AndreaBozzo/ceres-open-data-index huggingface dataset:
Ash separation by induced electrical properties in low-rank coals. Quarterly technical progress report No. 2, January 1-March 31, 1986

This contract for study of electrostatic beneficiation of low-rank coals was initiated October 1, 1985. Coals under study are meant to be representative samples of major US reserves; these are categorized as Western Subbituminous, Great Plains Lignite and Gulf Coast Lignite. The purpose of the study is to extend existing electrostatic separation technology for bituminous coals to low-rank coals. Contract work includes acquisition of representative samples, determination of physical and chemical ash composition, determination of process parameters and process definition and a summary review of relevant literature. A summary of principal activities during the past quarter follows. 63 refs.

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Electrostatic granular bed filter development program. PFB experiment design final report

The objective of the present study is to design an experiment which will determine the performance of an electrostatic granular bed (EGB) filter in a PFB environment. Toward this goal the following specific tasks have been accomplished: preliminary definition of the experiment using the EGB filter concept, the NYSERDA pressure vessel and the NYU PFB facility; detailed design of the filter internals, the media recirculation system and the corona charging system; definition of the facility integration requirements; preliminary design of the instrumentation and controls required for the experiment; and initial planning for analysis of the experiment data.

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Atmospheric fluidized bed combustion: an attractive energy producing alternative for the industrial and commercial markets

Oil and gas are currently the predominant fuels for process steam generation, on site electrical generation, and direct and indirect heating requirements in the industrial, commercial, and residential markets. Atmospheric fluidized bed combustion of coal can potentially replace some of these oil and gas dominated markets. Advantages of fluidized bed combustion include: uncertainty in the future costs and availability of oil and gas, flexibility to burn a wide variety of coals or other fuels, and the ability to burn coal in an environmentally and economically acceptable manner. Current acceptance of this technology has increased to a point that approximately 100 commercial atmospheric fluidized bed boilers are either operating or on order in the United States. Atmospheric fluidized-bed combustion possesses great potential for significantly increasing the use of coal in the small-industrial and commercial sectors, markets now dominated by oil and gas. This potential is based on the ability of AFBC's to burn coal in an environmentally and economically acceptable manner. AFBC's have passed the initial ''proof-of-concept''stage and are approaching a period of refinement. Widespread acceptance of the technology will be dependent on the actual operating experience and economics of units on-line or currently under construction 7 refs., 4 figs., 1 tab.

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Cliffs Minerals, Inc. Eastern Gas Shales Project, New York No. 3 well - Steuben County. Phase III report. Summary of laboratory analyses and mechanical characterization results

This report summarizes the characterization work performed on approximately 60 feet of 3-1/2 inch diameter core retrieved from the EGSP-New York No. 3 well in Steuben County. Information provided in previous reports by Cliffs Minerals, Inc. includes a definitive lithologic description and tabulated fracture data resulting from detailed core examinations, and stratigraphic interpretations as indicated in the core and on geophysical logs. Plane of weakness orientations stemming from a program of physical properties testing are also summarized. Core retrieval was performed on July 26, 1980. The core was cut from the lower part of the Rhinestreet Shale Member of the West Falls Formation. Physical properties tests of point load induced fractures and pretest fracture orientations suggest preferred orientations of fracturing in the Rhinestreet Shale, as follows: the preferred direction of fracturing for the Rhinestreet Shale is N90/sup 0/E  - 15/sup 0/ with a possible secondary preferred direction of N60/sup 0/W  - 15/sup 0/ as indicated by the point load tests and N0/sup 0/E  - 15/sup 0/ from the small number of pretest fractures.

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Methane recovery from coalbeds well description and field activities log procedures manual. Technical progress report

The potential recovery of methane from coalbeds has led to the US Department of Energy's Methane Recovery from Coalbeds Project (MRCP). During the progress of this program, the Morgantown Energy Technology Center developed MRCP Resources Data Base System. In order to fully utilize the data base system, it became apparent that a set of Well Description and Field Activities Logs would be necessary in order to record all of the necessary and pertinent well information that would ultimately be entered into the Data Base System. This report describes the set of Well Description and Field Activity Logs that has been developed and discusses the procedures that will be followed in using the logs. It should be mentioned that as information becomes readily available, modification of these logs may be necessary.

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Postburn evaluation for Hanna II, Phases 2 and 3, underground coal gasification experiments, Hanna, Wyoming

During 1980 and 1981 the Laramie Energy Technology Center (LETC) conducted a post-burn study at the Hanna II, Phases 2 and 3 underground coal gasification (UCG) site, Hanna, Wyoming. This report contains a summary of the field and laboratory results from the study. Lithologic and geophysical well log data from twenty-two (22) drill holes, combined with high resolution seismic data delineate a reactor cavity 42.7m (140 ft.) long, 35.1 m (115 ft.) and 21.3 m (70 ft.) high that is partially filled with rubble, char and pyrometamorphic rock. Sedimentographic studies were completed on the overburden. Reflectance data on coal samples within the reactor cavity and cavity wall reveal that the coal was altered by temperatures ranging from 245/sup 0/C to 670/sup 0/C (472/sup 0/-1238/sup 0/F). Overburden rocks found within the cavity contain various pyrometamorphic minerals, indicating that temperatures of at least 1200/sup 0/C (2192/sup 0/F) were reached during the tests. The calcite cemented fine-grained sandstone and siltstone directly above the Hanna No. 1 coal bed formed a strong roof above the cavity, unlike other UCG sites such as Hoe Creek which is not calcite cemented. 30 references, 27 figures, 8 tables.

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Differential optical absorption techniques for diagnostics of coal gasification. Technical progress report for July, August and September

The application of differential optical absorption (DOA) techniques for the in-situ determination of the chemical composition of coal gasification process streams is investigated. Absorption spectra of relevant molecular species and the temperature and pressure effects on DOA-determined spectral characteristics of these species will be determined and cataloged. A system will be configured, assembled, and tested. 14 references, 1 figure.

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Cross-borehole and surface-to-borehole electromagnetic induction for reservoir characterization

Audio-frequency cross-borehole and surface-to-borehole electromagnetics (EM) are interesting alternatives to existing techniques for petroleum reservoir characterization and monitoring. With these methods signals may be propagated several hundreds of meters through typical sand/shale reservoirs and data may be collected at high accuracy with a high sensitivity to the subsurface resistivity distribution. Field systems for cross-borehole and surface-to-borehole EM measurements have been designed and built by Lawrence Livermore and Lawrence Berkeley Laboratories for reservoir evaluation and monitoring. The cross-borehole system utilizes vertical axis induction coil antennas for transmission and detection of sinusoidal signals. Data are collected in profiles with the source coil moving continuously while its signal is detected by a stationary receiver coil located in a separate well. Subsequent profiles are collected using a different receiver depth and the same transmitter span until a suite of profiles is obtained that cover the desired interval in the borehole. The surface-to-borehole system uses a large diameter surface loop transmitter and a vertical axis borehole receiver. Due to its high signal strength this system operates using a sweep frequency transmitter waveform so that data may be simultaneously collected over several decades of frequency. Surface-to-borehole profiles are equally repeatable and although this data is less sensitive than cross-borehole EM, it can be fit to a resistivity section consistent with the borehole log. 8 refs., 14 figs.

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Factors that influence the selection of tar sand resources for in situ thermal recovery

A methodology, devised by Aamodt and Freiwald of the Los Alamos National Laboratory in 1983, is briefly described in this report. That methodology includes an orderly hierarchy of factors to be considered in the selection and prioritization of tar sand resources for resarch or development. Each factor at each level of the hierarchy is influenced by the factors below and parallel to it. Each level, from top to bottom, contains more detail than the level above. The levels of the hierarchy are titled goal (prioritization of resources,4697 ); objectives (oil production, times, profit,4697 ); barriers (resource characteristics, technical constraints, environmental constraints, and institutional constraints,4697 ); parameters (three characteristic types, three extraction process types, four environmental categories, and three institutional categories,4697 ); and elements (68 factors distributed among the 13 parameters). the 68 elements are discussed individually and some interrelationships are identified in this report. A maximum quantitative value can be assigned to each of the elements. Analysis of specific resources and extraction technologies then can be evaluated by estimating the portion of the maximum value for each specific element. This quantitative analysis is left to the reader. 30 refs., 8 figs., 3 tabs.

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River Plant coal-to-methanol feasibility study. Final report

The objective was to assess the technical, environmental and economic feasibility of constructing and operating a methanol from coal plant in Ascension Parish, Louisiana. The complete grass roots facility, identified as the River Plant, is sited in Ascension Parish, Louisiana, approximately 26 miles southeast of Baton Rouge. The plant was designed to produce 3600 TPD of transportation quality methanol from Illinois No. 6 coal using the Texaco Coal Gasification Process. The River Plant has the potential of supplying a clean liquid fuel from high sulfur coal in compliance with environmental standards. The plant design incorporates current commercial technology. The results of the feasibility study indicate confidence in the plant design, the appropriateness of the plant site, and the commercial readiness of the selected technology. Under the present market conditions, prospects for construction of this pioneer plant are remote. Continuation of project engineering will be costly - an order of magnitude greater than those normally undertaken for projects in the sponsors'traditional lines of business. More importantly, the anticipated capital investment for this high risk project will be far greater than for projects normally considered in the sponsors'traditional lines of business. The projected returns on investment, on the other hand, are lower than those generally acceptable for projects routinely undertaken. Accordingly, price-value relationships would have to change considerably or new and more effective incentives will have to be in place before this project can proceed, as predicted profitability is presently not adequate to compensate for the degree of commercial risk.

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Chemical effect of entrained particles in coal conversion streams. 5th quarterly technical progress report, August 1, 1982-October 31, 1982

A major objective of the US Department of Energy is to increase coal utilization through the development of combustion stream cleanup technologies. Many of the existing cleanup devices as well as advanced concepts rely on heterogeneous processes (i.e. gas-solid interactions) to achieve efficient stream removal. Examples of such devices include particle injection and granular bed filters for alkali removal, limestone injection for SO/sub x/ removal in fluid bed combustors, dry injection for SO/sub x/ removal in entrained combustion, and trace metal adsorption and removal on fly ash. Recent studies indicate that the successful use of turbines in combined cycle processes may depend on understanding the interaction between the gas phase alkali and particles in the combustion stream to substantially reduce turbine corrosion. This report documents progress in efforts to model the heterogeneous chemistry of coal combustion streams as well as laboratory studies to obtain critical input data for the model. Task 1. Exercise PACKAGE Code was completed. Task 2. Model Development. During this quarter, the model which now treats semi-infinite solids has been extended to treat small particles with a finite number of layers. Task 3. Measure Alkali Vaporization Rates. in the last quarter, experiments were performed which demonstrate the feasibility of using LIF to measure alkali vaporization rates. As a result of these studies the LIF spectra were obtained for sodium vaporized from the surface of sodium silicate. During this quarter, these experiments have been continued, and the temperature dependence of the vaporization rate has been determined. 5 references, 9 figures.

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Proceedings of the ninth annual underground coal gasification symposium

The Ninth Underground Coal Gasification Symposium was held August 7 to 10, 1983 at the Indian Lakes Resort and Conference Center in Bloomingdale, Illinois. Over one-hundred attendees from industry, academia, National Laboratories, State Government, and the US Government participated in the exchange of ideas, results and future research plans. Representatives from six countries including France, Belgium, United Kingdom, The Netherlands, West Germany, and Brazil also participated by presenting papers. Fifty papers were presented and discussed in four formal sessions and two informal poster sessions. The presentations described current and future field testing plans, interpretation of field test data, environmental research, laboratory studies, modeling, and economics. All papers were processed for inclusion in the Energy Data Base.

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Tertiary oil recovery by CO/sub 2/ injection. Quarterly report, January--March 1977

Operations during the first quarter of 1977 were severely hampered by the worst winter on record for the Northeastern United States. Natural gas curtailments to chemical plants caused CO/sub 2/ to become unavailable for our project in early January. This situation remained until early March when warmer weather allowed the lifting of the curtailments. During this period water injection was attempted to maintain reservoir pressure. However, these efforts were not successful due to constant freeze-ups and leaks. As a result of insufficient injection, reservoir pressure and oil production declined substantially. When CO/sub 2/ injection was resumed, bottomhole pressure tests indicated an almost immediate response in the reservoir. By the end of March, the production decline had been arrested and began to increase.

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Performance of zinc ferrite sorbent in simulated hot coal gas from the KRW process development unit. [Zinc ferrites]

The series of tests carried out, in which simulated oxygen- and air-blown coal gas from the KRW process development unit was passed through zinc ferrite sorbent in a laboratory-scale unit, has demonstrated that the sorbent can function in the regime of gas composition and temperature planned for pilot-scale tests, lowering H/sub 2/S concentration to a few ppM by weight. There is evidence that at 1200/sup 0/F and above, wustite is formed in both oxygen- and air-blown cases, resulting in a lower sorbent conversion to sulfide before hydrogen sulfide breakthrough. Thus, operation above 1200/sup 0/F and at lower steam concentrations in the gases than those employed in these tests is not recommended. The amount of zinc carry over, less than 1 ppM in the gas, is thought to be acceptable. This level would be an order of magnitude smaller (based on zinc vapor equilibrium) at the higher pressure of operation of the KRW process development unit. There is a relatively small drop in sorbent surface area at the temperatures investigated but, in the absence of long-term cumulative effects, this will probably be tolerable. Also, sorbent crush strength is not altered markedly by the sulfidation process. In fact, sulfidized sorbent generally has a higher crush strength than fresh sorbent. Virtually no carbon deposition occurred during the tests and the reactor differential pressure remained constant at a low level. 6 refs., 25 figs., 18 tabs.

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Semi-annual report for the Unconventional Gas Recovery Program. Volume I. Executive summary

This semi-annual report is presented in two separately bound volumes. Volume I, which is the Executive Summary, provides an overview of the Unconventional Gas Recovery projects. Volume II, which is the basic Semi-Annual Report for the Unconventional Gas Recovery Program, describes the four project activities in detail. Both Volumes I and II are divided into the same five major sections: introduction; Methane Recovery from Coalbeds Project; Eastern Gas Shales Project; Western Gas Sands Project; Geopressured Aquifers Project.

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Exchangeable cations in the Devonian shale sequence

Because exchangeable cations may affect a shale's ability to transmit fluids and its response to some fluids used in fracturing or drilling, a study of the exchangeable cations in core samples from the Ohio Black Shale in Richland County, Ohio, and Perry County, Kentucky, was undertaken. Na/sup  / is the cation usually associated with fluid problems, but it is generally low in the samples tested, so that problems related to ion-exchange are unlikely to occur. An unexpected analytical problem was encountered. A few percent of a carbonate mineral in a sample severely interferes with the cation determination by releasing Ca/sup    /. Almost all of the samples apparently had sufficient dolomite or calcite to produce such an effect. Thus a basinwide study of exchangeable cations to test their effect on gas production, as was originally intended, is impossible. Also, the shale appears to be uniformly calcareous, perhaps having a small but ubiquitous amount of calcite cement.

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Multiwell Experiment Geophysics Program. Final report

Two Vertical Seismic Profile experiments and a Three-Dimensional Surface Seismic experiment were conducted at the Multiwell Experiment site in central Colorado to assess the applicability of seismic methods to mapping lenticular sand bodies of the Mesaverde group in the Piceance Basin. The data from these experiments were analyzed in conjunction with synthetic seismograms computed from well logs and additional geological data. This analysis demonstrated that the producing zones can be delineated once the seismic character of these zones is determined but the morphology of individual sand lenses cannot be mapped at the Multiwell Experiment site. Additionally, the extended vertical seismic profile technique was demonstrated to provide a very high resolution seismic technique for investigation of the region adjacent to an existing well. 12 refs., 28 figs., 3 tabs.

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Investigation of mechanisms of ash deposit formation from low-rank coal combustion. Annual report, October 1, 1982-September 30, 1983

This project was undertaken to determine the chemical behavior of selected elements implicated in ash fouling during the combustion of low rank coal. Techniques were modified so that rapid sequential vapor phase composition and temperature measurements and ash samples could be obtained at selected points in laminar pulverized coal-air flames. Molecular beam mass spectrometric and particulate sampling techniques were refined and coordinated vapor phase and condensed phase data were obtained for laminar Decker subbituminous coal-air flames. Some supplementary data on the fragmentation of NaOH and Ca(OH)/sub 2/ were also obtained. 24 refs., 14 figs., 3 tabs.

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Physical beneficiation process and costs refinement for coal-water slurry manufacture. Quarterly technical progress report, April-June 1985

The parametric laboratory testing for column flotation conditions was completed with Elkhorn No. 3 Seam coal. Two of these study variables included the effects of frother type and feed particle size. Optimum results occurred with the use of a water-soluble polyglycol-type frother and a feed ground to 100 mesh x 0 size (89.3% yield, 0.70% product ash). The evaluation of the UCC modified air-dissolved unit was unsuccessful, in that no discernable separation (cleaning) took place during operation. The systematic investigation into the effects of coal-water slurry dispersants was initiated. Eight different dispersants were evaluated to determine the lowest viscosity at 1.00% concentration as per weight of dry coal. An anionic, ammonium salt of naphthalene sulfonate appeared to be the best. The effects of dispersant concentration were investigated using three different particle size consists. The optimum results are summarized as follows: (a) 75 Micron Top Size; 105 cps viscosity at 0.75% Dispersant Concentration; (b) 44 Micron Top Size; 160 cps viscosity at 0.80% Dispersant Concentration; (c) 20 Micron Top Size; 117 cps viscosity at 1.25% Dispersant Concentration.

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Steam pyrolysis of coal for two-stage gasification

In a series of pyrolysis experiments prior to this program, it was shown that up to 80% of the carbon in coal could be liberated as volatile matter in less than 100 msec. The objective of this program was to maximize the yield of product gas produced by steam pyrolysis of coal in a flow reactor at residence times less than 0.1 sec. Experiments were carried out in a high-throughput (1/2 - 1 ton coal/hr) flow facility consisting of a combustor (operating on fuel oil) with outlet temperature 2450 - 2600K followed by a pyrolyzer section into which pulverized coal was injected. Product composition (with axial and radial resolution) and gas temperature were measured, and char samples were obtained for subsequent analysis. Particle size, coal loading, steam loading and CO/sub 2//H/sub 2/O ratio in the background gas were varied. The results show that the pyrolysis reactions are very rapid, with most of them completed within 10 msec. The results are in agreement with our coal gasification model at low coal loadings. At high coal loading, the char analysis remains consistent with the model, but the gas analysis data diverge, indicating the possibility of cracking reactions, stabilization vs. cracking, to maximize the yield of useful products. 8 refs., 58 figs.

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