AndreaBozzo/ceres-open-data-index huggingface dataset:
Systems study of commercial scale atmospheric fluidized-bed combustion with appendices

A preliminary investigation was performed to define the optimum technical and economic conditions for control of sulfur emissions in a system comprised of coal preparation, atmospheric fluidized-bed combustion (AFBC) and flue gas desulfurization. Using a simplified model, a methodology has been developed for quantitative evaluation of AFBC systems that incorporate front-end coal cleaning and tail-end flue gas cleanup to meet EPA criteria for sulfur removal. The major factor investigated was the split in desulfurization among the three subsystems (coal cleaning, AFBC, and FGD), while maintaining the total level of desulfurization constant. The methodology can also serve to guide AFBC research programs, because it includes the sensitivity of AFBC economics to operating conditions. Based on the assumptions and selected cases used, several conclusions can be reached. The minimum cost of product (either electricity or steam) coincided with the point of lowest heat rate (highest efficiency) and highest system sorbent consumption (for both AFBC or FGD) in four of the five coal/application combinations that were studied. On the same four cases, minimum cost occurred when all the desulfurization was accomplished in the fluid-bed combustor, with no prior coal cleaning or flue-gas desulfurization. The optimization of any coal cleaning AFBC/FGD system is highly dependent on the input coal characteristics and the end-use application. Sorbent consumption and electric generating cost or heat rate cannot be simultaneously minimized; however, the cost minima are fairly broad in many cases, so some system flexibility is possible without great cost increases.

Tags: kmd
Advanced Thermionic Technology Program: summary report. Volume 1. Final report

This report summarizes the progress made by the Advanced Thermionic Technology Program during the past several years. This program, sponsored by the US Department of Energy, has had as its goal adapting thermionic devices to generate electricity in a terrestrial (i.e., combustion) environment. The technology has previously been developed for astronautical applications. The report is organized in four volumes, each focused as much as possible on the needs of a particular audience. Volume 1 contains Part A, the Executive Summary. This Executive Summary describes the accomplishments of the Program in brief, but assumes the reader's familiarity with the thermionic process and the technical issues associated with the Program. For this reason, Volume 1 also contains Part B, a minimally technical overview of the Advanced Thermionic Technology Program. Volume 2 (Part C) concentrates on the progress made in developing and fabricating the ''current generation''of chemical vapor deposited hot shell thermionic converters and is addressed to those primarily concerned with today's capabilities in terrestrial thermionic technology. Volume 3 (Part D) contains the results of systems studies of primary interest to those involved in identifying and evaluating applications for thermionics. Volume 4 (Part E) is a highly technical discussion of the attempts made by the program to push the state-of-the-art beyond the current generation of converters and is directed toward potential researchers engaged in this same task. These technical discussions are complemented with Appendices where appropriate.

Tags: kmd
Advanced Thermionic Technology Program: summary report. Volume 2. Final report

This report summarizes the progress made by the Advanced Thermionic Technology Program during the past several years. This Program, sponsored by the US Department of Energy, has had as its goal adapting thermionic devices to generate electricity in a terrestrial (i.e., combustion) environment. The technology has previously been developed for astronautical applications. Volume 2 (Part C) concentrates on the progress made in developing and fabricating the ''current generation''of chemical vapor deposited hot shell thermionic converters and is addressed to those primarily concerned with today's capabilities in terrestrial thermionic technology. 30 refs., 83 figs.

Tags: kmd
Design of the facility as of March 1984

This report updates an earlier report, ''Design of the Facility as of March 1981'', which was prepared during the commissioning phase of the Experimental Pressurized Fluidized Bed Combustion Facility at Grimethorpe, South Yorkshire. Since that time numerous modifications resulting from operating experience and experimental requirements have been made. The report provides a description of the design of the process equipment and systems which together comprised the Experimental Facility, as it was in March 1984. 21 refs., 48 figs., 10 tabs.

Tags: kmd
Engineering modifications to cascade loop and operational experience from May 1983 to March 1984

The turbine blade test cascade facility was installed in the Grimethorpe Facility in 1981. A detailed description of the design, installation and commissioning of the equipment is given in earlier reports. This report covers the operational and engineering experiences including problems, equipment charges, and recommissioning which was carried out between May 1983 and March 1984. This period included Test Series 2.3A, 2.2 and 2.3B. Information on the materials evaluation of the cascade blades are covered in a separate report. 7 refs., 27 figs., 8 tabs.

Tags: kmd
Uncertainties in industrial coal-based energy and feedstock utilization patterns. Phase 2, final report

The use of coal in United States industry has not reached the levels anticipated in many of the projections of the past ten years. This report presents an analysis of factors affecting the use of coal in the three highly energy intensive US industries of paper; stone, clay and glass; and food. This work follows a similar analysis completed in March 1985 (DOE/FE6045701) that addressed the industries of chemical manufacturing, oil refining, and steel production. The analysis focuses on the outlook for expanded use of coal in each of these three industries and specifically addresses the following issues and factors for each industry: energy and feedstock utilization patterns; traditional coal uses and current use of coal; candidate new uses for coal; state of growth for each industry; favorable conditions for coal use; uncertainties and obstacles for coal use; attitude of industry toward the use of coal; projected time frames for utilization of coal and specific coal technologies; currently commercial and new coal-based technologies that have the broadest potential application (crosscutting) in the most energy intensive energies; and attractive coal-related research and development candidates. 45 refs., 12 figs., 13 tabs.

Tags: kmd
Characterization of nitrogen compound types in shale oils using /sup 1/H NMR and high resolution mass spectral analyses

The /sup 1/H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra were obtained for nitrogen compound-type fractions from a Geokinetics shale oil distillate and a Caribou intermediately refined oil obtained during catalytic hydroprocessing of the Geokinetics distillate. These fractions were generated using alumina and silica chromatography. The NMR spectra of the fractions were analyzed for hydrogen types and for individual compounds and the results compared with mass spectral data. The observed differences in resonance intensities in the /sup 1/H NMR spectra of the nitrogen fractions from the distillate and intermediately refined oil are also discussed in relationship to hydroprocessing. 17 refs., 17 figs., 5 tabs.

Tags: kmd
Experimental evaluation of the steady state and dynamic performance characteristics of the interactive units of a coal gasification process. Quarterly report, 29 March 1982-27 June 1982

The test plan for the 1982 operating period has now been developed into an Operational Plan. This document identifies in detail the exact procedures to be followed, and the measurements to be made by the system operators and the engineers to ensure that the objectives of each planned test will be met. The bench-scale activities related to the development of the ammonia stripping concept have been completed, and the results have been reported. It has been shown that the concept for stripping is technically feasible, and design data for possible pilot-scale demonstration have been generated. The 1982 test series included an assessment of the ability of the gasifier to destroy ammonia; this is the remaining aspect of the proof of this concept for reduction of NO/sub x/ emissions. All system modification and updates are complete, and several checkout runs have been made. This has enabled final training of the operational personnel to occur under realistic test conditions. This included extended operation and entire system startup and shutdown. All minor instrumentation problems revealed in this shakedown have been resolved. The entire Process Evaluation Facility (PEF) digital simulation system model has been completed, including the addition of controllers and enhanced time lag representations. The model has been used to evaluate system controllers settings, and, as a result, several improvements have been recommended. Also, the model has been transferred successfully to the PEF system data acquisition computer to aid in the validation of component models. 14 figures, 3 tables.

Tags: kmd
Experimental evaluation of the steady state and dynamic performance characteristics of the interactive units of a coal gasification process. Quarterly report, 28 September 1981-27 December 1981

Coal gasification/gas cleanup fuel plants for synthetic fuel applications must be developed within the constraints in posed by the end-use application. which include dynamic response to variations in load demand and compliance with environmental regulations; the overall objective of the program is to develop the technology base that is required to permit coal conversion systems to operate within those constraints. The fuel plant performance will be characterized in both steady state and dynamic operations; component interactions and end-use interactions will also be characterized. The information required to establish system control logic will be developed.

Tags: kmd
Proceedings of the fourteenth annual underground coal gasification symposium

The Fourteenth Annual Underground Coal Gasification Symposium was co-sponsored by the Laramie Projects Office of the Morgantown Energy Technology Center (METC) and the Gas Research Institute (GRI). This year's symposium was hosted by METC in Chicago, Illinois, August 15-18, 1988. The purpose of this annual meeting is to provide an opportunity for scientists working in the technology to present their research results, exchange ideas, and discuss their future plans. There were nearly 100 attendees from US industry, academia, and Government and nine foreign countries: Australia, Belgium, East Germany, India, Japan, the Netherlands, the United Kingdom, Yugoslavia, and West Germany. Forty-two technical papers were presented in six sessions: Session 1 -- Poster Session, Session 2 -- Modeling/Experimental Research, Session 3 -- Field Studies at Rocky Mountain 1, Session 4 -- Environmental Aspects, Session 5 -- Environmental Workshop, and Session 6 -- General Subjects. These Proceedings also includes five additional papers that were submitted for publication but were not presented during the conference. Individual projects are processed separately for the data bases.

Tags: kmd
Stochastic study of local fluctuations around the distributor in a fluidized bed gasifier. Final report, April 16, 1981-April 15, 1983

The work accomplished during the contract period (April 16, 1981 to April 15, 1983) for the project is reported. The objective of this research was to determine local and fluctuating phenomena around the distributor of a fluidized bed gasifier by means of on-line and off-line correlation methods. The briefs of the work accomplished are stated in the text and the details are given in APPENDICES A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, I and J. 39 references.

Tags: kmd
Measurement of dynamic coalbed reservoir conditions required to design near-mine methane control activities in the Warrior coal basin. Final report. [Alabama]

Nine vertical wells were drilled from the surface to the Blue Creek coalbed at US Steel's Oak Grove Mine as part of a study to measure dynamic coalbed reservoir conditions near mine workings. Three of the wells were installed in advance of mining and equipped to measure changes in fluid saturation; three wells were installed in advance of mining and produced to measure changes in gas and water production; and three wells were installed, stimulated, and produced. The results of the six unstimulated wells in advance of mining indicated an advancing mine face affects a small area of the coalbed ahead of the face. If the face remains stationary for a period of time, methane production continues to increase while water production decreases indicating the coalbed area affected by the face increases with time. The three production wells were stimulated with 50,000 gallons of foam. Two wells had proppant materials omitted, while one well had 10,000 pounds of 20/40 mesh sand added as proppant. Gas production from the two nonpropped wells was unsatisfactory, 12,000 and 27,000 cubic feet per day. Gas production from the well with the small amount of proppant was satisfactory, 49,000 cubic feet per day. Analysis of the gas production data was complicated by a number of variables: (1) interception of one wing of one of the hydraulic fractures 1-1/2 months after gas production started, (2) the approach of mining, and (3) the short gas production life. Inspection of the mine in the areas at the bottom of two of the stimulated wells indicated that (1) the unpropped stimulation created a short, narrow hydraulic fracture, (2) the propped stimulation created a long hydraulic fracture of substantial width. This indicates that proppant may be required to prevent closure of the fracture which is necessary for maximum gas production. 18 references, 18 figures, 15 tables.

Tags: kmd
Transient foam flow in porous media with CAT Scanner

Transient behavior is likely to dominate over most of the duration of a foam injection field project. Due to the lack of date, little is presently known about transient foam flow behavior. Foam flow does not follow established models such as the Buckley-Leverett theory, and no general predictive model has been derived. Therefore, both experimental data and a foam flow theory are needed. In this work, foam was injected at a constant mass rate into one-dimensional sandpacks of 1-in diameter and 24-in or 48-in length that had initially been saturate with distilled water. The system was placed in a cat Scanner. Data, obtained at room temperature and low pressure at various times, include both the pressure and saturation distributions. Pressure profiles showed that the pressure gradient is much greater behind the foam front than ahead of it. Moreover, the pressure gradients keep changing as the foam advances in the sandpack. This behavior differs from Buckley-Leverett theory. The CT scan results demonstrated gas channeling near the front, but eventually the foam block all these channels and sweeps the entire cross section after many pore volumes of injection. Three series of experiments were run: (1) surfactant adsorption measurements; (2) gas displacements of surfactant-laden solutions and (3) foam displacements. The first two series of experiments were made to provide the necessary parameters required to match the foam displacements. To this end, it was necessary to smooth the saturation history data, using a Langmuir-type formula. A theory was proposed based on the principles of the fractional flow curve construction method. This foam theory treats the foam as composed of infinitesimal slugs of gas of varying viscosities. The foam front has the lowest viscosity and foam at the injection end has the highest.

Tags: kmd
Laboratory analysis of gas hydrate cores for evaluation of reservoir conditions. Monthly report No. 5, November 1, 1983-November 31, 1983

During November work has been focused on two items. These are (a) Analysis of the formation kinetics of synthetic hydrate cores. (b) Analysis of the effect of sediment and heat transfer resistance on the dissociation rate of gas hydrates. The conclusion to be drawn is that dissociation of gas hydrates is severly heat transfer limited after only the shortest periods of time. Even if the conductivities used in this example are not correct, it is clear that the presence of a medium between an injected hot fluid and the hydrate zone must be taken into account in calculating rates at which hydrates will dissociate. 22 references, 4 figures, 4 tables.

Tags: kmd
Sensitivity of cost electricity (COE) to changes in various economic parameters

The purpose of this paper is to show the sensitivity of COE to various economic parameters when the COE is calculated using the methodology given in EPRI's Technical Assessment Guide (TAG). The TAG methodology is a simplified methodology suitable for use in the assessment of advanced power generation systems. The use of TAG allows evaluation of power generation systems with different economic and operating characteristics. There are several accepted methods found in TAG used to report COE. Care must be taken when comparing COE calculations using different methods, particularly when comparing high capital/low fuel cost technologies with low capital/high fuel cost technologies. For example, plants with high capital/low fuel costs can be made to look better by reporting COE in the tenth-year constant dollars. Similarly, reporting COE in first-year current dollars would make the same plant look worse. There are other parameters that are very sensitive on COE. This paper has looked at capacity factor, operating and maintenance (O and M) cost, and fuel cost. Capacity factor has a significant effect on COE, particularly for high capital cost plants. As capacity is reduced, the COE rises quickly. O and M costs are not major factors in the plants assessed in this paper. The fuel cost can vary as much as 50 to 100% when reporting fuel cost in tenth-year current dollars compared to first-year fuel cost. 4 figs., 6 tabs.

Tags: kmd
Coal gasifier parameters influencing environmental pollutant production

A series of fixed-bed coal gasification and pyrolysis tests have been performed in a laboratory-scale reactor of 6.6 cm inside diameter. Chemical analyses were conducted on the product gas, the aqueous condensate, the tar, and the solid residue from the tests. The effects of process variables, such as feed mode, catalytic treatment, pressure, mesh size, and coal type, upon byproduct and pollutant yields are described. The production of gaseous sulfur compounds, benzene and derivatives (BTX), phenolics (phenol, cresols, and xylenols), and tar have been measured, and the fate of trace elements such as arsenic, selenium, and lead has been determined. Byproduct production associated with the pyrolysis phase of gasification has been investigated with emphasis on the effects of particle size, residence time, and atmosphere. Experiments conducted with six U.S. coals ranging from lignite to anthracite are described. Continuous operation was found to result in greatly reduced tar and phenolic production. When the entire mass of coal was introduced at the beginning of the test, effluent stream compositions more closely approached those of larger scale, fixed-bed gasifiers. Initial work on this project was reported in PB-287720; three more recent reports were EPA-600/7-79-200 through EPA-600/7-79-202.

Tags: kmd
Effects of H/sub 2/S on molten carbonate fuel cells. Progress report, July 1-September 30, 1984

Phase II work was directed toward determination of the impact of H/sub 2/S contaminants upon the ability of nickel-10% chromium anodes to catalyze the steam reforming reaction. Small amounts of three hydrocarbons representative of three homologous series were added to the fuel. These series were the paraffin series with methane as its representative, the olefin series with ethylene and the aromatics with toluene. Results indicated that the nickel/10% chromium anode had little catalytic activity toward the steam reforming of methane but did steam reform 70% of the ethylene and about 30% of the toluene. The addition of 5 ppM hydrogen sulfide to the fuel totally poisoned all steam reforming activity. Phase III work addressed the impact on cell performance of SO/sub 2/ in the oxidant gases. The cell was operated for 200 hours on clean fuel and oxidant. After baseline data had been collected, the cell was switched to an oxidant supply that contained 2 ppM of SO/sub 2/. After 170 hours of operation on contaminated oxidant, no SO/sub 2/ could be detected in the oxidant exhaust although 200 ppB of H/sub 2/S were present in the fuel exhaust stream. No significant decrease in cell performance was evident. The level of SO/sub 2/ entering the cathode was increased to 7 ppM, and within 24 hours, the cell performance began to decrease, and this continued for over 200 hours. At the end of test, no SO/sub 2/ was detected in the oxidant exhaust, indicating that none of the 7 ppM entering the cathode chamber survived the passage; the level of H/sub 2/S in the fuel exhaust had risen to 5 ppM indicating that a substantial amount of the SO/sub 2/ entering the cathode was reappearing as H/sub 2/S at the anode.

Tags: kmd
Bartlesville Project Office FY 1990 Annual report

The Bartlesville Project Office (BPO) was established in 1983 to succeed the Bartlesville Energy Technology Center (BETC). Its lead mission from the Office of Fossil Energy (FE) of the US Department of energy is to plan and implement research in the Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) and Advanced Extraction and Process Technology (AEPT) subprograms of the Petroleum Program. As such, BPO oversees some 160 research projects falling within these two broad subprograms and support activities. These projects, form the major portion of DOE's National Petroleum Research Program. The EOR subprogram consists of two research categories: Light Oil and Heavy Oil. These two categories include research activities in: (1) geoscience and reservoir characterization, (2) chemical flooding (3) gas flooding, (4) thermal recovery, (5) novel technology, and (6) microbial EOR. The AEPT subprogram includes research activities in (1) fundamental geoscience and extraction research, (2) supporting technology and environmental research, and (3) university geoscience research. 8 figs., 5 tabs.

Tags: kmd