AndreaBozzo/ceres-open-data-index huggingface dataset:
CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF SHALE OIL FROM MICROWAVE HEATING

"Shale oil and a fuel ,as have been produced by  microwave heating oil shale in a standard microwave oven in conjunction with experimentation in development of an in situ microwave retorting process. Various grades of oil shale have been subjected to high microwave fields and the derived oil has been submitted to various testing  procedures. Among these are specific gravity, pour point, % H2O, % ash,% gas and losses, % coke, % of Fisher assay, and others including gas composition. These data are compared with parallel data obtained on Fisher assay oil. Important diffferences in oil flow properties and gas  composition are discussed in view of microwave interactive theory."

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ENVIRONMENTAL RECONNAISSANCE STUDY FOR SWEETWATER COUNTY IN SITU OIL SHALE RESEARCH

Pursuant to conditions itemized in Contract Number E(29-2)-3575 between the United States energy Research and Development Administration and the University of Wyoming as represented by the Water Resources Research Institute the following five-chapter report titled "Environmental Reconnaissance Study for Sweetwater County In-Situ Oil Shale Research" has been prepared. This document seeks to inform ERDA officials of the pertinent environmental regulations and requirements which must be satisfied before filed operations can begin. Most of the pertinent rules and regulations are of recent vintage and often require specific interpretation for each project action.

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UNDERGROUND GASIFICATION FOR STEEPLY DIPPING COAL BEDS QUARTERLY PROGRESS REPORT FOR THE PERIOD JANUARY 1, 1981-MARCH 31, 1981

The detailed design of the Rawlins test no. 2 facility is complete. A bidder's conference was held at Rawlins for prospective general contractors for site construction. All long lead items have been identified and purchase orders have been issued. Spring drilling commenced this quarter and T-1 cavity studies were completed. Design modifications are complete for the product gas analysis trailer and the data acquisition system.

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ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT DOW PROGRAM TO DEVELOP AND DEMONSTRATE AN IN SITU PROCESS FOR EXRACTION OF ENERGY FROM DEVONIAN SHALE

The objective of this project is to evaluate the feasibility of producing a low BTU gas by the partial oxidation of the organic matter in Antrim shale in situ. Past experience and recent laboratory data indicate a reasonable chance for technical success. Therefore, a small field experiment is warranted.

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ENVIRONMENTAL RECONNAISSANCE STUDY FOR SWEETWATER COUNTY IN SITU OIL SHALE RESEARCH DRAFT REPORT

Pursuant to conditions itemized in Contract Number E(29-2)-3575 between the United States energy Research and Development Administration and the University of Wyoming as represented by the Water Resources Research Institute the following five-chapter report titled "Environmental Reconnaissance Study for Sweetwater County In-Situ Oil Shale Research" has been prepared. This document seeks to inform ERDA officials of the pertinent environmental regulations and requirements which must be satisfied before filed operations can begin. Most of the pertinent rules and regulations are of recent vintage and often require specific interpretation for each project action.

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BASALT WASTE ISOLATION PROJECT SYSTEM ENGINEERING & MANAGEMENT PLAN

"The System Engineering Management Plan (SEM~  sets forth the requirements for the implementation  and management of system engineering in the BWI Project during the site characterization phase. The requirements of the SEMP are applicable to BWI Division design development and siting activities and to all contractors and Federal agencies supporting those activities. The SEMP defines:  o The system engineering process which will be used.  o Policy and procedural issues ...which have application across the technical  program.  o Responsibilities and methodologies for implementation of the BWIP system engineering process including reviews, integration and quality requirements.  o Document preparation responsibilities and approval/acceptance authority.  o The relationships between technical documents, and the content and change control of documents and data bases."

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OIL SHALE TRACT C-B--ENVIRONMENTAL AND EXPLORATION PROGRAM (SUMMARY REPORT NO. 5--THROUGH NOVEMBER 30, 1975)

Summary Report #5 and Quarterly Data Report #5 cover the fifth quarter of exploration and environmental data for the Environmental baseline Program of Tract C-b. These reports specifically cover the fall quarter of September, 1975 through November, 1975. Quarterly Data Report #5 consists of five volumes of a comprehensive compilation on January 16, 1976. Parties interested in reviewing the comprehensive data may contact the Area Oil Shale Supervisors Office This Summary Report #5 is intended to provide the reader with a general overview of the information included in the Quarterly data report #5. For a complete summary of on tract activities to date, reports from all five quarters must be consulted

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Performance Assessment Scientific Support

The Performance Assessment Scientific Support (PASS) Program is to provide the primary technical resource in the area of postclosure performance assessment to the Office of Civilian Radioactive Waste Management's Office of Geological Repositories (OCRWN-OGR). In this function, the program is to provide direct assistance to OCRWM-OGR by participating in technical reviews, by critically evaluating methods and their applications, by developing needed analytical methods, and by performing performance assessments or other analyses to address OCRWM-OGR programmatic needs. To accomplish these objectives, the PASS Program has established a core group of technical leaders, who are experts in disciplines related to postclosure performance assessment. These technical leaders, in turn, draw from the established expertise and resources available at the Pacific Northwest Laboratories (PNL) to conduct laboratory experiments, develop analytical tools, and perform computer simulation studies addressing technical issues of general importance to postclosure performance assessment. The benefits of this structure are that OCRWM-OGR receives technical input for its decision-making process that reflects a coordinated pooling of expertise reflecting the state of the art in materials science, rock mechanics, geochemistry, geohydrology, statistical inference, and computer modeling. The PASS Program uses these PNL resources to ensure the relevance and quality of the technical work that is to be done for OCRWM-OGR.

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OIL SHALE TRACT C-B--ENVIRONMENTAL AND EXPLORATION PROGRAM (SUMMARY REPORT NO. 4--THROUGH AUGUST 31, 1975)

Summary Report #4 and Quarterly Data Report #4 cover the fourth quarter of exploration and environmental data for the first year of the environmental Baseline program for Tract C-b. These reports specifically cover the summer quarter of June, 1975 through August, 1975. Quarterly Data Report #4 consists of four volumes of a comprehensive compilation of data submitted to the Area Oil Shale Supervisor in Grand Junction on October 15, 1975. Parties interested in reviewing the comprehensive data may contact the Area Oil Shale Supervisor's Office. This Summary Report #4 is intended to provide the reader with a general overview and initiate the interpretation of the information included in the Quarterly Data Report #4. For a complete summary of on-Tract activities to date, reports from all four quarters must be consulted.

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PULSED NMR EXAMINATION OF OIL SHALES--ESTIMATION OF POTENTIAL OIL YIELDS

"For the past four years the Laramie Energy Research Center has been investigating the application of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) as a method of rapidly and reliably predicting potential oil yields of oil shales. With the present interest in the government's oil-shale test-lease program, the need for a rapid and reliable oil shale assay method is more urgent. The potential of wide-line NMR for this purpose ha already been demonstrated by Decora, McDonald and Cook.  Another type of NMR, pulsed or transient NMR, is being explored as a method for rapidly providing this information. The pulsed NMR method is more rapid than the wideline NMR method because no time is spent sweeping the field or frequency  to record the signal. Other advantages of pulsed NMR over wide-line NMR are the elimination of line-broadening effects, no need for signal integration, greater sensitivity in a given measuring time, and ease of spectrometer  operation. In addition, direct measurements of the spin-spin, T2, and spin-lattice, T1, relaxation times by pulsed NMR can provide other useful information about oil shales."

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PETROLEUM AND NATURAL GAS RESOURCES AND DEVELOPMENT IN YELLOWSTONE RIVER BASIN OF MONTANA

Individual reports are presented for each of the 44 oil and gas fields studied. Figure 1 shows their locations. Field reports contain the following information as available: Map of field; discovery date; location of discovery wells; deeper zones tested; reported tops of formations; number of producing wells; daily production of oil and gas; oil, gas, and water production for 1960; cumulative oil and gas production to 1961; analyses of crude oils; and estimated oil reserves remaining on January 1, 1961.

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MINERAL RESOURCES AND THEIR POTENTIAL ON INDIAN LANDS, WIND RIVER RESERVATION, FREMONT AND HOT SPRINGS COUNTIES, WYOMING

This report attempts to consolidate and provide information necessary for planning the development of mineral resources on the reservation. Such resources include petroleum and natural gas, coal, hypaum, phosphate rock, bentonite, and a variety of the more common construction and chemical materials. The principal income of the Wind River tribes over the years has come from oil production. However, oil production on the reservation probably has passed its peak, and revenues from this source are expected to decline gradually in future years. Development of other mineral resources could offset this anticipated decline in tribal income and maintain, or even improve, the economy of the reservation.

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ECONOMIC REVIEW OF ADVANCED FUEL TECHNOLOGIES

This paper reviews the economics of synthetic fuels projects. It concludes that, except for special circumstances, if crude oil and natural gas prices escalate no faster than general inflation, then synthetic fuels projects that produce liquids and/or gas from coal are not likely to be economically feasible. However, if crude oil prices stabilize and resume an average escalation of 3 percent per year or more above the general inflation rate and if natural gas prices approach oil prices on an energy parity basis, then owners of coal synfuel plants can produce a competitive product with an after-tax return on total investment of 15 percent over the project life.

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DESIGN OF A 500-BPD DEMONSTRATION PLANT USING THE ALLIS-CHALMERS ROLLER GRATE RETORT PROCESS

"Allis-Chalmers has designed a 500-BPD demonstration-scale retort system for the processing of a New Albany shale. The system is based on the patented ROLLER GRATE apparatus and will fully utilize the energy in the kerogen by first retorting the shale and then recovering the remaining energy by combusting the residual  carbon. The heat recovered in this step is used to drive the retort process and produce steam and electricity.  The ROLLER GRATE retort system has several, advantages. First, the ROLLER GRATE apparatus is used to convey a deep bed of shale that is in constant relative motion. This provides benefits such as more uniform temperature distribution and reduced gas flow requirements because the problem of gas channeling is  eliminated. the multi-zone approach of the Allis-Chalmers process allows each of the zones to be designed individually, with optimal process gas temperatures and flow rates, rather than depending on the off-gas from a previous zone. Over 12 tons of eastern shale have been processed on a Process Development Unit (PDU) at Allis-Chalmers'facilities in Oak Creek. Wisconsin. Extensive data analyses and acquisition during testing were used to determine design variables that influence the retort, combustion and cooling kinetic rates. These tests have provided the data from which a continuous process plant was designed. A description of the ROLLER GRATE retort process is given, along with a discussion of the PDU apparatus used to obtain design data. Application of the test results from the PDU to the design of a 500-BPD demonstration plant is discussed. Finally, a description of the equipment in the demonstration plant and the  operation of this plant is included."

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CULTURAL RESOURCE INVENTORY OF FOUR PROPOSED CORE HOLE LOCATIONS AND ACCESS ROADS, GLEN CANYON NATIONAL RECREATION AREA, SOUTHEASTERN UTAH

"In March and April of 1982, personnel from Nickens and Associates of Montrose, Colorado conducted a cultural resource inventory at four proposed core hole locations in the Glen Canyon National Recreation Area at the behest of the National Park Service. The core holes, TST-l,  TST-2, TST-3, and TST-4, are part of the Department of Energy's Tar Sands exploration project. All planned core holes are located on existing well pads with existing access roads. An inspection of the planned core hole locations and their associated access roads resulted in the recording of 11 prehistoric sites. Four previously recorded sites may also be affected by the planned project developments. All instances of cultural resources potentially impacted by the drilling of the four core holes are herein described and evaluated in terms of their eligibility for nomination to the National Register of Historic Places. Management recommendations follow, which attempt to prevent the loss of significant archaeological  data to construction activities."

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A HYDRAULIC-POWERED PLATFORM FOR SCALING HIGH BACKS AND WALLS

"A hydraulic scaling rig was placed in operation at the Bureau of Mines oil-shale mine near Rifle, Colo., in 1953.  The rig consists of a self-leveling platform mounted on a hydraulic powered boom. The boom is mounted  on the bed of a diesel truck. The equipment provides a movable work platform from which two men can work in safety and comfort while barring loose rock from the backs and walls of the rooms pillars and haulageways."

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DRILLING AND CASING A LARGE-DIAMETER SHAFT IN THE PICEANCE CREEK BASIN

"The drilling and casing of an 8-ft (2. 4 m) diameter shaft to a depth of 2,371 ft (723 m) in the Piceance Creek Basin of Colorado is described. This pioneer shaft allows  access, for the first time, to the deep oil shales of the Saline Zone. Environmental research studies are planned from the shaft and bulk samples of the minerals nahcolite  and dawsonite will be obtained for metallurgical testing.  The shaft was spudded in on March 25 , 1977 , and drilled to a total depth of 2,371 ft (723 m) on October 2. Installation and cementing of the steel casing from surface  to total depth were completed on December 27. Actual rig time was 237 days. Fishing operations took 59 days when the drill bit was lost in the shaft at a depth of 1 ,245 ft  (379 m) . Results showed that a large-diameter  shaft could be safely drilled through the Leached Zone in the Piceance Creek Basin. Problems encountered with the drilling assembly, drilling mud, and casing welding can  be solved with improved design."

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"PROCESS DESIGN: LETC NORTH SITE  HORIZONTAL MODIFIED PILOT PLANT TRENCH RETORT"

As part of an overall accelerated research concept for in situ extraction of oil shale, a general document entitled "A Proposed Development Plan for a Horizontal Modified In Situ Experiment at White Mountain, Wyoming," was  prepared by the Laramie Energy Technology Center and submitted to DOE (ERDA) Headquarters in January, 1976. This research plan addressed the recovery of  oil from the thinner seams of oil shale that are found in Wyoming, Utah, and to a lesser extent in Colorado. These seams represent about one third of the known oil shale resource in the Green River Formation, and recovery of oil from such seams would not be feasibi1e by vertical retorting.

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TECHNICAL AND ECONOMIC EVALUATION OF ADVANCED OIL SHALE MINING METHODS UTILIZING RAPID MECHANICAL ROCK FRAGMENTATION TECHNIQUES

"This report summarizes the work accomplished on the  research program for. the technical and economic evaluation of advanced oil shale mining methods utilizing rapid mechanical rock fragmentation techniques. The purpose of the research was to study the applicability of mechanical rock fragmentation techniques to oil shale mining and to develop two or three new oil shale mining methods using mechanical excavation ,techniques. This was accomplished through systematic completions of five phases of study:  1) Collections of equipment Performance Data; 2)  Formulations of Mining Methods: 3) Design of Underground Mines: 4) Technical Evaluation: 5) Economic Evaluation.  Phase I of the study involved an extensive literature survey and contacting manufacturing and engineering groups. This included a review of the oil shale deposits. existing oil shale mining methods, oil shale processing methods and equipment performance data, including advance rate, costs, maintenance, ventilations, machine availability and utilization and manpower requirement."

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SHALE OIL: POTENTIAL ECONOMIES OF LARGE SCALE PRODUCTION, WORKSHOP PHASE

"A workshop on shale oil, sponsored by M.I.T., was held on June 4-5, 1979. The purpose of the workshop was to identify technological opportunities for significant reduction in the cost of producing shale oil on a large scale (at least 2 million barrels per day). Large-scale production of shale oil is of current interest as one of the alternatives for reducing imports of petroleum. The workshop participants included 11 industry and 9 M.I.T. people expert in technologies or approaches potentially applicable to shale oil.  The participants reached general consensus on three major conclusions:  - Large-scale production of shale oil would make possible a  reduction of cost through new technological applications and innovations. There are opportunities for new technology in individual mining, retorting, and upgrading steps. Perhaps more important, there are also. opportunities for combinations of technology which would make best use of various processing methods, the natural resources in place, economies of scale, the  mix of products, etc.  - A shale oil industry must exist and must be producing shale oil on a meaningful scale in order to develop these improved technologies most effectively. This is particularly true for those technologies whose impact is on the whole system (such as combinations of technology) rather than on individual process steps. If industry growth is not accelerated, it will be a long time before shale oil can contribute significantly to easing U.S. energy problems, and current technical, economic, and environmental uncertainties will remain uncertainties.                           Creating a large-scale shale oil industry soon would require  capital, human skills, and materials well beyond the capacity of one company or a small group of companies. Those needs, plus some unique characteristics of the shale land (its federal ownership, and its concentration with consequent potential for heavy local impact on population and environment), suggest the desirability of  a new structure to manage U.S. shale resources in the common interest. That structure would include some type of joint participation by the private sector, the public, and government (federal, state, and local) to ensure getting contributions and cooperation of all affected groups, and to best meet all their needs."

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PETROLOGY OF SPENT SHALE - A REVIEW

"From metamorphic and igneous petrology, an analysis  is made of what minerals should be present in spent shale Many of the traditional methods used in metamorphic petrology are inappropriate because fluid pressures are so low and spent shales are highly undersaturated with respect to Si02 However, decarbonation reactions found in  the metamorphism of carbonate rocks allow more possibilities than are typically suggested for oil shale . From igneous petrology, the pyroxenes and olivines found in spent shale are confirmed, but nepheline and leucite should be present but are not usually discovered. Melilite,  which is ubiquitous to spent shale, is found in metamorphic and igneous rocks formed under similar  circumstances."

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CONTINUOUS CARBONIZATION AND COMBUSTION OF OIL SHALE USING A FLUIDIZED SYSTEM

"The present dissertation relates to the development of a  laboratory scale retort of an entirely new type.  The fact that no retorting process has yet been developed for the commercial utilization of Colorado oil shale, in spite of the tremendous reserves, accessibility, and low mining costs, is of vital interest to the state of Colorado and a challenge to the chemical engineer.  All retorting processes employing lump shale are basically too costly owing to the inherently long residence time and high temperatures which are required to force heat into large lump shale and to the complicated technical devices which are necessary to make such processes continuous. Also the product from these retorts  is an unsatisfactory substitute for liquid petroleum."

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ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT REPORT FOR THE OCCIDENTAL OIL SHALES, INC. LOGAN WASH PROJECT AND RELATED DEVELOPMENTS

Occidental proposes to do some early retort formation and operation studies at its Logan Wash site near DeBeque, Colorado, and to undertake the technical and economic feasibility demonstrations at another, as yet unnamed, site. The later site has a higher grade of ore and is more suitable for the demonstrations, but it will not be ready for this purpose for approximately two years. Hence, early work on retort formation and operation will be done on the existing site.

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PROCESSED SHALE DISPOSAL PILE RIO BLANCO OIL SHALE CO., INC.

This status report describes the activities associated with processes shale disposal research during Fiscal Year 1987 by and for Rio Blanco Oil Shale Company, Inc. (RBOSC). In house activities by RBOSC will be covered along with research and demonstrationa ctivities by others on behalf of RBOSC. As described below, the major focus of these outside activities include a cooperative agreement with the Wyoming Water Research Center (WWRC) and Range Management Department (RMD), University of Wyoming (U of W) covering the research project entitled "Modeling of Hydraulic Conditions and Solute Movement in Processed Oil Shale Solid Waste Under Simulated Climatic Conditions." The U of W research project is sponsored by the Laramie Project Office, US Department of Energy, Laramie, Wyoming. In addition other third party activities include research investigations by Dr. David McWhorter, Colorado State University; by the Spokane Research Center, Bureau of Mines; and by Adrian Brown, a private consultant.

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Critique of the Meterological and Air Quality Baseline Monitoring Program for the Prototype Oil Shale Leaseholds

"In part A of this report, it is contended that the meterology and air quality baseline monitoring portion of the environmental protection progra instituted at the protoype, federal oil shale leaseholds was an inappropriate response to the single, critical question: What will be the environmental impact if the extensive oil shale resources of Colorado, Utah, and Wyoming are developed to augment the nation's energy needs? With this pressing question still unanswered, the authors suggest reasons why existing knowledge is inadequate to privde a valid answer. Furthermore, they propose a means for accomplishing this important task within a suitable time-period and at a reasonable level of funding.  In part B, the authors identify the probable cause of deficiencies in the meterological and air quality data which were acquired over a two year period on the federal oil shale leaseholds and recommend improved procedures for future data acquisition efforts."

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