AndreaBozzo/ceres-open-data-index huggingface dataset:
Molten carbonate fuel cell networks: Principles, analysis, and performance. Technical note

The chemical reactions in an internally reforming molten carbonate fuel cell (IRMCFC) are described and combined into the overall IRMCFC reaction. Thermodynamic and electrochemical principles are discussed, and structure and operation of fuel cell stacks are explained. In networking, multiple fuel cell stacks are arranged so that reactant streams are fed and recycled through stacks in series, for higher reactant utilization and increased system efficiency. Advantages and performance of networked and conventional systems are compared, using ASPEN simulations. The concept of networking can be applied to any electrochemical membrane, such as that developed for hot gas cleanup in future power plants. 2 tabs, 16 figs, 9 refs.

Tags: kmd
Tidd PFBC Demonstration Project. Quarterly report, July 1--September 30, 1993

This is the 26th Technical Progress Report submitted to the Department of Energy in connection with the Cooperative Agreement between the DOE and the Ohio Power Company for the Tidd PFBC Demonstration Plant. This report covers the period from July 1, 1993 to September 30, 1993. Major activities during this period include: (1) The unit was restarted on June 29, 1993 and operated for a total of 1,288 hours on coal. (2) There were eight gas turbine starts, seven bed preheater starts, and seven operating periods on coal fire. (3) During the quarter, total gross generation was 44,666 MWH, the peak unit output for one hour was 58 MWH, and coal combustion was 22,635 tons. (4) Gas turbine telemetry tests were accomplished during the first two runs of the quarter. (5) The unit demonstrated the ability to achieve 95% sulfur retention at reduced bed levels. (6) Sorbent utilization tests were conducted at various bed levels and sulfur retention values with different adsorbents. Major items planned for the next period include: (a) Continuation of sorbent utilization tests at various bed levels and sulfur retention values and with different coals and adsorbents. (b) Operation at full load.

Tags: kmd
Control of gasifier operations using neural networks, Task 7.11. Topical report, September 1992--December 1993

The incentive for this project was to investigate applicability of a new modeling tool -- a system of equations which emulate the human brain, called neural nets -- for chemical process modeling and control at the Dakota Gasification Company (DGC) coal gasification plant in Beulah, North Dakota. The specific goals were (1) to determine guidelines for identifying likely candidate processes for the use of neural nets, (2) to screen the various process areas of the Beulah plant, using these guidelines, (3) select a process area to study, and (4) apply neural nets to model that particular process area. The gasification area was the prominent candidate for the application of neural nets. Calculations showed that it was possible to save over $500,000 by increasing the steam-to-oxygen (S:O) ratio. The problem is that when the S:O ratio is increased, more gas liquor is produced, and there is a limit to how much gas liquor can be handled downstream. Thus, if a model were available to predict how much gas liquor would be produced, the S:O ratio could be increased to the operating limits. The performance of the neural net was apparently hindered by the type of data input used. Once the known effects of oxygen flow rate and S:O ratio were taken into account, there was no correlation left between any of the input data and the gas liquor flow rate. This result was verified using regression analysis, so there is likely no problem with the neutral net itself. Rather, the conclusion is that the data used did not give any information useful for predicting gas liquor flow. Therefore, in order to apply neural nets to go after the savings, more variables must be logged on a regular basis. The most important variable needed to continue this project is probably the volatiles content of the coal.

Tags: kmd
Biological conversion of synthesis gas. [Quarterly] project status report, July 1, 1992--September 30, 1992

The anaerobic, photosynthetic bacterium Chlorobium thiosulfatophilum is able to convert H{sub 2}S and COS in synthesis gas to elemental sulfur. The bacterium grows on CO{sub 2} as its carbon source at 30{degrees}C. In the absence of sulfide, the formed elemental sulfur is converted to sulfate. Thus, bioreactor designs must incorporate sulfur removal as an integral part of the bioprocess. In this initial study, C. thiosulfatophilum was used to convert H{sub 2}S to elemental sulfur in a continuous stirred tank reactor with continuous gas and liquid feed. Sulfur removal was not part of this initial system design, but will be an added feature in future work. The gas used in this study contained 2.52 percent H{sub 2}S, 10.00 percent CO{sub 2}, 14.99 percent CH{sub 4} and 72.49 percent He. The liquid flow rate to the 1380 mL reactor volume ranged from 10.8--23.6 mL/min and was a variable in the study. The initial gas flow rate was 11.6 standard mL/min, although it was also changed twice during the study. The temperature was maintained at 31{degrees}C and the agitation rate was held at 200 rpm in the Bioflo reactor. Cell density was monitored by the chlorophyl method and gas composition was monitored by gas-solid chromatography. Light at 2200 lux was supplied using two 40W tungsten light bulbs on the outside of the glass reactor vessel.

Tags: kmd
Design of gasifiers to optimize fuel cell systems. Quarterly technical progress report No. 7, April 1, 1992--June 30, 1992

Phase 1 of Task 4 was concluded this quarter with the TGA testing of Illinois No. 6 coal impregnated with calcium, iron and potassium as gasification catalysts. The TGA tests using a dry and impregnated catalyst are designed to compare reactivities using Illinois No. 6 coal. In all cases the molar equivalent ratio of catalyst to fixed carbon was 0.12, so that for K{sup  } the molar ratio was K/FC = 0.12, for Ca{sup   } = 0.06, and for Fe{sup    } = 0.04 mols/mol. In this way the active sites on the coal structure ({minus}COO{sup {minus}}) are exposed to the same number of possible connections with mobile cations regardless of the choice of metallic element. The TGA tests used both a dry and impregnated form of each catalyst at temperatures ranging from 700{degree} to 800{degree}C. The overall reactivities obtained in from the TGA data, shown in Figure 1 and listed in Table 1, reveal that taconite alone, dry or impregnated, provides essentially no catalytic activity. Impregnated calcium provides some improvement in reactivity as compared with.dry limestone and taconite however this improvement is insignificant in comparison to the high reactivities obtained with a potassium catalyst (dry or impregnated). As stated last quarter, the negligible difference in reactivities of wood ash leachate and K{sub 2}CO{sub 3} indicate that the potassium is as mobile dry as it is impregnated and therefore its chemical form is not a crucial issue. These results will be used to modify the second phase of the experimental studies test plan.

Tags: kmd
Production of low-cost hydrogen. [Eleventh quarterly] technical progress report, [April 1, 1992--June 30, 1992]

This eleventh Quarterly Technical Progress Report presents the results of work accomplished during the period April 1, 1992 through June 30, 1992 under Contract No. DE-AC21-88MC26367 entitled ``Production of Low-Cost Hydrogen.`` The overall objective of this program is to verify the ability of the MTCI indirectly heated fluid-bed gasifier to produce a hydrogen-rich product gas from liquefaction by-product streams and from char produced in mild gasification processes. The characterization unit was renovated and another burner/exhaust designed to replace the one that has been in use for several years. Initial shakedown tests for bed calcination indicated that the gasifier should be changed with fresh limestone and kept at temperature, with whatever make-up was required to maintain bed height until calcination was completed as determined by the CO concentration. Char gasification was then initiated and two relatively long-term tests (15.5 and 10.5 hours) were completed at two different temperatures.

Tags: kmd
Introduction to the GRI/DOE Field Fracturing Multi-Site Project

The objective of the Field Fracturing Multi-Sites Project is to conduct field experiments and analyze data that will result in definitive determinations of hydraulic fracture dimensions using remote well and treatment well diagnostic techniques. In addition, experiments will be conducted to provide data that will resolve significant unknowns with regard to hydraulic fracture modeling, fracture fluid rheology and fracture treatment design. These experiments will be supported by a well-characterized subsurface environment, as well as surface facilities and equipment that are conducive to acquiring high-quality data. It is anticipated that the primary benefit of the project experiments will be the development and widespread commercialization of new fracture diagnostics technologies to determine fracture length, height, width and azimuth. Data resulting from these new technologies can then be used to prove and refine the 3D fracture model mechanisms. It is also anticipated that data collected and analyzed in the project will define the correct techniques for determining fracture closure pressure. The overall impact of the research will be to provide a foundation for a fracture diagnostic service industry and hydraulic fracture optimization based on measured fracture response.

Tags: kmd
Reserves in Western Basins

The objective of this project is to investigate the reserves potential of overpressured tight (OPT) gas reservoirs in three Rocky Mountain basins. These are the Greater Green River Basin (GGRB), Uinta Basin and Piceance Basin. By documenting productive characteristics in these basins and characterizing the nature of the vast gas resources in place, the reserves potential may be understood and quantified. Through this understanding, it is hoped that the oil and gas industry will be encouraged to pursue exploitation of this resource. At this point in time, the GGRB work has been completed and the final report submitted for publication. Work on the Uinta basin has just commenced and work on the Piceance basin will commence next year. Since the GGRB portion of this project has been completed, further discussion centers upon this Basin.

Tags: kmd
Sonic enhanced ash agglomeration and sulfur capture. [Thirteenth quarterly] technical progress report, [June 29, 1992--September 27, 1992]

The Sonic Enhanced Ash Agglomeration and Sulfur Capture program focuses upon the application of an MTCI proprietary invention (Invention Disclosure filed) for simultaneously enhancing sulfur capture and particulate agglomeration of the combustor effluent. This application can be adapted as either a ``hot flue gas cleanup`` subsystem for the current concepts for combustor islands or as an alternative primary pulse combustor island in which slagging, sulfur capture, particulate agglomeration and control, and alkali gettering as well as NO{sub x} control processes become an integral part of the pulse combustion process. The goal of the program is to support the DOE mission in developing coal-fired combustion gas turbines. In particular, the MTCI proprietary process for bimodal ash agglomeration and simultaneous sulfur capture will be evaluated and developed. The technology embodiment of the invention provides for the use of standard grind, moderately beneficiated coal and WEM for firing the gas turbine with efficient sulfur capture and particulate emission control upstream of the turbine. The process also accommodates injection of alkali gettering material if necessary. This is aimed at utilization of relatively inexpensive coal fuels, thus realizing the primary benefit being sought by direct firing of coal in such gas turbine systems.

Tags: kmd
Task 3.0: Advanced power systems. Semi-annual report, April 1--June 30, 1993

A variety of activities are incorporated into the Advanced Power Systems program. Tasks included are (1) fuel utilization properties, (2) pressurized combustion, (3) catalytic gasification, and (4) hot-gas cleanup. ATRAN is stochastic and combines initial coal inorganics in a random manner in order to predict the resulting fly ash particle size and composition. ASHPERT, is an expert system yielding a first-order estimate of fly ash size and composition. Both models are designed to emulate pulverized-coal combustion. Input data required include identity, chemistry, size, quantity, and mineral-to-coal associations. The pressurized combustion task has focused on the construction of a versatile reactor system to simulate pressurized fluidized-bed combustion. Both castable and monolithic refractories have been investigated in determining slag prevention under a variety of conditions. Catalytic gasification coupled with a molten carbonate fuel cell offers an extremely efficient and environmentally sound power generating system using coal. Work with an Illinois No. 6 bituminous coal has not been successful. Continued efforts will focus on using the more reactive low-rank coals to try to achieve this goal. Hot-gas cleanup is the critical issue in many of the proposed advanced power system operations on coal. The key to successful ash removal is an understanding of the properties of the ash to be collected as well as the interactions of this material with the barrier itself. The knowledge base under development will assist in assessing many of these barrier material issues for a variety of coal ashes.

Tags: kmd
CE IGCC repowering project: Materials for coal gasification environment. Topical report, June 1993

A task to develop material requirements and a materials testing strategy was established with the Materials and Water Chemistry Department of the ABB Power plant Laboratories. This involved examining the requirements for each system under ABB CE scope. The basis for the material recommendations was largely based on in-house test programs under DOE contract and ABB CE experience. Consultants were utilized in a parallel task to assist in the design and material specification for the solids handling systems. ABB CE experience includes operating data from a former process development unit (PDU) located in Windsor, Connecticut. The unit gasified Pittsburgh seam coal at a nominal firing rate of 120 tons per day. The objectives of the program were to produce clean, low-Btu gas from coal, and to provide the design information for scale-up to commercial-size plants. The results of the task were used to specify and, depending on scope, design the equipment used in the plant. A detailed document was developed and used to generate a Metallurgical Flow Diagram. Specifications were developed from this diagram. For the equipment designed, these selections were provided to representatives of cognizant design and manufacturing departments. In addition, where appropriate, recommendations were made for operating procedures and for design changes. Specified materials will be again evaluated during detailed engineering. In some areas the results of the task were not conclusive. Additional investigation will be required. These areas are the types of approaches which can be taken to accommodate product gas sulfidation resistance and solids transport erosion.

Tags: kmd
Pressurized fluidized-bed hydroretorting of eastern oil shales. Volume 4, Task 5, Operation of PFH on beneficiated shale, Task 6, Environmental data and mitigation analyses and Task 7, Sample procurement, preparation, and characterization: Final report, September 1987--May 1991

The objective of Task 5 (Operation of Pressurized Fluidized-Bed Hydro-Retorting (PFH) on Beneficiated Shale) was to modify the PFH process to facilitate its use for fine-sized, beneficiated Eastern shales. This task was divided into 3 subtasks: Non-Reactive Testing, Reactive Testing, and Data Analysis and Correlations. The potential environment impacts of PFH processing of oil shale must be assessed throughout the development program to ensure that the appropriate technologies are in place to mitigate any adverse effects. The overall objectives of Task 6 (Environmental Data and Mitigation Analyses) were to obtain environmental data relating to PFH and shale beneficiation and to analyze the potential environmental impacts of the integrated PFH process. The task was divided into the following four subtasks. Characterization of Processed Shales (IGT), 6.2. Water Availability and Treatment Studies, 6.3. Heavy Metals Removal and 6.4. PFH Systems Analysis. The objective of Task 7 (Sample Procurement, Preparation, and Characterization) was to procure, prepare, and characterize raw and beneficiated bulk samples of Eastern oil shale for all of the experimental tasks in the program. Accomplishments for these tasks are presented.

Tags: kmd
Development of an advanced, continuous mild gasification process for the production of co-products. Quarterly report, July--September 1993

It is important that a mild gasification reactor interface easily with the subsequent product upgrading steps in which the market value of the products is enhanced. Upgrading and marketing of the char are critical to the overall economics of a mild gasification plant because char is the major product (65 to 75% of the coal feedstock). In the past, the char product was sold as a ``smokeless`` fuel, but in today`s competitive markets the best price for char as a fuel for steam generation would be that of the parent coal. Substantially higher prices could be obtained for char upgraded into products such as metallurgical coke, graphite, carbon electrode feedstock or a slurry fuel replacement for No. 6 fuel oil. In this effort, upgrading techniques are being developed to address these premium markets. Liquid products can similarly be upgraded to high market value products such as high-density fuel, chemicals, binders for form coke, and also gasoline and diesel blending stocks. About half of the non-condensable fuel gases produced by the gasification process will be required to operate the process; the unused portion could be upgraded into value-added products or used as fuel either internally or in ``across the fence`` sales. The primary objective of this project is to develop an advanced continuous mild gasification process and product upgrading processes which will be capable of eventual commercialization.

Tags: kmd
CE IGCC repowering project preliminary hazard analysis. Topical report, November 1, 1990--May 31, 1993

A preliminary hazard analysis was conducted on the CE IGCC unit by representatives from ABB Lummus Crest Process Systems, Lummus Technical Division, Combustion Engineering, and Lummus Initial Operations. As a basis for the review, available technical data and documentation was used. Two areas of the unit were reviewed, the coal yard delivery system and the gasifier island. The coal yard consists of the coal delivery and handling systems, both of these systems are conventional. The gasifier island encompasses the coal pulverizer and feed system, gasifier and syngas cooler, char removal system, char recycle system, and high temperature sulfur removal system. With first of a kind equipment incorporated in the gasifier island, most of the concerns of potential hazards were centered here. At the time of the review, there were no process flow diagrams for the rest of the combined cycle. To prevent detaining the review of the gasifier island, the remaining areas were not reviewed at this time. However, the remaining areas will be reviewed before final unit design is completed. In reviewing the above mentioned systems, the PHA identified several hazards which will be the basis for a subsequent detailed Hazard and Operability (HAZOP) study which will be performed at a later stage of this project. Results from the evaluation were documented by the team and then reviewed by engineers in the IGCC Product Development department. From the concerns of risks developed by the review team, rethinking of proposed operation and design of the plant during the preliminary design stages took place. (In doing so, cost and redesign time during final design phase will be reduced).

Tags: kmd
Tidd PFBC Demonstration Project: Quarterly report, April 1--June 30, 1993

This is the 25th Technical Progress Report submitted to the Department of Energy in connection with the cooperative agreement between the DOE and the Ohio Power Company for the Tidd PFBC Demonstration Plant. This report covers the period from April 1, 1993 to June 30, 1993. Major activities during this period involve: (1) The unit has been out of service since early February due to the failure of the gas turbine. The gas turbine was repaired during this quarter and unit was started on June 29, 1993. (2) The unit was operated for a total of 32 hours (including gas turbine air prewarming). There were three gas turbine starts, two bed preheater starts, and one operating period with coal fire. The peak gross output of 13 MWH was achieved for the period of 2200 to 2300 hours on June 30, 1993. (3) During the quarter, total gross generation was 75 MWH, and coal consumption was 107 tons. (4) New individual ash lines from cyclones to the economizer were installed. (5) New sparge ducts were installed along with sparge duct end fluidization piping and valves. (6) Expansion joint heaters and insulation for hot gas clean-up system were installed. Major items planned for the next period include: installation of SO{sub 2} analyzer equipment, and continuation with the operation and testing of the unit after all the current GT problems are resolved.

Tags: kmd
Field study of disposed solid wastes from advanced coal processes. Annual report, October 1, 1992--September 30, 1993

Radian Corporation and the North Dakota Energy and Environmental Research Center (EERC) are funded to develop information to be used by private industry and government agencies for managing solid wastes produced by advanced coal combustion processes. This information will be developed by conducting several field studies on disposed wastes from these processes. Data will be collected to characterize these wastes and their interactions with the environments in which they are disposed. Three sites were selected for the field studies: Colorado Ute`s fluidized bed combustion (FBC) unit in Nucla, Colorado; Ohio Edison`s limestone injection multistage burner (LIMB) retrofit in Lorain, Ohio; and Freeman United`s mine site in central Illinois with wastes supplied by the nearby Midwest Grain FBC unit. During the past year, field monitoring and sampling of the three landfill test cases constructed in 1989 were completed. Monitoring continued at Test Case Four. Two cells for Test Case Five were constructed in Illinois.

Tags: kmd