AndreaBozzo/ceres-open-data-index huggingface dataset:
Deployment Issues Related To Geological And Terrestrial CO2  Sequestration In The PCOR  Partnership Region

A great breadth of information has been published addressing the environmental and ecological impacts of terrestrial and geological sequestration, the need for a regulatory framework to deal with these issues, and the tools and knowledge available and yet needed for ensuring safe and effective storage of CO2. This report provides an overview of the current literature and guidance for the development of future projects in the Plains CO2 Reduction (PCOR) Partnership region. The topics covered in this report include environmental, health, and safety risks posed by terrestrial and geological CO2 sequestration activities; measurement, monitoring, mitigation, and verification techniques and requirements; and the applicability of the current regulatory framework for carbon capture and geological storage.

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Enhanced Wellbore Stabilization and Reservoir Productivity with Aphron Drilling Fluid Technology

Many oil and gas reservoirs in the United States are mature and becoming increasingly depleted of hydrocarbons, which makes for more costly drilling. While the formations above and below these producing zones typically have much higher pore pressures and require high fluid density to stabilize them, exposure of a depleted zone to this high-density fluid can result in significant loss of whole drilling fluid and differential sticking. Uncontrollable drilling fluid losses are at times unavoidable in the often-large fractures characteristic of these formations.

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Fiber Laser Offers Fast  Track to Clean Perforations

For the past 8 years, Gas Technology Institute (GTI) and its research partners have investigated the application of high-power laser energy for well construction and completion. Initial investigations were performed with larger military lasers to qualitatively demonstrate their feasibility for well construction. Additional work followed with less powerful, yet more practical and commercially available industrial lasers to determine rock-breaking energy requirements. In its most recent research, GTI advanced its downhole application research focusing on perforations using the most recent evolution of high-power lasers ? a 5.34-kW ytterbium-doped multiclad fiber laser. The investigation has produced promising application results as well as an extensive testing of the most likely laser device to be deployed at a well site.

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Advanced Mud System for Microhole Coiled Tubing Drilling

An advanced mud system is proposed that augments a coiled tubing drilling rig designed to drill microholes. The system is tailored to the hole geometries and rig characteristics required for microholes and is capable of mixing and circulating mud and removing solids while being self contained and having zero discharge capability. Key components of this system are triplex mud pumps and a mud processing unit. The system also includes an additional component of abrasive slurry jetting which allows cutting through most all materials encountered in oil and gas wells including steel, cement, and all rock types. The jetting mechanism does not require rotation of the nozzle or drill string, has small reactive forces acting on the drill pipe, and generates cuttings small enough to be easily cleaned from the well bore. These components and parameters compliment the concepts put forth in microhole coiled tubing drilling and should help insure the reality of drilling small diameter holes quickly and inexpensively with a rig that has a minimal environmental footprint with a mud system that is efficient, compact, and portable.

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NOVEL HIGH-SPEED DRILLING MOTOR FOR OIL EXPLORATION & PRODUCTION

The overall objective of this effort is to develop, build and test a high-speed drilling motor that can meet the performance guidelines of the announcement, namely: ?The motors are expected to rotate at a minimum of 10,000 rpm, have an OD no larger than 7 inches and work downhole continuously for at least 100 hours. The motor must have common oilfield thread connections capable of making up to a drill bit and bottomhole assembly. The motor must be capable of transmitting drilling fluid through the motor.? To these goals, we would add that the motor must be economically viable, in terms of both its manufacturing and maintenance costs, and be applicable to as broad a range of markets as possible.

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Geochemical constraints on the distribution of gas hydrates in the Gulf of Mexico

Gas hydrates are common within near-seafloor sediments immediately surrounding fluid and gas venting sites on the continental slope of the northern Gulf of Mexico. However, the distribution of gas hydrates within sediments away from the vents is poorly documented, yet critical for gas hydrate assessments. Porewater chloride and sulfate concentrations, hydrocarbon gas compositions, and geothermal gradients obtained during a porewater geochemical survey of the northern Gulf of Mexico suggest that the lack of bottom simulating reflectors in gas-rich areas of the gulf may be the consequence of elevated porewater salinity, geothermal gradients, and microbial gas compositions in sediments away from fault conduits.

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Thermal Property Measurements in Tetrahydrofuran (THF) Hydrate Between -25 and  4\deg C, and Their Application to Methane Hydrate

Using a "hot wire" needle probe, we make simultaneous thermal conductivity and diffusivity measurements of pure THF hydrate between -25 \deg C and the THF hydrate stability boundary near  4\deg C. Combining these measurements with published pressure and temperature dependent THF hydrate density data, we derive the sample's specific heat capacity.

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Assessment of Effect of Coalbed Methane Product Water Intervention on Water Quality Parameters in the Little Powder River at Weston, Wyoming

Coalbed methane development in the Powder River Basin has been increasing in recent years, and with it the discharge of co-produced sodium bicarbonate water. Coproduced water is disposed of via evaporation or infiltration reservoirs, Imation spreading, livestock watering, and direct discharge into draws and rivers. The objective of this study was to determine if trend analyses could identify or quantify significant changes in Little Powder River sodium concentration and sodium adsorption ratio, and which might be coincident with coalbed methane co-produced water reaching the main channel of the River. Various parametric and nonparametric statistical analyses were conducted on a time series of existing U. S. Geological Survey data for the Little Powder River above Dry Creek near Weston, Wyoming (USGS site 06324970). Based on the varied results from this study, it is difficult to conclude whether or not coalbed methane co-produced water is reaching the Little Powder River and thereby altering the chemistry of the water.

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Airborne Remote Sensing of Produced Water from Coalbed Natural Gas Development

Starting in June 2003, NETL sponsored flyovers to survey approximately 70 sq. miles in the Wyoming portion of the Powder River Basin. Seven surveys were flown in 2003 over proposed and active CBNG areas. In July 2004, portions of two areas were reflown to determine changes in groundwater hydrology that had occurred in response to a year of CBNG activity. Two new areas with in-stream impoundments were flown also. In deployment of the airborne survey, a helicopter flies a prepared grid pattern about 200 feet above the ground. Dangling about 100 feet below the helicopter are two types of sensors, one that can detect wells by the magnetic properties of their steel casing and another that can detect in-ground conductors such as aquifers by the small currents that flow within them. Information from the survey is used to determine well location and the location, depth, and water quality of near- surface aquifers. In conjunction with the airborne survey, ground conductivity surveys are conducted on small subareas of the airborne survey to validate airborne results. Changes in ground conductivity provide a measure of produced water movement in near-surface aquifers.

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Advanced Reservoir Characterization and Evaluation of Carbon Dioxide Gravity Drainage in the Naturally Fractured Spraberry Reservoir

Low recovery (10%) from the Spraberry Trend including marginally economic waterflood recovery has marked the Spraberry Trend with its 8 billion bbl remaining oil-in-place as a target for enhanced oil recovery. However, the fractured nature of the reservoir had precluded previous CO2 flooding, and resulted in a lack of confidence in the application of water injection. The objective of this project is to demonstrate the economic viability of recovering incremental oil reserves from the Spraberry Reservoir covering over one half million acres in the Permian Basin of West Texas. The pilot study indicates that additional 5-8% of additional oil in place can be recovered by more efficient practices and would increase recoverable reserves in the Spraberry by 500 to 800 million barrels of oil. The expansion of the original Class project as a (PUMP) project studied the waterflood response and demonstrated successful waterflood strategies for the Spraberry.

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Reactivation of an idle Lease to Increase Heavy Oil Recovery

ARCO Western started revitalizing the property in October 1995, renovating old wells and cyclic steam production facilities, and drilling two new wells. Analysis of seismic data and cores, well logs and surface outcrops provided detailed descriptions of the oil-bearing strata. Reservoir simulation using that information, along with infill drilling, guided the design and location of optimal injector- and producer-well patterns in the pilot project. Several of the old wells were put into production to evaluate the feasibility of cyclic steamflooding - alternate steaming and "soaking" cycles. Production reached 70 barrels of oil per day (bopd) in the early months, but dropped off rapidly after two cycles. In January 1997 an eight-acre four-pattern steamflood pilot was started in the marginal, low-dip portions of the reservoir to demonstrate the effectiveness of continuous steamflooding, which generally gives a steady increase in production. After 16 months production had risen to 320 bopd.

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Ability to "See" Through Rock Helps Find Oil Reserves: Electromagnetic Imaging Holds Promise for Untapped Resources

Washington, DC - Successful tests with a new technology funded by the Department of Energy (DOE) have allowed geologists to "see" through thousands of feet of rock to find and tap pockets of oil. Known as "cross-well electromagnetic imaging," the technology penetrates the rocks between oil wells with very long and slow electromagnetic waves.

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FIELD DEMONSTRATION OF CARBON DIOXIDE MISCIBLE FLOODING IN THE LANSING-KANSAS CITY FORMATION, CENTRAL KANSAS

A pilot carbon dioxide miscible flood was initiated in the Lansing Kansas City C formation in the Hall Gurney Field, Russell County, Kansas. Continuous carbon dioxide injection began on December 2, 2003. By the end of December 2004, 11.39 MM lb of carbon dioxide were injected into the pilot area. Carbon dioxide injection rates averaged about 242 MCFD. Vent losses were excessive during June as ambient temperatures increased. Installation of smaller plungers in the carbon dioxide injection pump reduced the recycle and vent loss substantially. Carbon dioxide was detected in one production well near the end of May and in the second production well in August. No channeling of carbon dioxide was observed. The GOR has remained within the range of 3000-4000 for most the last six months. Wells in the pilot area produced 100% water at the beginning of the flood. Oil production began in February, increasing to an average of about 2.35 B/D for the six month period between July 1 and December 31. Cumulative oil production was 814 bbls. Neither well has experienced increased oil production rates expected from the arrival of the oil bank generated by carbon dioxide injection.

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Benchmarking Deep Drilling and Completion Technologies

Deep formations (defined here as depths greater than 15,000ft) are one of the sources of natural gas that will play an important role in meeting the growing need for natural gas in the United States. The Energy Information Agency estimated 7% of U.S. gas production came from deep formations in 1999. This contribution is expected to increase to 14% by 2010. Much of this deep gas production will come from the Rocky Mountain, Gulf Coast and Gulf of Mexico (GOM) sedimentary basins (Figure 1).

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Water Use Potential and Salt Tolerance of Riparian Species in Saline-Sodic Environments

Salinization of soil and water resources exists on a global scale, largely due to irrigated agriculture in semi-arid climates. Coal bed methane (CBM) development, resulting in the co-production of saline-sodic discharge water, is a potential new source of salinzation in the Powder River Basin of Montana and Wyoming. Constructed wetlands may serve to reduce CBM product water volumes while applying saline-sodic product water to a beneficial use. The objective of this study was to assess the potential of constructed wetlands as a new management tool for CBM product water management. To accomplish this, riparian species native to Montana and Wyoming and classified as halophytes were selected as experimental treatments. Species chosen were subjected to saline-sodic conditions designed to mimic CBM product water for a 24-week period and harvested once every 8 weeks. Water use rates, water chemistry, biomass production, forage value, and salinity tolerance of each species were monitored throughout the experimental period. Due to turbulent airflow and high diffusion rates of water vapor from the plant canopy, plant water use rates of mature plants exceeded reference evaporation rates over a range of salinities for most species. For high water use species, ratios between plant water use rates and reference evaporation exceeded 3.00 at lower salinities. High ratios between plant water use and reference evaporation indicate that reference evaporation buckets were not subjected to the same evaporative conditions as the plant canopy, and may not represent potential evapotranspiration. Biomass production of traditional wetland species declined following defoliation and under increasing salinity. Grass species increased biomass production following defoliation and under elevated salinity in the third growth period. Crude protein (CP) also decreased with progressive harvests for wetland species, but increased in the third period for grass species. Based on percent acid detergent fiber and CP, forage value of most species is equal to or greater than average grass hay forage value. Results suggest that wetlands constructed of species analyzed will thrive in salinesodic conditions, and will outperform or perform similarly to evaporation ponds for CBM product water disposal while providing a forage resource and beneficial use.

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Identifying Oil Exploration Leads Using Integrated Remote Sensing and Seismic Data Analysis, Lake Sakakawea, Fort Berthold Indian Reservation, Williston Basin

-Evaluate the exploration potential under Lake Sakakawea via integrated remote sensing: -Satellite Imagery -Potential Fields (aeromag, gravity) -Intermediate Resolution Aeromag -Supplement the approach with traditional geologic study and existing (o

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Current Capabilities of Hydraulic Motors, Air/Nitrogen Motors, and Electric Downhole Motors

The purpose of this task is to investigate and identify the history and the state of the art capabilities of downhole motors related to small diameter coiled tube (CT) drilling and also to ultra-high speed drilling bits (up to 50,000 rpm) for small diameter holes less than 3-? in. for CT drilling. The effort defines the operating conditions of the various types of downhole motors and their limitations; identifies the current research that is being conducted by service companies, universities, national laboratories and other research and development (R&D) organizations; and identifies continuing industry needs in the area of technology in addition to identifying key researchers and any current projects being conducted that would be applicable to the NETL-NPTO?s microhole initiative.

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USING MULTIPLE ELIMINATION TO IMAGE GEOLOGIC STRUCTURES BENEATH THE GAS HYDRATE STABILITY ZONE IN THE NORTHERN GULF OF MEXICO

Gas hydrates are well known for their capacity to change the physical properties of near-surface sediments and have been linked to massive slope failures on continental margins. As drilling in the Gulf of Mexico has progressed from shallow-water shelf depths (<200m) to deep-water slope depths (>1000m), wells now penetrate the gas hydrate stability zone. In order to understand the consequences of drilling through the hydrate zone, it is imperative to understand the geological setting in which these hydrates exist and to be able to estimate the distribution and concentration of gas hydrate deposits especially in the subsurface.

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THE ANATOMY OF THE SULFATE-METHANE INTERFACE IN A METHANE-RICH CORE FROM THE GULF OF MEXICOD

The sulfate-methane interface (SMI) is becoming recognized as a fundamental biogeochemical boundary in methane-rich and gas-hydrate-bearing marine sediments worldwide. The SMI separates sulfate-bearing sediment above from sulfate-depleted, methane-rich sediments below. The SMI is a zone of intense methane oxidation mediated by anaerobic methane oxidizing archaea. During this process methane and sulfate are consumed and dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) and hydrogen sulfide (HS-) are produced; excess HS- and DIC form solid mineral phases.

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Critical pressure and multiphase flow in Blake Ridge gas Hydrates

We use core porosity, consolidation experiments, pressure core sampler data, and capillary pressure measurements to predict water pressures that are 70% of the lithostatic stress, and gas pressures that equal the lithostatic stress beneath the methane hydrate layer at Ocean Drilling Program Site 997, Blake Ridge, offshore North Carolina. A 29-m-thick interconnected free-gas column is trapped beneath the low-permeability hydrate layer. We propose that lithostatic gas pressure is dilating fractures and gas is migrating through the methane hydrate layer. Overpressured gas and water within methane hydrate reservoirs limit the amount of free gas trapped and may rapidly export methane to the seafloor.

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Heavy and Thermal Oil Recovery Production Mechanisms

The Stanford University Petroleum Research Institute (SUPRI-A) studies oil recovery mechanisms relevant to thermal and heavy-oil production. The scope of work is relevant across near-, mid-, and long-term time frames. In August of 2000 we received funding from the U. S. DOE under Award No. DE-FC26-00BC15311 that completed December 1, 2003. The project was cost shared with industry.  Heavy oil (10 to 20 ?API) is an underutilized energy resource of tremendous spectrum of topics related to heavy and thermal oil recovery and is categorized into: (i) multiphase flow and rock properties, (ii) hot fluid injection, (iii) improved primary heavy-oil recovery, (iv) in-situ combustion, and (v) reservoir definition. Technology transfer efforts and industrial outreach were also important to project effort.

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Physical properties and rock physics models of sediment containing natural and laboratory-formed methane gas hydrate

This paper presents results of shear strength and acoustic velocity (p-wave) measurements performed on: (1) samples containing natural gas hydrate from the Mallik 2L-38 well, Mackenzie Delta, Northwest Territories; (2) reconstituted Ottawa sand samples containing methane gas hydrate formed in the laboratory; and (3) ice-bearing sands. These measurements show that hydrate increases shear strength and p-wave velocity in natural and reconstituted samples. The proportion of this increase depends on (1) the amount and distribution of hydrate present, (2) differences in sediment properties, and (3) differences in test conditions.

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Seismic-While-Drilling Source for Real-Time Pore Pressure Prediction

This Phase II project was directed towards meeting the objectives of the Deepstar consortium project entitled: ?Seismic-while-drilling to improve pore pressure prediction ahead of the bit.? The objective is a real-time display of the formation from the bit to 300 m (1000 ft) below the bit at a resolution of 15-m. A downhole hydraulic impulse tool for reverse vertical seismic profiling and look-ahead seismic while drilling was developed and demonstrated successfully in a well. The HydroSeis? tool generates a stream of powerful impulses below the bit by periodically blocking mud flow to the bit. The tool utilizes a mud-activated poppet valve, located directly above the bit, that rapidly closes for about 3 ms and then rapidly reopens for about 50 to 100 ms. The valve creates pressure pulses at frequencies from about 10 to 20 Hz. The HydroSeis? tool is equipped with a frequency modulator device that varies the pulse frequency from minimum to maximum over a period of about 5 seconds. This provides a periodic broad-band point seismic source at the bit.

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Thermal property measurements in Tetrahydrofuran (THF) hydrate between -25 and  4 ?C, and their application to methane hydrate

Using a "hot wire" needle probe, we make simultaneous thermal conductivity and diffusivity measurements of pure THF hydrate between -25 ?C and the THF hydrate stability boundary near  4 ?C. Combining these measurements with published pressure and temperature dependent THF hydrate density data, we derive the sample's specific heat capacity.

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Advanced High-Pressure Coiled-Tubing Drilling System Status Report

The goal is to reduce drilling costs by developing technologies that significantly increase rate of penetration (ROP), which reduces overall drilling time. The objective is to develop a drilling system that utilizes high-pressure water jets to improve the ability of PDC diamond bit cutters to remove rock, enabling the system to drill three to five times faster than conventional bit systems, whereby reducing drilling costs by 25 to 50 percent.

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Recovery of Bypassed Oil in the Dundee Formation Using Horizontal Drains

Devonian rocks have been the most prolific hydrocarbon producers in the Michigan Basin. The Traverse, Dundee, and Lucas Formations have produced more than half of Michigan's oil since the late 1920's. The Dundee Formation is Michigan's all-time leader with 352 million barrels of oil and 42 billion cubic feet of gas. About 30% of the original oil in place and 80 % of the original gas in place is usually recovered from hydrocarbon reservoirs during the initial  production phase. Because most of Michigan's Dundee reservoirs were only developed with "primary" production techniques and most were discovered and developed before 1960, recoveries are much lower, perhaps only 10- 1 5%. Many fields were badly mismanaged during initial development, especially in the early 1930's and 1940's, with the result that much producible oil was bypassed when development wells were pumped at excessively high rates and watered out prematurely.

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