AndreaBozzo/ceres-open-data-index huggingface dataset:
Bayesian methods for estimation of environmental quality from synthetic fuel byproducts data

When this project was initially defined, there were two final objectives to be met in the investigation. First, Western Research Institute (WRI) had an interest in finding a reduced set of monitoring variables in order that the expense of environmental compliance might be lessened. Second, a quality function was needed which would enable quantitative comparisons of the overall quality of water samples and to aid in collecting evidence in favor of a modified set of environmental quality classification standards. These were narrowly defined goals relating to a specific type of problem. The task was to develop the methodology to meet the objectives. That has now been accomplished. It has been seen, however, that the methods developed in part 2 of this document are of a very general nature. They are founded on Bayes theorem and constitute a formulation for tackling decision making problems of all kinds. Two such possible applications were outlined in an earlier chapter. The first dealt with geophysical seismic pattern recognition in the search for small hydrocarbon deposits. Also, it was noted that Bayesian decision theory could be of assistance in the area of astrophysical image processing. Additionally, a simple quality control example was carried through to completion in part 2. The beauty of the Bayesian approach is that there is no conceptual difference between, say, a simple quality control problem and an arbitrarily complicated quality control problem. Armed with Bayes theorem, one knows how to proceed at all stages and through to the solution. Applying the Bayesian method to a decision or probability problem is always the right thing to do. 39 refs., 17 figs.

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Optimum oil recovery for carbon dioxide injection

It is an object of the present invention to utilize the unique phase behavior and physical properties of carbon dioxide with reservoir crude oil under specific conditions of temperature and pressure to enhance miscible displacement of oil from subterranean reservoirs. The carbon dioxide is injected into the subterranean oil reservoir to maintain a reservoir pressure between about 1 and about 250 psi above the bubble point pressure of the reservoir crude oil. Under predetermined conditions of temperature and pressure, the carbon dioxide miscible gas recovery provides for an extremely efficient displacement of the reservoir crude oil. It has been found that at pressures slightly above the bubble point pressure of the reservoir fluid, the rate of solubility of the carbon dioxide in the reservoir fluid is much higher and recovery of oil is more efficient. (4 claims)

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Soil stabilization using oil shale solid wastes: Laboratory evaluation of engineering properties

Oil shale solid wastes were evaluated for possible use as soil stabilizers. A laboratory study was conducted and consisted of the following tests on compacted samples of soil treated with water and spent oil shale: unconfined compressive strength, moisture-density relationships, wet-dry and freeze-thaw durability, and resilient modulus. Significant increases in strength, durability, and resilient modulus were obtained by treating a silty sand with combusted western oil shale. Moderate increases in strength, durability, and resilient modulus were obtained by treating a highly plastic clay with combusted western oil shale. Solid waste from eastern shale can be used for soil stabilization if limestone is added during combustion. Without limestone, eastern oil shale waste exhibits little or no cementation. The testing methods, results, and recommendations for mix design of spent shale-stabilized pavement subgrades are presented. 11 refs., 3 figs., 10 tabs.

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Development of molten carbonate fuel cell technology. Technical progress report, July-September 1984

Significant progress has been made during this quarter in the areas of internal reforming cell testing, creep resistance anode testing and tape matrix endurance testing. Component development is concentrated on two primary activities: development of a creep resistant ribbed anode and development of a methane reforming catalyst for use within the MCFC anode environment. Single cell testing is being performed in support of anode and catalyst development, nickel oxide cathode endurance and thin matrix development. Endurance testing of NiO cathodes is being conducted to define the economic life of NiO and to identify practical means of extending cathode life. Electrolyte matrix fabrication and testing activity is concentrating on tape cast matrix development.

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The drilling of a horizontal well in a mature oil field

This report documents the drilling of a medium radius horizontal well in the Bartlesville Sand of the Flatrock Field, Osage County, Oklahoma by Rougeot Oil and Gas Corporation (Rougeot) of Sperry, Oklahoma. The report includes the rationale for selecting the particular site, the details of drilling the well, the production response, conclusions reached, and recommendations made for the future drilling of horizontal wells. 11 figs., 2 tabs.

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Cottageville (Mount Alto) gas field, Jackson County, West Virginia:  a case study of Devonian shale-gas production

Exploration and development of Middle and Upper Devonian organic shales in the Cottageville gas field of western West Virginia began in the late 1920s. Continued development has lead to the drilling of over 110 shale wells with accumulative production of more than 10 billion cubic feet of natural gas. Data indicate primary production from zones of organic shales in the Lower Huron Member of the Ohio Shale Formation. Due to the extremely low porosity (3 to 4 percent) and permeability (less than 0.1 millidarcy) of these shales, gas production is considered to be through natural fracture systems. These fracture systems have partially been delineated through the study of oriented cores. Historically, production of gas has been through natural completion or by stimulation with gelled nitroglycerine. Varied success of this stimulation technique has recently led to more advanced types of stimulation (hydraulic and foam fracturing). Total production, natural gas flow trends, final gas flow trends, and structural breaks and trends have led to the delineation of the fractured shale reservoir. Careful examination of these parameters can lead to the exploration and development of successful shale wells within and near the gas field. 36 figures, 10 tables.

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Bi-Gas Pilot Plant Operation. Quarterly technical progress report, October 1-December 31, 1980

At present, the major developmental effort is concentrated on gasification. Broadly, current goals are to assess the viability of the process from an operating and cost standpoint, determine possible improvements and obtain design data for a full-scale plant. As is typical for developmental projects of this magnitude, a large number of operating difficulties have been experienced and overcome since the first operations in August of 1976. Currently the overcoming of operating difficulties still requires some effort. However, most tests are stable and allow the gathering of process design data in the form of validated heat and material balances. These are applied in model simulations of gasifier operation.

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Fluidized-bed combustion development: Volume 2, FBC technology improvement options: Final report

The objective of this study is to identify technology improvements which can be implemented to reduce the cost of AFBC industrial steam generation. The approach taken to accomplish this task was to develop ideas by use of a wide variety of sources. Generally speaking, this included engineers, manufacturers, and users. Standard practices were reviewed along with problem areas and potential solutions. Once this was accomplished, an organized brainstorming session using twelve knowledgeable and experienced engineers developed approx.90 ideas for potentially improving AFBC technology. The method used to condense and rank these ideas in the most promising order was a systematic method of analytical evaluation. By a screening process, the list of 90 ideas was reduced to 19, which were then ranked according to a scoring system. The eight top ranked ideas were chosen for further review and evaluation. The conclusions indicate two primary areas of potential economic improvement. The first area appears to be the development of shop assembled/portable packaged FBC boilers and more use of modular design/construction techniques. The other area appears to be in the reduction of air and flue gas pressure losses thus saving fan horsepower. Two other areas of secondary importance are also worth further investigation and development. One idea involves the elimination of onsite fuel and limestone preparation equipment by purchasing preconditioned coal and limestone. This prepared feed material could then be stored and fed using pneumatic delivery vehicles. This approach appears to be very attractive to the smaller unit sizes. The second area of improvement involves the optimization of heat recovery from the ash removal system before disposal.

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CO2 Formation Damage Study

The objective was to learn how to avoid or minimize formation damage due to CO/sub 2/ injection processes. The study is to determine the types of chemical and physical changes that can occur in carbonate or other reservoirs because of injected carbon dioxide (C/sub 2/) and/or its chemical additives and the effects on oil recovery due to those changes. During 1980, significant progress was made in determining possible mechanisms of damage and in describing them using theory. Preliminary experimental results have permitted a well defined experimental plan to be developed. Most of the apparatus has been designed and assembly of some systems has been completed. A literature search found no documented reports of CO/sub 2/ damage to oil reservoirs. The search was then expanded to include studies relating to our proposed damage mechanisms. Over 100 references are presented with abstracts, author index, and subject category.

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Research needs to maximize economic producibility of the domestic oil resource

NIPER was contracted by the US Department of Energy Bartlesville (Okla.) Project Office (DOE/BPO) to identify research needs to increase production of the domestic oil resource, and K   A Energy Consultants, Inc. was subcontracted to review EOR field projects. This report summarizes the findings of that investigation. Professional society and trade journals, DOE reports, dissertations, and patent literature were reviewed to determine the state-of-the-art of enhanced oil recovery (EOR) and drilling technologies and the constraints to wider application of these technologies. The impacts of EOR on the environment and the constraints to the application of EOR due to environmental regulations were also reviewed. A review of well documented EOR field projects showed that in addition to the technical constraints, management factors also contributed to the lower-than-predicted oil recovery in some of the projects reviewed. DOE-sponsored projects were reviewed, and the achievements by these projects and the constraints which these projects were designed to overcome were also identified. Methods of technology transfer utilized by the DOE were reviewed, and several recommendations for future technology transfer were made. Finally, several research areas were identified and recommended to maximize economic producibility of the domestic oil resource. 14 figs., 41 tabs.

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Increasing the EOR activity of certain synthetic alkyl aryl sulfonates

Several core flood tests were made to determine the ability of 30 different synthetic sodium alkyl aryl sulfonates to recover the residual (immobile) oil from Berea sandstone cylinders following waterflooding. (These chemical floods, unlike conventional floods under that name, were made with aqueous chemical solutions of the sulfonates containing no cosurfactants or other additives.) Of those tested, two isomeric sulfonates were found to be remarkably effective in recovering tertiary oil. It was found that only 0.6 pounds of either isomer would recover one barrel of oil, compared with 20 to 50 pounds of chemicals including sulfonates required in conventional chemical floods. In the course of their preparation and testing, the sulfonates had to be subjected to various physical and chemical treatments. An interesting and possibly significant sidelight to this work is that the two isomeric sulfonates lose their EOR activity on aging, and that the activity can be fully restored by converting the sodium salt to the respective acid, the acid to the methyl ester, and, finally, the hydrolysis of the methyl ester back to the sodium salt. Infrared and /sup 13/C-NMR spectra studies were made and appear to provide correlations between the chemical structure of the sulfonate isomers and their ability to recover tertiary oil. 12 figures, 7 tables.

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Development of techniques for optimizing selection and completion of western tight gas sands. Phase II report, 1 January Feb 1979--28 February 1979

The Phase II work included the measurement of sandstone bed structural elements at 16 sites on Cretaceous Marine Marginal sandstone beds and at 16 sites on beds in a Lower Tertiary lacustrine sequence in eastern Utah. This work was aimed at defining the internal geometrical characteristics of these two types of reservoir rocks.

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Phosphoric and electric utility fuel cell technology development. Technical progress report No. 18, October 1984

The Department of Energy has initiated this program to advance electric utility cell stack technology and to reduce cell stack cost. The cell stack has a nominal 10-ft/sup 2/ active area and operates at 120 psia/405/sup 0/F. The program comprises six parallel phases, which culminate in a full-height, 10-ft/sup 2/ stack verification test. Progress is reported. Over 1300 hours and nine thermal cycles with performance close to the E-line goal have been accumulated on the second 10-ft/sup 2/ short stack at 120 psia and 405/sup 0/F. A subscale cell cut from 10-ft/sup 2/ electrodes in the same batch used for the second 10-ft/sup 2/ short stack has accumulated over 3500 hours with performance conforming to the E-line goal at 120 psia and 400/sup 0/F. Over 13,500 hours and 38 thermal cycles have been accumulated on the 3.7-ft/sup 2/, 30-cell short stack at 120 psia and 405/sup 0/F. An advanced configuration subscale cell is operating at 47 mV above E-line after 1300 hours at 120 psia, 400/sup 0/F and 400 ASF. The improved edge seal decreased leakage by more than 50% from the conventional edge seal. Cross-pressure tolerance also improved. Continuous automatic operation of the substrate forming machine was demonstrated by producing substrates at a 50% faster rate with high yields and low material loss. Significantly reduced the cooler bonding cycle by using a cold press (for cool down) in conjunction with the hot (bonding) press.

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Development of molten carbonate fuel cell power plant technology. Quarterly technical progress report No. 19, April 1-June 30, 1984

The overall objective of this program is to develop and verify the design of a prototype molten carbonate fuel cell stack which meets the requirements of a 1990's-competitive, coal-fired, electrical utility central station, or industrial cogeneration power plant. Progress is detailed. Compressive creep testing of the present anode continued; the samples have now accrued 1220 hours of testing at 1300/sup 0/F and continue to support the earlier data showing improved creep resistance. Testing to define the operating limits that are suitable for extending the life of nickel oxide cathodes to an acceptable level is continuing. The mechanical characteristics of several one-piece cathode current collector candidates are being measured for suitability. Metallographic evaluation of stack separators tested for 2000 hours during the previous report period was initiated. Post-test characterization of surface treated INCO 825 that was tested for 1000 hours at 1400/sup 0/F in a single cell test was completed. Retort corrosion testing of this material accumulated approx. 1500 hours of testing and is continuing. Potentiostatic immersion testing of alternative single piece cathode current collector materials was initiated. The 20-cell Stack No. 3 progressed from completion and delivery of the Test Plan through Design Review, assembly, and initial heat-up for the start of testing. Manufacture of separator plates for the upcoming 20-cell Stack No. 4 has begun. The primary objective of this follow-on test will be stack cost reduction. 40 figures, 33 tables.

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Implementation of the JAYCOR model for agglomeration

A computer code (FLAG), to describe mixing and agglomeration in coal conversion reactors, was developed by JAYCOR for the Department of Energy. This required the formulation of a mathematical model to describe coal and ash agglomeration. The resulting model was implemented in subroutine DEFORM to describe the agglomeration of colliding ash particles. However, the CPU time required by DEFORM makes it impractical to use with the FLAG code. An improved implementation of JAYCOR's agglomeration model requiring negligible CPU time compared to the rest of the FLAG code is described in this report. 2 figures, 3 tables.

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Expansion of high-temperature: High-pressure data set for coal gasification: Quarterly report for the period December 28, 1986-March 28, 1987

Data collection on the CO/sub 2/ gasification matrix was completed for three size cuts (100 x 150, 200 x 270, 325 x 400 mesh). The results for char yield indicate a downward trend with increasing severity, as expected. The trends for the gas yields are also in accordance with expectations, although more widely scattered. A series of chars was selected for gasification experiments. The objective is to determine how char formation conditions affect char gasification rates. Chars were selected from the previous coal pyrolysis and CO/sub 2/ gasification experiments to determine the effects of heating rate, final temperature and time, pressure, and ambient gas on char reactivity. Many of these chars have already been subjected to characterization by elemental analysis, mineral analysis, SEM, surface area, and reactivity toward CO/sub 2/ and O/sub 2/ in a standard TGA experiment. A preliminary analysis was made of char sulfur measurements by the AFR x-ray microanalysis system. It appears that both the organic and mineral sulfur contents decline in the early stages of pyrolysis and then increase to slightly above the values of the raw coal. Scanning electron micrograph pictures of several chars produced in the pyrolysis experiments have been examined. Evidence of softening behavior was observed for some of the chars produced at high heating rates in the heated tube reactor (HTR). A plot of the reactivity measurements versus char hydrogen content for Montana Rosebud coal was made on a master plot with comparable data from other coals.

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Western Gas Sands subprogram at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory

The objective of this program is to contribute to improvements in gas recovery from tight gas reservoirs by describing the mechanics of stimulation in fractured rocks. The period covered for this review is FY84 continuing in FY85. LLNL's approach is to: develop and validate computer models of the fracturing process, and improve the quality and relevance of selected geological input to the models: material properties and in-situ stresses. According to the objective and the approach, the WGS tasks are: 2-D models of arbitrary fracture propagation in jointed media; 3-D hydrofrac simulator development; mechanical and physical properties of WGS; and in-house stress tool. Highlights of accomplishments are summarized. The Unconventional Gas Program at LLNL provides DOE and Industry with: meaningful data on material properties used in hydrofrac design hardware to obtain geologic information such as in-situ stresses computer models to understand and optimize static and dynamic gas well stimulations.

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Western Research Institute: Annual technical progress report, October 1987--September 1988

This report describes the technical progress made by the Western Research Institute of the University of Wyoming Research Institute of the University of Wyoming Research Corporation on work performed for the period October 1, 1987 through September 30, 1988. This research involves five resource areas: oil shale, tar sand, underground coal gasification, advanced process technology, and advanced fuels research. Under the terms of the cooperative agreement, an annual project plan has been approved by DOE. The work reported herein reflects the implementation of the research in the plan and follows the structure used therein. 49 refs., 32 figs., 87 tabs.

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Hot-gas desulfurization. Annual report

This report documents the continuing effort to develop a Hot-Gas Desulfurization process for coal-derived gas primarily for application to Molten-Carbonate Fuel Cells. Two metal-oxide sorbents, zinc ferrite and zinc oxide, have been tested and found to be capable of reducing H/sub 2/S to 1 ppM in simulated coal-derived gas. These sorbents were found to be regenerable, and stable over several cycles. A pilot-scale test unit is under construction for testing on the METC fixed-bed and fluid-bed gasifiers. Plans are underway for testing the Hot-Gas Desulfurization process on a sidestream of the fixed-bed gasifier. The design concepts for this test unit are outlined in this report. Various pieces of equipment are illustrated. Treatment of regeneration gas was addressed by evaluaion of the Resox process as to its applicability to treating regeneration offgas and reducing SO/sub 2/ to elemental sulfur.

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BI-GAS coal-gasification program. Final report, November 1979-August 1982

The primary purpose of this report is to cover in detail activities at the BI-GAS Coal-Gasification Pilot Plant from November 1979 through August 1982. During this period Stearns-Roger Incorporated was the prime contractor for the project. Volume 2 contains topical reports which describe the operation of the gasifier and each of the auxiliary process areas as well as heat and material balance data, computer simulation, gasification of Pittsburgh seam coal and materials evaluation.

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Proppant transport model. Final report

A numerical model for hydraulic fracturing and proppant transport has been developed. The development of the model involves the representation of complex phenomena including the fracture geometry, fluid flow in the fracture, fluid leak-off into the formation and proppant transport and placement characteristics. While the problem is too complex to expect quantitative results, the objective is to be able to rank different hydraulic fracturing treatments in terms of their relative ability to place propping agents in the fracture. Selected cases were run with the model to examine the effect of hydraulic fracturing variables on the resulting fracture shape and proppant placement. The trends shown by the model are in agreement with the type of behavior expected and the model appears to be a useful tool for comparing and selecting fracture designs. An experimental study to better describe the proppant settling behavior in cross-linked fluids was also conducted. Both borate and metal ion cross-linked fluids were tested. The complex behavior of these fluids presented difficulties in rheologically characterizing them. The data obtained and the testing procedures are described. 21 references, 53 figures, 20 tables.

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BX In Situ Oil Shale Project. Quarterly technical progress report, June 1--August 31, 1977

The objective is to demonstrate the technical feasibility of using superheated steam to retort in-situ the oil shale in the Green River Formation leached zone. Work during this quarter was confined primarily to the tasks concerned with site evaluation; this included the drilling of two core holes (BX-12 and -13) and the performance and evaluation of a vertical communication test. (DLC)

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