AndreaBozzo/ceres-open-data-index huggingface dataset:
Waste disposal/utilization study

The   Waste Disposal/Utilization Study''was performed to assess potential alternatives for disposal and utilization of solid wastes produced from the following advanced coal combustion/conversion processes: coal gasification; fluidized bed combustion; limestone furnace injection; advanced (dry) flue gas desulfurization systems; advanced coal cleaning. Since systems should be integrated for effective waste management, the investigation also included assessment of waste handling (transfer, storage, preconditioning, and transport) system alternatives which would interface with final waste disposal and/or utilization systems. Study results are based primarily on waste management information from both conventional and advanced coal combustion/conversion facilities obtained from literature sources. When possible and appropriate, literature information was updated and supplemented by telephone communications. 277 refs., 5 figs., 78 tabs.

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Coal-fueled diesel engine exhaust emissions assessment

The objective of this study is to develop emissions information so that the work on coal-fueled diesel engines will include consideration of their environmental impact and necessary emission controls. Only emissions of hydrocarbons (HC), carbon monoxide (CO), oxides of nitrogen (NO/sub x/), oxides of sulfur (SO/sub x/), and particulates will be considered in this assessment. With the exception of HC, there are ambient air quality standards for each of these pollutants. Hydrocarbons are included because they are considered the major reactant in the formation of photochemical smog. The approach that was followed in assessing the environmental impact of a coal-fueled diesel engine involved estimating the exhaust emissions from such an engine based on actual test results and/or theoretical considerations. These emission levels were then compared with emission levels from a diesel engine application that the coal-fueled diesel could be expected to replace. One of the most probable uses of a coal-fueled diesel engine is in railroad locomotives. Coal-fueled diesel emissions were, therefore, compared to the national impact of current diesel locomotives. This comparison revealed which of the coal-fueled diesel emissions are of concern. A study of available emission control techniques for these emission species then defined possible control strategies and estimated cost of such control strategies. 65 refs., 13 tabs.

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Investigation of the geokinetics horizontal in situ oil shale retorting process. Quarterly report, January-March 1984

Retorts No. 27 and No. 28 continued to burn through the first quarter of 1984. Stability problems in the electrical supply system were corrected by the first week of January. Through the second and the third weeks of January, air injection rates were increased substantially. Combined oil production rates for the two retorts averaged as high as 330 barrels per day. Production remained stable through the first six days of February. Electrical problems were responsible for reduced air-in rates through February 14. Mid retort off gas piping and oil production pumps were removed from Retort No. 27 during the last week of February. Modifications were made to the off gas system between the demister tanks. As a result, the pressure drop through the system on the vacuum side was reduced, and gas flow through the gas processing plant was increased. The ammonia and hydrogen sulfide removal plants were put through the initial phases of start-up during late January. The hydrogen sulfide plant was shut down for most of February so the sulfur melter circuit could be remodeled. The plant was tested and returned to service during the last week of the period. The ammonia removal plant was in operation most of February. During March, the hydrogen sulfide absorber column in the ARI plant became plugged with elemental sulfur. Repairs and cleaning were underway by the end of the period.

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Pressurized fluidized-bed combustion: Technology status report

DOE has formulated an active research, development, and pilot program for PFBC. The program is designed to develop the technology and data base necessary for successful commercialization of the PFBC concept. The DOE program strategy is based on an orderly progression of exploratory research, process development, and engineering development phases. One aspect of the PFBC program strategy is to encourage private-sector participation in the R and D process, with DOE assuming more risk in the early stages of development. Current DOE activity in the pressurized boiler (steam-cycle) regime centers on participation in the IEA-Grimethorpe pilot plant project in England. Construction and commissioning of the pilot plant is complete, and the first series of testing was completed in December 1981. Performance testing on US coals and UK coals continues. The current status of PFB technology may be summarized as follows: Turbine erosion tolerance and hot-gas cleanup are still barriers; promising turbine corrosion-resistant materials have been identified; first-generation PFBC technology development is maturing at the PDU level, and a comprehensive data base for private-sector reference concerning application of the technology is becoming available; and in-bed heat exchanger materials have been identified, but further long-term exposure data are required. The DOE PFBC R and D programs are directed at the resolution of these key technical issues. 56 refs., 10 figs., 8 tabs.

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Supporting technology for enhanced oil recovery: In-situ combustion predictive model

The In-Situ Combustion Predictive Model (ICPM) was developed by Scientific Software-Intercomp for the National Petroleum Council (NPC) for its 1984 survey of US enhanced oil recovery potential (NPC, 1984). The architecture of the ICPM is similar to that of the other predictive models in the series (Paul et al., 1982; Aydelotte and Pope, 1983; Paul et al., 1984): an oil rate versus time function for a single pattern is computed, the results of which are passed to the economic calculations. Data for process costs, resevoir development costs, and operating costs, and a pattern schedule if multiple patterns are desired, allow the computation of discounted cash flow and other measures of profitability. A brief summary of the oil recovery and economic calculations for the ICPM is given in Sections 1.2 and 1.3. 12 refs., 15 figs., 24 tabs.

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Performance of the main exhaust gas heat exchanger status report, August 1983

Exhaust gases from the pressurized fluidized bed combustor at Grimethorpe, South Yorkshire, UK are cooled by a vertically mounted heat exchanger prior to pressure let-down to atmosphere. The heat exchanger forms part of the combustor steam-water circuit and includes a water wall enclosure and a series of tube banks. During an initial period of operation, problems were encountered due to a build-up of particulates on the heat transfer surfaces, resulting in high gas outlet temperatures. A number of modifications were made to alleviate the situation. This report describes the exchanger performance before and after these modifications were incorporated. Further improvements were made and some are currently being developed; these are also described.

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Technology transfer reports for the IEA Grimethorpe pressurized fluidized-bed project:  bibliography

This bibliography contains a listing of reports issued by the International Energy Agency Grimethorpe Pressurized Fluidized-Bed Project and published by the US Department of Energy. It also contains abstracts of each report as a guide to the information contained therein. It is provided as a reference to enable attendees at the IEA Grimethorpe Technology Transfer Workshop and others to access further details on this project. Copies of the reports and this document are available from the National Technical Information Service (NTIS), US Department of Commerce, Springfield, VA 22161.

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Ceramic corrosion/erosion project description

As a part of the United States Department of Energy's High Temperature Turbine Technology Program, the Morgantown Energy Technology Center is participating in a Ceramics Corrosion/Erosion Materials Study. Objective is to create a technology base for ceramic materials which could be used by stationary gas power turbines operating with a high-temperature, coal-derived, low-Btu gas products of combustion environment. Two facilities are designed and installed to burn a varying low-Btu coal-derived gas in a controlled manner. This report contains the objectives and testing philosophy as well as the operating, specimen handling, and emergency procedures for the facilities. The facilities were checked out in August/September 1980. Testing is scheduled to begin in late 1980 with completion of 1000 hours of ceramic materials exposure to be completed by early 1981. Most of the enclosed is an update of two METC Information Releases (IR), i.e., IR 442 (1979) Test Plan for Ceramic Corrosion/Erosion Project, and IR 817 (1980) Ceramic Corrosion/Erosion Project Description.

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High-temperature, solid oxide electrolyte fuel cell power generating system. Annual report, June 1, 1980-May 31, 1981

Closed-end tubes are now being prepared in-house, for use in fabricating and evaluating the FBA cell design. New perovskite-type mixed oxides are being investigated as air electrode materials and some have been identified and are being used in FBA cell test evaluation studies. Initial FBA cells have been fabricated and tested. Although their performance is below target goals, fabrication procedures for all fuel cell components have been verified for cell construction. Areas of investigation for FBA cell performance improvement have been identified and work is proceeding in these areas. Variable-length cells in the series-cell stack design have demonstrated high (85%) fuel utilization with good performance (0.57 anti V at 400 mA/cm/sup 2/ average, simulated coal derived fuel, 1000/sup 0/C).

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Moving vertical bed retorting of Colorado oil shale

This topical report summarizes the conceptual design of an integrated oil shale processing plant based on moving vertical-bed retorting of Colorado oil shale. This is the third design case conducted by Foster Wheeler. The plant has a nominal capacity of 50,000 barrels per operating day of syncrude product, derived from oil shale feed having a Fischer Assay of 30 gallons per ton. The scope of the plant encompasses a grassroots facility which receives run of the mine oil shale, delivers product oil to storage, and disposes of the processed spent shale. In addition to oil shale feed, the battery limits input includes raw water, electric power, and natural gas to support plant operations. Design of the individual processing units was based on non-confidential information derived from published literature sources and supplemented by input from selected process licensors. The integrated plant design is described in terms of the individual process units and plant support systems. The estimated total plant investment is detailed by plant section and estimates of the annual operating requirements and costs are provided. In addition, the process design assumptions and uncertainties are documented and recommendations for process alternatives, which could improve the overall plant economics, are discussed. 10 refs., 29 figs., 82 tabs.

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Small-scale experiments with an analysis to evaluate the effect of tailored pulse loading on fracture and permeability. Final report for phase I, June 11, 1979-June 11, 1980

To determine the applicability of the tailored pulse-loading technique to full-scale stimulation, a two-year program was conducted to examine the effects of pulse tailoring on fracture. Results of the field, laboratory, and calculation program demonstrate that: (1) the material and fracture properties derived from laboratory measurements can be used successfully in the NAG-FRAG calculation simulations to reproduce the main features of fracturing in the field; and (2) the fracture patterns produced in these experiments show a strong dependence on the borehole pressure pulse shape. The material and fracture properties will have a significant influence on the fracture patterns. Therefore, shale and tuff will have different optimum pulse shapes.

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A mechanistic study of the energetic heterogeneity of coal chars

The correlation and prediction of kinetic rates and mechanisms of the reactions of gas phase species with coal chars represent a difficult undertaking under the best of circumstances. Solid phase heterogeneity and impurities, complex pore structure, transport limitations, evolution of active surface, represent just a few of the well known problems and pitfalls. Calo and Perkins (1987) have shown that energetic heterogeneity of carbon surfaces can significantly enhance gasification reactivity in comparison to a benchmark homogeneous surface. This interesting result naturally gives rise to questions regarding whether chars can be upgraded or   engineered''to exhibit favorable surface heterogeneity with respect to significantly increasing reactivity for subsequent conversion and utilization processes. This work was directed at investigating these factors. This information is needed in order to assess the potential of exploiting induced and/or natural coal char surface heterogeneity for the purpose of optimizing char reactivity. In addition, as will be shown, this approach shows considerable promise for providing a more global framework for correlation and true a priori prediction of char reactivity. 74 refs., 106 figs.

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Development of an advanced, continuous mild gasification process for the production of co-products

Prior to disassembly of the CFBR, accumulated tar residue must be removed from the reactor, piping and tubing lines, and the condenser vessels. Based on experience from the CFBR mild gasification tests, lacquer thinner must be pumped through the unit for at least one hour to remove the residual tar. The lacquer thinner wash may be followed by a water wash. The CFBR will be disassembled after the system has been thoroughly flushed out. The following equipment must be disassembled and removed for storage: Superheater; Water supply pump; Coal feed system (hopper, auger, ball feeder, valves,6992 ); Reactor; Cyclone and fines catch pot; Condensers (water lines, glycol bath, condenser pots, valves,6992 ); and Gas meter. After the process piping and reactor have been disassembled, the equipment will be inspected for tar residues and flushed again with acetone or lacquer thinner, if necessary. All solvent used for cleaning the system will be collected for recycle or proper disposal. Handling and disposal of the solvent will be properly documented. The equipment will be removed and stored for future use. Equipment contaminated externally with tar (Level 4) will be washed piece by piece with lacquer thinner after disassembly of the PRU. Proper health and safety practices must be followed by the personnel involved in the cleanup operation. Care must be taken to avoid ingestion, inhalation, or prolonged skin contact of the coal tars and lacquer thinner. Equipment contaminated internally by accumulation of residual tar or oil (Level 5) will be flushed section by section with lacquer thinner. The equipment will be washed with solvent both before and after disassembly to ensure that all tar has been removed from the piping, pumps, gas quench condensers, light tar condensers, and drain lines. The coal tars wig be separated from the solvent and incinerated.

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Clean coal technology program/solid waste management

This report addresses solid waste management from generic clean coal technologies (CCT) processes, where 90% sulfur reduction is achieved. The technologies evaluated are: Atmospheric Fluidized-Bed Combustion (AFBC), Pressurized Fluidized-Bed Combustion (PFBC), Gasification, Advanced Slagging Combustion, Boiler and Ductwork Sorbent Injection, Advanced Tailgas Cleanup, Physical Coal Preparation, and Chemical and Biological Coal Preparation. This report opens with a discussion of existing, proposed, and possible solid waste regulations as they apply to CCT. To help put CCT solid waste management in perspective, management of boiler ash and fly ash from conventional utility power plants is examined. Then the CCT processes are discussed. Each chapter is subdivided into the following subsections: Technology; Applications/Researchers; Quantities and Characteristics of Solid Wastes; Land Disposal and Leachates; Byproduct Use; Waste Minimization; Data Gaps and Research Needs. There is also a short section on NO{sub x} removal followed by a general discussion on solid waste management. The report concludes with a list of general recommendations as related to solid waste management and CCT-3 solicitations. 18 tabs.

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Electromagnetic techniques for mapping an underground coal gasification process. Final report, January 1, 1978-December 31, 1979

An electromagnetic system, operating in reflection and transmission mode schemes, has been designed to monitor an underground coal seam gasification process. The overall dimensions of some system components have been restricted so that they may be placed inside a six-inch diameter borehole. Radiating elements have been designed, built, and tested to be used with the reflection and transmission mode schemes in the 174-216 MHz frequency range to monitor an underground coal gasification process within a thin (approx. = 6 feet height) coal seam. The system has been tested in a laboratory, with restricted physical dimensions, to validate some of its design concepts. In addition numerical algorithms and computer programs have been developed to map, from the transmission mode scheme measurements, the underground process and its surrounding environment. 20 references, 43 figures, 9 tables.

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Gasification reactivities of coal and coal-char: Final report

The overall project involves five separate studies examining the reaction behavior of typical Illinois basin high-volatile C bituminous coals when these coals are exposed to three different devolatilization/pyrolysis reaction situations and also when undergoing a gasification reaction in oxygen-steam environment. This study also discusses the devolatilization of Illinois coal particles flowing in nitrogen through a laminar-flow reactor are 450/degree/, 600/degree/ and 800/degree/C and also describes the behavior of coal during pyrolysis in a crucible inserted in an upright tube furnace at different temperatures and for different time periods. An Illinois coal was reacted in a basket-type solids-holder suspended in an upward flowing nitrogen stream. The heatup time in this system would be slightly less than the heatup rate of the coal carbonized in a crucible-reactor system. This same basket-type reactor was used in earlier study to investigate the gasification of an Illinois coal and a coal-char in a steam-oxygen atmosphere. A second portion of this study was involved with the analyses of the inorganic element composition of four Illinois coals. As an overall project, the combined results of these studies demonstrated the significant effects of reactor system design on the devolatilization/pyrolysis reaction rates of softening coals such as those found in the Illinois coal basin. 113 refs., 73 figs., 29 tabs.

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An isothermal kinetic study of the intermediate states in coal pyrolysis: Final report

Isothermal pyrolysis experiments were conducted at 375/degree/, 400/degree/, and 425/degree/C on Illinois No. 6 high volatile bituminous and on Wyodak subbituminous coal samples. Pyrolysis studies were conducted on nominally 10- to 20-gram samples using a fluidized sand-bath reactor system. A helium sweep gas flow rate of 30 cc/min was used to remove the products from the reaction zone. The amount of coal converted to tar, gas, and residue was determined for different reaction durations at each temperature. Elemental analyses (CHN and S) were obtained on the solid and liquid reaction products using standard instrumental techniques. Solid- and liquid-state /sup 13/C NMR techniques were used to characterize the residue coal and tars produced during varying stages of pyrolysis. The residue coal from each isothermal pyrolysis experiment was extracted with chloroform to obtain information about the chloroform soluble intermediates. Only small amounts of material were extractable with chloroform at any stage of pyrolysis for either coal. The distributed activation energy model was used to calculate activation energies for hydrocarbon gas evolution. Activation energies for individual hydrocarbon gas species were comparable for both coals, and were in the range of 48 to 56 kcal/mol. 35 refs., 18 figs., 4 tabs.

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Biological treatability of gasifier wastewater. Final report

The objective of this research was to evaluate the amenability of biological treatment of wastewater from the gasifier (coal gasification) unit operated by the Morgantown Energy Technology Center. The general approach used in this work was to develop a biomass acclimated to the gasifier wastewater and then make a series of runs at various organic loading rates and detention times to develop performance and design parameters. In Series A, a set of preliminary runs was carried out to examine the influence of dilution and detention time on performance. A second set (Series B) of experiments was undertaken to assess a combined biological-physical system with powdered activated carbon added directly to the biological reactors. An amendment was made to the original contract for this purpose. Finally, based on the results of Series A, a more extensive series (Series C) of continuous flow runs was made to develop kinetic data. 40 references, 25 figures, 21 tables.

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Wet oxidation of waste water from coal gasification plant with net mechanical energy recovery. Final report

This project involved the investigation of the wet oxidation process for the treatment of waste waters from coal gasification plants and the use of the waste water for the generation of mechanical energy. Experimentally, it is necessary to measure the oxidation rate of the waste water in a wet oxidation reactor. Although it was hoped to obtain experimental data during the first year of the project, problems with the acquisition of equipment prevented assembling the experimental apparatus. The calculation part of the project involved mass and energy balances on different wet oxidation processing schemes for the generation of power. This report contains the investigation of three such schemes; two of which have been reported in the literature previously. The third scheme is a novel approach to power generation using a high temperature compressor which eliminated the condensation problems in the turbines. The calculations indicate that this third scheme is superior to other methods for energy generation from wet oxidation processes. For example, it shows that a COD of 8000 mg/m1 is sufficient to generate power for the new scheme at 1500 psia whereas 20,000 is required for the old power generation schemes. The efficiency calculated for the new scheme approaches 24% conversion to useful power whereas the old schemes had a conversion efficiency of about 10%. It is concluded that a patent of this new process should be obtained. 12 references, 15 figures, 5 tables.

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