AndreaBozzo/ceres-open-data-index huggingface dataset:
Design of a wireline hydraulic fracturing tool

Simulation of a reservoir with the intent to obtain a large treatment radius, approaching 100% of the drainage radius, is known as Massive Hydraulic Fracture (MHF) treatment. In order to achieve a large radial distance of propped fracture, vertical fracture must be inhibited. The in-situ stress must be known in order to predict the hydraulic fracture. This paper describes the results of the design and evaluation of wireline tools for measuring in-situ stress by hydraulic fracturing. These tools could reduce the cost of these stress measurements. The possibility of measuring in-situ stresses through perforated casing, thus reducing the chances of losing a well, was also evaluated. (DLC)

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Hot-gas desulfurization. I. Use of gasifier ash in a fixed-bed process. Final report

A method for removing gaseous sulfur compounds from coal-derived fuel gases through their reaction with the iron in gasifier coal ash has been thoroughly researched, and the results have been applied for design of a commercial scale, fixed-bed, desulfurization process. Ashes with 5-23 weight percent iron oxide have been used in small reactors to sorb hydrogen sulfide from synthesized low-Btu fuel gas. Carbonly sulfide and carbon disulfide are also removed indirectly after hydrogenation to hydrogen sulfide. Results show sulfide removal efficiencies in excess of 99 percent and ash sulfide capacities up to 5.8 weight percent. A mixture of sulfur dioxide and sulfur is recovered during regeneration of spent ashes. Cyclic use of ashes improves their overall sorption reaction rate efficiency and performance. Models have been developed, verified and used to simulate operation of commercial-scale reactors. Preliminary design of a fixed bed process suitable for desulfurization of 43 MM SCF/HR of fuel gas calls for simultaneous use of six 25 x 15 ft diameter desulfurization reactors and two regeneration reactors of equal size. The estimated plant investment is 17.5 million dollars with an annual operating cost of 4.4 million dollars that is completely offset by a 20 dollar per ton credit for by-product sulfuric acid.

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Gas characterization from fluidized-bed coal gasification. Fourth quarterly report, June 1-August 31, 1982

The Westinghouse Electric Corporation is characterizing the nature of alkali, trace metal, particulate, and hydrocarbon emissions in the hot fuel gas stream produced in the Westinghouse fluidized bed gasifier. This program is being carried out to determine the potential environmental and process implications of these emissions. Data reduction from measurements on the samples taken during the May test (TP-032-2) was completed. Samples were taken from two of the set points during the August test (TP-033-1) and were submitted for analysis. Alkali modeling systems analysis has begun on the data generated from the May test (TP-032-2). Utilizing the reported coal composition and PDU test parameters, a preliminary review of the alkali reactions and possible transformations during gasification was initiated. The equilibrium estimates project volatilization of 1.26% of the feedstock sodium, and 0.35% of the feedstock potassium, representing 1.99 ppM NaCl and 1.03 ppM KCl as the principal volatile alkali species. These volatile phases are projected to exist in equilibrium with solid NaAlSi/sub 3/O/sub 8/ and KAlSi/sub 3/O/sub 8/ present in the ash. The estimates, which should be viewed only as a preliminary projection since a chlorine concentration of 0.01 wt % was assumed and had not been analytically defined, do indicate the relatively low concentration of volatile alkali which can be expected to be released from the coal matrix at the gasifier outlet.

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Experimental evaluation of reservoir pretreatment in chemical flooding. Final report

Fifty-six radial disk floods in Berea sandstone were completed to evaluate the effect of various reservoir pretreatment systems. The primary study parameters were as follows: preflush size from 0 to 1 PV; preflush chemicals, inorganic and organic; Berea clay condition; fired vs unfired; and connate water composition in the absence of preflush. From these disk floods the following effects were identified: in the absence of other contrary forces, increasing preflush size improves oil recovery. The effect is pronounced up to 0.5 PV. Above this level the improvement is minimal; clay alteration as produced by disk firing has a profound detrimental effect on tertiary oil recovery; most inorganic chemical preflushes were beneficial. A soft saline preflush is effective in displacing the divalent cations in the connate water. It also provides the opportunity for cation exchange with divalent cations on the Berea clays. Preflush chemicals which precipitate or sequester the calcium and magnesium generally provided additional benefit; organic preflushes were also effective especially the lignosulfonates which were used as sacrificial agents; a high monovalent/divalent cation ratio in connate brine generally was beneficial for oil recovery when no preflush was employed; a high frontal velocity leads to low oil recovery, presumably due to by-passing of considerable pore space; and the floods showed an inverse relationship between sulfonate retention and oil recovery. As increasing quantities of sulfonate were precipitated or otherwise lost from the slug, residual oil concentrations rose.

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Household energy consumption and expenditures, 1990. [Contains Glossary]

This report, Household Energy Consumption and Expenditures 1990, is based upon data from the 1990 Residential Energy Consumption Survey (RECS). Focusing on energy end-use consumption and expenditures of households, the 1990 RECS is the eighth in a series conducted since 1978 by the Energy Information Administration (EIA). Over 5,000 households were surveyed, providing information on their housing units, housing characteristics, energy consumption and expenditures, stock of energy-consuming appliances, and energy-related behavior. The information provided represents the characteristics and energy consumption of 94 million households nationwide.

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Studies on the regeneration of sulfided iron oxide sorbent with steam-air mixtures. Final technical report

The work reported here was performed as a continuation of studies conducted previously at West Virginia University (WVU), Department of Chemical Engineering on a hot-fuel-gas desulfurization process using a regenerable iron oxide-silica sorbent. The overall process consists of two stages: the absorption or the H/sub 2/S removal stage and the sorbent regeneration stage. In the absorption stage the iron oxide reacts with H/sub 2/S to form iron sulfide. For regeneration of the sulfided sorbent, various schemes have been proposed. Studies at WVU have been aimed at identifying the important reactions involved in absorption and regeneration stages, elucidating their mechanisms and investigating detailed kinetics. In the first two phases of the study, reactions in H/sub 2/S absorption and in sorbent regeneration by air/SO/sub 2/ were investigated. This report addresses regeneration of the sulfided sorbent using steam-air mixtures. Experiments were conducted in a thermo-gravimetric analyzer (TGA) apparatus. The weight changes were recorded as a function of time during the reactions of iron sulfide (in the presulfided sorbent) with nitrogen-stream and air-steam mixtures. In addition, several solid samples at different conversion levels were analyzed by LECO sulfur analysis technique and by Mossbauer spectroscopy. Based on these results, a reaction mechanism has been postulated. Additional work is necessary to investigate the gas-phase reactions which may be taking place simultaneously in a fixed - or a fluidized-bed reactor, and to formulate the overall reaction scheme. 14 figures, 3 tables.

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Overburden Characterization and Post-Burn Study of the Hoe Creek, Wyoming Underground Coal Gasification Site

In 1978 the third test (Hoe Creek III) in a series of underground coal gasification (UCG) experiments was completed at a site south of Gillette, Wyoming. The post-burn study of the geology of the overburden and interlayered rock of the two coal seams affected by the experiment is based on the study of fifteen cores. The primary purpose of the study was to characterize the geology of the overburden and interlayered rock and to determine and evaluate the mineralogical and textural changes that were imposed by the experiment. Within the burn cavity the various sedimentary units have been brecciated and thermally altered to form several pyrometamorphic rock types of paralava rock, paralava breccia, buchite, buchite breccia and hornfels. High temperature minerals of mullite, cordierite, oligo-clase-andesine, tridymite, cristobalite, clinopyroxenes, and magnetite are common in the pyrometamorphic rocks. The habit of these minerals indicates that they crystallized from a melt. These minerals and textures suggest that the rocks were formed at temperatures between 1200/sup 0/ and 1400/sup 0/C. A comparison of geologic and geological-technological factors between the Hoe Creek III site, which experienced substantial roof collapse, and the Hanna II site, which had only moderate roof collapse, indicates that overburden thickness relative to coal seam thickness, degree of induration of overburden rock, injection-production well spacing, and ultimate cavity size are important controls of roof collapse in the structural setting of the two sites.

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Rock Creek Carbon Dioxide Pilot Project. Annual report, July 1979-June 1980

The carbon dioxide injection aspect of the project proceeded smoothly except during supply shortages. An actual effective injection of only 31% rather than the estimated 50% has reduced the percent pore volume of carbon dioxide injected into the pattern area to well below the design volume. Therefore, additional carbon dioxide injection may be required to insure a fair evaluation of this displacement mechanism. To date, this pilot has given no evidence to indicate that a miscible carbon dioxide flood will fail to economically recover a significant amount of oil, provided a sufficient volume of carbon dioxide is injected.

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Site visit report:  Pittsburgh Energy Technology Center coal/water boiler, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Final report

The coal/water boiler at the Pittsburgh Energy Technology Center is a 700 horsepower boiler which has been operating since 1978. The objective of the unit is to determine the feasibility of converting oil-fired utility boilers to use coal water slurry as fuel. The feedstock coal for the PETC coal/water boiler is pulverized and mixed with water at a ratio of 60% coal to 40% water. The slurry is then pumped to the boiler and sprayed into the firing chamber using conventional oil-firing equipment. Currently, parametric studies are being conducted to determine the effects of changing combustion conditions. The US Department of Energy, Laramie Energy Technology Center, has contracted with Versar Inc., of Springfield, Virginia, to collect, containerize, and distribute samples of coal feedstocks and resultant solid wastes from utility plants and emerging energy technologies. Engineering Science (ES) of Atlanta, Georgia, has been contracted to assess the potential range of impacts of the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) on the utility sector and emerging energy technologies. Through the cooperation of the DOE, Pittsburgh Energy Technology Center staff, Versar was provided with samples of the solid waste materials generated by the coal/water boiler as well as a detailed analysis of the coal feedstock. Versar's responsibilities at this facility included the following: (a) Containerization - After samples are collected and processed (i.e., dewatered, crushed, blended, and dried), specimens are placed in randomly-labeled containers; and (b) Distribution of samples - Specimens are sent to a minimum of two commercial laboratories for analysis. The overall objectives to provide samples of feedstock materials and solid wastes from 25 utility sites and fossil energy emerging technologies distributed across the country.

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Investigation of sulfur-bearing minerals in raw and processed oil shale

Raw oil shale samples were investigated to provide baseline information on sulfur-bearing mineral composition. The sulfur-bearing mineral identified in raw oil in this study was primarily pyrite (FeS{sub 2}). Sulfur-bearing alteration minerals were gypsum (CaSO{sub 4}{center dot}2H{sub 2}O) and copiapite (Fe{sub 14}O{sub 3}(SO{sub 4}){sub 18}{center dot}63H{sub 2}O), which appeared as crystalline masses on the surfaces of sulfide minerals. Investigation of spent (or processed) oil shale demonstrated that heat-induced mineralogical reactions can drastically alter the crystalline structure of materials. Hexagonal pyrrhotite is the kinetically and structurally preferred sulfur-bearing mineral formed during oil shale processing. The Ca-monosulfide oldhamite was identified in processed Green River Formation oil shale resulting from WRI's TREE process. Oldhamite which has not been identified in terrestrial rocks, formed as a result of high sulfur gases present during the thermal processing of a Ca-rich oil shale. This work provided information concerning (1) thermal alteration of pyrite to pyrrhotite (and pyrrhotite-type minerals) and (2) the disclosure of a mineral not previously reported in oil shale. It is essential for processing and disposal considerations that metastable and unstable mineral forms be identified and more completely understood. Information concerning processing characteristics and sulfur-bearing mineral forms in raw and processed oil shale can be incorporated into the future strategies of solid waste management for fossil fuels. 56 refs., 21 figs., 3 tabs.

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Fundamental combustion studies of low-rank coal slurries. Quarterly technical progress report No. 2, June 1, 1984 to August 31, 1984

This contract for fundamental combustion studies of low-rank coal slurries was initiated March 1, 1984. Slurries to be studied will be primarily those produced from steam-dried lignite coal provided by the Grand Forks Project Office. Contract work includes virgin coal and slurry characterization, slurry spray and atomization measurements, detailed mapping of combustion products and pollutants for low-rank coal slurries in a laboratory reactor, and comparison of results with computer model predictions and data obtained under similar conditions from combustion of high-rank coal-water mixtures. Accomplishments for this quarter are presented for the following tasks: (1) coal and coal-water mixture (CWM) characterization; (2) CWM reactor; and (3) atomization/combustion of slurries. 12 references, 15 figures, 2 tables.

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The effects of halides on the performance of coal gas-fueled molten carbonate fuel cells: Topical report

A literature survey and thermodynamic analyses were performed to determine the anticipated effects of chloride and fluoride present in gasified coal on the performance of molten carbonate fuel cells. The literature survey encompassed limited tests in which hydrogen chloride was introduced in the molten carbonate cell reactants, properties of mixtures of lithium and potassium carbonates with lithium and potassium chlorides or fluorides, and the effects of chlorides and fluorides on the corrosion of molten carbonate cell materials. The thermodynamic analyses included calculations of the conditions at which nickel anodes will react with the halides, the equilibrium composition of the electrolyte as a function of gas-phase hydrogen chloride and hydrogen fluoride partial pressure, and the vapor pressure of the alkali metal halides as a function of electrolyte halide ion fraction. A summary is presented of the likely effects of chloride and fluoride on molten carbonate fuel cells. 21 refs., 16 figs.

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Failure analysis report:  coal lock hopper valve Type I, II, and IV P/N 75859, S/N 2

This report covers the analysis of a failure which occurred during static testing of a Type I, II, and IV Lock Hopper Valve P/N 75895. The unit was assembled and acceptance tested at Consolidated Controls Corporation and static tested at the Morgantown Energy Technology Center. After 800 cycles of testing the valve began to jam on closing. The jamming was found to be caused by an accumulation of solids behind the spring retainer associated with the inlet seat.

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Development of a hot gas cleanup system for integrated coal gasification/molten carbonate fuel cell power plants: Final report for the period October 1982-January 1985

This report summarizes work conducted by the Institute of Gas Technology on a conceptual gas cleanup system for removing sulfur-containing compounds and HC1 from coal-derived fuel gases at temperatures greater than 1000/sup 0/F. The gas cleanup system under investigation consists of two separate processes. In one process known as the IGT mixed metal oxide process, a fixed bed of metal oxide-containing sorbents removes the sulfur-containing compounds by reaction. The sulfided sorbent is then regenerated with an oxygen-containing gas to produce elemental sulfur. In the other process, a fixed bed of molten carbonate-containing sorbent removes the HCl by reaction. The spent sorbent from this process is either disposed of or reprocessed externally. Both experimental testing and preliminary cost projections have been conducted for the two processes. The experimental testing phase of this program has included laboratory-scale testing of potentially useful sorbents for both processes and larger-scale testing of superior sorbents under simulated process conditions. The preliminary cost projection phase has included the evaluation of several different regeneration schemes for the high-temperature fuel gas desulfurization process and an estimation of the cost of using the molten carbonate sorbent for HCl removal.

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Granular bed filter development program, Phase II. Quarterly report, June-August 1980

During this period the program was redirected to obtain data on an improved version of the screenless moving Granular Bed Filter (GBF) rather than construct the device with the improvements incorporated and test at the Curtiss-Wright facility. Work in the interim was directed toward low temperature testing of the improved GBF and obtaining physical data for a numerical model of the GBF.

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Rivesville multicell fluidized bed boiler. Annual technical progress report. July 1978-June 1979

Design, construction and test program of a 300,000 lb/hr steam generating capacity multicell fluidized bed boiler (MFB), as a pollution free method of burning high-sulfur or highly corrosive coals, is being carried out. The concept involves burning fuels such as coal, in a fluidized bed of limestone particles that react with the sulfur compounds formed during combustion to reduce air pollution. Nitrogen oxide emissions are also reduced at the lower combustion temperatures. The CaSO/sub 4/ produced in the furnace is discharged with the ash or regenerated to CaO for reuse in the fluidized bed. Information is presented on continued operation of the Rivesville MFB steam generating plant in a commercial mode and for determining performance and emission characteristics; studies and tests on flyash characterization and reinjection, fuel feed eductors and needles, air distributor, corrosion-erosion and sulfur capture; engineering studies to improve MFB performance and reliability.

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Rivesville multicell fluidized-bed boiler. Quarterly technical progress report, October-December 1979

The objective of this program is to design, construct and test a multicell fluidized-bed boiler as a pollution-free method of burning high-sulfur or highly corrosive coals without excessive maintenance problems. The fluidized-bed boiler will provide approximately 300,000 pounds of steam per hour. Steam pressure and temperature conditions were selected to meet requirements of the site at which the boiler was installed.

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Arctic and Offshore Research Subprogram:  Reducing the uncertainties about producing oil and gas in the Alaskan Arctic

In assessing the research. The needs for the Arctic and Offshore Research (AOR) Subprogram, Morgantown Energy Technology Center with the DOE Fossil Energy Office of Oil, Gas, and Shale Technology, developed a 5-year plan that includes the following activities: (1) AOR data base development and coordination; (2) ice research; (3) seafloor soils research; and (4) subice arctic research. The DOE Arctic and Offshore Research Subprogram was initiated in FY 83, the major programming activities were performed in January and February 1983, and the program evolved to its present form by the conclusion of FY 83. The current program activities have included determining the various Arctic bibliographic data bases and initiating most pieces of the research described above (except multi-year ice properties, pipeline research, and subice feasibility studies. The seismic-measurements study continues the work initiated by the Energy Research and Development Administration, updated with an Arctic emphasis. The FY 83 accomplishments include redesigning the seafloor earthquake measurements system (SEMS) and assessing the preliminary Alaska site for potential SEMS deployment. 1 reference, 1 figure, 9 tables.

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Provenance and petrofacies, Upper Devonian sandstones, Philip Smith Mountains and Arctic quandrangles, Brooks Range, Alaska: Final report, Project No. 3

Late Devonian sandstone beds are exposed as allochthonous sequences that extend for over 1000 km along the east-west strike of the Brooks Range in northern Alaska. These horizons, at least in part, record Late Devonian tectonism and deposition along the southern margin of the Arctic Alaska block. This study identifies clastic petrofacies in the western Philip Smith Mountains and southern Arctic quadrangles and infers the composition of the source terrane. The paleogeography is not known and the original distribution of lithofacies is uncertain, owing to the extensive post-depositional tectonism. In the study area the sandstones are exposed along rugged mountain tops and high ridges. Although exposures are excellent, access is often difficult. Samples were collected from exposures near the western end of the Chandalar Shelf, Atigun Pass, and the Atigun River valley in the Philip Smith Mountains quadrangle and from the Crow Nest Creek and Ottertail Creek areas in the Arctic quadrangle. 34 refs., 17 figs.

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Sedimentology of gas-bearing Devonian shales of the Appalachian Basin

The Eastern Gas Shales Project (1976-1981) of the US DOE has generated a large amount of information on Devonian shale, especially in the western and central parts of the Appalachian Basin (Morgantown Energy Technology Center, 1980). This report summarizes this information, emphasizing the sedimentology of the shales and how it is related to gas, oil, and uranium. This information is reported in a series of statements each followed by a brief summary of supporting evidence or discussion and, where interpretations differ from our own, we include them. We believe this format is the most efficient way to learn about the gas-bearing Devonian shales of the Appalachian Basin and have organized our statements as follows: paleogeography and basin analysis; lithology and internal stratigraphy; paleontology; mineralogy, petrology, and chemistry; and gas, oil, and uranium.

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