AndreaBozzo/ceres-open-data-index huggingface dataset:
Dawsonite:  its geochemistry, thermal behavior, and extraction from Green River oil shale

Dawsonite, a rare mineral elsewhere, exists in huge amounts in Green River Formation oil shale of Colorado's Piceance Creek Basin.  Occurring with the dawsonite is the aluminum trihydroxide, nordstrandite.  Together these minerals represent a domestic resource of extractable aluminum of over 6.5 billion tons.  Analytical methods for determining dawsonite and nordstrandite in oil shale are described and evaluated.

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Optimum gas saturation for maximum oil recovery from displacement by water

"The Bureau of Mines investigated the influence of a free gas saturation on oil recovery by water drive. A digital computer was used to calculate the combined oil recovery from solution-gas drive to various states of depletion.  Results of these calculations are compared and optimum conditions for the maximum oil recovery are found for various fluid-rock systems. For most of the fluid-rock systems, the calculations show an optimum gas  saturation other than zero."

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Adsorption of organics from tar sand water by activated carbon in packed beds. Final report

The adsorption of TS-1S and TS-2C tar sand waters were studied at 278 and 298/sup 0/K on activated carbon in both batch and packed bed experiments. The isotherms were nonlinear over the entire liquid concentration ranges. Breakthrough curves were obtained in packed bed experiments as a function of bed lengths, particle size, and liquid velocity. A mechanistic approach was used to solve the mass transfer equations for the packed adsorber, the mass transfer coefficients and the rates of adsorption were calculated. Also the breakthrough curves were analyzed to establish the relative importance of the various individual mechanisms that contributed to the overall adsorption process.

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Critical review of the state-of-the-art of fracture mechanics with emphasis on layered rocks

Results are presented of a literature survey of over 70 pertinent publications and critical reviews of fracture mechanics emphasizing the fracture behavior of layered rocks. Historical perspective, fracture mechanisms, linear and nonlinear fracture mechanics, energy theories, ductile and brittle fractures, process regions, specific work of fracture, J-integrals, failure theories, static and dynamic fractures, rock fracture mechanics, fracture toughness of layered rocks (e.g., oil shale), experimental and numerical methods are reviewed and discussed. Innovative and promising methods tailored for the fracture mechanics of layered rocks are recommended.

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Proceedings of the second annual oil shale contractors meeting

For the second time in forty years, the DOE Oil Shale program is evolving new technologies to produce shale oil in competition with conventional petroleum. The first stage in the program resulted in oil shale conversion systems such as Paraho, Oxy, and Geokinetics, which were funded through the pilot plant stage and are technically but not economically ready for commercialization. The current stage consists of a combination of basic and applied research on faster, more efficient conversion systems such as fluidized bed retorts/combustors and hydroretorts. These faster systems are capable of higher rates of thoughput and shorter residence time (therefore smaller size and lower capital costs) and higher conversion efficiencies (therefore leaving a cleaner spent shale). Currently, most research with the DOE program is still at laboratory scale, with the largest unit being the LLNL 1-ton-per-day unit.

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Hydrogen production by fluid-bed retorting of oil shale. [Shale oil/partial oxidation; steam-oxygen gasifier; CO/sub 2/ acceptor gasifier]

The oil produced from retorting of oil shale requires hydrogen treatment to improve its characteristics and make it suitable for refining into marketable products. Hydrogen requirements can be met by partial oxidation of a fraction of the shale oil produced or by direct processing of oil shale in a fluid bed. This report examines the economics and engineering feasibility of using fluid bed systems to produce hydrogen. Fluid bed processing of oil shale to produce hydrogen might be technically and economically competitive with a more conventional shale retorting/partial oxidation method. A major development program would be required to demonstrate the feasibility of the fluid bed approach.

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In situ instrumentation applied to underground coal gasification. [Field experiments at Hanna, Wyoming]

The Laramie Energy Research Center of the Energy Research and Development Administration is conducting an in situ coal gasification program, with field experiments performed at Hanna, Wyoming. Sandia Laboratories is supporting this program in the area of instrumentation and process control development. The instrumentation feasibility experiments conducted on Hanna Experiment #1 are reviewed; the instrumentation test plan for Hanna Experiment #2 is outlined; and the preliminary measurement results from Phase 1A of Hanna #2 are discussed. Thermal data from Hanna #2 indicated localized linkage through reverse combustion and an apparent uniform gasification process achieved during forward combustion.

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Measurement of the flow properties and capillary pressure relationships of certain coals pertaining to underground coal gasification. Quarterly report, June--August 1977

Gas-phase permeabilities of five samples from the Hanna IV site were measured as functions of water saturation. These samples were cut from a core which was obtained in-situ at a subsurface depth of approximately 335 feet. In addition effective permeabilities to water were measured over an increasing water saturation cycle for three Hanna and two Pittsburgh coals obtained from surface mines. Absolute permeabilities to gas as a function of overburden pressure were measured for one additional Hanna surface sample. Preliminary results of carbon dioxide flows through the three coals are briefly discussed.

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Remote electromagnetic sensing of underground coal burns. Quarterly Technical progress report, June--August 1977

The main objective of this research project is to develop and field test an induction system and estimator algorithm for remote determination (at the surface) of the location, shape and size of underground coal burn regions. Four traverses were run at the Hanna II, Phases 2 and 3 Site to completely characterize it. Strong anomalies were observed on each traverse. The effect of horizontal pipes interconnecting wells was explored by simulating with and without conducting wire between wells.

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Geochemistry of oil-shale genesis, Green River formation, Wyoming

The world's largest oil-shale deposit is the Tertiary Green River Formation in Colorado, Utah, and Wyoming. All of the world's oil shales formed in lakes or marine embayments under conditions tending to preserve organic matter in the sediment. Although few of the world's deposits of oil shales yield most of their organic matter as shale oil on heating, the Green River formation oil shales yield 65 to 70% of their organic matter as oil. This high conversion to oil probably reflects the high proportion of available hydrogen in the Green River oil shale's organic matter. Wyoming's Green River Formation contains much oil shale. Culbertson has estimated that Wyoming's part of the formation represents 370 billion bbl of shale oil in place. This report postulates geochemistry of the depositional conditions which produced Wyoming's huge deposit of hydrogen-rich oil shale. (13 refs.)

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Organic and inorganic analysis of constituents in water produced during in situ combustion experiments for the recovery of tar sands

The characterization of waters produced during in situ combustion of a tar sand deposit near Vernal, Utah, is presented. The water samples were collected during two different field experiments. Analysis of the inorganic constituents by standard methods indicated that ammonium, sulfate, and chloride were the predominant ions. Fractions of the organic material, defined as acid and base extracts, were obtained by liquid-liquid extraction using ethyl ether. Gravimetrically, the acid extracts comprised more than 70 percent of the extractable organic material. Identification of the components in the acid extracts was accomplished by using combined gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GC-MS) after methylation with diazomethane. The base extracts were found to be more complex and could not be studied directly with GC-MS. Of the major organic compounds identified, carboxylic acids, particularly acetic acid, were found to be the most abundant. Phenols, lactones, and pyridines were also identified. 6 refs.

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Estimating nahcolite and dawsonite content of Colorado oil shale from oil-yield assay data

"Methods for estimating the amounts of nahcolite, dawsonite, and the sum of these two sodium carbonate minerals from oil-yield assay data are developed  and evaluated for Green River Formation oil shales from the saline section of Colorado's Piceance Creek Basin. Derived statistically, these estimation methods depend on the fact that these minerals yield water and gas  measured during oil-yield assay. The estimation  procedures yield values for nahcolite and nahcolite-plus-dawsonite of sufficient accuracy for stratigraphic plotting and correlation, whereas estimates for dawsonite are more generalized. However, resource estimates and reserve computations for both nahcolite and dawsonite  accurate within 10 percent of the real value are readily available by summing the mineral amounts calculated by the procedures presented. These estimation procedures are applicable to oil-yield assay data on core samples from more than 30 coreholes which have penetrated the saline section of the Green River Formation in Colorado."

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Application of the Los Alamos nuclear microprobe to the characterization of trace element-mineral associations in geologic materials and solid wastes

The Los Alamos nuclear microprobe is being used to characterize the oil shale matrix and other geologic samples that influence the mobility and transport/attenuation of environmental contaminants. A series of preliminary experiments have been conducted to test the usefulness of particle-induced x-ray emission (PIXE) to the investigation of trace element residences in the oil shale mineral assemblage. Elemental concentrations and detection limits from the PIXE analysis of a raw and a spent oil shale are reported for 36 elements. Detection limits for most elements are in the range of 2 to 30 ..mu..g/g, showing that the PIXE technique is a suitable method for broad-spectrum trace element analysis in geologic samples. These detection limits are compared to a PIXE analysis of coal mineral matter, a much simpler matrix, and are an order of magnitude higher. This is due to the percent level concentrations of calcium, iron, aluminum, and potassium in the oil shale matrix. Two areas on the raw and spent shales were analyzed. Although the two areas on the spent shale were quite similar in both major and trace element composition, the two areas on the raw shale showed interesting differences. One area on the raw sample was obviously carbonate rich, whereas the other was feldspar/clay rich. The partitioning of trace elements among these two areas suggests that trace element-mineral associations are obtainable by this experimental approach.

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Thermal characteristics of shortite. [Dissociation near 470/sup 0/C consumes significant quantities of heat]

"Apparatus developed by the Bureau of Mines for thermal analysis of oil shale was used to determine the thermal! properties of shortite. Dissociation of shortite near 4700 C occurs as an endothermic reaction that could consume  significant quantities of heat in the oil-shale retorting process that produces shale oil. The shortite dissociation products undergo other thermal reactions that would not affect the retorting process. These reactions include crystal inversions near 365 0 C and 425 0 C and melting and decomposition endothermic above 5000 C. Two separate reaction route for fusion and decomposition of the shortite decomposition products are indicated by the presence or absence of CO2 around the sample."

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Determination of dawsonite and nahcolite in Green River Formation oil shales

"An analytical method developed by the Bureau of Mines to determine dawsonite, nahcolite, and nondawsonite alumina (called excess alumina ) extractable from Green River Formation oil shales is presented. The method  requires water extraction of nahcolite followed by HC1-extraction of dawsonite and an unidentified mineral yielding excess alumina from the water-leached  residue. Instrumental determination of sodium in the water extract and sodium and aluminum in the HC1 extract measures the sample's content of the minerals .  Detailed evaluation shows the method to be adequately specific, precise, and reproducible and free from uncorrectab1e interferences . The method 's results  define precisely the production of sodium carbonates and alumina possible from a sample of oil shale and the interval it represents. Shale -oil yields, nahcolite contents, and yields of extractable alumina determined on 83 samples representing an 821 - foot section of dawsonite-nahco1ite-bearing shale from. Colorado Corehole No . 3, drilled in the north part of Colorado's Piceance Creek Basin, are presented. These samples resulted in nahcolite contents to 53 .3 percent, oil yields to 48 .3 gallons per ton, and alumina yields to 5 . 80 percent. Use of these data to evaluate the production potential of a section  of the formation are suggested."

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FY86 Annual research plan, National Institute for Petroleum and Energy Research

NIPER's program of research encompasses three different thrusts. The DOE funds a five-million-dollar Base Program designed to undertake long-range, high-risk research on petroleum and similar materials that companies are generally unwilling to do. A second five-million-dollar program, the Optional Program, cost-shares research on petroleum and substitute fossil fuels between DOE and contributing participants. For FY86, the DOE share will be two million dollars and three million dollars will be contributed by other government agencies and industrial participants. The third program is a Work for Others Program which allows NIPER to solicit work from the private sector and others. This Annual Research Plan only covers the Base and Optional Programs. NIPER is organized into two research departments - Energy Production Research (EPR) and Fuels Research (FR). Projects in EPR deal with various aspects of enhanced oil recovery and include chemical flooding, gas injection processes, steam injection, and microbial enhanced oil recovery. Projects in FR are concerned with the impact of heavy oil and alternate fuels on processing and use of fuels. This breadth of interest assures that NIPER's work will be significant in advancing petroleum technology and that NIPER will be a viable place for research by other government agencies and industrial clients. For Fiscal Year 1986, the Base Program will have 14 projects and the Optional Program will have 16. EPR has nine projects in the Base Program and six in the Optional Program while FR has five in the Base Program and ten in the Optional Program. These projects are described.

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Review of oil shale consortium fragmentation program at Anvil Points Mine, Colorado

During 1981 and 1982, an extensive oil shale fragmentation research program was conducted at the Anvil Points Mine near Rifle, Colorado. The primary goal was to investigate factors involving the adequate fragmentation of oil shale so that it could be retorted in a modified in situ fashion. That is, so that the majority of the shale could be retorted and the oil removed while it was still underground. This would eliminate the need to transport the shale to the surface and, in turn, the need to dispose of the resulting spent shale. The program involved laboratory testing to evaluate properties of the Green River shale; geologic studies to evaluate bedding and joint spacing and their possible effects on fragmentation; small- and large-scale fragmentation blasting tests including single-borehole, single-charge configuration and multiple-borehole, multiple-decked configurations; gas flow and tracer testing to evaluate porosity and permeability of the fragmented shale; and, finally, sophisticated computer modeling to allow for predictive capabilities in planning and executing large-scale retorts. The program was sponsored by a consortium of oil companies. Science Applications Incorportated managed the program from their offices in Golden and Steamboat Springs, Colorado. The Los Alamos National Laboratory participated in the planning and execution of the entire program, and the Sandia National Laboratories also participated in some of the testing which occurred late in the program. Since the participation of the national laboratories was funded by the Department of Energy (DOE) as part of their overall rock fragmentation research program, the DOE Anvil Points Research Mine was chosen as the site for the field tests. This report is intended to provide a review of the program and preent recommendations for follow-on research efforts. 5 figs., 1 tab.

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Synthesis and characterization of dawsonite. [Preparation of standard dawsonite]

"Synthetic dawsonite has been prepared with crystallinity  similar to that of dawsonite found in oil shale deposits of the Piceance Creek area of Colorado. Optimum  experimental conditions were as follows : Na/AI  atomic ratio, 43; temperature, 175 to 200° C. pCO2:-,  psig; and reaction time, 5 hr. Chemical and  spectrographic Analysis revealed that the synthetic  dawsonite was of high purity and was essentially stoichiometric. Similarity of the synthetic to natural  dawsonite, demonstrated by X-ray diffraction, infrared spectrophotometry, and electron microscopy, suggests its suitability  as a standard."

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Oil shale - an impending energy source. [Brief description of Green River formation deposits and retorting methods]

Where is oil shale going now?  After many years of research, during which enthusiasm for development has periodically waxed and waned, the climate for development seems  once again favorable.  This report attempts to tell why.  It includes a review of the size, location and characteristics of the deposits, an assessment of the status of the processing technology, and a description of a planning program for oil shale development.  An attempt to weigh positive and negative factors to develop a current outlook results in a moderate optimism for the near term development  of an oil shale industry.

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Underground gasification of coal in the Chomutov area

"In the light of results obtained with the underground gasification of brown coal in Brezno, Czechoslovakia [1) , plans were begun for industrial underground gasification in the Chomutov region, with similar technology (lateral gas removal) and with practically the same geological conditions and coal quality [2]. These tests differed from the investigations carried out so far in the gas combustion method. Here the crude gas was no longer burnt; it was rather freed from H2S and incombustible components,  a process that can be conducted industrially with simultaneous production of sulfur or sulfuric acid [5] ."

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Coal combustion gas. III. Spontaneous combustion and underground gasification of coal. [Study of gases from combustion of powdered coal in air stream at 700-1000/sup 0/ to obtain experimental resulsts for combustion control of underground gasification]

"The authors analyzed coal l combustion gases under the following conditions:  Combustion temperature: 700-1,000°C  Samples: B,C,E,P  Flow rate of air : 150, 200 and 250 cc/min.  Air humidity: saturated at 50 or 62°C  Also calculated were the calorific values of the gases and the equilibrium constants , etc. As a result of the experiments , it is noted that the calorific value of the produced gas is sensitive to the combustion temperature, and, the logarithm of the equilibrium constant is  nearly proportional to the combustion temperature.  These results may be applied to combustion control of underground gasification."

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Shale oil-hydrocarbons from eastern oil shale

This work on the Dow Chemical Co.'s study to determine the feasibility of recovering low Btu gas from Michigan Antrim oil shale discusses 4 tasks: shale characterization; in situ fracturing and assessment; in situ extraction trails; and environmental, public policy, and legal assessment. The current status of work on each task is described. Preliminary results indicate that the kinetics of retorting Antrim shale are significantly different from those of western shales. Mapping and other basic studies of the Antrim shale are being done to determine the extent of this resource. Explosive fracturing in mechanically underreamed wells has not produced extensive rubblization. Three new approaches, involving hydrofracturing, chemical underreaming, and explosive underreaming are being tested. Extraction trials in wells with and without explosive fracturing have produced gases with energy values of about 50 Btu/scf. Ignition has been achieved using an electric heater and a propane burner. Augmentation of the ignition energy source with charcoal and coal has not been of apparent benefit in these trials. The environmental impact of the energy recovery work at the Dow Oil Shale Site has been minor.

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Results of computer simulation of in-situ oil shale retorting

"A mathematical model has been developed for simulating the processes involved in the in-situ retorting of rubblized beds of oil shale. The model is a transient, one-dimensional treatment of a packed-bed reactor. It is based on the thermodynamics and kinetics of the numerous chemical reactions and physical processes that are most important for hot inert-gas retorting and for combustion retorting. The validity of the model is tested by comparison with experimental retort data. The predicted retorting results for conditions of interest to  commercial, modified, in-situ retorting are discussed in detail. The initial shale properties, such as grade, carbonate content, and bed porosity, are shown to have an important bearing on the maximum retort temperature, the rate of retorting, and the oil  yield. The input-gas properties, such as composition, flow rate, and temperature, are likewise shown to strongly influence the retorting results. The latter properties, particularly the input-gas composition and flow rate, can readily be changed during the course of the retorting operations and thereby offer a sensitive means of retort control."

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Proposed operating strategy for a field mis oil shale retorting experiment (RBOSC Retort O)

During the fall of 1979, the LLL retorting group developed a possible operating strategy for a field scale retort. This retorting strategy was developed based on model calculations, pilot retort experiments, and laboratory work carried out at LLL. Specifically, we have carried out model calculations to predict the possible behavior of the retort for a wide range of operation conditions. From these calculations we recommend a set of operating conditions. From these calculations we recommend a set of operating conditions that appear to give the best overall retort performance. Also, since the retort will contain little or no instrumentation with in the rubble bed, we have developed a performance monitoring strategy based solely on the exit gas and oil composition. Data for out pilot retorting operations and laboratory experiments provide the basis for this monitoring scheme. The purpose behind this exercise is to apply our knowledge to a practical field retort experiment and thereby increase out understanding and facilitate the transfer of our knowledge to the industrial sector.

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