AndreaBozzo/ceres-open-data-index huggingface dataset:
PARTIAL COMBUSTION OF CRUSHED ANTRIM SHALE IN AN INSULATED 2" DIAMETER RETORT

The in situ partial combustion of local oil shale deposits has been proposed. A fuel gas is desired for power generation with a gas turbine. In this study, crushed shale samples were burned out in a well insulated, 2" diameter retort. The offgas heating value and carbon recovery were investigated over a range of flowrates from 1 to 3 1//min, a range of oxygen concentrations from 11 to 40%, and a range of mean particle diameters from 0.08" to 0.20".

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RETORTING CUBES OF ANTRIM SHALE UNDER FLOW CONDITIONS WITH NITROGEN, AIR, CARBON DIOXIDE, AND STEAM

Local Antrim shale deposits are to be partially combusted in situ. A fuel gas is desired for power generation. A variety of small-scale experiments have been performed to examine the products and recoveries under retorting conditions. In the present series, 1-3/8" cubes of shale were placed in a preheated tube furnace under nitrogen, air, carbon dioxide, and nitrogen-steam mixtures for one hour. The temperatures ranged from 500 to 750supO C.

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IN SITU OIL SHALE BED PREPARATION STUDY PROGRESS REEPORT FEBRUARY 1976 TO FEBRUARY 1978

The technology for in-situ oil shale bed preparation is relatively much less well developed than some other resource recovery technologies that have been pursued for a long period of time. Development of such a technology entirely by trial and error in the field can be extremely expensive. Computer modeling has been used increasingly in connection with a number of difficult problems of this type, and offers the opportunity of assisting and speeding the development of an in-situ technology if oil shale response can be described in a reasonable way. It is the goal of the in-situ oil shale bed preparation study to provide such modeling of the mechanical response and fracture processes of rock, as they apply to rubblization in order to prepare an adequate retort. An integral part of this program is the validation of the resultant computer models against field data from rubblization experiments. A complementary effort is the use of the computer models in guiding the design and interpretation of field events. The entire program, in conjunction with complementary efforts at the Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory and elsewhere, can be viewed as a closely coupled iterative process of successive refinement, in which laboratory studies provide preliminary computer models which are used to scope field experiments and their instrumentation. Data from the field events are, in turn, used to check the computer models, and guide laboratory work aimed at their further improvement.

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REACTIVITY OF OIL SHALE CARBONACEOUS RESIDUE WITH OXYGEN AND CARBON DIOXIDE

Pyrolysis of organic material in oil shale results in formation of a carbonaceous residue (char) in the spent shale. This char is an important fuel component, which can contribute a substantial amount of energy required for advancing the retorting front. The reactivity of char was investigated by experiments on individual blocks of oil shale (15-cm diameter and 15- to 25-cm length) with a controlled temperature and gas environment. The results illustrated that the char-Osub2 reaction rate is limited by the rate of Osub2 diffusion. The effective diffusivity of Osub2 increases with the square of the kerogen concentration of the raw shale, as predicted by theoretical considerations. However, the measured diffusivities are appreciable greater than theoretical. The difference is attributed to the network of small cracks that develop during the early part of the retorting process.

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HEAT OF COMBUSTION OF GREEN RIVER OIL SHALE

The authors derive simple equations for estimating the heat of combustion of raw shale by thermochemical estimates and by linear regression of experimental data. They find that the heat can be estimated well by an exothermic term that accounts for the combustion of organic matter and a constant that accounts for pyrite combustion, carbonate decomposition, and glass formation. The net contribution of reactions included in the constant is endothermic for the standard state products of bomb calorimetry. As a sample application, the authors perform an energy balance on a modified Fischer assay of average Green River shale by using one of our formulas for raw shale along with previously derived formulas for pyrolysis products.

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FLUIDIZED-BED RETORTING OF COLORADO OIL SHALE : TOPICAL REPORT

In support of the research program in converting oil shale into useful forms of energy, the U. S. Department of Energy is developing systems models of oil shale processing plants. These models will be used to project the most attractive combination of process alternatives and identify future direction for R & D efforts. With the objective of providing technical and economic input for such systems models, Foster Wheeler was contracted to develop conceptual designs and cost estimates for commercial scale processing plants to produce syncrude from oil shale's via various routes.

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CHEMICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF AN OIL SHALE BED LYING WITHIN THE HEATH FORMATION, FERGUS COUNTY, MONTANA

Over 1,200 ft of core from the Heath Formation were obtained during an exploratory drilling project by the Montana Bureau of Mines and Geology in 1982. The results of that project are detailed in Derkey (1983). Data derived from that study indicate that a thin, metalliferous oil-shale zone occurs in six of seven core holes over a 130 mi^2 area (fig. 1). This oil shale zone averages 6.2 ft in thickness with a weighted average oil yield of 10.4 gal per short ton and is enriched in molybdenum, nickel, vanadium, and zinc. Chromium is only locally anomalous.

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CAPITAL AND OPERATING COST ESTIMATING SYSTEM HANDBOOK, MINING, RETORTING AND UPGRADING OF OIL SHALE IN COLORADO, UTAH AND WYOMING

Manual estimating method through use of equations, factors and curves for preparation of feasibility/conceptual type estimates for capital and operating costs of oil shale projects. Mining, retorting, modified in situ, upgrading and transportation are included in the handbook. The treatment is limited to the oil shales of Colorado, Utah and Wyoming. Major surface retorting methods are included plus two in situ schemes. User should have basic estimating knowledge with familiarity with mining and petroleum processes or related industries. The handbook may be used to evaluate oil shale projects with proposed production rates of 1,500 to 24,000 cubic meters per day of syncrude.

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ROADBLOCKS TO COMMERCIALIZATION OF WESTERN OIL SHALE

The United States on a daily basis now consumes about 15mm barrels of oil; 5mm of this is imported. This compares to a daily consumption of 18MM in 1980 when we imported 8MM. We are producing the 10MM barrels of conventional oil at home from what amounts to just 2% of our domestic energy reserves. Nearly 90% of our total domestic energy reserves occurs in solid forms such as coal, oil shale, and tar sands; this is more than enough to meet current needs for the next 100 years. Worldwide, oil shale is second only to coal as a potential source of emery and the U.S. has approximately one-half of the world oil shale reserves which average. Over 25 gallons per ton.

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GASIFICATION CHARACTERISTICS AND KINETICS FOR AN EASTERN OIL SHALE

Gasification reactivity of an Eastern oil shale was studied in a three-year research project under a cooperative agreement between the Department of Energy, Morgantown Energy Technology Center, and HYCRUDE Corp. to expand the data base on the hydroretorting of Eastern oil shales. Gasification tests were conducted with the Indiana New Albany oil shale during the first year of the program. A total of six Eastern oil shales are planned to be tested during the program.

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PREHYDROFRACTURE REPORT FOR TESI SITE 1, ROCK SPRINGS OIL SHALE TRUE IN SITU RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT PROJECT

"This report is submitted as the Pre-Hydro fracture Evaluation Report for contract #EF-77-C-04-3914 between the U. S. Department of Energy and Talley Energy Systems, Inc. This report satisfies requirements specified in the contract Statement of Work items II. D. 3 and V. D. in accordance with contract Article XI. A (Item #4), and B. (1.,2.&4). The pre-hydrofracture evaluation of Talley Energy Systems , Inc. Site 1 began on February 1. The final results of all tests were finally submitted the week of 19 June 1978. However, a preliminary oral presentation to our Technical Project Officer was made on  30 March 1978. The pre-hydrofracture evaluation of our site consisted of a number of tests. These tests included High Resolution Seismic Reflection Survey, Cross Hole Seismic Survey, Hydrogeological Tests, Water Quality Tests, Formation Transmissibility Tests, Downhole TV Surveys, and Gamma Ray Logs. The results of these tests shall be presented first, and then a summary of the  data shall be presented."

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FUEL GAS PRODUCTION FROM ANTRIM OIL SHALE IN A 6" DIAMETER RETORT

It has been proposed that local Antrim oil shale deposits be burned in situ with air to yield a 100-150 Btu/scf fuel gas suitable for power generation. Previous work in a 2" diameter retort yielded a poor product (20 Btu/scf) and low thermal recovery. In the present study, the retort was scaled up by a factor of 50 (by weight) to see if these results were associated with the small size and the resultant high heat losses experienced at low retorting rates.

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OIL SHALE RESEARCH FY-1979, CHAPTER FROM THE ENERGY AND ENVIRONMENT DIVISION ANNUAL REPORT 1979

Vast resources of oil shale -- in excess of 1.8 trillion barrels of oil -- exist in the tri-state area of Colorado, Utah, and Wyoming. Some 80 billion barrels of this oil are recoverable with technology available today -- more energy than is contained in all of the known oil and gas reserves in the United States. The U.S. Department of the Interior has estimated that with more advanced technology and under different economic conditions, oil shale deposits in the U.S. might yield as much as 800 billion barrels of oil.

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UNIT WEIGHT OF OIL SHALE AND ITS RELATION TO OIL YIELD

This study of the "exit weight" or "bulk density" of oil shale was undertaken for two reasons: First, to determine the unit weights of oil shale's of different particle sizes; Second, to determine the relation between the unit weights and oil yields of oil shale's. In a previous intrabureau report 1/ it was shown that a correlation existed between the specific gravity of oil shale and its oil yield. Unit weight, being closely related to specific gravity, may provide a more rapid means for approximating the oil yields of various shale's.

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THE MODE OF OCCURRENCE AND DISTRIBUTION OF SULFUR IN WEST VIRGINIA COALS AND DEVONIAN SHALES

The abundance and mode of occurrence of sulfur in coals vary from seam to seam and even within a single mine. Information concerning the quantity of sulfur contained within coal and the manner in which it occurs is very important to many aspects of coal preparation, utilization and environmental protection. Detailed information about the sulfur content of coals should become increasingly important as the uses of coal become more complex and as the concern for environmental quality increases. The purposes of this investigation are to describe: 1) the mode of occurrence of sulfur in West Virginia coals; 2) the variations in sulfur abundance and mode of occurrence within individual seams; and, 3) the variations of sulfur abundance and mode of occurrence between different seams.

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DIFFERENTIAL THERMAL STUDY OF SELECTED COLORADO OIL SHALES

The method of differential thermal analysis, as suggested by Le Chatelier in 1887, has undergone considerable development in recent years and emerged as an important means of studying the constitution of various substances. Briefly, this method consist of heating a small amount of sample and a thermally inert substance at a constant rate from room temperature up to 1000 C, and recording, by suitable devices, any thermal changes that occur in the sample. These effects may be due to the loss of water, to decomposition, to oxidation, to crystallization and/or to change of crystal lattice.  Such thermal changes, either endothermic or exothermic are detected by a differential thermocouple which indicates any difference in temperature between the sample being analyzed and the thermally inert substance.  The magnitude of each thermal effect, as well as the temperature at which it  occurs is recorded.  Thus, a thermal curve is obtained which is a dynamic record of thermal reactions occurring within the sample.

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COMPOUND-TYPE DISTRIBUTION IN SHALE OILS PRODUCED BY FLASH HYDROPYROLYSIS OF EASTERN U.S. OIL SHALE

"Rockwell lnternational has been developing technology for the flash hydropyrolysis (FHP) of carbonaceous feedstocks under U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) sponsorship since 1975. FHP is based on the high-temperature (1100 to 1900 0 F) reaction of pulverized solid carbonaceous feedstocks with hydrogen in a single-stage, short residence-time, entrained-flow reactor. Gases and liquids are produced in the reactor, and unreacted material forms a dry, free-flowing char. Following product  gas quench, liquid products are separated and gases are processed ,for recycle and , product recovery. By varying the reactor operating conditions, the makeup of the  product slate can be controlled over a broad range - from predominately a syncrude oil with SNG byproduct, to SNG with a relatively pure benzene byproduct, to SNG alone as the sole hydrocarbon product."

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RATES OF PYROLYSIS OF COLORADO OIL SHALE

Both intrinsic kinetics and rates of decomposition in larger particles were determined for a Colorado shale by weight-loss measurements in TGA-type equipment. The data for small granular particles indicated first-order intrinsic kinetics up to a fractional weight change that depended on the temperature level. In the experiments with larger particles, gas, particle surface, and particle-center temperatures measured in separate runs showed that both gas-to-particle and intraparticle temperature differences were significant.  A heat transfer model was evaluated by using the intrinsic kinetics data measured heat transfer coefficients and shale properties from the  literature to predict weight loss and particle center temperatures for the larger particles.  Comparison with observed results showed good agreement in general, although there was some deviation in weight-loss results at low temperatures.  The combined set of intrinsic kinetics data and rates for larger particles should be useful for further studies of pyrolysis models.

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VACUUM PROCESS FOR RECOVERY OF OIL FROM OIL SHALE

Preliminary experiments have demonstrated that the recovery of oil from oil shale by a vacuum process patented by Cryo-Maid, Inc. may have distinct advantages over the conventional retort method. Except for the preheat cycle conducted at atmospheric conditions, the process is carried out under vacuum conditions; hence there are no appreciable amounts of pollutants released to the atmosphere. In addition, the oil is removed at lower temperatures and only a small amount of water is needed for the process. The products are separated into distinct chemical fractions. Some of the lighter gaseous products such as methane and carbon monoxide could be used to fuel the reaction.

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PALEOLIMNOLOGY AND OIL SHALE GENESIS IN GREEN RIVER FORMATION, COLORADO

The Green River Formation was formed from sediments laid down in a series of ancient lake beds of Middle Eocene age in Colorado, Utah and Wyoming, U.S.A. The formation contains hydrogen-rich organic matter in its oil shales which represent 2 trillion barrels of shale oil in place and it covers an area of 17,000 square miles (44,030 KMsup2). The continuous oil shale was formed under a combination of physical, biological and chemical conditions in a stratified lake. The initial study is aimed to provide evidences is postulating the physical conditions in which appropriate geochemical and sedimentation process could form oil shale. One of the major needs in generating further understanding of the Eocene Green River Formation would be in the investigation of their physical paleolimnology. The lake dynamics provides a critical mechanism for heat transfer, mixing, turbulence and particle settling. It also affects the productivity of organic material, concentration and decomposition of organic material and ultimately the reaction rate and balance of geochemical processes. The study approach can be a powerful tool to interpret the unique oil shale formation and its distribution.

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TECHNICAL AND ECONOMIC FEASIBILITY OF OIL SHALE BENEFICATION BY HEAVY MEDIA

A study to evaluate physical beneficiation processes was undertaken to assess the efficiency of beneficiating oil shale, and to measure its impact on the economics of shale oil production. This study evaluated the effect of crusher types and degree of crushing on beneficiation of oil shale's, the natural beneficiation that occurs due to particle size distribution, different beneficiation techniques (heavy liquid sink-float, heavy media cyclones, and froth flotation), and the costs associated with beneficiating low grade oil shale's. Every effort was made to incorporate all tests data available in published reports for both the Green River and Eastern Oil Shale's. Results of beneficiation tests show that within the scatter in data, there is no effect of shale particle size (between 45 microns to -3"), method of beneficiation, grade of feed material (13 to 3/GPT), or type of crusher used on oil recovery. The geochemical nature of the oil shale clearly shows that maximum separation of kerogen and inorganic materials occur at particle size below 20 microns. This was verified when the froth flotation technique was used on these fine particle sizes; the oil recovery increased dramatically with much lower oil losses. Analysis of the data shows that froth flotation is the preferred technique for beneficiating oil shale's as opposed to heavy media separation.

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OHIO SHALE (DEVONIAN), SDO-1 FROM ROWAN COUNTY, KENTUCKY

A part of the Huron Member of the Ohio Shale of Late Devonian age from western Rowan County, Kentucky, was selected and prepared as reference sample, SDO-1, to assist in the determination of local and regional variations of the chemical and mineralogical components of the several Devonian-age black shales in the Appalachian basin. The stratigraphy of the sample is discussed and the mineralogy of the sample obtained from thin section examination is given. The sparse published and unpublished data on the sample are listed in several tables and a small experimental design for future analytical work is suggested so that reliable estimates of the chemical composition may be obtained.

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PROCESSING COLORADO MAHOGANY OIL SHALE IN THE PARRY RETORT

The Perry retort for carbonization and gasification of lignite was first operated at Golden, Colorado. During march 1944. For some time previous to this, the externally heated system had been considered for possible use in the distillation of oil shale or noncoking coal. After successful demonstration of the retort on the gasification of subbituminous coal and lignite, the engineers of the Bureau of Ships beloved this retort had some possibilities for the distillation of oil shale. Accordingly, arrangements were made with A. C. Fieldner, Chief of the Fuels and Explosives Branch, to distill a quantity of mahogany oil shale in the pilot plant at Golden.  The purposes of the test were twofold. (1) to procure a quantity of shale oil which could be investigated for use in the manufacture of oils to meet Navy specifications, and (2)  to determine if the externally heated retorting process had possibilities for commercial operations.  However, there was some doubt that the rich mahogany shale could be processed in the Parry retort because it was designed for the treatment of noncoking materials.

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A REVIEW OF OPERATIONS AND PERFORMANCE DATA AND TECHNICAL CRITERIA FOR A COMMERCIAL - SCALE PARAHO OIL SHALE RETORT TOPICAL REPORT - TASK 1 FOR THE PERIOD:  15 JUNE 1980 TO 30 SEPT. 1980

"This report reviews the existing background information generated during previous Paraho Operations and during the initial design stages of the current Paraho commercial-scale module project. This information covers the activities necessary for conversion of oil shale to crude shale oil by the Paraho Process: mining, crushing  and handling, Paraho retorting and processed shale disposal. Attention is given to past experience and methodology and to the scale-up and design features for the proposed commercial-scale single retort facility."

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POST HYDROFRACTURE TRACER GAS PRESSURIZATION STUDIES OF IN SITU SHALE RETORT VOLUME II  (DRAFT)

Task 4 of the Statement of Work was to conduct gas flow tests at the site using tracers mixed with air injected into one borehole. A gas chromatograph was to be used to measure the quantity of tracer arriving at other holes. This section of the report summarizes the results of the tracer gas pressurization study.

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DOW SHALE SITE TRACER GAS PRESSURIZATION STUDY

"Systems, Science and Software has developed tracer gas/pressurization techniques necessary to determine critical media properties of underground regions. Application of this technology is especially relevant to analysis of an oil shale retort volume. During the period 7 July to 14 July 1977, a series of tracer gas pressurization experiments were undertaken at the Dow shale site at Peck, Michigan. General objectives of this study were to: • Evaluate flow communication between boreholes open to  both the Antrim and False Antrim layers of the retort  volume.  • Determine permeability and porosity distributions within  the retort volume.  • Assess qualitatively the uniformity of the fracturing  or rubblization within the retort volume.  This report summarizes the results of the tracer gas pressurization study. The system cross-hole flow communication, permeability and porosity distributions, and fracturing uniformity are discussed in detail. The influence of these individual characteristics on the total system response is also presented. Conclusions and recommendations are made. A set or appendices is also included. The first presents graphical displays of all data, together with brief interpretive narratives. Experimental techniques are described in the second appendix. Descriptions of the analytical and numerical models  used for data interpretation are presented in the final two  appendices.  The results given here represent our best effort to characterize the Dow shale site. Conclusions presented are based on the interpretation of the tracer gas pressurization data only. Our knowledge of the Dow shale site is therefore somewhat limited. We recognize that the tracer gas pressurization data taken in conjunction with additional data obtained using other diagnostic methods may lead to somewhat different conclusions as to the characteristics of the Dow site."

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ISOLATION OF KEROGEN FROM EASTERN GAS BEARING SHALE

Reported literature procedures for the isolation of the kerogen fraction of shale seldom give enough specific experimental details. Therefore, one is left with the task of working out the details concerning amounts of reagents, time requirements for various steps, proper equipment and other facets of the procedure. This paper attempts to provide these details and other observations accumulated during studies of kerogen isolation at the Morgantown Energy Technology Center.

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