AndreaBozzo/ceres-open-data-index huggingface dataset:
Geobotanical and lineament analysis of sandsat satellite imagery for hydrocarbon microseeps

Both geobotanical and structural interpretations of remotely sensed data tend to be plagued by random associations. However, a combination of these methods has the potential to provide a methodology for excluding many false associations. To test this approach, a test site in West Virginia has been studied using remotely sensed and field data. The historic Volcano Oil Field, in Wood, Pleasants and Ritchie Counties was known as an area of hydrocarbon seeps in the last century. Although pressures in the reservoir are much reduced today, hydrocarbons remain in the reservoir. An examination of a multi-seasonal Landsat Thematic Mapper imagery has shown little difference between the forests overlying the hydrocarbon reservoirs compared to the background areas, with the exception of an image in the very early fall. This image has been enhanced using an nPDF spectral transformation that maximizes the contrast between the anomalous and background areas. A field survey of soil gas chemistry showed that hydrocarbon concentration is generally higher over the anomalous region. In addition, soil gas hydrocarbon concentration increases with proximity to linear features that cross the strike of the overall structure of the reservoir. Linear features that parallel the strike, however, do not have any discernible influence on gas concentration. Field spectral measurements were made periodically through the summer and early fall to investigate the origin of the spectral reflectance anomaly. Measurements were made with a full-range spectro-radiometer (400 nm to 2500 nm) on a number of different species, both on and off the spectral anomaly. The results lend support to the finding that in the early fall spectral reflectance increases in the near infrared and mid infrared in the spectrally anomalous regions.

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Fracturing fluid characterization: State-of-the-art facility and advanced technology

The petroleum industry has used hydraulic fracturing technique to stimulate low and high permeability oil and gas reservoirs to enhance their potential recoveries. Nevertheless, the design and implementation of a scientifically and economically sound fracturing job, due to the lack of knowledge of theological behavior of hydraulic fracturing fluids under field conditions, remains a challenge. Furthermore, as often the case, the current level of technical knowledge with research institutes, service companies, and operators does not translate to field applications. One of the principal reasons for this technology gap, is the lack of understanding of the theological behavior of hydraulic fracturing fluids under field conditions, which primarily relates to the limitations in scaling down the field conditions to the laboratory. The Fracturing Fluid Characterization Facility (FFCF) project was therefore, proposed with the intent of providing the industry with a better understanding of the behavior of these fracturing fluids and their proppant transport characteristics under downhole fracture condition. At the FFCF, a fully operational High Pressure Simulator (HPS), as seen in Figure 1, constitutes a vertical, variable width, parallel plate flow apparatus and is capable of operating at elevated temperatures (up to 2500F) and pressures (up to 1200 psi). The HPS simulates, to the maximum degree practical, all conditions experienced by a fracturing fluid from its formulation on the surface, its flow down the wellbore, through perforations, its injection into the fracture, and its leakage into the rock formation (Figure 1). Together with the onsite auxiliary equipment (Figure 2), such as Mixing and Pumping System, Pre-conditioning System, Data Acquisition System, and Rheology Measuring System (Figure 2), the HPS is the most advanced fracture simulator available to conduct research, mimicking field conditions, in the following areas: Rheology Characterization of Fracturing Fluids, Proppant Transport Simulations, Proppant Transport Measurements, Perforation Pressure Loss, Coiled Tubing Friction Loss, Dynamic Fluid Loss, and Heat Transfer Characterizations of Polymer Solutions.

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Ultrasonic and numerical modeling of reflections from simulated fractured reservoirs

In order to develop modeling techniques for the characterization of fracture properties in tight gas sands from surface seismic reflection data we examine seismic waves scattered from anisotropic heterogeneity with laboratory data and numerical modeling. Laboratory models representing features of a fractured reservoir were constructed using Phenolite embedded in a Lucite background, and seismic surveys were gathered over these models. In parallel with laboratory measurement, finite-difference modeling of reflections from a fractured medium were carried out. Fracture zone properties were calculated using an effective medium theory, the variation of fracture density produced a heterogeneous medium. The heterogeneity was modeled with a stochastic process, characterized by a probability density function and an auto-correlation function. Results from both modeling efforts show that prestacked AVO data can contain important information describing reservoir heterogeneity.

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Comprehensive Geostatistical Technology on PC Platform

Geostatistics has attracted the attention of many earth scientist and engineers who need better modeling tools for natural gas reservoirs. Two years ago Correlations Company responded to this need through the peer reviewed, DOE Small Business Innovative Research program to develop a fractal algorithm for interpolating between measurements and mapping the consequences. During the two years research period Correlations Company has combined geostatistical modeling with high quality graphics to produce Gviz. This software provides accurate 3D reservoir modeling tools and high quality 3D graphics for PC platforms enabling engineers and geologists to better comprehend reservoirs and consequently improve their decisions. Until recently geostatistical modeling was only available to the limited number of earth scientist familiar with UNIX based platforms. Gviz runs on any PC with Windows 95 or Windows NT operating system. The Gviz pre- processing module reads LAS and ASCII files. The pre-processing module facilitates selection of the stratigraphic units prior to processing by a nearest neighbor, kriging and co-kriging, conditional simulation, or fractal module. A user friendly GUI simplifies the examination of the statistical data and the geostatistical analyses using isotropic and anisotropic variograms. After completing the analyses, the post-processing unit can generate ID models of well logs, 2D models such as cross-sections, or a 3D model of any petrophysical property. Post- processing includes the display of reservoir slices, multiple cross-sections, rotation along any axis, and identification of geobodies (visually inspect the effect of porosity cutoffs on connected pore volume). The post-processor includes an up-scaling module to transform a fine scale grid into a reservoir simulation grid which can then be exported in an Eclipse format. Gviz emphasizes a self-explanatory GUI and visually oriented help pages which guides even a novice through the process of generating realistic, two to five million cell, 3D reservoir models. Beta testing of Gviz will finish in April 1997 and a working version of the PC software package, at one fifth of the cost of a comparable UNIX system, will be available to domestic gas and oil producers in mid-1997.

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Naturally fractured tight gas reservoir detection optimization. Quaterly report, October 1, 1996--December 31, 1996

This document contains the status report for the Naturally Fractured Tight Gas-Gas Reservoir Detection Optimization project for the contract period October 1 to December 31, 1996. Data from seismic surveys are analyzed for structural imaging of reflector units as part of a 3-D basin modeling effort. The goal of this task is to assess the effects of structural complexity and regional anisotropy on a seismic attribute taken to indicate local fracturing and/or gas concentrations. The main activities of this quarter included basin modeling, 3-D, 3-C processing, correlation matrix, dipole sonic logging, and technology transfer.

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Naturally fractured tight gas reservoir detection optimization. Quarterly report, July 1, 1996--September 30, 1996

This document contains the status report for the Naturally Fractured Tight Gas-Gas Reservoir Detection Optimization project for the contract period July 1 to September 30, 1996. Data from seismic surveys are analyzed for structural imaging of reflector units as part of a 3-D basin modeling effort. The main activities of this quarter were 3-D, 3-C processing, correlation matrix, and paraxial ray-tracing modeling.

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Naturally fractured tight gas - gas reservoir detection optimization. Quarterly report, June 1, 1996--September 30, 1996

This document contains the status report for the Naturally Fractured Tight Gas-Gas Reservoir Detection Optimization project for the contract period 9/30/93 to 3/31/97. Data from seismic surveys are analyzed for structural imaging of reflector units. The data were stacked using the new, improved statics and normal moveout velocities. The 3-D basin modeling effort is continuing with code development. The main activities of this quarter were analysis of fluid pressure data, improved sedimentary history, lithologic unit geometry reconstruction algorithm and computer module, and further improvement, verification, and debugging of the basin stress and multi-phase reaction transport module.

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Chemical sensor and field screening technology development: Downhole photoionization detection of volatile organic compounds. Topical report, March 1, 1995--March 31, 1996

Western Research Institute conducted a study to define the various parameters that need to be considered in the design and use of a downhole submersible photoionization detector (PID) probe to measure volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Detector response under various conditions, including saturated humidity environments, temperature, and analyte concentration was studied. The relative responses for several VOC analytes were measured. The partitioning of VOCs between water and air was studied as a function of analyte concentration and temperature. The Henry`s law constant governing this partitioning represents an ideal condition at infinite dilution for a particular temperature. The results show that this partitioning is not ideal. Conditions resulting in apparent, practical deviations from Henry`s law include temperature and VOC concentration. Studies with membranes show that membranes that allow passage of VOCs also allow some passage of water vapor. A membrane could play a useful role in protecting the sensor from direct contact with liquid water down hole. A porous poly(tetrafluoroethylene) (PTFE) membrane allows for a rapid passage of VOCs. The rate of diffusion to the sensor with or without a membrane might be a limiting factor for rapid measurements. Various means of mixing may need to be considered.

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Advanced Turbine System (ATS) program conceptual design and product development. Quarterly report, March 1, 1994--May 31, 1994

GE has achieved a leadership position in the worldwide gas turbine industry in both industrial/utility markets and in aircraft engines. This design and manufacturing base plus their close contact with the users provides the technology for creation of the next generation advanced power generation systems for both the industrial and utility industries. GE has been active in the definition of advanced turbine systems for several years. These systems will leverage the technology from the latest developments in the entire GE gas turbine product line. These products will be USA based in engineering and manufacturing and are marketed through the GE Industrial and Power Systems. Achieving the advanced turbine system goals of 60% efficiency, 8 ppmvd NO{sub x} and 10% electric power cost reduction imposes competing characteristics on the gas turbine system. Two basic technical issues arise from this. The turbine inlet temperature of the gas turbine must increase to achieve both efficiency and cost goals. However, higher temperatures move in the direction of increased NO{sub x} emission. Improved coating and materials technologies along with creative combustor design can result in solutions to achieve the ultimate goal. GE`s view of the market, in conjunction with the industrial and utility objectives requires the development of Advanced Gas Turbine Systems which encompasses two potential products: a new aeroderivative combined cycle system for the industrial market and a combined cycle system for the utility sector that is based on an advanced frame machine.

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Electrokinetic decontamination of concrete. Final report, August 3, 1993--September 15, 1996

The ELECTROSORB{reg_sign} {open_quotes}C{close_quotes} process is an electrokinetic process for decontaminating concrete. ELECTROSORB{reg_sign} {open_quotes}C{close_quotes} uses a carpet-like extraction pad which is placed on the contaminated concrete surface. An electrolyte solution is circulated from a supporting module. This module keeps the electrolyte solution clean. The work is advancing through the engineering development stage with steady progress toward a full scale demonstration unit which will be ready for incorporation in the DOE Large Scale Demonstration Program by Summer 1997. A demonstration was carried out at the Mound Facility in Miamisburg, Ohio, in June 1996. Third party verification by EG&G verified the effectiveness of the process. Results of this work and the development work that proceeded are described herein.

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Rapid Surface Sampling and Archival Record (RSSAR) system. Final report, October 1995--May 1997

This report describes the results of Phase 2 efforts to develop a Rapid Surface Sampling and Archival Record (RSSAR) System for the detection of semivolatile organic contaminants on concrete, transite, and metal surfaces. The characterization of equipment and building surfaces for the presence of contaminants as part of building decontamination and decommissioning activities is an immensely large task of concern to both government and industry. Because of the high cost of hazardous waste disposal, old, contaminated buildings cannot simply be demolished and scrapped. Contaminated and clean materials must be clearly identified and segregated so that the clean material can be recycled or reused, if possible, or disposed of more cheaply as nonhazardous waste. DOE has a number of sites requiring surface characterization. These sites are large, contain very heterogeneous patterns of contamination (requiring high sampling density), and will thus necessitate an enormous number of samples to be taken and analyzed. Characterization of building and equipment surfaces will be needed during initial investigations, during cleanup operations, and during the final confirmation process, increasing the total number of samples well beyond that needed for initial characterization. This multiplicity of information places a premium on the ability to handle and track data as efficiently as possible.

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High-resolution subsurface imaging and neural network recognition: Non-intrusive buried substance location. Final report

A high-frequency, high-resolution electromagnetic (EM) imaging system has been developed for environmental geophysics surveys. Some key features of this system include: (1) rapid surveying to allow dense spatial sampling over a large area, (2) high-accuracy measurements which are used to produce a high-resolution image of the subsurface, (3) measurements which have excellent signal-to-noise ratio over a wide bandwidth (31 kHz to 32 MHz), (4) elimination of electric-field interference at high frequencies, (5) large-scale physical modeling to produce accurate theoretical responses over targets of interest in environmental geophysics surveys, (6) rapid neural network interpretation at the field site, and (7) visualization of complex structures during the survey. Four major experiments were conducted with the system: (1) Data were collected for several targets in our physical modeling facility. (2) The authors tested the system over targets buried in soil. (3) The authors conducted an extensive survey at the Idaho National Engineering Laboratory (INEL) Cold Test Pit (CTP). The location of the buried waste, category of waste, and thickness of the clay cap were successfully mapped. (4) The authors ran surveys over the acid pit at INEL. This was an operational survey over a hot site. The interpreted low-resistivity region correlated closely with the known extent of the acid pit.

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Base program on energy related research. Quarterly report, August 1, 1993--October 31, 1993

Progress in four major research areas is summarized in this report. In the area of oil and gas, subtasks reported on are CROW process modeling and miscible-immiscible gas injection processes. Advanced systems applications research includes four subtasks: (1) development and optimization of a process for the production of a premium solid fuel from western U.S. coals, (2) development of an on-line alkali monitoring probe, (3) optimization of the recycle oil process for eastern oil shale, and (4) process support and development. Solid waste management and remediation of contaminated soils are reported on for the environmental technologies research area. Under applied energy science, heavy oil/plastics co-processing activities are described. Information supplied for each subtask includes an account status report, which includes budget and schedule data, and a brief project summary consisting of research objectives, accomplishments, and activities scheduled for the next quarter. 3 refs., 2 figs., 1 tab.

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Task 1.12 - Solid-Phase Microextraction (SPME) coupled with optical spectroscopy for near-real-time determination of fuel and related pollutants in water samples

Measurement of organic water pollutants requires that samples be collected, transported, extracted (usually with large volumes of chlorinated solvents), and analyzed using chromatographic techniques. Such limitations make rapid determinations in the field very expensive, with analytical turnaround times of several days. Similar limitations exist for the analysis of organic air pollutants. An alternative approach is being developed that has been demonstrated to yield good sensitivities (ppb to ppm) and to achieve rapid (< 30 minutes) and inexpensive field surveys. This approach is based on the preconcentration of organic pollutants in optically clear sorbent media followed by measurement with either ultraviolet (UV) spectroscopy or Fourier transform infrared spectrometry (FT-IR). Investigations using sorbent media including methylsilicone gums (for UV spectroscopy) and Parafilm (for FT-IR) have shown that quantitative determinations of aromatic fuel components, such as benzene and alkylbenzenes, can be achieved using UV spectrometry, and of common solvents can be achieved using FT-IR. Sample concentration and spectroscopic steps can be performed in a few minutes using the combination of solid-phase sorption followed by spectroscopic measurements. This work has demonstrated that the approach can yield low-ppm to low-ppb detection limits for organic pollutants in water without the negative influences of water matrix components (e.g., dissolved humic material) that prohibit the use of direct spectroscopic measurements. A good potential for real-time air monitoring of organic pollutants also exists. Additional advantages of the technique are that no organic solvents are used and that a simple, very inexpensive dipstick device can be used with conventional (and portable) spectroscopic instrumentation. The results demonstrated that the method can be used as a solvent-free and rapid survey method in the lab or the field. 1 fig., 1 tab.

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Spectral methods applied to fluidized bed combustors. Final report

The objective of this project was to develop methods for characterizing fuels and sorbents from time-series data obtained during transient operation of fluidized bed boilers. These methods aimed at determining time constants for devolatilization and char burnout using carbon dioxide (CO{sub 2}) profiles and from time constants for the calcination and sulfation processes using CO{sub 2} and sulfur dioxide (SO{sub 2}) profiles.

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Task 4.4 - development of supercritical fluid extraction methods for the quantitation of sulfur forms in coal

Development of advanced fuel forms depends on having reliable quantitative methods for their analysis. Determination of the true chemical forms of sulfur in coal is necessary to develop more effective methods to reduce sulfur content. Past work at the Energy & Environmental Research Center (EERC) indicates that sulfur chemistry has broad implications in combustion, gasification, pyrolysis, liquefaction, and coal-cleaning processes. Current analytical methods are inadequate for accurately measuring sulfur forms in coal. This task was concerned with developing methods to quantitate and identify major sulfur forms in coal based on direct measurement (as opposed to present techniques based on indirect measurement and difference values). The focus was on the forms that were least understood and for which the analytical methods have been the poorest, i.e., organic and elemental sulfur. Improved measurement techniques for sulfatic and pyritic sulfur also need to be developed. A secondary goal was to understand the interconversion of sulfur forms in coal during thermal processing. EERC has developed the first reliable analytical method for extracting and quantitating elemental sulfur from coal (1). This method has demonstrated that elemental sulfur can account for very little or as much as one-third of the so-called organic sulfur fraction. This method has disproved the generally accepted idea that elemental sulfur is associated with the organic fraction. A paper reporting the results obtained on this subject entitled {open_quote}Determination of Elemental Sulfur in Coal by Supercritical Fluid Extraction and Gas Chromatography with Atomic Emission Detection{close_quote} was published in Fuel (A).

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