AndreaBozzo/ceres-open-data-index huggingface dataset:
Sampling strategy and characterization of potential emissions from synfuel production

The rapidly increasing energy demand has brought increased emphasis on the conversion of coal and oil shale to fluid fuels. These solid fuels provide a significantly greater pollution potential than petroleum. For the conversion program to be successful, effort must be directed toward the establishment of meaningful emissions standards. Yet meaningful regulations cannot be established for these processes without reliable emission stream data that are not now available. While the need for stream composition data is widely recognized, the complexity of the technology and the absence of representative equipment combined with the need for complex sampling and analytical procedures have limited progress in data acquisition.

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Nuclear Waste Fund fee adequacy:  an assessment. Nuclear Waste Policy Act

This is the fourth annual report in a series 1, 2, 3 that evaluates the adequacy of the fees assessed to cover the federal government's costs for the disposal of high-level radioactive wastes. As with past reports, the fees for commercial spent nuclear fuel are covered. These fees were established under the nuclear Waste Policy Act of 1982 (NWPA). The fees assessed on the commercial nuclear-electric generating industry consists of alone-time fee for waste existing on April 7, 193 and an ongoing fee assessed on subsequent nuclear powered generation. Based on a December 1985 court decision, the contracts converging spent nuclear fuel are interpreted as specifying that the ongoing fee will be assessed on net generation, rather than gross generation, accordingly, the excess of past ongoing fees based on gross generation over fees based on net generation is assumed to be credited to the utilities during 1986. A presidential decision made on April 30, 1985, directed that a common repository system be used for the permanent disposal of high-level wastes resulting from both atomic energy defense and civilian activities. Thus this report incorporates, for the first time, an assessment of fee adequacy that includes the estimated long=term impact of the costs and fees associated with disposal of defense high-level wastes in the Office of Civilian Radioactive Waste management repository system. In addition, this analysis includes, as a set of alternative cases, an Improved Performance System, a major component of which is Monitored Retrievable Storage facility. Since the cost implications of these features are still being investigated, the conclusions in this report should be regarded as tentative.

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Analytical method for the characterization of nitrogen bases in high-boiling petroleum distillates

Crude oil distillates may be separated into seven fractions-acids, bases, neutral nitrogens, saturates, monoaromatics, diaromatics, and polyaromatics-using the separation scheme developed by the Bureau of Mines in American Petroleum Institute Research Project 60. Further characterization of these fractions is desirable in order to identify the major compound types. The analysis of base fractions according to compound types is discussed in this paper.

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Chromatography in petroleum analysis

The USBM-API method combines ion exchange and coordination chromatography with adsorption chromatography to separate heavy petroleum distillates or residues into seven broad fractions: acids, bases, neutral nitrogen compounds, saturates, and mono-, di-, and polyaromatic compounds. The acid and base fractions are isolated by ion exchange chromatography, the neutral nitrogen compounds by complexation chromatography on ferric chloride, the saturates and aromatics by adsorption chromatography on activated alumina or on a combined alumina-silica column.

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Oilfields in the Williston basin in Montana, North Dakota, and South Dakota

"The Williston basin is the largest known sedimentary basin on the North American continent. Two-thirds of this large basin lies within the United Sates in Montana, North Dakota, and South Dakota. Less than 10 years after the first commercial oil discovery in North Dakota in 1951, the petroleum industry became one of the largest industries in the three-state area. Crude petroleum is now the most valuable mineral resource in the area. In 1960, the basin produced 39 million barrels of oil worth $100 million at the wellhead.  Most of the 137 oil pools discovered to date are in Paleozoic carbonates at depths ranging from 3,000 to 13,000 feet. The major producing fields, centered on the Cedar Creek anticline in Montana and the Nesson anticline in North Dakota, produce from depths below 6,000 feet.  This report presents descriptions of all phases of the Williston basin petroleum industry, including leasing, exploration, geology, drilling, production transportation, and refining. Engineering, physical, and production data, maps, and crude petroleum analyses for 137 separate oil pools are included."

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Distribution and type of sulfur compounds in straight-run naphthas. [17 crudes from US and Middle East; 482/sup 0/F end point; Ball procedure]

"This report, which is the first concerning the work of American Petroleum Institute Research Project 48A on the separation and identification of sulfur compounds in crude iol, is in the nature of a survey to determine the types of sulfur compounds that may be expected to be found in naphthas from high-sulfur crude oils.  The distribution of free sulfur, hydrogen sulfide, mercaptans (thiols), disulfides, two types of sulfides having different activities, and residual (less reactive) sulfur compounds has been determined for naphthas, 482 degrees F. (250 degrees C.) end point, from 17 typical high-sulfur crude oils of the United States and Middle East. The naphthas included straight-run distillates produced in the laboratory from a number of crude oils by distillation both at atmospheric pressure and at very low pressures (0.5 to 2.0 mm of mercury), so that comparative data were obtained showing the effect of heating to the temperatures attained in the ordinary distillation of naphtha. The results indicate a wide range in the proportion of the different types of sulfur compounds. However, many of the oils or naphthas contain predominantly sulfides and mercaptans, while relatively few contain appreciable quantities of disulfides. Two are characterized by large quantities of free sulfur. Although many changes in the sulfur compounds present may occur during distillation, the most obvious and interesting one is the almost universal decrease in the content of that unreactive sulfur group called “residual sulfur,” in the naphthas produced at atmospheric pressure as compared to those obtained at reduced pressure. In general, this reduction in residual sulfur shows up as sulfide sulfur in the distillate made at atmospheric pressure."

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Variable characteristics of the oil in the Tensleep sandstone reservoir, Elk Basin field, Wyoming and Montana

In the spring of 1943, when it was evident that the Tensleep sandstone in the Elk Basin Field, Wyoming and Montana held a large reserve of petroleum.  Bureau of Mines engineers obtained samples of oil from the bottom of nine wells and analyzed them for such physical characteristics as the volumes of gas in solution, saturation pressures or bubble points, shrinkage in volume caused by the release of gas from solution, expansion of the oil with decrease in pressure, and other related properties.  The composition of the gas in solution in the oil was studied.  The pressures and temperatures existing in the reservoir and the productivity characteristics of the oil wells were determined.  The data obtained indicate that the oil in the Tensleep Reservoir of the Elk Basin Field has unusually varying physical characteristics, such as a saturation pressure of 1,250 psia and 490 cu. ft. of gas in solution in a barrel of oil at the crest of the structure and a saturation pressure of 530 psia and 134 cu. ft. of gas in solution in a barrel of oil low on the flanks.  The hydrogen sulfide content of the gas in the oil varies from 18 percent for oil on the crest to 5 percent for oil low on the flanks of the flanks of the structure.  Of even greater significance is the fact that these and other variable characteristics of the reservoir oil are related to the position of the oil in the structure.  Many geologists and petroleum engineers have considered that all the oil in a petroleum reservoir has rather uniform physical characteristics and that equilibrium conditions prevailed in all underground accumulations of oil and gas; that such is not always so is borne out by the results of this study by the writers.

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Areal variation in reservoir oil characteristics, Newcastle sandstone Greater Clareton area, Wyo. [Original characteristics of oil-in-place]

Reservoir oil analysis from seven wells in the Greater Clareton area have been included in a study of the original characteristics of oil in the Newcastle sandstone reservoir. These data correlated with areal location of the wells show an increase of saturation pressure in a general north-south or downdip direction. The increase amounts to about 500 psi in more than 17 miles, which correspongs to a depth increase of about 1,600 feet. To facilitate application of the data to engineering analyses, average characteristics are given for arbitrary north and south divisions of the 22 mile long producing area.

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Gel permeation chromatographic separation of petroleum acids

Gel permeation chromatography was used to seperate the components of an acid concentrate. This concentrate was prepared from the 400-500 degrees C distillate of Wilmington petroleum. The seperation was made with a cross linked polystyrene gel, using methylene chloride as a solvent; and the fractions obtained were characterized by infrared spectra and by molecular weight data. A carboxylic acid fraction obtained was essentially free of phenolic and nitrogen containing compounds. Results indicate that molecular association of some compound types is responsible for the seperation.

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Organic structure studies of fossil fuels by nuclear magnetic resonance

"Nuclear magnetic resonance (nmr) is playing an increasingly important role in the characterization of the organic constituents of fossil fuels. The nmr techniques that are currently being applied to fossil fuel  characterizations utilize both the 1H and 13C nuclides and can conveniently be divided into those that apply to liquid samples and those that apply to solids. For solids one has to contend with line-broadening influences of dipole-dipole interactions and chemical shift anisotropies (especially for carbon) and with long spin-lattice relaxation times; some recent advances have largely circumvented these  problems for 13C.14-20 For liquids, rapid isotropic molecular tumbling averages dipolar splitting to zero  and the chemical shift tensor to its isotropic average, and gives rise to relatively efficient spin-lattice relaxation (permitting one to reduce the wait time between pulse repetitions)."

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Heat conduction in heterogeneous materials

A new solution to the heat equation in composite media is derived using a variational principle developed by Ben-Amoz. The model microstructure is fed into the equations via a term for the polar moment of the inclusions in a representative volume. The general solution is presented as an integral in terms of sources and a Green function. The problem of uniqueness is studied determine appropriate boundary conditions. The solution reduces to the solution of the normal heat equation in the limit of homogeneous media.

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Process of the undergound gasification of thin coal seams with an air blast and a blast enriched with oxygen at Lisichansk. [Use of inclined boreholes and high-pressure air linkage]

Thin coal seams are difficult to mine and scarcely efficient from the economic viewpoint.  Considerable difficulties are also encountered in their underground gasification.  As thin coal seams represent a sizeable class of the reserves of the Donets and other Soviet coal basins, the mining methods of exploitation should be improved and new and more rational ones developed.

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Assessment of an Antrim Oil Shale fracture zone by vertical seismic profiling

This report presents the results of a vertical seismic prowling experiment performed in the upper 2500 feet of the Michigan Basin. Both P and SH waves were used. The experiment was divided into two parts: a  "before" survey run of the virgin rock, then an "after" survey across an explosively fractured volume of Antrim Oil Shale, centered at 1300 ft. From the before VSP survey, a velocity structure of the basin was calculated. Comparison of the after observations of the before elucidated the fracture volume and elastic parameters. Travel time delays, amplitude attenuation, converted and diffracted waves provided consistent information on the depth, shape and size of the fractured volume.

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EVALUATION OF THE POROSITY OF THE HANNA NO. 1 COAL SEAM

The purpose of this report is to describe the field tracer test and pumping test performed in July, 1983, at the Hanna, Wyoming, and coal gasification research area and to evaluate the tracer test data to derive the effective porosity of the Hanna No. 1 coal seam. The effective porosity is required to determine if contaminants in the groundwater resulting from the coal burns are reasonably responsible for changes in the total dissolved solids (TDS) and sulfate concentrations observed at the monitoring wells CB0142 and CB0155, which are located over 1000 feet down gradient from the nearest coal burn area. Previous estimates of groundwater velocity (Radian Corp., 1981) are of the order of a few feet to tens of feet per year. Accordingly, with these low velocities one must assume that the increasing sulfate with time that has been observed in the monitoring wells is not related to the burn activities on the site. Fifty or more years would be required to transport the contaminant: from the nearest burn area (1000 feet away) using the previous assumed groundwater velocity.

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Fundamental properties of Green River oil shale as determined from nitrogen adsorption and desorption isotherms. [Surface area, pore structure, and pore volume; distribution of organic matter]

Oil shale, a major potential source of liquid fuels, consists of a complex mixture of organic and inorganic constituents in variable proportions. Understanding of its fundamental properties and structure may aid in improving existing methods of converting the organic matter to useful liquid and gaseous products and in devising new methods.

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Entrained-solids retorting of Colorado oil shale (product yields and properties)

Oil yields obtained by retorting in an entrained solids system ranged from 55 pounds or 5.6 gallons per ton of 30 gallon per ton shale at 1650 degrees F. to 168 pounds of 21.2 gallons per ton at 1000 degrees F. Based upon Fischer assay, oil yields ranged from 23.5% at 1650 degrees F. to 77.2% at 1000 degrees F. if C4=hydrocarbons are included. Yields of mineral-carbon dioxide-free gas varied from 70 pounds per ton of 30 gallon per ton shale at 1000 degrees F. to 417 pounds per ton at 1650 degrees F.

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Hot-film log:  a formation evaluation tool designed for shallow in situ oil shale experiments

The Hot-Film Flow Log was developed for evaluating shallow in situ fracturing and retorting experiments in Green River oil shale. Two logging probes are described which employ a temperature-compensated conical hot-film anemometer-type flow sensor. Wellbore fluid flow profiles and fluid entry or exit points can be recorded while continuously lowering or raising the probes in cased or uncased wellbores.

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Production of SNG from shale oil by catalytic gasification in a steam-hydrogen atmosphere

This report presents the results from experiments done at the Laramie Energy Technology Center of the DOE in which synthetic natural gas was produced from shale oil by gasifying it in a fixed bed catalytic reactor. The catalyst used was a commercially available cobalt molybdate hydrotreating catalyst. The oil was gasified in a pure hydrogen atmosphere and operating conditions investigated ranged from 755-978 degrees Kelvin, 3.448x10^6- 10.34x10^6 Pa, at a space velocity of about 1.0 and approximately 100% stoichiometric requirement of hydrogen needed to convert the carbon in the oil entirely to methane. Yields of gas obtained were as high as 93%of feed carbon converted to gas, principally methane and ethane.

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Postburn characterization of a geokinetics in situ oil shale retort

Twenty postburn and two control (unburned) coreholes were drilled into a horizontal in situ oil shale retort at the Geokinetics field site, Uinta Basin, Utah. The object of the investigation was to study the mineralogic changes and trace element partitioning resulting from a true in situ burn of Green River oil shale under field conditions. Minerals were examined by x-ray diffraction and optical microscopy; while elemental determinations were performed utilizing x-ray fluorescence, neutron activation analysis, and other analytical chemical techniques. Statistical significance values were used to establish relationships between 13 minerals, oil, water, and 45 elements. The complex mineral assemblage created was a result of rapid intense heating coupled with fluctuating temperatures, gas and fluid pressure, cooled at a shallow depth, composed primarily of solid solutions of silicates plus cations. Distinct zones were observed which correspond to temperature thresholds that can be distinguished by increasing degrees of silicification of the carbonate rich raw oil shale. Trace element partitioning closely parallels the mineral assemblages. Leaching studies indicate an increase in soluble salts in zones in which temperatures were only adequate to retort and carbonize the oil shale, with the synthesis of insoluble minerals in the hottest, most intensely altered zones minimizing the extractability of potentially detrimental materials from the residue of in situ combustion.

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Fischer assay analyses of the Antrim Oil Shale of the Michigan Basin

Modified Fischer Assays were run and are reported on 841 samples of Antrim Oil Shale. These samples were taken from 31 wells and 9 outcrop locations throughout the Michigan Basin. Yields in both weight precent of oil, water, spent shale, gas plus loss, and in gal/ton of oil and water and the oil specific gravity are tabulated. Procedures, apparatus, and instrumentation adapted for this work were shown by comparison tests and by repetitive assays to be accruate and precise. Data recording, calculations, data storage and plotting were all done using computer programs, files, and tapes. The oil yield in gal/ton of shale is plotted versus drillers depth in feet for each of the 31 wells and for three cross sections across the Michigan Basin. The average oil yields for these three cross sections were: Northern, 4.78 gal/ton; Central, 4.49 gal/ton; and Southern, 4.64 gal/ton. The average oil yield was 4.67 gal/ton. Probability density curves resembled a Gaussian-type distribution with an added spike of near-zero yield material which was attributed to a small amount of sampling above and below the Antrim formation and the intrusion of some non-carbonaceous material into the Antrim in some locations. The density function for the entire formation showed fractional yields of oil of only 20% > 7.0 gal/ton, 15% > 8.0 gal/ton, and 5.0% > 11 gal/ton. The average oil yield represents for an estimated 44,500 square miles of the Michigan Basin the potential of 2.8 trillion barrels of "Fischer Assay extractable" oil.

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Current developments in oil shale research at the Laramie Energy Research Center. [Review of studies in 4 areas: concurrent gasification and retorting; high pressure retorting; abnormal heating rate of interior of large blocks of oil shale; and in-situ combustion]

"Current oil shale research being conducted at the Laramie Energy Research Center is many faceted, and some of the recent developments in these areas are presented. Concurrent gasification and retorting of oil shale where the effects of operating pressure and amounts of oxygen and water injection on quality and quantity of gas and oil produced is being studied . This work has resulted in off gas with heating values varying from 50 to 1,300 Btu/ft 3  and oil recovery of up to 80 vol. % of Fischer assay. The effects of retorting atmosphere, pressure, and external heating rate are being studied in a high pressure batch re tort. Results from this work indicate that a nitrogen atmosphere decreases oil yield slightly while a hydrogen atmosphere increases the oil yield significantly. Large blocks of oil shale are being retorted in a 150-ton aboveground retort to study the abnormal heating rate of  the interior of the blocks. This could be caused by an oxidation exotherm similar to that found in limited DTA studies. Some early results from the Rock Springs site 9 in situ experiment are also presented. This is the fifth in situ combustion experiment and is being performed in a 40-foot-thick oil shale bed having an average Fischer assay of 23 gallons per ton."

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Methods of chemical analysis for ionic constituents in synfuel wastewaters. Final report

The objective of the effort described herein is to develop methods of chemical analysis and associated equipment for the determination of ionic species in synfuel wastewaters. The procedures and equipment are to be sufficiently rugged and portable for use in a field laboratory, and should be capable of producing a complete ionic analysis within approximately 30 minutes. As such, the analyses should require a minimum of sample manipulation. The completed analyses should require a minimum of sample manipulation. The completed analyses should be sufficiently precise and accurate to permit the calculation of the total anions and cations to within   - 10%.

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Comparison of lateral and vertical diffusion in several valleys

Nocturnal tracer experiments at four valley sites demonstrate a cross section of the complicating phenomena attending the transport and diffusion of airborne materials in complex terrain. This paper is a reanalysis of previously published data and it provides an inter comparison of dispersion at the four sites in terms of their topographic structure. Plume models are adopted as a focus of discussion and a point of departure to examine non plume like behavior in the tracer data.

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Paraho environmental data. Part I. Process characterization

From 1973 to 1976, the Paraho Oil Shale Demonstration, a 3-years, $10 million research program, privately sponsored by 17 participants, was carried out to demonstrate the operability of the Paraho technology in retorting oil shale. Retorting operations  were carried out in Direct Heated, Indirect Heated, and Combination Modes. Because of the research nature of that earlier program, there was practically no environmental monitoring of the paraho operations. The environmental monitoring carried out during that time was preformed to obtain some qualitative information or to define valid sampling, preparation, and analytical procedures useful in assessing oil shale retorting operations.

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