AndreaBozzo/ceres-open-data-index huggingface dataset:
Hot gas stripping of ammonia and carbon dioxide from simulated and actual in situ retort waters

The large quantity of water produced by in situ oil shale retorting processes poses a potential pollution problem of significant magnitude. A number of methods have been proposed to purify this water such as adsorption and ion exchange, bacteriological treatment, and others. However, because of the large quantities of ammonium ions and carbonate species in the retort water, the removal of these contaminates should be considered prior to cleanup of the water by adsorptive or ion exchange techniques. The presence of large quantities of ammonia in particular, renders bacteriological techniques ineffective and also results in rapid depletion of adsorptive beds, increasing both operating and capital costs for the cleanup process. This study investigated the desorption of ammonia and carbon dioxide from various waters, including a model compound system and Omega 9 retort water obtained from a true in situ retort near Rock Springs, Wyoming. The stripping operation was carried out by countercurrent liquid-gas contact in a glass column packed with Intalox saddles.

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Leaching and hydraulic properties of retorted oil shale including effects from codisposal of wastewater. Final report, October 1985-February 1986

The purpose of this project was to develop methods and data on the leaching and hydraulic properties of solid residues resulting from the processing of oil shale. A column test, called the ESM test, was developed as an aid to characterization of the chemical quality of the first leachate that would issue from a disposal pile of spent oil shale. Water added for cooling, compaction, and dust control will develop a chemical composition dictated by chemical reaction between the solution and solid phases. In the ESM column test, this process is simulated by moisturizing the solid to the expected field water content, followed by an equilibration period. After packing the moistened material into a column, the antecedent pore solution is displaced by injection of distilled water. Both theoretical and experimental results indicate that the first effluent from the column is displaced antecedent pore water, the chemical composition of which has been unaffected by the displacement process. The chemical characteristics of the first effluent are expected to be a reasonable index to the quality of first leachate generated from a disposal pile.

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Quality and quantity of leachate from raw mined Colorado oil shale

Commercial utilization of the vast energy resource represented by the oil shale deposits in Colorado, Wyoming, and Utah is more nearly a reality now than ever before. Raw mined shale piled on the ground surface constitutes a relatively permeable mass of particles ranging in size from silt and clay to boulders that readily accommodate infiltration of incident precipitation. A portion of the waters that infiltrate the piles is evaporated and a portion percolates downward and eventually becomes seepage from that pile.

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Nitrogen compound types in hydrotreated shale oils

The nitrogen content of retorted shale oils needs to be reduced if the oils are to be used as transportation fuels. The nitrogen compound-type compositions in oils and fuels are dependent on shale source as well as on upgrading conditions. The identification of the nitrogen-containing species in shale oil aids in understanding the effects of fuel processing and fuel stability. This research is directed towards examining the nitrogen-type distribution in several oils and fuels. Nitrogen compound distributions in retorted, hydrotreated, and acid-clay-treated shale oils have been determined from data obtained by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and mass spectrometry, infrared spectroscopy, alumina/silica adsorption chromatography, gas chromatography, and potentiometric titration. Catalytic hydrotreated oils contained alkyl-substituted pyridines, anilines, indoles, carbazoles, quinolines, and tetrahydroquinolines, predominantly 1,2,3,4 tetrahydroquinoline. Different hydrodenitrogenation reactivities were determined for different nitrogen compound types. Less reactive compound types such as sterically hindered alkylpyridines and nonbasic alkylindoles/carbazoles were found in oils that had undergone moderate hydrotreating conditions. The deleterious effects of certain nitrogen compounds on fuel storage stability and thermal oxidation are well known. Acid and clay selectively removed basic nitrogen from hydrotreated shale oils. Carbazole and alkyl-substituted carbazoles were the only nitrogen species present in the acid-clay-treated (finished) fuel from shale oil. Based upon model compound studies, these nitrogen species are not expected to be problematic for fuel storage. 19 refs., 5 figs. 8 tabs.

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Effects of digestion temperature on Kjeldahl analyses

A survey had shown that present methods for nitrogen determination were unsatisfactory and that the Kjeldahl method used on a macro scale had promise.  Investigation of the variables in the Kjeldahl procedure revealed that the temperature attained in digestion of the sample was of prime importance.  Too low a temperature either requires too long a digestion time or fails to give good results, while too high a temperature may result in loss of nitrogen. Adjustment of the amount of potassium sulfate in the digestion mixture to give the proper temperatures resulted on a procedure which has given satisfactory results on a large number of samples.  The concept of a narrow temperature range within which satisfactory results may be obtained by the Kjeldahl procedure permits modification of the standard procedures on a logical basis it meet requirements of special samples or conditions.

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Water availability for development of major tar sands areas in Utah

"The Sutron Corporation, under contract with Colorado State University, has conducted a study for the LETC to determine the availability of water for future extraction of viscous petroleum from the six major tar sand deposits in Utah.  The study was a fact finding effort involving the compilation of information from publication of the US Geological Survey, Utah State Engineer, Utah Department of Natural Resources, and other federal and state agencies. The information covers the general physiographic and geologic features of the total area, the estimated water requirements for tar sands development, the availability of water in each of the six areas, and the legal and sociological restraints and impacts."

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Surface and shallow oil-impregnated rocks and shallow oil fields in the United States

This study is a survey of surface and near surface petroleum impregnated rocks and their extensions to 500 feet. Oil shales are excluded. Also ignored in this report are oil seepages, gilsonite, grahamite, and other solid bituments and pyrobitumens in dikes and veins except where these are associated with exposures of oil impregnated rock, big enough and well enough described to metal inclusion, in the compiling authors'opinions.

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Nitrogen gas in five oilfields on the Nesson Anticline in North Dakota

"This Bureau of Mines report tabulates data on nitrogen-gas reservoirs and isolated occurrences of inert gas s in several Williston basin oilfields. Recoverable reserves of nitrogen gas in the Minnelusa nitrogen interval within  the areas of five oilfields on the Nesson anticline in North Dakota are estimated at about 1.27 trillion standard cubic feet, based on computer analyses of logs from over 300 wells. This volume of nitrogen represents a large source of high-pressure inert gas and warrants consideration of possible application in oil-production operations. Drill-stem tests made in two of the fields indicated that nitrogen can be produced at rates up to 28 million cubic feet per day."

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Characterization of Utah tar sand bitumen. [Physical properties and chemical composition]

The physical properties and chemical composition of a PR Springs, Utah, tar sand bitumen are presented. These physical properties are compared with those of other bitumens. The bitumen is separated into five major fractions--acids, bases, neutral nitrogen compounds, saturated hydrocarbons, and aromatic hydrocarbons. This is accomplished by ion exchange, coordination complex, and adsorption chromatography. Further concentration of compound types from these fractions is achieved by gel permeation, liquid adsorption, and thin layer chromatography. Techniques for the analysis of compound types in the concentrates include fluorescence, infrared, and mass spectroscopy. Compound types identified in the acids include carboxylic acids, phenols, amides, and carbazoles. Compound types identified in the bases include amides and pyridines. The neutral nitrogen compounds consist predominantly of carbazoles and amides. Saturated and aromatic hydrocarbons were 85 percent distillable (less than 538/sup 0/C) and were examined by GLC and fluorescence and mass spectroscopy.

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Characterization of nitrogen bases in high-boiling petroleum distillates. [370-675/sup 0/C petroleum distillates]

The nitrogen bases in eight high-boiling crude oil distillates from four crude oils having different geological sources were characterized. Four basic compound types were found in all of the distillates--pyridine benzologs, diaza compounds, amides, and carbazoles. A chromatographic-infrared method was developed for the qualitative and quantitative determination of the major compound types. The data obtained using this method were compared with titration and total nitrogen data. This comparison demonstrated that the chromatographic-infrared method alone can be used to qualitatively and quantitatively analyze basic compound types in high-boiling petroleum distillates and that titration and total nitrogen data alone can be used to quickly estimate the kinds and amounts of major compound types in these distillates. The structures of the basic compounds were examined in detail using fluorescence, mass, and infrared spectrometry.

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Diesel fuels from shale oil. [Review of selected research]

High-boiling shale oil produced from Rocky Mountain oil shale can be reduced in molecular weight by recycle thermal cracking and by coking. Selected research on the production of diesel fuels from shale oil is reviewed. Diesel fuels of good quality have been made from cracked shale oil by acid and caustic treating. Diesel oil made by this process performed acceptably in an in-service test for powering a railroad engine in a 750-hour test. Better quality diesel fuels were made by hydrogenation of a coker distillate. Even better quality diesel fuels, suitable also for use as high-quality distillate burner fuels, have been made by hydrocracking of a crude shale oil from underground in-situ retorting experiments.

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Nonisothermal determination of the intrinsic kinetics of oil generation from oil shale

A nonisothermal technique using various heating rates has been applied to the determination of the intrinsic kinetics of oil generation from oil shale. From an engineering standpoint the rate of oil generation can adequately be described by overall first-order kinetics with a constant activation energy of 199 kJ/mol. Various methods are applied to the determination of the kinetics parameters. The relative merits of these methods are discussed. The results are compared with data reported in the literature. The nonisothermal technique has the advantages of short experimental time and the elimination of difficulties due to the initial heat-up period accompanying the isothermal experiments.

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Separation and analyses of petroleum residues

Information about the composition of petroleum residues is needed because of the increased use of this material as an energy source. This study is an extension of previous work in which high-boiling distillates from four crude oils were characterized according to compound type. The residues used in this investigation represent the portions of the crude oils that did not distill at a corrected boiling point of 675/sup 0/C. The residues were separated into fractions of acids, bases; neutral nitrogen compounds, and hydrocarbons, using the separation technique developed for high-boiling distillates. Acids and bases were isolated using ion exchange resins, neutral nitrogen compounds were removed by complexation chromatography, and the hydrocarbons were separated into fractions of saturates and aromatics by adsorption chromatography. The acid and base fractions were further separated and characterized according to compound type using such methods as gel permeation and adsorption chromatography and infrared, ultraviolet, and high-resolution mass spectrometry.

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Reverse combustion in tar sands

The reverse combustion process for in-situ processing of tar sands is discussed. Major advantages of reverse combustion include improved flow and upgrading of the bitumen so that up to 50 percent of the bitumen is recovered as a 22 to 25 percent APl gravity synthetic crude oil. A disadvantage is that apparently rather close well spacing will be necessary because of the large air flux required. Also, there is the possibility of spontaneous ignition in the unburned area if air injection is continued for too long a period of time. Results of core analyses, bitumen analysis, and combustion tube experiments are discussed and a proposed field project described.

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Comparative study between the kinetics of retorting of Ohio and Colorado shale

A comparative study between the kinetics of oil generation from Ohio and Colorado shales has been done. To facilitate comparison and to eliminate systematic errors, the same retorting system was used to study the kinetics of both Ohio and Colorado shales. Temperatures ranging to 923/sup 0/K and nitrogen and carbon dioxide as sweep gases were used for this study. Both the isothermal and non-isothermal retorting techniques were employed for the kinetic measurement and the results obtained compared favorably with each other. The pyrolysis of Ohio shale was also found to comply with first-order kinetics within the limits of experimental error. The study gave an apparent activation energy of 149.1  - 2.8 KJ/mol for Ohio shale (25 cm/sup 3//kg) and 182.5  - 3.5 KJ/mol for Colorado shale (110 cm/sup 3//kg). 10 references, 6 figures, 2 tables.

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Production of shale oil. [Survey article, with emphasis on TOSCO process]

For more than 50 years, hopeful eyes have been cast at the hundreds of billion of barrels of oil locked in the Rocky Mountains'Green River formation Many abortive attempts have been made to extract the oil commercially. So far, all have failed- not technically but economically.  However, the price of crude oil is going up rapidly.  Gasoline shortages this past summer and heating oil shortages last winter ( and probably again the winter) are kindling interest in energy sources everywhere-but particularly, in the U.S. for energy sources that will not ruin the balance of payments.  Hence, oil from shale is getting another appraisal.  In this review, we cover the chemical nature of oil shale, the oil shale reserves in the tri-state area of Utah, Wyoming, and Colorado, and the production of shale oil from the oil shale rock.

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Effect of heating rate on the pyrolysis of oil shale

Oil shale is a finely-textured. Laminated maristone that contains a waxy materials called kerogen. Keregen is insoluble in organc colvent but at elevated temperatures decomposes to yield an oil which is suitable for use as a refinery feedstock. The two principle routes used for the recovery of oil from shale are 1) above ground retorting of the mined shale, and 2) in-situ retorting, To recover oil from oil shale by the in-situ technique excavation and fracturing are required to create a sufficient distribution of porosity for the injectioin of retorting gases. Heat for retorting is then provided by parital combustion of the oil shale with air. Work on the development of an in-situ process for recovery of oil from shale has been in progress for several years at the Laramie Energy Research Center( Bureau of Mines) and by several oil companies. Some of the potential advantages of in-situ processing are 1) reduced cost attributable to climation of the mining and waste disposal requirement, 2) lower water requirements, and 3) amenability to recovery of oil from deep beds that are inacessible to conventional mining methods (2). The main obstacles to development of a viable in-situ process are 1) suitable fracturing techniques have not yet been developed and 2) scareity of data on the most efficient way of retorting of oil shale.

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Drill cutting sampling for oil yields of Green River oil shales

Drill cuttings from oil and gas wells penetrating the Green River formation have been the primary source of samples from this huge oil shale deposit in Colorado, Utah and Wyoming.  The Federal Bureau of Mines uses oil yields of such samples in one phase of its research to characterize these deposits. By comparative sampling the representations of actual oil yields of the formation oil shales by two types of drill cuttings were evaluated.

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Oil shale retorting using electromagnetic methods

The enclosed report presents the results of a three year study on the retorting of oil shales by electromagnetic methods. The main aim of this study was twofold: (1) to obtain reliable data on the various retorting parameters such as dielectric constants, temperature profiles, permeabilities, oil yields, etc., for the case of bench scale retorting of a shale block by electromagnetic methods using a monopole antenna; and (2) to develop and validate a mathematical model using this data. Reliable data have been obtained using a bench scale retort to heat shale blocks using monopole antennas under various conditions. Data have been obtained for dielectric constants and permeabilities. A mathematical model has been developed to interpret the present data. Combined with all the earlier experimental work in the literature, economics of the heating process has been studied following the earlier work by Bridges and his group, and Mellon. Feasibility studies of other configurations such as phased arrays have been conducted. 61 figs., 5 tabs.

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Manufacture of paraffin wax from petroleum

Paraffin wax is an interesting and valuable product obtained in the refining of many crude petroleums.  Petroleum when refined is separated into a number of fractions by vaporization and fractionation.  One of the most important of these is a lubricating oil fraction form which wax, if present, must be removed before the manufacture of satisfactory lubricants is possible.  Most of the Eastern, Mid-Continent, and Rocky Mountain petroleum contain wax, while the majority of the Gulf Coast and many of the California petroleums are free of wax.  The removal of wax from lubricating oil fractions is a rather expensive refining operation.  The equipment necessary for wax removal is costly, but it has long life and its maintenance costs are low.  The equipment for finishing the crude wax into commercial products is not costly compared to that for removing the wax from the oil. As the cost of wax removal is chargeable to the lubricating oil, the actual refining of the crude wax into commercial products should be profitable even with the low prices for wax that have obtained for several years.

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Permeability and capillarity in petroleum reservoir engineering

The common methods for determining permeability and capillarity are outlined and the uses of these results in petroleum engineering are summarized.  Most of the changes noted when the single phase permeability of a specimen is determined with gas and with water are attributable to such factors as gas slippage, interactions between the media and the fluid, bacterial growth, and incomplete saturations.  Multiphase permeability, used in most reservoir calculations is best determined by the unsteady state displacement method. Analyses of data obtained from well tests are based either on the assumption of steady state flow of incompressible fluids or the unsteady state flow of slightly compressible fluids.  Analyses of pressure buildup curves using the concept of unsteady-state flow are proving very useful in determining a variety of reservoir conditions such as permeability, well damage, reservoir volume, distance to faults, static reset, air pressure and interference between wells.  Capillary pressure relations, used to predict water saturation in the reservoir, are best determined by displacement of fluids through a semi permeable barrier.  The centrifuge method gives good results in homogenous specimens, while the mercury injection method is useful for specimens not containing swelling clay minerals.

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Synthetic liquid fuels. 1948 annual report of the Secretary of the Interior. Part II. Oil from oil shale

In 1948  the United States became a net importer of oil. Coupled with an unprecedented domestic production of 5,900,000 barrels daily, imports approximating 500,000 barrels made available a total supply of 6,400,000 barrels a day. Thus, by herculean effort, the oil inductry was able to meet an extraordinary demand at home and, in addition, to ship abroad almost 400,000 barrels daily of petroleum and products.

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National fuel reserves:  relation to the future supply of liquid fuels. [USA]

"The United States is fortunate in having large reserves of  all kinds of mineral fuels in solid, liquid, and gaseous  forms: the coal reserves, excluding those of Alaska, but  including lignite, are estimated by the Federal Geological Survey at 3.2 trillion net tons as of January 1,1937. This amount is thought to be from 40 to 50 percent of the world reserves of all ranks of coal. The proved reserves of petroleum in the United States as of January 1, 1946, are estimated at 20.8 billion barrels by the Committee on Petroleum Reserves of the American Petroleum Institute. This figure is about: 35 per cent of the proved world reserves. The proved reserves of natural gas have been estimated at not less than 135 trillion cubic feet as of  January 1,1945, by James E. Pew of the Petroleum Administration for War. Very little data are available on the world reserves of natural gas."

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Homogeneous catalytic deuteration of olefinic double bonds. [from shale oil distillates]

The specific deuteration of olefins using tris rhodiam chloride as a Lomogeneous catalyst has been investigated. Seventeen n-monoolefins were deuterated and the distribution and the vicinal positions of the deuterium atoms were located by mass spectrometry. Deuterium adds specifically across the double bonds in n-monoolefins and the reaction proceeds to completion in a reasonable time. The mass spectral fragmentation patterns for the deuterioalkanes formed by this specific labeling technique can be used to locate the deuterium atoms and thus to determine the position of the double bond in the original olefin.

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Effect of clays on the permeability of reservoir sands to various saline waters, Wyoming

This report presents results of an investigation undertaken by the Bureau of Mines to determine the clay content of typical petroleum reservoir sands in Wyoming and the effect of clay content on the permeability behavior of the sands.  These results should have significance in determining the feasibility of injecting water into the sands for secondary recovery and in estimating the probable damage incurred by these sands if invaded with filtrates from water-base drilling mud's.

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