AndreaBozzo/ceres-open-data-index huggingface dataset:
Environmental assessment overview, Deaf Smith County site, Texas

In February 1983, the U.S. Department of Energy identified a location in Deaf Smith County, Texas, as one of nine potentially acceptable sites for a mined geologic repository for spent nuclear fuel and high-level radioactive waste. The potentially acceptable site was subsequently narrowed to an area of 9 square miles. To determine their suitability, the Deaf Smith County site and the eight other potentially acceptable sites have been evaluated in accordance with the DOE's General Guidelines for the recommendation of Sites for the Nuclear Waste Repositories. These evaluations were reported in draft environmental assessments, which were issued for public review and comment. After considering the comments received on the draft EAs, the DOE prepared the final EAs.

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Environmental assessment, Deaf Smith County site, Texas

In February 1983, the U.S. Department of Energy identified a location in Deaf Smith County, Texas, as one of nine potentially acceptable sites for a mined geologic repository for spent nuclear fuel and high-level radioactive waste. The potentially acceptable site was subsequently narrowed to an area of 9 square miles. To determine their suitability, the Deaf Smith County site and the eight other potentially acceptable sites have been evaluated in accordance with the DOE's General Guidelines for the recommendation of Sites for the Nuclear Waste Repositories. These evaluations were reported in draft environmental assessments, which were issued for public review and comment. After considering the comments received on the draft EAs, the DOE prepared the final EAs.

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Environmental assessment: Deaf Smith County site, Texas

The Nuclear Waste Policy Act of 1982 established a process for the selection of sites for the disposal of spent nuclear fuel and high-level radioactive waste in geologic repositories. The first steps in this process were the identification of potentially acceptable sites and the development of general guidelines for siting repositories. In February 1983, the DOE identified nine sites in six states as potentially acceptable for the first repository. The Yucca Mountain site in Nye County, Nevada, was identified as one of those sites. The general guidelines were issued in November 1984 as Title 10 of the Code of Federal Regulations, Part 960. The DOE is now proceeding with the next step in the site selection process for the first repository: the nomination of at least five of the nine potentially acceptable sites as suitable for site characterization, which is a program detailed studies.

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Environmental assessment: Yucca Mountain Site, Nevada Research and Development Area, Nevada; Volume 2

The Nuclear Waste Policy Act of 1982 requires the environmental assessment to include a detailed statement of the basis for nominating a site as suitable for characterization. This detailed statement is to be an evaluation of site suitability under the U.S. Department of Energy siting guidelines; the evaluation will be the basis for the comparisons of sites reported in Chapter 7. Such an evaluation for the Yucca Mountain site is presented in sections 6.2, 6.3, and 6.4 of this chapter. A brief explanation of the siting guidelines their format, structure, and implementation is given in Section 6.1.

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Environmental assessment overview, Reference repository location, Hanford site, Washington

In February 1983, the U.S. Department of Energy identified a reference repository location at the Hanford Site n Washington as one of the nine potentially acceptable sites for a mined geologic repository for spent nuclear fuel and high-level radioactive water. The site is in the Columbia Plateau, which is one of five distinct geohydrologic settings considered for the first repository. To determine their suitability, the Hanford site and the eight other potentially acceptable sites have been evaluated in accordance with the DOE's General Guidelines for the Recommendation of Sites for the Nuclear Waste Repositories. These evaluations were reported in draft environmental assessments, which were issued for public review and comment. After considering the comments received on the draft EAs, the DOE prepared the final EAs.

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Hydrogeologic consequences of the modified in-situ retorting process, Piceance Creek Basin, Colorado

In the modified in-situ retorting process the region of retorting will at as a large subsurface sink and lead to a massive dowatering of the surrounding hydrogeologic system. The present study has been aimed at studying the possible alteration of the groundwater regime in and around the C-a and the C-b tracts due to the proposed MIS strategies. Our approach has been one of scenario analysis and parametric studies, using a numerical model.

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Environmental assessment: Reference repository location, Hanford site, Washington

Chapter 6 addresses the suitability of the reference repository. The discussion is presented according to the requirement of the Nuclear Waste Policy Act of 1982 and the General Siting Guidelines. Some guidelines disuses in Chapter 6 require information to be developed during site characterization before compliance can be demonstrated; others do not. Section 6.1 presents the rationale for distinguishing between guidelines that do or do not require site characterization.

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Environmental assessment: Reference repository location, Hanford site, Washington

In February 1983, the U.S. Department of Energy identified a reference repository location at the Hanford Site n Washington as one of the nine potentially acceptable sites for a mined geologic repository for spent nuclear fuel and high-level radioactive water. The site is in the Columbia Plateau, which is one of five distinct geohydrologic settings considered for the first repository. To determine their suitability, the Hanford site and the eight other potentially acceptable sites have been evaluated in accordance with the DOE's General Guidelines for the Recommendation of Sites for the Nuclear Waste Repositories. These evaluations were reported in draft environmental assessments, which were issued for public review and comment. After considering the comments received on the draft EAs, the DOE prepared the final EAs.

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Environmental assessment overview, Davis Canyon site, Utah

By the end of this century, the United States plans to begin operating the first geologic repository for the permanent disposal of commercial spent nuclear fuel and high-level radioactive waste. Public law 97-425, the Nuclear Waste Policy Act of 1982, specifies the process for selecting a repository site, and constructing, operating, closing, and decommissioning the repository. Congress approved geologic disposal by declaring that one of the key purposes of the act is "to establish a schedule for the siting, construction, and operating of repositories that will provide reasonable assurance that the public and the environment will be adequately protected from the hazards posed by high-level radioactive waste and such spent nuclear fuel as may be disposed of in a repository.

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Environmental assessment: Davis Canyon site, Utah

The "Nuclear Waste Policy Act of 1982" requires the environmental assessment to include a detailed statement of the basis for nominating a site as suitable for characterization. This detailed statement is to be an evaluation of site suitability under the DOE sitting guidelines; the evaluation will be the basis for the comparison of sites reported in Chapter 7. Such an evaluation for the Davis Canyon site is presented in Sections 6.2, 6.3, and 6.4 for this chapter, and is based in part on impacts associated with the reference repository design. Given the considerations and conclusions in Section 5.1 and Table 5-1, the evaluation would not change if based on the Mission Plan repository concept. A brief explanation of the sitting guidelines their format, structure, and implementation is given in section 6.1.

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Environmental assessment: Davis Canyon site, Utah

In February 1983, the U.S. Department of Energy identified the Davis Canyon site in Utah as one of the nine potentially acceptable sites for a mined geologic repository for spent nuclear fuel and high-level radioactive waste. To determine their suitability, the Davis Canyon site and the eight other potentially acceptable sites have been evaluated in accordance with the DOE's General Guidelines for the Recommendation of Sites for the Nuclear Waste Repositories. These evaluations were reported in draft environmental assessments, which were issued for public review and comment. After considering the comments received on the draft EAs, the DOE prepared the final EA.

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ALKALINE PERMANGANATE OXIDATION OF COLORADO OIL-SHALE KEROGEN

The data obtained in this study of a 78 gallon per ton of oil shale show that the kerogen can be oxidized almost completely to non-benzenoid water soluble products by alkaline parzangenate.  the oxidation products consisted mostly of CO2, oxalic acid, and small amounts of steam-volatile acids and non-volatile non-oxalic acids.

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Groundwater quality monitoring recommendations for in situ oil shale development

Synthetic petroleum products recovered from western oil shale's are expected to play an important part in supplying energy needs to the United States during the later part of the 1900's. Various estimates of the magnitude of western oil shale reserves have been made. The U.S. Geological Survey estimates that an equivalent of about 4,000 billion barrels of oil are continued in the oil shale's of the Green River Formation of Utah, Colorado, and Wyoming. These oil shale resources account for 80 percent of the known world resources but, of course, are not completely recoverable. Recoverable resources are a function of mining and retorting technology and economics, but my amount to about 1,000 billion barrels o oil. As the estimated remaining world ultimate oil resources are about 2,000 billion barrels, of which less than 150 billion barrels are in the United States, western oil shale is clearly a significant energy resource.

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Disposal of retorted oil shale from the Paraho oil shale project. Final report, April 1974--December 1976

A project to demonstrate the feasibility of retorting oil shale by the Paraho vertical retort process was carried out at Anvil Points, Colorado during 1974 to 1976. As a part of the demonstration project, laboratory and field tests were performed to determine the physical and chemical properties of the retorted shale for use in the development of eventual full-scale disposal plans.

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Separation and determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and nitrogen heterocycles pertaining to coal gasification, tar sands, shale oil, coal liquids, and related samples. Final technical progress report, January 1978-December 1979

A method was developed for identifying and determining benzo[a]pyrene in a filtered retort water sample from an in situ oil shale process by employing liquid-liquid extraction, dry-column chromatography, thin-layer chromatography and fluorescence spectrometry. The accuracy and precision of the method were good, and the limit of detection was approximately 0.08 ppb. Irreproducible results were obtained with unfiltered retort water samples.

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Approach to ES and H Assurance Programs for institutions. Volume 1. Institutional and ES and H staff functions

Environmental, Safety and Health Assurance programs, and possible approaches to their implementation, are described in 17 separate Sandia National Laboratories publications. This is the first of two volumes in which most of this material is collection and condensed in order to facilitate its use. This volume overviews the intent and nature of ES&H Assurance Programs and offers guidance for their implementation at the institutional level and within the ES&H Staff organization.

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Health and environmental effects of oil shale technology. A workshop summary and panel reports

Oil shale is fine-grained, grey brown, sedimentary rock containing kerogen, a powdery substance yielding a synthetic oil and gas after pyrolysis or retorting. The high-grade deposits of the Colorado-Wyoming-Utah area known as the green River Formation can yield 25 or more gallons of oil per ton of shale. Colorado's Piceance Basin contains 85 percent of the Western high-grade shale in beds from 10 to 2,000 feet thick. Low-grade, shallow deposits underlie large parts of the Eastern and Central states and northern Alaska. The U.S. Department of the Interior has estimated that 80 billion barrels of oil can be recovered from the beds of Western oil shale using current technology. This is more energy than is contained in known U.S. oil and natural gas reserves, and only about one-tenth of the estimated 800 billion barrels of shale oil that may be recoverable using more advanced technology and under different economic conditions.

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C-13 NMR on solid samples and its application to coal science

A knowledge of the structures of the organic compounds in coal, or of the relative abundances of the various structural types, is important for at least two reasons. First, this knowledge is essential to any realistic effort to understand the details of the geochemical evolution of coal. Second, the utilization of coal, e.g., conversion processes, can be optimized only if this knowledge is available. The attainment of this kind of knowledge on samples as complex and intractable as coal has been very difficult to achieve. Many of the most powerful analytical techniques for organic chemical structure determination, including conventional nuclear magnetic resonance, have required liquid samples; and typically only small fractions of a coal can be dissolved under conditions for which one can be confident of retaining the structural integrity of the organic compounds in the sample.

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Supercritical fluid extraction applied to coal liquefaction

Supercritical fluid extraction, as a means of increasing the efficiency of chemical processes, has drawn the attention of scientists in many fields in recent years. The field of coal conversion is no exception. At the 1983 International Conference on Coal Science, held earlier this month in Pittsburgh, a well attended symposium on novel approaches to coal liquefaction emphasized the use of supercritical fluid techniques.

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Trace elements in coal: occurrence and distribution. Final report, June 1974--June 1976

Chemical analyses of 172 whole coal samples, 40 samples, and 64 washed coal samples have been made by the Illinois State Geological Survey. One hundred and fourteen of the 172 whole coal samples were from the Illinois basin, as were all of the bench samples and 5 of the 9 sets of washed coals. The remaining samples were from other coal producing areas of the United States.

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Permeability of coal to gas and water

Air and water permabilities of a large number of samples from the Pittsburgh and Pocahontas coals were measured at various overburden and mean flow pressures. A wide variation in the air and water permeabilities was obtained for each type of coal, and flow was primarily through microfractures. Overburden pressure has the most significant effect on the single phase permeability. Considerable hysteresis was observed for both air and water permeabilities. Gas permeabilities are affected to a lesser degree by mean flow pressure above atmospheric. However, at subatmospheric mean pressures, appreciable increase in permeability occurs for low permeability samples. This was attributed to gaseous molecules desorbed at pore necks at high pressure water permeabilities measured at the same pressures.

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Factors that influence the selection of tar sand resources for in situ thermal recovery

"The objective of this investigation was to identify those factors that must be considered in selection and prioritization of U.S. tar sand resources for research investigations by the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE). Consideration of the same factors enables the selection of in situ extraction technologies for application to the resources.   The objective of this report is to apply the knowledge accumulated in several years of U.S. Department of Energy tar sand research to the identification of criteria for selection and prioritization of U.S. tar sand resource elements for in-depth geochemical, geophysical and thermodynamic analyses."

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Petrographic examination and chemical analyses for several foreign oil shales

The information given here provides data necessary for comparing these selected oil shales of worldwide interest and evaluating the applicability of their respective processing methods to other oil shales. The grades and amounts of oil shale and shale oil are expressed in U.S. gallons of 231 cubic inches, barrels of 42 U.S. gallons, and U.S. short tons of 2,000 pounds.

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European shale-treating practice. [Processes and equipment used in Wurtemberg, Germany, Autun, France, and Esthonia]

The data presented herein portrays at least some of the thoughts of those engaged in obtaining oil from oil shale in Europe, and they depict some of the results thus far obtained as well as certain plans for further efforts to win oil from shale; it is hoped that those who undertake the development of a shale-treating industry in this country will find useful information in this report.

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OIL-SHALE OPERATIONS IN NEW SOUTH WALES, AUSTRALIA

"The primary objective of the authors'trip to Australia was to obtain, first hand, information regarding the equipment and methods used by National Oil Proprietary, Ltd., at Glen Davis, New South Wales, in mining oil shale, extracting oil from it, and refining the shale oil. This company was operating the only oil shale plant that had been active in Australia since 1945. The plant comprised an oil shale mine, 104 modified Pumherston (Fell) retorts in 2 batteries, a shale oil refinery, and a 3-inch gasoline pipeline to the railroad loading terminal at Newnes Junction, 30 miles away. There were also, the usual and necessary auxiliary facilities, such as a power house, mechanical shops, offices, and laboratories.  This account describes the equipment and operations of National Oil Proprietary, Ltd., for mining and retorting oil shale and refining oil shale."

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Effect of operating conditions on the formation of methane in pressure gasification

The dependence of the methane content of crude gas, produced by pressure gasification, on the gasification ratio was studied. Based on an analysis of the results of operations at the Uzin Pressure Gasworks between 1 January 1965 and 30 June 1967,a relationship was discovered between the partial pressure of hydrogen in the generator and the methane content of the gas. Lowing the gasification ratio increases the partial pressure of hydrogen in the generator due to a higher degree of steam dissociation, which has a favorable effect on methane formation. This relationship was found to apply in the gasification range from 4.7 to 7.1 kg steam/Nm3 oxygen.

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Oil shale:  the prospects and problems of an emerging energy industry. [Review of technological, economic, environmental, and institutional issues]

OIL SHALE: The Prospects and Problems of an Emerging Energy Industry. This review explores technological, economic, environmental, and institutional issues relating to the development of a commercial oil shale industry. Three inter-related questions form the framework for this analysis: Is oil shale a potential source of energy? Should the U.S. encourage a commercial oil shale industry? Assuming that a commercial shale oil industry should be encouraged, what specific actions should be taken?

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ASPEN PLUS modeling of the SRC-I Demonstration Plant. Task 1:  SRC-I facility summary model report

An overall summary model was developed for the SRC-1 coal liquefaction demonstration plant using the ASPEN PLUS process simulator. This model includes all major process areas of the plant represented on an overall yield/separation basis. Specifically, the model consists of 34 individual process unit submodels, an estimation submodel for selected plant utilities, and a coal dissolver area yield predictor submodel. The model is intended to provide a preliminary converged solution for interarea terminal stream material balances.

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Underground gasification of coal. Operation of multiple path system. [Eight boreholes for air injection arranged in circle 50ft from central product gas outlet; only 3 1/2% of energy in coal in 100-ft-diam circle recovered as combustible gas]

The feasibility of simultaneously burning several paths through a coalbed to develop a multiple path underground gasification system was investigated by the Bureau of Mines during two experiments. Boreholes were drilled through the overburden and into the coal and arranged in a circle approximately 50 feet from a central borehole. In the first experiment, in an area which had previously been hydraulically fractured, air was injected at the center borehole. The coal was ignited at the other borehole and the fire fronts travelled toward the center, counter to the flow of air, to backward burn paths through the coalbed.

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Observations concerning the residue of a thirty-year-old underground-coal-gasification burn at a site in Gorgas, Alabama

In early February 1983, the Russel Coal Company partially uncovered a large burn area that appears to be the electro-linking site. This was the second site to be uncovered here and evaluated in this way. As in the first case, Mr. A.J. Liberatore of the METC and the author were contacted to access and photograph this latest exposure of an old underground-coal-gasification (UCG) burn. Conclusions from this site evaluation are: (1) confirmation of the Bu mines report which speculated that the electro-linkage at this site deviated from the planned design; (2) confirmation of the material balance calculations which indicated that minimum quantities of coke were left behind when oxygen was used for gasification. Although exposing a UCG site by surface mining is the most positive way to access the burn, there are some important impediments that must be considered. Foremost, the coal mining operations are conducted in the most economical way, to the possible detriment of any sensitive areas. Although the operator may be very cooperative, he is not likely to deviate much from his mining plan without compensation. The constant movement of equipment (trucks, dozers, etc.) in the pit is a threat to the integrity of the burned section. Valid conclusions may be impossible because of the age of this site. In spite of these difficulties, surface mined burn areas provide UCG engineers an opportunity to positively access and confirm previous speculations about events that took place below the surface while the site was in production.

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Support research on chemical, mechanical, and environmental factors in underground coal gasification. Final technical report

The general goal of this research has been to develop basic data and mathematical models in order to better understand information obtained from large scale field experimentation in underground gasification of Texas lignite. The chemical engineering research has focused on the topics of combustion tube studies of water influx, investigation of cavity growth mechanisms, cracking of pyrolysis products, and analysis of flow patterns in UCG. The petroleum engineering research has focused on sibsidence analysis, creep testing and modeling, and effects of overburden drying. Good agreement between subsidence model prediction and data from the Hoe Creek #2 field experiment have been obtained. Environmental effects of UCG have been studied both for surface processing of wastewater as well as subsurface phenomena. Activated sludge processing of wastewater seems feasible and pertinent laboratory data have been acquired. Adsorption characteristics and microbial activity for different species in contaminated groundwater have been determined for the Tennessee Colony, Texas, field test site.

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