AndreaBozzo/ceres-open-data-index huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of two conceptual wastewater treatment schemes for a Lurgi-based indirect coal liquefaction plant

The objective of this study was to evaluate two conceptual treatment schemes for decontaminating the wastewaters likely to be generated in a conceptual dry-ash Lurgi-based indirect coal liquefaction plant. The conceptual indirect coal liquefaction plant is an integrated (i.e., all utilities generated onsite) facility designed to convert 15,000 tons of moisture- and ash-free coal per stream day to motor gasoline using dry-ash Lurgi coal gasification, Imperial Chemical Industries'methanol synthesis, and Mobil's methanol-to-gasoline processes. The conceptual plant is premised to be located at a generic site in the eastern United States and processes a generic Interior Basin high-sulfur bituminous coal. The following conclusions can be drawn from this assessment: (1) On paper, wastewater treatment facilities can be designed that are projected to treat the indirect coal liquefaction plant wastewaters to a level where the effluent will likely meet the current regulations for aqueous effluents for allied industries such as coke ovens and petroleum refineries. (2) The estimated capital investments, in 1983 US dollars, for the Case I (surface-discharge) and Case II (zero-aqueous-discharge) schemes are approximately $440 million and $550 million, respectively. These costs represent about 15 and 20% of the estimated capital investment for the integrated indirect coal liquefaction plant. (3) Case II (zero-aqueous-discharge) wastewater treatment is likely to result in the accumulation of approximately 1 million tons of toxic solid wastes during the 30 years of plant operation.

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Scrubbers for dust control: a comparison of six medium-energy use types. Report of investigations/1980

This Bureau of Mines report describes the results of a program to develop small, rugged scrubbers with high dust collection efficiency for use in underground coal mines. The Bureau's Pittsburgh (PA.) Research Center has developed and assisted in the development of several types of improved scrubbers that are especially suitable for various underground mining applications. The dust collection efficiency of six scrubbers--a venturi, two flooded-fibrous-bed, a venturi-impaction plate, a wetted-fan, and a rotating flooded-bed--were compared.

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Ultraviolet spectrometric determination of phenols as phenolate anions

This report describes a method which has been employed using phenolate ion absorption at 291 nm for the measurement of phenols in water. The monohydric phenols measured are among those abundant in coal gasification by-products. The errors obtained in employing an average proportionality constant for the calculation of concentrations of individual phenols are discussed. Using this method it is possible to calculate a reasonably accurate composite phenols concentration for a mixture of phenols.

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Oil-shale resource investigations of the U. S. Geological Survey

The economy of the United States is a petroleum-based economy. Recent studies of energy-use patterns in the U.S. have shown that more than 70 percent of the energy consumed in this country is derived from oil and natural gas. The U.S. consumed an average of about 17 million barrels or oil per day during 1976, derived mostly from domestic production but supplemented in increasing amounts by imported oil. At one point in 1976, imports supplied 50 percent of our petroleum needs, and during the forth quarter of 1976 imports consistently furnished more than 40 percent of our needs. There is concern about the effect of our growing dependence on foreign sources of oil on our national security, both from a defense posture and economic stability owing to the large balance of payments deficit caused chiefly by oil imports. About 9 million barrels per day of petroleum products and natural gas liquid was consumed by the transportation sector alone in 1975; this exceeds out present domestic production of crude oil by about one million barrels per day. Considerable savings can be made in energy consumption in this as well as in other energy-use sectors through proper conservation measures.

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Electrocatalytic oxidation of demineralized oil shale

Electrochemical oxidation of coal slurries has recently been suggested as a means of gasifying coal at low tempeatures by Coughlin et al. Subsequent studies by other investigators indicated that electrolytic currents observed from the coal slurry in 1M sulfuric acid were attributed to the oxidation of iron(II) leached out from the coal. We and Lalvani et al. have more recently shown through various experiments that coal slurries are catalytically oxidized by iron(III,9717 ); the reduced ion, iron(II), produced in the electron-transfer process is then oxidized back to Fe(III) at the anode, completing a catalytic cycle. The oxidation products for this reaction were carbon dioxide and hydrogen, and oxygen atoms in the product, CO/sub 2/, were shown to be derived from water. Thus, the overall reaction resembles that of the coal gasification reaction. This electrochemical reaction, however, has the advantages that hydrogen is produced as a pure gas product suitable for use in fuel cells or synthetic processes and that high temperature operations are not necessary to produce hydrogen from the coal. Peat has also been shown to oxidize to produce a good yield of regenerated humic acids in alkaline media and these authors have suggested the possibility that other organic matrices and wastes might be oxidized by this process to produce hydrogen as a useful product.

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Oil shale in the United States: prospects for development

The development of an oil shale industry has had its ups and downs throughout this century. Despite vast reserves of recoverable shale oil, energy prices usually have been high enough to make extraction of that oil commercially viable. The tripling and then tripling again of world oil prices in the 1970s gave initial promise that development had become economically feasible. After only a few years of rapid development activity, however, the effort was brought to a near-halt by falling world oil prices. The results were a substantial reduction in economic activity for northwestern Colorado and, maybe more importantly, sharply lower expectations for the region's future economic growth. In both the upturn and the downturn, the local public sector was essentially shielded from financial stress because the energy companies helped fund public spending on infrastructure and services. The future for oil shale remains uncertain. A few energy companies continue to pursue their development plans. To spur development of commercial scale plants, Synthetic Fuels Corporation has made loan and price guarantees to energy firms. Some projects may soon be extracting oil, providing needed technological and financial information on various techniques of oil extraction. But the future for oil shale remains clouded by uncertainties regarding the cost of producing syncrude and future oil prices. Environmental issues could also hamper oil shale development. Therefore, oil shale remains, as it has for more than a century, a technical and economic enigma that has only begun to be understood and developed. 8 references, 3 figures, 3 tables

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Proceedings of the third biennial synfuels wastewater workshop

The Third Biennial Synfuels Wastewater Workshop, sponsored by the US Department of Energy, Morgantown Energy Technology Center, has contributed valuable information to the technical data base on pollution control options for the treatment of wastewaters from synfuel facilities. The results of the research presented at this third biennial workshop have added significantly to the data base previously established from the prior workshops under the sponsorship of the Office of Environmental Control Technology, US Department of Energy. The significant finding of this recent workshop is encouraging in that the consensus of opinion was that sufficient information is now available to design and construct a commercial-scale facility, albeit conservatively, which can adequately treat synfuel wastewaters. It was agreed however that some uncertainties still exist with respect to wastewater characterization and the performance of various wastewater treatment processes which could be resolved by further tests at the pilot-scale level. It is hoped that the findings of this workshop will provide guidance for future synfuels wastewater research activities. Areas which were highlighted for continued research include the investigation of innovative wastewater treatment methods (both physicochemical and biological)  which can significantly reduce processing costs over conventional treatment schemes; investigation of the effects of stream and sample reliability and representativeness on conceptual design studies and pilot plant operations; more detailed characterization of organic compounds in synfuel condensates; and the determination of potential health and ecological effects of refractory constituents in synfuel wastewaters. Abstracts were prepared for 19 status reports for inclusion in the Energy Data Base.

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Trapper Canyon Deposit, eastern Big Horn Basin, Wyoming:  tar sand or heavy oil

The Trapper Canyon Deposit (Battle Creek Deposit in US Bureau of Mines Monograph 12) is located on the western flank of the Bighorn Mountains approximately 30 mi (48 km) east of Greybull, Wyoming. The petroleum occurs in the upper eolian sequence of the Pennsylvanian Tensleep Sandstone which dips from 5/sup 0/ to 8/sup 0/ to the southwest. The deposit was initially reported by N.H. Darton in US Geological Survey Professional Paper 51 in 1906. A characterization study was made on the deposit which included mapping the deposit and surrounding area, measuring three stratigraphic sections in the Tensleep Sandstone, and sampling 13 outcrop localities. Thickness of the deposit ranged from 0 to 22.5 ft (6.8 m) in the 13 sample localities. Preliminary analyses of outcrop samples indicate API gravities and viscosities consistent with the definition of a tar sand. Oil properties are similar to those published for Phosphoria-sourced oils produced from the Tensleep Sandstone in fields to the west. Lateral pinch-out of the deposit, tight characteristics of upper and lower bounding units, and the lack of any apparent structural controls in the area, are all evidence for a stratigraphic trapping mechanism. Recoverable reserves are estimated at 1.96 million bbl over a 67-acre (27 ha) area.

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Compendium of reported physical and chemical characterization data for petroleum and synthetic fuel products. Volume 1. Petroleum and shale oil products

This compendium consolidates a large quantity of diverse data which have been generated and reported by numerous investigators over the past several decades. The products for which data have been compiled are: crude petroleum, raw and hydrotreated shale oil, raw and hydrotreated whole coal liquids and intermediates, and petroleum-, coal-, and shale-derived naphtha, jet and diesel fuels and other light fuel oils, heavy fuel oils, and residua. Coal liquids addressed are those from H-Coal, EDS, SRC-I and SRC-II direct coal liquefaction processes. Sixty-six individual properties relating to the following six characterization categories are covered: general physical and chemical properties, elemental composition data, hydrocarbon compound class properties, nitrogen-, oxygen-, and sulfur-containing compounds/compound class properties, properties of various distillation fractions, and properties of 'non-primary'products and their distillation fractions. Primarily, this effort has consisted of assembling data and has not included evaluation of data quality or the development of conclusions as to similarities and differences between a synfuel and its analogous petroleum product. Limitations of the data base are noted.

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Oil shales and tar sands:  a bibliography

Five thousand one hundred forty-two citations of reports, journal articles, patents, conference papers, and monographs resulting from research on oil shales and tar sands are presented. These citations and approximately 5100 additional citations are a part of the Department of Energy's Energy Data Base. The citations, with abstracts, are arranged by subject category. Within the categories references to reports are listed in alphanumeric order by report number. Other citations follow in inverse chronological order. Five indexes are provided: Corporate, Author, Subject, Contract Number, and Report Number.

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Use of supercritical fluid extraction for development of a single-step method for removal of shale oil from Green River oil shale

The purpose of the experimentation described in this report was to examine the possibility of combining a methanol-water treatment step, which results in liquid yields of about 90%, with a fast (one hour) solvent extraction step. If successful, the experimentation would result in the development of a fast, high-yield, single-step recovery process. The terminology ''single-step''refers to the fact that the shale is handled only once in the recovery process rather than being treated and then extracted in two separate steps. The first two single-step extraction experiments, run under the same experimental conditions, demonstrate the possibility of quickly recovering high yields of liquid product with only one handling of the shale. The third experiment was performed by heating the shale in an inert atmosphere under the same conditions of time and temperature followed by extraction with methylene chloride solvent. The third experiment serves as a benchmark to compare the effectiveness of methanol-water with short reaction-time dry heating conditions in the recovery process. The experiments yielded two important results. First, most of the organic matter was recovered by methylene chloride in the first extraction step, which required less than three hours to perform. The second important result was that dry heating on the shale under these conditions was ineffective in allowing oil to be recovered. Overall, these experiments were successful for quickly extracting large percentages of organic material from Green River shale using a single-step extraction technique. This procedure reduces experimental complexities reported earlier and avoids possible alteration of product by atmospheric oxygen. The technique shows promise for the development of a fast, efficient shale oil recovery process. 9 refs., 1 tab.

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Chevron STB oil shale retort

(1) Chevron Research has been developing an oil shale retorting concept called the staged turbulent bed (STB) retort. This process handles a broad size distribution of small particles. Separate vessels are used for retorting and combustion. Hot combusted shale is recycled to the retort to supply the necessary process heat. (2) The process has been studied using a 1 ton/day fully integrated pilot plant. Scale-up has been studied by physical modeling on a scale-up to 350 ton/day. Process operating characteristics and product qualities from pilot operation are discussed. Plans for futher development of the STB oil shale retort are reviewed. 14 refs.

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Occurrence of biomarkers in Green River shale oil. [Isoprenoids and polycycloalkanes]

Biological markers, compounds derived essentially unchanged from living organisms, are found in oil-bearing rocks, petroleum and most ancient sediments. We are investigating the variation in ratios of certain biomarkers in shale oils and their use as tracers for relating oil to source rock during in-situ retorting. We have produced oil samples at heating rates of about 10/sup 0/C/min from 1- and 2-foot shale composites from three Green River formation cores and have measured the occurrence of several isoprenoid and polycycloalkane compounds in the oils using capillary gas chromatography. To eliminate the effect of heating rate on alkene/alkane ratios, we used the sum of ene and ane forms where applicable to calculate ratios. Variations in biomarker content with depth, grade, odd/even ratios, normal alkene/alkane ratios and atomic nitrogen/organic carbon ratios were studied and cross correlations were determined. Correlations were particularly high between pairs of isoprenoid compounds. There is sufficient variation to use biomarkers as retort diagnostics and to demonstrate a variation in source material.

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Liquid phase degradation of shale oil. Final report, August 17, 1976--February 28, 1977

A study was conducted of the degradation of liquid shale oil to form a carbonaceous solid (char) and low molecular weight hydrocarbon chains which are gaseous at room temperature. The rates of degradation are characterized by an equation of the form: R = k/sub 1/   k/sub 2/S where S is the concentration of solid shale present in units of (g shale/g oil). The first term represents the homogeneous degradation of shale oil and the second term represents the rate of the heterogeneous degradation due to the interaction between the oil and burnt shale. Several other aspects of the degradation process are discussed. Of particular importance to the true in situ retorting process is the finding that at temperatures above about 400/sup 0/C, the shale oil undergoes severe degradation by polymerizing into a black char-like substance. This phenomenon requires a detailed further study.

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Role of spent shale in oil shale processing and the management of environmental residues. Final technical report, September 1976--December 1977

The program was divided into three major tasks: leaching of spent shale, the development of methods to treat water produced during retorting, and an investigation into the sorptive properties of spent shale. Under Task 1, retorting experiments were carried out on an oil shale with a richness of 19.9 gallons of oil per ton of shale. Chemical and x-ray analyses were carried out on spent shales that had been retorted at temperatures ranging from 300/sup 0/C to 1,000/sup 0/C. Retorting times of 2, 5, and 15 hours were also considered. A BET surface area analysis was made on spent shale samples which were retorted at temperatures ranging from 300 to 1,000/sup 0/C for 2 hours. The maximum surface area of 4.6 m/sup 2//g was found for shale that had been retorted at 700/sup 0/C. As part of Task II, studies on the hot gas stripping of retort water were considered. In this portion of Task II, a hot gas stripping apparatus was designed and constructed, and CO/sub 2/ could be effectively removed from water by hot gas stripping. At a stripping temperature of 200/sup 0/F and a stripping ratio of 40 SCF/gal, the ammonia concentration was reduced from 11,000 to 3.7 ppM and the bicarbonate concentration was reduced from 47,000 to 220 ppM. The second portion of Task II entailed studying the adsorption of phenol and benzoic acid onto the Rohm and Haas XAD-8 macroreticular resin. Binary adsorption studies of the above materials indicated that phenol was adsorbed onto hydrophobic sites whereas benzoic acid was adsorbed onto hydrophilic sites and onto the hydroxyl group of the phenol.Task III consisted of studying the adsorption of sulfur dioxide on spent shale in packed beds. The adsorption data were modeled by the Langmuir and Freundlich equations.

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Modeling of static mining subsidence in a nonlinear medium

Applications of the conventional finite element method to problems of mining subsidence can result in excessive expense, particularly when nonlinear constitutive stress/strain relations are used for the geological medium. An alternative finite element method is proposed which captures the essential characteristics of subsidence observed both in more sophisticated finite element programs and in the field. The alternative method treats the overburden with  classical beam theory with the inclusion of shearing deformation. The nonlinear axial response of the pillars as well as the nonlinear response of any backfill that may be present is also modelled. Flexural and bending modes of deformation are included for the pillar and backfill media with classical beam theory. Shearing deflections are also included for these structural members. The development of the constitutive relations, the implementation of the constitutive relations in the computer program and the numerical algorithm for the problem solution are presented. An example problem in subsidence is presented to illustrate the potential of the computer program. Computer cost for the example problem clearly demonstrates that the alternative method for analysis of subsidence problems deserves consideration.

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SRC-I thermophysical property data base. Volume 1

This report presents the results of a literature search for thermophysical property data pertinent to the slurrying, reaction, and/or separation sections of a coal liquefaction processing facility. This project sought to establish a document that would be an efficient means to archive and retrieve coal liquefaction thermophysical property data. Six seperate literature data bases were searched for public documents to 1983. Specific thermophysical properties addressed in the literature search included: vapor/liquid equilibria (VLE), enthalpy, vapor pressure, pressure/volume/temperature or density, viscosity, thermal conductivity, and surface tension. The results of this project are presented in terms of specially formatted citations, reference statements, and a cross-reference index. The citations provide sufficient literature citation information to allow retrieval of source documents from any scientific library. The associated reference statements for each citation describe the contents of the source documents with information such as the type of physical property measured, composition of the mixture, and the range of temperaure and pressure covered by the data. The results of this literature search approximately 500 citations containing thermophysical property data relevant to coal liquefaction processing and suitable for development of thermophysical properties correlations. Citations and reference statements have been organized sequentially by property and are presented in Volume 2. Volume 1 provides a brief description of the actual work performed in compiling the thermophysical property data base. In addition, it describes the major limitations of the existing data base information and provides specific guidelines and recommendations for updating the data base in the future. 21 references.

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