AndreaBozzo/ceres-open-data-index huggingface dataset:
Measurement and modeling of advanced coal conversion processes

The overall objective of this program is the development of predictive capability for the design, scale up, simulation, control and feedstock evaluation in advanced coal conversion devices. This technology is important to reduce the technical and economic risks inherent in utilizing coal, a feedstock whose variable and often unexpected behavior presents a significant challenge. The foundation to describe coal-specific conversion behavior will be AFR's Functional Group (FG) and Devolatilization, Vaporization, and Crosslinking (DVC) models. These models have demonstrated the capability to describe the time dependent evolution of individual gas species, and the amount and characteristics of tar and char. The FG-DVC model will be integrated with BYU's comprehensive two-dimensional reactor model, PCGC-2, which is currently the most widely used reactor simulation for combustion or gasification. The program includes: (1) validation of the submodels by comparison with laboratory data obtained in this program, (2) extensive validation of the modified comprehensive code by comparison of predicted results with data from bench-scale and process scale investigations of gasification, mild gasification and combustion of coal or coal-derived products in heat engines, and (3) development of well documented user friendly software applicable to a   workstation''environment. 92 refs.

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Primary and secondary recovery in the Sho-Vel-Tum oilfield, Oklahoma: Topical report

This study was undertaken as part of a comprehensive review of the potential for enhanced oil recovery in Oklahoma. Due to the past production and future potential production from the Sho-Vel-Tum oilfield, the largest producing field in the State of Oklahoma and the eleventh largest in the United States (15), it was subjected to the detailed analyses reported in this document. The original oil in place at Sho-Vel-Tum is estimated in this study to be 3.237 billion barrels of oil. Of this total, 1.235 billion barrels have been produced from the field through 1984 by primary and secondary (waterflood) applications, while reserves are estimated to be an additional 169 million barrels. By subtraction, 1.833 billion barrels still remain as a target for future development, including enhanced oil recovery. 17 refs., 10 figs., 4 tabs.

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Separation of asphaltenes using high resolution supercritical fluid chromatography. Final report, September 1981-August 1983

The objective of this project was to explore and more fully develop capillary supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC) as a high resolution separation technique. The developed SFC techniques were then to be applied to the separation and structural evaluation of various asphaltene fractions. This report covers the following work performed: (1) development of bonded stationary phases; (2) optimization of fluorescence detection; (3) ultraviolet absorption detection; (4) evaluation of different mobile phases; and (5) analysis of asphaltenes. 14 references, 40 figures, 9 tables.

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Advanced development of a pressurized ash agglomerating fluidized-bed coal gasification system: Topical report, Process analysis, FY 1983

KRW Energy Systems, Inc., is engaged in the continuing development of a pressurized, fluidized-bed gasification process at its Waltz Mill Site in Madison, Pennsylvania. The overall objective of the program is to demonstrate the viability of the KRW process for the environmentally-acceptable production of low- and medium-Btu fuel gas from a variety of fossilized carbonaceous feedstocks and industrial fuels. This report presents process analysis of the 24 ton-per-day Process Development Unit (PDU) operations and is a continuation of the process analysis work performed in 1980 and 1981. Included is work performed on PDU process data; gasification; char-ash separation; ash agglomeration; fines carryover, recycle, and consumption; deposit formation; materials; and environmental, health, and safety issues. 63 figs., 43 tabs.

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Geological evolution and analysis of confirmed or suspected gas hydrate localities: Volume 10, Basin analysis, formation and stability of gas hydrates of the Aleutian Trench and the Bering Sea

Four major areas with inferred gas hydrates are the subject of this study. Two of these areas, the Navarin and the Norton Basins, are located within the Bering Sea shelf, whereas the remaining areas of the Atka Basin in the central Aleutian Trench system and the eastern Aleutian Trench represent a huge region of the Aleutian Trench-Arc system. All four areas are geologically diverse and complex. Particularly the structural features of the accretionary wedge north of the Aleutian Trench still remain the subjects of scientific debates. Prior to this study, suggested presence of the gas hydrates in the four areas was based on seismic evidence, i.e., presence of bottom simulating reflectors (BSRs). Although the disclosure of the BSRs is often difficult, particularly under the structural conditions of the Navarin and Norton basins, it can be concluded that the identified BSRs are mostly represented by relatively weak and discontinuous reflectors. Under thermal and pressure conditions favorable for gas hydrate formation, the relative scarcity of the BSRs can be attributed to insufficient gas supply to the potential gas hydrate zone. Hydrocarbon gas in sediment may have biogenic, thermogenic or mixed origin. In the four studied areas, basin analysis revealed limited biogenic hydrocarbon generation. The migration of the thermogenically derived gases is probably diminished considerably due to the widespread diagenetic processes in diatomaceous strata. The latter processes resulted in the formation of the diagenetic horizons. The identified gas hydrate-related BSRs seem to be located in the areas of increased biogenic methanogenesis and faults acting as the pathways for thermogenic hydrocarbons.

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Advanced water-cooled phosphoric acid fuel cell development

The Advanced Water Cooled Phosphoric Acid Fuel Cell Development program is being conducted by International Fuel Cells Corporation (IFC) to improve the performance and minimize the cost of water cooled, electric utility phosphoric acid fuel cell stacks. The program adapts the existing on-site Configuration B cell design to electric utility operating conditions and introduces additional new design features. Task 1 consists of the conceptual design of a full- scale electric utility cell stack that meets program objectives. Tasks 2 and 3 develop the materials and processes required to fabricate the components that meet the program objective. The design of the small area and two 10-ft{sup 2} short stacks is conducted in Task 4. The conceptual design also is updated to incorporate the results of material and process developments, as well as results of stack tests conducted in Task 6. Fabrication and assembly of the short stacks are conducted in Task 5 and subsequent tests are conducted in Task 6. The Contractor expects to enter into a contract with The Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI) to assemble and endurance test the second 10-ft{sup 2} short stack. This report describes the cell design and development effort that is being conducted to demonstrate by subscale stack test, the technical achievements made toward the above program objectives.

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Management of coal waste by energy recovery: Mild gasification of coal preparation wastes: Final report

This final technical report documents the technical effort completed over roughly two year period by UCC Research Corporation (UCCRC) on the research program sponsored by the Department of Energy (DOE) to recover the energy value of coal preparation plant wastes by the Mild Gasification Process. The major tasks of the project included a literature survey to characterize current and potential future techniques available for managing coal wastes in an economical and environmentally sound manner; selecting and characterizing feedstocks to be tested in the Mild Gasification Process Development Unit (MGU,5377 ); building and modifying, if necessary, the MGU; conducting the test runs according to a test plan; and analyzing the test results to assess system performance and to recommend if any further process research and development is warranted. About 50% of the coal liquids were obtained during the first hour and 90% of the liquids were collected within three hours of coal residence time. The optimum coal pyrolysis temperature for best liquid yield and liquid quality was found to be about 1100/sup 0/F, which is in agreement with most workers in the pyrolysis field. The <600/sup 0/F B.P. fraction is unique in that it contains mostly monocyclic (20.5%) and dicyclic (71.5%) aromatic material and thus is an excellent precursor for high density fuel. 44 refs.

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Low-rank coal thermal properties and diffusivity: Final report

This project developed techniques for measuring thermal properties and mass diffusivities of low-rank coals and coal powders. Using the concept of volume averaging, predictive models have been developed for these porous media properties. The Hot Wire Method was used for simultaneously measuring the thermal conductivity and thermal diffusivity of both consolidated and unconsolidated low-rank coals. A new computer-interfaced experiment is presented and sample container designs developed for both coal powders and consolidated coals. A new mathematical model, based upon volume averaging, is presented for the prediction of these porous media properties. Velocity and temperature effects on liquid-phase dispersion through unconsolidated coal were determined. Radioactive tracer data were used to determine mass diffusivities. A new predictive mathematical model is presented based upon volume averaging. Vapor-phase diffusivity measurements of organic solvents in consolidated lignite coal are reported. An unsteady-state pressure response experiment with microcomputed-based data acquisition was developed to estimate dispersion coefficients through consolidated lignite coals. The mathematical analysis of the pressure response data provides the dispersion coefficient and the adsorption coefficient. 48 refs., 59 figs., 17 tabs.

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Ash separation by induced electrical properties of low rank coal: Final report

The contract objective was to determine the feasibility of separating finely dispersed minerals from low-rank coals using differences in electrostatic properties of the organic/inorganic components. Three coals were selected and tested, a moderate-ash lignite, a high-ash lignite, and a moderate-ash Western subbituminous coal. These coals were tested on two different types of separators, the Fine Coal (FC) corona-drum separator and the Ultrafine Coal (UFC) cyclone/disc separator. With the FC separator the particles are deposited on top of a rotating drum and are given a charge by corona, attracting them to the charged drum. Differences in conductivity between organic and inorganic material are the basis for the separation. With the UFC Separator, the particles are introduced pneumatically into a ceramic cyclone, and charged triboelectrically (by friction) through particle-to-particle and particle-to-cyclone wall contact. The coal particles charge positively and the ash particles charge negatively. From the bottom of the cyclone the charged particles are directed into an electric field between two oppositely charged rotating discs. The coal goes to the negative disc and the ash to the positive disc. Scrapers clean the discs and direct the coal and ash into separate receptacles. The three test coals were crushed in a hammermill and sized by air classification or jet sieve. Centrifugal float/sink tests were performed to determine the approximate maximum physical separation possible for a given size and coal. The different size cuts were then used as feeds for the electrostatic FC and UFC processes. Petrographic analyses and elemental analyses were conducted on selected samples and feed and separation products were analyzed for ash, sulfur, moisture and in some cases, Btu content.

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Data Acquisition and Analysis of Occidental Vertical Modified In Situ Retorts 7 and 8

Sandia National Laboratories, funded by the United States Department of Energy, participated with Occidental Oil Shale, Inc., in the extensive instrumentation and analyses of vertical modified in situ (VMIS) Retorts 7 and 8. These retorts were commercial size retorts (50 m x 50 m x 75 m) that were processed concurrently at Occidental's Logan Wash site near Debeque, Colorado. Retorts 7 and 8 each contained approx.340,000 tonnes of rubble with post-blast voids of approx.18%. Average shale grade was 71 l/tonne (17.0 gpt). Design conditions of 0.17 m/min SGV (80% air and 20% steam) were maintained throughout the approx.300 days of processing of the retorts. Raw recycle gas was then injected into the retorts for approximately thirty days prior to the quenching of each retort. The extensive array of instrumentation (in situ thermocouples, flow measurement transducers, gas chromatography (GC) equipment and surface process equipment allowed continuous real-time monitoring and analysis of the retorts. Energy balance calculations (using the combined results of the material balance calculations and the thermal data) indicate about 30% of the available energy of the raw kerogen was combusted to produce shale oil, low BTU gas and C/sub 5/H/sub 10/-C/sub 12/ hydrocarbons. The fuel source for the combustion energy was mostly oil and char (approx.90%), while gas accounted for the remainder. Oxygen utilization (a measure of how well combustion energy is utilized in the retorting of shale) was 0.35 and 0.33 kg shale retorted/mole O/sub 2/ injected for Retorts 7 and 8, respectively. These values of oxygen utilization for Retorts 7 and 8 are comparable to other in situ retorts, but are still below values attained in pilot plant studies of in situ retorting. 25 refs., 50 figs., 17 tabs.

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A 50-month gasifier mechanistic study and downstream unit process development program for the pressurized ash-agglomerating fluidized-bed gasification system: Annual technical progress report, September 1987--September 1988

KRW Energy Systems Inc. has been engaged in a coal gasification and hot gas cleanup technology development program at its pilot plant located at the Waltz Mill Site near Pittsburgh, PA. The coal gasification development program is now considered to be complete, and the primary focus of recent efforts under this contract has been on hot gas cleanup (HGCU). The external hot gas cleanup system at the KRW pilot plant was commissioned in July 1986. Through May 1988, 14 hot gas cleanup tests and 16 external desulfurization cycles were completed to develop a zinc ferrite desulfurization process; included were 953 hours of sulfidation and 623 hours of zinc ferrite regeneration. The external desulfurization tests were integrated with in-bed desulfurization tests conducted in the KRW gasifier-desulfurizer. Fourteen in-bed desulfurization tests were conducted, comprising 700 hours with dolomite injection and 1700 hours with dolomitic limestone injection. From September 30, 1987 through September 30, 1988, the period covered by this report, HGCU test plans TP-037-7, TP-037-8 and TP-037-9 were completed. These tests are discussed in this report. Additionally, a final privately-sponsored test was conducted in July 1988. Following the July test, the pilot plant subsystems were secured and winterized such that the plant will be maintained in a standby condition. 6 refs., 87 figs., 57 tabs.

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Advanced coal-gasification system for electric-power generation. First quarterly progress report, Fiscal Year 1981, October 1-December 31, 1980

The overall objective of the Westinghouse Coal Gasification Program is to demonstrate the viability of the Westinghouse pressurized fluidized bed gasification system for production of low- and intermediate-Btu fuel gas for electric power generation, syngas, feedstocks or industrial fuels and to obtain performance and scale-up data for the process and hardware.

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Transfer of oil shale research data into the Morgantown Energy Technology Center data base

The US Department of Energy (DOE), Morgantown Energy Technology Center constructed a fossil energy research data base to make data readily available to the public, to avoid duplication of research, to guide future research, and to reduce costs of future research. Western Research Institute (WRI) was awarded a contract to put data from work done prior to 1983 into the data base. Most of the data that WRI transferred to DOE on magnetic tape was oil shale data because the underground coal gasification (UCG) data base was not ready to receive data until late in the contract period. The high cost of processing data in the manner specified prevented all of the highly ranked data from being transferred with available funding. One hundred and ten sets of data were transferred to DOE on magnetic tape: ninety-three sets of oil shale data and two sets of UCG data to the test data data base, and fifteen sets of oil shale data including assay, mineralogy, and lithology data from 12,907 samples using 7,972,404 computer words to the resource extraction data base. Two thousand and seventy sets of data were microfiched and transferred to DOE; these included 1111 sets of oil shale data, 211 sets of tar sands data, 195 sets of UCG data, and 216 sets of environmental data. Three recommendations are made for reducing the cost of transferring data into the data base: (1) eliminate the use of data input forms, (2) eliminate the waiting time between responses from the computer, and (3) keep the data base updated. 3 refs., 1 fig., 2 tabs.

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Rock matrix and fracture analysis of flow in western tight gas sands. 1985 annual report

The objective of this project is to develop reliable core analysis techniques for tight gas sands; these are essential to proper formation evaluation. The study is mainly concerned with the dependence of flow in tight gas sands on water saturation and confining pressure. This dependence is to be related to the detailed pore structure of tight sands as typified by cores recovered in the Multi-Well experiment. High-speed centrifuge and adsorption isotherms have been used in combination to obtain information about pore sizes and surface areas of tight sands. Flow properties of mineralized fractures have been measured. Attention is also being given to the presence of unhealed (open) fractures. The project has the following four major tasks concerned with research and advanced analysis on core from the Multi-Well field experiment and other core as appropriate: (1) advanced core analysis; (2) natural fractures and heterogeneities; (3) changes in core properties; and (4) water saturation. Progress reports are presented for these tasks. 40 refs., 34 figs., 8 tabs.

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Gas-surface study of contaminant reactions in combustion. Covering the period: September 26, 1983-September 26, 1984

The interaction of SO/sub 2/ and NO with single-crystal surfaces of SiO/sub 2/ and Al/sub 2/O/sub 3/ at temperatures of 298, 473, and 673K, which were covered by various amounts of sodium and iron was studied using x-ray photoelectrons spectroscopy. The sodium was deposited on SiO/sub 2/ in the Na/sup  / state, as indicated by an Auger parametric study. Scanning electron microscopy showed dramatic changes in surface morphology on SiO/sub 2/ after deposition of sodium. The amount of adsorbed SO/sub 2/ increased with increasing sodium deposition for both 298 and 473K. This adsorbed sulfur was identified as sulfite. Sticking probability calculations indicated that the reaction was a first-order or direct one-site adsorption. The initial sticking probability increased with increasing sodium coverage. When the SO/sub 2/ reaction was carried out at 473K, both the amount of adsorbed SO/sub 2/ and the initial sticking probability were higher than that at 298K. No reaction was observed at 673K. The iron was deposited on Al/sub 2/O/sub 3/ in Fe/sup 0/ state. At low coverages iron was partially oxidated due to its interaction with Al/sub 2/O. The amount of adsorbed NO increased with increasing iron coverage. However, at very high iron coverages, there was a decrease in adsorption. This indicated that the aluminum ions may be activating the iron atoms for NO adsorption. There was also an increase in adsorption with increasing temperature for high-iron coverages, but NO adsorption decreased for low-iron coverages. Sticking probability calculations indicated that the adsorption was mobile and dissociative. Binding energy of the nitrogen peaks indicated that NO was adsorbed onto the Fe/Al/sub 2/O/sub 3/ surface as a nitride. SO/sub 2/ interacted with both iron deposited on alumina and sodium deposited on alumina at 298, 473, and 673K. The adsorbed sulfur on Fe/Al/sub 2/O/sub 3/ was identified as sulfide and sulfate while on Na/Al/sub 2/O/sub 3/ it was identified as sulfite. 53 refs., 15 figs., 8 tabs.

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Reburning thermal and chemical processes in a two-dimensional pilot-scale system. Report for May 1983-June 1984

The paper describes an experimental investigation of the thermal and chemical processes influencing NOx reduction by natural gas reburning in a two-dimensional pilot-scale combustion system. Reburning effectiveness for initial NOx levels of 50-500 ppm and reburn stoichiometric ratios of 0.75-1.0 is evaluated in the low-temperature environment (< 1500K) and simple aerodynamics of a firetube package boiler. Both input/out and in-flame sampling trials are reported to provide insight into the controlling kinetic mechanisms. An overall reaction order between 1.5 and 1.6 was observed with respect to initial NO. N/sub 2/ formation is observed to occur in both the fuel-rich reburning and fuel-lean burnout zones. NO destruction in the reburning zone is attributed to the reaction CH   NO yields HCN   O; < 1 ppm CH radical is required to produce the observed trends in nitrogenous species. Burnout-zone N/sub 2/ formation is influenced by total fixed nitrogen speciation with low fractional conversion of HCN and NH/sub 3/. Under low primary NO conditions, the reaction CH   N/sub 2/ yields HCN   N becomes important and is a contributor to reduced reburning effectiveness.

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Development of a hot-gas-cleanup system for integrated coal-gasification/molten-carbonate fuel-cell power plants. Quarterly progress report, April-June 1983

The program to develop a hot gas cleanup system for integrated coal gasification/molten carbonate fuel cell power plants is divided into the following six tasks: (1) project plan and design of experiments; (2) exploratory and supporting studies; (3) Design and bench-scale development reactor and associated equipment; (4) ordering of equipment and construction of Reactor and Associated equipment; (5) bench-scale H/sub 2/S, COS, and HCl absorption and sorbent regeneration; and (6) engineering and economic assessment of the process. The research is to be performed during the first 12 months. Upon approval  of DOE Tasks 3, 4, 5 and 6 will be conducted during the second year of the project. The project will develop a process for removal of HCl and sulfur compounds from hot fuel gas using molten salts supported on a solid substrate. Experimental work will consist of equilibrium studied, laboratory-scale sorbent reaction studies, and bench-scale packed-bed absorber tests. These investigations will be followed by an engineering and economic assessment  of the process. Work in the first year of the project will consist of equilibrium studies and laboratory-scale sorbent reaction studies. Progress is reported. (WHK)

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