AndreaBozzo/ceres-open-data-index huggingface dataset:
Coal Gasification Research Studies. Project No. 61063 quarterly report, November 20, 1983-February 19, 1984

The Coal Gasification Research Studies program consists of three tasks: (1) coal ash behavior studies; (2) high-pressure fluidization studies; and (3) high-temperature fluidization studies. Five fluidized-bed gasification runs were conducted in the 2-inch ID gasifier using char from Pittsburgh seam coal. The first two runs were made with char devolatilized at 1700/sup 0/F. The char used for the other three was devolatilized at 1400/sup 0/F to prevent the formation of metallic iron. Complete analysis of the first two runs has been completed and is presented in this report. In the high-pressure gasification studies the debugging of the data analysis computer program was completed and a series of experimental runs was conducted at ambient temperature and pressure this quarter. Ottawa sand was used as the bed material for these runs. Data were obtained at fluidizing gas velocities of between 1.5 and 2.7 times the minimum fluidization velocity at three radial positions in the bed. The results of these runs showed that the bubble frequency increased with increasing height above the gas distributor except at low velocities where incomplete fluidization occurs and that bubble frequency at the point closest to the wall was lower than at the center of the bed. The local bubble flow rate, defined as the product of the bubble frequency and average bubble pierced-length, at three radial positions in the bed was determined for two excess fluidization velocities. In general, increasing the excess fluidizing gas velocity increases the bubble flow rate. This suggests that the extra fluidizing gas added to the bed was preferentially distributed to the bubble phase. Also, the results indicate that the local bubble flow rate was lowest near the wall of the column. 6 references, 17 figures, 3 tables.

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Incident report:  performance of the Fuel Preparation Plant to June 1982

The report presents the findings of an investigation on the performance of the Fuel Preparation Plant up to June 1982. The Fuel Preparation Plant provides the means for taking raw coal from a stockpile, preparing and blending it with dolomite and pneumatically conveying the blended fuel to the Main Plant. The report describes the process and the main items of equipment, along with the operational problems that were experienced up to the completion of Test Series 1. The plant did not perform consistently during Test Series 1 and the major modification works that have been undertaken, prior to the hot commissioning tests for Test Series 2, are detailed. It was considered that the performance of the Fuel Preparation Plant was significantly affected by the inability to control the moisture in the coal and segregation of the coal in the storage silo, and these concepts are discussed. 2 figures.

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Steam/hot-water drying of lignite. Part I. Activities at the University of North Dakota hot-water drying of lignite to produce slurries

Hot-water slurry drying of low-rank coal produces a slurry which for some coals appears to be stable. With this method of drying, the product does not reabsorb moisture and is partly slurried in its own water. Energy requirements are low because water is removed from the pores of the coal in liquid form by being expelled by carbon dioxide. The carbon dioxide is formed by removing carboxyl groups from the coal structure, which in addition to expelling the water, increases the heating value of the coal and reduces the sodium content, potentially making it a low fouling fuel. Slurries produced by this method potentially can be used in direct combustion as replacement for fuel oil or in Texaco gasifier. 10 figures, 1 table.

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Modeling of fluidized-bed combustion of coal. Volume I. AFBC system model description. Final report

The system model has been developed for the simulation of AFBC performances at various conditions. With given input values, the model characterizes fluid dynamical behavior of the bed and calculates combustion efficiency, sulfur retention efficiency, heat transfer coefficients for the tubes, emission of NO and CO, etc. The system model is a steady state model, so it does not simulate dynamic change of the FBC performance with time. Even at steady state conditions comprehensive modeling of FBC System is a complicated task. Thus it is inevitable to use a digital computer for model calculations. The system model is coded in FORTRAN for Multics which is the operating system of a Honeywell machine at M.I.T. Information Processing Center. A specific subsystem called TPSA was developed within Multics to facilitate the use of the system model. To use the model outside the TPSA one should modify input/output interphase because the model is tuned to TPSA environment which is specially designed for the system model in Multics environment. Conceptually the model consists of five component submodels: fluid dynamics, combustion and CO emission, heat transfer, desulfurization, and NO. The relationship among submodels is schematically depicted in Figure 1. Calculation results of fluid dynamics (i.e., bed height, characteristics of bubbles, etc.) are used as input to other submodels, and combustion calculation results as input to NO model, and so on. In this modular structure we have tried to make it easier for the experts of each field to concentrate on their specific field for the model development. These component models are in turn transformed to about 50 fortran subroutines which are for one or more of the submodels. In this report descriptions of component models are given and the list of input/output variables and subroutines is in appendices. Also is given a sample calculation to demonstrate the use of the model.

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Fundamentals of nitric oxide formation in fossil-fuel combustion. Progress report, 29 September-28 December 1980

The rate and products of oxidation of HCN and the influence of additives, benzene, cyclohexane, toluene, acetylene and CO, on the rate and products were extensively studied during this period. The rate was determined in the temperature range of 750 to 825 C and with concentration ranges of .25 to 2 mole % HCN and 1.75 to 7 mole % oxygen. The only significant oxidation products in the absence of additives were CO/sub 2/, H/sub 2/O and N/sub 2/. The best rate equation to describe the data was rate = k (HCN)/sup 5/4/(O/sub 2/)/sup 1/2/ and the temperature dependence of the rate constant was given by k = 10/sup 22/ /sup 5   -5/ exp(-48990  - 1260/T) (1/mole)/sup 3/4/sec/sup -1/. The complex order indicates a complex chain mechanism is operating, however the activation energy appears too large for a chain or surface mechanism. Benzene did increase the rate of HCN consumption at low equivalence ratios, but at a ratio of about .85 the extent of consumption of all reactants decreased. The result was that HCN consumption dropped drastically and benzene consumption was reduced a small amount even at higher oxygen concentrations in the reactor. Clearly, a species is being produced which inhibits the reaction. No change in products was observed. Cyclohexane and toluene, when added, had about the same influence on the oxidation as did benzene, whereas added water had no influence on the HCN consumption. The addition of either acetylene or CO increased the consumption of HCN to nearly 100%. In addition, both of these promoted the formation of NO. The results produced by these additives cannot be explained on the basis of thermal effects. It appears that CO and acetylene can produce an intermediate during oxidation that does not form when benzene oxidizes.

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Modeling of fluidized-bed combustion of coal. Volume IV. AFBC transient models. Final report

A transient model of coal combustion in atmospheric fluidized bed coal combustors is developed based on the steady state combustion model of Congalidis and Georgakis. The slow dynamic modes of the system are shown to correspond to the carbon population balance and the emulsion energy balance, solbent solids included. All other heat and mass balances that complete the model are assumed in pseudo steady state. A backward Gear integrating package and a nonlinear algebraic equation root finder were used for simultaneous solution of the system of ordinary and differential equations. Parallel turnup and turndown are shown to be viable alternatives to bed slumping, but the time constants and the magnitude of changes in the bed properties depend greatly upon design characteristics of sorbent overflow and immersed steam tube area. An overflow orifice of variable impedance should be designed since for an overflow orifice of fixed impedance, the time constant for the bed height and weight to reach steady state is on the order of 200 minutes. The immersed steam tube area should be designed to vary with bed height in order to minimize the magnitude of changes in bed properties and thereby enhance the load following characteristics. For parallel turnup and turndown, initial inverse dynamic responses of all bed properties can occur, and for parallel turndown, can result in bed extinction. From the ignition and extinction characteristics of bed startup, a feasibility region of bed startup as a function of excess air ratio and carbon loading is estimated.

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Thermal and radiative properties of coal-ash deposits. Final technical report

Experiments have been performed in two different facilities designed for steady-state heat transfer measurements in both coal ash deposits and surrogate porous materials. High temperatures in the samples were achieved by subjecting one surface to intense irradiation from an electric kiln. A water-cooled calorimeter and accompanying thermal guards located below a thin substrate plate supporting the samples served as a low temperature heat sink. The one-dimensional heat fluxes through the samples were measured calorimetrically. The test facilities, experimental methods, and experimental results are discussed. Effective thermal conductance measurements in coal ash samples were made for samples of flyash and crushed slag deposits, and also for a solid specimen of fouling superheater deposit. Hot surface temperatures ranged from 425/sup 0/C to approximately 1420/sup 0/C, with surface irradiation levels ranging from 25 to 500 kW.m/sup -2/. Overall thermal conductances (including conduction and radiation transfer) were low, typically below 0.5 W.m/sup -1/K/sup -1/ for a 20 mm thick sample. Temperature profiles in the samples were determined using small diameter thermocouples located in the sample interior. Particle sintering and melting were observed to drastically affect temperature profiles and thermal conductances. Samples which underwent partial melting experienced irreversible changes in thermal conductance. Local thermal conductances within the samples showed this effect clearly, increasing as much as sixfold. 42 references, 29 figures, 5 tables.

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Stratified precambrian rocks (sedimentary ) beneath the midcontinent region of the US

A thick sequence of layered rocks occurs beneath the Phanerozoic platform strata which blanket the US midcontinent. Observed on COCORP deep reflection data in southern Illinois and Indiana and in SW Oklahoma and adjacent Texas, this sequence is locally 1--3 times as thick as the overlying Paleozoic cover, but the origin of this sequence and its ultimate lateral extent are unknown. However, the occurrences of Precambrian layered rocks on both the COCORP profiles and reprocessed industry seismic reflection data from the region lie within regions of generally low amplitude and low frequency aeromagnetic anomaly, suggesting an even greater distribution. Unmetamorphosed Precambrian sedimentary rocks have been recovered from drill holes in southwest Ohio and adjacent northern Kentucky and southwesternmost Indiana. These Precambrian sedimentary rocks lie above and may be part of an underlying package of strongly layered rocks imaged on a short and shallow seismic profile in southwest Ohio. These Precambrian sedimentary rocks were originally viewed as part of a late Precambrian (Keweenawan ) rift; however, in light of Grenville foreland structures seen on the COCORP profile to the north in west central Ohio, these Precambrian strata may (1) be part of a heretofore unrecognized Grenville foreland basin, or (2) indicate that unmetamorphosed Precambrian sedimentary material may be an important constituent of the layered rocks observed on COCORP beneath southern Illinois and Indiana.

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Fuel cell power plant designs: a review

Eight conceptual designs for fuel cell power plants were reviewed and analyzed. Of these eight designs, five are for utility baseload applications (150 to 1430 MW) using coal as fuel, and the other three cover dispersed generator applications (1.8 to 11 MW) using natural gas as fuel. The fuel cell types for these designs were either phosphoric acid, molten carbonate, or solid oxide. Estimates of capital and operating costs for the eight plants were adjusted to the same basis, and assumed performances of fuel cells and other important components were critically reviewed. Costs of electricity for the smaller dispersed generator plants were found to be close to those for large central-station facilities. 14 refs., 11 figs., 10 tabs.

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Interconnection materials development for solid oxide fuel cells. Final report, September 30, 1984-September 30, 1985

Electrical conductivity, thermal expansion, and oxygen loss and oxygen transport rates have been determined for the electrochemically vapor deposited thin films of magnesium-doped lanthanum chromite which is currently used as the interconnection material in the high temperature solid oxide fuel cell. Electrical conductivity of these interconnection films has been found to decrease with a decrease in oxygen pressure; these conductivities at different oxygen partial pressures have been related theoretically to the oxygen loss data. The conductivity of the presently used interconnection material is adequate for the solid oxide fuel cell operation, but can be increased by increasing the magnesium concentration in the lanthanum chromite. The thermal expansion of the interconnection films has been found to be about 12 to 14% lower than of the calcia-stabilized zirconia support tube of the solid oxide fuel cell. It is considered desirable to increase this thermal expansion by chemical modification of the interconnection material. The permeation rates of oxygen through electrochemically vapor deposited thin films of magnesium-doped lanthanum chromite under fuel cell operating conditions have been found to be extremely low. Such oxygen permeation, therefore, should not cause any significant loss in the open circuit voltage or the efficiency of the solid oxide fuel cell under normal operating conditions. 10 refs., 17 figs.

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Study of hydrogeologic trends in exploration for Devonian-shale gas in the Midway-Extra gas field of Putnam County, West Virginia

A hydrogeologic study was conducted in the Midway-Extra gas field where gas wells tap Devonian shales in northern Putman County, West Virginia. Lineaments were mapped and shallow ground water was surveyed for physical and chemical parameters, to determine if lineaments or ground water may be useful for shale gas exploration. Landsat lineaments, defined from satellite imagery, have no apparent effect on water well yield and are associated with low gas well yields. Short photolineaments, defined from low-altitude stereo photography, are excellent sites for high-yielding water wells and good sites for high-yielding gas wells in general. These lineaments appear to represent permeable zones about 400 feet wide at shallow depth. The density of photolineaments orientated N60/sup 0/W-N30/sup 0/E is especially well associated with high-yielding gas well trends. Final open flow is especially great for gas wells near water wells or springs having high bicarbonate or nitrate concentrations. High bicarbonate content is in part likely to be caused by oxidation of methane gas in shallow ground water. Photolineaments and ground water chemistry may well prove to be valuable exploration tools for Devonian shale gas in other areas. 20 figures, 21 tables.

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Shallow seismic investigations of Devonian-shale gas production

The foremost conclusion of this study is that fractured Devonian shale gas reservoirs, as exemplified by the Cottageville field, are detectable by seismic reflection methods. Further, the target is not particularly difficult, once the nature of the seismic anomaly is understood. The preferred exploration rationale is based on travel time anomalies related to lowered acoustic velocity within the gas-bearing zone. In the simplest case the travel time anomaly causes an apparent down-warp or sag in a flat-lying reflector. This conclusion is developed in Parts B and C of this report. Concerning the high-resolution extension of the seismic method, which is the subject of Part A, there are essentially two separate conclusions which can be drawn. One is that additional, valuable subsurface information can be obtained by recording seismic data at frequencies higher than those in common use by the petroleum industry at the time of this writing. The other is that it is feasible to obtain seismic reflection data on a smaller scale, using less costly instrumentation, than is typically employed in the petroleum industry. However, it is not yet possible to say whether such small scale surveying will be practical from an industry point of view.

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Analysis of the Devonian shales in the Appalachian Basin

In July of 1980, a contract was submitted to the DOE by The Cleveland-Cliffs Iron Company for a data integration program to accumulate and analyze data that were published by many contractors under the Eastern Gas Shales Project (EGSP). The main objective of the program was to define the natural gas potential of the Devonian Shale in the Appalachian Basin. The basin analysis was implemented to complement the drilling of oriented core wells in the basin and correlate the stratigraphic, lithologic, fractographic, geochemical and stress data to known natural gas production. The result would be an exploration rationale for the Devonian Shales in the Appalachian Basin. The data integration program began in September of 1980, six years after the initial EGSP program began. Discussions with other prime contractors and the Department of Energy's personnel led to a list of deliverable items that are appropriate to project objectives and that would best outline the parameters affecting gas production, including: (1) regional fracture (joint) studies; (2) stress analysis of the basin; (3) physical characterization of the shales; (4) definition of geologic structural features; (5) stratigraphic correlations; and (6) lithologic and geochemical descriptions. A large amount of data related to all these items had been generated by the program before the initiation of this contract, so we set out to compile the information on a single map scale to facilitate data comparisons. The U.S.G.S. began development of a data base map at a scale of 1:1,000,000 and this was chosen as the format to use in this report. 36 figures, 5 tables.

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Particle motion at fluidized bed tube surfaces

Metal loss from in-bed heat transfer tubes in fluidized bed combustors is recognized as a problem that is affecting the commercialization of FBC technology for coal utilization. A program has been initiated to address the erosion aspect of the wastage problem. Objectives were: (1) to develop a method for measuring the particle impact velocities and mass flux at a fluidized bed tube surface, (2) to obtain wear data from test tubes in an operating cold flow model, and (3) to correlate the results. An instrumented probe was develop during Phase I that could be used to obtain the three orthogonal velocity components and mass flux at a fluidized bed tube surface. The sensors were contained in a 2 inch diameter schedule 40 pipe that can be installed in the cold flow model in place of one of the test tubes. This arrangement allows measurements to be made non-intrusively. The velocity measuring portion used a Laser Doppler Velocimeter (LDV) for obtaining the resultant impact velocity and impact angle of the bed particles at the immersed tube surface. Mass flux was derived from the output of a high speed force transducer that measured the individual particle impact momentum signals. The above system was used successfully to measure particle impact velocities and momentum during a limited test program. Test were run in a 1 ft {times} 2 ft ambient temperature fluidized bed test facility using sand and acrylic test tubes. Measurements were taken in the center of the bed at eight circumferential location, by rotating the probe to the desired tube angle. Tube erosion data were also taken at locations corresponding to the above measurement points. The instrumentation provided a wealth of information about the internal hydrodynamics of the fluidized bed. 3 refs., 49 figs., 17 tabs.

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Fluidized-bed combustion

This report describes the activities of the Morgantown Energy Technology Center's research and development program in fluidized-bed combustion from October 1, 1987, to September 30, 1989. The Department of Energy program involves atmospheric and pressurized systems. Demonstrations of industrial-scale atmospheric systems are being completed, and smaller boilers are being explored. These systems include vortex, multi-solid, spouted, dual-sided, air-cooled, pulsed, and waste-fired fluidized-beds. Combustion of low-rank coal, components, and erosion are being studied. In pressurized combustion, first-generation, combined-cycle power plants are being tested, and second-generation, advanced-cycle systems are being designed and cost evaluated. Research in coal devolatilization, metal wastage, tube corrosion, and fluidization also supports this area. 52 refs., 24 figs., 3 tabs.

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Development of a process for producing an ashless, low-sulfur fuel from coal. Volume IV. Product studies. Part 10. Final report of coal liquids catalyst work performed at Oklahoma State University. Solvent Refined Coal (SRC) process, June 17, 1970--June 16, 1975

This report provides a summary of the coal liquids catalyst work at Oklahoma State University. The broad overall objective of this work has been to specifically tailor heterogeneous catalysts for upgrading coal derived liquids. The more specific goal has been to assess the effects of catalyst support pore properties on sulfur and nitrogen removal from certain coal liquids.

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