AndreaBozzo/ceres-open-data-index huggingface dataset:
Mechanism of catalytic gasification of coal char. Quarterly technical progress report No. 13, 1 January-31 March 1984

Experiments are being performed to optimize the conversion of NaCl in the presence of carbon to an active steam gaification catalyst. During the past quarter we examined the effect on conversion of a pretreatment process in which NaCl-impregnated char is heated in a steam-CO/sup 2/ mixture at high space velocities. The addition of CO/sub 2/ to the pretreatment gas produces a significant enhancement in gasification activity, approaching that produced by a superior catalyst such as Na/sub 2/CO/sub 3/. 3 figures, 1 table.

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Study of the thermal and fluid-mechanical aspects of underground coal gasification

Following the introduction, this final report includes: (1) literature survey; (2) development of one-dimensional model; (3) solution of one-dimensional model; (4) parametric analysis; (5) water intrusion model; (6) discussions and conclusions; and (7) appendices. 48 references, 28 figures, 10 tables. (ATT)

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Continuity and permeability development in the tight gas sands of the eastern Uinta Basin, Utah. Final report

The relationships between reservoir characteristics and flow regimes exhibited by twenty-one Uinta Basin gas wells represent fluvial, lake margin, and lacustrine deposits. Production data were analyzed to determine the type of flow for each well. This analysis indicated that one well exhibits radial flow, thirteen wells linear flow, and seven wells indeterminate flow regimes. Values of SSP, ..delta..t, R/sub w/ and SP curve patterns were determined from well logs. These data were compared for the three types of flow observed. It appears that SSP, R/sub w/ and SP pattern may be useful in qualitatively distinguishing between sands of low continuity and those with moderate continuity. The permeabilities are considerably higher than those normally attributed to ''tight sands.''Also permeability correlates inversely with the number of sands completed in each well. Consideration of the orientations of linear features in the area and those of reservoir lenses in outcrops indicates that the relationship between frac orientation and lens geometry cannot be effectively predicted without a good technique to predict lens orientation. Completion strategies to optimize frac efficiency are suggested, based upon the findings of this study.

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Method of analysis and precision of x-ray diffraction data from Ohio Shale

Sample preparation and methods of calculation used by the Division of Ohio Geological Survey in its mineralogic and physical characterization of the Upper Devonian black shales are described. Methods of sample mounting, used in conjunction with a Philips automatic sample changer (ASC), allow analysis of a large number of samples by x-ray diffractometry. Because of the time saved with an ASC, each sample can be scanned twice to increase the precision of the results. The reproducibility of the x-ray data, expressed as relative deviation, ranges from about  -2 to  -10% in samples for which the percent total integrated intensity (%TII) is above 6%.

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Stability of flows in fluidized beds

We study the linearized stability of the state of uniform fluidization, within the context of the theory of mixtures. The mixture is assumed to be made up of a classical linearly viscous fluid mixed with solid particles. In marked departure from most of the previous studies, we model the solid as a granular material and assume a constitutive relation that stems from classical motions in continuum mechanics. The linearized stability analysis of the state of uniform fluidization, in general, leads to an eighth order equation for the characteristic whose root implies instability, when positive. We find that the characteristic equation can be factored and one of the factors is precisely the equation that governs the stability when we use a simplified analysis akin to that of the earlier study of Anderson and Jackson.

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Molten carbonate fuel cell performance model update. Quarterly report, October 1983-December 1983

This report contains a detailed description of a new porous electrode model, termed the heterogeneous film model, which is intended to be a reasonable depiction of ERC's ceramic coated Ni anodes and to serve as a first approximation to GE's and ANL's Ni/Cr anodes. In this model the electrode is pictured as a highly crosslinked three-dimensional network of Ni or Ni/Cr filaments. The Ni or Ni/Cr is coated by a porous layer of ceramic or chromite. Most of the fine-scale porosity of the electrode is found in the layer. Consequently most of the electrolyte resides in this layer which then forms a heterogeneous film on the Ni or Ni/Cr surface. The film coated Ni or Ni/Cr network is idealized as a random packing of short cylinders. The theoretical development of the model includes mathematical descriptions of ionic conduction, liquid phase diffusion through the heterogeneous film, and electrode kinetics on the Ni or Ni/Cr surface. Arguments based on conservation of porosity are used to express the geometric parameters of the model in terms of a few observable properties of the electrode. This report also contains a detailed mathematical analysis of the development of vertical concentration gradients in the gas flow channels. A general solution is presented and applied to the cathode and anode flow channels. Application to the anode requires some modifications due to the occurrence of the water gas shift reaction on the channel hardware surfaces.

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Performance model for molten carbonate fuel cells. Quarterly report, July 5, 1978 through October 5, 1978

Progress on the development of a performance model for molten carbonate fuel cells is reported. Key physical and chemical phenomena have been identified for inclusion in the model. In some instances, mathematical analyses of these phenomena have been begun. A numerical scheme to calculate the cell current density distribution has been developed. The scheme accounts for CO utilization and nonisothermal temperature distributions in the cell.

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Pressurized fluidized-bed hydroretorting of Eastern oil shales

The Devonian oil shales of the Eastern United States are a significant domestic energy resource. The overall objective of the multi-year program, initiated in October 1987 by the US Department of Energy is to perform the research necessary to develop the Pressurized Fluidized-Bed Hydroretorting (PFH) process for producing oil from Eastern oil shales. The program also incorporates research on technologies in areas such as raw shale preparation, beneficiation, product separation, and waste disposal that have the potential of improving the economics and/or environmental acceptability of recovering oil from oil shales using the PFH process. The results of the original 3-year program, which was concluded in May 1991, have been summarized in a four-volume final report published by IGT. DOE subsequently approved a 1-year extension to the program to further develop the PFH process specifically for application to beneficiated shale as feedstock. Studies have shown that beneficiated shale is the preferred feedstock for pressurized hydroretorting. The program extension is divided into the following active tasks. Task 3. testing of process improvement concepts; Task 4. beneficiation research; Task 5. operation of PFH on beneficiated shale; Task 6. environmental data and mitigation analyses; Task 7. sample procurement, preparation, and characterization; and Task 8. project management and reporting. In order to accomplish all the program objectives, the Institute of Gas Technology (IGT), the prime contractor, worked with four other institutions: the University of Alabama/Mineral Resources Institute (MRI), the University of Kentucky Center for Applied Energy Research (UK-CAER), the University of Nevada (UN) at Reno, and Tennessee Technological University (TTU). This report presents the work performed during the program extension from June 1, 1991 through May 31, 1992.

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Geomorphology of portions of western Kentucky and adjacent areas

The geomorphology of portions of western Kentucky and adjacent areas in Indiana, Illinois and Tennessee is presented as a background for interpreters evaluating the present land surface using remotely sensed imagery. Eight physiographic units were analyzed and are briefly discussed with reference to topography and surface deposits. Great diversity was found to be characteristic of the region, the result of different structural influences and geomorphic processes. The landscape bears the marks of fluvial, glacial, eolian, lacustrine and karstic environments, so a regional geomorphic history was compiled from the literature as an aid to understanding the land surface. Three smaller zones in Kentucky were analyzed in greater detail regarding topography and geomorphic development because of their potential importance in subsurface exploration.

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Economic assessment of coal burning diesel locomotives: Topical report

The coal burning steam locomotive was displaced many years ago by the diesel electric locomotive due to its several well-known advantages. However, the recent escalation of diesel fuel oil prices and the relatively inexpensive and plentiful coal supply provides an incentive to relook at a coal burning diesel electric locomotive. The success of the diesel-electric locomotive is really the result of two major technological changes: (1) the diesel engine, and (2) the electric drive transmission. The smooth, controlled application of power to the rails via electric motors, reduced the locomotive tractive weight by nearly 30%, and also reduced track maintenance by eliminating reciprocating vertical forces. More horsepower is also applied at low speeds to improve train acceleration. The diesel engine has been developed to produce nearly as much horsepower as the largest steam locomotives but with much less maintenance, higher reliability and more availability. The current cost of diesel fuel is now high enough to encourage a return to less-expensive, domestically-available coal fuel. However, it would be a step backward to lose the advantages of the diesel-electric locomotive. General Electric embarked upon a study to determine the best way to design and manufacture a coal-fired locomotive considering various prime movers, but all with electric drive. For a coal-fired diesel locomotive (CFDL) to be commercially viable, it must pass all three of the following criteria: be technically feasible; meet railroads'financial expectations; and offer an attractive return to the Locomotive manufacturer. These three criteria are reviewed based on results to date of General Electric's CFDL studies. The analysis assumes constant 1985 dollars and no significant changes in relative costs of diesel fuel and coal. 23 figs., 16 tabs.

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Phase behavior and minimum miscibility pressures for nitrogen miscible displacement: Topical report

The phase behavior and minimum miscibility pressure (MMP) for nitrogen with light oils were studied. The phase behavior studies were performed on N/sub 2/   hydrocarbon mixtures as well as N/sub 2/   recombined oil systems at high pressures (above 4,000 psia). The synthetic oil system of N/sub 2/   C/sub 1/   C/sub 4/   C/sub 10/ was studied to approximate the phase behavior of crude oils with nitrogen and to investigate the effect of the presence of methane on phase behavior and N/sub 2/ MMP values. The phase behavior data are used in a computer simulator to match the slim tube displacement behavior and to provide an estimate of the MMP. The N/sub 2/   recombined oil studies provide the complex behavior of multicomponent systems. Adjustment of parameters to predict the phase envelope has been made in order to use these parameters in equations-of-state (EOS) for predictions at various reservoir conditions. This provides a cross-check of the conditions of miscibility achieved during the slim tube experiments. Experimental runs were performed in a slim tube apparatus to determine the MMP of stock-tank oils with nitrogen, recombined oils, and synthetic oils at pressures up to 10,000 psia and temperatures from 200 to 300 F. These experiments were performed using stock-tank oils with API gravities of 50.8/sup 0/ and 61.5/sup 0/, recombined at different gas-oil ratios (GOR). The experimental results indicate the important contribution of light and intermediate components of crude oil in decreasing the MMP and show the variation in oil recovery as a function of temperature. Similar N/sub 2/ MMP tests were performed on two synthetic mixtures containing C/sub 1/, C/sub 2/, C/sub 3/, C/sub 4/, C/sub 5/, C/sub 6/, C/sub 7/, C/sub 8/, C/sub 9/, C/sub 10/, and C/sub 12/. These studies will provide useful information for the implementation of the N/sub 2/ miscible displacement process. 26 refs., 28 figs., 7 tabs.

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Coal-fueled diesel systems for stationary power applications

Once ultra-clean coal fuels become cost-competitive with oil and natural gas, the potential market for coal burning engine technology will be very strong indeed. As part of this contract, we conducted an assessment of the future market for coal-burning engines, which showed that their potential capacity growth in industrial cogeneration plants (2--20MW) and modular electric generating plants (5--30MW) could result in an increase in coal use of 3 to 6 million tons per year. The Copper-Bessemer coal engine system is a 3--6 MW, 360--400 rpm Model LSVB engine (substantially redesigned for coal) directly fired with engine-grade coal slurry. The engine has a bore of 15.5''and a stroke of 22'', and is conservatively rated at 200 psi BMEP. The feedstock for the engine grade slurry will be high volatile bituminous coal. After cleaning, grinding, and slurrying, the engine fuel will have less than 0.5% ash, 1% sulfur and will pump and flow similarly to diesel fuel. For emissions control, the engine system will include a three component system, including the reduction of NO{sub x}. The two applications must suitable for this coal-fired engine are Industrial Cogeneration Plants (2--20MW), and Modular Electric Generating plants (5--30MW). There is an opportunity for coal-fueled engines because neither of these applications can be served very cost-effectively by larger coal-fueled power technologies, such as coal-gasification with combined-cycle turbine or the steam turbine with fluidized bed boiler. This report focuses on engine preparation, test, supporting research on injection, wear, and reassment of of previous tasks. 17 refs., 50 figs., 45 tabs.

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Review of in-bed hydrocarbon, alkali, and trace metals control in coal-conversion processes. [193 references]

The overall objective of this study was to identify and assess possible materials that can be added in or near the bed of advanced coal combustors or gasifiers for the control of emissions of hydrocarbons and alkali and trace metals. A major conclusion of the literature search conducted is that studies on the monitoring of the contaminants emission from operating combustors or gasifiers are extremely scarce. Some studies of this nature exist for alkali metals, but are nonexistent for trace metals. In the case of hydrocarbons, only one source of data is available, which is based on a laboratory scale fixed-bed reactor. Based on the limited data available from direct studies and the thermodynamic and physico-chemical data compiled in this report for probable sorvent materials, it appears that various silica-alumina compositions and some iron-containing materials show promise with respect to the control of alkali metals, trace metals and hydrocarbons. Some more specific materials identified are: clays and diatomaceous earth for alkali and trace metals, high surface area chars, sulfides of transition metals and iron for cracking hydrocarbons. Compounds of Mo, Pb, Hg and V, which are mostly toxic, are found to be captured by aluminosilicates, forming the corresponding alumino-silicate compounds. Some of the compounds of Mo, pb and fluorine occurring in a combustor or a gasifier can be adsorbed by using a bed of alumina maintained at high temperatures.

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Pilot oil atlas for Louisiana

An interdisciplinary research team of engineers, geologists, and computer scientists was assembled at LSU to develop unproved methods for prospecting for bypassed oil and to support oil and gas producers in Louisiana. The overall objective of the project was to develop methods for extending the producing life of several types of reservoirs by reducing the amount of oil being bypassed and abandoned. As part of this work, the team collected information available from public sources for several example reservoirs. One task of the project was to develop a format for the compilation of the extensive but cumbersome Louisiana reservoir data so that it could be used by government and industry to evaluate the resource and plan future activities. The existing information system maintained by Louisiana is a Production Audit Reporting System (PARS). It was designed to allow auditing of oil and gas production and severance taxes associated with this production. It was not intended to be used as a database for determining reservoir recovery efficiency or prospecting for oil and gas. Its use for these purposes, however, has been increasing. The database format suggested in this report would allow production information to be easily displayed by reservoir as well as by lease, unit, or well. The data collected as part of the bypassed-oil study was used to illustrate the proposed new format. This pilot database, or atlas, contains information available for 15 reservoirs. It is recommended that LSU continue to compile and publish database information on the potential for bypassed oil in Louisiana's active reservoirs. This technology-transfer activity should focus each year on those active reservoirs involved in hearings of the Louisiana Office of Conservation. It should also focus on reservoirs being screened by LSU for EOR.

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Gas turbine component screening program: Final report

Coal-water fuels (CWF) have been tested in a subscale rich-quench-lean (RQL) gas turbine combustor. The RQL combustion concept appears promising for producing acceptable environmental NO/sub x/ levels in future turbines operating with CWF. The RQL combustor was operated in this program at conditions representative of a recuperated locomotive turbine. Initial shakedown tests of the RQL combustor were followed by combustion/emissions tests and deposition, erosion, corrosion (DEC) tests using three CWF. For the DEC experiments, specimens were exposed in two test sections to the CWF combustion products. The gas and most specimen surface temperatures in the first and second test sections represented temperatures of the first stators and rotors, respectively, of the locomotive turbine. The material for many of these specimens was a turbine alloy (IN 738) covered with a coating (CoCrAlY) which has demonstrated corrosion and erosion resistance in coal-fired PFBC cascade tests. Overall combustion efficiencies up to 99.2% were achieved using only CWF with no supplemental fuels or pilot except at startup and shutdown. Based on combustion requirements alone, the highest measured combustion efficiencies approached those values necessary for commercial turbine systems. While substantial differences in combustion performance were observed for the test fuels, NO/sub x/ emissions performance differed little. NO/sub x/levels (at 15% O/sub 2/ and adjusted for humidity) typically ranged from 250 to 300 ppM. Deposition was observed on all specimens for all fuels and was the dominant short term degradation process. Deposition rates were highly sensitive to temperature. 18 refs., 37 figs., 10 tabs.

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The MAGSORB process for bulk separation of carbon dioxide

Objective is to investigate the removal of CO2 from a fuel gas produced by a coal gasifier with a K[sub 2]CO[sub 3]-modified MgO sorbent. The work consists of measuring the capacity and rates of absorption of the sorbent vs T, P, and gaseous contaminants. Effects of repeated absorption/desorption cycling on sorbent properties will be studied. During this first quarter, the Test Plan was prepared and approved. The thermobalance was prepared, and the first sorbent batch was formulated and subjected to adsorption/desorption thermobalance tests (results showed CO2 absorption at 800 F above 400 psi).

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Simultaneous high-temperature removal of alkali and particulates in a pressurized gasification system. Second quarterly project report, July 1981-September 1981

This program is directed at performing experimental and analytical investigations, system designs, and cost estimates to ascertain the feasibility of using aluminosilicate-based getters for controlling alkali in pressurized gasification systems. Its overall objective is to develop a comprehensive plan for evaluating a scaled-up version of the gettering process as a unit operation or as an integral part of a particulate removal device. This report describes work completed on thermodynamic projections, getter selection and qualification, and system performance projections during the second three months of the project. Work on the thermodynamic projections is complete with one exception: estimating alkali stabilities as a function of trace contaminants for various process systems. Getter selection and qualification efforts involved additional kinetic studies utilizing both our bench-scale and TGA units. Finally, system performance projections entailed using available kinetic data on activated bauxite to evaluate two models based on reversible reaction mechanisms. In turn, the models were used to update the size requirements of a full-scale packed bed.

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Proceedings of the instrumentation, components, and materials contractors meeting

The first combined Instrumentation, Components, and Materials Contractors Meeting was held September 16 to 17, 1986, at the Sheraton Lakeview Conference Center in Morgantown, West Virginia. Work presented at the meeting was sponsored by the US Department of Energy, Office of Fossil Energy, and directed by the Morgantown Energy Technology Center (METC), which served as host. Attendance included representatives from industry, academia, National Laboratories, and other Government agencies and totaled 85 individuals. This and similar meetings focusing on specific topics are organized periodically by METC to provide a forum for exchange of information between DOE contractors and interested parties. The Proceedings have been reproduced from camera-ready manuscripts furnished by the authors. The manuscripts have not been refereed, nor have they been extensively edited. Papers have been entered individually into EDB and ERA.

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