AndreaBozzo/ceres-open-data-index huggingface dataset:
Experimental Observations Pertinent to the Mechanical and Thermal Stability of sI Methane Hydrate/Sand Aggregates

Several observations suggest that hydrocarbon clathrate hydrates are strong and hence can serve to increase the strength and cohesion of sediments.:(1) Numerous hydrostatic and uniaxial compaction experiments on pure, gas-saturated porous hydrate indicate that effective pressures approaching 100 MPa are required to fully compact sI methane hydrate and sII methane-ethane hydrate. This compares with effective compaction pressures of less than 1 MPa for the compaction of granular ice near its melting temperature. (2) Hydrate/sand aggregates synthesized by the ice to- hydrate method are found to be more cohesive and durable that comparable ice/sand aggregates. This observation is consistent with experience in drill coring of hydrate/sand intervals compared with that in permafrost. (3) Triaxial compression tests indicate that sI methane hydrate and sII methane-ethane hydrate have ductile flow strengths that are 20 to 100 times stronger than ice under the same conditions, suggesting that their effects in increasing the strength of sediments may be larger than the effect of ice formation in arctic soils in producing permafrost. These results suggest that hydrates may have similar roles as the digenetic minerals quartz and carbonates during litho genesis. Such strengthening effects of hydrates in sediments should be lost during thermal decomposition. This weakening effect of hydrate decomposition is in addition to the pore-pressure effect of gas release. Hydrate decomposition is endothermic and rate controlled by heat flow at temperatures above 0 ?C. These properties place severe limits on the conditions under which decomposition may be thermally and mechanically unstable.

Tags: kmd
GAS HYDRATE OCCURRENCE IN THE NORTHERN GULF OF MEXICO STUDIED WITH GIANT PISTON CORES: FROM SEAFLOOR VENTS TO MINIBASINS

The seafloor (<7m subbottom) of the northern Gulf of Mexico contains numerous occurrences of gas hydrate. The topography and recent stratigraphy of the seafloor is complicated by salt-tectonic structures, frequent sediment failure scars, and high sedimentation rates (up to 40 cm/kyr in places). The abundant natural oil and gas seeps are often capped by gas hydrate when the seeps occur within the hydrate stability zone.

Tags: kmd
Evaluation of Artificial Neural Network Modeling to Develop a Transform Function for Integrating Multi-Scale Data (Surface Seismic, Crosswell Seismic and Well Logs)

A new approach to high resolution reservoir characterization is considered, based on the use of neural networks. These networks will be used to construct a transform which will accept 3D surface seismic depth converted data as input, and will produce estimates of six well logs as output, at each of the 3D seismic bin locations. Specifically, two distinct neural networks are to be trained, and then applied in succession to perform the necessary transform of low resolution surface seismic data into much higher resolution pseudo well log data, at each 3D seismic bin location. In order to aid in this process, crosswell seismic reflection data, which offers an intermediate stage of resolution, will be used as an integral part of the training of the two networks. The first neural network will be trained using interpolated surface seismic depth converted data and a set of computed attributes of these data, lying along each of two interwell seismic lines, as input. Target data for training will be crosswell seismic reflection data, together with the same set of attributes computed from those data. The second neural network will be trained using the crosswell seismic reflection data and their associated attributes as input, and will use a set of six existing well logs at each of three wells lying on the two interwell seismic lines as target data for training. If successful, the two neural networks, applied in succession, will produce estimates of six well logs at each 3D seismic bin location, using 3D surface seismic data as input. Results from this work are presented and discussed in some detail. Modifications were made to the original work plan, without significantly altering the approach outlined above, and some improvements were noted in the results. In the end, the results do not warrant application of this method for high resolution reservoir characterization in the reservoir being studied. However, the analysis of these results and issues associated with them may prove to be of value to anyone who might wish to consider a similar approach to high resolution reservoir characterization in the future.

Tags: kmd
Green River Formation Water Flood Demonstration Waterflooding high paraffin content reservoirs

The objectives of the project were to identify the recovery mechanisms operating in the waterflood, to evaluate the success of the Monument Butte Unit waterflood and extend the waterflood to Travis and Boundary Units. Reservoir characterization of Monument Butte reservoirs provided key information, which resulted in a successful waterflood. Core analysis identified the most laterally continuous and lithologically homogeneous zones. The ability to isolate and waterflood a single zone, making use of fracture orientation data, rather than targeting multiple zones significantly increased production and improved economic efficiency. Reservoir simulation models based on core and log analysis identified the need to quickly pressurize the reservoir by waterflooding to move the waxy crude into the wellbore. The successful waterflooding technology was expanded to the Travis and Boundary Units with as estimated ultimate recovery of 20% OOIP from secondary recovery. The first use of FMI logs in northern Utah proved valuable in identifying zones for perforation and data for geologic modeling. One of the keys to waterflooding the reservoir was the importance of using fresh water for injection. Oil recovery from Monument Butte Unit increased from 300 BOPD to 2000 BOPD, and the number of wells increased from 20 to 60 during the project. Independent operators in neighboring leases picked up the technology and initiated eleven new waterflood projects in the Uinta Basin. Reservoir life was extended by over 10 years.

Tags: kmd
Demonstration of Integrated Remote Sensing Analysis to Identify Oil Exploration Leads in the Williston Basin, Fort Berthold Indian Reservation

Explore the potential of the Fort Berthold Reservation and create a market to attract independent operators. Integration of remote sensing data to access exploration potential, taking maximum advantage of existing data availability, but also a relatively low-cost approach that will be readily applicable elsewhere. The Lake Sakakawea area of Fort Berthold reservation forms a large, continuous block attractive for development, which could benefit the Three Affiliated Tribes through jobs and royalty income.

Tags: kmd
The Role of Water in Gas Hydrate Dissociation

When raised to temperatures above the ice melting point, gas hydrates release their gas in well-defined, reproducible events that occur within self-maintained temperature ranges slightly below the ice point. This behavior is observed for structure I (carbon dioxide, methane) and structure II gas hydrates (methane-ethane, and propane), including those formed with either H2O- or D2O-host frameworks, and dissociated at either ambient or elevated pressure conditions.

Tags: kmd
Rapid Imaging of Inter-Well Fluid Saturations Using Seismic and Multiphase Production Data

The goal is to improve industry's ability to understand reservoir production behavior in geologically complicated reservoirs, thus improving recovery efficiency.  The objective was to develop computer software, algorithms and approaches for efficiently merging time-lapse seismic and production data to image saturation changes in a producing reservoir and infer reservoir properties such as permeability and porosity. Developed time-lapse derived saturation and pressure inversion and submitted paper to the journal Geophysics on using time-lapse pressure estimates to infer reservoir permeability, and Successfully used time-lapse geophysical observations to image permeability between two boreholes at the Lost Hills oil field in California. This project had two primary tasks. The first was to develop coupled seismic and production data inversion code and the second was to apply the methodology to field observations. By integrating high-resolution seismic data with field production history to characterize inter-well saturation distributions, the methodology takes advantage of the dense spatial coverage of the seismic data and the strong coupling of inter-well saturation variations to the production response. The key elements of this approach are very fast streamline-based flow simulation techniques and the coupling of seismic inversion with matching production history. Because this approach is extremely efficient, savings in computation time should result.

Tags: kmd
Strength and Physical Properties of Sediment Containing Laboratory-Formed and Natural Gas Hydrate

The U.S. Geological Survey is studying the formation, behavior, and properties of gas hydrate and sediment mixtures. In addition to performing triaxial shear strength and physical property tests on laboratory-formed gas hydrate and on natural hydrate samples recovered from drilled wells, we have also performed tests on many other samples with pores (a) completely water filled, (b) completely dry, (c) filled with ice and, (d) pure ice specimens.

Tags: kmd
Laboratory Constraints and Models of Pressure, Hydrate, and Stability in Shallow Mississippi Canyon Sediments (MC 855), Deepwater Gulf of Mexico

Fluid pressure and stress history influence hydrate and slope stability. Shallow water flows (SWF) document shallow (<1000 m below seafloor, mbsf) overpressure in the Gulf of Mexico, but pore pressure observations in shallow silt/clay are rare.

Tags: kmd
Coalbed Natural Gas Resources and Produced Water Management Issues Vol. 8, no. 2

Coal is the most abundant energy source in the world, and it is a major source of hydrocarbons, particularly gas. Coalbed Natural Gas (CNG) formerly termed coalbed methane (CBM) represents a significant energy resource in this country. During CNG production large volumes of water are pumped to the ground surface to lower the pressure in the coalbed reservoirs and to stimulate the release of methane from the coal.

Tags: kmd
ADVANCED RESERVOIR CHARACTERIZATION AND EVALUATION OF CARBON DIOXIDE GRAVITY DRAINAGE IN THE NATURALLY FRACTURED SPRABERRY RESERVOIR

Extensive reservoir characterization, including the first cores taken from over 3,400 wells, has defined the natural fractures and identified 3 major fault directions. One of the major surprises of the project has come from identification of the fracture systems, and understanding of how to implement waterflooding in relationship to the fractures. In the pilot area of Daniel field waterflooding has dramatically increased oil production 6-fold. On-trend wells responded to waterflooding dispelling the previously held notions that production wells aligned on-trend with injection wells will experience rapid channeling via Water  injection facilities of Daniel Field Spraberry fractures and give no incremental Trend, Texas. production. Each of 7 on-trend wells represents an incremental gain of 65-70 BOPD. Increased oil production indicates that the on-trend waterflood is now contacting unswept rock in area that had been previously waterflooded.

Tags: kmd
Argonne's Modeling Capabilities for Developing Candidate Deep Well Cements - Thermodynamic Evaluation of Common Silicates and Aluminates

We investigated silicates and aluminates of calcium and magnesium as candidate materials for development of down hole cement for very deep wells. Magnesium aluminate appears to be such a material that can be used above 350 °F. Below that temperature we have already proposed aluminum phosphate cement. With these two together, we may be able to cover a very wide range of temperatures in the deep trek program.

Tags: kmd
Characterization and Reaction Behavior of Sterically Hindered Sulfur Compounds in Heavy Crudes with Nano-Sized Molybdenum Disulfide

This project was funded through DOE's Natural Gas and Oil Technology Partnership Program. The program establishes alliances that combine the resources and experience of the nation's petroleum industry with the capabilities of the national laboratories to expedite research, development, and demonstration of advanced technologies for improved natural gas and oil recovery.

Tags: kmd
Predicting the Subsurface Distribution of  Gas Hydrate in the Northern Gulf of Mexico

The subsurface distribution of methane hydrate in the vicinity of Keathley Canyon block 195 in the northern Gulf of Mexico can be predicted by combining two new data sets: Marine heat flow data collected under the auspices of the DOE Joint Industry Project (JIP) for Methane Hydrates and high-resolution multichannel seismic data acquired by the USGS in Spring 2003, data that image a bottom simulating reflector (BSR).

Tags: kmd
CO2 Hydrate: Synthesis, Composition, Structure, Dissociation Behavior, and a Comparison to Structure I CH4 Hydrate

Structure I (sI) carbon dioxide (CO2) hydrate exhibits markedly different dissociation behavior from sI methane (CH4) hydrate in experiments in which equilibrated samples at 0.1 MPa are heated isobarically at 13 K/h from 210 K through the H2O melting point (273.15 K).

Tags: kmd
DEVELOPMENT OF RADAR NAVIGATION AND RADIO DATA FOR MICROHOLE COILED TUBING BOTTOMHOLE ASSEMBLIES

The overall goals of this project are to design, manufacture, and test two advanced technologies for the oil and gas industry: 1) real-time measurement-while drilling (MWD) for guidance and navigation of coiled tubing drilling in hydrocarbon reservoirs and 2) two-way inductive radio data transmission on coiled tubing or via an insulated slickline fed inside the coiled tubing.

Tags: kmd
Resolving Stratigraphy in the Middle-Upper Ordovician Beneath the Cumberland Plateau in Tennessee and Southern Kentucky: Key to Understanding Structure and Hydrocarbon Accumulations

Potential major fields in 50-mile long subsurface anticline in WV&R.  Abundant evidence of hydrocarbons in pre-Chattanooga rocks likely sourced by Cambrian and Ordovician carbonates.  Exposed structures in Middle Tennessee truncated by the pre-Chattanooga unconformity may serve as a model for structure and oil accumulations beneath the Plateau in Tennessee and S Kentucky

Tags: kmd
Mechanistic Studies of Improved Foam EOR Processes

The objective of this research is to widen the application of foam to enhanced oil recovery (EOR) by investigating fundamental mechanisms of foams in porous media. This research will lay the groundwork for more applied research on foams for improved sweep efficiency in miscible gas, steam and surfactant-based EOR. Task 1 investigates the pore-scale interactions between foam bubbles and polymer molecules. Task 2 examines the mechanisms of gas trapping, and interaction between gas trapping and foam effectiveness. Task 3 investigates mechanisms of foam generation in porous media.

Tags: kmd
Improved Miscible Nitrogen Flood Performance Utilizing Advanced Reservoir Characterization and Horizontal Laterals in a Class I Reservoir ? East Binger (Marchand) Unit

Implementation of the work program of Budget Period 2 of the East Binger Unit (?EBU?) DOE Project continues. Major development work planned for the project includes the drilling of three horizontal production and one vertical injection wells, the conversion of five wells from production to injection service, and the expansion of injection capacity at the nitrogen management facility. Other work items include initiation of project monitoring and continued reservoir simulation.

Tags: kmd
High Resolution Prediction of Gas Injection Process Performance for Heterogeneous Reservoirs

This report outlines progress in the second quarter of the third year of the DOE project ?High Resolution Prediction of Gas Injection Process Performance for Heterogeneous Reservoirs?. This report presents results of an investigation of the effects of variation in interfacial tension (IFT) on three-phase relative permeability. We report experimental results that demonstrate the effect of low IFT between two of three phases on the three-phase relative permeabilities. In order to create three-phase systems, in which IFT can be controlled systematically, we employed analog liquids composing of hexadecane, n-butanol, isopropanol, and water. Phase composition, phase density and viscosity, and IFT of three-phase system were measured and are reported here. We present three-phase relative permeabilities determined from recovery and pressure drop data using the Johnson-Bossler-Naumann (JBN) method. The phase saturations were obtained from recovery data by the Welge method.

Tags: kmd
Wettability and Imbibition: Microscopic Distribution of Wetting and its Consequences at the Core and Field Scales

The questions of reservoir wettability have been approached in this project from three directions. First, we have studied the properties of crude oils that contribute to wetting alteration in a reservoir. A database of more than 150 different crude oil samples has been established to facilitate examination of the relationships between crude oil chemical and physical properties and their influence on reservoir wetting. In the course of this work an improved SARA analysis technique was developed and major advances were made in understanding asphaltene stability including development of a thermodynamic Asphaltene Solubility Model (ASM) and empirical methods for predicting the onset of instability. The CO-Wet database is a resource that will be used to guide wettability research in the future. The second approach is to study crude oil/brine/rock interactions on smooth surfaces. Contact angle measurements were made under controlled conditions on mica surfaces that had been exposed to many of the oils in the CO-Wet database. With this wealth of data, statistical tests can now be used to examine the relationships between crude oil properties and the tendencies of those oils to alter wetting. Traditionally, contact angles have been used as the primary wetting assessment tool on smooth surfaces. A new technique has been developed using an atomic forces microscope that adds a new dimension to our ability to characterize oil-treated surfaces. Ultimately we aim to understand wetting in porous media, the focus of the third approach taken in this project. Using oils from the CO-Wet database, experimental advances have been made in scaling the rate of imbibition, a sensitive measure of core wetting. Application of the scaling group to mixed-wet systems has been demonstrated for a range of core conditions. Investigations of imbibition in gas/liquid systems provided the motivation for theoretical advances as well. As a result of this project we have many new tools for studying wetting at microscopic and macroscopic scales and a library of well-characterized fluids for use in studies of crude oil/brine/rock interactions.

Tags: kmd
High Resolution Prediction of Gas Injection Process Performance for Heterogeneous Reservoirs

This report outlines progress in the first quarter of the third year of the DOE project ?High Resolution Prediction of Gas Injection Process Performance for Heterogeneous Reservoirs?. In this report we present an application of compositional streamline simulation in modeling enhanced condensate recovery via gas injection. These processes are inherently compositional and detailed compositional fluid descriptions must be use to represent the flow behavior accurately. Compositional streamline simulation results are compared to those of conventional finite-difference (FD) simulation for evaluation of gas injection schemes in condensate reservoirs.

Tags: kmd
Wetland Restoration Mesocosm Studies: Examination of Hematite-based Drilling Mud Phytotoxicity and Suitability as Wetland Substrate

Wetland loss, conservation, and restoration have become increasingly important environmental issues as the benefits of wetlands and their alarming rate of loss have been elucidated. Louisiana contains 40% of the coastal wetlands in the United States and accounts for 80% of the nation's coastal wetland loss. The need to protect and restore Louisiana's wetlands, which are an integral part of the state's and nation's productivity, is paramount.

Tags: kmd
Oil Reservoir Characterization and CO2 Injection Monitoring in the Permian Basin with Crosswell Electromagnetic Imaging

Substantial petroleum reserves exist in US oil fields that cannot be produced economically, at current prices, unless improvements in technology are forthcoming. Recovery of these reserves is vital to US economic and security interests as it lessens our dependence on foreign sources and keeps our domestic petroleum industry vital. Several new technologies have emerged that may improve the situation. The first is a series of new flooding techniques to re-pressurize reservoirs and improve the recovery. Of these the most promising is miscible CO2 flooding, which has been used in several US petroleum basins. The second is the emergence of new monitoring technologies to track and help manage this injection. One of the major players in here is crosswell electromagnetic, which has a proven sensitivity to reservoir fluids. In this project, we are applying the crosswell EM technology to a CO2 flood in the Permian Basin oil fields of New Mexico. With our partner ChevronTexaco, we are testing the suitability of using EM for tracking the flow of injected CO2 through the San Andreas reservoir in the Vacuum field in New Mexico. The project consisted of three phases, the first of which was a preliminary field test at Vacuum, where a prototype system was tested in oil field conditions including widely spaced wells with steel casing. The results, although useful, demonstrated that the older technology was not suitable for practical deployment. In the second phase of the project, we developed a much more powerful and robust field system capable of collecting and interpreting field data through steel-cased wells. The final phase of the project involved applying this system in field tests in the US and overseas. Results for tests in steam and water floods showed remarkable capability to image between steel wells and provided images that helped understand the geology and ongoing flood and helped better manage the field. The future of this technology is indeed bright with development ongoing and a commercialization plan in place. We expect that this DOE sponsored technology will be a major technical and commercial success story in the coming years.

Tags: kmd
VERY HIGH-SPEED DRILL STRING COMMUNICATIONS NETWORK

Testing of a high-speed digital data transmission system for drill pipe in a 4500 ft well at the Rocky Mountain Oilfield Testing Center in Casper, Wyoming is described. Passive transmission of digital data through a series of four segments of telemetry drill pipe of approximately 1000 ft each has been successfully achieved. Data rates of 2 Mbit/sec have been tested through the 4500 ft system with very low occurrence of data errors.

Tags: kmd