AndreaBozzo/ceres-open-data-index huggingface dataset:
Fly ash utilization in McLean County, North Dakota. Topical report, Task 7.25

In 1989, the McLean County Commissioners requested assistance from personnel at the University of North Dakota Energy and Environmental Research Center (EERC) with the construction of a section of road and a boat ramp in their county. Assistance was sought from the EERC because the county`s construction plans called for partial replacement of the lime and portland cement normally used for soil stabilization with fly ash. Since the EERC had recently conducted several research projects dealing with the use of coal combustion by-products for road construction, the commissioners requested that EERC personnel help to determine appropriate formulas for the stabilized soil mixtures to be used for both the road and boat ramp applications. An additional incentive was provided when the management of the Coal Creek Power Plant offered to donate the necessary fly ash at no cost. This project was performed as a joint venture between McLean County and the EERC. The EERC was primarily responsible for conducting a laboratory testing program to develop soil stabilization mixtures for the two construction activities. These mixtures were to contain a relatively high percentage of fly ash and to exhibit sufficient strength and durability so that the road and boat ramp would both have a service life of 20 years or more. McLean County would be primarily responsible for the road and boat ramp construction activities. The funding for the EERC portion of the project was provided by the US Department of Energy through a joint venture support program.

Tags: kmd
Structural mechanics simulations associated with underground coal gasification. [Approx. 40 refs]

A description is presented on analytical simulations of the structural and thermal responses associated with the Longwall generator concept of underground coal gasification (UCG). The work includes global and micro/macro modeling of the UCG mechanical parameters. Dynamic thermal and stress response solutions are obtained for boundary value problems represented by (1) a radially expanding circular cavity and (2) a line drive in a coal seam. Static two dimensional and three dimensional stress, displacement, and temperature fields are presented for cylindrically circular and elliptic cavities in non-layered and layered media with application to roof collapse and subsidence. The micro/macro model investigations include thermorheological representation of Pittsburgh coal and stress fracture characteristics with particular emphasis on stress concentration, fracture permeabilities, fissure response, and fluid flow coupling.

Tags: kmd
Kinetics of in situ combustion. SUPRI TR 91

Oxidation kinetic experiments with various crude oil types show two reaction peaks at about 250{degree}C (482{degree}F) and 400{degree}C (725{degree}F). These experiments lead to the conclusion that the fuel during high temperature oxidation is an oxygenated hydrocarbon. A new oxidation reaction model has been developed which includes two partially-overlapping reactions: namely, low-temperature oxidation followed by high-temperature oxidation. For the fuel oxidation reaction, the new model includes the effects of sand grain size and the atomic hydrogen-carbon (H/C) and oxygen-carbon (O/C) ratios of the fuel. Results based on the new model are in good agreement with the experimental data. Methods have been developed to calculate the atomic H/C and O/C ratios. These methods consider the oxygen in the oxygenated fuel, and enable a direct comparison of the atomic H/C ratios obtained from kinetic and combustion tube experiments. The finding that the fuel in kinetic tube experiments is an oxygenated hydrocarbon indicates that oxidation reactions are different in kinetic and combustion tube experiments. A new experimental technique or method of analysis will be required to obtain kinetic parameters for oxidation reactions encountered in combustion tube experiments and field operations.

Tags: kmd
Lithologic description of core material from Nicholas Combs No. 7239 well, Perry County, Kentucky

The core section which is being studied here is the Devonian Shale. The total thickness of the shale in this region is approximately 400 feet. The top of the cored section begins at 2369.0 feet and ends at 2708.0 feet. The total length of the core is 339.0 feet. Analysis of this core shows that the top portion (approximately 60 feet) is a medium dark grey shale. A prominent vertical fracture extends almost continuously through this segment. Numerous pyritic nodules and silty stringers are evident throughout. Oblique 60/sup 0/ fractures are found in this interval and throughout the entire core. The middle section contains zones (3 inches to 4 feet in thickness) of darker shale which apparently have higher organic content than the shale described above. This middle segment of the core is approximately 240 feet in length. Many intervals reveal slickensides, many of which are mineral filled. Mineral filled worm burrows are evident along with many carbonaceous fossil fragments. The bottom 40 feet of this core is relatively uniform in composition and appearance. A light medium grey texture is prevalent in this shale segment. There are no vertical fractures, but numerous bedding plane fractures are evident. The bottom segment of this core is characterized by very little pyrite, very few organic zones, very few slickensides, very few worm burrows, and very little carbonaceous fossil material. The ..gamma.. ray log shows zones of high radioactivity in the shales from 2590 feet to 2665 feet. These zones can usually be correlated over rather wide areas. The core generally shows these to be dark organic rich shale beds.

Tags: kmd
Lithologic description of core material from Glen Gery No. 5-745 well, Rose Township, Carroll County, Ohio

This report presents a detailed lithologic description of the Devonian Shale as observed in a core taken in Carroll County, Ohio. The cored well (Glen- Gery No. 5-745) is located in the southwest quarter of Section 29, Township 16M (Rose) Range 7, West Carroll County, Ohio. The purpose of the cored well is to characterize, in detail, the Devonian shale in Northeastern Ohio. Analysis of the cored material will provide information to be used in designing stimulation techniques for the improvement of gas production from the shale. The core data will be used to correlate stratigraphically these zones in a particular area of the Appalachian Basin. These high hydrocarbon zones in the shale will be stimulated by multiple-stage hydraulic fracturing in an effort to improve the rate of recovery of gas from the shale and to increase the amount of reserves assigned to a single well.

Tags: kmd
Development of fly ash-based slope protection materials for waste disposal ponds. Topical report, Task 7.7

A research project was conducted to develop a cost-effective slope protection material for a 100-acre scrubber sludge disposal pond located at the Sherco power plant. The technical objective of the project was to formulate and evaluate the performance of a slope protection material produced using self-cementing coal combustion by-products. The material was to have sufficient durability and erosion resistance to protect the underlying bottom ash fill and clay liner from wave erosion for at least 5 years when it was placed on the interior side slopes of the pond. The two coal combustion by-products that were considered for use in the slope protection material were 1) a spray dryer waste and 2) a subbituminous coal fly ash. The spray dryer waste was approximately a 50:50 mixture of subbituminous coal fly ash and reacted, lime-based scrubber sorbent. The subbituminous coal fly ash was produced from a cyclone-fired boiler. Both by-products displayed self-cementing behavior when mixed with water. The results of the field tests indicated that a slope protection slab prepared from Sherco spray dryer waste placed with a 20% moisture content showed almost no deterioration after 20 months in the field. A slab prepared from a mixture of 25% Riverside fly ash and 75% bottom ash with a moisture content of 18% showed a slight loss of material from the surface of the slab, but no substantial deterioration after 20 months in the field. Two other materials containing Riverside fly ash that were prepared with higher moisture contents showed somewhat more deterioration after 20 months, although none of the field test slabs appeared to have failed in that time period.

Tags: kmd
Enhanced oil recovery:  an analysis of the potential for enhanced oil recovery from known fields in the United States, 1976 to 2000

For this study, enhanced oil recovery (EOR) is considered in a narrow sense and is defined as: the additional recovery of oil from a petroleum reservoir over that which can be economically recovered by conventional primary and secondary methods. The study is based primarily on a review of the applicability of EOR processes to a data base of 245 known reservoirs in California, Texas, and Louisiana. From this data base, extrapolations were made for all reservoirs in the three states and for the U.S. as a whole. The report does not consider the impact on future supply of oil fields discovered after Dec. 31, 1975, nor the application of EOR processes to those fields. The report presents estimates of what could happen under certain technical and economic circumstances and is not intended to represent a forecast of what will occur. Other recent studies on enhanced recovery were used as references when appropriate and their results are compared with the results of this study. The possible environmental impacts of enhanced oil recovery operations are considered; Chapter Four includes a general discussion on environmental protection, and specific details on the possible effects of each process are contained in the appendixes. This report does not address the broader issues of energy policy such as energy conservation, import dependency, alternate energy forms, etc. It focuses on only one of the several possibilities to increase the supply of domestically produced petroleum. The Council feels that, despite its technical uncertainties and expected high costs, the pursuit of enhanced recovery is in the Nation's best interest. However, the degree to which enhanced recovery should be pursued as an instrument of U.S. energy policy must be addressed in the broader context of an overall policy. The Council is currently conducting a study on Future Energy Prospects, which will address these broader issues; this report is expected to be completed in the spring of 1977.

Tags: kmd
Rio Blanco massive hydraulic fracture:  project definition

A recent Federal Power Commission feasibility study assessed the possibility of economically producing gas from three Rocky Mountain basins. These basins have potentially productive horizons 2,000 to 4,000 feet thick containing an estimated total of 600 trillion cubic feet of gas in place. However, the producing sands are of such low permeability and heterogeneity that conventional methods have failed to develop these basins economically. The Natural Gas Technology Task Force, responsible for preparing the referenced feasibility study, determined that, if effective well stimulation methods for these basins can be developed, it might be possible to recover 40 to 50 percent of the gas in place. The Task Force pointed out two possible underground fracturing methods: Nuclear explosive fracturing, and massive hydraulic fracturing. They argued that once technical viability has been demonstrated, and with adequate economic incentives, there should be no reason why one or even both of these approaches could not be employed, thus making a major contribution toward correcting the energy deficiency of the Nation. A joint Government-industry demonstration program has been proposed to test the relative effectiveness of massive hydraulic fracturing of the same formation and producing horizons that were stimulated by the Rio Blanco nuclear project.

Tags: kmd
Characterization and analysis of Devonian shales as related to release of gaseous hydrocarbons. Quarterly technical progress report, September--November 1976

A milestone chart showing progress on the various tasks for each of the wells sampled is included. Major effort was devoted to Task 1 (Core Sampling) during the period; sample collection has been more rapid and intensive than was anticipated. A total of 265 sealed core samples were acquired during this period. An initial selection of 10 samples was made based on the available well-log data for two of the wells, and the analysis of those samples for initial gas content and initial release characteristics was started in September. Task 6 efforts on data interpretation and correlation started late in November, but insufficient data are available yet to permit meaningful interpretation. A total of 56 samples are now somewhere along the characterization chain and an additional 20 to 25 samples are being started each month.

Tags: kmd
Proceedings from the workshop to identify research and data required to improve North American long-term coal supply analysis, Tampa, Florida, December 9--10, 1975

In this workshop, conducted for EPRI, an attempt was made to identify topical areas of needed research, to put priorities on each area, and to quantify the research effort of each area. This report contains the recommendations of approximately thirty coal economists, engineers, geologists, and others who focused on six areas of research interest: reserves and resources; mining and transportation costs; impact of new utilization technology; impact of government policies; impact of coal industry structure; and integrating the above.

Tags: kmd
Phase I report. [Wyoming]

The Phase I work involved hydraulic fracturing of two gas-bearing sandstone strata in the depth interval between 10,950 feet and 11,190 feet in the Pinedale Unit No. 5 well. The experiment involved simultaneous fracturing and propping of the two strata to a distance of about 1,000 feet employing the limited entry technique. Approximately 183,000 gallons of fluid and 518,000 pounds of sand were used in this treatment. The various steps in the performance of the experiment are described and data obtained under headings descriptive of the chronological order of field activities are presented.

Tags: kmd
Ecological considerations for Project Wagon Wheel and hydraulic fracturing activities. Phase II(b). Annual summary for 1975 and project completion report

Environmental studies conducted by an independent team of scientists for El Paso Natural Gas Company in connection with a proposed nuclear fracturing experiment and two massive hydraulic fracturing experiments, which were designed to test the feasibility of stimulating natural gas flow in sandstone formations of low permeability, are summarized. Studies of vegetation, aquatic, non-domestic mammalian populations, and avian populations are described. (TFD)

Tags: kmd
Natural gas massive hydraulic fracture research and advanced technology project. Quarterly report:  February 1977--April 1977

Two field experiments were conducted with the surface electrical potential measurement system. The first was an MHF experiment with G.P.E. (Gas Producing Enterprises) on March 15 south of Vernal, Utah. This fracture was a joint ERDA-industry funded experiment. Approximately 640,000 gallons of fluid and 1.1 million pounds of proppant were injected into multilayered gas pay zones from a depth of 6500 feet to 8000 feet. This analysis of the data has produced several new and different concepts related to fracture design and growth. The second experiment conducted was the CONOCO hydrofracture that was performed as a part of their tertiary oil recovery experiment in the Big Muddy Field east of Casper, Wyoming. It was a small fracture (300 bbl) initiated at a depth of approximately 3500 feet. Eighteen pairs of potential probes were placed at 20/sup 0/ intervals around the fracture well at spacings of 1000 feet and 2000 feet. In addition, the relative potential was measured on six wells adjacent (<1000 feet) to the fracture well. These wells contained the CONOCO pressure gages to monitor formation pressure during the fracture and subsequent recovery operations. Potential measurements were made at twenty second intervals on alternate current probes: one a downhole sinker bar at formation depth and the other the casing of the fracture well. The downhole data analysis indicates an asymmetric fracture in the easterly direction. Electrical modeling effort has continued and has been centered on the design and fabrication of the model facility. This facility should be completed next quarter and allow several configurations of fracture to be studied. Seismic work has been completely shifted to the downhole, wall clamped system. Fabrication has been completed and testing will begin during the next quarter.

Tags: kmd
Enhanced oil recovery using improved aqueous fluid-injection methods:  an annotated bibliography. [328 citations]

This annotated bibliography contains abstracts, prepared by the authors, of articles published between 1968 and early 1976 on tests of improved aqueous fluid injection methods (i.e., polymer and surfactant floods). The abstracts have been written and organized to facilitate studies of the oil recovery potential of polymer and surfactant floods under known reservoir conditions. 328 citations.

Tags: kmd
PrimeEnergy/DOE/GRI slant well

This report presents final results of the Sterling Boggs 1240 slant well. Objectives of the project were (1) to test the potential for improved recovery efficiency in a fractured Devonian Shale reservoir from a directionally drilled well, (2) to perform detailed tests of reservoir properties and completion methods, and (3) to provide technology to industry which may ultimately improve the economics of drilling in the Devonian Shale and thereby stimulate development of its resources.

Tags: kmd
The development of an integrated multistage fluid bed retorting process. [Kentort II process--50-lb/hr]

This report summarizes the progress made on the development of an integrated multistage fluidized bed retorting process (KENTORT II) during the period of January 1, 1992 through March 31, 1992. The KENTORT II process includes integral fluidized bed zones for pyrolysis, gasification, and combustion of the oil shale. The purpose of this program is to design and test the KENTORT II process at the 50-lb/hr scale. The design of the 50-lb/hr KENTORT II retort was completed and fabrication is ready to begin. Data from the cold-flow model of the system and operating experience from the 5-lb/hr unit were used as the basis for the design. In another aspect of the program, a study of the cracking and coking kinetics of shale oil vapors was continued. A mathematical model was implemented to characterize the important mass transfer effects of the system. This model will be eventually broadened to become a general fluidized bed coking model. In addition, experiments were performed to examine the effects of surface area, initial carbon content and steam treatment on coking activity. From the data that has been collected to-date, it appears that the coking activity of the tested substrates can be explained in terms of porosity (surface area and pore volume) and the initial carbon content of the solid.

Tags: kmd
Application of MHF technology to a tight gas sand in the Fort Worth Basin. Final report

This massive hydraulic fracturing treatment was performed on the Ferguson 1A, a marginal Bend Conglomerate gas producer. It commenced on September 14, 1976, and concluded on September 16, 1976. The casing ruptured on September 14, after placing 87,000 gal foam, 67,000 lb 100 mesh sand, 52,000 gal emulsion, and 151,000 lb 10-20 sand. Repair and clean up operations were completed on the 16th and an additional 51,800 gal of foam, 38,000 lb 100 mesh sand, 146,000 gal emulsion, and 250,000 lb 10-20 mesh sand were pumped. The well has been recovering the frac load since September 17, 1976, and has recovered 3,426 bbl out of 7,144 bbl total load. Initial measured gas flow was 135 Mcf/D but has declined to 15 Mcf/D currently. It appears that this technique is probably not economically feasible.

Tags: kmd
Cleavage and crosslinking of polymeric coal structures during pyrolysis

The ultimate objective of this project was to develop a better understanding of volatiles production to help optimize the yield and character of condensable coproducts during coal pyrolysis or mild gasification. The specific objectives were to (1) Develop pyrolysis procedures that minimize secondary reactions; and (2) Develop coal pretreatments that current knowledge suggests will prorate bond scission or prevent retrograde reactions. Our approach was to study the pyrolysis of coals and tar-loaded coals by using several techniques that span a range of heating rates and pressures. Slow-heating pyrolyses were performed at low pressures in the inlet of a field ionization mass spectrometer and at atmospheric pressures in a thermogravimetric analyzer. Moderately rapid-heating pyrolyses were performed in a vacuum TGA apparatus and in sealed silica ampules heated in a molten-salt bath. The fastest heating rates were achieved with laser pyrolysis at about 30,000 X/s. The high tar yield seen in this work where the entire volume of the coal particle becomes hot and fluid at very nearly the same time, taken together with the evident non-vapor transport of the tar under these conditions, emphasizes the importance of better understanding the development of fluidity during coal heating. This specifically includes the profound effects--long-recognized but poorly understood that mild oxidation has in suppressing coal fluidity. It also includes the more recently recognized fact that heating in the presence of an inert gas produced substantially greater fluidity than does heating in the presence of combustion gases, even if the conditions are very fuel rich and all the oxygen itself has already been consumed when the coal particles are encountered.

Tags: kmd
Characterization of reservoir rocks and fluids by surface electromagnetic transient methods

The objectives of this research are to improve the interpretations of transient electromagnetic (TEM) measurements over two-dimensional subsurface structures. TEM is a surface electromagnetic method employed in fossil energy reservoir exploration and characterization. Electrical measurements find application in (i) assisting in fossil energy exploration mainly in areas where seismic methods yield inadequate data quality, such as volcanic covered terrain, permafrost areas, and the Rocky Mountain overthrust; (ii) mapping contacts between hydrocarbon and brines in shallow producing horizons, and (iii) in monitoring enhanced oil recovery processes which cause zones of lower resistivity. Accomplishments for this past year are presented for the following tasks: (1) site selection and acquisition of high density, 3-component TEM data set over test site; (2) finite element forward modeling; and (3) TEM 2-D subsurface imaging.

Tags: kmd