AndreaBozzo/ceres-open-data-index huggingface dataset:
Chemical and physical characterization of western low-rank coal-waste materials. Part 1. Byproducts from sodium-based dry-scrubbing systems. Final report. [Sodium-based processes]

Dry flue gas desulfurization processes have been developed in response to the need for less expensive, more reliable systems. Dry processes of interest for this report are dry injection of sodium salts into the flue gas and use of spray dryers as gas-reagent contacting systems. In both cases a dry product is formed. This volume presents results of physical and chemical tests carried out on five samples of waste materials from dry scrubbing processes. Spent dry sorbents from sodium-based dry scrubbing processes are very soluble in water. In the batch dissolution test employed, nearly half of each sample of spent dry sorbent dissolved. In comparison, solubilities of sludges from calcium-based systems are typically below 10%. Column leaching tests indicate that substantial fractions of the arsenic, molybdenum, selenium, sodium and vanadium present in the solids will dissolve under dynamic leaching conditions. Up to 20% of the arsenic present and 40% of the selenium present were leached under the conditions used. Leachate generated by water coming in contact with wastes can be expected to contain high concentrations of dissolved salts and some trace elements. Leachate of this quality can contaminate high quality surface water or ground water resources if released to them at significant rates (i.e., without controls). Environmentally sound disposal practices for sodium-based spent dry sorbents will require designs that do not permit escape of leachate because leachate quality is so poor. If dry scrubbing processes employing sodium containing sorbents are to be applied widely, a broader range of economically viable disposal options needs to be developed. It should be noted that most commercial spray dryer FGD systems currently being built use lime as the sorbent. Products from these lime-based systems can be expected to have very different disposal characteristics than products from sodium-based systems.

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Survey of materials for critical valves in coal conversion applications. [68 references]

The development of coal conversion technology is of prime importance in the energy future of the United States. The materials from which the coal conversion system components, such as valves, are fabricated are critical in the design of the component due to the severe environment in which they must economically and reliably operate. This report represents a literature review of the present technology of wear-resistant materials available from research and industry to the designers and manufacturers of coal conversion valves. The writing of the report began with a classification of the types of valves used and the service required with respect to: Pressure, temperature, and media handled. A priority ranking of wear considerations for each type of valve was established. The valve classification was used as a base by which the initial communication of the information requirements was made to the representatives of materials companies and research institutions chosen to be possible contributors. Literature from these contributors was received and divided into three basic categories of materials: Bulk materials (including cemented carbides), coating materials, and ceramic materials. Properties of importance to valve applications for each type of material were determined. The information from each contributing company and institution was classified and summarized under each property and presented in both written and tabular form. After a review and critique by the Project Manager of the Valve Testing and Development Projects at METC, each section of the survey was mailed to its respective contributor for review concerning the technical accuracy and completeness. The reviewed sections were arranged as presented.

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Producing unrecovered mobile oil: Evaluation of potential economically recoverable reserves in Texas, Oklahoma, and New Mexico

This report is part of a coordinated series of research efforts designed to prepare preliminary evaluations of important components of the domestic unrecovered oil resource. The specific resource of interest is the oil that is displaceable by water and remains in the Nation's reservoir after conventional production. Integrated geologic, engineering, and economic evaluations in this series estimate future reserve additions from this unrecovered mobile oil (UMO) resource under various circumstances. The individual studies consider the effects of change in oil prices and advances in production technology on the economic recovery potential of the UMO resource. Several recovery technologies are evaluated, including the use of waterflooding in conjunction with infill drilling to displace and produce UMO at decreased well spacings. The overall analysis series was conducted in two separate, but coordinated, parts; one at a detailed reservoir level and one at a generalized regional level. At the reservoir level, detailed analyses of three individual Texas reservoirs fully delineated the resource and the potential for UMO recovery in these reservoirs under a variety of development situations. Results of the individual reservoir evaluations were extrapolated to groups of reservoirs with common depositional histories, collectively known as   plays.''At the regional level, reservoirs in three major oil producing states, Texas, Oklahoma, and New Mexico, were analyzed to determine the resource volume, potential recovery, and cost and benefits both in the individual states and for the region as a whole. This analysis relied on geologic classification of individual reservoirs, specific rock and fluid properties, and production and development histories to quantify the resource and assess its potential for future UMO recovery. 15 refs., 26 figs., 13 tabs.

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Kinetic behavior of solid particles in fluidized beds: Annual report

This report summarizes technical accomplishments for the first year in a 3-year contract project for the Morgantown Energy Technology Center (METC) of the US Department of Energy (DOE) under contract number AC21-86MC23249. The objectives of the project are (1) to develop experimental techniques for measuring the forces of fluidized particles, and (2) to predict solid particle performance in fluidized beds using data analysis and mathematical modeling. During the first year, the fracture-sensitive tracer-particle method was developed and applied to investigate the effects of fluidized particle size, superficial gas velocity, bed height, bed diameter, and bed configuration on the kinetic behavior of solid particles in fluidized beds. Quantitative data and comprehensive information were obtained. A piezoresistive strain-gauge sensor and a PC data-acquisition system were also developed; these are being used to measure the force distribution in fluidized beds. The pressure fluctuation method will also be investigated in the near future. 12 refs., 24 figs., 2 tabs.

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Physical simulations of underground coal gasification in an eastern bituminous coal

A series of laboratory experiments has been conducted at the Western Research Institute to simulate the underground gasification of Herrin No. 6 bituminous coal. The samples were provided by Peabody Coal Company from its River King 3 mine near New Athens, Illinois. The program was conducted under a cooperative agreement with the US Department of Energy. The series consisted of three bench-scale tests, in which 1.5-ft (46 cm) coal cubes were used, and a large block test in a pilot-scale reactor. The large block was 2 ft (60 cm) high, 2 fit (60 cm) wide, and 4.5 ft (140 cm) long. The weakly swelling coal was gasified using steam and oxygen ratios ranging from 0.5/1 to 2/1 (steam/oxygen by volume). A nitrogen and oxygen mixture (2/1 by volume, nitrogen/oxygen) was tested for comparison with the steam/oxygen tests. Gasification of the small blocks typically consumed 20 lbs (9 kg) of coal and gasification of the large block consumed 150 lbs (68 kg). Small changes in the gas heating values were noted at the different steam/oxygen ratios. However, all of the tests produced a gas with a nitrogen-free dry heating value near 200 Btu/scf (176 KJ/mol). 9 refs., 4 figs., 4 tabs.

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Fluidized bed combustion of low-rank coals: Final report for the period ending June 30, 1986

Specific goals included the development of a data base on AFBC processes and systems utilizing low-rank coals, including corrosion and erosion of heat transfer surfaces, gaseous and particulate emissions, in-bed and freeboard heat transfer, and waste characterization. Three 1000-hour tests were performed, using South Hallsville, Texas lignite A, Sarpy Creek (Absaloka), Montana subbituminous B, and Navajo, New Mexico subbituminous A as fuels. Greater tube deposition and under-deposit corrosion were noted for the highly alkaline ash of the Sarpy Creek coal, while the more acidic ash from the other two coals appeared to be more erosive. With the exception of carbon steel, no major differences were noted among the different metallurgies studied. Other results indicate that high retention of sulfur in the bed can be obtained for coals with a highly alkaline ash, such as Sarpy Creek, while only a minimal amount is retained by the low-rank coals with acidic ashes. High combustion efficiencies, greater than 98%, can be expected for all coals tested even without ash recycle. Agglomeration was observed during tests using both silica sand and limestone as bed material and was a strong function of the level of sodium in the coal ash. Work was performed to develop and refine predictive equations for estimating heat transfer coefficients, based on the data collected during normal operation. Special testing was also performed to determine the emissivity of bed materials and the radiative contribution to heat transfer. The size of the bed particles was found to have the most dominant effect on heat transfer, with a 50% reduction in the heat transfer coefficient noted with increases in the particle diameter from 0.544 to 2.335 mm. Correlations were found to predict the coefficient to within 20%. 77 refs., 77 figs., 35 tabs.

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Survey of Tar Sand Deposits, Heavy Oil Fields, and Shallow Light Oil Fields of the United States for Underground Coal Gasification Applications

A literature survey was conducted to identify areas of the United States where tar sand deposits, heavy oil fields, or shallow light oil fields might be suitably associated with coal deposits for production of oil by in situ thermal recovery methods using heat derived from underground coal gasification (UCG) processes. The survey is part of a Department of Energy-sponsored program to develop new applications for UCG technology in utilizing coal resources that are unattractive for mining. Results from the survey indicate tar sand deposits, heavy oil fields, or light oil fields are probably or possibly located within 5 miles of suitable coal in 17 states (Table 1). Especially promising areas are in the Uinta Basin of Utah; the North Slope of Alaska; the San Miguel deposit in southwest Texas; the Illinois-Eastern Interior Basin area of western Kentucky, southwestern Indiana and Illinois; the tri-state area of Missouri, Kansas and Oklahoma; and the northern Appalachian Basin in eastern Ohio and northwestern Pennsylvania. The deposits in these areas warrant further evaluation. 30 refs., 4 figs., 1 tab.

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Gas cooled fuel cell systems technology development

This report documents in detail the work performed by Westinghouse Electric Corporation and the Energy Research Corporation during the fourth phase of a planned multiphase program to develop a Phosphoric Acid Fuel Cell (PAFC) for electric utility or industrial power plant applications. Results of this effort include: (1) development of a baseline rolled electrode technology; (2) advancement of fuel cell technology through innovative improvements in the areas of acid management, catalyst selection, electrode and plate materials and processes, components designs, and quality assurance programs; (3) demonstration of improved fuel cell and stack performance and endurance; (4) successful scaleup of cell and stack design features into fun height 100 kill stacks; and (5) demonstration of combining stacks into a 400 kill module that will be the building block for power plants, including the development of testing facilities and operating procedures applicable to plant operations.

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Rock matrix and fracture analysis of flow in western tight gas sands. Quarterly technical progress report, January-March 1986

The overall objective of this project is to show how gas can flow from the rock matrix to natural or induced fracures and be commercially produced. Flow of gas within the rock matrix has been shown to be largely controlled by sheet-like pores at grain boundaries, which are pressure sensitive. In this quarterly report, progress is reported in the following areas of advanced core analysis of low permeability gas sands: (1) surface area measurements; (2) helium porosimetry; (3) comparison of permeabilities for preserved cores and for cores subjected to drying; (4) pore space and fractures as related to diagenesis of multiwell sandstones; and (5) imbibition behavior of tight sands. 5 refs., 8 figs.

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Corrosion resistant materials in MCFC (molten carbonate fuel cell) environment: Final report, October 1984-September 1986. [Current collector/bipolar plate]

This report describes a 24-month effort in the development of a corrosion resistant hardware material for molten carbonate fuel cell (MFC) application. The objective of this program was to identify an inexpensive alloy for MCFC current collector/bipolar plate application. For this work, 310S was selected as the base alloy composition and La, Ce and Si were added to improve corrosion resistance. Eight candidate alloys, including 310S and 316L, were screened in MCFC anode and cathode atmospheres. The techniques used include isothermal corrosion, acoustic emission, thermal cycling corrosion, thermogravimetric analyses, electrical surface resistance, and dual atmosphere corrosion testing. Oxide scales formed were analyzed by standard metallographic techniques. The results indicate that COLT-25  and Crutemp-25 alloys (both containing 25Cr-25Ni and balance Fe) have the best corrosion resistance in the MCFC environment. Rare earth additives, La and Ce, do not appear to improve isothermal or thermal cycling resistance a great deal. Silicon addition appears to improve thermal cycling but not isothermal corrosion resistance. High Mn content (approx.18%) appears detrimental based on this limited investigation. Currently used 316L has the least corrosion resistance of all the alloys tested. Pressurized tests have shown that high pressure (10 atm) reduces corrosion rate in the anode atmosphere whereas it only slightly affects corrosion rate in the cathode atmosphere. 37 refs., 47 figs., 12 tabs.

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Three-dimensional laboratory simulation of the hot-gas injection process for tar sand

In situ recovery technologies for tar sand and heavy oil are simulated at the Western Research Institute to develop a technological base for understanding in situ processing of these resources. Wide ranges of process parameters are tested in a one-dimensional tubular reactor in which the tar sand or heavy oil sand is uniformly reconstituted to nearly the same permeability and porosity as the field resource. Three-dimensional process performance is evaluated by testing the most promising operating parameters in consolidated blocks of the field resource. The potential of hot-gas injection for the preheat and production of tar sand has been evaluated with three-dimensional and one-dimensional laboratory simulations. The three-dimensional simulation has shown that by using a fracture, a highly saturated tar sand can be heated while a significant portion of the bitumen is produced. Oil production rate, residual saturation, and produced oil quality have been measured for various operating parameters. The characteristic shape of the temperature responses in the three-dimensional block indicates that both conduction and convection are significant heat transfer mechanisms. The two most influential operating parameters have been found to be the heat input rate and the injected gas temperature. 2 refs., 11 figs., 5 tabs.

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Control of sulfur emissions from oil-shale retorting using spent-shale absorption. Final report, October 1985-February 1986

The report describes an investigation of the environmental advantages/disadvantages of absorbing SO/sub 2/ onto combusted retorted oil shale. The objective of the program was to obtain more information in support of prevention of significant deterioration (PSD) permitting decisions on sulfur control and to determine if the emission of other pollutants such as nitrogen oxides (NOx) and trace elements is significantly increased by the combustion process. The program consists of two phases: Phase I developed an engineering assessment and costs for application of this sulfur-absorption process to selected leading retorting processes, and Phase II was experimental work in an integrated oil-shale pilot plant to define operability, proof of principle, and trace-element emissions. Based on the pilot-plant data obtained in this study, fluid-bed operating conditions are recommended to optimize SO/sub 2/ and NOx control. In general, conditions that favor low SO/sub 2/ emissions also favor low CO and trace hydrocarbon emissions, but do not favor low NOx emissions.

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An isothermal kinetic study of the intermediate states in coal pyrolysis: Quarterly progress report for the period July 1, 1986 through September 30, 1986

The objectives of this study are to examine the kinetic behavior and to characterize the intermediate states in coal pyrolysis. Isothermal kinetic experiments will be conducted on two different coals at three different temperatures using a fluidized sand bath heated reactor system. Proximate and ultimate analyses, and solid state /sup 13/C NMR measurements will be used to characterize the solid products during pyrolysis, while elemental analyses molecular weights and liquid state NMR measurements will be used to characterize the coal liquids produced during pyrolysis. An on-line gas chromatograph will be used to measure the gas compositions.

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Thermal dewatering of coal: Final report

This report presents the results of a comprehensive study on the changes in the physical and chemical structures of North Dakota lignites, occurring during low temperature (T < 110/degree/C) and mild pyrolytic (110/degree/C < T < 425/degree/C) drying. Some results for high temperature, high heating rate, short residence time pyrolysis are also given. Irreversible changes occur in the lignites'pore structures even when drying these materials at room temperature and at moderate relative humidities (75%). Time required for drying of these lignites is a strong function of particle size and temperature. The sorptive capacity of the lignites drops with increases in temperature in the 50 to 60/degree/C range; below this range, the moisture content of the lignite is only a function of ambient relative humidity. Demineralization of the lignites appears to have only a modest effect on moisture sorptive capacity. The crosslink density of the macromolecular structure of the lignites was measured by solvent swelling techniques.

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Anaerobic wastewater treatment: Final report

This project was undertaken to evaluate the effects of wastewater dilution, GAC (granular activated carbon) replacement rate, GAC particle size, operating temperature, and reactor configuration on the treatment of coal gasification wastewater with the expanded-bed GAC anaerobic bioreactor. Coal gasification wastewater used was generated in a low BTU, elevated pressure, stirred fixed-bed, gasifier operated by Morgantown Energy Technology Center (METC) in Morgantown, West Virginia. The treatability of another wastewater generated in a full-scale, slagging fixed-bed modification of a conventional dry-ash, pressurized gasifier located at the Great Plains gasification Association (GPGA) facility in North Dakota was also evaluated. Full-strength METC wastewater was found to be effectively treated at chemical oxygen demand (COD) loading rates as high as 19.4 g/kg GAC-day. At this rate, an excess of 50% of the applied COD was converted to methane, and a carbon utilization rate of 10 g GAC per liter of wastewater treated was employed. At these operating conditions, COD removal efficiencies across the treatment system exceeded 95%. Good COD removal and efficient COD conversion to methane were attainable at loading rates exceeding 70 g COD/kg GAC-day. Wastewater generated at the GPGA facility was found to be treatable at full-strength in the expanded-bed GAC anaerobic reactor at COD loading rates as high as 48 g COD/kg GAC-day. COD removal efficiencies at this loading rate exceeded 90%. Coal gasification wastewater was found to resist treatment under thermophilic anaerobic conditions. The thermophilic expanded-bed GAC anaerobic reactor affected very poor conversion efficiencies of phenol, even when fed a synthetically prepared phenol bearing wastewater. 29 refs., 77 figs., 16 tabs.

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Proceeding of the sixth annual gasification contractors meeting

On June 24 and 25, 1986, METC sponsored the Sixth Annual Gasification Contractors Meeting which was held at the Ramada Inn in Morgantown, West Virginia. The primary purpose of the meeting was threefold: to review the technical progress and current status of the gasification projects sponsored by the Department of Energy. To foster technology exchange among participating researchers and other technical communities. To facilitate interactive dialogues which would identify research needs that would make coal based gasification systems more attractive economically and environmentally. More than 170 representatives of Government, academia, industry, and overseas coal research organizations attended the 2-day meeting. Twenty-nine papers and nine poster displays were presented summarizing recent developments in fundamental mechanisms/innovative concepts, fluid dynamic/modeling, gas separation/upgrading, and operating experience of the large-scale pilot plants in the US Scientists, engineers, and administrators discussed many of the issues facing those engaged in the research and development activities that constitute the gasification program. This document constitutes the proceedings of that meeting and serves as a summary of the gasification program. Selected papers have been processed for inclusion in the Energy Data Base.

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