AndreaBozzo/ceres-open-data-index huggingface dataset:
Stochastic modeling of coal gasification combined cycle systems

This report has described a new stochastic modeling capability for the ASPEN chemical process simulator. The stochastic modeling capability can be used to evaluate the performance of any chemical plant which can be formulated using the simulator. An application of this capability to the KRW IGCC system performance model also was illustrated. Cost models for selected IGCC systems also have been developed for implementation in ASPEN, as described in a separate topical report (Frey and Rubin, 1989). These models estimate the capital cost of various plant sections, as well as system operating and maintenance (O and M) costs, and total annual costs. The economic models are sensitive to key system flow rates and process design parameters, and are fully integrated with the IGCC performance models. The economic models can be used to quantify cost differences in system designs, and to identify key uncertainties important for comparative economic evaluations and research planning. Applications of probabilistic analysis combining uncertainties in performance and cost parameters also can be used to estimate process contingency factors (used in traditional cost analyses to represent additional costs that are expected to occur, but that are not included explicitly in the cost estimate), or to supplant the traditional contingency factor approach by incorporating expert knowledge about uncertainties at the more disaggregated level of process performance and cost parameters. Detailed case studies of IGCC system performance and cost employing the new stochastic modeling capability are planned as part of future efforts in this research. Two appendices are included with this report: technical reference manual for ASPEN stochastic block and users manual for stochastic simulation in ASPEN. 8 refs., 3 figs., 2 tabs.

Tags: kmd
BLACK SHALE STUDIES IN KENTUCKY.  Final report

This final report contains 9 separate reports on the stratigraphy and geochemistry of black shales. In addition, data maps showing the location of 2500 wells, gas and oil production, and the stratigraphy of black shales as well as radioactive isopoch maps showing the thickness of intensely radioactive shales are included. Separate abstracts have been prepared for each of the 9 reports for inclusion in the Energy Data Base. (DMC)

Tags: kmd
Asphalt Ridge Tar Sand Recovery using the ROPE process: Topical report

Western research Institute (WRI) is developing the Recycle Oil Pyrolysis and Extraction (ROP) process. Results to data indicate this process will assist existing surface and in situ recovery process economics by producing a diluent to decrease the pour point of produced bitumen for pipeline transportation and by producing a solvent for solvent extraction processes. The ROPE process also produces feedstocks from tar sand for the production of unleaded gasoline and advanced aviation turbine fuel. The main objectives of this research were to determine the operability and efficiency of the ROPE process at steady-state conditions and to confirm previous experimental results by conducting tests in the 2-inch process development unit (PDU) and the 6-inch bench scale unit (BSU). A 48- hour test was performed in the 2-inch PDU using Asphalt Ridge tar sand and product oil produced from the 6-inch BSU in an earlier shakedown test. The test was designed to produce oil at steady-state conditions. A similar, five-day test was also conducted in the 6-inch BSU to measure the operating time required to reach steady-state conditions with respect to product compositions. 1 ref., 6 figs., 9 tabs.

Tags: kmd
A laboratory method for collecting volatile emissions from spent shale retorted by the Fischer assay method

Organic compounds not removed in the oil shale retorting process are likely to remain with the retorted shale and may volatilize after the shale's removal from the retort. The purpose of the study was to determine if volatile organic emissions from the retorted oil shale were present in sufficient quantities to be detected in the laboratory. This study demonstrated that measurable quantities of volatile organic emissions are evolved from retorted shale and can be detected in the laboratory. Alkanes and alkenes were the primary compounds identified, although other organic compounds were detected. 6 refs., 4 figs., 2 tabs.

Tags: kmd
Incident report. Tube Bank C-metal wastage status report, November 1982

During the Hot Commissioning tests in preparation for Test Series 2, a significant degree of metal wastage occurred on the external surfaces of Tube Bank 'C'. The extent of the metal wastage was unexpected and has been a matter of concern to the Project. The report provides a history of the operational period for Tube Bank 'C'and details the measurements of metal wastage that have been recorded. The project has initiated an extensive study of the possible cause, or causes, of the metal wastage and these are discussed. Operational tests are to be carried out at Grimethorpe, CURL and CRE with a view to determining the mechanism of metal wastage that exists within the fluidized bed. The results of these tests will be reported and will form the basis for the design of a new bank, which will be installed in the combustor in due course, if required. The Project is taking necessary steps to ensure that the cause of the metal wastage is fully investigated and that the resultant slippage in the Test Series 2 schedule is minimised.

Tags: kmd
Advanced coal-fueled gas turbine systems

Westinghouse's Advanced Coal-Fueled Gas Turbine System Program is split into two major phases -- a Basic Program and an Option. The Basic Program, contains the development of a 6 atm, 7 lb/s, 12 {times} 10{sup 6} Btu/hr slagging combustor. Included in this phase is an extended period of testing of the subscale combustor developed under this program. In the second phase of the Basic Program, the combustor would be operated over a 3-month period with a stationary cascade to study the effect of deposition, erosion and corrosion on combustion turbine components. The option is primarily devoted towards performing a verification test of a 70 {times} 10{sup 6} Btu/hr combustor. This task requires utilization of a facility which has a capability to deliver a 700{degrees}F air flow of 40 lb/s at a pressure of 14 atm. Critical slagging combustor technology concerns that are being addressed within this program include: slag removal; sorbent stimulated sulfur removal in the slag; suppression of NO{sub x} formation; complete carbon burnout; adequate particulate capture; acceptable pressure loss and availability; slag, particulate and sulfur removal from fuel-rich primary combustion gases in the second stage; and final gas oxidation and dilution in the third stage (operated lean). This report describes the subscale slagging combustor test (apparatus, plan, test results and discussion). The paper briefly discusses two ancillary sulfur studies: spent sorbent stability in molten slag and basic sulfur capture. The status of four other projects is also discussed: slagging cyclone, real-time slag tapping, cascade design and fabrication, and update of reference system definition. 5 refs., 29 figs., 8 tabs.

Tags: kmd
Low-rank-coal study national needs for resource development. Volume 2. Executive summary

Low-rank coals - lignite and subbituminous - are those which have been subjected to the least amount of metamorphic change during the coal-forming process. As such, they retain greater fractions of moisture and volatile matter from the original peat material, and contain less fixed carbon, than the high-rank coals - bituminous and anthracite. The primary measure used to classify the lower ranks of coal is heating value. Other important characteristics which distinguish the low-rank coals from high-rank coals are discussed in this report. Low-rank coals represent a major, and largely untapped, energy resource for this country. Very extensive deposits of lignite and subbituminous coal exist in the western states, the Gulf coast, and Alaska. Major deposits of low-rank coal are also found in many other countries, most notably the USSR, Australia, Canada, and the central and eastern European nations. Worldwide coal statistics indicate that low-rank coals account for roughly one-third of the total resource and current production tonnages. This report recommends a comprehensive national research, development, and demonstration (RD and D) program to enhance the development of low-rank coals. The major conclusion of this study is that the unique properties of these coals affect the technologies for their extraction, preparation, direct use, and conversion and justify a separate focus on low-rank coals in the national RD and D efforts.

Tags: kmd
Research guidance studies to assess gasoline from coal by methanol-to-gasoline and sasol-type Fischer--Tropsch technologies. Final report

This study provides a technical and economic comparison between the new Mobil methanol-to-gasoline technology under development and the commercially available Fischer--Tropsch technology for the production of motor gasoline meeting U.S. quality standards. Conceptual plant complexes, sited in Wyoming, are complete grass-roots facilities. The Lurgi dry-ash, pressure technology is used to gasify sub-bituminous strip coal. Except for the Mobil process, processes used are commercially available. Coproduction of products, namely SNG, LPG and gasoline, is practiced. Four sensitivity cases have also been developed in less detail from the two base cases. In all areas, the Mobil technology is superior to Fischer--Tropsch: process complexity, energy usage, thermal efficiency, gasoline selectivity, gasoline quality, investment and gasoline selectivity, gasoline quality, investment and gasoline cost. Principal advantages of the Mobil process are its selective yield of excellent quality gasoline with minimum ancillary processing. Fischer--Tropsch not only yields a spectrum of products, but the production of a gasoline meeting U.S. specifications is difficult and complex. This superiority results in about a 25% reduction in the gasoline cost. Sensitivity study conclusions include: (1) the conversion of methanol into gasoline over the Mobil catalyst is highly efficient, (2) if SNG is a valuable product, increased gasoline yield via the reforming of SNG is uneconomical, and (3) fluid-bed operation is somewhat superior to fixed-bed operation for the Mobil methanol conversion technology.

Tags: kmd
Development of molten carbonate fuel cell power plant technology. Quarterly technical progress report No. 21, October 1-December 31, 1984

This report summarizes the work performed to develop and verify the design of a prototype molten carbonate fuel cell stack which meets the requirements of a 1990's-competitive, coal-fired, electrical utility central station, or industrial cogeneration power plant. Matrix powder batches have been evaluated to determine the cause for particle surface area decrease during a preliminary heat treatment step. Analysis showed that LiAlO/sub 2/ hydration was the most probable cause. Evaluation of candidate separator plate and current collector alloys was continued. INCO 825 and 310SS continued to show the best corrosion resistance. Single cell testing to evaluate the corrosion resistance of 310SS under cell operating conditions was completed. Post test metallography is in progress. Additional cell testing was initiated to evaluate the ir loss of the candidate alloys. Single cell testing focused on evaluation of the dimensional stability of the present cathode structure, qualification of recently manufactured matrices, and a program to study the effects of cell operating conditions as NiO dissolution. The test of the 20-cell Subscale Stack No. 3 has been in progress for 3160 hours. Stack performance has remained stable through this reporting period. No decay attributable to electrolyte migration, end cell shorting, or stack compression has occurred. Components for Subscale Stack No. 4 are being fabricated. Completion of fabrication is expected on schedule. 32 figs., 39 tabs.

Tags: kmd
Deep gas

Deep gas research emphasizes studies of natural gas in subduction emplaced sediments and in deep sedimentary basins. Deep gas research in subduction-emplaced sediments is based on the hypothesis that natural gas is generated in sediments carried to great depths at convergent plate boundaries in the Earth's crust. Many areas of North America are believed to have experienced plate tectonic convergence. The specific area of interest in this province encompasses approximately 1.5 million square miles of the western US (including Alaska) and Canada; other portions of this same province extend southward into Mexico and Central and South America. For subduction-emplaced sediments, ongoing research consists of basic studies of hydrocarbon generation, stability, and preservation at depths in excess of 15,000 feet, and a comprehensive evaluation of the geologic structures, stratigraphy, and geochemistry of the above region. Results to date include: geologic and geophysical evidence of deeply emplaced sedimentary rock units at depths exceeding 30,000 feet in western Washington and south-central Alaska, and high-resolution seismic-reflection verification of structures defined by reconnaissance, magnetotelluric geophysical techniques in western Washington; a new methodology for verifying deep methane stability with fluid inclusion studies; and a preliminary gas resource estimate of 3000 trillion cubic feet (Tcf). 1 ref., 9 figs., 4 tabs.

Tags: kmd
Adsorption of pyridine by combusted oil shale

Large volumes of solid waste material will be produced during the commercial production of shale oil. An alternative to the disposal of the solid waste product is utilization. One potential use of spent oil shale is for the stabilization of hazardous organic compounds. The objective of this study was to examine the adsorption of pyridine, commonly found in oil shale process water, by spent oil shale. The adsorption of pyridine by fresh and weathered samples of combusted New Albany Shale and Green River Formation oil shale was examined. In general, pyridine adsorption can be classified as L-type and the isotherms modeled with the Langmuir and Freundlich equations. For the combusted New Albany Shale, weathering reduced the predicted pyridine adsorption maximum and increased the amount of pyridine adsorption maximum. The pyridine adsorption isotherms were similar to those mathematically described by empirical models, the reduction in solution concentrations of pyridine was generally less than 10 mg L{sup {minus}1} at an initial concentration of 100 mg L{sup {minus}1}. 31 refs., 3 figs., 3 tabs.

Tags: kmd
The effects of halides on the performance of coal gas-fueled molten carbonate fuel cell: Semi-annual report, October 1986-March 1987

A program was established to determine the effects of chloride and fluoride present in gasified coal on the performance of molten carbonate fuel cells. A literature survey and thermodynamic analyses indicate that conversion of the molten carbonate electrolyte to halide will result in electrolyte loss and performance decay. Material corrosion will also be accelerated. In order to quantify these effects as a function of halide content, a test plan was written consisting of the measurement of anode and cathode performance in a half-cell as a function of halide content, corrosion tests, and fuel cell tests with halides introduced in the reactants. The results of these experiments will be incorporated in a model to allow the prediction of performance decay due to halides. This report describes the results obtained in the first six months of this investigation.

Tags: kmd
Kinetics of high temperature and pressure char-steam reaction in  coal gasification: Final report

Gasification experiments covering a wide range of temperatures (800 to 1400/sup 0/C) and pressures (0 to 200 psig) were conducted at high heating rate (100 to 1000/sup 0/C/sec) for the chars of three American coals, viz., an N.D. lignite, a Washington subbituminous coal and an N.M. bituminous coal, using a unique high temperature/pressure thermal gravimetric analyzer. A significant feature of this project was the gasification of the chars in steam starting directly from coals (thus termed ''in-situ''chars), as opposed to a large number of previous studies in which coals were devolatilized in inert atmosphere before being gasified under totally different environments. For comparison purpose, the latter type of char, designated in this report as ''non-in-situ''or ''nitrogen''char, was also studied together with the ''in-situ''char. For each coal, reactivity, conversion, activation energy, and other kinetic data were determined for both types of char and the results were compared, discussed and correlated. In this work, the method of using half life of reaction to unify coal gasification data was further extended to allow easy estimation of activation energy directly from half life data of the gasification reaction. Models for reactivity and conversion were also developed. In addition, microstructural properties, including specific surface area, of the ''in-situ''chars at different stages of conversion, as well as the ''non-in-situ''chars, were determined by gravimetric adsorption method using CO/sub 2/ at 25/sup 0/C as adsorbate and the results were discussed and interpreted. The surface area data obtained were correlated and models relating surface area and conversion were also developed. 58 refs., 47 figs., 22 tabs.

Tags: kmd
Wet carbonization of lump-size low-rank coals by a novel non-slurry approach: Progress report for the period August-October 1986

Two tests were conducted in the process research unit (PRU) at nominal operating conditions of 650/sup 0/F and 30 minutes residence time with North Dakota Indianhead lignite. During the first test, the targeted operating temperature was not attained due to heat losses and the inability of the steam boiler to deliver sufficient heat to the reactor. After modifications were made to the boiler and additional insulation was installed, the second test was successfully conducted at the targeted temperature and residence time. Two hours of steady-state operation were achieved. Nine successful tests were conducted in the free-fall devolatilization reactor with raw and wet-carbonized low-rank coals. The tests were conducted at a temperature and pressure of 1300/sup 0/F and 500 psig, respectively, with a steam-hydrogen mixture (50 mol % hydrogen). About 150 grams of coal were fed during the 60-minute duration of the tests. The product solid, liquid, and gas samples are being analyzed. Also, one successful thermobalance test was conducted with coal that had been wet-carbonized in the PRU at 650/sup 0/F with a residence time of 30 minutes. Anaerobic digestion tests continued with filtered product water from the batch wet carbonization unit and the PRU. The objective of these tests is to determine the preferred reactor configuration and operating conditions for producing methane from and reducing the chemical oxygen demand of the wet-carbonization product water.

Tags: kmd
Development of an advanced, continuous mild gasification process for the production of co-products

The primary objective of the EERC/AMAX Mild Gasification project is to commercialize a process that will produce several value-added products from a high-sulfur midwestern bituminous or a low-sulfur subbituminous coal. Indiana No. 3 and Wyodak coals are being tested in a 100-lb/hr process development unit (PDU) that has undergone shakedown testing and is undergoing parametric testing. This unit will provide the engineering data for use in determining the technical and economic data required for the design of a commercial-scale mild gasification plant. This report discusses results of carbonizer tests, char upgrading and char separations. 12 figs., 16 tabs.

Tags: kmd
Laboratory evaluation of selected syncrude products and upgraded by-products as pavement recycling agents. Final report, Part II

Based on the information presented in this report, the following conclusions appear warranted: (1) Selected syncrude products and upgraded by-products have the potential for use as recycling agents for asphalt pavements. The syncrude recycling agents exhibited about the same performance as selected commercially produced recycling agents. (2) When recycled mixtures were aged at temperatures of 33, 77, 140 and 250/sup 0/F, the mixtures containing the syncrude recycling agents performed about the same as those containing the conventional recycling agents and produced acceptable mixtures from the standpoint of durability. (3) Syncrude recycling agents require about the same period of time to interact with the aged binder as the conventional recycling agents. A substantial portion of the softening action of a recycling agent should be complete after a hot recycled mixture has been mixed, transported, placed and compacted in the field. (4) Tensile properties at -12, 0 and 33/sup 0/F of the recycled mixtures containing the syncrude recycling agents are quite similar to tensile properties of virgin mixtures tested under similar conditions. (5) Fatigue performance of the mixtures containing the syncrude recycling agents compared favorably with performance of other recycled mixtures containing commercially available recycling agents and conventional asphalt concrete paving mixtures. (6) Mixtures containing the syncrude recycling agents exhibited about the same range of creep compliance and permanent deformation values as other recycled mixtures containing commercially available recycling agents and conventional asphalt concrete paving mixtures. 11 references, 25 figures, 3 tables.

Tags: kmd
Enhanced Recovery of Oil from Subsurface Reservoirs with Carbon Dioxide

This report details the studies made of the displacement of crude oil by carbon dioxide (CO/sub 2/) from consolidated sandpacks. The sandpacks were 20, 60, and 240 inches long and the diameter was 5/8 inch. With the sandpack in a vertical position, the CO/sub 2/ was always injected into the top. The objectives of the research were to determine procedures for predicting the pressure at which CO/sub 2/ displaces crude miscibly and the influence of rate on the displacement of crude with CO/sub 2/. The determination of the miscibility pressure appeared to be the same with the 20 inch long sandpack as with the 60 or 240 inch long sandpack. The total recovery at each pressure was higher with the longer sandpacks. The oil recovery was higher at low rates with the sandpack column in a vertical position. The oil recovery at low rates was lower with the sandpack column in a horizontal position. The optimum CO/sub 2/ slug size was found to be 30% of the hydrocarbon pore volume. Water was found to be more efficient than nitrogen at driving the CO/sub 2/ to displace crude oil. Measurements of the crude oil viscosity from the Foster field decreased as CO/sub 2/ miscibility pressure was increased. On the other hand, the viscosity of the SACROC crude oil from West Texas was found to have a minimum value at a CO/sub 2/ miscibility pressure of approximately 1600 psig. As the pressure increased, the viscosity of the oil with CO/sub 2/ increased. Values of the permeability of dolomite cores were found to increase when flooded with CO/sub 2/ at a high pressure. When the effluent from a core with CO/sub 2/ at a high pressure was flowed through a second dolomite core as the pressure was decreased, the permeability of the second core was decreased. Photographs showed that some of the dolomite core was dissolved by the CO/sub 2/ at high pressures, and that crystal precipitates were formed in the second core as the CO/sub 2/ miscibility pressure was reduced. 31 references, 37 figures, 19 tables.

Tags: kmd