AndreaBozzo/ceres-open-data-index huggingface dataset:
Development of a hot gas cleanup system for integrated coal gasification/molten carbonate fuel cell power plants. Final report

Battelle, Pacific Northwest Laboratories has developed a solid supported molten salt (SSMS) hot gas cleanup process for integrated coal gasification/molten carbonate fuel cell (MCFC) power plants. In bench scale experiments the process simultaneously removed hydrogen sulfide (H/sub 2/S), carbonyl sulfide (COS) and hydrogen chloride (HCl) from MCFC anode feed gas at 1375 to 1475/sup 0/F and up to 180 psig. Regeneration produced a H/sub 2/S-rich gas from which elemental sulfur could be efficiently recovered. Through 16 absorption/regeneration cycles at each of two absorber sizes, conditions for continuous removal of H/sub 2/S to less than 1 ppM were well established. Further study would be required to assure removal of COS and HCl to that degree in a commercial design and to develop a practical means for chloride regeneration. A dynamic model was developed that uses measured equilibrium data and the two film theory to represent mass transfer resistance. The model can accurately simulate absorption and early regeneration performance under a range of conditions using a single, overall particle phase mass transfer coefficient. A 50% reduction in cost of the SSMS system would make the cost of coal gasification/SSMS/MCFC power plants competitive with published estimates for other developmental technology. Effective sulfur capacity and, therefore, economics, improve with more reducing, lower pressure and higher temperature absorption conditions. Battelle proposes avenues for process and sorbent optimization that would further improve efficiency and could also produce the required cost reduction. Further study is recommended to allow comparison of SSMS with other hot gas cleanup and sulfur recovery systems on an equivalent basis and to determine whether further development of the solid supported molten carbonate concept for the MCFC application is justified. 35 figs.

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Differential optical absorption techniques for diagnostics of coal gasification. Technical progress report, January-March 1984

The application of differential optical absorption (DOA) techniques for the in-situ determination of the chemical composition of coal gasification process streams is investigated. Absorption spectra of relevant molecular species and the temperature and pressure effects on DOA-determined spectral characteristics of these species will be determined and cataloged. A system will be configured, assembled, and tested.

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Computed tomography of coals. Quarterly technical progress report No. 5, September 30, 1983-January 1, 1984

A pyrolysis apparatus has been constructed to fit inside the aperture of an x-ray computed tomography (CT) machine. With this equipment the density variations inside pieces of Illinois No. 6 coal have been followed as a function of time. When the sudden temperature rise experienced by, for example, the coal feed to a fixed or fluidized bed gasifier was simulated, then the pyrolysis front penetrated into the coal as a very narrow band 1 to 2 mm wide. The speed of the pyrolysis front can be observed by the CT equipment and also the extent of material loss upon pyrolysis. Very little of the coal is molten at any one time. Two-dimensional finite element analysis of the motion of the pyrolysis front provides time dependent temperature profiles within the coal which can be compared with the CT results. Effective thermal conductivities 2 to 3 times slower than published values will probably be necessary to bring agreement. Pyrolysis gases appear to be escaping via cracks to the outside rather than by diffusion through the coke. From quite early stages the pyrolysis front obeys the (d/sup 2/) law commonly found in experiments on burning fuel droplets. This observation may enable an analytical solution for the propagation of the pyrolysis front to be formulated. Further experiments using high water content coals (e.g., lignite) are being planned, as well as extensions from pyrolysis to gasification with CO/sub 2/ and steam. 4 refs., 62 figs., 2 tabs.

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Specification requirements for a control valve for slurry letdown service

The conditions for this valve were derived from the Gulf Science and Technology Company SRC-II process demonstration plant. The first valve (V1) must let down pressure from 2000 psi to 460 psi, a total ..delta..P of 1540 psi, with the other valves (V2, V3, V4) each experiencing a lesser drop. It should be noted that temperatures throughout the pressure letdown system are, at the lowest, seven hundred and seventy-five degrees Fahrenheit, but with a possible maximum to eight hundred degrees Fahrenheit. Due to the carcinogenic nature of certain compounds in the coal slurry, the maintenance of valves in the field and under process run conditions is inadvisable. All maintenance will be performed during regularly scheduled annual turnaround periods, at which times all lines carrying slurry can be flushed with solvent and steam prior to opening up for maintenance. With the above constraints, it has been determined that letdown stations to each vessel will have a group of letdown valves in parallel. Each will have a tight shutoff block valve or valves upstream of the letdown valve. Thus, as a letdown valve becomes eroded to the point of uncontrollability, it may be isolated and the secondary valve put into service.

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Advanced atmospheric fluidized-bed combustion design. Final report

In the process of the design study, the UAFBC system configuration has been evolved and simplified. The system combines a self-cleaning distributor/grate section (which can tolerate large coal particles) with a fluidized bed. Proper control of the distributor/grate and fluidized-bed provides high turndown capability. For maximum carbon utilization, an afterburner is provided. NO/sub x/ control is achieved by proper combustion staging and temperature control. For SO/sub x/ control, an entrained-bed sulfur scrubber, which uses small sorbent particles and long solids stay times yields efficient sulfur capture with a low calcium/sulfur ratio. The Aerojet design approach is to provide enough functional separation in the system to allow the stringent design goals to be satisfied compatibly. Various known state-of-the-art subsystems - self cleaning distributor/grate, fluidized-bed combustor, fines afterburner, entrained-bed dry scrubber - have been integrated to make this possible. The coordinated operation of the system elements is accomplished through the use of modern microprocessor controls. In this way, close control is obtained over the mechanisms of the combustion, sulfur scrubbing and particle cleanup processes without undue complexity. This high degree of process control permits development of a combustor which should exceed present environmental standards for NO/sub x/, SO/sub x/, and particulates, while allowing operation with an 8:1 turndown using a wide variety of fuels. In the design study, a number of configurations were considered and analyzed by computer simulation. Performance projections were made for various power levels and, in the case of the bench-scale system, for three different coal feeds. Greer limestone (75 wt % CaCO/sub 3/) was used as the reference sulfur sorbent. The results showed potentials for rapid commercialization of small (50,000 lb/h steam) UAFBC systems. 56 refs, 79 figs., 35 tabs.

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Reactivity of fly ashes in a spray dryer FGD process

During the period 1981-1982, a study was performed to determine the ability of various fly ashes to retain sulfur dioxide in a pilot plant spray dryer/fabric filter flue gas desulfurization system. This knowledge would provide design engineers with the necessary data to determine whether the fly ash from a particular utility could be used as an effective supplement or substitute for slaked lime in a spray dryer system. The study commenced with the collection of 22 fly ashes from lignite, subbituminous, and bituminous eastern and western coals. The ashes were contacted with the flue gas entering the pilot plant by two different techniques. In the first, the ashes were slurried in water and injected into the spray dryer through a spinning disk atomizer. In the second, the ashes were injected as a dry additive into the flue gas upstream of the spray dryer. Analyses were conducted to determine the ability of each ash to retain sulfur dioxide in the system followed by statistical correlations of the sulfur retention with the physical/chemical properties of each ash. 17 references, 32 figures, 19 tables.

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Support-metal interaction studies on model supported catalysts. Final report

Support-metal interactions have been studied by incorporating silica, alumina, titania, and niobia into the surface of a clean Pt foil. Auger electron spectroscopy (AES) and temperature-programmed desorption (TPD) of CO and H/sub 2/ were used for surface characterization. Reaction kinetics for methanation were also measured at 400 torr H/sub 2/ and 100 torr CO. While no new desorption states of CO or H/sub 2/ were ever observed for any of the oxides, our results show that we can reproduce all of the unusual support effects normally observed on titania-supported Pt. We have found that a suboxide of titania can dissolve into bulk Pt at high temperatures but segregate back to the surface at room temperature. Titania tends to form a thin oxide layer which can prevent the adsorption of CO and H/sub 2/ but actually enhances methanation on Pt. X-ray photoelectron results indicate that this titania is TiO and appears to be chemically bound to Pt. Results for niobia show that it is almost identical to titania in its effect on Pt. For silica and alumina, however, much larger quantities of oxide were necessary to prevent the adsorption of CO and H/sub 2/. This indicates that these oxides form clusters or are subsurface on Pt. There is no evidence that they interact chemically with Pt. To compare the effect of supports on different metals, we investigated titania deposition on Rh. Although there are significant differences between Pt and Rh, we observed many similarities in the character of titania on these two metals, indicating that similar phenomena are responsible for support effects in both metals. 52 refs., 21 figs.

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Projections of enhanced oil recovery, 1985-1995. Technical report TR/ES/79-30

Estimates are given of the production potential from thermal recovery methods, miscible and immiscible gas flooding, and chemical flooding methods. It was assumed that existing EOR technology is conventionally applied requiring a 10% real after tax rate of return similar to that assumed for conventional recovery method. Five alternative price paths for world supplies of crude oil were investigated. Supply possibilities from these enhanced methods are estimated as 0.9 million bbl/d in 1985 and show no variation despite the $6 range in price among the scenarios. By 1995, price increases have an impact as EOR production ranges from 1.3 to 1.7 million bbl/d; this range is almost entirely due to the price response seen in gas flooding (carbon dioxide flooding). Production rates for gas flooding vary from 0.2 million bbl/d in the low price case to 0.5 million bbl/d in the highest price case. In thermal production, most of the shallow, heavy oil resource base in California appears to be economically producible at the lower price path analyzed in the ARC which has a constant $15/bbl world oil price (1978 dollars) through 1992 then increases to $16.50/bbl in 1995. This category contributes between 0.9 and 1.1 million bbl/d during the 1985-1995 time frame. In thermal recovery, production from steam drive peaks around 1990, but the decline is partially offset by production from in situ processes. Chemical flooding appears to hold very little promise in the period from 1985-1995, adding a maximum of 120,000 bbl/d in 1995. Although thermal recovery techniques provide the bulk of production in the 1985-1995, they should decline in importance over time, providing 52 to 57% of ultimate recovery. Gas flooding will increase production over time to account for 37 to 41% of ultimate recovery and chemical flooding accounts for 6 to 7%.

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Preparation and analyses of low-rank coals for combustion applications. First quarterly report, October 1, 1984-December 31, 1984

This report covers the first quarter of activity on an 18-month project to prepare low-rank coal (LRC) fuel for research applications in DOE advanced combustion technologies programs. During the period, five coals, from Colorado, Wyoming, Montana and North Dakota, were obtained from operating mines and amenability tests begun to determine their suitability for production of low-ash micronized LRC and LRC-slurry fuels.

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Great Plains ASPEN model development:  Rectisol Plant. Final topical report

An ASPEN model has been developed of the Rectisol Plant, Section 1400. The basis for this model is the process description given in Section 6.10 of Great Plains Project Management Plan, and the Lummus Rectisol Schematic Flow Diagram, Dwg. No. SK D-7102-IE-2. Published literature and commercial brochures distributed by the Lotepro Corp. also were used. The Rectisol plant simulation is divided into two models: (1) a Main Sequence for the absorption, flash regeneration, hot regeneration, and gas scrubbing operation, and (2) a Methanol Recovery Sequence for the multiple flashing and distillation trains for the recovery of methanol from two major effluent streams from the Main Sequence. The model for the Main Sequence is rather robust. This is exemplified by several case studies wherein seven parameters were varied without changing the initial guesses, and a series of converged results were obtained for all runs. These case studies concerned: H/sub 2/S in feed gas, H/sub 2/S concentration in the off gas, H/sub 2/S concentration in the bottoms of the Hot Stripper, flow rate of the flash-regenerated intermediate methanol, temperature of the lean methanol, moisture specification for the vapor from the prewash section, and separation factors for the operations of the Methanol Recovery Section. The Methanol Recovery Sequence model is not particularly robust with respect to the distillation blocks. Care must be applied in specifying the values (reflux ratios, bottoms or distillate flow rates, recovery fractions, etc.) used in the COL-SPEC or FORTRAN control blocks to avoid conditions for which convergence is difficult or impossible. Significant amounts of methanol are left in the effluent streams; this indicates a need for optimization. Of particular note is the failure of the simulation to predict the existence of two liquid phases in the third flash that is labeled as Naphtha Extractor in the Lummus flowsheet. 64 references.

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Production of a High-Quality Liquid Fuel from Coal by Mild Pyrolysis of Coal-Lime Mixtures

The objective of this investigation is to optimize devolatilization conditions of coal with an aim to increasing product quality and yield. It has been observed that mild devolatilization (heating coal slowly to 500/sup 0/C in a batch reactor) of coal in the presence of CaO (10 to 20 weigh percent) can produce a relatively high-quality liquid fuel (containing low sulfur, low oxygen, low viscosity, low Conradson carbon residue, and low pour point). Compared to that occurring in rapid heat-up processes, the residence time of both the liquid and gaseous products is significantly greater in a batch or fixed-bed (slow heating) system. It is proposed that this increased residence time facilitates greater secondary reactions of the primary products in the coal bed with the added CaO. By allowing sufficient contact, a high-quality liquid fuel is produced. The hydrogen-carbon (H/C) atomic ratio of the liquids generated in such a relatively low-cost, simple reaction configuration can vary from 1.3 to 1.5 for high-volatile coals such as Illinois No. 6 or Pittsburgh No. 8. These H/C ratios are superior to those reported for various other processes such as Solvent Refined Coal (SRC-II) or Coal Oil Energy Development process tar. The presence of CaO in the fuel bed markedly reduces H/sub 2/S in the gas phase and decreases heteroatoms (sulfur and oxygen) in the liquids. The liquid produced in the presence of CaO has a lower viscosity, lower pour point, lower Conradson carbon residue, and fewer phenolic and aromatic compounds than that produced in the absence of CaO. The resulting high-quality liquid fuel produced in this low-cost operation may serve as a transport fuel in certain applications without requiring further significant upgrading. Or it may serve as an octane-booster additive to existing transport fuels. 9 refs., 3 figs., 3 tabs.

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Gas production of Devonian shale wells relative to photo lineament locations:  a statistical analysis

A pilot study was made to relate Devonian shale gas well production to distance from photo lineaments that were mapped at two different scales, namely low altitude (1:24,000) and intermediate altitude (1:62,500). Cumulative production after 5 years for 41 wells located in the Vicco quadrangle of Perry Co., Kentucky, were used in the study. A statistical two-way analysis of variance design was used to group the data into four classes depending on whether the producing wells were within or beyond 300 feet of a photo lineament derived from both scales. Results indicate that cumulative 5-year production is higher for wells sited within 300 feet of a low-altitude photo lineament. The correlations evidenced in this study indicate a narrow zone of influence or effect for the geologic feature represented by the photo lineament. Moreover, the most consistently effective features are derived from low-altitude (1:24,000) scale photography, well below the detail most commonly utilized in studies to date.

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Advanced coal-fueled gas turbine systems, Volume 1: Annual technical progress report

This is the first annual technical progress report for The Advanced Coal-Fueled Gas Turbine Systems Program. Two semi-annual technical progress reports were previously issued. This program was initially by the Department of Energy as an R D effort to establish the technology base for the commercial application of direct coal-fired gas turbines. The combustion system under consideration incorporates a modular three-stage slagging combustor concept. Fuel-rich conditions inhibit NO/sub x/ formation from fuel nitrogen in the first stage; coal ash and sulfur is subsequently removed from the combustion gases by an impact separator in the second stage. Final oxidation of the fuel-rich gases and dilution to achieve the desired turbine inlet conditions are accomplished in the third stage. 27 figs., 15 tabs.

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Development of a new method for improving load turndown in fluidized bed combustors: Final report

The objective of this research was to investigate a new concept in fluidized bed design that improves load turndown capability. This improvement is accomplished by independently controlling heat transfer and combustion in the combustor. The design consists of two fluidized beds, one central and one annular. The central bed serves as the combustion bed. The annular bed is fluidized separately from the combustion bed and its level of fluidization determine the overall heat transfer rate from the combustion bed to the surrounding water jacket. Early theoretical considerations suggested a load turndown exceeding ten was possible for this design. This research consisted of three major phases: development of a computational model to predict heat transfer in the two-bed combustor, heat transfer measurements in hot-and-cold flow models of the combustor, and combustion tests in an optimally designed combustor. The computation model was useful in selecting the design of the combustor. Annular bed width and particle sizes were chosen with the aid of the model. The heat transfer tests were performed to determine if the existing correlations for fluidized bed heat transfer coefficients were sufficiently accurate for high aspect ratio fluidized beds (such as the annular bed in the combustor). Combustion tests were performed in an optimally designed combustor. Three fuel forms were used: double screened, crushed coal, coal-water-limestone mixtures (CWLM), and coal-limestone briquettes. 18 refs., 30 figs., 8 tabs.

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Electrocyclone Development Program. Quarterly technical report, November-January 1982

This investigation implies that typical high performance cyclone designs are inhibited in two significant areas. With small inlets and small outlets, it appears that large scale turbulence inhibits collection. The use of a large inlet contracting the flow into a relatively narrow annular region minimizes the production of large scale turbulence. Similarly, increased engagement length improves the length-to-annulus width and suppresses the turbulence that is formed. It is postulated that inlet vanes or baffling might play a similar role. The use of air shielding is found to be an alternative means of performance improvement and is of special interest in systems that can use clean dilution gas, e.g., cyclone combustors.

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Effects of H/sub 2/S on molten carbonate fuel cells. Final report

Objective of this program was to identify the poisoning mechanism(s) responsible for performance losses in molten carbonate fuel cells operating on fuels contaminated with ppM levels of H/sub 2/S and to develop models and codes to predict cell performance under poisoned conditions. This objective was addressed by focusing out-of-cell and in-cell experiments on single mechanistic issues, followed by incorporation of the results into a model that correlated the performance decline to the contaminant concentration. The importance of this work is that a justifiable specification for gas cleanup for MCFC power plants can now be made and a reasonably accurate model now exists which is capable of predicting the impact that upsets in the sulfur cleanup system will have upon cell performance. As the result of this work, it is now known that a complex relationship exists between the level of sulfur contamination and the amount of performance loss that is experienced by a fuel cell operating on contaminated fuel. This loss is dependent upon the total amount of sulfur present in the fuel, the heating value of the fuel, specifically the hydrogen content, the load placed on the fuel cell, and the pressure at which the cell is operating. Therefore, no single set of sulfur cleanup specifications is possible; however, in general, a MCFC system operating on a medium-Btu fuel at atmospheric pressure can tolerate about 1 ppM of total sulfur without suffering any loss in performance and with no adverse long-term effects on materials survivability. Such a system could also handle as much as 5-ppM total sulfur during a temporary upset in the sulfur cleanup system but with a concomitant loss in performance of about 20% provided the upset lasted less than 24 hours.

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