AndreaBozzo/ceres-open-data-index huggingface dataset:
Acoustic agglomeration of power plant fly ash. Final report

Acoustic agglomeration of power plant fly ash at practical acoustic intensities and frequencies is technically and economically viable. This report describes the modeling of the acoustic agglomeration processes and a computer code which simulates the orthokinetic mechanism of agglomeration. The model assumption include complete fill-up of agglomeration volume in one cycle that all collisions results in adhesions, that the density of the agglomerates does not change as agglomeration proceeds, the acoustic wave is a travelling wave, only a single dominant acoustic frequency and the aerosol particles are essentially spherical. 62 refs., 50 figs., 15 tabs.

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Enhanced oil recovery through in-situ generated surfactants augmented by chemical injection: First annual report for the period October 1985-September 1986

In this report we present the results of our theoretical studies in high-pH flooding. The objective of our work was to develop a reasonable chemical model that would account for interactions between the alkali in the flood water and the acids in the crude oil, the enhanced mobility of oil due to the generated surfactants, and finally the interaction of alkali with the rock surface. The chemical model itself aims to predict saturation profiles, composition profiles and histories, and cumulative oil production. The conclusions listed below were drawn from the high-pH flooding models: a major finding of the theoretical study was that low interfacial tension at intermediate sodium hydroxide concentrations plays a dominant role in recovering oil; the dominance of the optimum region was found to persist only for favorable viscosity ratios; as long as viscosity ratio is favorable, factors such as injection sodium hydroxide concentration, sodium chloride concentration and velocity have little effect in recovering oil; reversible ion exchange leads to a delay in the chemical front whenever the NaCl or the inlet NaOH concentration is decreased; adsorption reduces the influence of the low interfacial tension region in recovering oil; therefore a faster chemical front using higher NaOH and NaCl values can actually be detrimental to ultimate oil recovery; and there is a small reduction in the advantages of using a favorable mobility ratio as far as ultimate oil recovery is concerned. However, this is offset by the prediction that the commencement of oil production is affected more in the case of unfavorable viscosity ratios. 17 refs., 35 figs.

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Secondary atomization of coal-water fuels for gas turbine applications: Final report

The main research objective was to determine the effectiveness of the CWF treatments on atomization quality when applied to an ultrafine coal-water fuel (solids loading reduced to 50%) and to gas turbine operating conditions (atomization at elevated pressures). Three fuel treatment techniques were studied: (1) heating of CWF under pressure to produce steam as the pressure drops during passage of the CWF through the atomizer nozzle, (2) absorption of CO/sub 2/ gas in the CWF to produce a similar effect, and (3) a combination of the two treatments above. These techniques were expected to produce secondary atomization, that is, disruptive shattering of CWF droplets subsequent to their leaving the atomizing nozzle, and to lead to better burnout and finer fly ash size distribution. A parallel objective was to present quantitative information on the spray characteristics (mean droplet size, radial distribution of droplet size, and spray shape) of CWF with and without fuel treatment, applicable to the design of CWF-burning gas turbine combustors. The experiments included laser diffraction droplet size measurements and high-speed photographic studies in the MIT Spray Test Facility to determine mean droplet size (mass median diameter), droplet size distribution, and spray shape and angle. Three systems of atomized sprays were studied: (1) water sprays heated to a range of temperatures at atmospheric pressure; (2) CWF sprays heated at atmospheric pressure to different temperatures; and (3) sprays at elevated pressure. 31 refs., 47 figs., 1 tab.

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Thermal properties and fluid diffusivities related to low-rank coal, its char and ash. Technical progress report, July 1-September 30, 1985

The purpose of this study is to determine the thermal conductivity, thermal diffusivity, density and heat capacity of low-rank coals. During the second quarter, thermal property meausrements were made on undried, powered, low-rank coal using the transient hot wire apparatus, the differential scanning calorimeter, and the thermal gravimetric analysis apparatus. During this past quarter (third), a mathematical model which accounts for the thermal property data was developed and is presented in this report. 5 refs., 2 figs. (AT)

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Thermal dewatering of coal. Fourth quarterly annual report, January 1-March 31, 1985

this report summarizes a significant portion of the physical characterization work performed during the first year of this project. It does not detail the chemical characterization work, which has been (and will be) reported on in other quarterly reports. That work has been concerned mainly with the development of techniques, thus far. As is apparent from this report, the colloidal nature of North Dakota lignites is confirmed. Surprisingly, there is a larger degree of reversibility in the moisture adsorption/desorption isotherms than might have been inferred from earlier work. This impacts directly on the issue of dewatering - truly ''mild''drying (at ambient conditions) does not cause as much irreversible loss of moisture capacity as had been previously suspected. This, of course, is not too surprising in light of the fact that ordinary 100/sup 0/C drying is to some degree reversible, but it shows that the irreversibility obatined at 100/sup 0/C drying conditions is a consequence of the higher temperature aspects of the processing, rather than merely a consequence of having removed that water from the structure (which we have shown to be reversible at ambient). the second year of this project will focus precisely on what thermally induced changes do occur, and how these may be enhanced by judicious treatment, to yield lower residual moisture capacity materials. The other aspect of the work described here has to do with characterization of lignites in general. It considers how the porosity of these materials is affected by water removal, and how it is unaffected. 16 refs. 5 figs., 6 tabs.

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Investigation of semiconductor gas sensing devices for coal gasification process streams. Final report, June 25, 1984-June 25, 1985

Efficient process control of coal gasifiers may hinge on real time feedback of the complex combustion chemistry. Instrumentation research, in conjunction with advanced coal conversion technologies, is therefore a key element in the overall success of such alternative energy schemes. In the past 10 years metal oxide semiconductor reducing gas detectors have become a commercial reality. They are designed for lower temperatures than present in the coal gasifier, however, and most importantly for operation in oxidizing environments. A proof-of-feasibility study was undertaken to determine whether metal oxide semiconductors (MOS) detectors could serve as sensing devices in the highly reducing coal gasifier combustion streams. An assessment of feasibility was first made based on current theoretical models of sensor behavior. This was followed by a computer thermochemical equilibrium assessment of materials compatibility. These assessments indicated several metal oxide semiconductors worthy of experimental evaluation. By using novel sensor processing techniques of plasma spraying and sol-gel synthesis, greatly enhanced oxygen responsiveness was demonstrated and up to five orders of magnitude response to reducing gas exposure. This enhanced behavior provides encouragement for further development of MOS based devices for the coal gasifier environment. 14 refs., 41 figs., 7 tabs.

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Conversion characteristics of 10 selected oil shales

The conversion behavior of 10 oil shale from seven foreign and three domestic deposits has been studied by combining solid- and liquid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) measurements with material balance Fischer assay conversion data. The extent of aromatization of aliphatic carbons was determined. Between zero and 42% of the raw shale aliphatic carbon formed aromatic carbon during Fischer assay. For three of the shales, there was more aromatic carbon in the residue after Fisher assay than in the raw shale. Between 10 and 20% of the raw shale aliphatic carbons ended up as aliphatic carbons on the spent shale. Good correlations were found between the raw shale aliphatic carbon and carbon in the oil and between the raw shale aromatic carbon and aromatic carbon on the spent shale. Simulated distillations and molecular weight determinations were performed on the shale oils. Greater than 50% of the oil consisted of the atmospheric and vacuum gas oil boiling fractions. 14 refs., 15 figs., 1 tab.

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Evaluation of heavy-oil potential of northeastern Craig and northwestern Ottawa Counties, Oklahoma

This project was undertaken to evaluate the heavy-oil (oil less than 25/sup 0/ API) potential of northeastern Oklahoma - specifically, northwestern Ottawa and northeastern Craig Counties, the area considered to have the best possibility for shallow, heavy-oil accumulations. Although previous reports indicated that potential resources of the entire region possibly amounted to billions of barrels of oil in place, a detailed subsurface investigation of the Oklahoma study area, including an 18-hole drilling and coring program, has shown that insignificant quantities of heavy oil are present in discontinuous Middle Pennsylvanian sandstones of varying permeability. 2 tables, 9 figures.

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Engineering support services for the DOE/GRI coal gasification research program: Technical progress report for the period June 25--September 30, 1988

The objective of this contract is to provide technical support for the Department of Energy (DOE)/Gas Research Institute (GRI) Joint Operating Committee, which oversees and administers the DOE/GRI Joint Coal Gasification Research Program. The general scope of these support services consists of technical assistance in the following areas: evaluation of modular coal gasification combined cycle power systems; plant operating requirements; to report on results presented at a debriefing on hot gas cleanup; economic analysis; and an analysis of IGT's high pressure gasification data. 4 refs., 3 figs., 8 tabs.

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Hydrate thermal properties measurements. Monthly report, January 1985

Natural gas hydrates have been detected in many regions of the world and vast quantities of natural gas are expected to exist in the hydrate state in suboceanic sediments as well as in the formations below the permafrost base. Since gas hydrates are a concentrated form of natural gas (180 SCF gas per CF of hydrate), they have great potential as a future resource of natural gas. Although gas hydrates show great promise as a future energy source, this resource is relatively new and the technology to produce natural gas from hydrates is not yet developed. Several ways for dissociating hydrates in the earth have been suggested. These include thermal stimulation, in-situ combustion, depressurization, and injection of hydrate inhibitors. Holder et al. (1982) have shown that the thermal recovery technique is energy efficient from the thermodynamic viewpoint. McGuire (1981) and Bayles et al. (1984) have developed thermal recovery models and concluded that steam or hot water stimulation techniques are most attractive for gas hydrate production. It is probably essential at the present stage to launch a detailed study dealing, on a fundamental level, with the mathematical modeling of the dissociation process of in-situ hydrates or hydrates formed in sediment. Such a study represents a necessary step toward an experimental investigation of in-situ hydrate dissociation as well as reservoir simulation studies for the production of natural gas from hydrates in earth. With the exception of few Russian publications dealing, on a fundamental level, with the mathematical modeling of in-situ hydrate dissociation, no similar studies are available in the western literature. The authors present their mathematical model for recovery of natural gas from a gas hydrate deposit. While considerable progress has been made, solutions of simple form are not available.

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Microbial enhancement of oil production from carbonate reservoirs

The objective of this research contract was to examine MEOR in carbonate reservoirs by reviewing the literature pertinent to MEOR in carbonate systems, determining the microbial ecology of carbonate reservoirs, examining the effect of microorganisms on carbonate matrices, documenting MEOR in model carbonate core systems, and constructing a mathematical model for MEOR in carbonates. 11 refs., 19 figs., 38 tabs. (VC)

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Identification of environmental RD D needs

The objective of this project was to identify needs for environmental research development and demonstration projects that have the potential to improve the performance of oil and gas exploration, drilling, and production technologies for maximum recovery of domestic petroleum resources under optimal environmental and economic conditions. To achieve this objective several areas of work were addressed. The first task was to compile as much related data as possible. This was achieved by literature searches of a number of petroleum-related data bases. After acquiring sufficient background on environmental and economical areas that should be expanded, experts who are knowledgeable in these areas were contacted to further define specific issues. More than 33 identified areas were submitted to an in-house panel at NIPER to assure that the final environmental research demonstration and development needs that were selected to be expanded were unbiased and worthy of additional work. Specific subjects that were expanded include: (1) the Mechanical Integrity Testing of Injection Wells by Oxygen-Activation Log, (2) A More Rapid or Alternative Bioassay Test, (3) An Environmentally Safe Drilling Fluid Additive, (4) Bioremediation of Waste Pits, (5) A More Efficient Technology Transfer, (6) A Comprehensive Work Management Protocol, and (7) A Pollution Potential Prioritization Protocol For Abandoned Wells. 6 refs., 3 figs., 4 tabs.

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CHEM2D:  a two-dimensional, three-phase, nine-component chemical flood simulator. Volume III. CHEM2D appendices and phase behavior calculation program

CHEM2D is a two-dimensional, three-phase, nine-component finite-difference chemical flood simulator. It can simulate waterfloods, polymer floods, and micellar/polymer floods using heterogeneous one- or two-dimensional (areal or cross-sectional) reservoir models. At present only one injection and four production wells are available. The user may specify well performance as either pressure or rate constrained. A constant time step size or a variable time step size determined by extrapolation of concentration changes may be specified. Volume I of this report provides a discussion of the formulation and algorithms used within CHEM2D. Included in Volume I are a number of validation and illustrative examples, as well as the FORTRAN code. The CHEM2D user's manual, Volume II, contains both the input data sets for the examples presented in Volume I and an example output. All appendices and a phase behavior calculation program are collected in Volume III.

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Coal-bed methane-desorption data

This report contains only Colorado Geological Survey desorption data for Colorado as determined by the US Bureau of Mines direct method. This data was collected during the years 1975 through 1982 in order to determine the extent of the potential methane hazard and/or resource. Most of the samples tested are coal; a few are sandstone, siltstone, shale, or oil shale. The data are arranged by CGS numbers. A Colorado coal region map, a stratigraphic chart, and sample locations maps for each sample coal region are provided to aid in data searches. Table 1 indicates which tests were run on each sample. Gas results are presented in cubic feet per ton, not standard cubic feet per ton. These cubic feet per ton results are approximately 20% higher than standard cubic feet results, due to the elevation of the sample locations and our Denver office. Furthermore, the US Bureau of Mines admits to a  - 30% error in their direct method. Therefore, total gas content figures are best considered to be relative numbers indicating high, medium, or low gas contents. Only raw data is presented. This report and our other individual basin reports on the Green River, Raton, San Juan, and Piceance Basins, are designed to give an indication of where high gas contents (based on the desorption data herein and other geological factors) are likely to be found. We cannot quantify the relationship between gas contents and reservoir production potential. We assume that successful production is more likely in an area of high gas content; however, other factors such as water saturation, permeability, and structural position might also be significant. Furthermore, even in areas where gas content and other geologic factors appear favorable, proper production procedures are still in dispute and await further testing. 9 figures, 1 table.

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Effect of duct heat loss and liquid fuel reheat on the fate of alkali metals in the DOE PFB technology rig at Curtiss-Wright

The alkali metals are major causative agents along with sulfur in the fouling and corrosion behaviors of gas turbine blades and vanes. The burning of coal to provide the hot motive gas introduces these species in quantities greater than usually experienced when firing gaseous or liquid fuels, giving rise to fears of excessive performance degradation. Alkali metal corrosion may be reduced by capturing the alkali metals as aluminates, silicates, or aluminosilicates. The latter, particularly complex aluminosilicates, should not be corrosive. Computer simulation of the equilibrium composition of pressurized fluidized bed combustion gases was used to model the Curtiss-Wright pressurized fluidized bed technology rig which has a high heat loss in the ducting and cyclones, followed by liquid fuel reheat. Several alkali metal slag compounds were added to the computer library for this study. The agreement between calculated alkali metal compound concentrations at the gas turbine entrance and experimental values is reasonably good. Conclusions reached are that the thermal history of the solids in the technology rig should have no influence on projecting rig performance to pilot plant scale-up; that the amount of alkali metal compounds thought to be significant in corrosion that reaches the turbine is less related to combustion conditions, turbine inlet temperature, and system heat loss than to the presence of natural getters and to the efficiency of solids removal; and, based on the rig analysis, alkali metal corrosion will probably not be a problem.

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Conceptual design and economic analysis for the manufacture of an ultra-clean coal/water mixture. Topical report, September 1983-September 1984

This is the final report on the conceptual process design as part of the project on The Development, Testing, and Manufacture of an Ultra-Clean Coal/Water Mixture (UCCWM) conducted under sponsorship of Morgantown Energy Technology Center of the US Department of Energy. The objective of the conceptual process design is to develop the cost production of an ultra-clean coal/water mixture based upon its specification of less than 1% ash, less than 44 micron top particle size with minimum 60% coal loading. To meet the required specifications, Elkhorn seam coal, one of the lowest inherent ash coals, which is produced in the Eastern Kentucky area, was selected and cleaned by a two-stage physical process: (a) heavy media washer near 1.30 specific gravity separation, and (b) column flotation after grinding the heavy media washer product by a ball mill to -100 mesh. In order to micronize the coal/water mixture, the flotation product was processed through a stirred ball mill. The capacity basis of the coal cleaning and slurry manufacturing plant was to supply the UCCWM fuel for operating a typical 100 MW gas turbine continuously. The raw coal feed rate to the cleaning plant was 300 tons per hour and the final UCCWM fuel production was 70 tons per hour by dry coal basis. In addition to that, two by-products, boiler grade CWM and 1/4 inch x 0 coal, are obtained. Economic analysis showed that the total capital cost for the plan was $30,614,000 and the final gas turbine grade CWM cost estimate was $3.96/MBTU in 1984 dollars F.O.B. plant. If we assume that the potential market for the fuel is located in the Northeastern United States, the delivered fuel is estimated to be $5.44/MBTU. 2 references, 1 figure, 4 tables.

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Coal water mixture combustion in Multiannular Swirl Burner (MASB). Low Emission Combustor Technology Program. Draft

The work described in this report is part of the DOE/METC Low Emission Combustor Technology Program to evaluate coal water mixture (CWM) in a low emission staged rich-lean combustor, the Multiannular Swirl Burner (MASB), for stationary combustion turbines. This Topical Report contains the results of the last set of combustion tests of this combustor with the fuels of coal water mixture (CWM) and methane. This set of tests includes the testing of the cooled deposition pin designed for ash deposition measurements and a particulate sampling probe. Preliminary collection of particulates and pin deposits was made. Combustion test results for CWM with a methane pilot show the high combustion efficiencies up to 88%. All test results including those reported earlier show that efficiencies up to 99.5% are obtained for CWM and methane mixture for this combustor. Results reported here indicate that CWM with only 50% solid loading is a marginal fuel at the heat release rates being attempted for this metal wall combustor and that a higher heat content fuel is required.

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Development of reliable predictive heat transfer correlations for low-rank coal-fired fluid bed combustors. Final report

(1) The proposed correlation of Equation (5) is recommended to predict the maximum value of heat transfer coefficient between a horzontal tube and a gas-solid fluidized bed of small particles under the conditions given. For high temperature applications (T/sub B/ > 600/sup 0/C), the radiative component is important and was estimated following Baskakov et al. (2) The proposed correlation of Equation (8) was found reliable to predict the existing data on the maximum value of heat transfer coefficient between a horizontal tube bundle and a gas-solid fluidized bed of small particles under the conditions given. At high temperatures, the radiative component was estimated from the experimental data of Baskakov et al. (3) The correlation of Equation (8) predicted the GFETC data taken during the combustion of low-rank coal very well, when the contribution due to radiation was estimated following Baskakov et al. (4) The correlations proposed by Grewal and Bansal et al. were found to predict the data taken during low-rank coal combustion within  -25%, when the contribution due to radiation was included and estimated following Baskakov et al. (5) Finally, the correlations for large particles (anti d/sub p/ > 1mm) as proposed by Glicksman and Decker, Catipovic et al., Xavier and Davidson, and Zabrodsky et al. also predicted the data for low-rank coal fluidized bed combustor quite well, when the radiative component was estimated from the data of Baskakov et al. 64 references, 19 figures, 10 tables.

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