AndreaBozzo/ceres-open-data-index huggingface dataset:
Western Gas Sands Project status report

A summary is presented of the progress of government sponsored projects undertaken to increase gas production from low permeability gas sands of the western United States during May, 1978. Background information is given in the September 1977 Status Report, NVO/0655-100. The Department of Energy's (DOE) Nevada Operations Office (NVO), is finalizing a Request for Proposal (RFP) covering Technical and Administrative Support for the Project Manager for FY79. C. H. Atkinson, the Western Gas Sands Project (WGSP) Manager, was an observer of the third MHF treatment of Mobil Research and Development Corporation's well No. F-31-136. The fracture was performed on May 10, 1978. R. L. Mann of CER Corporation, met with Dr. Steve Holditch of Texas A and M University to discuss the utilization of the PDP 11/10 computer to be installed in the Mobile Well Test Facility. The USGS is continuing geological and geophysical studies in the four primary study areas. Two flights were made in preparation for low-level olique photography. The Bartlesville Energy Research Center (BERC) and participating National Laboratories, funded by DOE, are continuing their work in the area of research and development. The emphasis is on the development of new tools and instrumentation systems, rock mechanics, mathematical modeling, and data analysis. Mitchell Energy Corporation, Houston, Texas was awarded DOE Contract EF-78-C-08-1547 on March 15, 1978. Field work under this contract is scheduled to begin in July, 1978, with the drilling of a new well.

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Determination of the optimum massive hydraulic fracturing design for the stimulation of the Wasatch and Mesaverde formations. Annual report

The MHF project in the Natural Buttes Unit, Bitter Creek Field, Utah has progressed through the first four phases of the scheduled program. Gas flow rates range from  100 MCFD to 1.5  MMCFD from the low permeability Mesa Verde-Wasatch formations after MHF treatments. MHF jobs have varied in size and in design of fluids and proppants. Thus far the results from the experiments are very encouraging.

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Industrial applications analysis for coal-fired prime movers. Final report

A preliminary systems applications analysis is being conducted of coal-fired prime movers in the industrial sector. This study identified industries offering potential applications for coal-based systems and assessed the technical, economic, regulatory, and other investment decision factors that will affect their use. The manufacturing sector was screened to identify and characterize opportunities for gas turbine, diesel engine, and gas turbine combined-cycle systems in industrial applications. Face-to-face discussions were held with executives of industrial firms to determine the technical, economic, financial, and risk factors that will affect system choice. Of the almost 500 industrial processes analyzed, over 100 represent major candidates for gas turbine and diesel engine prime movers based on technical criteria. In the candidate industries, the installed capacity of these prime movers could feasibly reach 100,000 MW in electric power applications and over 50,000 MW in mechanical drive applications. Several factors at the plant site could affect the market potential for these systems: technical factors (e.g., land availability for coal and ash piles, reliability of technology/system,7089 ); economic factors (e.g., expectations for future fuel prices, capital costs,7089 ); financial factors (e.g., required return on investment, risk aversion,7089 ); and regulatory factors (e.g., environmental regulations, fuel use regulations).

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Conceptual integrated gasifier combined-cycle power-plant design. Final report

This final report describes the results of a study for the US Department of Energy to prepare a Conceptual Design of an Integrated Gasifier Combined Cycle (IGCC) Power Plant. The study was conducted by a team of organizations to provide the necessary information for the diverse systems which make up an IGCC plant. The operating characteristics, reliability and cost estimates for the fuel preparation train, including the Texaco gasifier, were prepared by Bechtel Group, Inc. Similar information for the gas turbine system was provided by United Technologies Corporation. System optimization and steam system characteristics were developed jointly. The overall power plant designs were prepared by Bechtel. Niagara Mohawk Power Corporation provided utility view points and consultation as well as a specific site location. United Technologies managed the contract. Conceptual designs were prepared for a grass roots plant and repower configuration. A demonstrator plant for verification of concepts was configured, including a development plan and associated costs.

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Multi-channel forward combustion in coal of variable degree of devolatilization: Final report

A research program has been carried out to facilitate incorporation of rubble formation and burnout phenomena in mathematical modeling of the production stage of underground coal gasification (UCG). Forward combustion in single channels in coal has been investigated by a computer model. The state of the coal ranges from virgin coal to completely charred coal. Usefully rapid regression of a UCG cavity wall is brought about by a sequence of roof or sidewall collapses. An extensive theoretical analysis of collapse mechanisms has been performed. Failure mechanisms include failure due to strength loss, formation of cracks which intersect bedding planes, and moisture induced stresses. These competing mechanisms are unified in a comprehensive model. 3 figs.

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A survey of emission levels and an evaluation of sampling and analyses methods for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in combustion streams

This report, authored by scientists at the Morgantown Energy Technology Center (METC), addresses various aspects of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) release from combustion sources that should be considered in determining the need for measurement of PAHs in emissions, and the methods to be used in their sampling and analysis. Because of the large degree of uncertainty and controversy surrounding the toxic effects of even trace amounts of PAHs and other carcinogens on the public welfare, there has been substantial emphasis on the development of analytical instrumentation to measure trace levels of PAH and related compounds in a wide variety of emission sources and environmental samples. New laser-based techniques taking advantage of the real-time selectivity and high sensitivity afforded by laser-induced fluorescence and resonance multi-photon ionization/time-of-flight spectrometry offer potential for accurate on-line monitoring of PAH in product of combustion (POC) streams. These new techniques may also serve as highly selective and sensitive detectors which can enhance existing chromatographic methods of PAH analysis. 428 refs., 20 figs., 29 tabs.

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Fluidic fuel feed system: Topical report

This topical report has been prepared by Defense Research Technologies, Inc. in accordance with the statement of work under DOE contract DE-AC21-86MC23006. The purpose is to present the results of the first phase of the Fluidic Fuel Feed System program. The objectives of this Fluidic Fuel Feed System project are to improve the operating life of coal slurry fuel handling, control, and injector component hardware and the atomization process by use of no-moving-parts fluidic devices. Tasks in this project are to develop concepts and to analyze, design, fabricate, test, and evaluate fluidic systems which will control injection of coal fuel slurry into a diesel engine.

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A review of the West Sussex Unit CO/sub 2/ flood project

Conoco, Inc. conducted a miscible CO/sub 2/ pilot flood in the Shannon Formation of the West Sussex Unit, Johnson County, Wyoming. The unit is located in the western edge of the Powder River Basin and consists of a highly faulted anticlinal structure in which hydrocarbons are trapped. The field has been extensively depleted through primary recovery operations and by a successful waterflood. The purpose of the pilot project was to determine if CO/sub 2/ flooding will recover sufficient quantities of tertiary oil to be economic. Our review indicates that the project was well designed and implemented. The project yielded an oil recovery response. However, questions have been raised as to the relative contributions of Co/sub 2/ and water injection on the oil recovery response. The project is considered to have potential for expansion. However, the prospects are hampered by the lack of a nearby CO/sub 2/ source. This project, as well as others, points out the need to develop CO/sub 2/ resources on a local basis using advanced design processing and available energy resources such as natural gas, coal, and lignite. 2 refs., 10 figs., 4 tabs.

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Enhanced oil recovery through in-situ generated surfactants augmented by chemical injection: Annual report for 1986--1987

We present results of our theoretical and experimental studies in alkaline flooding. The objectives of our work were: (1) to experimentally verify the fractional flow model that was presented in the last annual report, (2) to extend the interfacial activity model previously developed by us to account for the chemistry of the micelle formation in both oleic and aqueous phases for the determination of interfacial tension, (3) to develop a noninvasive technique to characterize oil-water emulsion systems based on dielectric properties, and (4) to investigate solid/fluid interactions in the presence of surfactants, alkali and electrolytes. Results are summarized. 73 refs., 40 figs., 1 tab.

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Steamflooding light crude oil reservoirs: A state-of-the-art review: Topical report

An investigation into light oil steamflooding was initiated to determine if the advantages of using steam to recover crude oil as demonstrated with heavy crude oil reservoirs could be successfully applied to light crude oil reservoirs. The first phase of this investigation involved a search of the available literature to determine the state-of-the-art in light oil steamflooding. Reports on field tests, laboratory investigations, and simulation studies of light oil steamfloods were obtained and reviewed. Also, steamflooding experts were consulted when necessary to obtain information not available in the public domain. This document, which summarizes the findings, is divided into five primary sections: literature reviews, field projects, research projects, discussion, and conclusions. 96 refs., 2 tabs.

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The examination of pretreatment and end use technologies for dirty fuels produced from coal gasification, coal pyrolysis, oil shale processing, and heavy oil recovery: Final technology status report

The objective of this study was to identify pretreatment (upgrading) and end use technologies which: (1) reduce environmental, health and safety impacts, (2) reduce pollution control costs, or (3) reduce upgrading costs of ''dirty fuels''while producing higher value energy products. A comprehensive list of technologies was developed for upgrading the various dirty fuels to higher value and products. Fifty-two process flow concepts were examined and from these four process flow concepts were chosen for further development. These are: heavy oil recovery and in situ hydrotreating; wet air oxidation in a downhole reactor; total raw gas shift; and high density fuels via vacuum devolatilization. Each of these four process flow concepts described exhibit the potential for reducing environmental, health and safety impacts and/or pollution control costs. In addition these concepts utilize dirty fuels to produce an upgraded or higher value energy product. These concepts should be developed and evaluated in greater detail to assess their technical and economical viability. Therefore, it is recommended that a program plan be formulated and a proof-of-concept research program be performed for each process concept. 3 refs., 5 figs., 11 tabs.

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Gas Hydrate Project

The Gas Hydrate Project was implemented to provide an understanding of the gas hydrate resource and to facilitate its development. Understanding the resource will be achieved through: assessment of current technology; characterization of gas hydrate geology and reservoir engineering; and development of diagnostic tools and methods. Recovery of natural gas from gas hydrates will be made possible through: improved instrumentation and recovery methods; developing predictive capability of production performance; and field verification of recovery methods. Much of the emphasis to date has focused on reservoir research. Four primary work elements are associated with resource reservoir research: (1) geographic distribution, (2) geologic engineering, (3) laboratory testing and analysis, and (4) modeling and system analysis. 28 references, 21 figures, 8 tables.

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Experience with bed ash transfer systems to June 1983

Two bed ash transfer systems have been used at the Fluidized Bed Combustion Project at Grimethorpe, South Yorkshire, UK. The original system incorporated an ash outlet isolated by a ball valve, leading to a fluidizing pad, to feed solids into a pneumatic conveying pipe line and quench vessel. In the alternative system, the ash outlet leads directly to a cylindrical chamber; here the ash is fluidized and conveyed vertically to the ash quench vessel. Owing to the more complicated equipment and operating requirements, it is envisaged that the wet quench type of ash disposal system used at Grimethorpe would not be used in commercial plant. The report covers aspects of the design, commissioning and operating experience for both ash transfer systems. Commissioning of the original system started in July 1980. However, a number of problems were encountered, and the alternative system was installed in June/July 1981 alongside the original. This new system was successfully commissioned in 1981, and the original system was removed in July 1982.

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The effect of metallic additives on the kinetics of oil oxidation reactions in in-situ combustion

In-situ combustion is a process whose applicability is partly determined by the combustion characteristics of the specific crude oil in question. These characteristics are directly influenced by the rate of oxidation reactions occurring in the rock matrix ahead of the combustion front. A method is therefore sought by which these characteristics may be altered within a reservoir, thus making the process feasible for a wider variety of crude oils. The presence of catalysts may have a significant influence on the reactions. The effects of catalyzing agents on the kinetics of these reactions were therefore studied to gain a more thorough understanding of the mechanisms involved in the catalysis of crude oil oxidation. Experiments were conducted wherein samples of a Huntington Beach oil/sand mixture were subjected to a continuous flow of air and a linear heating schedule. The effects of differing operating pressure and ten different metallic additives were examined in an experimental program of sixteen runs. 20 refs., 55 figs., 8 tabs.

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Modelling and scale-up of chemical flooding: Second annual report for the period October 1986--September 1987

The objective of this research is to develop, validate, and apply a comprehensive chemical flooding simulator for chemical recovery processes involving surfactants, polymers, and alkaline chemicals in various combinations. This integrated program includes components of laboratory experiments, physical property modelling, scale-up theory, and numerical analysis as necessary and integral components of the simulation activity. Developing, testing and applying flooding simulator (UTCHEM) to a wide variety of laboratory and reservoir problems involving tracers, polymers, polymer gels, surfactants, and alkaline agent has been continued. Improvements in both the physical-chemical and numerical aspects of UTCHEM have been made which enhance its versatility, accuracy and speed. Supporting experimental studies during the past year include relative permeability and trapping of microemulsion, tracer flow studies oil recovery in cores using alcohol free surfactant slugs, and microemulsion viscosity measurements. These have enabled model improvement simulator testing. Another code called PROPACK has also been developed which is used as a preprocessor for UTCHEM. Specifically, it is used to evaluate input to UTCHEM by computing and plotting key physical properties such as phase behavior interfacial tension.

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Improvement of CO2 flood performance: Third annual report, October 1, 1986--September 30, 1987

This report provides results obtained for the third year of a three-year, comprehensive, cost-shared, applied research program designed to improve oil recovery through carbon dioxide (CO2) flooding. The program was composed of three areas: Task 1/endash/Phase Behavior and Fluid Property Measurements, Task 2/endash/Mixing of CO2 and Oil During Flow in Reservoir Rocks, and Task 3/endash/Mobility Control in CO2 Floods. In Task 1, the continuous phase equilibrium apparatus was used to measure simultaneously the viscosity, density, and composition of CO2-hydrocarbon systems at high pressure. In Task 2, the performances of secondary and tertiary displacements of crude oil by CO2 in cores were measured and compared to predictions made with a multi-component, one-dimensional simulator. In Task 3, procedures and equipment were developed to measure the steady-state mobility of foam-like dispersions of dense CO2 in surfactant solutions. 72 refs., 116 figs., 31 tabs.

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Fischer-Tropsch wax characterization and upgrading: Final report

The characterization and upgrading of Fischer-Tropsch wax was studied. The focus of the program was to maximize the yield of marketable transportation fuels from the Fischer-Tropsch process. The wax was characterized using gel permeation chromatography (GPC), high resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS), infrared spectroscopy (IR), gas chromatography (GC), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and various other physical analyses. Hydrocracking studies conducted in a pilot plant indicate that Fischer-Tropsch wax is an excellent feedstock. A high yield of excellent quality diesel fuel was produced with satisfactory catalyst performance at relatively mild operating conditions. Correlations for predicting key diesel fuel properties were developed and checked against actual laboratory blend data. The blending study was incorporated into an economic evaluation. Finally, it is possible to take advantage of the high quality of the Fischer-Tropsch derived distillate by blending a lower value light cycle oil (produced from a refinery FCC unit) representing a high aromatic and low cetane number. The blended stream meets diesel pool specifications (up to 60 wt % LCO addition). The value added to this blending stream further enhances the upgrading complex return. 22 refs., 39 figs., 48 tabs.

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DOE oil shale reference sample bank: Quarterly report, January-March 1987. [Samples from Kentucky and Colorado]

The DOE Oil Shale Program was restructured in FY84 to implement a 5-year period of basic and applied research in the study of the phenomena involved in oil shale pyrolysis/retorting. The program calls for the study of two reference shales per year for a period of 5 years. Consequently, the program calls for the identification, acquisition, processing, characterization, storage, disbursement, and record keeping for ten reference shales in a period of 5 years. Terra Tek, Inc. received the DOE Reference Shale Sample Bank contract in October, 1985. Two FY86 reference shales have been acquired, processed and stored under inert gas. The Eastern shale, designated E86, was obtained from the Clegg Creek Member of the New Albany Shale at a quarry near Louisville, Kentucky in the first quarter of FY86. The Western shale was obtained from the Exxon Colony Mine, located near Parachute, Colorado, during the first quarter of FY86. Partial distributions of both shales have been made to DOE contractors. Complete descriptions of the reference shale locales, shale processing procedures and analytical characterization are provided in this report. 7 refs., 40 figs.

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Selection of reservoirs amenable to micellar flooding. First annual report, October 1978-December 1979

The overall project objective is to build a solid engineering base upon which the Department of Energy (DOE) can improve and accelerate the application of micellar-polymer recovery technology to Mid-Continent and California sandstone reservoirs. The purpose of the work carried out under these two contracts is to significantly aid, both DOE and the private sector, in gaining the following Project Objectives: to select the better micellar-polymer prospects in the Mid-Continent and California regions; to assess all of the available field and laboratory data which has a bearing on recovering oil by micellar-polymer projects in order to help identify and resolve both the technical and economic constraints relating thereto; and to design and analyze improved field pilots and tests and to develop a micellar-polymer applications matrix for use by the potential technology users; i.e., owner/operators. The report includes the following: executive summary and project objectives; development of a predictive model for economic evaluation of reservoirs; reservoir data bank for micellar-polymer recovery evaluation; PECON program for preliminary economic evaluation; ordering of candidate reservoirs for additional data acquisition; validation of predictive model by numerical simulation; and work forecast. Tables, figures and references are included.

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Research and development of rapid hydrogenation for coal conversion to synthetic motor fuels (riser cracking of coal). Final report, April 1, 1976-September 30, 1980

The objective of the program described was to develop a noncatalytic process for the hydropyrolysis of lignite and coal to produce high-octane blending gasoline constituents, methane, ethane, and carbon oxides. The process would operate in a balanced plant mode, using spent char to generate process hydrogen by steam-oxygen gasification. The technical program included the construction and operating of a bench-scale unit (5-10 lb/hr), the design, construction, and operation of a process development unit (PDU) (100 lb/hr), and a final technical and economic assessment of the process, called Riser Cracking of Coal. In the bench-scale unit program, 143 runs were made investigating the effects of pressure, temperature, heating rate, residence time, and particle size, processing North Dakota lignite in hydrogen. Some runs were made in which the hydrogen was preheated to pyrolysis temperatures prior to contact with the coal, and, also, in which steam was substituted for half of the hydrogen. Attempts to operate the bench-scale unit at 1200 psig and 1475/sup 0/F were not successful. Depth of carbon conversion was found to be influenced by hydrogen pressure, hydrogen-to-coal ratio, and the severity of the thermal treatment. The composition of hydrocarbon liquids produced was found to change with severity. At low severity, the liquids contained sizable fractions of phenols and cresols. At high severity, the fraction of phenols and cresols was much reduced, with an attendant increase in BTX. In operating the PDU, it was necessary to use more oxygen than was planned to achieve pyrolysis temperatures because of heat losses, and portions of hydrocarbon products were lost through combustion with a large increase in carbon oxide yields. Economic studies, however, showed that selling prices for gasoline blending stock, fuel oil, and fuel gas are competitive in current markets, so that the process is held to warrant further development.

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