AndreaBozzo/ceres-open-data-index huggingface dataset:
CO2 AT N AND S MCCALLUM

The rare occurrences of condensive carbon dioxide accumulations is probably the principal reason the North McCallam field has received the attention and publicity not normally given fields of comparable size. In several unpublished accounts found in some early interbureau reports of the Bureau of Mines, United States Department of the Interior, pictures of the wells and producing facilities show flow lines, fittings, and storage tanks covered with frost up to several inches thick. The problem of freezing attending production of this thud and the lack of knowledge concerning the status of the original reservoir fluid and its probable behavior with reservoir pressure decline also have attracted considerable attention to this unique occurrence in North Park basin if ever a nickname for an area was appropriate that of “ice-cream wells,” by which this area has been called, is especially apt.

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QUANTITATIVE EXPRESSION OF BIOTRANSFORMATION: SYNOPSIS OF DISCUSSION SESSION

Conclusions: 1. we are optimistic that reproducible rate constants can be determined for many if not all biotransformation reactions and that these rate constants can be used to forecast expected exposure concentrations for aquatic ecosystems. 2. We need to continue to improve our understanding, determination, and use of biotransformation rate constants, especially in relation to the measurement of microbial biomass, the effect of environmental parameters on rate constants, and the reproducibility of rate constants for different microbial transformations. 3. We need to continue to define the precision attainable in the determination of rate constants from different sites and to understand the significance of differences that are observed.

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INSTRUMENTATION AND EVALUATION OF THE TALLEY ENERGY SYSTEMS INC OIL SHALE PROJECT

January 1979 marked the completion of Phase I of the Talley Energy Systems, Inc. (TESI) contract with the Department of Energy (DOE) which was undertaken to examine the hydraulic/explosive fracturing method for preparing an underground oil shale bed for true in situ processing. Phase I of the contract involved the bed preparation activities – specifically the creation of four horizontal hydrofractures in the shale bed, the insertion and subsequent detonation of slurry explosives in these hydrofractures, and the detailed assessment of major operations and of the rock formation before and after these operations. Phase II of the contract, which was cancelled, was to have been a retorting operation. Sandia National Laboratories participated in the TESI experiment by providing instrumentation and technical support in several areas during Phase I. This report described the work performed during the explosive insertion and detonation operations and during the post-shot evaluation. The results of the various measurements performed during these operations are discussed along with an overall assessment of the post-shot state of the formation.

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INSTRUMENTATION AND EVALUATION OF THE TALLEY ENERGY SYSTEMS INC OIL SHALE PROJECT

This is the first of two reports which describe the instrumentation and measurement techniques employed and present the data obtained during Phase I operations on the Talley Energy Systems, Inc., oil shale field project near Green River, Wyoming. Phase I operations included creation of four horizontal hydraulic fractures in the oil shale formation from a central wellbore drilled and cased through the formation and notched at each level, about seven feet apart. Asymmetry was relatively consistent, but direction of asymmetry was not as expected prior to hydrofrac operations. The methods of determining hydrofrac sizes correlated well with the degree of asymmetry, but surface resistivity measurements beyond the first fracture did not work well because the first fracture retained conductive fluid and masked the growth of the subsequent fractures. Raw, processed, and interpreted data and the Site Activities Summary Log are presented in appendices.

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NMR TECHNIQUES FOR THE STUDY OF BITUMENS

Nuclear magnetic resonance (nmr) has evolved into one of the most powerful tools for elucidation of the structures of organic substances. Although the development of improved instrumentation and techniques has encouraged the use of an increasing number of nuclides in nmr studies, from the point of view of bitumens, the nuclides of primary interest are 1H and 13C.

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STUDY OF THE THEORY AND PRACTICE OF THE THERMAL SOLUTION PROCESS INCLUDING HYDROGENATION

The development of methods for producing shale oil from oil shale constitutes on phase of the research and development program being conducted at the Petroleum and Oil-Shale Experiment Station at Laramie, Wyoming, under authority of Public Law 290. The objective of this law is to facilitate the development of liquid fuels from sources other than petroleum.

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BIBLIOGRAPHY OF INVESTMENT AND OPERATING COSTS FOR CHEMICAL AND PETROLEUM PLANTS

Under authorization of the Synthetic Liquid Fuels Act, Public Law 290, 8th Congress, the Bureau of Mines is doing research and development work on the production of liquid fuels from oil shale. When the development of a process reaches the point where adequate technical data are available, an economic evaluation is made on the basis of the estimated investment and operating costs of the process. The following bibliography was prepared as an aid in making these cost estimates, the purpose being not so much the tabulation of the actual cost figures as the listing of sources of information.

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GC/MS ANALYSIS OF ORGANIC MATERIAL ISOLATED FROM WATER PRODUCED DURING IN SITU RECOVERY OF FOSSIL FUEL RESOURCES

The production of fossil fuel by in situ techniques can yield large quantities of water. This water whether from intrusion, combustion, or process will be contaminated with water soluble organic compounds. The analysis of the organic material is important not only from the standpoint of selecting control technologies to purify the water but also in monitoring these technologies for efficiency. Combined gas chromatography/mass spectroscopy was used to analyze the extractable organic material in water produced during Laramie Energy Research Center’s second in situ tar sand combustion.

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DEVELOPMENT OF A SUCCESSFUL MULTIPLE PERCUSSION DRILL CARRIAGE

A multiple drill carriage or "jumbo", which is believed to be unique in both design and performance, was constructed and has been in use for the past year at the Bureau of Mines experimental oil-shale mine near Rifle, Colorado.  This jumbo mounts four long geed percussion drills and is so designed that two men can operate all four drills.  Before the jumbo was placed in operation, a minimum of eight man-shifts was required to drill 72 feet long holes in headings 60 feet wide and 27 foot high.  The same round is mow drilled by two men in about 6 hours.  Over 500 foot of drilling per man shift is easily and consistently accomplished.  Use of the jumbo has resulted in a 75 percent reduction in drilling labor and a substantially lower drilling cost.

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ZONE REFINING FOR PURIFICATION OF SPECTROSCOPIC REFERENCE COMPOUNDS

Zone refining provides a convenient and effective method for purifying nitrogen compounds for spectroscopic standards.  These standards are required by American Petroleum Institute Research Project 52 in its study of the nitrogen constituents of petroleum (2).  Two programs have been set up.  A standard sample program to prepare 1 to 2 liters of compounds having purities of 99.9. mole percent; and a small sample program to purify available quantities to as high purities as are practical.  The first program is designed to furnish samples for determining spectroscopic patterns of highest quality as well as physical and thermodynamic properties, and to provide calibration standards for quantitative work. The second program is designed to furnish samples so that a large catalog of spectral patterns can be obtained rapidly.

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EFFECT OF ANTISTRIP ADDICTIVES OF ASPHALT ON THE PROPERTIES OF ASPHALT CEMENT

Antistrip additives are routinely used by many agencies to improve the water resistance of asphalt concrete mixtures. The effect of these additives on the properties, behavior, and performance of asphalt has received little documentation in the literature. It is often assumed that the antistrip additives are absorbed on the aggregate surface and do not interact with the asphalt. Experience in some states indicates that antistrip additives can soften the asphalt cement, and at least one state agency does make allowance for specification noncompliance (viscosity) when antistrip additives are used.

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Asphalt Paving Technology

Antistrip additives are routinely used by many agencies to improve the water resistance of asphalt concrete mixtures. The effect of these additives on the properties, behavior, and performance of asphalt has received little documentation in the literature. It is often assumed that the antistrip additives are absorbed on the aggregate surface and do not interact with the asphalt. Experience in some states indicates that antistrip additives can soften the asphalt cement, and at least one state agency does make allowance for specification noncompliance (viscosity) when antistrip additives are used.

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HEAT CONDUCTION IN HETEROGENEOUS MATERIALS

A new solution to the heat equation in composite media is derived using a variation principle developed by Ben-Amoz. The model micro-structure is fed into the equations via a term for the polar moment of the inclusions in a representative volume. The general solution is presented as an integral in terms of sources and a Green function. The problem of uniqueness is studied to determine appropriate boundary conditions. The solution reduces to the solution of the normal heat equation in the limit of homogeneous media.

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CORRECTION OF DUMAS MICROANALYSES BY MASS SPECTROMETRY

Mass spectrometer analyses have been found to be a valuable adjunct to the Dumas micro method for nitrogen determination. While continued use of the mass spectrometer for chocking such analyses would seldom be justified, occasional checks will disclose any serious error and will indicate the remedial measures necessary to eliminate such error. This paper discusses a simple modification of a Dumas micro method nitro motor that facilitates transfer of gas into the mass spectrometer.

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EFFECTIVE MEDIUM THEORY OF A HETEROGENEOUS MEDIUM WITH GRAINS CHARACTERIZED BY NON-LOCAL DIELECTRIC FUNCTION

A formulation is given to obtain in the effective dielectric function c*(w) of a heterogeneous medium when the non-locality of the individual grains is important. The formulation is then applied to the calculation of the c*(w) of a medium consisting of spherical metallic grains. A very general method of solving boundary value problems involving non-local is presented. The results are presented in both average T-matrix approximation and coherent potential approximation. Numerical results are obtained assuming hydrodynamic model of the metallic dielectric function though in principle other non-local dielectric functions could also be used. Finally the optical absorption by dye molecules adsorbed on metallic spheres is calculated and the results compared to those obtained by using the local model for the dielectric function of the metal. The important effects of the nonlocality manifest in the characteristic shifts of the resonances and the decrease in the peak heights.

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Characteristics of tar sand bitumen asphaltenes and the effect of asphaltenes on conversion of bitumen by hydropyrolysis

Asphaltenes and maltenes from a tar sand bitumen were characterized by gross properties and /sup 13/C-nmr spectroscopy. While differences between average properties are detected, the gross hydrocarbon structure of the two fractions is virtually identical. Hydropyrolysis was used as a conversion reaction to examine the chemistry of the respective components of the bitumen. Hydropyrolysis converts bitumen to lower average molecular weight liquid products and gases with virtually no coke. Compared to the maltenes, asphaltene species contribute disproportionately to the gaseous and heavy liquid yields, but similarly to the asphaltenes found in the liquid products. Molecules comprising the asphaltene fraction from bitumen are suggested to have average molecular weights in the mid to high hundreds and are broadly distributed with respect to molecular weight, aromaticity, and heteroatom content. Molecules comprising the maltene fraction, while of a lower average molecular weight, aromaticity and heteroatom content, are also broadly distributed and there is substantial overlap between asphaltenes and maltenes with respect to these chemical functionalities. This conclusion is supported by the results of the hydropyrolysis conversion. The results of this study indicate that characterization of bitumen according to compound types is chemically more definitive and more likely to be useful for elucidating conversion mechanisms than are characterizations based on asphaltene content or structure.

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CATALYTIC CRACKING OF ASPHALT RIDGE BITUMEN

Theoretical considerations of the molecular structure of Uinta Basin, Utah tar sand bitumen, viz. high molecular weight naphthenic hydrocarbons, suggest potential for direct catalytic cracking of these materials.  Preliminary results show that virgin bitumen is responsive to catalytic cracking but that the efficiency of an 82 A pore diameter catalyst is low owing to either exclusion of molecules or adsorption of nonvolatile molecules at the catalyst pore mouth, or both.  Typical yields at 460 - 500 C and 2:1  cat to oil ratio are 7 wt.% gas, 80 wt,% liquids and 13 wt.% coke.  Liquid products typically are comprised of 66% saturated hydrocarbons and 34% aromatic and polar molecules.  The gasoline produced exhibit low octane numbers resulting from competing thermal reactions under the conditions studied.  An increase in cat to oil ratio results in a dramatic increase in gasoline yield and a significant increase in coke yield at the expense of medium and low volatility liquids.  Catalytic activity improves notably when visbroken, deasphalted or hydropolyzed bitumen is used as the feedstock.  For the latter case, in which 2.6 wt.% hydrogen is added during hydropyrolysis, yields are 30% gases, 64% liquids and 6% coke, based on the virgin bitumen.

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PROCESS WATER REUSE FOR TAR SAND OIL EXTRACTION

"It is estimated that the United States contains  approximately 30-billion barrels of tar sand resource (1) . Of this total, approximately 28-billion barrels is found in Utah. The technology necessary to extract the bitumen from the sandstone is still being developed. Active research is required to determine the most appropriate  extraction technologies. The research program of the U. S. Department of Energy's (DOE) Laramie Energy Technology Center (LETC) has been concerned with investigating in situ technologies to develop that portion of the resource unavailable for either technical or economic reasons, for extraction by conventional mining methods. To date, many laboratory and three field experiments have been conducted. The results from these experiments have been previously reported (1, 2,3,4,5).  Field efforts have been conducted in the Northwest Asphalt Ridge Deposit near Vernal, Utah. The first two experiments were attempted in 1975 and 1977, and employed combustion technologies. The third field experiment was conducted during 1980 and evaluated the feasibility of employing a steam drive technique to extract the bitumen from the formation. A once-through steam generator using relatively pure water was employed. A total of 65,700 barrels (10.4 dams3) of water equivalent steam were injected into the formation during the 160 days of testing. Oil production for this experiment equaled  1,150 barrels (183 m3), with recovered water being 6,250 barrels (994 m3)(6). This paper reports results from laboratory scale research which investigated treatment options and configurations necessary to recycle these waters back to a steam generator."

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EVALUATION OF LIQUIDS FROM SHALE OIL AND COAL SYNCRUDES RECLAIMING DETERIORATED ASPHALT PAVEMENTS

"Goals:  1. To determine if high-boiling liquids produced from coal liquefaction and oil shale retorting can be used in place of petroleum liquids as effective softening agents for recycling old or worn out asphalt paving materials.  2. To determine specific effects of these additives in a design analysis for recycled pavements.  3. To determine the combined effects of high boiling liquids produced from coal liquefaction and oil shale retorting when used in conjunction with water to reduce pollution emissions on the design of recycled asphaltic pavements."

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SHALE OIL REFINING TECHNIQUES

Experimental operations of the demonstration refinery at the Bureau of Mines Oil-Shale Demonstration Plant indicate thermal cracking as a preferred initial step in producing acceptable finished fuels from crude shale oil. Because of high nitrogen content, catalytic cracking has been found to be unsuitable. Thermally cracked distillates can be converted directly to satisfactory gasoline or Diesel fuels by chemical treatment but with high treating losses due to tar acids, tar bases, and olefins.

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Addendum to automated Analysis of Experimental Data from the 10 Ton Oil Shale Retort at the Laramie Energy Research Center

On February 7 and 8, 1978, conferences were held in Laramie between staff members of LERC and JAYCOR regarding the computer program SORDA, which was written to facilitate the analysis and publication of experimental data from the 10-ton retort at LERC's North Site. The discussions suggested some improvements in the submodels of SORDA. This Addendum reports changes to the submodels design to incorporate these improvements and to represent more realistically the physical behavior of oil shale retorts.

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AUTOMATED ANALYSIS OF EXPERIMENTAL DATA FROM THE 10 TON OIL SHALE RETORT AT THE LARAMIE ENERGY RESEARCH CENTER (ADD ADDENDUM DATED 2/17/78)

A computer program has been developed by JAYCOR to aid in reduction and analysis of experimental data from the 10 ton oil shale retort at the Laramie Energy Research Center. This Fortran computer code is named SORDA. It is linked to a versatile graphics package on the CDC 7600 computer at Berkley. Except for the use of PARAMETER statements, this code is written in standard ANSI Fortran IV. It has been designed to accommodate any changed or extensions that may be needed in the future. The graphics package is currently used to produce graphs of various time-dependent quantities. It can be extended to other types of plots as the need arises. This program will significantly reduce the effort required to reduce, analyze, and intercompare the data from tests on the retort, and simplify their organization into a publishable format.

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THE BUREAU OF MINES OIL-SHALE PROGRAM

The oil-shale program of the Bureau of Mines is being inaugurated under the provisions of Public Law approved April 5, 1944, 78th Congress, 2nd session.  The law authorizes the Secretary of the Interior, acting thorough the Bureau of Mines, to construct, maintain and operate for not more than five years one or more demonstration plants to produce synthetic liquid fuels from oil shale, coal and other substances.

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MATHEMATICAL MODELING SUPPORT FOR OIL SHALE RETORTING EXPERIMENTS-FINAL REPORT

A contract was let in June, 1981, between Dr. H. Gordon Harris and the DOE through the Laramie Energy Technology Center to model low void shale retorting experiments. The contract was modified in September, 1981 to change the principle investigators to Dr. J.F. Evers and Dr. R.E. Terry. The change was necessitated when Dr. Harris changed jobs and relocated.

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MODELING OF MULTIPLE-WELL PATTERNS IN AN ANISOTROPIC HETEROGENEOUS POROUS MEDIA

"The theory and practice of recovering fluids from underground reservoirs with wells has long been the subject of study. Water and petroleum products drawn by wells have long been vital parts of our social an  economic system. However recent interest in underground combustion and the accompanying  flow processes has been stimulated by the incurring energy shortage. Investigation is underway in various countries, for example Canada, the Soviet Union, and the U.S.A., on in situ combustion of coal, oil shale and tar sands. These in situ processes often require the drilling of  wells for injection of air into the material being processed and he recovery or the resulting combustion products."

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UNITED STATES BUREAU OF MINES WYOMING RETORT SITE WATER WELL NO 1

"The Bureau of Mines research into the processing of oil shale has led to the design and construction of a 150-ton capacity retort approximately 1 mile north of Laramie, Wyoming (see fig. 1). On February 1, 1968, a 500 by 550-foot tract of land was leased from the Union Pacific  Railroad Co. for a period of 5 years and the lease is renewable at the end of that period. The retort and associated support structures are presently under construction. To provide the installation with an adequate supply of both domestic and industrial water, a well was  designed to be drilled into the Casper Formation, known to contain an artesian source of good quality water. The well was located strategically within the complex of buildings.  This report presents the procedures for and the results of planning, drilling, and completion of the water well."

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ARTESIAN AQUIFER, NEW FORK TONGUE OF THE WASATCH FORMATION, NORTHERN GREEN RIVER BASIN

An artesian aquifer is found in the New Fork Tongue of the Wasatch Formation in the northern Green River Basin.  Overlying the aquifer is the Wilkins Peak Member of the Green River Formation which contains potentially developable oil shales.  The aquifer contains potentially developable oil shales.  The aquifer contains substantial amounts of water available for possible use in an oil-shale industry.  Flow rates as high as 500 gallons per minute are presently being produced from abandoned oil test wells.  The water, containing sodium carbonate and sodium bicarbonate as the principle dissolved solids, is not classed as potable due to excessive amounts of fluoride and total dissolved solids.  Recharge for the aquifer is found to the north where the New 'Fork Tongue becomes arkosic.  The area of known artesian production is about 500 square miles.  An additional 700 square miles may contain artesian water from the same source.

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REACTION KINETICS BETWEEN CO2 AND OIL-SHALE RESIDUAL CARBON. 1. EFFECT OF HEATING RATE ON REACTIVITY

The reaction kinetics between steam and the residual organic carbon in retorted Colorado oil shale (Mahogany Zone) have been investigated using both isothermal and nonisothermal methods. It was found that oil shale residual carbon is approximately an order of magnitude more reactive than subbituminous coal char.

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A PROCESS MODEL FOR THE INITIAL STAGES OF ELECTROLINKING

Electrolinking is a promising means for enhancing coal permeability along one or more narrow linkage channels prior to underground gasification. This linking technique may be particularly advantageous for UCG at great depths where other linking methods may be ineffective or uneconomic. A mathematical model is developed for the initial stages of electrolinking during which the number and size of the electrolink channels are determined.

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Linear Stability of Reverse Combustion for In Situ Coal Gasification

A linear stability analysis of reverse combustion in coal has shown that the process is only conditionally stable. The reverse combustion linking process is unstable for the subbituminous coal properties of the Hanna No. 1 seam and for the operating conditions utilized during the Laramie Energy Research Center's in situ coal gasification field tests conducted at Hanna, Wyoming.

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