AndreaBozzo/ceres-open-data-index huggingface dataset:
COMPARATIVE PYROLYSIS CHARACTERISTICS OF AUSTRALIAN OIL SHALES

The pyrolysis characteristics of Queensland oil shales from the Condor, Duaringa, Lowmead, Nagoorin, Nagoorin South, Rundle, Stuart and Yaamba deposits were determined using the material balance modified Fischer Assay and a bench scale fluidized bed steam pyrolysis. The fisher assay oil yield, which ranged from 5.3 to 15.7 wt% of the dry shale, did not correlate well with the organic carbon contents of the shales. However, under both FA and BFSP conditions, a shale of high kerogen hydrogen to carbon ratio (H/C) had high organic carbon conversions to oil and high oil H/Cs. Steam pyrolysis gave 15 4% more oil for all shales except Duaringa which had a 33% increase in oil yield. However, the BFSP oils had lower H/Cs, higher sulfur and nitrogen contents, and more high boiling point fractions than the FA oils.

Tags: kmd
A SIMULATION STUDY ON FLUIDIZED-BED COMBUSTION ON CONDOR SPENT OIL SHALE

The two dimensional fluidized bed (TWODFB) reactor model and the "grain" model for combustion of a single spent shale particle were used in the simulations of the fluidized bed combustion (FBC) of Condor spent shale. The results provide some scientific and engineering insights into the process. The simulations demonstrate the capability of FBC to burn efficiently Condor spent shale of low initial char content and low reactivity. The FBC has only one-twentieth of the volume of a lift pipe combustor. The simulations also indicate the need for kinetic data on carbon dioxide evolution relevant to the combustion of spent shale char.

Tags: kmd
EXPERIMENTS ON THE UNDERGROUND GASIFICATION OF COAL IN A LABORATORY SURFACE GAS GENERATOR

Essential difference between the underground gasification and the gasification of coal in gas generators is discussed. Experiments on underground gasification of coal in surface laboratory gas generators are justified. Experiments carried out in those generators are described. A method was worked out for the analysis of the processes allowing a seperate calculation of products deriving from degasification and gasification of coal, as those processes are running jointly during the underground gasification of coal. The analysis also allows the calculation of parameters essential for the whole process. The results and conclusions drawn from the experiments carried out are discussed. The importance and the role of certain parameters in the process of gasification are presented as well as the conditions under which the gas of a relatively high calorific value is to be obtained in a continuous way. Lower and upper limits of the normal flowing speed of oxygen per unity of surface of the coal block front.

Tags: kmd
STUDY AND DEVELOPMENT OF EFFICIENT SYSTEMS FOR EXTRACTING AND UTILIZING THE HEAT THAT ACCUMULATES IN THE DEEP LAYERS OF THE EARTH'S CRUST IN THE FAR NORTH AND THE NORTHEAST OF THE USSR

Two trends have emerged in the last few years in studies of the methods of practical utilization of terrestrial heat. One involves the prospecting for and working of reserves of natural heat carriers, which are thermal waters, steam, and steam water mixtures. Without belittling the importance of the economical mastering of these resources of natural heat, one should note that in many cases, their practical application is hindered by the territorial separation of the heat sources and consumers.

Tags: kmd
TECHNICAL AND ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF THE OPERATION OF THE ANGREN, SOUTHERN - ABINSK AND LISICHANSK UNDERGROUND GASIFICATION STATIONS (PODZEMGAZ) DURING 1963

At the time of writing six "Podzemgaz" stations for underground gasification of coal are in operation or under construction. The nature of the operations in Podzemgaz stations affects their economic parameters: their overall and their commercial production, production costs, and the results of their economic activity.

Tags: kmd
EFFECT OF THE COAL-GASIFICATION PROCESS ON THE GROUND-WATER REGIME

The high temperatures arising during the combustion of coals create peculiar geothermal conditions in the gasification section which affect the properties of the rock and the underground water regime. The rocks of the roof and of the floor are subjected to the greatest influence of the temperature; within them, the temperature close to the combustion focus of the coal reaches 1000C, while at a distance of 3.5 m from the focus it calls to 100C.

Tags: kmd
APPROXIMATE DETERMINATION OF THE MEAN CROSS-SECTION OF THE FIRE CHANNEL IN THE UNDERGROUND GASIFICATION OF HARD COALS

The basis of obtaining high quality gas in an underground gas generator is the establishment of certain conditions for the interaction between the blast and the coal's carbon. Generally it is attempted to bring the blast stream to the reaction surface by varying the scheme of gasification, by selecting the points and the method of leading in the blast, by making use of the laws governing the streams motion, by packing the gasified space, etc.; in other words, apart from other factors, the gas formation process is determined by the aero-gas dynamics of the flow, which in turn depend partly on the dimensions of the gasification channel. In addition to this, the determination of the mean cross section of the fire channel makes it possible to clarify the behavior of the surrounding rocks and the nature and form of the combustion focus, to determine the optimal length of the gas generator, and so on.

Tags: kmd
APPROPRIATE METHOD OF DETERMINING THE OPTIMUM DIAMETER OF BLAST AND GAS-OUTFLOW BOREHOLES OF AN UNDERGROUND GAS PRODUCER

A discussion of the question of optimum diameter of blast and gas outflow boreholes of underground gas producers should be started by asking the question, what amount of blast supplied to an underground gas producer should correspond to a single blast hole, and what will be the resulting output of the gas-outflow holes.

Tags: kmd
COMPUTERIZED DATA ACQUISTION METHODS FOR IN SITU PETROLEUM RECOVERY EXPERIMENTS

Specifics to be discussed include instrumentation for automatic gas sampling and analysis, underground temperature and pressure instrumentation, pressure and flow measurement and control, hardware configurations, and the software systems used to monitor, control, and record the processes. This paper also includes comparisons of the instrumentation, computer hardware, and the software used on each of the three most recent experiments.

Tags: kmd
SIMULTANEOUS DTA-TG-MSA APPARATUS FOR THERMAL STUDY OF NATURAL FUELS

Quadrupole equipment added to apparatus designed expressly for thermal analysis of natural fuels like oil shale provides continuous mass spectrometric analysis (MSA) of evolving gases, differential thermal analysis (DTA), and thermogravimetry (TG) simultaneously on a single sample. Described is tested apparatus developed specifically to solve problems inherent in thermal analysis of solid fuels. Key to this solution is the use of thin, flat pans as sample holders. Adaptation of the quadrupole equipment to sample and analyze evolving gases in a carrier stream is described.

Tags: kmd
PROPOSED PATHS TO PRODUCTS OF PYRROLE AUTOXIDATION

This is a report of the autoxidation of 1-methylpyrrole, 1-isopropylpyrrole, and 1-butylpyrrole at 50C under 1 atmosphere of oxygen. Oxygen consumption rates, identification of reaction products, and appearance times of these reaction products led to inferences concerning the mechanisms of the oxidation reactions.

Tags: kmd
COLORIMETRIC DETERMINATION OF THIOPHENIC SULFUR

The present investigation was undertaken because the customary determination of thiophenic sulfur by extraction with mercuric nitrate cannot be used on shale oil naptha as the large quantities of olefins present react with the reagent. In an ordinary group sulfur analysis of shale oil naphtha, therefore, the thiophenic sulfur is classed with the residual group that is not determined directly. As most of the sulfur in shale oil naphtha falls in this group, a direct determination of thiophenic sulfur is desirable.

Tags: kmd
GUM PROBLEM IN MOTORFUELS: RATE OF DISTILLATION REFLECTED IN AMOUNT PRESENT.  PREPONDERANCE OF CONSTITUENTS FOUND IN CERTAIN FRACTIONS

Gums and gum forming compounds, if they occur in motor fuel, give rise to many refining and utilization problems. Deposits in storage tanks, piping, carburetors, etc., may occur; motor valve stems, especially if the valves leak slightly, may become coated with a sticky gum which impedes their action, and gasoline pump bowls may become discolored.

Tags: kmd
HYDRAULIC-POWERED PLATFORM FOR SCALING HIGH BACKS AND WALLS

A hydraulic scaling rig was placed in operation at the Bureau of Mines oil shale mine near Rifle, Colo., in 1953. The rig consists of a self-leveling platform mounted on a hydraulic-powered boom. The boom is mounted on the bed of a diesel truck. The equipment provides a movable work platform from which two men can work in safety and comfort while barring loose rock from the backs and walls of the rooms, pillars, and haulageways.

Tags: kmd
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL STRUCTURE OF KEROGEN

The data presented here was obtained from a study of the constitution of the kerogen present in Green River oil shale from Rifle, Colorado by the Bureau of Mines unless indicated otherwise. It is believed that the samples studied are representative of the entire Green River formation; however, minor difference may be evident by closer examination of the kerogen obtained from various locations in the formation. Major difference, similar to those exhibited by kerogens from different formations, probably do not exist.

Tags: kmd
PHYSICOCHEMICAL STUDIES OF "TENDER-MIX" AND "NONTENDER-MIX" ASPHALTS (INTERIM REPORT)

Eight Federal Highway Administration-supplied asphalts, which have established field-performance histories relative to "tender-mix" pavements, were examined by three physiochemical methods. The purpose of the study was to elucidate some fundamental differences between the "nontender" and "tender-mix" asphalts. Heat of immersion measurements and resilient deformation measurements showed reasonable correlations with "tender-mix" pavements, while percent n-hexane asphaltenes and their infrared spectra did not.

Tags: kmd
SIMULTANEOUS DIELECTRIC ANALYSIS-DIFFERENTIAL THERMAL ANALYSIS OF SOLID MATERIALS

A novel technique has been developed wherein dielectric analysis (DA) and differential thermal analysis (DTA) are performed simultaneously on a single test material. The speed of data acquisition and the range of frequencies and temperatures that can be investigated in a single experiment are far beyond the capabilities of conventional techniques. The present technique, which features extensive automation in data acquisition and processing, is illustrated by preliminary measurements on Colorado Green River oil shale. The results indicate that a combined use of DA and DTA techniques yields useful information for elucidation of thermal decomposition and phase transformation mechanisms.

Tags: kmd
ZONE-MELTING CHROMATOGRAPHY OF ORGANIC MIXTURES

Zone-melting chromatography involves placing a sample at some point in a solidified column of purified solvent and then distributing the sample through the solid solvent by repeated passes of the molten zone. Several workers have used this technique to study the molecular weight distribution of polystyrene. Their results indicated that a molecular weight distribution of the polymer had occurred within the solvent column after repeated passes of the molten zone and that the highest molecular weight material was at the top of the column.

Tags: kmd
VISCOELASTIC MEASUREMENTS AND THEIR RELATIONSHIP TO BITUMEN PROPERTIES

Viscoelastic measurements of bitumens made on a mechanical spectrometer assisted in providing insight into phenomena associated with bitumen-aging characteristics, adsorption of bitumen components on mineral surfaces, and the effect of moisture on the bitumen-aggregate interactions. Irregular transitions believed related to changes in molecular structuring in bitumens were observed in the viscoelastic and asphaltene settling times data following time-dependent oxidative aging of the bitumens.

Tags: kmd
SHALE OIL PRODUCTS AS REPLACEMENTS FOR PETROLEUM COUNTERPARTS IN PAVEMENT APPLICATIONS

Recent laboratory results showed that certain fractions from shale oil exhibit some physical properties that are superior to their petroleum counterparts when utilized in asphalt pavements. Fractions studied were a shale oil asphalt obtained by vacuum distillation of a heavy oil, a basic nitrogen concentrate obtained as a byproduct from the experimental refining of shale oil, and a 342-382C shale oil distillate.

Tags: kmd
REDUCTION OF OXIDATIVE HARDENING OF ASPHALTS BY TREATMENT WITH HYDRATED LIME--A MECHANISTIC STUDY

This study showed that lime treatment removes polar, viscosity-building components and reduces the susceptibility of the asphalt to laboratory oxidative hardening. The beneficial effects of lime treatment in reducing asphalt oxidative hardening were attributed to two synergistic effects: 1) lime reduces the formation of oxidation procuts by the removal of oxidation catalysts or promotors and 2) lime reduces the sensitivity of the asphalt to these oxidation products by removing polar molecules that would otherwise interact with the oxidation products to cause an increase in viscosity. Relationships were observed between polar functional group interactions and changes in asphaltene content and viscosity.

Tags: kmd
ISOLATION PROCEDURES FOR KEROGENS AND ASSOCIATED SOLUBLE ORGANIC MATERIALS

The discussion covers the isolation of kerogen, bitumen, fatty acids, porphyrins, amino acids, and carbohydrates from kerogen rocks. The procedures as described are intended to be informative without any implication of recommended usage. Other methods are applicable and in some circumstances may be preferred. Likewise, the articles reviewed were chosen for the subject matter discussed and no attempt has been made to completely review the subject.

Tags: kmd
MOISTURE-INDUCED DAMAGE IN BITUMINOUS PAVEMENT-A STUDY OF NITROGEN COMPOUND INTERACTIONS WITH AGGREGATES

Pyridine-type basic nitrogen compounds were found to adsorb strongly to surfaces of mineral aggregates used in pavement construction. Studies utilizing elemental nitrogen determinations and the nature of the interactions between basic nitrogen compounds and mineral aggregates showed that the strength of the interactions varied with mineral type. Results of the studies showed a good correlation between pyridine-type interactions and the susceptibility of the bituminous mixtures to moisture damage using two different laboratory moisture damage tests. Thermal studies were used to evaluate the desorption-decomposition characteristics of nitrogen compounds in bitumens on aggregate surfaces. This technique also identified the presence of an antistripping agent in a bituminous mixture.

Tags: kmd
RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN ASPHALT CHEMICAL COMPOSITION AND PERFORMANCE RELATED PROPERTIES

The objective of this paper is to illustrate the importance of chemical compositional factors on asphalt properties, with particular emphasis on factors affecting durability and performance of asphalt pavements. Concepts are presented that the author has found useful in better understanding why asphalt behaves as it does. A fundamental approach is taken, with basic concepts being developed as needed, in the hope of dispelling some of the mystery surrounding asphalt that may exist with many nonchemist asphalt technologists, for whom this paper was primarily prepared. Although the discussion is based on the results of scientific experimentation, the many secrets yet locked inside this historic building material require that working hypotheses be developed and continually modified to accommodate new information. Thus, the author's own bias in this presentation is readily acknowledged.

Tags: kmd
COMPARATIVE STUDY OF THE ISOLATION ORGANIC MATERIAL FROM WATER COLLECTED DURING THE IN SITU RETORTING OF TAR SANDS (ABSTRACT ONLY)

As the commercialization of in situ retorting of tar sand approaches, the contamination of water by organic compounds generated by the process becomes a concern. Whether one is looking at total organic content or individual species, it is important to know the quantity of organic material isolated. Previous methods of removing the organic material present in tar sands water have been limited to liquid/liquid extractions. For the purposes of this investigation, water collected from the in situ retorting of tar sands was treated by various methods to determine the most efficient in organic removal. These methods included liquid/liquid extraction, freeze drying and resin adsorption. The organic content in the water was determined before and after each isolation. Two methods of determining the efficiency of the organic carbon isolation were utilized and compared. The first method involved the conversation of carbon to methane followed flame ionization detection and a second method converting the carbon to carbon dioxide followed by coulometric titration. The results of the various methods of isolation and detection will be discussed.

Tags: kmd
RETORTING RESEARCH

Retorts such as the gas combustion, Union Oil Co., Standard Oil Development Co., Socony Vacuum Oil Co., and perhaps others, designed to produce a maximum quantity of an oil of properties, are in advanced stages of development and show promise of accomplishing the retorting step at very low costs, it appears that research to improve the economics of oil shale processing should be most fruitful if directed along either or both of the following lines: a) to improve the yield and/or quality of oil by conversion methods other than purely thermal and b) to improve the quality of oil obtainable by thermal conversion methods at some sacrifice in liquid yield if necessary.

Tags: kmd
RAPID METHOD FOR THE DETERMINATION OF BENZENE, TOLUENE AND SEVEN-CARBON ATOM NAPHTHENES IN CRUDE OILS AND NAPHTHAS

The amounts of benzene, toluene, and 7 carbon atom naphthenes in a crude oil or naphtha may be determined in 10 to 12 hours by fractionating a sample into wide boiling range fractions and determining the specific dispersion, density and refractivity intercept of each fraction. Benzene and toluene can be determined with an accuracy of 0.1 percent and 7 carbon atom naphthenes with a precision and probable accuracy of 0.4 percent. The method is suitable but less accurate for determining higher boiling aromatics and naphthenes in the gasoline range.

Tags: kmd
METHOD OF IDENTIFYING AND DETERMINING POSITIONAL, NORMAL-OLEFIN ISOMERS

This paper describes a method of identifying and determining the concentration of the positional, normal-olefin isomers in mixtures of saturates, olefins, and aromatics. The method was designed to make this identification and determination on samples containing carbon olefins. It is based on the mass spectral examination of the lineral vicinal dideuteriocalkanes (LVDA) resulting from homogeneous deuteration of the normal olefins. The location of the vicinal deuterium atoms in the LVDA is related to the position of the double bond in the precursor normal olefin.

Tags: kmd
REMOTE CONTROL OF TRACER GAS INJECTION USING VLF ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES

The remote control system described makes it possible to install tracer gas canisters at selected locations in a modified in situ oil shale retort during rubbling. After rubbling, the tracer gas is released on command from the surface. These gas canisters are installed from the surface through existing retort access holes. Coded transmission is used so that the canisters can be triggered individually. The battery operated receiver with each canister can stand by for several months and then release the tracer gas when the appropriate signal is received. The proposed system would provide an economical method for obtaining tracer information.

Tags: kmd
NMR STUDIES OF SOLID FOSSIL FUELS

The application of NMR techniques to the study of solid fossil fuels has been reviewed. Emphasis has been placed on applications of the solid state NMR techniques of cross polarization and magic angle spinning because of their great potential for providing structural information about the organic matter in solid fossil fuel substances. Applications of other NMR techniques that sow promise for fossil fuel studies are discussed also, but to a limited extent. The solid fossil fuel substances that are discussed are primarily coals, oil shales, and their precursor materials. Applications of NMR to these materials are reviewed in terms of molecular structure, fuel processing, and geochemical studies.

Tags: kmd
CROSS POLARIZATION 13C NMR WITH MAGIC-ANGLE SPINING: SOME APPLICATIONS TO FOSSIL FUELS AND POLYMERS

In this article the authors wish to introduce the concepts of cross polarization and magic angle spinning NMR. A major aim is to provide a somewhat pictorial and descriptive explanation of the cross polarization NMR experiment. This will be followed by some examples of applications of the technique to fossil fuels and other areas.

Tags: kmd
SEPARATION OF ACIDIC COMPOUND TYPES ISOLATED FROM HIGH-BOILING PETROLEUM DISTILLATES

As part of American petroleum Institute Research Project 60, we are currently involved in the characterization of the compound types present in petroleum distillates boiling about 400C. A separation scheme was developed that divides these distillates into acid, base, neutral nitrogen, saturate and aromatic concentrates. The acid concentrate was isolated by ion exchange chromatography using nonaqueous solvents. Compounds of many types and acid strengths are present in this concentrate, and thus additional characterization is required. This paper discusses the merits of the two separation methods and suggests how they may be used in a complementary manner for the separation of acid concentrates into acidic compound types.

Tags: kmd
OIL SHALES OF PENNSYLVANIAN AGE IN INDIANA

Black organic-rich shales of Pennsylvanian age are present in southwestern Indiana and throughout the Illinois Basin and other coal-bearing basins. Many of there can be considered oil shales and most are associated with commercial coalbeds. The shales are generally thin, from a few feet to 15 feet thick, but they have the economic advantage of being unearthed in huge amounts during coal mining operations.

Tags: kmd
ACCELERATED OIL SHALE RESEARCH A PROPOSED RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT PLAN TO ASSIST THE EARLY DEVELOPMENT OF A U.S. OIL SHALE INDUSTRY

Efforts to develop the nation's vast oil shale resources have been of concern since the Synthetic Fuels Act in 1944. Beginning with this act, the U.S. Government has taken a number of steps to stimulate the development of an oil shale industry. An extensive research program was conducted by the Bureau of Mines that led to the development of the gas combustion retorting process. The gas combustion retorting process was the forerunner of the Paraho retorting process currently being developed at Anvil Points and the Petro SIX retorting process being developed in six lease tracts for the development of oil shale.

Tags: kmd
PRELIMINARY COMPARISON BETWEEN THE 1974 VERSION OF THE LERC RETORT MODEL AND THE 1977 VERSION OF THE LLL RETORT MODEL

In situ oil shale retorting combustion models have been developed by several authors; however, only a few have been fully documented and published. Some of the models were developed by private industry. These models are proprietary, such as the Mobil model, Occidental model, and the Equity model. Of the published models, the only one that contains sufficient detail to allow reproduction of results in a short time is the LLL model.

Tags: kmd