AndreaBozzo/ceres-open-data-index huggingface dataset:
Experimental development of a multi-solid fluidized bed reactor concept

Battelle's Columbus Division is developing a coal mild gasification process based upon the Multi-Solid Fluidized bed reactor system to produce high quality liquid and gaseous products. This process uses 2-stages to gasify coal at high throughputs to produce a range of products in compact reactors without requiring an oxygen plant. 8 refs., 14 figs., 12 tabs.

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Applied simulation techniques for energy recovery

This report describes the development and application of a basic three-dimensional, three-phase (oil, water, gas) reservoir simulator for use in modeling secondary and tertiary oil recovery methods. Although fundamentally an immiscible simulator, ASTER provides an option whereby the gas phase may be treated as a solvent which is miscible with the oil phase. The Implicit Pressure-Explicit Saturation (IMPES) method is used which reduces the three-phase problem to that of solving a large system of linear equations each time-step. The solution of these equations is accomplished by one of three methods: PSOR, LSOR, or ADIP, all of which are well known.

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Tertiary oil recovery by CO/sub 2/ injection. Quarterly report, January--March 1978

A field test is in progress to evaluate and demonstrate the effectiveness of using CO/sub 2/ and water injection to recover high gravity crude oil from shallow watered-out reservoirs. The estimated recovery potential from the flood pattern of six (6) acres is approximately 50,000 barrels. Total water injection for the quarter was 14,663 barrels. Although this was approximately 1750 barrels less than previously, three of the four injection wells were acidized during the period and injection was much higher during March. To date no serious injection problems have occurred and the water supply remains adequate. Oil production for the period, while indicating a decline of 971 barrels for the quarter, showed a substantial increase during March. While 4254 (the center producer) continued at about the same rate, increases in both oil and water production occurred in most of the outside producers, particularly well numbers 2046 and 4090. Total oil production that has been attributed to CO/sub 2/ injection is currently 8303 barrels.

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KILnGAS Commercial Module RAM IIA engineering analysis report: Topical report

The findings of the RAM IIA Engineering Analysis were used to identify refinements needed in the KILnGAS process for commercial applications. It was concluded that as a result of RAM IIA testing, substantial progress has been made in demonstrating the potential of the KILnGAS process. There are no longer any gasification issues that would be considered a high commercial risk. A majority of the refinements needed now are of a design nature rather than technology-oriented. A summary of the refinements, 25 in number, is shown in Table 1, KILnGAS Technical Status. Each of these was placed in one of three categories: Gasification Technology, the refinement requires additional evolvement of the gasification process for reasons such as performance or repeatability. Process Design, these involve design improvements or are needed so that commercial design of other portions of the process can be undertaken. Equipment Design, these require mechanical or electrical design improvement to enhance performance or availability, fundamental configurations having already been demonstrated. This report contains 15 sections. Each includes a description of an individual area of the KILnGAS process, its status at the conclusion of RAM I, a summary of improvements introduced for RAM IIA, an analysis of the RAM IIA results, and conclusions and recommendations. 36 figs., 6 tabs.

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Assessment of coprocessing of coal and residual oil in the Unites States refining industry: Final report

The coprocessing of coal with petroleum residues provides a route to increase the use of domestic resources---coal and natural gas---to make liquid transportation fuels. The technology for such processing is an application of the residue hydrocracking and coal liquefaction technologies which are well along in development and, in some cases, commercialized. This work examines the status of the new and old technologies, assesses how much coal might be processed in a ''grass roots''coprocessing refinery, the extent to which imports of non-Western Hemisphere crudes can be reduced, and a rough estimate of the costs of making light fuels from coprocessing. The work also extends the concepts and strategies to see how a coprocessing technology can be initiated as an ''across the fence''venture adjacent to an existing refinery. In addition, the costs of producing methanol from coal and gas are compared. 13 figs., 22 tabs.

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Site visit report:  Enecor Tar Sands Conversion Facility, Salt Lake City, Utah. Final report. [Spent tar sand]

This report details the activities and equipment used to sample and process feedstock and spent tar sand from the Enecor Tar Sands Conversion Facility in Salt Lake City, Utah. Versar Inc.'s responsibility at this site involved the containerization, labeling, and distribution of solid samples. Distribution of samples was coordinated through the Versar office in Springfield, Virginia; therefore, no detailed description of distribution procedures is given in this report. 4 figures, 1 table.

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Pressurized high velocity fluidized-bed combustion modeling. Final technical report, October 1, 1982-March 31, 1984

Fossil energy research, development, and demonstration strategy is to develop a wide variety of coal utilization techniques that are clean, efficient and conserve resources. Industry can then choose promising processes which will eventually be commercialized and will therefore provide the energy needed for our continued economic growth and well being. The many processes and techniques of coal conversion have as a basic concept the transmutation of coal into forms acceptable to our transportation and heating equipment. The Loop Fluidized Bed (LFB) based on the fast fluidization concept is a novel method for effecting efficient solid-gas contact and can play an important role in coal combustion. It can be operated under pressure making it eminently suited for the production of high temperature gas from coal for operating gas turbines for power generation. The LFB can operate over a wide range of gas flow rates and coal can be introduced at various points without excessive pressure drops. Further, it is possible to capture higher amounts of sulfur dioxide due to the use of fine dolomite or limestone particles. This process can also be used for the smelting of mineral ores. However, the LFB concept is relatively new and data in the literature are scarce.

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NYU-DOE Pressurized Fluidized Bed Combustor Facility

New York University (NYU), under a Department of Energy (DOE) Contract, has designed and constructed a sub-pilot scale Pressurized Fluidized-Bed Combustor (PFBC) Facility at the Antonio Ferri Laboratories, Westbury, Long Island. The basic feature of this Experimental Research Facility is a well-instrumented, 30-inch diameter coal combustor capable of operating up to 10 atm and provided with a liberal number of ports, making it a versatile unit for study of fundamental in-bed phenomena. Additionally, the overall design features make it a flexible facility for solving a variety of industrial research problems. The main objectives of the facility are two-fold: (1) to perform research in important areas of Pressurized Fluidized-Bed Combustion like low-grade fuel combustion under pressure; and (2) to provide the PFBC community with a experimental research tool for basic and applied research in order to accelerate the commercialization of this technology. New York University will initially test the facility of burning low-grade fuels under pressure. During the test program, emphasis will be placed on burning North Dakota lignite under pressures up to 7 atm. The performance of lignite with regard to its feeding, combustion efficiency, sulfur adsorption and sorbent requirements will be investigated. This report describes the various systems of the PFBC facility and operating procedures, and presents an outline of the test program planned for the facility. Other details are provided in the Equipment and Maintenance Manual, Test Program and Data Acquisition Manual, and Training Manual.

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Design of the Grimethorpe Experimental Facility as of March 1981:  a technical report

The Experimental Pressurized Fluidized Bed Combustor, which has been built as an extension to the National Coal Board Power Station, which is adjacent to Grimethorpe Colliery, Yorkshire, England, is described in this report. The Governments of the United Kingdom, the United States of America and the Federal Republic of Germany, under the auspices of the International Energy Agency, have agreed to share equally between them the costs of building and operating the plant. Control of the project was vested in an Executive Committee consisting of one representative of each Government with all decisions requiring unanimity. The actual operation of the project was vested in an Operating Agent, NCB (IEA Services) Ltd., a wholly owned subsidiary of the National Coal Board. The Implementing Agreement envisages a seven year project to be executed in four stages: (1) Procurement of Design Study with accompanying tender documents. (2) Tendering for construction of the Plant; study of appraisal of tenders. (3) Construction and acceptance of the Plant. (4) Operation of the Plant. The project is now towards the end of Stage 3. Construction has been completed and commissioning is in progress to prepare the plant for the start of the operational phase in Autumn 1981. Because of the confidentiality of much of the design information, for the purposes of this report technical descriptions have been confined to that of a general appraisal.

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Wyoming coal-conversion project. Final technical report, November 1980-February 1982. [Proposed WyCoalGas project, Converse County, Wyoming; contains list of appendices with title and identification]

This final technical report describes what WyCoalGas, Inc. and its subcontractors accomplished in resolving issues related to the resource, technology, economic, environmental, socioeconomic, and governmental requirements affecting a project located near Douglas, Wyoming for producing 150 Billion Btu per day by gasifying sub-bituminous coal. The report summarizes the results of the work on each task and includes the deliverables that WyCoalGas, Inc. and the subcontractors prepared. The co-ventures withdrew from the project for two reasons: federal financial assistance to the project was seen to be highly uncertain; and funds were being expended at an unacceptably high rate.

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Deep source gas: Technology status report

Deep Source Gas research is focused on the hypothesis that natural gas is generated in sediments carried to great depths at convergent plate boundaries in the Earth's crust. These deeply emplaced sediments may be the source of gas for shallower, drillable traps. Many areas of North America are believed to have experienced plate tectonic convergence. The western Cordilleran Geologic Province, in particular, appears to have geologic fault structures (associated with subduction and obduction) that enabled deep emplacement of hydrocarbon-generating sediments during more recent geologic ages (during the last 180 million years). The specific area of interest in this Province encompasses approximately 1.5 million square miles of the western US (including Alaska) and Canada; other portions of this same province extend southward into Mexico and Central and South America. The ongoing research consists of basic studies of hydrocarbon generation, stability, and preservation of depths in excess of 30,000 feet, in addition to a comprehensive evaluation of the geologic structures, stratigraphy, and geochemistry of the above region. Results to date include (1) geologic and geophysical evidence of deeply emplaced sedimentary rock units at depths exceeding 30,000 feet in western Washington and south-central Alaska, (2) a new methodology for verifying deep methane stability with fluid inclusion studies, and (3) a preliminary gas resource estimate of 3000 Tcf. 17 refs., 7 figs., 3 tabs.

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Microscopic study of oil recovery by carbon dioxide. Final report, October 1, 1978-August 31, 1980

Visual examinations of microscopic behavior of CO/sub 2/ flooding processes were conducted using a high pressure glass-bead packed transparent flow tube. The apparatus and techniques developed have made it possible to observe the physical phenomena of the displacement of oil by CO/sub 2/ under both miscible and immiscible conditions. Effects of CO/sub 2/ slug size and formation dip on oil recovery were also investigated. The results have been recorded in a series of magnified color photographs for after-run study and interpretation. Four natural crude oils ranging from API gravities of 15 to 48 were chosen for displacement tests. The majority of the tests were performed at a temperature of 120/sup 0/F and pressures from 1000 to 2500 psi. Three types of displacement, namely: (a) immiscible, (b) semi-miscible, and (c) miscible, were observed within the testing pressure range. Type (b) is a dispersion process in which oil is disintegrated into micro-size particles and transported in the CO/sub 2/ stream. More than one type of displacement could exist simultaneously in a flooding system. A CO/sub 2/ slug that is too large is wasteful and can cause early CO/sub 2/ breakthrough. A slug that is too small would allow the trailing water to channel through the oil bank and thus degenerate to an ordinary waterflooding; nevertheless, the oil recovery would be significantly increased over that achieved by a straight waterflooding.

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The development of the KENTORT II process for eastern US oil shale: Progress report for the period of October 1-December 31, 1986

This report summarizes the progress made on the development of the KENTORT II process during the period of October 1, 1986 through December 31, 1986. The KENTORT II development program is being conducted under Cooperative Agreement No.: DE-FC21-86LC11086 between the Kentucky Energy Cabinet and the Laramie Project Office of the Morgantown Energy Technology Center, US Dept. of Energy. KENTORT II is a multiple fluidized bed process which is designed to optimally utilize the carbonaceous material in eastern US oil shale as an energy source and to reduce the environmental problems associated with such shale processing. The process includes separate stages of pyrolysis, gasification, and combustion with combined solid and gas heat transfer among the stages. During this quarter, a cold-flow model of the pyrolysis and gasification stages of the mini-pilot plant reactor system was constructed and tested. The design of the reactor system was found to be basically sound, and with minor modifications stable operation of the model throughout the range of design conditions was achieved. An aerated solids feeding device was developed which effectively controls the shale recirculation rate. Additionally, an independent method was developed to measure the recirculation rate of the solids. Continuous, stable recirculation of shale char between the two fluidized beds was demonstrated for an 18 hour period. Also during the quarter, the bench-scale fluidized bed reactor was modified for the gasification kinetics investigation of oil shale char. Initial shakedown runs indicated proper operation of the unit throughout the range of operating conditions to be studied. 10 refs., 13 figs., 1 tab.

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Reservoir analysis of blanket sands using a numerical multi-mechanistic model

The primary objective of this research is to conduct a comprehensive analysis of the flow of gas in the tight blanket sands of the Mesaverde formation with the intent of fostering a better understanding of the physics governing such flow. The project is made up of three main task: reservoir data collection and analysis for the blanket sands; development, testing and validation of the multi-mechanistic reservoir model proposed to be used in this study; and the utilization of the model to evaluate production schemes and the evolution of an optimized scheme for the blanket sands. The expected deliverables from this study include: a coagulative analysis of the available reservoir analysis data and field data obtained by DOE in a manner that makes them more amenable to utilization and interpretation; a model that is coded and documented which will serve the primary purpose of a descriptive and predictive tool for natural gas production from tight blanket formations; and an indepth analysis of the reservoir performance, productivity prediction, production decline curves under various production schemes with a view of devising the optimum production scheme for these formations. 45 refs., 33 figs., 12 tabs.

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Solar thermal enhanced oil recovery (STEOR). Sections 2-8. Final report, October 1, 1979-June 30, 1980

The program objectives were: (1) determine the technical, economic, operational, and environmental feasibility of solar thermal enhanced oil recovery using line focusing distributed collectors at Exxon's Edison Field, and (2) estimate the quantity of solar heat which might be applied to domestic enhanced oil recovery. This volume of the report summarizes all of the work done under the contract Statement of Work. Topics include the selection of the solar system, trade-off studies, preliminary design for steam raising, cost estimate for STEOR at Edison Field, the development plan, and a market and economics analysis. (WHK)

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Analysis of potential combustion source impacts on acid deposition using an independently derived inventory. Volume I

This project had three major objectives. The first objective was to develop a fossil fuel combustion source inventory (NO/sub x/, SO/sub x/, and hydrocarbon emissions) that would be relatively easy to use and update for analyzing the impact of combustion emissions on acid deposition in the eastern United States. The second objective of the project was to use the inventory data as a basis for selection of a number of areas that, by virtue of their importance in the acid rain issue, could be further studied to assess the impact of local and intraregional combustion sources. The third objective was to conduct an analysis of wet deposition monitoring data in the areas under study, along with pertinent physical characteristics, meteorological conditions, and emission patterns of these areas, to investigate probable relationships between local and intraregional combustion sources and the deposition of acidic material. The combustion source emissions inventory has been developed for the eastern United States. It characterizes all important area sources and point sources on a county-by-county basis. Its design provides flexibility and simplicity and makes it uniquely useful in overall analysis of emission patterns in the eastern United States. Three regions with basically different emission patterns have been identified and characterized. The statistical analysis of wet deposition monitoring data in conjunction with emission patterns, wind direction, and topography has produced consistent results for each study area and has demonstrated that the wet deposition in each area reflects the characteristics of the localized area around the monitoring sites (typically 50 to 150 miles). 8 references, 28 figures, 39 tables.

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Site visit report:  Minnesota Power and Light Plant Clay Boswell, Cohasset, Minnesota. Final report

This report details the activities, facilities, and equipment used to sample raw feedstock and waste solids at the Minnesota Power and Light's Plant Clay Boswell in Cohasset, Minnesota. Explanation of sampling locations, deviations from the Test Plan, sampling techniques (in accordance with the Fossil Energy Waste General Sampling Guideline), and plant design are reviewed. Versar Inc.'s responsibility in this project involves the sampling, containerization, labeling, and distribution of samples. Distribution of samples was coordinated through the Versar Office in Springfield, Virginia; therefore, no detailed description of distribution procedures is given in this document.

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Reaction kinetics and physical mechanisms of ash agglomeration: Final report

Several significant insights into the mechanisms and chemistry of the formation of ash agglomerates have been made: (1) The reaction of iron-and-calcium-containing components of coal ash with the siliceous components is critical for the formation of relatively low-melting aluminosilicates that makes it possible to form ash agglomerates in a fluidized-bed coal gasifier. (2) The association of the calcium and/or iron components with the siliceous components in single particles differs greatly from one coal to another. (3) One result of the variation in the association of the ash components is that the availability of low-melting agglomerative product also varies from coal to coal. Another result is that it is likely that the ease of agglomeration of the whole of the ash by collision with low-melting material will also vary. (4) The viscosity-temperature relationship of the ash reaction products is their most important property affecting the rate of agglomeration among reaction products and of the reaction products with unreacted ash. (5) In reactivity tests, approximately 2200/degree/F was found to be the minimum temperature for oxidation of ferrous sulfide and the onset of reaction of the oxidation product with siliceous minerals within a period of a few seconds. The latter reaction, which is critical to the formation of the iron aluminosilicate matrix of the ash agglomerates, can occur at temperatures as low as 1800/degree/F but at a much slower rate. The high temperature of the jet region, as well as its oxidizing atmosphere, is necessary for formation of the low-melting agglomerative matrix material. (6) Phase diagrams showing the effect of gasifier atmosphere on equilibrium among ferrous sulfide and its products have been prepared to cover part of the range of conditions that can be encountered in the gasifier. 47 refs., 60 figs., 42 tabs.

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Effects of moisture on coal feeding: Final report

The surface moisture of coal consists of the moisture absorbed in the pores and that adhered to the surface. The aim of this study has been to try to determine the individual effects of these two moisture components on the handling properties of a coal. The flowability of pulverized coal, at different levels of moisture content, has been measured using the widely accepted compression and shear method described by Jenike. The results showed that the moistures: total, absorbed, and adhered, had limited significance in the flowability of the coal samples. Instead, the conditioning history of the coal appeared to be the most important factor controlling the handling. 23 refs., 30 figs., 3 tabs.

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