AndreaBozzo/ceres-open-data-index huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of steam-to-oxygen ratios for forward combustion in Asphalt Ridge tar sand

Three one-dimensional and one three-dimensional physical simulations of forward combustion with steam-oxygen injection were conducted using Asphalt Ridge tar sand. One-dimensional simulations had steam-oxygen ratios of 3.1:1, 4.3:1, and 6.0:1 at oxygen fluxes of 10.8 to 8.0 scfh/ft/sup 2/. The three-dimensional simulation had a steam-to-oxygen ratio of 3.0:1. Results from the one-dimensional simulations show a reduction in the fuel deposition and oxygen demand as the steam-to-oxygen ratio increases. In conjunction with reduction in fuel deposition is the increase in combustion front velocity and oil yield with increasing steam-to-oxygen ratio. These trends are assumed to be the result of improved displacement efficiency of the steam zone that precedes the pyrolysis and combustion zones in the forward combustion process and suppression of coking by the steam. The effect of combustion front channeling was demonstrated by the three-dimensional simulation. Channeling caused a decrease in process sweep efficiency and oil yield with increased fuel consumption. Product oils from all simulations were significantly improved in quality compared with the original bitumen. The product oils had significantly lower molecular weights, viscosities, and percentage of components boiling above 1000/sup 0/F (538/sup 0/C). 12 refs., 10 figs., 6 tabs.

Tags: kmd
Wet carbonization of lump-size low-rank coals by a novel non-slurry approach. Progress report, November 1985-January 1986. [Wet; 400 to 650/sup 0/F; 250 to 3300 paias; and 0 to 60 min]

This report presents the work performed by the Institute of Gas Technology (IGT) from November 1, 1985 through January 31, 1986, under DOE Contract No. DE-AC21-84MC21225 for the project, ''Wet Carbonization of Lump-Size Low-Rank Coals by a Novel Non-slurry Approach.''Construction of the 100 lb/h Process Research Unit (PRU) was completed during the quarter. However, the high pressure boiler was not yet ready for operation, because several parts on the level control unit and a boiler operators manual were not received from the boiler manufacturer. Procurement and installation of the missing items will be completed by IGT to minimize further delays in the startup of the PRU. Shakedown testing of the PRU equipment and instrumentation continued during the quarter. One batch wet-carbonization test was conducted this quarter with North Dakota Indianhead lignite and water with sodium hydroxide. The objective of this test was to determine the effect of this additive on the wet-carbonization characteristics. The results of this test will be presented when the analyses of the test samples have been completed. It was determined in a test conducted during the previous quarter that sulfuric acid (as an additive) did not have any significant effect on wet carbonization. During this quarter the Free-Fall Reactor was readied for devolatilization tests with the raw and wet-carbonized coals. A batch aerobic reactor was assembled during this quarter. The objective of the aerobic tests is to determine the feasibility of pretreating the product water with aerobic cultures to make it more amenable to anaerobic treatment and methane generation. Two inocula were prepared for these tests. 8 figs., 3 tabs.

Tags: kmd
Fixed-bed gasification research using US coals. Volume 3. Gasification of Rosebud sub-bituminous coal

A single-staged, fixed-bed Wellman-Galusha gasifier coupled with a hot, raw gas combustion system and scrubber has been used to gasify numerous coals from throughout the United States. The gasification test program is organized as a cooperative effort by private industrial participants and governmental agencies. The consortium of participants is organized under the Mining and Industrial Fuel Gas (MIFGa) Group. This report is the third volume in a series of documents prepared by Black, Sivalls and Bryson, Incorporated and describes the gasification of Rosebud subbituminous coal during the time period November 2-20, 1982. Test results and data are presented for the gasification of the coal and the operation of a slipstream tar scrubber to cool the gas and remove condensed tar. 5 refs., 29 figs., 18 tabs.

Tags: kmd
Fixed-bed gasification research using US coals. Volume 7. Gasification of Piney Tipple bituminous coal

A single-staged, fixed-bed Wellman-Galusha gasifier coupled with a hot, raw gas combustion system and scrubber has been used to gasify numerous coals from throughout the United States. The gasification test program is organized as a cooperative effort by private industrial participants and governmental agencies. The consortium of participants is organized under the Mining and Industrial Fuel Gas (MIFGa) Group. This report is the seventh volume in a series of reports describing the atmospheric pressure, fixed-bed gasification of US coals. This specific report describes the gasification of Piney Tipple bituminous coal. The period of the gasification test was July 18-24, 1983. 6 refs., 20 figs., 17 tabs.

Tags: kmd
Fixed-bed gasification research using US coals. Volume 10. Gasification of Benton lignite

A single-staged, fixed-bed Wellman-Galusha gasifier coupled with a hot, raw gas combustion system and scrubber has been used to gasify numerous coals from throughout the United States. The gasification test program is organized as a cooperative effort by private industrial participants and governmental agencies. The consortium of participants is organized under the Mining and Industrial Fuel Gas (MIFGa) Group. This report is the tenth volume in a series of reports describing the atmospheric pressure, fixed-bed gasification of US coals. This specific report describes the gasification of Benton lignite. The period of gasification test was November 1-8, 1983. 16 refs., 22 figs., 19 tabs.

Tags: kmd
Fixed-bed gasification research using US coals. Volume 13. Gasification of Blind Canyon bituminous coal

A single-staged, fixed-bed Wellman-Galusha gasifier coupled with a hot, raw gas combustion system and scrubber has been used to gasify numerous coals from throughout the United States. The gasification test program is organized as a cooperative effort by private industrial participants and governmental agencies. The consortium of participants is organized under the Mining and Industrial Fuel Gas (MIFGa) Group. This report is the thirteenth volume in a series of reports describing the atmospheric pressure, fixed-bed gasification of US coals. This specific report describes the gasification of Blind Canyon bituminous coal, from July 31, 1984 to August 11, 1984. 6 refs., 22 figs., 20 tabs.

Tags: kmd
Injection and combustion of coal fuels in gas turbine combustors. Topical report, September 1984-September 1985

(1) Low-viscosity reasonably stable slurries of coal/water, coal/jet-fuel, and coal/methanol have been formulated, and the first two types have been characterized for rheological properties. (2) A number of different spinning nozzles or cup atomizers have been tested for atomization characteristics on a variety of Newtonian liquids and coal/water slurries. (3) Several delivery systems and nozzles have been constructed and testing has begun for injecting powdered coal into a combustion system. 2 refs., 23 figs., 9 tabs.

Tags: kmd
Experimental evaluation of the steady state and dynamic performance characteristics of the interactive units of a coal gasification process

Coal gasification/gas cleanup fuel plants for synthetic fuel applications must be developed within two sets of constraints: one imposed by dynamic load response to variations in end-use demand, the other by the need to comply with environmental regulations. The object of the program was to establish the technology base required to operate within these constraints. This base was formulated by characterizing system and component fuel plant performance in both steady-state and dynamic operation, and the information required to establish system control logic was developed. An integrated coal gasification system composed of process units which have previously undergone evaluation (i.e., a Process Evaluation Facility - PEF) at the contractor's site was used to perform tests for establishing an information base which would: establish performance parameters for each process unit; define dynamic interactions of process units operating under variable loads; characterize effluent flow streams from the process; and develop an experimentally verified simulation model for integrated system operations. The Process Evaluation Facility (PEF) system includes an advanced fixed-bed gasifier, a low-temperature gas cleanup system, and a gas turbine simulator; auxiliary facilities include a high-pressure air and steam supply system.

Tags: kmd
Effects of H/sub 2/S on molten carbonate fuel cells. Progress report, April 1-June 30, 1984

This report summarizes work accomplished to identify the poisoning mechanism(s) responsible for performance losses of molten carbonate fuel cells (MCFC) when operating on sulfur-containing gases. This objective is being addressed by focusing out-of-cell and in-cell experiments on single mechanistic issues, followed by incorporation of the results into a model that correlates cell potential decline to contaminant(s) concentration. When coupled with gas cleanup cost projections, the model can be used to conduct trade-off studies leading to the selection of optimum feed-gas compositions for MCFC power plants. The importance of this program is that the degree to which H/sub 2/S and other contaminants must be removed from typical MCFC fuels can have a profound effect on the cost of cleaning the fuel gas, especially if contaminant levels lower than 0.1 ppM are required. The anticipated product from the overall program is a justifiable specification for gas cleanup requirements for MCFC power plants. The loss in performance experienced by fuel cells operating on contaminated fuels has been traced to the electrochemical formation of a layer of nickel sulfide on the fuel cell electrode. This layer forms as the result of a reaction between the nickel electrode and dissolved sulfide ions in the electrolyte, not as the result of a nickel/hydrogen sulfide interaction as previously supposed. A formula was derived that can be used to calculate the potential at which this layer can form based upon local gas phase concentrations. This formula provides a satisfactory explanation of the results observed in the half-cell experiments and can be applied to various performance models to calculate the conditions at which the onset of performance losses would occur. However, this formula by itself does not provide enough information to allow the performance of a partially contaminated cell to be modeled. Appendix A has been entered separately. 26 refs., 4 figs., 3 tabs.

Tags: kmd
Phosphoric acid electric utility fuel cell technology development. Technical progress report No. 15, July 1984

Over 400 hours have been accumulated with performance close to the E-line goal on the second 10-ft/sup 2/, 28-cell stack. Two subscale cells cut from 10-ft/sup 2/ electrodes of the same batch as used in the second 10-ft/sup 2/ 28-cell stack performed at the E-line goal after 1500 hours. Over 12,300 hours and 34 thermal cycles have been accumulated on the 3.7-ft/sup 2/, 30-cell stack at 120 psia and 405/sup 0/F. Cooler processing time was significantly reduced. Multiple cooler subassemblies were processed in the same press cycle. 17 figs., 7 tabs.

Tags: kmd
Analysis of metal wastage in coal-fired fluidized-bed combustors. Final report. [List of FBC facilities]

MITRE compiled metal loss data and relevant design/operating information for sixty-six alloys in twenty-nine FBC systems. After all of the data were assembled and reviewed, twelve alloys were selected for statistical analysis. Regression methodology was used to investigate the relationship between metal loss and design, operating, and performance parameters of FBC systems for a given alloy. Both inferential and exploratory methods were applied to analyze the data. Based on results of these analyses, the following general conclusions can be drawn: Exposure time, specimen temperature, bed temperature, and coal and sorbent compositions appear to be related to metal loss for most of the alloys, as indicated by the univariate analyses. With the exception of specimen temperature, a high degree of correlation is not reflected in individual variable plots (scatterplots). The regression analyses resulted in twelve models - one for each alloy. The diagnostic analyses of all twelve models indicate that the models are appropriate for the data. While the models differ in terms of the types of variables in them, there are a number of similarities. Based on the study results and data quality, MITRE concludes that a statistically-designed test program is needed before the effects of identified important variables (such as coal and sorbent compositions) can be confirmed and further quantified. 98 refs.

Tags: kmd
Uncertainties in industrial coal-based energy and feedstock utilization patterns. Final report

The use of coal in United States industry has not reached the levels anticipated in many of the projections of the past ten years. This report presents an analysis of factors affecting the use of coal in the three highly energy intensive US industries of chemical manufacturing, oil refining, and steel production. The analysis focuses on the outlook for expanded use of coal in each of these three industries. The outlook for coal use in the chemical, oil refining, and steel industries varies dramatically for each industry. Currently in the United States, about 55% of the required energy in the steel industry is met with coal, which is the traditional energy source for that industry. Of the three industries addressed in this report the steel industry uses far more coal than oil refining and chemicals combined. About 11% of energy required in the chemicals industry (not feedstocks) is met by coal, whereas only a fraction of a percent of refining energy requirements are met by coal. Direct coal consumption for these industries is illustrated for 1983. Not included is the additional coal which is used in the generation of purchased electricity. A complex variety of factors will influence future coal use in these three highly energy intensive industries. Moreover, the effects will likely differ significantly for each industry. 19 references, 7 figures, 25 tables.

Tags: kmd
Foams in porous media

In 1978 a literature search on selective blocking of fluid flow in porous media was done by Professor S.S. Marsden and two of his graduate students, Tom Elson and Kern Huppy. This was presented as SUPRI Report No. TR-3 entitled ''Literature Preview of the Selected Blockage of Fluids in Thermal Recovery Projects.''Since then a lot of research on foam in porous media has been done on the SUPRI project and a great deal of new information has appeared in the literature. Therefore we believed that a new, up-to-date search should be done on foam alone, one which would be helpful to our students and perhaps of interest to others. This is a chronological survey showing the development of foam flow, blockage and use in porous media, starting with laboratory studies and eventually getting into field tests and demonstrations. It is arbitrarily divided into five-year time periods. 81 refs.

Tags: kmd
Study of ammonia removal in coal gasification processes, literature review: Topical report

In the combustion and gasification of coal, oxides of nitrogen (NO/sub x/) are formed from two sources: fixation of atmospheric nitrogen in high-temperature flames, and oxidation of nitrogen compounds that are part of the coal feedstock. Because US coals contain from 0.5 to 2 wt %  nitrogen, the possible contribution of this source to NO/sub x/ emissions is not trivial. In the reducing environment near the exit of a gasifier, fuel-bound nitrogen appears largely as ammonia. Removal of ammonia from the hot coal gas will eliminate subsequent production of NO/sub x/ from the fuel-bound nitrogen in downstream appliances such as a gas turbine or a molten carbonate fuel cell. A comprehensive survey was performed of the scientific literature, patents, and government and industrial reports to determine process concepts that might be suitable for hot coal gas ammonia removal. Candidate ammonia removal processes resulting from the survey include: catalytic decomposition of ammonia; sorption/reaction of ammonia with metals and oxides; partial oxidation of ammonia to nitrogen; and staged combustion processes. Catalytic decomposition and staged combustion were judged to be the only processes with potential practical utility. A process based on catalytic decomposition will be independent of coal gas end use. Staged combustion methods can be used to reduce ultimate NO/sub x/ emissions during oxidation of NH/sub 3/-containing coal gas, but they require modifications in the combustion process that may impair efficient energy use of the fuel for further testing. 112 refs., 12 figs., 6 tabs.

Tags: kmd
A 32-month gasifier mechanistic study and downstream unit process development program for the pressurized ash-agglomerating fluidized-bed gasification system: Quarterly technical progress report, April to June 1987

The external hot gas cleanup system at the PDU was commissioned in July 1986. From July 1986 to April 1987, three tests were completed to develop the zinc ferrite desulfurization process. In this quarter, the in-bed desulfurization system was coupled with the external hot gas cleanup system to study and evaluate PDU performance and the coal gasification and the hot gas cleanup processes while conducting tests with the integrated system. Test Plan TP-037-4 was completed in April 1989 and Test Plan TP-037-5 was initiated in June. During the reporting period, the reactivity of PDU gasifier bed samples (char/limestone or char/dolomite) was determined on the thermogravimetric analyzer. The carbon content of these samples was very low, indicating a high rate of carbon conversion. Test results showed that the gasifier bed samples are very reactive at high carbon conversion levels, thereby showing the effect of sorbent injection on the gasification rate. The effect of various operation parameters on gasifier performance during in-bed desulfurization testing at the PDU was also studied. Performance was analyzed in terms of gasification rate and product gas composition, using the mechanistic gasifier model. A comparison of the predicted versus the measured is provided herein. Work continued to study and evaluate PDU fines recycle performance. Also included in this report are test data from PDU test TP-037-3. 66 figs., 42 tabs.

Tags: kmd
Characterization of eastern and low grade oil shales for fluidized bed combustion. Final report

Overall objectives of the present task were to generate preliminary process data and to establish a data base for combustion characterization of eastern and/or low-grade oil shales from experimental studies using small, laboratory-scale fluidized bed combustors and cold flow models. The specific aims developed for the program and subsequently attained were as follows: 2-inch Fluidized Bed Retorting Facility for optimization of temperature and residence time and to study influence of steam, nitrogen, and CO/sub 2/; 9-inch Twin-bed Retorting Facility for determination of operating conditions for self-sustaining performance on oil shale, and for obtaining preliminary data on the use of the twin-bed facility for gasification of anthracite; 6 x 9-inch Cold-flow Facility for determination of fluidization velocities through multiple plenum chambers, and for examination of the effect of fluidization velocities on the interface between bed and freeboard regions; 4-inch Cold-flow facility for development of a mathematical description of mixing characteristics; and for characterization of effects of horizontal baffles in attaining plug-flow mixing characteristics; Collection and analysis of shale oil involves optimization of collection procedure to maximize yields, and Dean and Stark analyses of process streams. Results are discussed. 29 figs., 11 tabs.

Tags: kmd
BI-GAS pilot plant. Quarterly technical progress report, 1 January 1981-31 March 1981

Test G-16 was conducted on January 20 to 24, 1981, with 58.2 hr of coal feed, 60.5 hr of char feed, and 69.7 hr of char burner firing. During the fuel gas reduction test, it was observed that the plant pressures and temperatures were slightly less steady than during operation with excess fuel gas. The gasifier pressure oscillated plus or minus five psi compared to a normal fluctuation of plus or minus two psi; while the Stage I temperature varied plus or minus 50/sup 0/F compared to plus or minus 20/sup 0/F. Fuel gas was returned to normal flow due to problems with gas washer control and instabilities in char feed. Slag removal from the gasifier was much better during Test G-16 (90%) due to use of the slag breaker, slag agitator, and installation of the grating over both lockhopper legs. Favorable results were obtained during the first test using flocculant addition to the coal fines stream feeding the centrifuge, to aid in solids removal. Installation of the vortex breaker and the drilling of the holes in the lower baffle, to prevent interference with the level control instrumentation, did not improve operation of the gas washer. Test G-16A was conducted on February 23 to March 1, 1981, with 122.0 hr of coal feed, 120.2 hr of char feed, and 133.2 hr of char burner firing. The gasifier was able to be operated stably at an oxygen to fuel gas ratio of two to one in Stage I for a 24-hr period. Testing of the Aurburn flow monitor indicated that this instrument was able to give immediate and consistent responses to changes in char feed valve setting. It will be necessary to make some revisions in the sensor, however, before the monitor can be used to determine flow rate. The modified Kamyr valve successfully controlled char feed through the B leg, with good control occurring between twenty to sixty percent valve position.

Tags: kmd
Geological evolution and analysis of confirmed or suspected gas hydrate localities: Volume 9, Formation and stability of gas hydrates of the Middle America Trench

This report presents a geological description of the Pacific margin of Mexico and Central America, including regional and local structural settings, geomorphology, geological history, stratigraphy, and physical properties. It provides the necessary regional and geological background for more in-depth research of the area. Detailed discussion of bottom simulating acoustic reflectors, sediment acoustic properties, and distribution of hydrates within the sediments are also included in this report. The formation and stabilization of gas hydrates in sediments are considered in terms of phase relations, nucleation, and crystallization constraints, gas solubility, pore fluid chemistry, inorganic diagenesis, and sediment organic content. Together with a depositional analysis of the area, this report is a better understanding of the thermal evolution of the locality. It should lead to an assessment of the potential for both biogenic and thermogenic hydrocarbon generation. 150 refs., 84 figs., 17 tabs.

Tags: kmd
Evaluation of generalized heat transfer coefficients in pilot AFBC units

Experimental data for heat transfer rates as obtained in a 0.209m/sup 2/ AFBC unit at the GFETC is examined in the light of the existing four correlations for heat transfer coefficient between an immersed staggered array of horizontal tubes and a gas-solid fluidized bed. The predicted values of heat transfer coefficient from the correlations proposed by Grewal and Bansal are found to be in good agreement with the experimental values of heat transfer coefficient when the contribution due to radiation is also included.

Tags: kmd