AndreaBozzo/ceres-open-data-index huggingface dataset:
Increase in the heat of combustion of gas in underground gasification of coals. [Addition of steam to air produced increase in H content of gas by 8% after first steam blowing and by 7% after repeated steam blowing]

"The heat of combustion of the gas obtained by underground gasification of coals in all Fodzemgaz stations -- except for the gas generators constructed in the IV-Vn Kuzbass formation - with an air blast is at  present around 750-850 kcal/m3. The quality of this gas could be considerably improved ,if the gasification were conducted with steam-air, steam-oxygen, or oxygen-enriched blasts. This possibility has been extensively investigated, both theoretically and experimentally (1-5].  The experimental results presented in this study indicate that if the processing conditions are suitably chosen, the heat of combustion of the underground gasification produce can be raised to 1600 kCal/m or more."

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Underground gasification of coal. Podzemnaya Gazifikatsiya Ugeli

The experience obtained at the YuzhnoAbinskaya  "Podzemgaz" station constitutes the basis for the discussion of the technology of underground gasification  of coals given in this book. A technological and economic description is given of this method of processing the Kuzbass coal deposits. The book is  intended for all those working in the coal and gas industries.

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In-place recovery of multiple products from Colorado's saline-mineral-bearing Piceance Basin

Recovery of oil and associated minerals from oil shale in place offers several potential advantages over conventional mining surface processing operations. Because most of the operation takes place underground, in situ development inherently has fewer materials handling and environmental problems. The major difficulty of in situ development is that oil shale has no primary porosity or permeability. Consequently, underground void space must be created before oil shale can be processed in place.

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Thermal decomposition of oil shales. II. Determination of the heat of reaction in their thermal decomposition

The purpose of this research was to study the heat involved and the primary effect of heat on oil shale from Grand Valley (Colo.). The heat of reaction for decomposing the oil shale to gas and oil ranged from 421 to 484 calories per gram of oil and gas produced. The coefficient of conductivity was 0.00086 gram calories per cubic centimeter per second.

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Thermal decomposition of shales. I. Heat effects

Sixty-mesh oil shale from Grand Valley (Colo.) was heated in a sealed container for 1 to 8 hours at temperatures of 374/sup 0/ to 425/sup 0/C., and the amount of kerogen made soluble was determined. The pyrobitumens did not decompose to primary distillation products (oil), as the first substance obtained was a heavy solid or semisolid bitumen. This bitumen was formed at a definite temperature between 400/sup 0/ and 410/sup 0/C. in the instance of this particular shale. The petroleum oils formed from the shale resulted from decomposition or cracking of the heavy bitumen.

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NMR measurements on heated oil shales

Many studies have been conducted in the past on various aspects of oil shale conversion; however, none have adequately addressed the basic chemistry involved during kerogen thermal decomposition. Instead, most of the studies have been concerned with the rate of kerogen conversion to products and average activation energies associated with the processes. Typically kerogen conversion is found to be a first order rate process and these data are used to provide a global or macroscopic description of kerogen conversion. The reason why structural information has not been obtained in previous work is that suitable analytical techniques have not been developed to provide such information. Now such techniques can provide information about the structure of kerogen and how the structure changes during heating. The most important technique is nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) cross polarization (CP) with magic angle spinning (MAS) The author employs CP/MAS /sup 13/C NMR techniques with and without interrupted decoupling to measure changes in the organic carbon distribution of oil shales upon heating. The results suggest the potential of solid state /sup 13/C NMR techniques for understanding the reaction chemistry during oil shale thermal decomposition.

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Mathematical model for the pyrolysis of oil shale using distribution of activation energy kinetics

Mathematical simulations of commercial oil shale retort operations require an understanding of the rate processes which occur in individual oil shale particles. Previously, the kinetics of oil shale devolatilization have been modeled using simple kinetic schemes but have failed to predict the production of volatile products over a wide range of pyrolysis conditions. A prototype model was developed in this study which incorporated the kinetics of devolatilization, a mechanism for intraparticle mass transport of volatile products, and the kinetics for intraparticle product degradation. The complex kinetics associated with oil shale devolatilization were interpreted using the distribution of activation energies theory developed previously for coal pyrolysis. A gaussian distribution function was used to represent the activation energies for the reactions producing volatile products. The parameters in the model were estimated from isothermal weight loss data for western oil shale. A favorable comparison was made between the model prediction and data from a nonisothermal experiment.

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Separtion and identification of some alkylpyridines from thermally cracked shale-oil naphtha

A separation scheme leading to a possible petrochemical method has been developed for the recovery of alkylpyridines from thermally cracked shale-oil naphtha. The processing is characterized by the choice of successive naphtha distillation ranges for the separate removal of tar acids and bases by aqueous NaOH and H2SO4 extractions, and the differential springing of the tar base extract layers and the isolation of water-white amine fractions for identification.

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Underground gasification of fuels. [Review]

As fuel reserves are gradually depleted , new ways must be sought to expand the variety of alternatives for exploiting fuels and for feasibly utilizing fuel energy more efficiently. This search encourages the exploitation of the energy and chemical potential of fuels and promises significant economic benefits. Since fuel in the gaseous state is important both as an efficient means of energy transmission and as a raw material in processes of chemical synthesis, the fuel gasification process is the best basis for such a dual-fuel economy. Furthermore, gas may be easily transported by pipeline.

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Study of gasification at a depth of 300-400 m. at the Lisichansk underground gas station. [Operaton of gas generator at 300-400 m]

The research institute VNIIPodzemgaz in collaboration with the Lisichanskaya "Podzergaz" station has developed and mastered new techniques of shaftless preparation and gasification of inclined thin coal seams occurring at (vertical) depths of up to 200 m. The plan of development of the station provides for the working of  a suite of seams at a depth of 300-400 m in the next few years. This plan is also of interest for working other coal deposits in similar mining and geologic situations

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(Oil shales, tar sands, and in-situ gasification). Quarterly technical progress report, July-September 1984

Highlights of progress achieved during the quarter ending September, 1984 are summarized. Discussion is presented under the headings: oil shales; tar sand; and underground coal gasification. Separate abstracts have been prepared for each of these 3 areas for inclusion in the Energy Data Base. (DMC)

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Assessment of oil-shale technology in Brazil. Final technical report, October 27, 1980-July 27, 1981

The development of an oil shale industry in the United States will require the solution of a variety of technical, economic, environmental, and health and safety problems. This assessment investigates whether US oil shale developers might benefit from the experience gained by the Brazilians in the operation of their Usina Prototipo do Irati oil shale demonstration plant at Sao Mateus do Sul, and from the data generated from their oil shale research and development programs. A chapter providing background information on Brazil and the Brazilian oil shale deposits is followed by an examination of the potential recovery processes applicable to Brazilian oil shale. The evolution of the Brazilian retorting system is reviewed and compared with the mining and retorting proposed for US shales. Factors impacting on the economics of shale oil production in Brazil are reviewed and compared to economic analyses of oil shale production in the US. Chapters examining the consequences of shale development in terms of impact on the physical environment and the oil shale worker complete the report. Throughout the report, where data permits, similarities and differences are drawn between the oil shale programs underway in Brazil and the US. In addition, research areas in which technology or information transfer could benefit either or both countries'oil shale programs are identified.

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Laboratory evaluation of selected tar sand asphalts

Three tar sand asphalts of similar grades prepared from one syncrude by three different refining methods were characterized by tests commonly used to specify paving asphalts together with certain special tests. Asphalt-aggregate mixtures were prepared using these asphalts and tested in the laboratory to determine strength stiffness stability, tensile properties, temperature effects and water susceptibility. Comparison of the tar sand asphalt properties to conventional petroleum asphalt properties reveal no striking differences.

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The potential use of tar sand bitumen as paving asphalt

In this paper several research reports describing the preparation of potential paving asphalts from tar sand bitumen are reviewed and the results of the studies compared. The tar sand asphalts described in the studies were prepared from 1) hot water-recovered bitumen from deposits near San Luis Obispo, California (Edna deposits), and deposits near Vernal and Sunnyside, Utah; and 2) bitumen recovered from the Northwest Asphalt Ridge deposits near Vernal, Utah, by both in situ steamflood and in situ combustion recovery processes. Important properties of the tar sand asphalts compare favorably with those of specification petroleum asphalts. Laboratory data suggest that some tar sand asphalts may have superior aging characteristics and produce more water-resistant paving mixtures than typical petroleum asphalts.

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Role of mineral matrix in kerogen pyrolysis:  influence on petroleum generation and migration

Comparable pyrolysis experimentals have been performed on rocks containing organic matter and on related kerogens which were separated from the rock by acid treatment. In some examples, hydrocarbon yields from the rocks are lower. The experimental procedure separates the lighter hydrocarbons (lower than C/sub 15/) from total hydrocarbons, thus showing that the decreased hydrocarbon yield from rocks as compared to kerogen is principally due to retention of the heaviest hydrocarbons. The light hydrocarbons do not seem to be reduced in quantity. By studying mixtures of kerogens with various minerals, we infer that retention of heavy hydrocarbon products issued from the kerogen pyrolysis occurs on the mineral surfaces. With increasing temperature and time, the trapped hydrocarbons may be cracked: light hydrocarbons are released, whereas a carbon residue remains on minerals. Some of the argillaceous minerals used (illite from Le Puy, France) are particularly active whereas other minerals such as carbonates show weak activity. Pyrolysis performed on many samples of rocks confirms these experimental assays and shows that hydrocarbon retention during pyrolysis increases with the clay content of rocks. In rocks with a low organic carbon content, these phenomena can affect the quantity of heavy hydrocarbons liberated during pyrolysis whereas the lightest hydrocarbons are little affected. Thus, under comparable geologic conditions, certain types of source rocks would release light oil and gas. 12 figures, 2 tables.

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Refining of shale oil

The refining of shale oil is reviewed to assess the current state-of-the-art, especially as to the avaiability of technology suitable for operation on a commercial scale. Oil shale retorting processes as they affect the quality of the crude shale oil for refining, exploratory research on the character and refining of shale oil, and other published refining background leading to the present status are discussed. The initial refining of shale oil requires the removal of a large concentration of nitrogen, an added step not required for typical petroleum crude oils, and recently published estimates show that the total cost of refining will be high. Specific technoloy is reported by industry to be technically proven and available for commercial-scale refining. Although the refining will be more costly than that of petroleum, the viability of a shale oil industry will also be affected greatly by the technology and costs of producing the crude shale oil, environmental costs, and future price and tax treatment, and these are outside the scope of this study of refining.

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Preburn versus postburn mineralogical and geochemical characteristics of overburden and coal at the Hanna, Wyoming underground coal gasification site

Hundreds of mineralogic and geochemical tests were done under US Department of Energy contracts on core samples taken from the Hanna underground coal gasification site. These tests included x-ray diffraction studies of minerals in coal ash, overburden rocks, and heat-altered rocks; x-ray fluorescence analyses of oxides in coal ash and heat-altered rocks; semi-quantitative spectrographic analyses of elements in coal, overburden, and heat-altered rocks; chemical analyses of elements and compounds in coal, overburden, and heat-altered rocks and ASTM proximate and ultimate analyses of coal and heat-altered coal. These data sets were grouped, averaged, and analyzed to provide preburn and postburn mineralogic and geochemical characteristics of rock units at the site. Where possible, the changes in characteristics from the preburn to the postburn state are related to underground coal gasification processes. 11 references, 13 figures, 8 tables.

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Fluidized-bed reactor model with generalized particle balances. Part 1. Formulation and solution

The changes to the solid phase which occur within fluidized-bed gas-solid reactors may have a significant impact on the performance of this class of reactors, particularly in coal conversion applications. In this paper a particle balance model is developed which accommodates particle distributions dependent on size and density as well as populations consisting of multiple solids. The fast double collocation method used for solving the associated PDE permits this calculation to be performed within the framework of a Davidson-Harrison bubbling-bed model. A modification of the iteration procedure for the emulsion-phase state variables of the D-H model is reported which allows the composite reactor model to be executed reliably and efficiently. A general purpose program has been implemented, whose application is presented in a companion paper.

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Ground water and energy

The idea of a national workshop on ground water and energy production was conceived by the U.S. Department of Energy’s Office of Technology Impacts (OTI), and flowed from its environmental analyses, such as assessments of the synfuels program and its potential for development and deployment across the nation. An interagency Steering Committee was created to ensure a diverse set of viewpoints and perspectives on ground water and energy. The role of the Steering Committee was comprehensive and varied, encompassing all phases of preparatory work, including selection of moderators, speakers, and participants; definition of agendas and issues; coordination of the Workshop itself; and preparation of the summary/analysis of the results. The Steering Committee, chaired by Dr. Frank Osterhoudt of OTI, included Eugene Krug and Theodore Harris, also of OTI; Lewis D. Walker of the Water Resources Council; Eugene Patten of the U.S. Geological Survey; Warren Viessman, Jr., of the Library of Congress’ Congressional Research Service; and William Walton of Camp, Dresser and McKee, Technical and administrative assistance was provided by Harbridge House, Inc., under subcontract to the Department of Energy through the Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory.

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Characterization of crude oils by gel prmeation chromatography

The classical method of dividing crude oil into narrow molecular-weight cuts--distillation-- is not practical in the high-boiling region. Thus, gel permeation chromatography was evaluated as a technique for characterizing the high-molecular-weight portion of crude oils. Crude oils, stripped to 180/sup 0/C, were separated in a dual-column GPC system. The fractions obtained provided information concerning the amounts of material with molecular weights between 400 and 3000. Gross estimates were made of the proportion of ring and nonring carbons in these fractions. The latter estimates were obtained by relating molecular weights determined on the fractions to a calibration plot made up from data on model compounds.

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Rawlins UCG (underground coal gasification) Demonstration Project site characterization report

The United States Department of Energy and Energy International, Inc. have entered into a Cooperative Agreement to conduct a cost-shared UCG field test demonstrating the operation of commercial scale Underground Coal Gasification (UCG) on steeply dipping bed modules to provide synthesis gas for a small scale commercial ammonia plant. The field test and the commercial ammonia plant will be located at the North Knobs site near Rawlins, Wyoming. During this demonstration test, two or more UCG modules will be operated simultaneously until one module is completely consumed and an additional module is brought on line. During this period, the average coal gasification rate will be between 500 and 1200 tons per day. A portion of the raw UCG product gas will be cleaned and converted into a synthesis gas, which will be used as feedstock to a 400--500 ton per day ammonia plant. The UCG facility will continue to operate subsequent to the test demonstration to provide feedstock for the commercial plant. The objective of the hydrologic site characterization program is to provide an accurate representation of the hydrologic environment within the area to be gasified. This information will aid in the placement and operation of the process wells in relation to the ground water source. 21 refs., 14 figs., 6 tabs.

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Investigation of the gas condensate produced in underground gasification of coal

The gas condensate of the Angren underground station is a condensation product of the moisture present in the gas produced in underground gasification. The moisture present in the gas condensate gradually as the gas moves through the line and the cooling scrubbers. In the process, a significant part of the vapors of the bituminous matter and phenols present in the gas condenses. Other components of the gaseous mixture (ammonia, hydrogen sulfide, and carbon dioxide) are dissolved in the condensate. These impurities make the gas condensate unsuitable for industrial purposes. Discharge of this waste into bodies of water is prohibited, since the phenol content exceeds the permissible level of 0.001 mg/liter. On the other hand, it is not permissible to discharge phenols into bodies of water, since phenols are of significant value to the national economy as a raw material.

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General kinetic model of oil shale pyrolysis

A mathematical model for pyrolysis of Green River oil shale is developed from previous experiments on oil, water, and gas evolution and oil cracking over a wide range of pyrolysis conditions. Reactions included are evolution of 5 gas species, oil, and water from kerogen, clay dehydration, oil coking and cracking, and evolution of H/sub 2/ and CH/sub 4/ from char. Oil is treated in eleven boiling point fractions in order to treat the competition between oil coking and evaporation, and to evaluate the effect of oil cracking on the boiling point distribution of the oil. The kinetics and product yields calculated by the model are compared to experimental results for pyrolysis conditions ranging from isothermal fluid-bed to high-pressure slow-heating-rate retorting. 31 references, 6 figures, 5 tables.

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Remote electromagnetic sensing of underground coal burns. Quarterly technical progress report, December 1977--February 1978

The main objective of this research project is to develop and field test an induction system and estimator algorithm for remote determination (at the surface) of the location, shape and size of underground coal burn regions. Field data taken at three different times during a yearly period for Hanna II, Phases 2 and 3, was compared showing definite site aging characteristics. These were probably due to temperature changes in the burn region and dispersion of conducting char and ash by ground water. Minimum mean-square-error length and width estimates of a buried conducting box model were obtained for field measurements at Hanna II, Phases 2 and 3. Preliminary investigations have shown that an excellent fit of the data can be obtained at a feasible depth by assuming approximately a fifty percent larger mean length and width.

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Coal repository. Final report

The Coal Repository Project was initiated in 1980 by the Department of Energy/Pittsburgh Energy Technology Center to provide a centralized system for the collection of well characterized coal samples, and distribution to organizations involved in the chemical beneficiation of coal and related research. TRW Energy Development Group, together with its subcontractor Commercial Testing and Engineering Company, established the Coal Repository at the TRW Capistrano Chemical Facility, which is the location of the DOE-owned Multi-Use Fuel and Energy Processes Test Plant (MEP). Twenty tons each of three coals (Illinois No. 6, Kentucky No. 11 (West), and Pittsburgh No. 8 (from an Ohio mine)) were collected, characterized, and stored under a nitrogen atmosphere. Ten tons of each coal are 3/8-inch x 0, five tons of each are 14-mesh x 0, and five tons of each are 100-mesh x 0. Although TRW was within budget and on schedule, Department of Energy funding priorities in this area were altered such that the project was terminated prior to completion of the original scope of work. 9 figures, 3 tables.

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