AndreaBozzo/ceres-open-data-index huggingface dataset:
Simulated Coal-Gas-Fueled Molten Carbonate Fuel Cell Development Program

This final report summarizes the technical work performed under Department of Energy Contract DE-AC21-91MC27393,   Simulated Coal- Gas-Fueled Molten Carbonate Fuel Cell Development Program.''This work consists of five major tasks and their respective subtasks as listed below. A brief description of each task is also provided. The Stack Design Requirements task focused on requirements and specification for designing, constructing, and testing a nominal 100-kilowatt integrated stack and on requirements for the balance-of-plant equipment to support a 1000-kilowatt integrated stack demonstrator. The Stack Design Preparation task focused on the mechanical design of a 100-kilowatt stack comprised of 8-ft[sup 2] cells incorporating the new cell configuration and component technology improvements developed in the previous DOE MCFC contract. Electrode Casting focused on developing a faster drying solvent for use in the electrode tape casting process. Electrode Heat Treatment was directed at scaling up the laboratory continuous debinding process to a new full-size IFC debinding oven coupled to a continuous belt furnace that will both debind and sinter the electrodes in one continuous process train. Repeat Part Quality Assurance and Testing provided the appropriate effort to ensure consistent, high-quality, reproducible and comparable repeat parts.

Tags: kmd
Novel concept development of an internal recirculation catalyst for mild gasification: Progress report, June 1-August 31, 1987

Results of 14 separate tests to investigate (1) the lack of CsOH volatility seen in the pyrolysis-gas chromatography tests using CsOH-catalyzed coals conducted during the previous quarter, and (2) the effect of H/sub 2/S in the carrier gas on products of mild gasification/devolatilization of Illinois No. 6 coal, are discussed herein. Three tests were conducted in a thermal gravimetric analyzer (TGA) to: (1) determine the volatility of pure cesium hydroxide in steam as a function of temperature and, (2) the effect of coal char on the volatility of CsOH under mild gasification conditions. The results of the cesium volatilization tests show that, as expected, pure cesium hydroxide volatilizes rapidly in steam at temperatures used in mild gasification. The addition of CsOH to coal char and activated carbon enhances their reactivity in steam at mild gasification temperatures while its addition to coal results in the production of more gas and less oils and tar than uncatalyzed coal under the same conditions. However, the results of these tests also indicate that CsOH and rendering it unsuitable as an internal recirculation catalyst. Three tests were also conducted this quarter PY-GC-FID to determine the effect of H/sub 2/S in the carrier gas on the products of mild gasification/devolatilization of Illinois No. 6 coal. The results of the coal pyrolysis tests with H/sub 2/S and He show no significant difference in the C/sub 6/-C/sub 44/ liquid production and distribution, and only a small (5 weight percent) increase in the overall coal conversion using H/sub 2/S. 2 refs., 11 figs., 12 tabs.

Tags: kmd
Gas separation with glass membranes

The Department of Energy (DOE) is seeking to develop high temperature, high pressure inorganic membrane technology to perform a variety of gas separation processes to improve the efficiency and economics of advanced power generation systems such as direct coal-fueled turbines (DCFT) and the integrated gasification combined cycle process (IGCC). The temperatures encountered in these power generation systems are far above the temperature range for organic membrane materials. Inorganic materials such as ceramics are therefore the most likely membrane materials for use at high temperatures. This project focussed on silica glass fiber membranes made by PPG Industries (Pittsburgh, PA). The goals were both experimental and theoretical. The first objective was to develop a rational theory for the performance of these membranes. With existing theories as a starting point, a new theory was devised to explain the unusual   molecular sieving''behavior exhibited by these glass membranes. An apparatus was then devised for making permeation performance measurements at conditions of interest to DOE (temperatures to 2000[degrees]F; pressures to 1000 psia). With this apparatus, gas mixtures could be made typical of coal combustion or coal gasification processes, these gases could be passed into a membrane test cell, and the separation performance determined. Data were obtained for H[sub 2]/CO,N[sub 2]/CO[sub 2], 0[sub 2]/N[sub 2], and NH[sub 3]/N[sub 2] mixtures and for a variety of pure component gases (He, H[sub 2], CO[sub 2], N[sub 2], CO, NH[sub 3]). The most challenging part of the project turned out to be the sealing of the membrane at high temperatures and pressures. The report concludes with an overview of the practical potential of these membranes and of inorganic membranes in general of DOE and other applications.

Tags: kmd
Measurement and modeling of advanced coal conversion processes

The overall objective of this program is the development of predictive capability for the design, scale up, simulation, control and feedstock evaluation in advanced coal conversion devices. The foundation to describe coal-specific conversion behavior is AFR's Functional Group (FG) and Devolatilization, Vaporization, and Crosslinking (DVC) models, developed under previous and on-going METC sponsored programs. These models have demonstrated the capability to describe the time dependent evolution of individual gas species, and the amount and characteristics of tar and char. The combined FG-DVC model will be integrated with BYU's comprehensive two-dimensional reactor model, PCGC-2, which is currently the most widely used reactor simulation for combustion or gasification. The program includes: (1) validation of the submodels by comparison with laboratory data obtained in this program, (2) extensive validation of the modified comprehensive code by comparison of predicted results with data from bench-scale and process scale investigations of gasification, mild gasification and combustion of coal or coal-derived products in heat engines, and (3) development of well documented user friendly software applicable to a   workstation''environment. Progress is reported.

Tags: kmd
Contracts for field projects and supporting research on enhanced oil recovery: Progress review No. 51 quarter ending June 30, 1987

This Progress review on enhanced oil recovery covers: Chemical Flooding /emdash/ Field Projects; Chemical Flooding /emdash/ Supporting Research; Gas Displacement /emdash/ Supporting Research; Thermal Recovery /emdash/ Supporting Research; Resource Assessment Technology; Geoscience; Environmental Technology; Microbial Technology.

Tags: kmd
An assessment of the reserve growth potential of the San Andres/Grayburg carbonate (South Central Basin Platform) play in Texas

Reserve growth from infield exploration and extended field development is emerging as a major source of domestic crude oil reserves. Infill and extension drilling have provided the bulk of recent reserve additions both nationally and in key oil producing states. The purpose of this study is to begin to develop an alternative approach to estimating reserve growth. This approach uses detailed geologic and engineering-based analyses to estimate the volume of economically recoverable hydrocarbons from infill drilling. This report presents the results of the first of several phases of this study -- the estimate of economically recoverable hydrocarbons from the San Andres/Grayburg Carbonate (South Central Basin Platform) Play, a collection of 19 fields in the Permian Basin of West Texas. This study describes the methodology that was used to determine the increase in contacted reservoir volume that results from more closely spaced infill wells, discusses the approach used to calculate recoverable oil and associated natural gas, and concludes with an economic analysis of the reserve growth potential for the play. 26 refs., 34 figs., 40 tabs.

Tags: kmd
SUPRI heavy oil research program thirteenth annual report, October 1, 1988--September 30, 1989

This annual report presents progress on heavy oil research in the following areas: flow properties, including a discussion on the use of computerized x-ray tomography; in-situ combustion; steam with additives and foam flow; reservoir definition; and field support services. References, figures, and tables may be included with each topic. (CBS)

Tags: kmd
Pressurized fluidized-bed hydroretorting of Eastern oil shales -- Sulfur control

This topical report on   Sulfur Control''presents the results of work conducted by the Institute of Gas Technology (IGT), the Illinois Institute of Technology (IIT), and the Ohio State University (OSU) to develop three novel approaches for desulfurization that have shown good potential with coal and could be cost-effective for oil shales. These are (1) In-Bed Sulfur Capture using different sorbents (IGT), (2) Electrostatic Desulfurization (IIT), and (3) Microbial Desulfurization and Denitrification (OSU and IGT). The objective of the task on In-Bed Sulfur Capture was to determine the effectiveness of different sorbents (that is, limestone, calcined limestone, dolomite, and siderite) for capturing sulfur (as H{sub 2}S) in the reactor during hydroretorting. The objective of the task on Electrostatic Desulfurization was to determine the operating conditions necessary to achieve a high degree of sulfur removal and kerogen recovery in IIT's electrostatic separator. The objectives of the task on Microbial Desulfurization and Denitrification were to (1) isolate microbial cultures and evaluate their ability to desulfurize and denitrify shale, (2) conduct laboratory-scale batch and continuous tests to improve and enhance microbial removal of these components, and (3) determine the effects of processing parameters, such as shale slurry concentration, solids settling characteristics, agitation rate, and pH on the process.

Tags: kmd
Phase behavior studies of Appalachian crudes with carbon dioxide. Final report, September 28, 1979-September 30, 1981

The phase behavior of thirty mixtures of Appalachian crude oil and carbon dioxide are described. Stock tank oils from the Hilly Upland field in north central West Virginia, and the Bath field in north central Ohio are examined in the presence of equimolar amounts of CO/sub 2/. The effects of small amounts of contaminant gases are probed using methane, nitrogen, hydrogen sulfide and sulfur dioxide. Additional changes due to the presence of brine are studied. Data was collected in single-contact phase equilibrium experiments using a high pressure windowed condensate PVT cell. The volumetric behavior of sample mixtures was monitored. Total sample and individual phase volumes were recorded up to pressures of 3600 psi, and at temperatures above and below the CO/sub 2/ critical temperature. Saturation pressures and the extent of oil swelling were determined from the PVT measurements. Significant results show that the phase equilibria determined for CO/sub 2/-Appalachian crude oil mixtures generally emulate that reported for Western crude oil systems. Although swelling indices were generally insensitive to small additions of CH/sub 4/, N/sub 2/ or H/sub 2/S; swelling is promoted by SO/sub 2/ in the absence of brine. Bubblepoint pressures were notably affected by the additives studied. Changes in bubblepoint pressure induced by small additions of additive gas correlate inversely with the gas critical temperature. While some precipitate formation is reported for CO/sub 2/-Western crude oil mixture, no solid phase was observed for equimolar CO/sub 2/-Appalachian crude oil mixtures. Brine can stimulate precipitate formation, especially in the combined presence of H/sub 2/S or SO/sub 2/. Finally, phase behavior and displacement results both suggest that CO/sub 2/ flood oil recovery efficiencies will be improved by small additions of H/sub 2/S or SO/sub 2/, but reduced by small additions of CH/sub 4/ or N/sub 2/.

Tags: kmd
Reaction kinetics and simulation models for high-temperature desulfurization sorbents: Progress report II January 1, 1988--March 31, 1988

Over the past several years, Morgantown Energy Technology Center (METC) has developed a significant program of sponsored and in-house research in high temperature desulfurization of coal gasifier gases for advanced power generation applications using integrated gasification combined cycle (IGCC) and molten carbonate fuel cell (MCFC) power plants. The degree of sulfur removal required depends not only on environmental restrictions but also on the technical constraints of the power plant. The zinc ferrite sorbent is limited in high temperature use to less than 650/degree/C during the sulfur loading cycle due to the possibility of zinc vaporization and sintering. To match the exit gas temperature from different types of gasifiers and to increase the overall IGCC plant efficiency, it may be desirable to operate at higher temperatures during the desulfurization cycle. Laboratory scale research at Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and METC has identified promising novel sorbents which may be capable of reducing the H/sub 2/S in hot coal gas to 1 ppmv or less and/or may be capable of operation at temperatures greater than 650/degree/C during the sulfur loading cycle. RTI is currently evaluating mechanically strong cylindrical extradates of selected novel sorbents in a high pressure bench-scale reactor under a separate contract (DE-AC21-86MC23126). The intent of this project is to supplement ongoing sorbent work sponsored by METC with thermogravimetric reactor (TGR) kinetic data, single particle models and dynamic multiparticle simulation models. 26 figs., 3 tabs.

Tags: kmd
Study of ammonia removal in coal gasification processes using integrated systems approach: Final report

Staged combustion was tested as an approach to controlling NO/sub x/ emissions from ammonia carryover in gasifier fuel streams. Conditions for testing simulated a combined cycle gasifier system with hot-gas cleanup and thus high fuel and air temperatures. Low-Btu GE fixed-bed gasifier and medium-Btu Texaco entrained-bed gasifier gas compositions were tested. Ammonia levels ranged from 500 to 10,000 ppM with 5000 ppM taken as the nominal concentration. Baseline tests were also performed with ammonia-free gas to evaluate thermal NO/sub x/ formation. Catalytic dissociation was also tested as an ammonia removal approach. The catalyst was a platinum/nickel combination on two monolith supports. Staged combustion produced a minimum NO/sub x/ level of 50 ppM (corrected to 15 percent O/sub 2/) at about 70 percent theoretical air for the fixed-bed simulated gas and 50 ppM at 50 percent theoretical air for the entrained-bed gas. Ammonia destruction ranged from 95 to 98 percent at the minimum NO/sub x/ condition. With both gas compositions, NO/sub x/ emissions asymptotically leveled off at high inlet ammonia levels. The Texaco medium-Btu gas composition produced a greater fraction of thermal to total NO/sub x/ with 5000 ppM inlet ammonia. The low-Btu GE simulated gas composition yielded only 6 to 40 percent thermal NO/sub x/. NO/sub x/ emissions decreased with longer residence times and higher pressures. 24 refs., 61 figs., 14 tabs.

Tags: kmd
Pulsating gasification low-rank coals: Final report

A one-dimensional, unsteady coal gasification model was used to develop a computer program to describe the pulsating operation of entrained flow type reactors for the gasification of low rank coals. In studies conducted with this model, the devolatilization process was assumed to be completed in a large reservoir ahead of the gasifier inlet, and gas phase reactions were neglected. The char particles were assumed to undergo reactions with oxygen, steam, and carbon dioxide in the gasifier under the combined influence of diffusion and chemical kinetics. Pulsating solutions were obtained by first obtaining the steady state solution and then introducing a finite amplitude fundamental mode acoustic pressure perturbation. The subsequent behavior of the oscillations was obtained by integrating the conservation equations using the Lax-Wendroff predictor-corrector technique. In this manner, the computer program was used to investigate the effect of gasifier geometry and such operating parameters as the feed gas composition and inlet gas and particle temperatures upon the performance of steam-oxygen type pulsating gasifiers. In a parallel study, an experimental pulsating coal gasifier was used to investigate the effect of pulsations on the composition of the product gas. The presence of pulsations had little effect on the concentrations of the major constitutents in the product gas (carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide). The presence of pulsations did, however, result in significant reduction in the sulfur dioxide emissions of the gasifier. 62 figs., 10 tabs.

Tags: kmd
An engineering evaluation of environmental data from the KRW Coal Gasification Process Development Unit: Topical report

Based on the sampling and analysis program conducted by Radian at the KRW PDU in July 1985: Hydrogen sulfide was the predominant sulfur species present in the hot product gas. Approximately 95% of the gaseous sulfur measured was present as H/sub 2/S, while the remaining 5% consisted of carbonyl sulfide (COS). Dolomite injection had a major impact on the distribution of sulfur between the gas and solid streams. Without dolomite injection, about 20% of the sulfur entering with the coal was found in the various solid streams leaving the gasifier (i.e., ash, tertiary cyclone solids, and hot gas particulates) and 80% was present as H/sub 2/S and COS in the hot gas prior to quench. When dolomite was injected into the gasifier bed, the distribution was essentially reversed; about 70% was found in the solids and 30% in the hot gas. The primary reduced nitrogen species found in the hot product gas were ammonia and hydrogen cyanide. For most of the trace elements measured, 95 to over 99% of the inlet mass was distributed to the outlet solid streams. The KRW process produces very low levels of organics. The composition of the hot product gas from the KRW PDU was similar to that from other non-tar producing gasifiers. Cleanup of the hot product gas would be required to reduce the concentrations of particulate matter, sulfur species, trace elements, and possible nitrogen species and carbon dioxide. If the KRW gasifier product gas were to be used in an integrated gasification/combined cycle (IGCC) power plant, such as the proposed Appalachian project, it would be advantageous to use gas cleanup technologies that minimize the removal of carbon dioxide, and keep the gas temperature as high as possible. 19 refs., 2 figs., 12 tabs.

Tags: kmd
KILnGAS RAM IIB final technical report: Topical report

RAM IIB was part of a continuing Reliability, Availability, and Maintainability (RAM) program, the purpose of which is to demonstrate the KILnGAS technology. RAM IIB began in March 1987 and concluded in April 1988, and was preceded by RAM I and RAM IIA. These prior segments including engineering to design and incorporate improvements in the KILnGAS Commercial Module (KCM), and were followed by demonstration tests. RAM IIB, by contrast, was primarily engineering-oriented. In-depth engineering analysis of RAM IIA test results was performed during RAM IIB. It was concluded that substantial progress had been made as a result of RAM IIA testing, and that previous unknowns relative to commercial risks had been greatly reduced. These findings provided the basis for identifying future development needs and the KILnGAS Technical Committee issued a report providing commercial improvement recommendations. The majority of the recommendations were design-related since prior technology-oriented issues had now been largely answered. Preliminary designs were developed for four KCM improvements that could be used in commercial applications as well. These were: improved air-steam porting, recycle of carbon losses, a more reliable ash-discharge system, and improved gasifier dust seals. Each of these was a factor in limiting either KCM availability, gas production, or conversion efficiency during RAM IIA. A ''first plant''KILnGAS-based commercial plant concept was developed for a Gasification Combined-Cycle (GCC) application. Performance features, capital investment, and power generation costs were developed for a 400 MW plant. Since RAM IIB did not include an operational phase, the KCM was placed in a ''protected''condition, and periodic maintenance was performed to assure restart capability. 33 figs., 6 tabs.

Tags: kmd
Fuel cells: A bibliography

This bibliography includes 1392 citations of domestic and foreign reports, journal articles, patents, conference papers and proceedings and books. The citations were taken from the DOE Energy Data Base covering the period March 1985 through February 1988. These citations are arranged in the following six subject categories: general; design and development; performance testing; materials, components, and auxiliaries; applications; and electrochemistry, mass transfer, and thermodynamics. Within each category, the report citations are arranged alphanumerically by report numbers, and nonreport literature citations are arranged in reverse chronological order. Indexes are provided for corporate author, personal author, subject, contract number, and report number. (AT)

Tags: kmd
Low emission combustor technology: Final report

A two-stage, high-pressure gas turbine combustion system for use with coal fuels was designed, built and tested. The system employs a fuel rich primary zone with a hot refractory wall and an internal slag removal system. The molten ash is removed by aerodynamic means using a form of jet impaction. The secondary zone is operated in a fuel-lean mode and has air cooled metal walls. The rich-lean approach was chosen to minimize the conversion of organic fuel-bound nitrogen that is present in most coals. Emission signatures were determined using a number of coal-water slurries obtained from two different suppliers. Coal-water slurry properties such as ash content, loading, and particle size were varied. An evaluation of dry micronized coal combustion was also made. A dry coal feed system was developed to allow these tests in order to provide a comparison with coal-water slurry results. The accomplishments of the program include: successful demonstration of stable coal combustion without an auxiliary fuel; effective slag/ash removal from the primary zone; combustion efficiencies of 98% based on exhaust gas composition; NOx emissions below equivalent EPA limits for Centaur size gas turbines including the allowance for fuel-bound nitrogen; and successful development of a dry coal feed system. The results of the program indicated areas which need further work before scale-up to full-size Centaur engine hardware is possible. These are described. 54 figs., 8 tabs.

Tags: kmd