AndreaBozzo/ceres-open-data-index huggingface dataset:
Underground gasification of coal in the USSR and abroad

"This brochure gives the results of work on the underground gasification of coal in the USSR during the post-war years and the prospects of its development in the period of the sixth five - year plan. Trials of underground gasification of coal performed in the  United States, Britain, Belgium, Italy, France, and Poland are discussed. The book is designed for a broad circle of readers in the coal and other sectiors of industry ."

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Continuous process for the low-temperature gasification of solid fuels with the use of superheated steam. [Use of cokes and anthracite]

Synthetic ammonia manufacturing and the currently developed synthetic liquid fuel industry consumes enormously high quantities of technical hydrogen.  Hydrogen is obtained from water gas by the subsequent conversion of carbon monoxide  with steam over a catalizer in a special assembly. Its costly production requires excessive investment outlays.  High costs may be traced to the periodic or continuous processes of water or oxy-water gas production with steam-oxygen blast, and to the subsequently required conversion of carbon monoxide.  Of considerable significance is the possibility of combining the processes of gasification with that of carbon monoxide conversion in a single assembly (gas chamber).  This combination of processes should reduce the cost of hydrogen production. Hence, the interest and investigation of the continuous process of solid fuel gasification with the use of superheated steam.

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Simulated effects of oil-shale development on the hydrology of Piceance Basin, Colorado. [Development of digital models of surface and ground water systems]

The Piceance and Yellow Creeks drainage area is about 900 square miles (2,330 square kilometers) and is referred to as the Piceance basin or simply as the basin. The surface-water and ground-water systems in the Piceance basin are intimately related. The annual volume of runoff from the basin (Piceance and Yellow Creeks) is estimated to be 15,650 acre-feet (19.2 cubic  hectometers). About 80 percent of the annual runoff is supplied by ground-water discharge.

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Statement by Douglas R. Stephens, Project Leader, in situ coal gasification, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory to the Subcommittee on Energy Research and Development Senate Committee on Energy and National Resources

As a result of the repeated demonstrations of technical feasibility, underground coal gasification is becoming recognized as one of the most promising methods to produce clean fuels from deep unusable coal. Successful use of the technology would quadruple the US proven reserves of coal: from 0.4 trillion to 1.8 trillion tons. Such a resource, which is over twice the energy equivalent of the total recoverable oil in the world, is enough to last for hundreds of years. The cost of products such as synthetic natural gas or gasoline, which are so vital to our nation's economy, are estimated to be competitive with conventional sources. The process is environmentally benign. The Underground Coal Gasification and Unconventional Gas Research, Development, and Demonstration Act provides the goals and funding needed to develop commercial underground coal gasification within ten years, and with a very reasonable budget. UCG can make a significant and positive impact on the US energy economy if the bill is enacted.

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LLNL Underground Coal Gasification Project annual report - fiscal year 1984

The Laboratory has been conducting an interdisciplinary underground coal gasification program since 1974 under the sponsorship of DOE and its predecessors. We completed three UCG tests at the Hoe Creek site near Gillette, Wyoming, during the period 1975 to 1979. Five small field experiments, the large-block tests, were completed from 1981 to 1982 at the exposed coal face in the WIDCO coal mine near Centralia, Washington. A larger test at the same location, the partial-seam CRIP test, was completed during fiscal year 1984. In conjunction with the DOE and an industrial group lead by the Gas Research Institute, we have prepared a preliminary design for a large-scale test at the WIDCO site. The planned test features dual injection and production wells, module interaction, and consumption of 20,000 tons of coal during a hundred-day steam-oxygen gasification. During fiscal year 1984, we documented the large-block excavations. The cavities were elongated, the cavity cross sections were elliptical, and the cavities contained ash and slag at the bottom, char and dried coal above that, and a void at the top. The results from the large-block tests provided enough data to allow us to construct a composite model, CAVSM. Preliminary results from the model agree well with the product-gas chemistry and cavity shape observed in the large-block tests. Other models and techniques developed during the year include a transient, moving-front code, a two-dimensional, reactive-flow code using the method of lines, and a wall-recession-rate model. In addition, we measured the rate of methane decomposition in the hot char bed and developed an engineering rate expression to estimate the magnitude of the methane-decomposition reaction. 16 refs., 30 figs., 1 tab.

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Bodcau In Situ Combustion Project. Third annual report, July 1, 1978-August 31, 1979

This project is a cooperative venture between Cities Service Company and the US Department of Energy. The main objective is to demonstrate the operation and economics of a successful commercial scale In Situ Combustion Project in a heavy oil reservoir. This Third Annual Report deals primarily with performance, development and economics of the project in the third year of operation, with pertinent information from the First and Second Annual Report included for background information. The five elongated patterns were developed for this demonstration on Cities Service Company's Bodcau Fee B lease in the Bellevue Field, Bossier, Parish, Louisiana. This field was discovered in 1921 and is a dome type structure covering approximately 900 productive acres. Production is from the Upper Cretaceous Nacatoch Sand occurring from 300 to 400 feet deep. Primary production by fluid expansion and later gravity drainage amounted to only about five percent of the original oil-in-place. Thirty-eight producers, five injectors and five temperature observation wells are included in the 19-acre project. Estimated recoverable reserves from the project is 700,000 barrels. During the first three years of the contract, cumulative air and water injection has been 7,046,589 MCF and 1,319,270 barrels. Oil production has been 449,816 barrels. This recovery represents 64% of the total estimated recoverable reserves. Current expense at the field level for operations, development, maintenance, well service and Louisiana Severance Total Tax is $10.60 per gross barrel produced.

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Underground gasification of the Angren lignite deposit. [Description of technical and economic variables]

"The experience of operation of underground gas  generators at Angren station is generalized. The  influence of blast intensity for various seam thicknesses,  specific gasification of the coal, and seam flooding on the  indicators of the gasification process, duration of operation  of holes of various types, process efficiency, and the  technical and economic aspects is analyzed."

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Analysis of separate stages of underground gasification of brown coal. [Effects of seam thickness, quantity and degree of preheating of air blown into gasification zone on heat of combustion of gas produced were evaluated]

"At the fields of the Podzemgaz station in Angrensk,  where the thickness of the coal seam varies over a very wide range (from 4 to 20 m), a definite relationship has been observed between the heat value of the product gas and the thickness of the seam. A similar relationship was also observed at the Podzemgaz station in Yuzhno-Abinsk [1] In the Moscow Basin, where the thickness of the coal seam varies from only 1 to 3 m, the influence  of seam thickness on the working characteristics of the gas generators could not be established due to the presence of a number of other variables."

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Study of some regular parameters of underground coal gasification. [One of most important parameters was influx of water to zone of gasification and regulation of influx was one of basic methods of control]

"The underground gasification of coals, a method of mining coal with its simultaneous conversion into gaseous fuel, is a complex physicochemical process, which is difficult to study owing to the fact that it takes place well below the ground surface, at the site to occurrence of  the coal seams. The course of the technological process and as its very nature are influenced by a large number of different factors, which determine its two mutually interconnected essential aspects: the chemical process of the formation of fuel gas and the hydrodynamic character of the interaction between the air blast and the reacting surface of solid coke."

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Physicochemical properties of lean coals in the Kamenskaya Station area for underground gasification of coal. [Air input and flow rate must be increased to obtain stable gasification]

"Underground gasification of lean coals is being performed  for the first time at the Kamensk Podzemgaz station. The station and institute have been developing this process since 1961 , with major difficulties. The difficulties are due primarily to the coal seam (flooding, difficultly collapsing roof, relatively small seam thickness) and to the particular physicochemical properties of lean coals (low yield of volatiles , lack of thermal stability, low mechanical strength, high ignition temperature of the coal and coke,  low reactivity with respect to carbon dioxide and steam). It is well known that jn grouni- surface gas generators lean  Donets coals are hardly ever used , because of their lack of thermal stability. Combustion of these coals on grates is complicated by the considerable loss of coal fines from mechanical incomplete burning, and the formation of coal fines leads to a disturbance of the combustion process."

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Principles of the interpretation of the physico-chemical processes of underground gasification of coal by air, and their nature as shown by experiments

"The Central Institute of Mining has up to now conducted 4 trials on the underground gasification of hard coal by air in an underground generator [line cut off in the original] in a 0.90- 1 m thick seam. In each trial analysis of the process was carried out for 10 h periods. The results of such analyses have been compiled in Tables 3- 14 ,  and the elements characterizing the course of the process have in addition been illustrated graphically (Figures 5- 8) ."

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USSR is the birthplace of the underground gasification of coal

D. I . Mendeleev , the great Russian scientist and originator of the concept of underground gasification of coal , wrote in 1888 in his work "The future power resting on the banks of the Donets". "I believe that a time will soon come when special plants will be built for converting fuel into combustible gases, because towns are growing rapidly, works and factories accumulate around them , fuel is used up in enormous amounts, and the reduction of troubles and expenses associated with the distribution of fuel , its sources, the problems of fuel economy, and in  many cases with the necessity for high temperatures should b e considerably reduced by the use of gaseous fuel . Open the faucet and the fuel will flow by itself its quantity is easily measured and easily controlled. If the furnace is working continuously , adjust the gas inflow only  once -- there is no need to look at it from then on. Moreover, gas gives the highest temperatures, higher than coal itself, which is why even now coal is often completely converted into combustible gas in simple  installations called generators. The likelihood that the time for such a process is near increases as pipelines today responsible for a large part of the capital investment in the construction of distribution systems for gas to transport it over long distances -- are becoming cheaper. This is where human inventiveness should turn to. Pipes will be cheaper -both iron itself is becoming much less costly and the present-day pipe production can be improved and changed.

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Investigation of the Geokinetics horizontal in-situ oil-shale-retorting process. Quarterly report, January, February, March 1982

The Geokinetics In Situ Oil Shale Project is a cooperative venture between Geokinetics Inc. and the U. S. Department of Energy (DOE). The project is governed by DOE cooperative agreement #DE-FC20-78LC10787. The objective is to develop an in situ process for recovering shale oil using a fire from moving in a horizontal direction. The project is being conducted at a field site, Kamp Kerogen, located 70 miles south of Vernal, Utah, on Sectional 2, Range 22 East, Township 14 South, Uintah County, Utah.

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Investigation of the Geokinetics horizontal in situ oil shale retorting process. Quarterly report, July, August, September 1982

The process is a true in situ method for extracting oil from oil shale. The oil shale is fractured by means of explosives placed in blast holes drilled from the surface. After a specific area has been fractured to create an in situ retort, air injection wells are drilled at one end and off gas recovery wells are drilled at the other. The oil shale is ignited at the air injection wells and air is continually injected to establish and maintain a burning front. The front is moved in a horizontal direction through the fractured rock. This heats the shale, driving out the shale oil which drains to the bottom of the retort where it is recovered through oil production wells. As retorting progresses from the air-in to the air-out wells, the residual coke serves as the primary fuel source to sustain the moving burn front. The combustion gases are recovered at the off gas wells.

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Investigation on models of the effect of various factors on the outline and rate of displacement of the combustion zone (in underground gasification)

"The general idea of using a coal seam as a permeable medium for the performance of the process now known as shaftless underground gasification of coal was first put forward by the great Russian scientist Dr. Mendeleev. Depending on the mining and geological situation, with the  shaftless method of seam preparation the UGC process can take place either in a relatively open coal channel or in a coal medium having a special porous structure (filtration channel)."

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Shale oil cracking. 2. Effect on oil composition

Results from spectroscopic investigations are presented that demonstrate the effect of oil cracking on shale oil composition. Techniques used include infrared spectroscopy, capillary column gas chromatography/mass spectroscopy and /sup 13/C nuclear magnetic resonance. We show that cracking causes an increase in aromatic and alkene content of the oil. We compare our results for oils prepared in the laboratory with oils prepared in the TOSCO-II semi-works and in modified and true-in-situ combustion retorts. We demonstrate that the napthalene/2-methyl-naphthalene ratio is a good indicator of cracking conditions in an oil shale retort.

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Remote electromagnetic sensing of underground coal burns. Quarterly technical progress report, March--May 1977

The main objective of this research project is to develop and field test an induction system and estimator algorithm for remote determination (at the surface) of the location, shape and size of underground coal burn voids. New computer programs were developed for an induction system response during a traverse over a simplified model of an underground coal burn. Calculated results are presented for square metal plate and rectangular box models of the burn region in a homogeneous conducting medium. A family of curves for depth of penetration versus probing frequency are given as a function of overburden electrical parameters. Reference induction responses obtained over an undisturbed site are presented in both the time and frequency domains for three different system positions. Performance tests on the previously developed Bayes estimators for the radius of a conducting cylinder were recomputed. The number of radius samples was increased from 25 to 100 in order to provide better averaging in the Monte Carlo simulation. Typical estimates, sample mean, mean-square-error and variance are shown as a function of sample size.

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Dispersivity as an oil reservoir rock characterisic: Second annual report for the period October 1, 1986-September 31, 1987

A standard technique for determining the dispersion coefficient and dispersivity has been developed in this study. By using the dispersion measurement techniques as described in this paper, the extent of unsteady mixing of a resident fluid with the injected fluid in an oil reservoir rock can be determined. Dispersivities of several Berea sandstone cores were experimentally determined and attempts were made to correlate dispersivity and dispersion characteristics with other rock characteristics. The most significant and direct relationship of the dispersion characteristics was found to exist between the dispersion coefficient and the total permeability of a core. A correlation has also been developed to correct the viscosity effect of the displacing and the displaced fluid on the dispersivity of a reservoir rock. Average grain diameters of several Berea cores were determined by sieve analysis and correlated with the dispersion coefficients and dispersivities of the corresponding core samples. The dispersion coefficients and dispersivities of the Berea sandstone cores were found to increase with the increasing grain size. 15 refs., 9 figs., 4 tabs.

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Thermal reactions of 1-methylindole

"The thermal reactions of 1-methylindole were studied in the temperature range of 525 to 627 C in a flow reactor . The major products consisted of 2-methylindole, 3-methylindole, indole, quinoline, hydrogen, and methane.  2-Methylindole is formed from 1-methylindole by an irreversible isomerization reaction. The 2-methylindole isomerizes in a reversible manner to 3-methylindole,  the equilibrium favoring the 3-methyl isomer. Indole is formed directly from 1-methylindole. Quinoline is formed from 1-methylindole, 2-methylindole, and 3-methylindole."

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Thermal cracking of shale gas oil under a hydrogen atmosphere. [At 750/sup 0/F]

"Reserves of Shale oil in the Green River Formation of Colorado, Utah, and Wyoming in deposits 10 or more feet thick that overage 10 or more gallons of shale oil per ton are estimated to be in excess of two trillion barrels. This oil represents a vast, untapped source of energy. Although there is no commercial shale-oil industry in the United States today, it is generally felt that shale  oil will be a valuable supplement to petroleum reserves in the future. Shale oil is produced from the solid organic matter occurring in oil shale by heating the shale to about 9000 F or higher in a retort. Crude shale oils prepared from the Green River shale by many retorting methods are heavy, hydrogen-deficient oils and contain very little material boiling in a gasoline range. Therefore, some sort of cracking process is necessary to convert the higher boiling portions of crude shale oil to gasoline."

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Explosive compaction of spent shale - void-volume generation for retort development

The explosive compaction of spent shale provides a potential means by which the void volume in previously burned in situ retorts can be recovered and transferred to adjacent newly created retort modules. The technical and economic feasibility of an oil shale processing operation based on the compaction of spent shale will depend directly on the explosive energies required to compact the spent shale, fragment and introduce a uniformly distributed void volume into the fresh shale and the coupling characteristics between these two processes if carried out simultaneously. Static and dynamic laboratory experiments on spent shale compaction have been combined with one- and two-dimensional finite-difference calculations to evaluate the coupling between the compaction and fragmentation processes and the effects of retort geometry and shothole charge timing. The numerical analyses show that the additional explosive energy required to effect a desired degree of spent shale compaction is less than that required for the fragmentation of shale when blasted into a mined out void volume and that the processes of compaction and fragmentation can be coupled such that the overall explosive requirements are not excessively large. The development of a 9.8 m by 9.8 m square (in cross-section) retort in direct juxtaposition to a burned retort (of 108 ml/kg or 26 gpt oil shale and with 22% initial fracture void volume) required explosive energies of 12.91 Joules per gm of fresh shale processed (approximately 6.9 lbs of explosive per ton). These explosive energies would be acceptable to a commercial operation and field tests are now required to further evaluate the spent shale compaction concept. 15 refs., 19 figs., 1 tab.

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Revised bibliography of Bureau of Mines investigations on the production of liquid fuels from oil shale, coal, lignite, and natural gas (to 1949). [736 references]

In view of the widespread interest in the production of synthetic liquid fuels from solid and gaseous fuels to supplement declining reserves of petroleum, and the many requests that are now being received for information on the subject, this bibliography of Bureau of Mines publications has been compiled. It contains those papers previously listed in Information Circular 1304 plus additional items intended to make the bibliography as complete as possible up to the date of issue.

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Underground gasification of coal at Brezno. [Brown coal seams]

"Underground gasification permits economic utilization of coal deposits which are not considered worth mining on account of the quality of the coal reserves, thinness of seams, and unfavorable geological conditions. The principal methods of underground gasification were  presented in an earlier publication [1]. Results of Soviet experiments can be referred to. Extensive research on underground gasification of coal has also been conducted in Czechoslovakia [ 2-4] . Thus, in 1956 the first trials of underground gasification were performed in the northern  Bohemia brown coal basin. From 1959 to 1964 the first gasification tests on low-grade brown coal were performed in Borislav. However, the test program was only small-scale, because of the limited coal reserves in Borislav."

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Rock Springs Site 12 hydraulic/explosive true in situ oil shale fracturing experiment

The experiment plan involved the creation and characterization of three horizontal hydraulic fractures, followed by the insertion and simultaneous detonation of slurry explosive in the two lower fractures. Core analyses, wellbore logging, and airflow and /sup 85/Kr tracer tests were used for site characterization and assessment of the hydraulic and explosive fracturing. Tiltmeters, wellhead pressure and flow gages, and in-formation pressure, flow and crack-opening sensors were used to monitor hydrofracture creation and explosive insertion. Explosive detonation diagnostic data were taken with stress and time-of-arrival gages and surface and in-formation accelerometers. The post-fracturing assessments indicated that: (1) hydrofracture creation and explosive insertion and detonation were accomplished essentially as planned; (2) induced fractures were randomly distributed through the shale with no extensively fractured regions or dislocation of shale; and (3) enhancement of permeability was limited to enlargement of the explosive-filled fractures.

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