AndreaBozzo/ceres-open-data-index huggingface dataset:
An economic feasibility analysis of distributed electric power generation based upon the natural gas-fired fuel cell: a model of a central utility plant.

This central utilities plant model details the major elements of a central utilities plant for several classes of users. The model enables the analyst to select optional, cost effective, plant features that are appropriate to a fuel cell application. These features permit the future plant owner to exploit all of the energy produced by the fuel cell, thereby reducing the total cost of ownership. The model further affords the analyst an opportunity to identify avoided costs of the fuel cell-based power plant. This definition establishes the performance and capacity information, appropriate to the class of user, to support the capital cost model and the feasibility analysis. It is detailed only to the depth required to identify the major elements of a fuel cell-based system. The model permits the choice of system features that would be suitable for a large condominium complex or a residential institution such as a hotel, boarding school or prison. The user may also select large office buildings that are characterized by 12 to 16 hours per day of operation or industrial users with a steady demand for thermal and electrical energy around the clock.

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Aerovalve pulse combustion: Technical note

The authors present a mathematical model and an experimental investigation of aerodynamically valved pulse combustion. The model uses a control-volume approach to solve conservation laws in several regions of a pulse combustor. Mixing between the fresh charge and combustion products is modeled as a two-step process, with the mixing occurring slowly for a specified eddy time during each cycle, and then changing to a higher rate. Results of model simulations demonstrate that eddy time plays a significant role in determining the frequency and amplitude of combustion oscillation. The authors show that short eddy times produce steady, rather than pulsating, combustion. And they show that changes to the mixing process alter the temperature-species history of combustion gases in a manner that could prevent or promote the formation of nitrogen oxides, depending on specific mixing rates. The relatively simple control-volume approach used in this model allows rapid investigation of a wide range of geometric and operating parameters, and also defines characteristic length and time scales relevant to aerovalve pulse combustion. Experimental measurements compare favorably to model predictions. The authors place particular emphasis on time-averaged pressure differences through the combustor, which act as an indicator of pressure gain performance. They investigate both operating conditions and combustor geometry, and they show that a complex interaction between the inlet and exit flows of a combustor makes it difficult to produce general correlations among the various parameters. They use a scaling rule to produce a combustor geometry capable of producing pressure gain.

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Estimates of future regional heavy oil production at three production rates--background information for assessing effects in the US refining industry

This report is one of a series of publications from a project considering the feasibility of increasing domestic heavy oil (10{degree} to 20{degree} API gravity inclusive) production being conducted for the US Department of Energy. The report includes projections of future heavy oil production at three production levels: 900,000; 500,000; and 300,000 BOPD above the current 1992 heavy oil production level of 750,000 BOPD. These free market scenario projections include time frames and locations. Production projections through a second scenario were developed to examine which heavy oil areas would be developed if significant changes in the US petroleum industry occurred. The production data helps to define the possible constraints (impact) of increased heavy oil production on the US refining industry (the subject of a future report). Constraints include a low oil price and low rate of return. Heavy oil has high production, transportation, and refining cost per barrel as compared to light oil. The resource is known, but the right mix of technology and investment is required to bring about significant expansion of heavy oil production in the US.

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An economic feasibility analysis of distributed electric power generation based upon the Natural Gas-Fired Fuel Cell: a model of the operations cost.

This model description establishes the revenues, expenses incentives and avoided costs of Operation of a Natural Gas-Fired Fuel Cell-Based. Fuel is the major element of the cost of operation of a natural gas-fired fuel cell. Forecasts of the change in the price of this commodity a re an important consideration in the ownership of an energy conversion system. Differences between forecasts, the interests of the forecaster or geographical areas can all have significant effects on imputed fuel costs. There is less effect on judgments made on the feasibility of an energy conversion system since changes in fuel price can affect the cost of operation of the alternatives to the fuel cell in a similar fashion. The forecasts used in this model are only intended to provide the potential owner or operator with the means to examine alternate future scenarios. The operations model computes operating costs of a system suitable for a large condominium complex or a residential institution such as a hotel, boarding school or prison. The user may also select large office buildings that are characterized by 12 to 16 hours per day of operation or industrial users with a steady demand for thermal and electrical energy around the clock.

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Conceptual design of a fluidized bed combustor for volume reduction of waste

A group of research engineers was assembled to investigate novel fluidized bed combustion systems for incinerating low-level radioactive wastes. The goal of this project was to significantly reduce the volume of these wastes in an efficient and environmentally safe manner. The process is to be limited by a maximum temperature of 600 {degrees}C and the waste product was to contain a minimum of waste material produced by the process itself (refractory, absorbents, catalysts, etc.). The approach presented in this study is to evaluate: (1) a modification of the existing system, (2) a hybrid reactor concept, and (3) a fast circulating reactor concept. Carbon dioxide and oxygen were to be the only gases introduced into the reactors. The results of this study indicate that the existing system may be more efficient with gas and solids recirculation; however, two beds are required. The hybrid reactor concept involves a bubbling bed and a fast bed in one reactor. Although a simple operation is envisioned for this system, there are several technical questions which must be addressed in order to optimize the system for a final analysis. The fast circulating reactor concept also appears to represent a simple system to operate; however, it also presents several technical questions which must be addressed before a thorough evaluation of this concept may be completed. In conclusion, this report represents a first evaluation of new concepts for significant volume reduction of low-level radioactive wastes. The technical issues required for a complete evaluation of these concepts are presented. A future research effort is outlined the result of which should significantly increase our knowledge of these issues.

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Removal of contaminants from fine-grained soils using electrokinetic flushing. Semiannual report, July 1 through December 31, 1992

This report details the status of work conducted on the use of electrokinetics (EK) to remediate a fine grained soil contaminated with lead. The experimental work entails soil collection and characterization, soil adsorption and desorption of lead, and experimental setup construction and testing. Test soil was collected from Northern Erie County, New York and underwent standard preparation and physical/chemical characterization. The soil is a silt loam with a low hydraulic permeability ({approx} 10{sup {minus}7} cm/s), a large amount of fine materials, moderate organic carbon content, and a moderately high cation exchange capacity (CEC). The soil has a low indigenous lead content and is slightly acidic. The soil was artificially contaminated with lead to concentrations of 95, 800, and 7,600 mg Pb/kg soil. Lead desorption experiments were conducted using several concentrations of HCl, HNO{sub 3}, EDTA, CaCl{sub 2}, acetic acid, and tap water. HCl, HNO{sub 3}, and EDTA desorbed the majority of the soil-bound lead. Acetic acid and CaCl{sub 2} were less effective while tap water was ineffective. An experimental apparatus consisting of a consolidation unit and electrokinetic (EK) soil reactor to mimic EK flushing in the field was designed and constructed. The experimental unit underwent testing to determine if water could be moved through the soil under an applied electric current. Significant quantities of water were moved through soil. Based on limited results, water movement increased with increased conductivity. The pH and conductivity of the reservoir waters were monitored during the reactor testing. With time, the pH at the cathode dropped to less than 4 and at the anode was raised to about 10. Conductivities of the two reservoirs increased from their initial values because of ion migration from the soil into the reservoirs and the increase in either H{sup  } and OH{sup {minus}}.

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Land application uses for dry FGD by-products, Phase 1 report

The 1990 amendments to the Clean Air Act have spurred the development of flue gas desulfurization (FGD) processes, several of which produce a dry, solid by-product material consisting of excess sorbent, reaction products containing sulfates and sulfites, and coal fly ash. FGD by-product materials are treated as solid wastes and must be landfilled. It is highly desirable to find beneficial reuses for these materials provided the environmental impacts are minimal and socially acceptable. Phase 1 results of a 4 and 1/2 year study to demonstrate large volume beneficial uses of FGD by-products are reported. The purpose of the Phase 1 portion of the project was to characterize the chemical, physical, mineralogical and engineering properties of the FGD by-product materials obtained from various FGD technologies being developed in the state of Ohio. Phase 1 also involved the collection of baseline economic data related to the beneficial reuse of these FGD materials. A total of 58 samples were collected and analyzed. The results indicated the chemical composition of the FGD by-product materials were dominated by Ca, S, Al, and Si. Many of the elements regulated by the US Environmental Protection Agency reside primarily in the fly ash. Phase 1 results revealed that FGD by-product materials are essentially coal fly ash materials diluted with unreacted sorbent and reaction products. High volume beneficial reuses will depend on the economics of their substituting for existing materials for various types of applications (e.g. as an agricultural liming material, soil borrow for highway embankment construction, and reclamation of active and abandoned surface coal mines). Environmental constraints to the beneficial reuse of dry FGD by-product materials, based on laboratory and leachate studies, seem to be less than for coal fly ash.

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Utilization of low-quality natural gas: A current assessment. Final report

The objective of this report is to evaluate the low quality natural gas (LQNG) resource base, current utilization of LQNG, and environmental issues relative to its use, to review processes for upgrading LQNG to pipeline quality, and to make recommendations of research needs to improve the potential for LQNG utilization. LQNG is gas from any reservoir which contains amounts of nonhydrocarbon gases sufficient to lower the heating value or other properties of the gas below commercial, pipeline standards. For the purposes of this study, LQNG is defined as natural gas that contains more than 2% carbon dioxide, more than 4% nitrogen, or more than 4% combined CO{sub 2} plus N{sub 2}. The other contaminant of concern is hydrogen sulfide. A minor contaminant in some natural gases is helium, but this inert gas usually presents no problems.

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Management of dry flue gas desulfurization by-products in underground mines. Annual report, October 1993--September 1994

Preliminary environmental risk assessment on the FGD by-products to be placed underground is virtually complete. The initial mixes for pneumatic and hydraulic placement have been selected and are being subject to TCLP, ASTM, and modified SLP shake tests as well as ASTM column leaching. Results of these analyses show that the individual coal combustion residues, and the residues mixes, are non-hazardous in character. Based on available information, including well logs obtained from Peabody Coal Company, a detailed study of the geology of the placement site was completed. The study shows that the disposal site in the abandoned underground mine workings at depths of between 325 and 375 feet are well below potable groundwater resources. This, coupled with the benign nature of the residues and residues mixtures, should alleviate any concern that the underground placement will have adverse effects on groundwater resources. Seven convergence stations were installed in the proposed underground placement area of the Peabody Coal Company No. 10 mine. Several sets of convergence data were obtained from the stations. A study of materials handling and transportation of coal combustion residues from the electric power plant to the injection site has been made. The study evaluated the economics of the transportation of coal combustion residues by pneumatic trucks, by pressure differential rail cars, and by SEEC, Inc. collapsible intermodal containers (CICs) for different annual handling rates and transport distances. The preliminary physico-chemical characteristics and engineering properties of various FBC fly ash-spent bed mixes have been determined, and long-term studies of these properties are continuing.

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Field verification of CO{sub 2}-foam. Annual report

The East Vacuum Grayburg/San Andres Unit (EVGSAU), operated by Phillips Petroleum Company, is the site selected for a comprehensive evaluation of the use of foam for improving the effectiveness of a CO{sub 2} flood. The four-year project, jointly funded by the EVGSAU Working Interest Owners (WIO), the US Department of Energy (DOE), and the State of New Mexico, began in late 1989. The Petroleum Recovery Research Center (PRCC), a division of the New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology (NMIMT), is providing laboratory and research support for the project. A Joint Project Advisory Team (JPAT) composed of technical representatives from several major oil companies provides input, review, and guidance for the project. This third annual report details various aspects of the CO{sub 2}-Foam Field Verification Pilot test at EVGSAU. The report presents: (1) an overview of the operating plan for the project, (2) details of the foam injection schedule and design criteria, (3) a discussion of the data collection program and performance criteria to be used in evaluating successful application of foam for mobility control in the EVGSAU CO{sub 2} project, and (4) preliminary results from the field injection test. Specific items discussed in the foam injection design include the determination of surfactant volume and concentration, selection of the surfactant-alternating-gas (SAG) injection sequence for foam generation, field facilities, operations during foam injection, and contingency plans. An extensive data collection program for the project is discussed including production testing, injection well pressure and rate monitoring, injection profiles, production well logging, observation well logging program, and both gas and water phase tracer programs.

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Clean Coal II: PFBC Utility Demonstration Project. Annual report, [January 1, 1992--December 31, 1992]

This is the second Annual Report submitted to the Department of Energy (DOE) in connection with the Cooperative Agreement between the DOE and the Appalachian Power Company (APCO) for the Pressurized Fluidized Bed Combustion (PFBC) Utility Demonstration Project. The report covers the period January 1, 1992 to December 31, 1992; during which time, Task 1.1.3 (Value Engineering) was started. Task 1.1.3 as well as continuation of Task 1.1.2 (Project Support) are associated with Budget Period 2 (BP2) of the Cooperative Agreement. BP2 tasks, which extend from January 1992 to January 1996, are aimed at reducing the technical and economic risks of a large commercial PFBC plant. This objective is being met by performing value engineering activities and testing various systems, including a sorbent fines admission system. Installation of this system (at the Tidd PFBC Demonstration Plant) started in December 1992. The sorbent system being installed is for the purpose of a process verification. Hardware costs specific to verification activities are being funded under the PFBC Utility Demonstration Project Cooperative Agreement. Test data is dependent upon operation of the Tidd facility. The present PFBC program identifies the year 2004 for completion of the project at an as-spent total shared cost of approximately $918 million.

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Integrated Low Emissions Cleanup system for direct coal fueled turbines

The United States Department of.Energy, Morgantown Energy Research Center (DOE/METC), is sponsoring the development of coal-fired turbine technology in the areas of Pressurized Fluidized Bed Combustion, Integrated Gasification Combined Cycles, and Direct Coal-Fired Turbines. A major technical challenge remaining for the development of coal-fired turbine systems is high-temperature gas cleaning to meet environmental standards for sulfur oxides and particulate emissions, as well as to provide acceptable turbine life. The Westinghouse Electric Corporation, Science & Technology Center, is evaluating an Integrated Low Emissions Cleanup (ILEC) concept that has been configured to meet this technical challenge. This ceramic barrier filter, ILEC concept simultaneously controls sulfur, particulate, and alkali contaminants in high-pressure fuel gases or combustion gases, and is considering cleaning temperatures up to 2100{degrees}F. This document describes Phase II of the program, the design, construction, and shakedown of a bench-scale facility to test and confirm the feasibility of this ILEC technology.

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The analysis and specification of large high-pressure, high-temperature valves for combustion turbine protection in second-generation PFB power plants: Topical report

The purpose of this study was to provide a specification for the high-pressure/high-temperature valves for turbine overspeed protection in a commercial-scale second-generation pressurized fluidized bed combustion (PFBC) power plant. In the event of a loss of external (generator) load, the gas turbine rapidly accelerates from its normal operating speed. Protection from excessive overspeed can be maintained by actuation of fuel isolation and air bypass valves. A design specification for these valves was developed by analyses of the turbine/compressor interaction during a loss of load and analyses of pressure and flow transients during operation of the overspeed protection valves. The basis for these analyses was the Phase 1 plant conceptual design prepared in 1987.

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Decontamination Systems Information and Research Program: Quarterly report, July--September 1994

West Virginia University (WVU) and the US DOE Morgantown Energy Technology Center (METC) entered into a Cooperative Agreement on August 29, 1992 entitled ``Decontamination Systems Information and Research Programs`` (DOE Instrument No.: DE-FC21-92MC29467). Stipulated within the Agreement is the requirement that WVU submit to METC a series of Technical Progress Reports on a quarterly basis. This report comprises the eighth Quarterly Technical Progress Report for the Agreement. This report reflects the progress and/or efforts performed on the 16 technical projects encompassed by the Agreement for the period of July 1 through September 30, 1994. These projects focus on the following: Bio-remediation of organic compounds, heavy metals, and radionuclides; miscellaneous remediation technologies; instrumentation; and technology assessments.

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A novel geotechnical/geostatistical approach for exploration and production of natural gas from multiple geologic strata. Technical progress report, July--September 1994

The Test Well No. 4 Project plans to identify potential coalbed methane drill sites in the State of Alaska. There are two primary objectives in this activity. First, research and drilling in Alaska will provide much needed data on coal and methane in that state. Second, if the well is successful, gas produced will be used to fulfill the energy needs of Alaskan villages. Work on the College of West Virginia Multistrata Wells continued with plans for reworking the entire system. The College focused on preparing a detailed and comprehensive work plan involving workover on each well and installation of a compressor into the main gathering line. When this work is complete, CWV will be able to place the three project wells back on line and begin production to provide for the on campus energy needs of the College. Planning was initiated on a project to demonstrate newly developed technologies for multi-strata gas and water production to enhance commercial applications. The Morcinek Mine area in Poland was identified as a prime target for the capture of methane gas and the clean-up of associated brine. CWV subcontractors shall implement a system to capture coalbed methane and brine, and to utilize the captured gas to operate brine clean-up equipment. This equipment will include a submerged evaporator and a reverse osmosis unit. In short, this technology will take brine and produce potable water and commercial salt.

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High-volume, high-value usage of flue gas desulfurization (FGD) by-products in underground mines. Phase 1: Laboratory investigations; Quarterly report, April--June 1994

Activities included the collection of a second sample set consisting of scrubber material, fly ash and lime from a conventional scrubber system. The chemical and physical characterization of the Archer Daniel Midland (ADM) FBC material included particle size analysis and elemental analysis. Field trips were made to the landfill site managed by the Freeman United Coal Company where the ADM material is currently being managed. The objective of the trips was to examine the changes of the material with time. The fresh hydrated material was characterized by high strength and hardness and contained ettringite and anhydrite. The older material was weaker and contained gypsum and calcite and a partially decomposed ettringite. The goal of the geotechnical characterization is to develop a mix design appropriate for mine emplacement. Evaluation of four different types of mixes are being evaluated: (1) FGD mixed with water and not subjected to prehydration, (2) FGD prehydrated for 24 hours and then mixed with water, (3) FGD mixed with bottom ash from the same location, and (4) FGD mixed with a typical Midwest fly ash. Based on the evaluation completed to date the prehydrated offers the most promise for providing a mix design that can permit relatively high strengths and low mixing and curing temperatures. The final survey of the field site was completed and coring and pressure testing of the strata in the immediate vicinity of the proposed adits was completed. A literature review of the factors which control spontaneous coal combustion was also completed. It was determined that the Princess No.3 Mine has a low to moderate potential for spontaneous combustion.

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