AndreaBozzo/ceres-open-data-index huggingface dataset:
Integrated study of the Devonian-age black shales in eastern Ohio. Final report

This integrated study of the Devonian-age shales in eastern Ohio by the Ohio Department of Natural Resources, Division of Geological Survey is part of the Eastern Gas Shales Project sponsored by the US Department of Energy. The six areas of research included in the study are: (1) detailed stratigraphic mapping, (2) detailed structure mapping, (3) mineralogic and petrographic characterization, (4) geochemical characterization, (5) fracture trace and lineament analysis, and (6) a gas-show monitoring program. The data generated by the study provide a basis for assessing the most promising stratigraphic horizons for occurrences of natural gas within the Devonian shale sequence and the most favorable geographic areas of the state for natural gas exploration and should be useful in the planning and design of production-stimulation techniques. Four major radioactive units in the Devonian shale sequence are believed to be important source rocks and reservoir beds for natural gas. In order of potential for development as an unconventional gas resource, they are (1) lower and upper radioactive facies of the Huron Shale Member of the Ohio Shale, (2) upper Olentangy Shale (Rhinestreet facies equivalent), (3) Cleveland Shale Member of the Ohio Shale, and (4) lower Olentangy Shale (Marcellus facies equivalent). These primary exploration targets are recommended on the basis of areal distribution, net thickness of radioactive shale, shows of natural gas, and drilling depth to the radioactive unit. Fracture trends indicate prospective areas for Devonian shale reservoirs. Good geological prospects in the Devonian shales should be located where the fracture trends coincide with thick sequences of organic-rich highly radioactive shale.

Tags: kmd
Phenomenological modeling of reaction experiments in risers. Final report

Fluid mechanics and reaction efficiencies were measured in three- and six-inch diameter risers, operating at 8 to 20 ft/sec, with both Davison FCC and Engelhard HFZ-20 microspheroidal cracking catalysts used as a recirculation solid. The fluid mechanical measurements indicated that pressure gradient (bed density) was proportional to the average solid mass velocity at any given gas velocity and increased marginally with riser diameter. Supplemental data show that the other components of pressure drop in the recirculation system (bottom and overhead U-bends and restriction orifice) were well-correlated by an appropriate discharge coeefficient - suggesting that solid flux may be inferred accurately from the pressure drop across the restriction orifice. Internal momentum profiles were found to vary linearly with the square of the radius. Ozone decomposition over Davison FCC catalyst in the riser was used to measure riser performance as a chemical reactor. The riser exhibited an advantageous (in terms of ozone decomposition) entrance region followed by a region that was well-described by a segregated flow reactor model.

Tags: kmd
Low invasion fluids for pressuring coring. Final report. [Hydroxyethylcellulose polymer]

A program has been completed to develop improved low invasion fluids for pressure coring applications. This paper describes the results of an experimental investigation which was performed on seven different low invasion fluids. The investigation employed commercially available calcium carbonate (CaCO/sub 3/) materials which were compared using two different sandstone core samples (brown and gray berea) and two simulated field conditions (static and dynamic). The results indicate that the presently used mixture of 10 lb/bbl hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) polymer and 300 lb/bbl CaCO/sub 3/ in a CaCl/sub 2/ eutectic brine mixture appears to be a very good choice for minimizing invasion of the core sample. Minor improvements in core invasion are achieved by matching the CaCo/sub 3/ particle size to the formation pore size. Experimentation or prior experience are necessary for choosing the type of CaCO/sub 3/ to be used. At best, the invasion of the core may only be slowed and not stopped completely. Factors which cause relatively large amounts of filtrate intrusion into the core are long exposure times, low fluid viscosities, and low solids content of the fluid. Curves demonstrating the effectiveness of high polymer and CaCO/sub 3/ particle concentrations and comparing the core invasion of water, bentonite drilling mud and the seven low invasion fluids are presented.

Tags: kmd
Refining and upgrading of synfuels from coal and oil shales by advanced catalytic processes. Tenth Interim Report. Revised stock balances and updated cost estimates

Design studies and cost estimates have been published under this contract from 1978 through 1984. While each estimate was based on the best available data and methods at its publication date, cost indices changed and methods were improved with the passage of time. This report revises all the previous results to a common, consistent basis. The overall product yields, overall investments, and per-barrel refining costs summarized in Table 31 are now suitable for use in internal comparisons and any future evaluations where stand-alone synfuel refineries are under consideration. Reforming yield predictions are now based on actual data with coal naphthas. Reforming hydrogen production is higher than had been originally estimated, allowing smaller hydrogen plants and, hence, lower costs especially in the all-gasoline cases. Because of the above change, making all-gasoline is no longer clearly more expensive on a volume basis than making kerojet and gasoline, as had been previously concluded. Costs for the two product slates are now closer together and the most economic product slate is feed-dependent. 8 refs., 31 tabs.

Tags: kmd
MEOR (microbial enhanced oil recovery) data base and evaluation of reservoir characteristics for MEOR projects

One aspect of NIPER's microbial enhanced oil recovery (MEOR) research program has been focused on obtaining all available information regarding the use of microorganisms in enhanced oil recovery field projects. The data have been evaluated in order to construct a data base of MEOR field projects. The data base has been used in this report to present a list of revised reservoir screening criteria for MEOR field processes. This list is by no means complete; however, until more information is available from ongoing field tests, it represents the best available data to date. The data base has been studied in this report in order to determine any significant reports from MEOR field projects where the microbial treatment was unsuccessful. Such information could indicate limitations of MEOR processes. The types of reservoir information sought from these projects that could be limitations of microorganisms include reservoir permeability, salinity, temperature, and high concentrations of minerals in the rock such as selenium, arsenic, or mercury. Unfortunately, most of the MEOR field projects to date have not reported this type of information; thus we still cannot assess field limitations until more projects report these data. 7 refs., 1 fig., 7 tabs.

Tags: kmd
Comparative analysis of stimulations in the eastern gas shales

In this project, sixty-two wells in eight states have been stimulated by massive hydraulic fracturing, cryogenic fracturing, foam fracturing, displaced chemical explosives and novel techniques. Two of the novel stimulations used (1) nitrogen alone and (2) oil assisted with nitrogen. The other two novel treatments unsuccessfully attempted (1) an open hole packer staged frac and (2) a kerosene frac. These two were mechanical and conceptual failures. Details of the stimulations and production data have been compiled and studied. The limited data available in regions of similar geologic factors preclude a thorough analysis on the stimulation effectiveness. However, the experience that has been gained has established trends which may prove helpful to those who are considering stimulation technology in future well drilling ventures in the shale. This document describes the methods employed, the results obtained, the variables used, the production observed and the conclusions offered. These data substantiate the fact that the stimulation methodology of naturally fractured reservoirs is not yet established for all regions within the shale basins. The strategy that appears to be plausible is merely to link the wellbore to the natural fracture system that is the gas reservoir in the shale formation. Much more synthesis of geologic data are required to identify shale gas prospects. In geographical regions where the natural fractured density is characterized as relatively high, this linkup can be achieved by a multidirectional stimulation technique such as a borehole shooting as well as a conventional size foam fracturing treatment. In regions characterized as having a sparse natural fracture system, the apparent cost effective stimulation method is foam fracturing.

Tags: kmd
FY 1988 USGS (US Geological Survey) annual report

As a result of the large area and great thickness of gas-bearing reservoirs in the Greater Green River basin, many of our investigations have focused on single wells or small areas containing several wells where a large amount of data is available, The investigations include structure, stratigraphy, petrography, x-ray mineralogy, source-rock evaluation, formation pressure and temperature, borehole geophysics, thermal maturity mapping, fission-trace age dating, fluid inclusion thermometry, and isotopic geochemistry. The objectives of these focused investigations are to provide geologic models that can be compared and utilized in tight gas-bearing sequences elsewhere. The purpose of this report is to summarize the tight gas reservoir research activity of USGS geoscientists during FY 88. During the reporting period, most of our efforts were focused on the assessment of gas resources in low-permeability sandstone reservoirs in the Greater Green River basin. Other significant activities included a reservoir study of the Upper Cretaceous Almond Formation in the Greater Green River basin, a fracture study of Cretaceous and Tertiary outcrops in the Washakie basin, and a stratigraphic study of lower Tertiary rocks in the Washakie basin and Rock Springs uplift. 58 refs., 9 figs., 5 tabs.

Tags: kmd
Application and state of development for remote chemical sensors in environmental monitoring: A literature review

A study was performed on chemical sensor technology currently available and under development. The information was compiled into a format wherein information on the sensors is listed in a comparable manner. As introductory section is provided to illustrate the regulatory environment in which such sensor technology will be used. This information should allow corporations or federal agencies ready access to useful information for the potential licensing of sensor technology for commercial development or specific environmental monitoring operations. Although every attempt was made to identify as many chemical sensors as possible, we recognize that some may be missed inadvertently. The accuracy of the information provided by the various sources regarding the state of development for the various sensors was not verified. Judgments or opinions regarding the actual state of development or utility of these devices are not included in this report. However, we feel that this report accurately reflects the state of the art at the present time.

Tags: kmd
Staged cascading fluidized-bed combustor. Volume I. Final report

This report presents a technical and economic evaluation of an advanced concept in fluidized bed combustion, the Staged Cascade Fluidized Bed Combustor (SCFBC). A detailed technical analysis of the performance of the boiler is presented with respect to its thermal efficiency, combustion efficiency, sulfur capture efficiency, sorbent utilization and NO/sub x/, CO and hydrocarbon emissions. The impact of meeting targeted goals in each of the above performance parameters on the design of the SCFBC is discussed. Capital costs of the boiler and the balance of plant are estimated for SCFBC boilers ranging in steam output from 50 to 400 kpph and producing 50 to 400 psia saturated steam. Annualized costs of the boiler are also developed burning a Pittsburgh seam coal and using Greer limestone and Tymochtee dolomite as sulfur capture sorbents. The capital costs estimates of the SCFBC are compared to both vendor quotes of AFBC and in-house capital costs estimates of conventional AFBC boilers. The estimates show a 19% capital cost savings when compared to in-house cost estimates using identical estimating procedures for both; estimates are used to project the market penetration of the SCFBC boiler. A program is presented to carry the concept from bench scale testing through commercialization. A detailed cost estimate for the design, construction, and testing at the bench scale level is included in the presentation. The usefulness of having a centralized government owned process development facility to test advanced concepts in fluidized bed combustion is also presented in this report and the economic advantages of a centralized facility are discussed.

Tags: kmd
Field verification of CO sub 2 -foam

The objectives of this project are to: (1) conduct reservoir studies, laboratory tests, simulation runs, and field tests to evaluate the use of foam for mobility control or fluid diversion in a New Mexico CO{sub 2} flood, and (2) evaluate the concept of CO{sub 2}-foam in the field by using a reservoir where CO{sub 2} flooding is ongoing, characterizing the reservoir, modeling the process, and verifying the effectiveness. Seven tasks were identified for the successful completion of this four-year project: (1) evaluate and select a field site, (2) develop an initial site-specific plan, (3) conduct laboratory CO{sub 2}-foam mobility tests, (4) perform reservoir simulations, (5) design the foam slug, (6) implement a field test, and (7) evaluate results. This report provides results of the first year of the four-year project. By evaluating information from candidate CO{sub 2} floods, a suitable field site in New Mexico, the East Vacuum Grayburg/San Andres Unit, has been identified as appropriate for the proposed work. The first batch of representative reservoir cores have been received from Phillips Petroleum Company. The laboratory tests will begin as soon as this core material has been assessed, and after plugs have been cut and prepared. These tests will consist of both CO{sub 2}-foam mobility measurements, and surfactant adsorption tests. The advisory team agreed that an observation well in the pattern area would be desirable for providing cores and logs that will improve reservoir characterization as well as for monitoring foam performance. Reservoir simulation studies will begin during the next quarter. 5 refs., 7 figs., 4 tabs.

Tags: kmd
Improvement of sweep efficiency and mobility control in gas flooding

The application of carbon dioxide or other gases to extract crude oil from depleted reservoirs has been shown to be a technically successful process. However, optimized recoveries are often compromised by poor sweep efficiencies because of low gas viscosities and densities. A new process was investigated that potentially could improve sweep efficiencies by enhancing extractability properties of the injected gas with entrainers. Use of a capillary viscometer to evaluate enhanced viscosities appeared to be the best procedure for evaluating candidate compounds. A mathematical treatment was proposed based on predicting entrainer solubilities and minimum miscibility pressure alterations for carbon dioxide. However, use of many assumptions and approximations limited the effectiveness of this approach to qualitative evaluations. Some 87 compounds were evaluated using this mathematical treatment, and certain monoaromatic compounds were identified for further laboratory testing. 33 refs., 8 figs., 3 tabs.

Tags: kmd
Fourth annual contractors'meeting on contaminant control in hot coal-derived gas streams: proceedings

This document contains papers that were presented at the Department of Energy's Fourth Annual Contractors Meeting on Contaminant Control in Hot Coal-Derived Gas Streams. It was sponsored by the Morgantown Energy Technology Center and was held at the Sheraton Lakeview in Morgantown, West Virginia, on May 15 to 17, 1984. Appendix A is the agenda for the meeting. Conference attendees are listed in Appendix B and include representatives from companies and agencies concerned with this particular field of contamination control. The purpose of this meeting was to provide a forum for the exchange of information based on presentations reflecting recent progress in technology development and device and instrumentation testing. In order to place the work in perspective, the sessions focused on where pressurized-bed combustion and coal gasification systems are, where they are going, and the role cleanup technology has and will have in these systems. All papers have been processed for inclusion in the Energy Data Base.

Tags: kmd
Cold metal wall feasibility demonstration in a short residence time entrained flow coal gasifier. Final report

This report describes the test activities, test results and analyses associated with the evaluation of the slag shedding characteristics of a water-cooled metal liner in an entrained-flow coal gasifier. A major technical issue in the development of commercial entrained-flow coal gasifiers is wall durability. The high temperature and corrosive/erosive environment existing within an entrained-flow coal gasifier results in ceramic liner damage and reduced operational life. Previous experimental programs conducted by Bell Aerospace identified a water-cooled metal liner, or ''cold wall'', as an attractive gasifier liner option to alleviate the durability problem. A test program was conducted at the Bell High Mass Flux (HMF) gasifier test facility to further evaluate cold wall slagging characteristics. The basic HMF gasifier operates at a coal throughput of one-half ton of coal per hour, a pressure of fifteen atmospheres, and processes coal and oxygen to produce a synthesis gas. The tests were conducted using Illinois No. 6 coal and North Dakota lignite. Post test observations and data analysis indicate the slag/ash shedding occurred on a periodic basis throughout gasification tests of up to one hour duration. 30 figs.

Tags: kmd
Chemical effect of entrained particles in coal conversion streams. Final report, August 1, 1981-July 31, 1984

This study provides the theoretical and experimental basis required to predict the levels and distribution of alkali species in Pressurized Fluidized Bed Combustion (PFBC) systems and analyzes the effects of prototype cleanup devices. To this end, a physical model describing the partitioning of alkali species between the interior, the surface, and the gas phase surrounding particles has been developed. This model includes the processes of surface segregation, evaporation, and adsorption and may be used to calculate particle surface composition, depth profiles, average particle composition, and vaporization rates as a function of time and temperature. In addition, vaporization and segregation studies for sodium and potassium in aluminosilicate ash and ash-like materials have been performed to provide the necessary input data for the model. These experimental and theoretical results, along with input data from the Curtiss-Wright test facility, have been used to predict the levels of gas phase alkali species released from aluminosilicate ash in PFBC systems. These calculations indicate that gas phase alkali levels resulting from the aluminosilicate ash are well below those predicted by equilibrium techniques for typical PFBC operating conditions. That is, most of the alkalis associated with the ash are retained by the ash. Moreover, because of segregation processes, the surfaces of these ash particles will be enriched in alkalis (relative to the average bulk concentration). Thus, gas-surface reactions rather than gas phase reactions may be responsible for the formation of corrosive alkali-sulfur compounds. These studies attempt to predict the kinetic (as opposed to thermodynamic or equilibrium) limitations on alkali levels and distribution in PFBC systems. 24 refs., 21 figs.

Tags: kmd
Staged cascading fluidized-bed combustor. Volume II. Supporting technical studies

Volume II of this report contains technical support data, references to support the operating performance estimates, detailed descriptions of cost estimating methodologies, and the computer design model for the Staged Cascading Fluidized Bed Combustor (SCFBC). The primary issues dealt with in this volume are: fuel burnout efficiency; sulfur capture efficiency and in-line sorbent reactivation; bed to boiler tube heat transfer coefficients; NO/sub x/ and CO emissions; design considerations for downcomers; selection of coal feed systems; and capital cost estimating methods. The design options of the SCFBC boiler are discussed in terms of the technical support data. In particular, the selection of stage temperatures, stage bed depths, and boiler tube arrangements in beds are presented so as to minimize the capital and operating costs of the plants designed. Capital cost estimating for the boiler and balance of plant components are discussed in some detail. Finally, an outline of the flow logic for the computer design program is presented in this volume. This program incorporates the kinetics of carbon burnout, sulfur capture, and heat transfer, while maintaining strict adherence to mass and energy balances on the fire side and steam side of the boiler on a stage-by-stage basis. The model is based on the original SCFBC design and provides the basis for design optimization and performance and cost estimates. The process design outputs from the computer program are presented.

Tags: kmd
Computed tomography of coals. Quarterly technical progress report No. 7, April 1-June 30, 1984

Comparisons have been made between the average computerized tomography (CT) values for a range of coals and their parameters as measured by proximate and ultimate analysis. The best match was between the CT values and the ash content of the coal. Eight digital reflectance maps have been constructed from the reflectance data supplied by Prof. Alan Davis of Pennsylvania State University. The coals used had previously been examined by CT and the reflectance maps were obtained after cutting and polishing the coal in the plane of the x-ray imaging. Computer routines have been written to reformat the CT and reflectance images on the same scale and also to manipulate the two images by arbitrary translations and quadrants so that pixel by pixel comparisons can be made. For the Lower Kittanning image there is a good match between the major features of the two images and there are some areas of good pixel by pixel matches. 10 figs., 1 tab.

Tags: kmd