AndreaBozzo/ceres-open-data-index huggingface dataset:
Computed tomography of coals. Quarterly technical progress report No. 4, June 30-September 30, 1983

X-ray computer tomography has been used to image the internal structures of coal samples. The samples covered a range of rank from anthracite to lignite. The images clearly showed the bedding plane alignment in the coal and areas of the coal with high mineral concentration. Calculations of CT number agree very well with experimental values and provide a basis for identifying components in the coal. Xenon gas has been used as a probe atom for the volumes of the coal accessible to the outside environment. Infusion of gas into the coal has been found to be very heterogeneous with no simple diffusion parameter to characterize it. 19 references, 68 figures, 13 tables.

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Corrosion protection of Arctic offshore structures: Final report. [Effects of temperature and salinity on required cathodic protection current]

Results are presented for a research program on corrosion prevention for Arctic offshore structures which are in contact with sea ice for a significant portion of the year. The electrical method most adaptable for structure protection involves the injection of impressed current from several remote anodes buried just beneath the sea floor. The electrical resistivity of annual sea ice as a function of temperature and salinity is presented. Details of the interface layers formed between sea ice and steel in the presence of current injection are shown. A computer program was developed to enable the calculation of protective current density into the structure, in the presence of ice rubble and ridges around the structure. The program and the results of an example calculation are given for a caisson- retained island structure. 81 refs., 103 figs., 3 tabs.

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ASPEN simulation of environmental control processes: Final report

The United States Department of Energy (DOE) at the Morgantown Energy Technology Center (METC) contracted with P.S. Lowell and Co. Inc. (Lowell and Co.) and Jay S. Dweck, Consultant, Inc., (JSD) to enhance the capability of ASPEN in simulating coal gasification and oil shale processing plants. Of particular concern was the capability to predict the distribution of environmentally significant components among the various aqueous and organic liquids and gas streams within or leaving the process. The project was divided into major task areas. The first was to develop and implement the calculational routines necessary for predicting aqueous electrolyte chemical reactions. Part of this effort also was to select a species list and collect and/or regress data for the necessary parameters. The second task was to develop and implement a multi-phase flash capability (including precipitated solids) and unit operations models for a venturi and a solid/liquid separator. 19 refs., 3 figs.

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Dynamic simulation models for high-temperature desulfurization processes: Final report

Dynamic simulation models capable of describing the high temperature sulfidation and regeneration reactions of metal oxide sorbents in fixed-, fluidized-, and moving-bed reactors have been developed. In the sulfidation phase energy effects are minimal and the models are based upon the appropriate component material balances in both the gas and solid phases. Individual particle kinetics for the fixed- and moving-bed reactors are based upon the unreacted core model. The isothermal fixed-bed model can predict the H/sub 2/S concentration and sorbent sulfur loading in the reactor as a function of time and axial position, as well as the reactor effluent H/sub 2/S concentration as a function of time. Model results compare favorably to experimental data from laboratory fixed-bed reactors when the effective diffusivity is treated as an adjustable parameter. Similarly, experimentally determined temperature profiles during sorbent regeneration can be matched at least qualitatively using the nonisothermal fixed-bed reactor model. The fluidized-bed model is based upon the Kunii-Levenspiel three-phase bubble description of the fluidized-bed. Modified equations capable of describing a batch fluidized-bed reactor were also developed. The moving-bed model is based upon the assumption of plug flow of both the gas and solid phases. 55 refs., 74 figs.

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Detecting linear barriers by type curve analysis: Supri TR 61

The effect of a linear barrier (the semi-infinite system) on the pressure behavior of a single well test has been recognized for many years. The characteristic doubling of slope on a semilog graph has been used to determine the existence of a fault and to determine its distance from the well tested. The equations governing this behavior are quite straightforward and understandable; hence the presence of a sealing fault is often used as an explanation for anomalous pressure behavior even when it is not justified. Alternatively, when a change in slope is not observed, the absence of a second straight line is used to calculate a minimum fault distance. Although, this is reasonable in theory, the radius of investigation method normally used for this calculation will overestimate this distance. This study uses the pressure derivative and equivalent drawndown time, to present type curves for a semi-infinite system on a single log-log graph. This presentation allows the determination of permeability, skin and fault distance from a single match. The type curves can be used to analyze data from either drawdown or buildup tests, and there is no restriction on production time in the case of buildup testing. Prior to this study, there was no method available to analyze buildup data from a semi-infinite system following a short flow period. The value of the log-log presentation is that it allows for verification that the correct model is being used. Since the pressure derivative is merely the slope of the semilog graph, a minimum distance to a barrier can be calculated from the type curve when only infinite acting data are available. Type curves are also presented for the case of a well with wellbore storage and skin producing in the presence of a boundary. These type curves show that reasonable values of wellbore storage and skin can completely mask the effects of a boundary. 27 refs., 21 figs.

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Theoretical and numerical studies of constitutive relations for frictional granular flow

This report describes progress made during the period January 1 through December 31, 1989. Most of the effort in the first three quarters of this period was devoted to assigning numerical values to material constants used in the frictional granular constitutive relationship and implementing that constitutive relationship in the computer program MFIX. MFIX is a hydrodynamic code that models the fluidized flow of solid particles of various sizes and densities. However, because of the apparent lack of success in implementing the frictional constitutive relationship in the computer program MFIX, it was decided that future work should be directed toward writing problem-specific computer programs for several test problems. The computer program CHUTE is a three-dimensional semi-implicit finite difference hydrodynamic code designed to solve the truncated momentum equation along with the other governing equations for the frictional gravity flow of granular materials down an inclined open channel. The initial results generated by program CHUTE have indicated that fatal errors are present in the subroutine that adjusts the velocities. Work to rectify these errors is in progress. 9 refs.

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Gas Hydrate Research in the Gulf of Mexico

The high energy seismic sections on the continental slope showed no evidence of a Bottom Simulating Reflector (BSR), which would indicate the presence of gas hydrates. There was no indication of metastable hydrates in continental shelf or slope sediments outside of the conventionally accepted temperature and pressure environment. Tracing the path of migrating gas from the source is much more straight forward than intercepting gas being transported and tracing it back to the source. Our study of low and medium energy seismic methods has shown that they could identify migrating gas. We feel strongly that there are hydrate zones in the Gulf of Mexico that are decomposing; they build up pressure and periodically release the trapped hydrocarbon gases. The released gases migrate vertically and/or laterally to mix with other types of gas or to form discrete pockets. Some of this gas may be emitted from underwater seeps into the overlying water column where it could be identified by a geochemical survey. The ratio of isobutane to normal butane determined by the geochemical survey can be used to assess the probability of the hydrocarbons emanating from a hydrate source. (The more the ratio exceeds 1.0 the greater the probability that the gas could be from a hydrate source.) As no indications of a hydrate zone (e.g., a BSR) were located, we were not able to establish a geophysical signature for gas hydrates; but the records indicate there are large volumes of gas migrating up the continental slope, some of which may have originated from a decomposing hydrate zone or from gas trapped below the hydrate cap. 20 refs., 13 figs., 1 tab.

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High temperature burner-duct-recuperator system evaluation: Third annual report, October 1983-September 1984

The design concept developed to recover the heat in the waste gas stream consists of two ceramic tubes; one tube open on both ends inserted into another tube which is closed on one end, bayonet style. The tubes are suspended vertically from the plenums into the flue of the soaking pit using air-cooled, metallic tube sheets. Combustion air is blown into the upper plenum where it begins the heat exchange process with the hot gases by flowing down the inner tube, turning around at the bottom of the outer tube, and flowing up the outer tube to the lower plenum and out of the recuperator. Combustion air flow direction through the recuperator could also be reversed. The system is called a cross-counter flow heat exchanger. Ceramic fiber insulation is used to line the walls of the plenums and the surfaces of the tube sheets as well as the ducts and burner. Ceramic fiber products are also used to provide individual support sleeves and seals for the tubes. The tubes in this concept rest on the sleeves and seals, and are not constrained from moving due to thermal expansion. This design reduces mechanical stresses on the ceramic tubes. The benefits of the B and W design concept include: no dilution air needed for the flue gas; high operating temperature (2250/degree/F,7461 ); low flue-side pressure drop (Lo. 1 in. H/sub 2/O,7461 ); unconstrained structural ceramics; and ease of maintenance. 4 refs., 37 figs.

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Detailed characterization of a mild gasification liquid

A detailed characterization study of a mild gasification liquid was performed with the objective of obtaining detailed chemical and physical data for a representative, mild gasification liquid. The results of this study reveal that this mild gasification liquid is aromatic in nature. The liquid is of relatively high quality, with a sulfur content comparable to some crude oils and with less nitrogen than shale oil. Furthermore, the liquid contains almost no particulate matter, exhibits a viscosity similar to that of a fuel oil, and produces refinery stock yields similar to those of a high quality crude oil. Fractions of the mild gasification liquid do not meet the specifications of refined petroleum products. With further upgrading, including saturation of the aromatic compounds, portions of the mild gasification liquid may meet the requirements of conventional transportation fuels. Alternate markets, which would take advantage of the aromatic content, include those for chemical feedstocks and high energy density fuels. 18 refs., 16 figs., 21 tabs.

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Development of a hot gas cleanup system for integrated coal gasification/molten carbonate fuel cell power plants. Topical report, October 1982-December 1983

This report summarizes the results of recent laboratory-scale studies conducted by IGT in support of (1) the development of the IGT mixed metal-oxide process for high temperature fuel gas desulfurization and (2) the development of a high capacity, mass producible sorbent for the removal of HC1 from high-temperature coal gases. The IGT mixed metal-oxide process is a conceptual process that removes sulfur-containing compounds from coal-derived fuel gases by contact with a multi-component reactive mixture of metal oxide sorbents. The objective of the process is to maximize the percentage of elemental sulfur formed during regeneration of the mixture with air and to minimize the formation of SO/sub 2/. The metal oxide sorbents tested included a cobalt oxide-silica, manganous oxide, iron oxide/chromia, iron oxide/silica, cobalt titanate, and zinc oxide. Based on the tests, the cobalt titanate, zinc oxide, and cobalt oxide/silica sorbents have been selected for further testing in a bench-scale unit. The HC1 removal sorbent being developed by IGT is based on the use of a reactive moltent mixture of either lithium and sodium carbonates or lithium and potassium carbonates contained within an inert, porous ceramic matrix. The sorbent is prepared by a technique developed by IGT for the production of a similar media used for high temperature thermal energy storage. The results of the present study indicate that this preparation procedure is viable and results in a highly reactive, high capacity sorbent for HC1 removal. Mass produced pellets containing 60 vol % of a molten alkali carbonate mixture (52 mol % Li/sub 2/CO/sub 3//48 mol % Na/sub 2/CO/sub 3/) and 40 vol % MgO were found to be able to reduce the HC1 content of a gas containing 99% CO/sub 2/, 3000 ppM H/sub 2/O and 400 ppM HC1 to about 0.75 ppM HC1 at a space velocity of 1000 h/sup -1/, 600/sup 0/C and atmospheric pressure. 11 references, 29 figures, 47 tables.

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Bi-gas pilot plant operation. Technical progress report, September 1, 1983-September 30, 1983

Test G-22 was conducted August 30 to September 2 with the gasifier once again operating at 750 psig after conducting Test G-21 at 500 psig. The test was terminated when the slag tap burner shut down on September 2. Char feed to the gasifier was steady and able to be maintained for a significant period of time while the char valves were full open and there was no level in the feed vessel. When the valves were closed, a level established and the valves reopened; problems with char feed occurred. After a period of poor char feed, coal feed was reduced and the char vessel was emptied. Feed improved after these measures were taken, once again establishing that char feed with Illinois No. 6 coal can be readily maintained with the valves full open and no feed vessel level but once the valve openings are reduced and a level built, plugging develops. After conclusion of Test G-22 deactivation of the pilot plant was started. Operations and maintenance personnel worked on cleaning of vessels and mothballing of the equipment. 3 figures.

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Advancement of flash hydrogasification. Quarterly technical progress report, January-March 1984

This first quarterly report documents technical progress during the period 31 December 1983 through 30 March 1984. The technical effort is 17 months in duration and is divided into two major technical tasks: Task VII, Hardware Fabrication and PDU Modifications, and Task VIII, Performance Testing. The design of test hardware and process development unit modifications had been previously completed as part of Task VI of the current contract. Task VII involves the fabrication of test hardware and modification of an existing 1-ton/h hydroliquefaction PDU at Rockwell's facilities for use as a hydrogasifier test facility. During this report period, fabrication of the test hardware and modifications to the PDU were initiated. Test hardware fabrication is now approximately 80% complete and should be completed by the end of May 1984. PDU modifications are progressing well and should be completed by the end of June 1984. The completed test hardware fabrication and PDU modifications will allow the conduct of short duration (1 to 2 h) hydrogasification tests along with preburner assembly performance evaluation tests in order to fulfill the test program objectives. Separate supplies of hydrogen, oxygen, methane, carbon monoxide, and water (for steam generation) are provided for this purpose. The modified facility is designed to accommodate both 10- and 20-ft-long hydrogasifier reactors so that residence times will be in the range of 2 to 6 s when coal is fed at a nominal 1/2 ton/h into reactors at 1000 psia pressure. Provisions are being made for real-time analysis of the product gases using an on-line gas chromatograph system. Test planning was the only Task VIII effort active during this report period. An initial (preliminary) test matrix has been defined. Preparation of a data analysis plan is underway, and data reduction programs are being programmed. 17 references, 25 figures, 6 tables.

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High Resolution Seismic Survey of the Hanna, Wyoming Underground Coal Gasification Area

In June 1983 a high resolution seismic survey was conducted at the Department of Energy, Laramie Energy Technology Center's underground coal gasification test site near Hanna, Wyoming. The objectives of the survey were to locate and characterize underground burn zones and to identify shallow geologic faults at the test site. Seismic data acquisition and processing parameters were based upon prior work in the area, and were specifically designed to emphasize reflections at the shallow, 61 to 91 meter (200 to 300 ft) depths of interest. Data were obtained on two north-south lines along the test site boundary in addition to a three-dimensional grid over the Hanna IV experiment area. Processing included time varying filters, deconvolution, trace composition, and three-dimensional areal stacking of the data in order to identify burn zone anomalies. Anomalies were discernable resulting from the rubble-collapse void above the burn zones in the vicinity of the injection wells at the Hanna IV experiment area. The fault studies disclosed faults at the Hanna IV experiment area which may be responsible for the unexpected problems experienced in the early in-site gasification tests. For the test site the fault system was found to be a generally arcuate east-west trending graben complex with numerous antithetic faults. 15 references, 33 figures, 6 tables.

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Shale characterization and resource appraisal of Devonian black shales of the Appalachian basin. Annual report, October 1, 1979-September 30, 1980

Objective is to characterize the dark-brown to black Devonian gas shales in the Appalachian basin. Activities on the following tasks are reported: stratigraphy, geophysics, geochemistry, structural study, paleontology, clay mineralogy, and resource appraisal. (DLC)

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Gasifier wastewater treatment:  Phase I cooling tower assessment

The principle goal of the gasification research at UNDERC is to develop environmental data on the treatability of wastewaters from the fixed-bed gasification of lignite. Research activities are focused around the cooling tower, where the reuse of treated gasification wastewaters has not been demonstrated in this country. The objective of Phase I cooling tower testing was to evaluate the effectiveness of using minimally treated wastewater (solvent extracted and steam stripped - referred to as stripped gas liquor) as makeup to a cooling tower. Ammonia, alkalinity, phenol, and other non-hydantoin organics were removed from the cooling water by stripping and/or biological degradation. Foaming of the circulating water will be a problem using SGL as makeup and foaming control will be required. The SGL feed cooling system supported a high level of biological activity (1 to 10 million/ml). Pseudomonas aeruginosa was identified as the predominant specie in the system. Severe fouling can be expected for all carbon steel surfaces. Fouling of stainless steel was not a major problem. General corrosion rates of 10 to 24 mils/yr were measured for carbon steel in various parts of the system. Carbon steel heat exchanger tube analysis indicated pitting corrosion penetration rates of 20 to 125 mils/yr under deposits. Computer analysis also indicated a strong potential for scaling from calcium carbonate precipitation. Results from this study indicate that the use of stripped gas liquor similar to that produced by the UNDERC pilot gasifier as cooling tower makeup is limited by a number of potentially serious operating problems. This water could be used for cooling tower makeup only after additional treatment or possibly with the use of biocides, corrosion inhibitors, and other control methods. 12 references, 6 figures, 7 tables. (DMC)

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Great Plains Coal Gasification Project. Technical quarterly report, 1st quarter, 1984. [Great Plains, Mercer County, North Dakota]

Activities remain on schedule to meet the Great Plains Coal Gasification project's full gas production date. Detailed engineering is complete for the gasification plant. The remaining engineering tasks, which include field support activities and special projects, will be performed by the Contractors'Field Engineering Group. A substantial amount of construction progress was achieved during the first quarter. It is currently projected that construction will be complete at the end of September, 1984. Start-Up operations are continuing at a rapid pace. Commissioning activities are proceeding very well. The only remaining plant permit is the Permit to Operate, which will be issued in late 1985. Quality Assurance/Quality Control activities included the development of welding procedures for Operations personnel, safety relief valve testing, and equipment turnover inspections. Mine development activities remain on schedule. Initial coal deliveries to GPGA commenced this quarter.

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Coal gasification and tar conversion reactions over calcium oxide. Annual progress report, November 1, 1982-October 31, 1983

Pyrolysis of freshly formed volatiles generated from a thin bed of 1 gm of Pittsburgh No. 8 bituminous coal was studied over the temperature range 400 to 800/sup 0/C. The volatiles were carried downstream by a superimposed helium flow through a heated tubular reactor (approx. 40 cm long) - either packed with a bed (approx. 5 cm deep) of calcium oxide-coated-quartz, or left unpacked in control experiments. System pressure was approx.1.2 to 1.3 atm. The volatiles residence time in the homogeneous phase was approx. 2.0 to 2.2 s, and contact time with the active stone was approx. 0.11 to 0.12s. The calcium oxide greatly increases the rates and extents of removal of tars evolved over the temperature range 250 to 700/sup 0/C. The major products are coke, deposited on the CaO surface, hydrogen, and light hydrocarbon gases. The increases in hydrogen yield cannot be totally accounted for by the steam-carbon reaction (here catalyzed by the CaO), implying that calcium oxide acts as a dehydrogenation agent, removing H/sub 2/ from coal tar molecules to yield moieties which in turn eventually form coke. Higher absolute yields of methane are generally observed in the presence of calcium oxide. However, a lower relative yield of methane, i.e., per weight of tar converted, is generally found with the calcine. Analogous behavior is consistently observed in studies of the pyrolysis of methyl-substituted aromatic compounds. These effects are therefore considered to be a general feature of the pyrolysis reactions of aromatic compounds and compound mixtures over CaO. 29 references, 5 figures, 8 tables.

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