AndreaBozzo/ceres-open-data-index huggingface dataset:
Thermal reactions of aromatics with CaO. Final report. [1-Methylanthracene, 9-methylanthracene]

The pyrolysis of benzene, toluene, 1-methylnaphthalene, 1-methylanthracene, 9-methylanthracene, m-cresol, and n-heptane was studied over CaO and quartz in a fixed-bed reactor under atmosphere pressure. The reaction temperature spanned the range of 350 to 900/sup 0/C with vapor phase residence time kept between 1 and 2 seconds. Compared to quartz, CaO significantly increased the rates and extents of pyrolysis of the aromatic hydrocarbons, reducing the temperature for a given amount of conversion by at least 100/sup 0/C. The magnitude of this enhancement effect increased with increasing aromaticity, or molecular size, of the compounds. For the light aliphatic, n-heptane, the effect of CaO is minor, with pyrolysis results similar to those observed over quartz and in vapor phase cracking. Coke was the major product for pyrolysis of aromatic compounds over either solid. Detailed examination of the distribution of the volatile products suggests that: (1) condensation reactions were the major pyrolysis reactions over CaO, and (2) some of the active sites on the CaO surface may be related to anion defects in the CaO lattice. CaO deactivation studies show that coke deposits from pyrolysis quickly destroy the CaO activity. Oxygen burnoff of the coke at temperatures between 650 and 800/sup 0/C regenerated 70 to 80% of the initial CaO activity. Pyrolysis of m-cresol on CaO surfaces exhibited acid-base behavior over the temperature range 0 to 550/sup 0/C. The initial pyrolysis rate was rapid but formation of calcium salts of cresol, which have much larger molar volumes than the substrate limited the accessibility of reactant gas to the inner unreacted surface, thus drastically reducing the overall rate of conversion with increasing stone utilization. At temperatures above 550/sup 0/C, these calcium salts decomposed to yield coke, CO, H/sub 2/O and other light hydrocarbon gases. 20 refs., 26 figs., 4 tabs.

Tags: kmd
Vapor pressure studies of the solubilization of hydrocarbons by surfactant micelles. Final report, April 1, 1984-December 31, 1984. [Solubilization data for system benzene/sodium octylsulfate/sodium chloride/water at 15/sup 0/, 25/sup 0/, 35/sup 0/ and 45/sup 0/C]

This final report describes vapor pressure studies of the solubilization of hydrocarbons and hydrocarbon derivatives by aqueous micellar solutions. An automated vapor pressure apparatus and a manual apparatus incorporating a mercury-covered sintered-glass disk inlet valve were used to obtain highly precise data for the solubilization of hydrocarbons and aliphatic alcohols into aqueous solutions of the ionic surfactants sodium octylsulfate and n-hexadecylpyridinium chloride (cetylpyridinium chloride). A mass-action model based on a modification of the Poisson distribution equations has been developed and applied to data for the system benzene/sodium octylsulfate/sodium chloride/water at 15/sup 0/, 25/sup 0/, 35/sup 0/, and 45/sup 0/C. An excellent goodness of fit is achieved with the model. Tabulated experimental results (485 sets of activity and concentration data) are included in this report. 12 references, 2 figures.

Tags: kmd
Mineralogy and geochemistry of the Green River Formation, Colorado Core Hole No. 1, Piceance Creek Basin, Colorado: Final report

Selected samples of the Green River Formation, Colorado Core Hole No. 1, were analyzed to aid characterization and understanding of the genesis of the oil shales of the Piceance Creek Basin, Colorado. About 120, 2-4 inch samples from the Parachute Creek and Garden Gulch Members were analyzed for 18 major and minor elements, 12 selected race elements and quantitative mineral content. About 70 samples were scanned, perpendicular to the bedding, by electron microprobe to determine semiquantitative elemental microstratigraphy of nine selected elements. This report describes the analytical procedures, presents the results, includes photos, and interprets the depositional geochemistry which produced the analyzed rocks. The seven appendices include; (1) descriptions and photographs of samples; (2) chemical and mineral analyses; (3) electron microprobe analyses; (4) down-section elemental distribution; (5) down-section mineral distribution; (6) down-section mineral content; and (7) organic content. 38 refs.

Tags: kmd
Phosphoric acid electric utility fuel cell technology development. Technical progress report No. 16, August 1984

The Department of Energy has initiated this program to advance electric utility cell stack technology and to reduce cell stack cost. The cell stack has a nominal 10-ft/sup 2/ active area and operates at 120 psia/405/sup 0/F. The program comprises six parallel phases, which culminate in a full-height, 10-ft/sup 2/ stack verification test. Progress is reported. Program highlights include: (1) over 550 hours and four thermal cycles with performance close to the E-line goal have been accumulated on the second 10-ft/sup 2/ 28-cell stack at 120 psia and 405/sup 0/F; (2) over 12,400 hours and 35 thermal cycles have been accumulated on the 3.7-ft/sup 2/ 30-cell stack at 120 psia and 405/sup 0/F; (3) a subscale cell cut from 10-ft/sup 2/ electrodes in the same batch used for the second 10-ft/sup 2/, 28-cell stack has accumulated over 2200 hours with performance close to E-line at 120 psia and 400/sup 0/F; and (4) testing was completed on the first three builds of the 7-cell, crosspressure tolerance stack. (WHK)

Tags: kmd
DOE Oil Shale Reference Sample Bank. Quarterly reports, October-December 1985; January-March 1986. [Samples from eastern and western USA]

Two FY-86 reference shales have been acquired, processed and stored under inert gas. The Eastern shale, designated E86, was obtained from the Clegg Creek Member of the New Albany Shale at a quarry near Louisville, Kentucky in the first quarter of FY86. The western shale was obtained from the Exxon Colony Mine, located near Parachute, Colorado, during the second quarter of FY 86. Partial distributions of both shales have been made to DOE contractors. Complete descriptions of the reference shale locales, shale processing procedures and analytical characterization are provided in the following sections of this report. 26 tabs.

Tags: kmd
Effects of Porosity Type, Pore Geometry, and Digenetic History on Tertiary Recovery of Petroleum from Carbonate Reservoirs

The objective of this study is to determine the mechanisms controlling porosity in Red River formation (Upper Ordovician) carbonate reservoirs, and to determine what types of pore systems result from a given set of depositional and diagenetic conditions. The Red River Formation of Montana is a major oil-producing reservoir in the area and Cabin Creek Field is a good candidate to undergo tertiary recovery in the future. The first sections of this paper discuss the stratigraphy, distribution of lithofacies, depositional environments, and diagenesis of the study area. The section on distribution of porosity discusses the various types of porosity present, their origin, how they are distributed throughout the upper Red River reservoirs, and how they relate to depositional environment. Size and shape of pores and pore throats are discussed in the sections on pore geometry, first in terms of statistical measures from capillary-pressure curves, then by interpretation of scanning-electron micrographs of resin-pore casts. The last two sections discuss petrophysical relationships, diagenetic controls on the development and geometry of pore systems, and the role of pore geometry in the determination of carbonate reservoir characteristics.

Tags: kmd
Coalbed methane modeling analysis

Systems analyses or the Department of Energy's (DOE) Coalbed Methane Project (CMP) were performed at the Morgantown Energy Technology Center (METC). In the analyses, both reservoir and stimulation models were evaluated using data from US Steel's Oak Grove Coal Degasification Field. In the first part of the study two reservoir models designed for predicting methane and water production from coalbeds, WELL2D and ARRAY, were evaluated. WELL2D is a two-dimensional, single-well, radial flow model; ARRAY is a two-dimensional, multiwell production model. In the evaluation, the models were used to history match the actual production of the individual wells. The resultant information was then factored into a full-field simulation of the Oak Grove Field. This report summarizes the technical approaches used in the two models, their installation onto the DOE/METC computer system, and gives the results from their evaluation. In the second part of the study, three stimulation models were evaluated to determine their applicability to the CMP. The stimulation models, OSUFRAC (generalized hydraulic fracture), ORUFRAC1 (stress contrast hydraulic fracture model), and TUFRAC (hydraulic fracture proppant placement model), were designed for hydraulic fracturing of homogeneous reservoirs. A summary of the technical approach used in each model and the results of the analyses are presented. 11 refs., 27 figs., 12 tabs.

Tags: kmd
Peat resource estimation in Minnesota: Final report

The Minnesota Department of Natural Resources (DNR) completed and published reconnaissance-level investigations for four areas in Minnesota. Approximately 1,061,000 ha (2,622,000 ac) of peatland were surveyed in Aitkan, northern Beltrami Koochiching Lake of the Woods, and southwestern St. Louis counties. Within these areas, approximately 812,000 ha (2,007,000 ac) of peatland are administratively available. And, based on DOE's criteria, approximately 276,000 ha (681,900 ac) of peatland are fuel-grade resources. Calculated in terms of the higher heating value, the energy value of these deposits is 16.47 quads. Reconnaissance investigations were completed for Carlton and Itasca counties and portions of Cass, Lake, and St. Louis counties, but because of the minimal interest in fuel peat, reports were not published. These investigations examined approximately 346,600 ha (856,500 ac) of peatland, of which 191,940 ha (474,280 ac) are administratively available. The results of the investigations are recorded on file maps and stored in the state's computer system. The DNR completed four detailed investigations at peatland sites thought to have high fuel peat potential. As a pilot project, peat sods were produced from the Fens Peatland. Peatland surveys for Boise Cascade, International Falls and the Hibbing Public Utility have produced encouraging results in conjunction with modeling that projected fuel costs. The cost of milled peat production in Minnesota can be competitive with the cost of western coal in certain production scenarios. The principles in the study have plans to continue engineering studies on conversion to fuel peat. 32 refs., 5 figs. 17 tabs.

Tags: kmd
Electric utility phosphoric acid fuel cell power plant component and subsystem development

The objective of this research was to advance the electric utility phosphoric acid fuel cell technology. The research covered three broad areas: cell stack; fuel processing (reformers,5878 ); and power conditioning (inverters). This report details the results of ten technical tasks undertaken during the nearly five year project. The tasks are: reformer technology tube material catalyst operating limits investigation; inverter technology; subscale cell technology; cooler technology; multimegawatt inverter bridge technology; advanced reformer component technology; water treatment technology; subscale cell technology extension; and advanced reformer component testing. Each task report has been processed separately for inclusion on the data base. (CK)

Tags: kmd
Methane utilization from coalbeds for power generation at Bethlehem Mines Corporation Marianna Mine No. 58. Final report

During one process of mining coal, methane is removed from the coal seam before the coal is mined. This methane is collected underground, piped to the surface, and exhausted to the atmosphere as a waste by-product of the mining process. An electrical power generation system was assembled to demonstrate utilization of this energy source. An 800 kW gas turbine generator with attendant compression and electrical equipment converted 200,000 standard cubic feet per day of methane to about 250 kWh. This electrical power was utilized by a mine surface load consisting of a 100 hp air compressor and a 300 hp mine ventilation fan. Power generated represented about 25% of the total energy used in all the mine ventilation systems or about 5% of the total underground mine electrical requirements. The main conclusions of the work performed is that low Btu gob gas in the range of 100 to 400 Btu/ft/sup 3/ can be combusted successfully in a diffusion flame system. The efficiencies that can be achieved are high and in general stability is adequate. Both the efficiency and stability range achieved were sufficient to indicate that a gas turbine could be operated with such fuels over a normal operating cycle. One problem that was noticed during earlier investigations is that because of the low energy content of the fuel, heat losses in the combustor can significantly affect performance, particularly stability. In general such combustion systems should be maintained as near adiabatic as possible and should operate with as high a wall temperature as is possible. Further research and development will be required of any scaled combustion system before it could be considered a suitable candidate for engine installation.

Tags: kmd
Comparison of Coal Tars Generated by Pyrolysis of Hanna Coal and UCG Hanna IVB Coal Tars

The compositions of coal tars produced by laboratory and pilot scale apparatus have been compared to those produced during underground coal gasification (UCG) experiments at Hanna, Wyoming. Four coal tars were generated by pyrolysis using the block reactor and the laboratory reference retort, and a fifth coal tar was composited from products produced by UCG. Coal tars were separated into chemically defined fractions and were characterized by gas chromatography. Specific compounds were not identified, but rather fingerprinting or compound-type profiling was used for identifying similarities and differences in the product tars. This permitted the evaluation of the different methods of tar production with respect to one another. The UCG coal tars appeared to have undergone more secondary cracking than the pyrolytic products. The coal tar products from the laboratory reference retort appear to be more indicative of the coal's chemical structure. Products from the block reactor contained lesser amounts of the lighter boiling material. In addition there is organic sulfur contamination as indicated by the large amount of sulfur present in the product tar from the block reactor. 11 refs., 16 figs., 11 tabs.

Tags: kmd
Petrographic, mineralogical, and chemical characterization of certain Alaskan coals and washability products. Final report, July 11, 1978-October 11, 1980

Petrological, mineralogical and chemical characterization provides basic information needed for proper utilization of coals. Since many of these coals are likely to be beneficiated to reduce ash, the influence of coal washing on the characteristics of the washed product is important. Twenty samples of Alaskan coal seams were used for this study. The coals studied ranged in rank from lignite to high volatile A bituminous with vitrinite/ulminite reflectance ranging from 0.25 to 1.04. Fifteen raw coals were characterized for proximate and ultimate analysis reflectance rank, petrology, composition of mineral matter, major oxides and trace elements in coal ash. Washability products of three coals from Nenana, Beluga and Matanuska coal fields were used for characterization of petrology, mineral matter and ash composition. Petrological analysis of raw coals and float-sink products showed that humodetrinite was highest in top seam in a stratigraphic sequence

Tags: kmd
Mechanism of formation of hydantoins

Hydantoins, (I), are biologically active compounds which occur in nature and have been isolated from such sources as sugar beets and butterfly wings. Synthetic analogs have found widespread use as anticonvulsant drugs, bacteriocides, stabilizers in photographic film, and in the preparation of high temperature epoxy resins. Uses, preparation, and reactions of hydantoins have been extensively studied and are reported elsewhere. Recently a number of hydantoin isomers have been detected and identified in coal gasification condensate water from the gasification of Indian Head (ND) lignite in a slagging fixed bed gasifier. The hydantoins constitute a major portion of the organics in the condensate water. In generation the concentrations of hydantoins found in the condensate water from an ash gasifier are smaller than those found from the slagging process. Lignite coal reacting in a slagging gasifier gives the largest concentration of hydantoins in the condensate water. The major isomer in the coal gasification condensate water is 5,5-dimethylhydantoin (DMH). DMH is formed from individual species (acetone, cyanide, ammonia, and carbonate) in the condensate water and does not form directly in the gasifier. The rate of formation of DMH was first order in all of the reactants as expressed by the equation: Rate of formation of DMH = (Acetone) (HCN) (NH/sub 3/) (CO/sub 2/). This kinetic data is valuable in predicting the rate of formation of DMH in coal gasification condensate water, provided the model is applicable. A mechanism consistent with the kinetic data and partially verified by others is shown in Scheme 1. 13 refs.

Tags: kmd
Literature review on catalytic conversion of methane to C/sub 2/-hydrocarbons: Technical note

Various catalysts have been used in the past for the oxidative coupling reaction of methane. This report is a literature review and chronological summary of work from 1978 to 1988 on the catalytic partial oxidation of methane to higher hydrocarbons (mainly ethane and ethylene). Catalysts used and their important properties; the effects of significant parameters on catalyst activity; maximum C/sub 2/ yields on these catalysts; and proposed reactions, mechanisms, and catalytic stabilities are discussed. In addition, the results of different research groups who worked on similar catalysts are compared. Based on the literature review, basicity, surface area, and specific active centers produced in the presence of alkali material on the surface are found to be the important factors that affect the C/sub 2/ yields on the catalysts. The proposed reaction mechanisms are still controversial, and both free radicals of CH/sub 3/ and carbenes have been identified as intermediates. A stable, selective catalyst that produces high C/sub 2/ yield is yet to be found. 56 refs., 3 tabs.

Tags: kmd
Chemical and biological properties of coal conversion solid wastes: Final report

Based on the results of leaching data to date, and toxicity and mutagenicity testing on derived leachates prepared to date, it may be concluded that coal derived bottom ash products, slag products, and fly ash products do not exhibit any legislative difficulties vis-a-vis RCRA regulations. Such regulations dictate that primary drinking water heavy metal concentrations in excess of 100 times listed standards, if present in leachates, form the basis for hazardous designations. Daphnia toxicity evaluations to date indicate that potential toxicity exists in an acute form (based on LC-50 48 hour survival tests). The results of such tests should be a basis for caution; Daphnia toxicity tests are not now currently part of RCRA regulations, but have been considered in draft versions of the current regulations. To date, no samples have exhibited any tendency for mutagenicity. This is consistent with other findings in the literature for coal derived ash products. Based on research conducted to date, it appears that the landfill of coal conversion residuals should be viewed with some caution primarily due to the large quantities of materials involved and due to the potential toxicities resulting from leached heavy metals. Although the impacts of RCRA as currently written may be minimal at present, the potential toxicities due to heavy metal leachates, and revised versions of RCRA should give a gasification contractor second thoughts on conventional landfilling of such materials. Work is continuing in the area of modification of the wastewater treatment train to minimize mutagenicity potentials and toxicity potentials of derived sludges. 7 refs.

Tags: kmd
Chemical and biological properties of coal conversion solid wastes: Technical annual progress report for year ending January 31, 1981

A review is presented on sources of solid wastes generated from fixed bed gasification processes, and suggestions are made for acceptable disposal alternatives. Samples of fixed bed coal gasification solid wastes from the Grand Forks Energy Technology Center's slagging gasifier, and the Morgantown Energy Technology Center's low Btu stirred fixed bed gasifier were sieved into discrete particle size ranges, and each particle size range was subjected to leaching in accord with EPA-''EP''and ASTM-A procedures. Each derived leachate sample was analyzed for key heavy metals. In addition, AMES testing for potential mutagenicity, and acute toxicity testing via utilization of Daphnia bioassay procedures was conducted on smallest and largest size fractions of the sieved samples. Results of bioassay procedures are not complete at this time, however, data that has been developed to date indicates that potential toxicities exist based on Daphnia evaluations via the LC-50 test using GFETC solid wastes leached via the ASTM-A procedures. Results of such tests are not now currently part of RCRA regulations, but have been considered in draft versions of these regulations. Daphnia testing using leachates developed via the ASTM-A (distilled water) procedure and the EPA-''EP''(acetic acid) procedure are not comparable. Heavy metal data indicates that no legislative difficulties should exist vis-a-vis RCRA regulations; however, should secondary drinking water standards be incorporated into RCRA regulations, the GFETC solid wastes may prove administratively ''toxic''due to excessive iron levels in developed leachates.

Tags: kmd
Coal gasification: Direct applications and syntheses of chemicals and fuels: A research needs assessment

The DOE Working Group for an Assessment of Coal-Gasification Research Needs (COGARN - coal gasification advanced research needs) has reviewed and evaluated US programs dealing with coal gasification for a variety of applications. Cost evaluations and environmental-impact assessments formed important components of the deliberations. We have examined in some depth each of the following technologies: coal gasification for electricity generation in combined-cycle systems, coal gasification for the production of synthetic natural gas, coal gasifiers for direct electricity generation in fuel cells, and coal gasification for the production of synthesis gas as a first step in the manufacture of a wide variety of chemicals and fuels. Both catalytic and non-catalytic conversion processes were considered. In addition, we have constructed an orderly, long-range research agenda on coal science, pyrolysis, and partial combustion in order to support applied research and development relating to coal gasification over the long term. The COGARN studies were performed in order to provide an independent assessment of research needs in fuel utilization that involves coal gasification as the dominant or an important component. The findings and research recommendations of COGARN are summarized in this publication.

Tags: kmd
Contracts for field projects and supporting research on enhanced oil recovery: Progress review No. 48, Quarter ending September 30, 1986

Progress reports are presented for: (1) chemical flooding (field projects and supporting research,5888 ); (2) gas displacement (supporting research,5888 ); (3) thermal methods (supporting research,5888 ); (4) resource assessment technology; (5) environmental technology; and (5) microbial technology.

Tags: kmd