AndreaBozzo/ceres-open-data-index huggingface dataset:
Mild gasification of coal

The objective of this initial year's mission-oriented multi-year program is to develop a process chemistry data base for the mild gasification of coal with emphasis on eastern bituminous coal. One important objective of this program was to obtain the trends in product formation from different coals as a function of several process variables which included temperature, pressure, coal particle residence time, coal flow rate, type of additives such as lime, limestone, silica flour and ash in a short period of time. This was achieved by a careful development of a test matrix using a fractional factorial statistical design. The equipment used was the Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL) combination stirred moving-bed, entrained-tubular reactor which is capable of processing 2 to 3 pounds of coal per hour. A Wellmore Kentucky No. 8 bituminous coal, a Pittsburgh No. 8 bituminous coal and a Mississippi lignite with particles having a size of 150 {mu}m or less were selected for this study. The mild gasification experiments were conducted at temperatures from 550{degree} to 650{degree}C at nitrogen sweep gas pressures of 15 to 50 psi and residence times of 0.1 to 2 min. The coal flow rate was 0. 4 to 1.0 lb/hr and the concentration of the lime additives was 0 to 10% by weight of the dry coal feed. All variables were tested at two different levels, low and high, corresponding to the above ranges of the variables. A rapid calculation of the main effects and interactions was made using Yate's algorithm and the significance of the effects was determined from the normal probability plots. 10 refs., 26 figs., 11 tabs.

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Remanent and Rock Magnetic Properties at the Hanna, Wyoming, Underground Coal Gasification Site

Several underground coal gasification (UCG) experiments have been conducted in the Hanna No. 1 coal seam. During the fall, 1980, the Laramie Energy Technology Center performed a post-burn field study of the Hanna II, Phases 2 and 3 experiment at the Hanna UCG site. The field work consisted of high resolution seismic, drilling, coring, and geophysical logging. The Paleomagnetism Laboratory, Department of Geology, Colorado School of Mines, contributed to the post-burn study by doing remanent and rock magnetic measurement laboratory work on the core material. Funding was provided by the Laramie Energy Technology Center. The purpose of the study was to determine the nature of the remanent magnetism of the overburden Hanna Formation and changes in the remanence and magnetic mineralogy attending underground coal gasification experiments. With this information, further estimates of the thermal and chemical conditions reached during the conversion experiment could be made. The magnetization data, together with previous petrographic observations, suggest that magnetite is being formed in a reducing process at the expense of detrital ferromagnesian silicates and possible hematite and geothite in the overburden sediments. Thermal gradients immediately above the burn cavity are difficult to estimate; changes in magnetic properties of unaltered Hanna Formation overburden are activated at temperatures as low as 300/sup 0/C. The magnetic expression of the burn cavity should be able to be modelled as being due to a thin slab overlying the cavity. Pyrometamorphosed material that has collapsed into the cavity, should have any magnetization which is randomized due to collapse and therefore should be able to be incorporated into a magnetic anomaly model. 32 references, 27 figures.

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Modeling of wet gas cleanup. Task 13. Final technical report

The present study addresses the physical processes essential to a basic understanding of humidifier operation. Models have been formulated to predict turbulent gas phase transport of mass, momentum, and energy, transport of particulates, and droplet evaporation/condensation. The analysis has been accomplished without undue complexity through the use of approximately integral methods, and numerical application has been straightforward. Although insufficient experimental data exist to make a detailed investigation of predictive capability, the model is at least expected to show approximate trends associated with changes in such quantities as water flow rate, dust loading, inlet gas compositions and temperatures, and length of the chamber. Preliminary sensitivity studies indicate both kinetic and thermodynamic limitation of tar condensation under present METC operating conditions. Kinetic limitations may be alleviated through increased dust loading and/or an increase in humidifier length. Thermodynamics are made more favorable through an increase in water flow rate. The present study indicates that complete water evaporation can be achieved at flow rates substantially greater than typical METC values, provided water droplets remain in the 100 ..mu.. diameter size range at inlet. Of course, nozzle performance may be degraded sufficiently at high flow rates that this condition cannot be satisfied.

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Coal gasification pilot plant support studies. Subtask 4-1. Development of coal preparation techniques for gasification processes to reduce energy requirements, optimize size distribution, and conserve water

The preparation and handling of gasifier feed coal can be done with a complete wet-handling and wet-preparation plant for mine-mouth coal gasification plants using water-based slurry transport. This study was concerned with five important areas of this wet-handling system that, prior to this program, have not been completely addressed: (1) Wet-Size Reduction of Coal; (2) Slurry Transport Characteristics of a Coarse Particle Size Stream; (3) Agglomeration Reduction of Caking Coals by Partial Oxidation in a Slurry; (4) Mechanical Dewatering of Coal-Water Slurries; and (5) Design of a Wet-Handling Plant From the Mine to the Gasifier Using Slurry Transport. Wet-size reduction, that is crushing in the presence of flowing water in certain types of high-throughput crushers, can reduce fines generation and power consumption while increasing throughput rates and providing a safe, dust-free operation. A coal-water handling system for coal gasification will require pumping of slurries of various size consists and solids concentrations for the short in-plant distances. Measurements were made with a typical gasifier feed-size consist in water slurries with coal concentrations of from 40 to 60 weight percent. Pumping characteristics were measured in a 2-inch pipeloop test facility, and rheological properties were measured with an extrusion rheometer. An experimental apparatus was designed and constructed to investigate the conditions for submerged oxidation pretreatment of caking coals.

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Coal gasification pilot plant support studies. Subtask 4-2. Liquid-phase treatment to reduce the agglomerating properties of caking coals

The pretreatment of caking bituminous coals to prevent agglomeration is necessary for most proposed or existing coal conversion processes. Although partial oxidation has been shown to be effective, an alternative method is being investigated and is reported here: treatment of clal with liquids or supercritical fluids. The IGT Agglomeration Test, which classifies samples on a scale (AN) from 0 to 5 according to their agglomerating character upon heating in a hydrogen atmosphere, was used as the basic criterion of success. Another measure, the product condition index (PCI), was formulated to gauge the degree of caking occurring during treatment. Pyridine was reacted with Illinois No. 6 coal under atmospheric pressure to reduce the AN to zero at 200/sup 0/F. Solvent retention of up to 11% cast doubt on the practicability of this method. Treatment with phenanthrene was partially effective at a temperature of 480/sup 0/F, but the difficult separation of solvent and extract was noted as a drawback. The agglomeration number of Illinois coals was lowered to a range of 0 to 1 by treating the coal at supercritical conditions, 670/sup 0/ to 700/sup 0/F and 1000 to 1500 psig, with benzene and toluene. Run-of-mine Illinois No. 6 coal can be effectively pretreated at a residence time of less than 30 minutes and a temperature of 700/sup 0/F. A noncaking feed can be obtained over a wide range of extraction levels (11% to 23%), depending on the thermal history of the sample as well as the original composition of the coal. In conclusion, the method of pretreatment by extraction with supercritical benzene, toluene, or phenol/benzene is technically feasible at the laboratory level for mildly caking bituminous coals.

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Development and demonstration of a practical electric downhole steam generator for thermal recovery of heavy oil and tar. Topical report, July 1994--March 1995

The development of the electric downhole steam generator (EDSG) at Western Research Institute (WRI) is nearing the end of its third year. We are significantly closer to our goal of commercial deployment of a practical device. Our objective continues to be a generator that can convert about 1 megawatt of three-phase power into reasonable quality steam at the bottom of a deep well. The system must be able to operate at variable load over a period of months without maintenance. Members of the Meshekow Oil Recovery Consortium are interested in other specialized applications for the EDSG. For example, downhole generation may be practical in many offshore situations where surface steam generation is not economical. There are immense potential reserves of heavy oil under thick permafrost on the Alaska North Slope. Where natural gas is available for power generation, these reserves may become accessible by downhole steam generation. The technical report that follows is grouped into three sections: the status of the project as of July 1, 1994; the progress made during the current project period (July 1, 1994 through March 31, 1995,7944 ); and finally, the plans for the next project period. The discussion covers the following areas, which correspond to subtasks in the Jointly Sponsored Research proposals to the DOE: (1) EDSG design and materials; (2) the parallel research efforts taking place at the University of Wyoming (UW,7944 ); and (3) the development of test facilities at the WRI Advanced Technology Center (ATC) and the UW Electrical Engineering (EE) Power Laboratory, and field demonstrations.

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Particle impact probe

The Morgantown Energy Technology Center has been developing an instrumentation system to monitor the dynamic behavior of particles in fluidized beds with minimum disturbance of particle motion. During the first phase of development, a particle impact probe and a supporting electronic system have been designed. This probe and electronic system show capabilities for measuring the x, y, and z components of momentum transferred to the probe head by individual particle impacts and for measuring the x, y, and z components of solids force exerted on the probe head in dense fluidized beds. The prototype probe had an 0.125-in. diameter stainless steel tube base with an 0.125-in. diameter nylon sphere probe head mounted at one end. When impacted by particles, the probe head produced motion in a miniature electrode system mounted within the tube base. The signals produced by the electrode system were calibrated to produce either the components of the momentum vector of the probe head during individual particle impacts or the components of the force exerted on the probe head during multiple, closely spaced particle impacts. Researchers expect to make a miniature probe and increase its sensitivity and accuracy. 7 refs., 15 figs.

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Combustion research and ash fouling for low-rank coals

It has been shown that under fine coal grinding, liberation of mineral phases will occur. One of the phases readily separated is SiO/sub 2/ or quartz. If this has occurred in the case of micronized coal, although the coal mineral phases are present, the intimate contact at high temperatures will not occur as often. This may explain the decreased amount of melilite noted in the outer sintered layer of deposits formed during combustion of micronized coal. Earlier work has proposed that phases in the melilite group are the glue that binds the deposits together and contributes to the deposit strength. The decreased strength noted in deposits from micronized coal combustion is also consistent with the decreased amount of melilite which would act as a binding agent joining the discrete mineral particles in the deposit. Micronized coal appears to produce deposits which are both smaller and have less strength than those noted in the combustion of larger particle size coal. Smaller ash particles, produced from the micronized coal, would contribute to decreased deposit size. The fluid dynamics would tend to cause smaller particles to follow the stream lines instead of impacting the tube surface. In addition, the finer grind appears to have altered the mineral phases impacting the tube surface, thus decreasing the stickiness or strength noted in deposits from a high sodium lignite coal. 8 references, 5 figures, 5 tables.

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Solvent extraction of southern US tar sands

The socioeconomic aspects of the tar sands recovery were investigated by Diversified Petroleum Recovery, Inc. Mineral Resources Institute at the University of Alabama conducted characterization and beneficiation studies on Alabama tar sands. Two sources in the state were identified, namely, Black Wax Hill and Spring Creek. Samples were obtained, beneficiated, then shared with the University of Arkansas. The University of Arkansas conducted research in three areas, namely, solvation and characterization of the tar sands phase equilibria as well as the design and operation of a bench-scale batch model. In the solvation studies, the results indicate that grinding the tar sands too fine results in downstream processing problems. Also, preliminary indications are that the beneficiation step may not be necessary in the solvation of the bitumen. The phase equilibria of the heptane/brine/isopropyl alcohol/XTOL{trademark} system is very complex. The salt concentration of the brine is significant in the partitioning of the isopropanol and heptane. Equilibrium data for some of the various combinations of chemical constituents have been obtained. Also included are appendices: statistical data on highways; petrography; Dean-Starke technique; FTIR and NMR spectra; FORTRAN computer program for GC; simulation of flash behavior for IPA/brine/fatty acid/N-C{sub 7} mixture; and previous progress reports. 32 figs., 28 tabs.

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Chemical equilibria model analysis of Hope Creek eastern oil shale lysimeter leachate data

Leachates from field lysimeters containing an eastern oil shale, a retorted eastern oil shale, and an oil shale fines/retorted oil shale mixture were subjected to chemical equilibria analysis by the GEOCHEM model. Results of the chemical equilibria model analysis provided a more detailed characterization of the chemistry of oil shale materials. The aqueous chemistry of the lysimeter leachates is dominated by free ionic metal species and metal sulfate ion pairs. Activity diagrams shows that free metal ion activities (with the exception of Ca{sup 2 }) are directly related to SO{sub 4}{sup 2{minus}} activities. This suggests that the aqueous activities of the metals examined are not supported by metal sulfate solid phases. However, an examination of metal sulfate ion activity products (IAPs) as a function of time shows that the IAPs approach constant values after approximately 800 days of the field study. For the great majority of the metals examined, the IAP values suggest leachate undersaturation with respect to even the most stable metal sulfate phases. Leachates from all three materials are predicted by GEOCHEM to approach equilibrium with respect to gypsum and goethite. In addition, leachates from the oil shale lysimeter are predicted by GEOCHEM to approach equilibrium with respect to melanterite, Fe-jurbanite, franklinite, molybdite, and molybdic acid. Aluminum activities in all three lysimeter leachates fall within the stability region of several basic aluminum sulfates. However, Al{sup 3 } activities in the lysimeter leachates are not supported by sulfate phases. 34 refs., 15 figs., 2 tabs.

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Laboratory analysis of gas hydrate cores for evaluation of reservoir conditions. For the months December 1, 1983-April 30, 1984

The object of this work is to provide technical assistance to Morgantown Energy Technology Center's effort to develop a leading program in the evaluation of hydrate samples in porous media at reservoir conditions. During the period from January to March work done on the project focused on the preparation of the heat transfer and hydrate formation data and on the writing of the previous reports. During the last two months, including April, time has been devoted to the modification of our computer program to generate hydrate stability data in the earth. In addition to this work, the effect of gas composition on dissociation enthalpy is being studied.

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Concept and use of hydrogen permeable catalysts

The conceptual mechanisms and the use of three different kinds of hydrogen permeable catalyst reactors are discussed: (1) thin-wall nickel tubing, (2) finely porous nickel-molybdenum tubing, (3) finely porous cobalt-molybdenum tubing, each with an inner catalytic coating of metal sulfides. The differences in the reaction mechanisms of the different catalysts for conversion of various pure compounds, coal tar oils, and slurries of coal in hydrogenated tar oil, with hydrogen diffusing through this coating under a differential pressure, are described. The high conversion effects of operating parameters over a range covering conditions as mild as 1.5 to 3 min residence time, and 650 psig hydrogen at 752/sup 0/F are outlined, as well as the general approach to stoichiometric consumption of available hydrogen, and the self-cleaning effects of hydrogen permeable catalysts. Polycyclic and heterocyclic aromatic compounds were hydrogenated to their hydroaromatic derivatives, and then hydrocracked to lower boiling compounds, as shown by GC/MS analysis.

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Western Gas Sands Project status report

Progress of the major government sponsored projects undertaken to increase gas production from the low permeability gas sands of the western United States during February, 1978 is summarized. The Western Gas Sands Project files, which contain raw data and published reports from each Western Gas Sands Project participant have been established. A log file containing logs from pertinent wells in the four study areas has also been established. The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) is continuing geological and geophysical studies in the four study areas for resource assessment. A number of papers giving results of recent investigations were presented at meetings during the month. The Bartlesville Energy Research Center (BERC) and participating National Laboratories are continuing their work in research and development. Field tests and demonstrations continue in the Uinta and Piceance Basins at the following locations: Uinta Basin, Gas Producing Enterprises, Inc. (GPE) Natural Buttes Unit Wells No. 14, 18, 19, 20, 21, and 22; Piceance Basin, Mobil Research and Development Corporation Well No. F-31-13G, Rio Blanco Natural Gas Company Well No. 498-4-1.

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Surface adhesion of low-rank coal ash: Quarterly report, January 1986-March 1986

The percent of ion-exchangeable cations was determined for the San Miguel lignite. The ion-exchanged material was produced by treating the lignite with ammonium acetate solution. The amounts of exchangeable sodium and calcium were found to be 98% and 76%, respectively. The adhesive properties of lignite ash and sub-bituminous ashes were evaluated using the sticking apparatus. ASTM ashes of these coals were suspended on platinum wire and heated in a methane-oxygen flame of adiabatic temperature between 1650/sup 0/ and 1750/sup 0/C. The resultant molten slags were then dropped onto oxidized mild steel and stainless steel surfaces with typical compositions and temperatures corresponding to boiler tubes. The San Miguel and Navajo ashes each formed highly viscous, porous slags which did not wet the steel substrates. Slag viscosity of the low-rank coal ashes may be more important for judging ash sticking tendencies than ASTM ash fusion temperatures. The ash viscosity predicted by empirical composition/viscosity correlations for the tested slags varied by one to two orders of magnitude from ash to ash whereas the ash fusion temperatures were fairly similar. A vertical tube furnace was used to grow deposits using combusted raw and ion-exchanged San Miguel lignite on cooled boiler steel substrates at conditions similar to those in a utility boiler. Strengths of the deposits were measured and correlated with deposit height and temperature. X-ray diffraction analysis was used to determine the crystalline phases present in bulk deposits.

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ISPE: A knowledge-based system for fluidization studies

Chemical engineers use mathematical simulators to design, model, optimize and refine various engineering plants/processes. This procedure requires the following steps: (1) preparation of an input data file according to the format required by the target simulator; (2) excecuting the simulation; and (3) analyzing the results of the simulation to determine if all   specified goals''are satisfied. If the goals are not met, the input data file must be modified and the simulation repeated. This multistep process is continued until satisfactory results are obtained. This research was undertaken to develop a knowledge based system, IPSE (Intelligent Process Simulation Environment), that can enhance the productivity of chemical engineers/modelers by serving as an intelligent assistant to perform a variety tasks related to process simulation. ASPEN, a widely used simulator by the US Department of Energy (DOE) at Morgantown Energy Technology Center (METC) was selected as the target process simulator in the project. IPSE, written in the C language, was developed using a number of knowledge-based programming paradigms: object-oriented knowledge representation that uses inheritance and methods, rulebased inferencing (includes processing and propagation of probabilistic information) and data-driven programming using demons. It was implemented using the knowledge based environment LASER. The relationship of IPSE with the user, ASPEN, LASER and the C language is shown in Figure 1.

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Use of treated gasification wastewater in a pilot cooling tower. Phase I. Final report for the period ending January 31, 1984

During the UNDERC cooling tower tests, data were colleced and evaluated in five major areas: characterization of cooling tower streams, process performance, biofouling, corrosion, and inorganic/organic fouling. A summary of the results and conclusions for each area is presented. Recommendations are provided for research and development programs to further define the pretreatment and operating requirements for the use of wastewater as cooling tower makeup. The results of the Phase I-Pilot Cooling Tower test have revealed several potential problems that may arise from the use of a relatively high organic content gas liquor as cooling tower makeup. Most of the problems identified are related to the presence of organics in the wastewater which promote biofouling/fouling, corrosion, and emissions from the cooling tower. The Phase II-Pilot Cooling Tower Test will address this issue by identifying the advantages of further treatment of stripped gas liquor to reduce the organic content to a lower level before use in the cooling tower. This test will parallel the Phase I test using the same system and monitoring procedures. Comparison of the results of Phase I and Phase II tests will provide an indication of how well problem areas can be avoided with additional makeup water pretreatment. 39 references, 34 tables, and 25 figures.

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