AndreaBozzo/ceres-open-data-index huggingface dataset:
Signal processing for an FM microwave bed level monitor. Final report

This report details the final results and recommendations on the use of microwave X-band (8.4 GHZ - 12.4 GHZ) radar systems to monitor the bed level in a fluidized-bed combustor. During the course of the investigation a short-pulse radar and an FM radar were examined as potential bed-level monitors; the development and testing of these systems has been thoroughly discussed in previous annual reports. This final report focuses primarily on the signal processing ultimately suggested for the FM radar system. Among the primary results for the investigation is the choice of the FM radar system as the monitor type which should be considered for further development. It was found that the broadband nature of the short pulse radar signal prohibits effective automation of the instrument. This may change as broadband microwave technologies develop, though it appears that the short pulse system is inherently more expensive than the FM system and will remain so. Subsequent to the selection of the FM system as the dominant candidate, emphasis was placed on developing automated signal processing to produce bed level estimates. This effort produced the MDAS instrument described in the previous annual report. The final phase of this contract was used to develop a signal processing scheme superior to the MDAS instrument. This procedure, known as spectrum estimation, is described in this report. The results show that this method is comparable in accuracy to the MDAS, however, the measurement subjectivity is virtually eliminated. Additionally, the spectrum estimation approach appears to better characterize the bed surface. That is, both mean and deviations to the surface level are indicated. To date, the procedure has not been implemented in real-time though a method for doing so is outlined in this report. 11 refs.

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Sorbate characteristics of fly ash. Volume I. Final report

The objective of this investigation is to correlate the sorbate and leaching characteristics of fly ash with coal properties and monitored combustion conditions in order to design a system for the inexpensive treatment of industrial wastes and leachate from industrial landfills using mixtures of fly ash as inexpensive sorbents. Such a low-cost treatment system could also treat ash pond effluent for water reuse by powerplants as cooling tower makeup. Twelve unblended coals from 10 different mines were burned under monitored conditions in three different types of coal fired boilers in order to determine the influence of coal composition, ash fusion temperatures, boiler additives, combustion conditions and co-firing of natural gas or oil with the coal, on the leaching and sorbate characteristics of the fly ash produced. This included the determination of: (1) SiO/sub 2/, Al/sup 2/O/sub 3/, Fe/sub 2/O/sub 3/, CaO, K/sub 2/O, Na/sub 2/O, MgO, sulfur, ash fusion temperatures Ti, Cd, Sn, Ni, Pb, Mo, Cu, Cr, n, Mn, Ba and V in the coals and their respective fly ashes and bottom ashes; (2) Moessbauer spectra of a number of coals and their fly ashes; and (3) surface analysis of the fly ashes using ESCA. The leaching exhibited by the fly ashes with regard to pH, Cd, B, Sn, Ni, Pb, Mo, Cu, Cr, Mn and Fe was examined. In addition, the removal of Cd, B, Sn, Ni, Pb, Mo, Cu, Cr, Fe, As and organics by fly ash was evaluated, using from actual ash pond samples to model realistic inlet concentrations. The results show that fly ash can be used for the treatment of Cadmium, Boron, Tin, Molybdenum, Nickel, Lead, Copper, Chromium, Zinc, Manganese, Iron, Arsenic and organics in actual ash pond effluents. 18 references, 64 figures, 60 tables.

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Physical mechanisms and predictive equations for coal-water slurry atomization

This report presents the results of a study that indicate how atomization of CWS can be improved through specification of fuel properties, and also through modification of current atomizer designs. The goals of this program are: spray single-phase, high viscosity Newtonian fluids, then incorporate the complication of non-Newtonian behavior by adding polymers to the liquids being sprayed, then spray CWS without additives, followed by CWS with additives; vary coal loading while trying to keep rheology fixed; vary coal grind while trying to keep loading and rheology fixed; investigate the effects of nozzle geometry through fuel film thickness and air gap width; and study the effects of AFR and V{sub rel}. Use the data from steps one through five to develop equations for the prediction of CWS SMD. Develop similar equations for use with high viscosity single phase fluids. Use the resulting equations and the data to explain the mechanisms responsible for CWS atomization. Provide similar explanations for the atomization of single phase, high viscosity fluids. Finally, suggest new methods of atomization. 15 refs., 65 figs., 10 tabs.

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Coal pump development and technical support. Quarterly project report. Report No. 2

Under an ERDA contract, comparative evaluations of fuel feeding systems under development for coal conversion plants have been made and recommendations with respect to further work on each are made. Under another part of the contract, feasibility studies are being made with respect to a coal extruder or ''pump''based on the plastic properties of coal. Based on a poor response to letters of interest to industrial companies with respect to this project, JPL has proposed to ERDA that JPL buy an extruder and test it in-house with consulting help from the extruder manufacturer. (LTN)

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Effect of operating and design parameters on fluidized-bed combustor in-bed tube metal wastage

The overall program objective is to determine the effect of operating and design parameters of fluidized-bed combustors (FBCs) on in-bed tube metal wastage. The overall program approach is: (1) develop an experimental approach for acquiring tube metal wastage data under controlled and measurable conditions that reproduce the combined local mechanical and chemical environment that exists at the FBC in-bed tube surface, (2) document the precise local mechanical and chemical environment at the in-bed tube surface of an FBC and correlate these local data with global bed operating and design parameters, (3) use the above experimental approach over the entire range of documented local environments to develop a complete database of tube metal wastage results, and (4) analyze this database to determine the effect of operating and design parameters on in-bed tube metal wastage. The project consisted of a literature review, facility design and fabrication, experimentation, and data analysis. The following chapters of this report summarize each of these activities. 80 refs., 47 figs., 11 tabs.

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Valve technology development at the Morgantown Energy Technology Center

The Energy Technology Center located at Morgantown, West Virginia (METC) is responsible for fluidized bed combustion, hot gas cleanup and flue gas desulfurization, coal gasification, and coal feeding systems. Valves are inherent in all these activities and the Process Technology and Integration Branch has responsibility for coal conversion valve technology development at METC. During development of second and third generation coal conversion and utilization processes, a recurrent problem was manifested - valve failures. The valve failures are typically caused by erosion, jamming, or other solids handling related problems and have resulted in redundant loops to allow on-stream valve maintenance and replacement, process redesign to locate valves in a less severe environment, use of sacrificial valves, and other means to try to eliminate valving. Most of these techniques are expensive, inconvenient, and detrimental to the process. The proposed solution is to: define requirements for valve service that encompass the most promising coal conversion processes; obtain input from valve users; survey the valve industry to determine the availability of valves to satisfy the requirements; test available valves to ensure their adequacy; and develop new valves for applications where existing valves are inadequate. The Morgantown Energy Technology Center has initiated implementation of this solution in their valve technology development program, which is described in this report.

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Interaction, compatibilities and long-term environmental fate of deep-well-injected EOR fluids and/or waste fluids with reservoir fluids and rocks - state-of-the-art. [206 references]

The state-of-the-art of environmental research of injected enhanced oil recovery (EOR) and/or waste fluids is presented with respect to (1) interactions and compatibilities with reservoir fluids and rocks, and (2) their long-term environmental fate. Major environmental impacts associated with EOR are: (1) possible contamination of surface and groundwater, and (2) possible contamination of land. Although the report focuses on EOR fluids, many other liquid wastes also are considered. When EOR chemicals and/or waste fluids are injected into deep wells for oil recovery or disposal, they may pose environmental problems unless the injection process, oil recovery process, or waste disposal process is carefully planned and executed. This report discusses injection waters, water compatibilities, formation rocks with emphasis on clay minerals, corrosion, bacterial problems, EOR operations, waste fluid injection operations, injection well design, radioactive wastes, transport and fate processes, and mathematical models. 206 refs., 9 figs., 4 tabs.

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High pressure rotary piston coal feeder. [1200 lbs per hr at 30 rpm]

The feeder design consists of a rotating disk in a cylindrical feed chamber containing a reciprocating piston. The piston seals the feed chamber after the coal is dumped into a reactor vessel so that there is no loss of gas from the reactor. These are the only moving parts in the feeder, and their rugged construction should present minimum wear problems. This feeder is designed for 1200 pounds per hour, operating at 30 rpm. The body of the feeder is 27 inches in diameter and 12 inches wide. The compact design makes it possible to use more than one feeder in parallel to get higher coal feed rates. Higher values of rotational speed could also increase the feed capacity. The drive requirement of a single unit at 30 rpm is 5.3 horsepower. The coal pump is all-steel construction using commercially-available standard parts wherever possible. The design consists of a minimum number of parts that can be easily manufactured and assembled to provide a reliable unit. A diaphragm seal in the piston head, and a combination of seal and wiper rings in the rod, provide effective sealing of the coal discharge. Seals between the outer casing and the rotating disk at the inlet and discharge openings, however, present challenging design situations requiring special solutions. Three types of wear-compensating seals of various configurations thus were conceived. These seals are being fabricated.

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Gasification phenomena. Quarterly technical progress report No. 9, August 10-November 9, 1983

During this period we have revised the Bigas computer program by refining the solid phase mass balance subroutine, SPMBL. The factor which dominates the temperatures in the combustor was discovered. The unsteady-state heat transfer for the solid phase energy balance subroutine, XIMPL, has been tested under two different operating conditions. The oxygen breakthrough problem of the Bigas Gasifier has been analyzed by bypassing 10% of oxygen and 10% of the purging gas which normally fed to the combustor and injecting them into the reducer. The Carbon Conversion measured experimentally was compared to the simulated results based on various mechanisms. The phase plane analysis and stability study of the combustor was continuously studied during this period using the simplified one stage model. The input data used for the latter study were similar to that adopted by Mountain Fuel Project. 13 figures, 3 tables.

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Advanced development of a pressurized ash agglomerating fluidized-bed coal gasification system. Quarterly progress report, April 1-June 30, 1982

The overall objective of the Westinghouse coal gasification program is to demonstrate the viability of the Westinghouse pressurized, fluidized bed, gasification system for the production of medium-Btu fuel gas for syngas, electrical power generation, chemical feedstocks, or industrial fuels and to obtain performance and scaleup data for the process and hardware. Progress reports are presented for the following tasks: (1) operation and maintenance of the process development unit (PDU,4520 ); (2) process analysis; (3) cold flow scaleup facility; (4) process and component engineering and design; and (5) laboratory support studies. Some of the highlights for this period are: TP-032-1, a single stage, oxygen-steam blown gasifier test was conducted in three operational phases from March 30, 1982 through May 2, 1982; TP-032-2 was conducted in two operational phases from May 20, 1982 through May 27, 1982; TP-032-1 and TP-032-2 successfully served as shakedown and demonstrations of the full cyclone cold wall; no visible deposits were found on the cold wall after processing highly fouling coals; samples of product gas produced during TP-032-1, were passed through four different scrubbing solutions and analyzed for 78 EPA primary organic pollutants, all of which were found to be below detection limits; TP-M004, a CO/sub 2/ tracer gas test, was initiated and completed; data analysis of test TP-M002-2 was completed and conclusions are summarized in this report; design, procurement and fabrication of the solids injection device were completed; laboratory studies involved gas-solids flow modeling and coal/ash behavior. 2 references, 11 figures, 39 tables.

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Combined shift and methanation in a fluidized-bed reactor. Quarterly progress report, 1 April-30 June 1980

Only one bench-scale reactor test was completed. The Harshaw Ni/Cu/Mo and UCI (composition undisclosed) catalysts were evaluated over a 12-day period at 800 F and a feed gas H/sub 2//CO ratio of 2/1. Initial conversions with both catalysts were about 33 percent; and the activities of both samples declined steadily during the test, with final conversion values in the 15 to 20 percent range. During this test, problems were experienced with water carryover into the Drierite traps, necessitating some major design changes in the water letdown system. Two subsequent attempts to initiate a second test at 950 F with these catalysts were unsuccessful for the reasons given. A 5-day PEDU test (Test SM-2) was conducted using the spent Harshaw Ni/Cu/Mo catalyst from Test SM-1 in February. The purpose was to continue the data period at H/sub 2//CO = 1/1 that was terminated prematurely during the earlier PEDU test. After a brief baseline period (H/sub 2//CO = 3/1), during which catalyst activity appeared to be normal, the feed gas was changed to approximately 31 percent H/sub 2/, 31 percent CO, 22 percent CO/sub 2/, and 16 percent CH/sub 4/; and steam was added to the feed. Some difficulty was experienced in maintaining high bed temperatures, with the result that the steam flow had to be gradually decreased. This may have enhanced catalyst coking, since the catalyst activity generally declined slowly throughout the test, and the final carbon content of the catalyst was 3.6 percent (vs. 2.0 percent at the beginning of the test). A second 5-day PEDU test (Test SM-3) was conducted using the Climax Ni/Mo catalyst. The results are described.

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Furnace injection of pressure hydrated lime

Pressure-hydrators are used to produce a highly reactive sorbent with a surface area and pore size distribution which enables maximum utilization of available calcium. The hydrator vessel is operated at pressures of 90 to 150 psig with temperatures up to 300/sup 0/F. Upon expulsion of the reacted quicklime/saturated steam mix from the hydrator, water trapped inside the pore network of the hydrate particles is released explosively, yielding submicron-sized particles with a high specific surface area. The particles are flash-dried and collected for subsequent furnace injection tests. Initial tests at UNDERC were conducted to study the effect of injection-point temperature upon SO/sub 2/ removal. Optimal SO/sub 2/ removal occurred at about 1800/sup 0/-1900/sup 0/F (80%) with sorbent utilization of 40%. Progression from pilot to full-scale testing occurred in September 1984. PHLI was demonstrated at Otter Tail Power's Hoot Lake Station on a 50 MW tangentially-fired unit. Over 30 short-term tests were completed, plus one 30-hour duration of continuous injection. Fifty percent removal of SO/sub 2/ was observed with 25% sorbent utilization, and 70% removal of SO/sub 2/ occurred with sorbent utilization of 18.5%. Capture of SO/sub 2/ by the sorbent combined with inherent alkaline fly ash capture readily met compliance with the New Source Performance Standards. Compared to earlier results using limestone injection at Hoot Lake, the mass feed rate of PHL required to meet the minimum 70% removal of SO/sub 2/ decreased by a factor of 5. Emission levels were controlled at less than 10% opacity using the existing electrostatic precipitator, and boiler operation was not adversely impacted due to PHLI. An engineering and economic evaluation of PHLI has been prepared at UNDERC under DOE sponsorship.

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Tertiary oil recovery by CO/sub 2/ injection

Progress in a field test is to evaluate and demonstrate the effectiveness of using CO/sub 2/ injection to recover high gravity crude oil from shallow watered-out reservoirs is reported. The reservoir was repressured to approximately 1000 psi with water prior to CO/sub 2/ injection. The plant was completed and injection began on June 2, 1976. The CO/sub 2/ slug was injected in several stages, alternating with water periodically for mobility control and better sweep efficiency. With interruption for the worst winter weather in the area's history, CO/sub 2/ injection was completed on June 14, 1977, with a total injection of approximately 9878 tons. Soon after injection began, unexpected increases in oil production occurred both inside and outside the pattern. CO/sub 2/ was also detected in the produced gas from these wells. These production increases were without accompanying water increases as had been expected. These, and other continuing ''puzzles'', are described. Through June 30, 1977, approximately 5720 barrels of oil had been produced as a result of CO/sub 2/ injection. (JRD)

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Alternative concepts for supplying carbon dioxide for enhanced oil recovery projects. Final report

The objectives of a study of alternative concepts for supplying carbon dioxide for enhanced oil recovery (EOR) were to: define the CO/sub 2/ requirements for candidate EOR reservoirs; generate alternative concepts for collecting, transporting, storing and processing CO/sub 2/ from naturally occurring sources; compare the alternatives on the basis of cost effectiveness; reestimate the magnitude of the CO/sub 2/ EOR reserve base on the results of the above findings; and recommend future DOE program activities. These objectives were met, and conclusions derived from the study are given.

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Investigations of enhanced oil recovery through use of carbon dioxide. Progress report, July 7, 1978-December 31, 1979

Procurement, construction, and installation of unconsolidated sand packs and equipment for displacement studies up to 5000 psi is complete and the equipment is in routine use. One accomplishment was sampling equipment for taking samples at pressures up to 8000 psi during displacement and phase behavior studies. 21 displacements have been made using synthetic crudes. Results suggest that miscibility can be generated between pure CO/sub 2/ and this oil at 1100 psig. At a displacement temperature of 109/sup 0/F, miscibility is generated through multiple contacts and the data suggest that the generation mechanism is one of condensation rather than vaporization. In displacements in which the injection gas was a CO/sub 2/-CH/sub 4/ mixture, the minimum miscibility pressure appears to increase approximately linearly with increasing methane content. Increased CH/sub 4/ concentrations over those originally present were observed in all displacements where the pressure was less than that required for first contact miscibility. Thus it was tentatively concluded that the presence of a bank is not in itself an indication that miscibility was not attained, but only an indication that the mechanism was one of generation of miscibility through mass transfer (multiple contacts).

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Some practical considerations in x-radiography

An X-radiograph is a photographic image of the preferential transmission (or absorption) of X-radiation by a solid object. The technique can supply an enormous amount of information with a minimal investment of time and money. However, obtaining high-quality, high-resolution radiographs requires a basic understanding of the process of radiography, and an optimization of a series of experimental parameters. This paper discusses the basic technique, discusses the experimental parameters and their relative effects, demonstrates the capabilities of X-radiography as an analytical technique, and includes an appendix of radiographs of Devonian shale material.

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Organic composition of Devonian Shale from Perry County, Kentucky

Shale samples selected at 5-ft intervals from a 339 foot section of core in the depth interval from 2369.0 feet to 2708.0 feet of the Devonian Shale from Perry County, Kentucky were studied to determine the quantity of organic matter present, fuel potential, distribution of organic compounds, and the composition of the benzene soluble and insoluble fractions. The methods used consisted of infrared spectroscopy, thermal chromatography, extraction techniques, Fischer Assay, and elemental analysis. Resultant depth profiles of total organics, organic to mineral carbon, pyrolytic oil yield, oil carbon number distribution, benzene soluble organic fraction, and major elemental composition of the benzene soluble organics are presented. The organic material is contained in several well-defined zones throughout the length of the core, but individual samples in one zone also show variations in the amount of organic material present. The pyrolytic conversion of the organic content to oil is relatively constant. There is little variation in the chain length of the organic components as a function of depth. 5 tables, 6 figures.

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Rock Matrix and Fracture Analysis of Flow in Western Tight Gas Sands

Tight gas sands are a vast future source of natural gas. These sands are characterized as having very low porosity and permeability. The main resource development problem is efficiently extracting the gas from the reservoir. Future production depends on a combination of gas price and technological advances. Gas production can be enhanced by fracturing. Studies have shown that many aspects of fracture design and gas production are influenced by properties of the rock matrix. Computer models for stimulation procedures require accurate knowledge of flow properties of both the rock matrix and the fractured regions. In the proposed work, these properties will be measured along with advanced core analysis procedure aimed at understanding the relationship between pore structure and properties. The objective of this project is to develop reliable core analysis techniques for measuring the petrophysical properties of tight gas sands. Recent research has indicated that the flow conditions in the reservoir can be greatly enhanced by the presence of natural fractures, which serve as a transport path for gas from the less permeable matrix. The study is mainly concerned with the dependence of flow in tight gas matrix and healed tectonic fractures on water saturation and confining pressure. This dependency is to be related to the detailed pore structure of tight sands as typified by cores recovered in the Multi-Well experiment. 22 refs., 34 figs., 9 tabs.

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