AndreaBozzo/ceres-open-data-index huggingface dataset:
THIRTY-FOURTH ANNUAL CONVENTION: PROTOYPE PLANTS FOR SYNTHETIC LIQUID FUELS

"The long range objective of a synthetic fuels industry is to satisfy the fuel requirements of our expanding economy at costs which are reasonably competitive with fuels from other sources.    A secondary long-range objective is to assure domestic production of liquid fuels in order that we do not become over dependent on foreign sources of oil. It is estimated approximately ten years would be required under normal circumstances for the orderly development of a synthetic fuels industry of 500,000 barrels per day capacity. If necessary, this production rate could be achieved in a short time (as in the case of synthetic rubber) but this might require freezing the technology, top priorities on materials and manpower, and might prove more costly than the normal development. The first logical step in the 10 year period would be the construction and operation of shale oil and coal prototype plants with minimum daily product capacities of 10,000 or 15,000 barrels. To wait until a definitive shortage exists before taking this initial action could easily result in high prices for liquid fuels and might result in serious shortages."

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HEARINGS BEFORE A SUBCOMMITTEE OF THE COMMITTEE ON PUBLIC LANDS AND SURVEYS UNITED STATES SENATE SEVENTY-EIGHTH CONGRESS FIRST SESSION ON S. 1243 A BILL AUTHORIZING THE CONSTRUCTION AND OPERATION OF DEMONSTRATION PLANTS TO PRODUCE SYTHETIC LIQUID FUELS FROM COAL AND OTHER SUBSTANCES, IN ORDER TO AID THE PROSECUTION OF THE WAR, TO CONSERVE AND INCREASE THE OIL RESOURCES OF THE NATION, AND FOR OTHER PURPOSES

This is a bill authorizing the construction and operation of demonstration plants to produce synthetic liquid fuels from coal and other substances, in order to aid the prosecution of the war, to conserve and increase the oil resources of the Nation, and for other purposes.

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HEARINGS BEFORE A SUBCOMMITTEE OF THE COMMITTEE ON PUBLIC LANDS UNITED STATES SENATE EIGHTIETH CONGRESS FIRST SESSION ON INVESTIGATION OF THE FACTORS AFFECTING MINERALS, FUELS, FORESTRY, AND RECLAMATION PROJECTS

This statement covers the work in the following fields: 1. Coal; 2. Petroleum and natural gas, including helium; and 3. Synthetic liquid fuels.

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WORK OF THE PETROLEUM AND NATURAL GAS

"The Petroleum and Natural Gas Division of the United Sates Bureau of Mines makes technologic and scientific investigations pertaining to the production, transportation, and refining of crude oil and natural gas and the use of their products with the view of reducing waste, increasing safety and efficiency, and aiding economic development.    This division became an officially recognized unit of the Bureau on July1, 1914. Prior to that time samples of crude oil had been analyzed in the fuel-testing laboratory at Pittsburgh, Pa., and a small laboratory was maintained in the Custom house at San Francisco for the purpose of analyzing fuel oils used by the Government.    As the work on oil and gas has increased in the intervening years, several field headquarters have been established in order to maintain closer contact with the industry. Today, in addition to its Washington office, the Petroleum and Natural Gas Division maintains two petroleum experiment stations, one at Bartlesville, Okla., and the other at Laramie, Wyo., and petroleum field offices at San Francisco, Calif., and Dallas, Tex. This division also operates the Government-owned Cliffside structure, which contains helium-bearing gas, and the helium plant near Amarillo, Tex., which supplies the armed forces of the United States with lifting gas for their lighter-than-air craft. A cryogenic or low-temperature laboratory is maintained as a necessary adjunct to the helium operations, and a number of problems relating to natural gas and petroleum are being studied in that laboratory. A supervising engineer is in immediate charge of each of these field headquarters."

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CODE OF FEDERAL REGULATIONS TITEL 40 PROTECTION OF ENVIRONMENT PART 1500, 1501, 1502, 1503, 1504, 1505, 1506, 1507, 1508

The National Environmental Policy Act is our basic national charter for protection of the environment. It establishes policy, sets goals and provides means for carrying out the policy. Section 102 contains action-forcing provisions to make sure that federal agencies ct according to the letter and spirit of the Act. The regulations that follow implement section 102(2). Their purpose is to tell federal agencies that they must do to comply with the procedures and achieve the goals of the Act. The President, the federal agencies, and the courts share responsibility for enforcing the Act so as to achieve the substantive requirements of section 101.

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COAL LIQUIDS EVALUATION AND PARAHO-SOHIO SHALE OIL QUARTERLY PROGRESS REPORT FOR THE PERIOD ENDING JUNE 30, 1980

"Research continued in the environmental and health evaluation of products, by-products, and effluents derived from shale oil and from processes that convert coal to liquids. The toxic nature of these materials was investigated by using various chemical, physical, biological, and ecological test protocols.  Results are presented according to the functional character of the studies, many of which are generic to fossil energy derived liquids. The coal liquids and shale oil evaluation activities are identified in separate chapters of the report."

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COAL LIQUIDS EVALUATION AND PARAHO-SOHIO SHALE OIL SEMIANNUAL PROGRESS REPORT FOR THE PERIOD ENDING DECEMBER 30, 1980

Research continued in the environmental and health evaluation of products, by-products, and effluents derived from shale oil and from processes that convert coal to liquids. The toxic nature of these materials was investigated by using various chemical, physical, biological, and ecological test protocols.

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COAL LIQUIDS EVALUATION AND PARAHO-SOHIO SHALE OIL STATUS REPORT FOR THE PERIOD ENDING SEPTEMBER 30, 1979

Research in the environmental and health evaluation of coal liquids involves studies of the characteristics and toxic nature of products, by-products, and effluents derived from coal conversion processes. Also involved is the comparison of results with those of similar studies using other liquid fuel materials such as shale oil, many related programmatic activities were started more than five years ago, and the team approach to problem solution in life sciences dates back to programs in smoking and health and to the International Biological Program.

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UTAH/CALIFORNIA COAL DEVELOPMENT, AND COAL FIRED POWER PLANT SITE AVAILABILITY AND CARRYING CAPACITY STUDY

Attention is increasingly focused on expanding coal utilization as an energy source in the US. The President's National Energy Plan specifically calls for greatly increasing reliance on coal. However, there are a number of conflicts and constraints on this expansion which will, if unresolved, preclude achievement of the President's coal use goals. A large number of these conflicts and constraints are government-created or can be resolved by government.

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HYDROTHERMAL TREATMENT OF COALS FOR THE REMOVAL OF INORGANIC CONSTITUENTS AND FORMS OF SULPHUR

Hydrothermal treatment of Ohio Bituminous Coal and Texas Lignite under different conditions of temperature and residence time results in progressive changes in the ash yield and sulfur content of the products. Below 300C the ash yield of both coals is reduced. At higher temperatures, devolatilization of organic matter competes with the removal of inorganic constituents: the ash yield of the severely treated products is higher than that of the starting coal. Similarly, the contents of the different forms of sulfur in the Ohio coal are reduced under moderate hydrothermal treatment, but the effect is counterbalanced under severe conditions, due to the loss of organic matter.

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MINERAL RESOURCES OF BELLE FOURCHE AND MOREAU RIVER BASINS, WYOMING AND SOUTH DAKOTA

Information is presented in this report on the production, value, and further development potentials of mineral resources in the Belle Fourche River and Moreau River basins in northeastern Wyoming and northwestern South Dakota. Metals, nonmetals, and mineral fuels other than lignite are found in the Belle Fourchebasin; lignite, sand, and gravel occur in the Moreau basin. Minerals currently produced in the basins include oil and gas, coal, gold, silver, bentonite, clay, lignite, limestone, uranium-vanadium, gypaum, scoria, sand, and gravel. Cumulative output value of the major products-- gold and silver, oil and gas, bentonite, and coal-- now exceeds $1.3 billion.

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MINERAL RESOURCES IN PORTIONS OF THE YELLOWSTON RIVER BASIN AND ADJACENT AREAS, MONTANA

The areas covered by this study are essentially those defined by the Bureau of Reclamation as the Montana portion of the Yellowstone Division and the Montana Pumping Division. The most important mineral resources in the divisions are mineral fuels: petroleum, natural gas, and coal. Production of nonmetals in the Yellowstone Division is continuous; however, these are low-value bulk commodities and, with few exceptions, are marketed near their source. Metal production in the area essentially ceased in 1961 when mining and milling operations at the Mouat chrome mine in Stillwater County were terminated.

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CHARACTERISTICS OF PETROLEUM IN POWDER RIVER BASIN, WYOMING

This preliminary report was designed to give information regarding types, quality, and correlation of properties and productive formations of petroleum in the Powder River Basin to those concerned with development and planning of the Missouri River Basin Project. The Bureau of Mines is preparing a more comprehensive report under its regular program that will include unabridged analysis reports of 108 crude oil samples, representing all fields and productive formations studied. This will be published as a Report of Investigations.

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MINERAL RESOURCES OF BLACK HILLS AREA, SOUTH DAKOTA AND WYOMING

"This Bureau of Mines report reviews the mineral industry of the Black Hills area, including Butte, Custer, Fall River, Lawrence, Meade, and Pennington Counties, S Dakota; and Crook, Niobrara, and Weston Counties, Wyo. It includes discussion of geological occurrence, processing, and potential of 27 commodities that have been produced from the nine-county area.  The value of mineral production exceeds $70 million annually. Gold and petroleum account for two-thirds of the total, followed by clays, cement, sand and gravel, and rock.  The combined mineral industries annually consume 268 million kilowatts of electrical energy, 933 million Mcf of gas, and 2 million barrels of fuel oil. Water consumption is about 10,000 gallons per minute. About 2,700 persons are employed on a year-round or significant part-time basis."

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TECHNICAL AND ECONOMIC FEASIBILITY OF SULFER TRIOXIDE RETORTING

"A laboratory evaluation of oil shale retorting using sulfur trioxide injection has shown that sufficient heat is generated to retort oil shale. But the direct reaction of sulfur trioxide and oil shale results in large oil yield losses. A screening evaluation of the economic feasibility for sulfur trioxide retorting indicates that the large oil yield losses increase shale oil production costs relative to conventional retorting processes.  Sulfur trioxide may be an economical alternative to air for oxidation of retorted shale in retorting processes using solid heat carriers. In this case, the shale is heated largely by the exothermic reaction of sulfur trioxide with the mineral carbonates in the shale. The hot retorted shale can be mixed with raw shale to isolate the oil and gas production from the sulfur trioxide reactions. A screening evaluation of this alternative use for sulfur trioxide indicates that the by-product credits for high Btu off-gas and CO2 may offset the additional production costs for the sulfur trioxide."

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A PRELIMINARY ASSESSMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS FROM OIL SHALE DEVELOPMENTS

This report is a summary of major oil shale extraction and retorting development activities. The potential impacts on the physical environment which could result from commercial oil shale development are discussed relative to sources, properties, and quantities of wastes. The report describes exdisting air, water, and land resources in northwestern Colorado and northeastern Utah. The identification of potential impacts of oil shale development on these resources, pollution control technologies and management plans are reviewed. Potential hazards associated with refining and end use  of shale oil products are evaluated. The major environmental monitoring and impact studies are identified, and the scope of oil shale development projects is assessed by this document.

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ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT REPORT OIL SHALE IN SITU PROCESSING RESEARCH SITE 9 AND SITE 10 ROCK SPRINGS, WYOMING

The Laramie Energy Research Center (LERC) prepared a research plan to address environmental concerns. This assessment, which intercepts an ongoing research program, has been prepared to comply with CEQ guidelines. New environmental research plans will be written to cover necessary research that has been identified through the assessment approach.

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ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT OIL SHALE IN SITU PROCESSING RESEARCH PROJECT BY TALLEY-FRAC CORPORATION UNDER PON NO.2

A true in situ processing technique will be used at the Talley-Frac site to recover shale oil. This process involves fracturing the oil shale with chemical explosives and in place combustion retorting underground. A minimum amount of residue kerogen will be used in the combustion process under controlled conditions. Most of the recoverable oil is displaced toward the production well region located ahead of the flame front by air which is continuously injected into the retort zone to sustain and control the combustion process.

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STATUS REPORT OF GROUNDWATER QUALITY AT THE HANNA UNDERGROUND COAL GASIFICATION SITE, HANNA BASIN, WYOMING

This report summarizes activities relating to underground coal gasification (UCG) experiments, groundwater monitoring, and groundwater restoration at the US Department of Energy Hanna site in southeastern Wyoming. The status of groudnwater quality at the Hanna site is documented and compared with Wyoming Department of Environmental Quality standards

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GREEN RIVER-HAM'S FORK COAL REGION ROUND TWO DRAFT ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STATEMENT

The cumulative impacts of developing up to 24 coal tracts through four leasing alternatives in northwest Colorado and southwest and south-central Wyoming are analyzed. The four leasing alternatives propose offering for lease 101, 495, 759, or 991 million tons of coal recoverable by surface, subsurface, or in situ gasification mining methods. The significant, and unquantifiable but potentially significant, impacts to human and biological resources are analyzed by considering the impacts that existing and future growth and development in the region could have, together with the impacts of the four leasing alternatives.

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RESTORATION OF IN SITU COAL GASIFICATION SITES FROM NATURALLY OCCURRING GROUNDWATER FLOW AND DISPERSION--FINAL REPORT

This article is concerned with investigating the role of a fracture system and groundwater flow in dispersing contaminants from in situ coal gasification sites. It was found that the dispersitivies must be calculated with a knowledge of the natural groundwater flow to obtain the correct values. In practice the magnitude and direction of groundwater flow are fixed by geologic conditions. However, it demonstrates that field experiments to obtain the dispersivities must be conducted in such a manner as to largely duplicate the direction of naturally occurring groudnwater flow to obtain correct values.

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LANDFILL AND SURFACE IMPOUNDMENT PERFORMANCE EVALUATION MANUAL

This technical resource document provides recommended procedures for evaluating the effectiveness of liquid transmission control systems for hazardous waste landfill and surface impoundments. The procedures described allow an evaluator to determine the performance of 1) compacted clay liners intended to impede the vertical flow of liquids, 2) sand or gravel drainage layers used to convey liquids laterally into collection systems, 3) slopes on such liner/drain layers, and 4) spacings of collector drain pipes.

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ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING PLAN OUTLINE PARACHUTE CREEK SHALE OIL PROGRAM PHASE II REVISED ADDENDUM

The Union Oil Company of California (Union) submitted an Environmental Monitoring Plan (EMP) outline to the US Synthetic Fuels Corporation and its advisory agencies on January 23, 1984. This document, prepared in accordance with SFC guidelines, outlined Union's approach to monitoring the Phase II expansion of the Parachute Creek Shale Oil Facility. SFC's advisory agencies, principally the US Department of Energy, the Environmental Protection Agency, and the Colorado Department of Natural Resources reviewed the outline and submitted their comments to SFC and Union. Of the 189 comments received by Union, 41 were considered critical by the reviewing agencies and were to be addressed prior to approval of the EMP outline.

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ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING PLAN OUTLINE PARACHUTE CREEK SHALE OIL PROGRAM PHASE II

"The Union Oil Company of California, Energy Mining Division (Union), is pursuing phased development of its oil shale holdings in the Parachute Creek area of Garfield County, Colorado. Union's Parachute Creek Shale Oil Program is located about 200 miles west of Denver near the town of Parachute.  Union has proposed a nominal 80,000 barrel per day expansion of its existing Phase 1 project that is in start-up. Phase II will be constructed in four 21,000 BPD increments which are scheduled to come on-line starting in 1989."

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ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT MODIFIED IN SITU OIL SHALE PROCESS OCCIDENTAL OIL SHALE, INC. LOGAN WASH SITE DEBEQUE, GARFIELD COUNTY, COLORADO

The Energy Research and Development Administration has requested proposals for demonstrating the technical and economic feasibility of different in situ shale oil recovery methods. Corollary objectives are to demonstrate the best explosive fracturing and rubblizing technique for the process and to determine operating conditions necessary to obtain desired retorting results. Occidential Oil Shale, Inc. has responded to this request and proposes to conduct these demonstrations for their modified in situ process.

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AN ANALYSIS OF OFF-GAS CONTROL/UTILIZATION CONCEPTS FOR AN IN SITU OIL SHALE RETORT

This document addresses the need for a two-pronged approach to the problem, considering the possibilities of both utilization of the off-gases to recover their energy content, and control of the pollutants in the off-gases. Combinations of control and utilization options may be required to optimize the maximum use of available energy while at the same time reducing emissions to minimize environmental impact. The options available will depend to a great extent on the nature of the off-gases which in turn is determined by such variables as the resource characteristics and the process/retort parameters. Some correlations of off-gas quality with these variables will be necessary for a detailed analysis.

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REFINING TO HIGH YIELDS OF JET FUELS FROM SHALE OIL--6TH TECHNICAL PROGRESS REPORT (2/21/79-3/19/79)

Amine hydrochloride formed by HCL treating has been found to be soluble to a significant extent in hydrorefined Paraho whole crude shale oil as well as in distillate fractions thereof. Washing with water removes dissolved amine hydrochloride, and it is speculated that this occurs more readily in HCL raffinates of lower molecular weight distillate fractions than in HCL raffinates of higher molecular weight distillate and residual fractions. Sulfuric acid of 90 wt% concentration for washing of HCL raffinates of hydrorefined whole crude shale oil and distillate fractions thereof reduces nitrogen contents to vary small levels, but results in excessive suldonation of aromatics.

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PREHEATING OIL SHALE AND ITS EFFECT ON YIELD

A series of tests was made on Colorado oil shale to determine the effect on oil yield by preheating the shale with hot gases prior to retorting. The following factors affecting the oil yield of the shale were studied: (1) particle sizes of samples ranging from -48 460 mesh to -2 44 mesh, (2) heating temperatures from 147 degrees to 300 degrees C, (3) heating periods from 15 minutes to 36 hours, and (4) heating gases containing from 0 to 21 percent oxygen.

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UNDERGROUND GASIFICATION OF COAL -- DRAFT

The underground gasification of coal is a method which combines extraction and conversion of coal into a single step, thus eliminating the need for mining and coal processing equipment and gasification reactors. In situ coal gasification is a process which should be considered as a competitor with shaft mining but not with surface mining. The successful application of this method would provide a low Btu gas (100-300 Btu/SCF) which can be readily treated for sulfur compounds and particulates and at the same time eliminate many of the health, safety, and environmental problems associated with conventional deep mining of coal.

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IN-SITU CONVERSION OF TEXAS LIGNITE TO SYNTHETIC FUELS SEMI-ANNUAL REPORT TO THE NATIONAL SCIENCE FOUNDATION RANN DIVISION

In November, 1975, a two-year experimental study dealing with laboratory evaluation of the in situ gasification of Texas lignite was initiated. The goals of this research are to: (1) To determine which geological, physical, and chemical conditions would be conductive to application of underground gasification; (2) The development of a mechanistic description for the dominant chemical physical processes occurring during underground coal gasification; such models would provide a design basis for later field testing.

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IN SITU CONVERSION OF TEXAS LIGNITE TO SYNTHETIC FUELS SEMI-ANNUAL REPORT TO THE NATIONAL SCIENCE FOUNDATION RANN DIVISION

A one-year technical and economic feasibility study to determine if the large deposits of deep basin Texas lignite can be recovered using in situ gasification has been completed.  The study has consisted of engineering and geological analysis as well as limited experimentation. Since the project's inception in September, 1974, a total of seven faculty and staff, ten graduate students, and seven undergraduates have been involved in the research. The principal funding for this project has been provided by the National Science Foundation, RANN division. Other research funds have been provided by Texas Utilities Company, Continental Oil Company, Mobil Oil Corporation, and the Shell Development Company.

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EVALUATION OF THE UTILIZATION OF CO2 DERIVED FROM LIGNITE GASIFICATION TO ENHANCE SECONDARY OIL RECOVERY

In March, 1980, Resource Assessments, Inc. received a grant from the State of Louisiana, Department of Natural Resources, to investigate the possibility of using CO2 derived from lignite gasification to enhance oil recovery in Louisiana. The research included a comprehensive effort of canvassing existing data sources in order to provide a basis for subsequent evaluations.

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DATA ACQUISITION AND PROCESS CONTROL INSTRUMENTATION

The computer based instrumentation system described herein provides a very effective means of monitoring and controlling an in situ coal gasification installation. The benefits of such a system have been proven by several in situ coal gasification field experiments. Past and present process data such as flow rates, pressures, temperatures, and gas composition are immediately available. Computer automatic control maintains air injection rates with great precision and can be used to automatically change air injection rates in response to changes in other process parameters. In addition, many routine duties are no longer required to be performed by the operators.

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