants. Phase II. Quarterly technical status report, January-June 1982

Phase II, whose scope of work was revised effective July 1, 1982 now involves the detail design, fabrication and acceptance testing of four prototype valves which are representative of the four different valve types. The four completed valves, each 8 inches in diameter, will be delivered to the Morgantown Energy Technology Center for prototype evaluation testing. Thus far, two Task II valves have been delivered to METC. Work continued on assembly of the first Task III valve plus development of alternative stuffing box packing and seals. Excessive seat leakage on the first Task III valve was experienced. At that point work was suspended in favor of work to support test of the FCSC furnished Task II valves at METC. All further work was suspended due to limits of funding.

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Prediction and measurement of optimum operating conditions for entrained coal-gasification processes

This volume reports experimental and theoretical results of a twenty-six month study of entrained coal gasification with steam and oxygen. The gasifier facility and testing methods were revised for improvement in data accuracy. Fourteen tests were conducted in a laboratory gasifier to determine effects of inlet gas composition, temperature and swirl number on carbon conversion. A major increase in carbon conversion was observed with oxygen in the feed stream with the coal. The gasifier facility was also rebuilt for pressures to 250 psi and cold flow tests demonstrated facility operation to the maximum pressure. Sulfur pollutants were measured in eleven additional gasification tests. Methods for sulfur analysis were developed and the accuracy determined. Gasifier tests were also performed to support Los Alamos National Laboratory development of optical methods for analysis of gasifier effluents. A laser-Doppler velocimeter (LDV) was demonstrated for measurement of instantaneous velocity and turbulence intensity in non-reactive flows. Six tests were completed with the LDV system. The one-dimensional coal gasification code (1-DICOG) was upgraded, a revised user's manual prepared (Vol. II) and 133 runs were performed. The two-dimensional coal gasification code was completed (PCGC-2), a user's manual prepared (Vol. III) and several computations performed. Eight technical papers based on results of this study were published or prepared.

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Role of C-CO/sub 2/ in gasification of coal and char. Final report, 15 August 1978-15 November 1981

The objectives of the project were to investigate coal-char gasification reactions with CO/sub 2/, H/sub 2/O and other gases, to examine fluid dynamics of char present in a fluidized bed, and to develop a computer model of the fluid-bed gasification which can incorporate such information. To these ends a unique high pressure/temperature thermogravimetric analysis instrument, a pressurized 30 cm-dia. fluid bed, and a high-temperature 13 cm fluid bed were constructed. Coal pyrolysis and char reactions were examined at temperatures to 1600/sup 0/C and pressure to 28 atm. Extent of pyrolysis was shown to depend on particle size and pressure, and in three stages on temperature. Char properties were determined, including diffusion coefficients of CO/sub 2/ in char and surface areas. Char reactivity does not strongly depend on pressure in the range 1 to 28 atm. Diffusion limits are strongly present above 1000/sup 0/C. Inhibition by CO and H/sub 2/ increase rapidly with pressure. Elutriation of particles in a hot bed can be determined from low-temperature results if compared at the same value of excess fluid velocity above minimum fluidization. Bubble size and numbers change slightly with pressure. Fluid bed gasification can be modeled successfully, and a basic model is presented here.

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