AndreaBozzo/ceres-open-data-index huggingface dataset:
Fluidized-bed combustion of scrap tires: Technical note

An introduction to fluidized-bed combustion (FBC) is presented in Section 2.0. Based on this discussion of its technical development, FBC is then presented as a means of scrap tire disposal. In Section 3.0, scrap tire disposal is reviewed in the categories of (1) physical applications, (2) chemical applications, (3) pyrolysis, and (4) incineration for thermal energy recovery. Scrap tire disposal is reviewed on the basis of (1) environmental acceptability, (2) conservation of resources, (3) impact on existing industries, (4) operational feasibility, and (5) special features. The focus of this report is the fluidized-bed incineration of scrap tires for thermal energy recovery. The factors that affect scrap tire combustion are discussed in Section 4.0. These factors are (1) agitation, (2) temperature, (3) excess air, (4) residence time, (5) feed uniformity, (6) solid waste handling, and (7) pollutants emission control. In reviewing these incineration processes, (1) fuel flexibility, (2) environmental acceptability, (3) combustion efficiency, and (4) operational reliability are discussed. The results from a tire incineration experiment conducted at the Morgantown Energy Technology Center are presented in Section 5.0, and a conceptual fluidized-bed combustor is discussed in Section 6.0. Future considerations in the FBC of scrap tires are discussed in Section 7.0. 8 refs., 6 figs., 6 tabs.

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Modeling hydrodynamic mixing in process design and development of fluidized bed gasifiers

This report presents a summary of the work accomplished in a multiyear study conducted for the US Department of Energy, Morgantown, Energy Technology Center, under Contract No. AC21-85MC220262. In this project existing models for hydrodynamic mixing in fluidized beds are used in a representative process design and development scenario for the KRW gasifier. The particular emphasis in this study is upon the use of two modeling approaches: the dimensional analysis and scaling of fluidization data, and the application of the finite difference hydrodynamic model CHEMFLUB. Predictions of hydrodynamic mixing in the KRW reactor are made. The relative value and practicality of the two different models for predicting hydrodynamic mixing are assessed through comparisons with experimental data. 75 refs., 29 figs., 9 tabs.

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BOAST:  a three-dimensional, three-phase black oil applied simulation tool (version 1. 1). Volume I. Technical description and Fortran code

This report provides technical information about a newly developed three-dimensional, three-phase black oil simulator. The documentation includes the code for the black oil applied simulation tool (BOAST), and is presented such that it can be readily used by the public. The simulator is an upgraded version of the simulator developed by Sawyer and Mercer (1978). Volume I contains a discussion of the methods used in deriving the flow equations, converting them to finite difference form, solving the subsequent linear algebraic systems, and evaluating the results. Volume II is a program user's manual. BOAST is designed to be an easy-to-use program which would be suited to simulation of primary depletion, pressure maintenance by water and/or gas injection, and basic secondary recovery operations (such as waterflooding) in a black-oil reservoir. BOAST contains only an IMPES formulation with direct elimination (BAND and D4) and LSOR solution options. It can be used to evaluate many of the common field production situations and it should be competitive with, if not faster than, commercially available simulators.

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Novel injector techniques for coal-fueled diesel engines

This report, entitled   Novel Injector Techniques for Coal-Fueled Diesel Engines,''describes the progress and findings of a research program aimed at development of a dry coal powder fuel injector in conjunction with the Thermal Ignition Combustion System (TICS) concept to achieve autoignition of dry powdered coal in a single-cylinder high speed diesel engine. The basic program consisted of concept selection, analysis and design, bench testing and single cylinder engine testing. The coal injector concept which was selected was a one moving part dry-coal-powder injector utilizing air blast injection. Adiabatics has had previous experience running high speed diesel engines on both direct injected directed coal-water-slurry (CWS) fuel and also with dry coal powder aspirated into the intake air. The Thermal Ignition Combustion System successfully ignited these fuels at all speeds and loads without requiring auxiliary ignition energy such as pilot diesel fuel, heated intake air or glow or spark plugs. Based upon this prior experience, it was shown that the highest efficiency and fastest combustion was with the dry coal, but that the use of aspiration of coal resulted in excessive coal migration into the engine lubrication system. Based upon a desire of DOE to utilize a more modern test engine, the previous naturally-aspirated Caterpillar model 1Y73 single cylinder engine was replaced with a turbocharged (by use of shop air compressor and back pressure control valve) single cylinder version of the Cummins model 855 engine.

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32-month gasifier mechanistic study and downstream unit process development program for the pressurized ash-agglomerating fluidized bed gasification system. Quarterly report, January 1-March 31, 1987

Technical progress and accomplishments achieved during external hot gas cleanup (HGCU) testing at the PDU were reviewed with representatives of the US Dept. of Energy Morgantown Energy Technology Center, and a 1987 Program Test Scope was finalized for continuation of PDU tests. The major modification for the next test includes reducing the inside diameter of the external desulfurizer from 4.5 to 2.0 feet which will decrease the bed volume to approximately 18 cubic feet. Thus, the time increment required to achieve sulfur breakthrough of the zinc ferrite desulfurizer bed should be less. Another modification removed the cold wall pipe as a gas cooling and deposit control device at the gasifier exit and added a direct water injection system to cool the product gas. In line with the new test scope, modifications were defined for future tests, such as: the option to test ceramic filter elements in the HGCU filter vessel and the addition of a building on the PDU that will house advanced instrumentation to monitor, record, and characterize the trace contaminants in the hot gas exiting the desulfurizer.

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Low-rank coal combustion studies for gas turbine applications: Final report

Coal-based fuels may represent a future source of gas turbine fuels. The particular notion of directly-firing the combustor on either a dry powder or a water slurry could be economically attractive because the reduced fuel processing. Data have been acquired for five fuels containing sub-bituminous coal and one using a lignite. Sub-bituminous fuels were coal-water mixture differing in either the coal processing or coal loading. One slurry was based on minimally-processed coal. The other four presented different loading of an improved-quality form of the same parent coal; slurry loadings up to 55 pct were achieved, providing nearly 50-pct greater heating value than the minimally-processed fuel. Lignite was also processed to produce an improved-quality slurry. Attempts to deliver and combust powdered, sub-bituminous coal were not successful. All tests were performed in a combustor configured to achieve geometrically separated zones of fuel-rich and fuel-lean combustion. A lower limit of fuel energy density was necessary to sustain stable combustion; efficiencies greater than 95 pct were only achieved for improved-quality fuels. For the stages combustor used, a fuel lower heating value of 5000 Btu/lb was required. 8 refs., 29 figs., 3 tabs.

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Stimulation model for lenticular sands. Quarterly progress report, January 1-March 31, 1986. [Proppant transport model]

During the second quarter of Phase II, efforts were directed toward three tasks. One was including a subroutine to calculate pressure in the proppant transport model and preparing a users guide and tape for the computer program TUPROP1. The second was directed toward the proppant tracking capability of the program. The last task was combining the fracture geometry model and the proppant transport model. Progress on each of these areas is described. 5 refs., 1 fig., 5 tabs.

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Hypersorption process for separation of components of a medium -Btu gas. Final report. [Gas obtained from Lurgi process, Texaco gasification process, and Foster-Wheeler process]

This study has been performed to determine the technical and economic feasibility of employing hypersorption process technology to separate and purify a medium - Btu gas, derived from oxygen-blown gasifiers, to obtain a H/sub 2//CO ratio of 2:1 as a feed to a Fischer-Tropsch type plant. Technical feasibility is a measure of the ability to design a hypersorption separation and purification process from available data. Economic feasibility can be made through comparisons with commercially available process technology. Three gasification processes have been used as a basis for this study. These processes are based upon EPRI Report AF-244 for the Lurgi moving bed, oxygen-blown, dry bottom gasifier, and EPRI Report AF-642 for the Texaco, slurry fed, oxygen-blown, entrained bed gasifier and for the Foster-Wheeler, oxygen-blown, entrained bed gasifier. Process designs for the hypersorption separation and purification for each case have been made using engineering judgments based on the available adsorption isotherms, which have been obtained from the Calgon Corporation. No attempt has been made to optimize these designs although some additional studies have been done where it has been deemed desirable. Cryogenic separation and acid gas purification for each case have been supplied by Lotepro as a packaged unit. Economic evaluations are ambiguous. All plant investments are within the  - 30% accuracy of this study. No clear cut choice between cryogenic separation - acid gas purification and hypersorptive separation - purification can be made based on plant investment. Operating costs are within the  - 30% accuracy. However, in the Foster-Wheeler case the operating costs are 28% greater for the hypersorption process. 12 figures, 42 tables.

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Mechanism of catalytic gasification of coal char. Quarterly technical progress report No. 7, 1 April-30 June 1982

The results of our experimental studies have led us to propose a char gasification mechanism (Quarterly Report No. 6) in which the catalyst reacts chemically with the carbon and also with the oxidizing gas to transfer reactive oxygen from the gaseous reactant to the char. The oxygenated carbon structure then splits to yield CO, a major gasification product. Our efforts have been aimed at elucidating some mechanistic details of this scheme. Since transfer of electric charge between catalyst and char is a feature of the mechanism, we have measured the thermoelectric power (Seebeck effect) of catalyst-impregnated carbon wafers to identify the charge carrier type. The results show that, at steady state in an inert atmosphere, electron holes, probably in the carbon phase, are the majority charge carriers. However, during the initial interaction between the catalyst and the carbon, a transient condition exists in which the nature of the electrical transport process is not clear. To provide experimental support for a proposed thermal decarbonylation step in the production of CO from oxygenated carbon structures, we studied the decomposition of a polynuclear carbonyl compound (violanthrone) by temperature-programmed desorption/reaction (TPD/TPR) with and without the addition of catalyst. A significant yield of CO was measured in the temperature range 500 to 800 K, but later examination by field ionization mass spectrometry (FIMS) of the reactor residue after nearly complete gasification showed no fragments indicative of the loss of CO from the starting material. Further examination of the activation of sodium-chloride-impregnated carbon by steam pretreatment has confirmed the effect. The conditions used are far from optimal, however, and the chemical mechanism of the process is not understood.

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Engineering support services for the DOE/GRI Coal Gasification Research Program: Quarterly report, September 26, 1987--December 25, 1987

During the current period, KRW conducted two test runs in their 20 TPD fluidized-bed gasifier PDU. One of the objectives in the hot gas cleanup test program was to demonstrate the proof-of-concept for external desulfurization by zinc ferrite. Success criteria included removal of H/sub 2/S and COS to less than 50 ppmv, achieving greater than 50% zinc ferrite utilization, and operation over 5 to 10 cycles of controlled regeneration. The intent was to characterize the zinc ferrite performance under the projected commercial operating conditions of 2 fps linear velocity, inlet dust loading from zero with a barrier filter to about 1000 ppM with a high efficiency cyclone, and a fuel gas having a heating value greater than 110 BTU/SCF on a wet basis. Performance data obtained are summarized. Work continued on the evaluation of modular integrated coal gasification combined cycle (IGCC) power systems based on entrained flow gasification of Illinois No. 6 bituminous coal. In addition, analysis of the Phase-2 test data, obtained by IGT in their high pressure fluidized-bed gasifier PDU, was continued. Details of the status of the IGCC evaluation and the IGT data analysis studies are included. 5 refs., 7 figs., 24 tabs.

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Analysis of reservoir heterogeneities due to shallowing-upward cycles in carbonate rocks of the Pennsylvanian Wahoo Limestone of Northeastern Alaska

This report presents the preliminary results of research accomplished by a team of specialists in carbonate petrology, biostratigraphy, and diagenesis during the 1989--1990 fiscal year. It includes a summary of some of the petrographic data which has been entered into a computerized database; a discussion of biostratigraphic data, particularly conodont biofacies analyses; an overview of diagenetic studies; and a section of the regional geological framework studies. The database is allowing us to test which parameters, such as ooids, can be used to recognize and understand the carbonate petrology of the shallowing-upward cycles. The cycles have been interpreted in terms of depositional environments and sea-level fluctuations and used to develop detailed facies models.

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Investigation of advanced catalytic combustion with SORCAT systems. Semi-annual report

This report describes the work performed during the period of October 1981 through June 1982. This includes: (1) formulation of SORCAT (sorbent-catalyst) groups A, B, and C; (2) preparation of eighteen samples; (3) analysis of properties of samples prepared; and (4) screening tests of all samples. A total of nineteen screening tests were performed with the prepared SORCAT samples and a sample of limestone in a packed bed differential reactor at about 1550/sup 0/F using a gas mixture composed of O/sub 2/, CO, CH/sub 4/, SO/sub 2/, NO and N/sub 2/. Three of these samples with best overall performance will undergo further testing with coal in a four-inch fluidized bed combustor. In summary, the results to date have shown that SORCAT materials can effectively remove potential environmental pollutants to very low levels and therefore offer a very viable alternative to the use of limestone in coal combustion technology.

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Thermal Modeling of Forearc Regions

The unconventional natural gas resource program of the Department of Energy has targeted ancient subduction zones as a possible source of organic-origin natural gas. The suggestion is that organic sediments which have been accreted in the prism and/or subducted beneath the prism will produce gas at greater depths than in more conventional, generally hotter, basins. A critical element in determining the likelihood of gas generation in ancient or modern accretionary prisms is the thermal regime of the accreting prism. We have developed a computer model to determine the overall thermal regime in the modern forearcs of Oregon/Washington and southern Alaska. This allows us to predict the likelihood that gas has been generated at depth in the forearc prism, or within sediments as they are subducted beneath the prism. In fact, the model results indicate that subduction and accretion of these sediments at low temperatures increases the probability that ancient subduction zones, once accreted to the craton and allowed to heat in response to migration of the volcanic front, could be the source of natural gas. 75 refs., 24 figs.

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Development of core analysis procedures using X-ray Computer Tomography

Objectives of the two year effort were to develop reliable core analysis procedures using X-ray Computer Tomography (CT). Specific measurements of interest are: matrix porosity, fracture porosity, stress effects on porosity, permeability measurements, and multiphase relative permeabilities. Tasks 1 and 2 sorted out the contribution of matrix and fractures (or vugs) to porosity of rock core samples. Task 3 made direct measurements of changes of porosity and porosity distribution of core samples based on stress. This was of particular interest in fractured samples. Task 4 made direct measurements of fluid flow resulting in permeability measurements. Task 5 looked at expanding the capabilities developed in Task 4 to multiphase fluid flow. This research has provided for the development of measurements that cannot be done with existing technology and provided for more meaningful information to the oil and gas production industry. 6 refs., 38 figs.

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Flow in porous media, phase behavior and ultralow interfacial tensions: Mechanisms of enhanced petroleum recovery

Research programs on surfactant flooding for petroleum recovery are discussed. Research areas include the determination of microstructure of microemulsions and the effects on interfacial tension; two-phase flow studies; equations of state calculations; distribution of wetting phase; and effective medium of electrical and hydraulic conductivity in disordered porous media and composite materials. The emphasis of the research is on understanding basic physical and chemical mechanisms with the goal of transforming this knowledge into the concepts and mathematical formulations needed for engineering process design and analysis. (CBS)

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Fatigue studies of drill pipe immersed in drilling mud with H/sub 2/S and CO/sub 2/. Final report, October 1, 1980-July 31, 1983

This report contains results of a test program concerning corrosion fatigue studies of drill pipe immersed in circulating drilling mud containing hydrogen sulfide. The work was performed under controlled conditions in a laboratory at The University of Tulsa, using a test cell specifically designed and built for this program. The facility used real drilling mud circulating, in a closed airtight system, over dynamically-stressed drill pipe specimens. A laboratory computer was used to automatically collect data during the tests, which lasted up to 18 days. No significant difference was found in the performance of normalized-and-tempered vs quenched-and-tempered Grade E drill pipe, but quenched-and-tempered Grade X pipe showed exceptionally desirable qualities. Higher-strength pipe proved to be susceptible to rapid failure via hydrogen embrittlement, as expected. But chemical control of the drilling mud resulted in significant improvement in performance. Corrosion coupons made from five different grades of pipe gave nearly identical corrosion rates under a given set of conditions, but in all cases there was a significant dependence of corrosion rate on temperature. No significant degradation of performance was found when a simple water-based non-dispersed mud was replaced by a dispersed water-based mud containing lignosulfonate. Two precursor effects were found which identify poisoning of steel by hydrogen sulfide. Parameters affected were the stiffness of the steel, and its bulk electrical resistance. The second of these two effects shows some promise for use in the field as a test to identify bad pipe, possibly before cracks begin to grow. 17 references, 53 figures, 32 tables.

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Expansion of high-temperature; high-pressure data set for coal gasification. Fifth quarterly report, September 28-December 28, 1985

During the fifth quarter, the gas mixing station for the high pressure reactor (HPR) system was completed. This station allows us to make reproducible binary mixtures of any two gases. It will be used for pyrolysis experiments in helium/nitrogen or oxygen/nitrogen and gasification experiments in helium/nitrogen or oxygen/nitrogen and gasification experiments in carbon dioxide/nitrogen. In addition, work began on modifications of the HPR system for high pressure (600 psig) operation. A limited amount of data was taken with the HPR system due to the modifications for the mixing station. However, the test plan experiments for pyrolysis in mixtures of helium and nitrogen were completed. In general, there is a slightly higher yield of volatiles and lower yield of char as the helium content (heating rate) increases. A new technique for measuring char reactivity resulted from an Army SBIR program and was further developed under our other METC Contract. It has also been used to characterize chars generated under the current program. It was evident that the severity of the thermal treatment had a direct effect on char reactivity. In this regard, rapid heating to a relatively low temperature was most favorable while slow heating to a high temperature was least favorable. With regard to pressure effects on reactivity, our preliminary data indicated that higher pressures produce chars lower initial reactivity. A total of four experiments were done in the heated tube reactor (HTR) at 60 psig, 800/sup 0/C maximum tube temperature. The trends are the same as observed in the atmospheric pressure experiments for the same tube temperature and cold gas velocity. During the past quarter, a particle temperature (PT) model was under development for the high pressure entrained flow reactor (HPR). 5 refs., 5 figs.

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Pretreatment techniques for coal gasification. Third quarterly report, April 1-June 30, 1985

Pretreatment of coal in steam is being explored with the goal of improving the economic attractiveness of coal gasification by cogeneration of light liquid fuels. The literature citations obtained by a computer search have been examined and a draft of the literature survey report is being edited. Work during this quarter was devoted to finding the cause of low liquid yields. Pulse feeding of coal slurry proved unsatisfactory. Eight shakedown runs were conducted with raw coal in which product was collected for 30 minutes. Procedures for analyzing the collected gas were established for the carbon containing species and hydrogen. Char and liquid determinations were checked by an outside laboratory. The reactor exit line and valve were checked for carbon deposits, and the amount found was not significant. The termination procedure was improved to avoid unknown char loss. Raising the tip of the injection tube to reduce premature heating of the coal slurry produced no improvement of liquid yields. A complete carbon balance showed that the low liquid yields are not the result of undetected losses. Modification of the reactor top allowed insertion of an auxiliary thermocouple to measure the temperature of the upper surface of the bed. During slurry feeding the surface temperature was very low, a result of the evaporation of water supplied with the coal. Since this is the cause of the low liquid yields, the slurry feed system will be replaced by a dry feeder. The selection of such a feeder has been initiated. The characterization of pretreated coal has begun with the elemental analyses of four samples in addition to one of the raw material. 1 fig., 2 tabs.

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