AndreaBozzo/ceres-open-data-index huggingface dataset:
AN ASSESSMENT OF ENERGY-RELATED DEVELOPMENT IN THE WESTERN OIL SHALE REGION: A SERIES OF REPORTS ON EXISTING AND PROJECTED IMPACTS VOLUME VII WATER NEEDS FOR ENERGY-RELATED DEVELOPMENT IN THE WESTERN OIL SHALE REGION

This report is one of an eight-column series prepared by the Argonne National Laboratory - Division of Environmental Impact Studies for the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) - Office of the Assistant Secretary for Fossil Energy. Sponsorship and coordination of the work was through the DOE Laramie Energy Technology Center, Laramie, Wyoming.

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MATHEMATICAL MODELLING OF A STEAM DRIVEN OIL-SHALE RETORT

This report summarizes a preliminary analysis of possible mathematical models applicable to the problem of a steam-driven oil-shale retort. The modeling technique required must predict the transient, in-depth response of the pyrolizing oil-shale material, coupled to the behavior of the bulk steam-pyrolysis-gas system. The recommended procedure involves the adaptation of previously developed orthogonal collocation techniques for non-catalytic gas-solid retort operation. Recently announced computational procedures for the evaluation of the thermodynamic properties of the water-steam systems are discussed together with methods for the computation of transport properties of the water-steam system. It is to be noted that this report is preliminary only, but that the advantages inherent in the orthogonal collocation technique are sufficiently strong as to indicate that the method should be pursued to the implementation of an operational computational tool.

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1982 REPORT ON THE PROTOTYPE OIL SHALE LEASING PROGRAM - JANUARY 1, 1980 THROUGH DECEMBER 31, 1981

This is the Oil Shale Office's (OSO) 1982 Report for the Prototype Oil Shale Leasing Program(POSLP) for the period January 1, 1980, through December 31, 1981. It summarizes developments on Federal Tracts C-a, C-b, U-a and U-b, shale oil production from Tract C-a, and the environmental effects of these developments. It included a brief history of the POSLP, the terms and stipulations of the prototype oil shale lease, and the lease management responsibilities of the OSO. The appendices contain a detailed chronology of the POSLP and tract developments and the legal descriptions of each tract.

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RADIO FREQUENCY HEATING OF UTAH OIL SHALE

The broad objective of the two radio frequency (RF) in situ experiments of January and March 1980, were as follows: Gain field experience with the IITRI RF in situ process for oil shale. (All previous tests had been in the laboratory.,11917 ); 2. Demonstrate RF heating in situ of a portion of the shale volume having a mass some eight times as large as the largest laboratory resource sample (2000 kg vs. 250 kg).; 3. Demonstrate RF heating in situ of a portion of the shale volume to pyrolysis, as evidenced by temperature measurements and the recovery of a significant fraction of the Fischer assay within the pyrolyzed volume.; 4. Obtain data concerning the electrical and chemical properties of the test shale during RF heating and oil production.; 5. Collect sufficient field data to better understand the RF heating and product recovery processes, and to plan future tests.

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DIELECTRIC PROPERTIES OF OIL SHALE AS A FUNCTION OF FREQUENCY

This final report covers the results of measurements that the National Bureau of Standards (NBS) made of ten half-core oil shale samples to determine their electromagnetic (EM) properties of permittivity (dielectric and attenuation constants) as a function of frequency. The samples were furnished by Laramie Energy Technology Center (LETC), Laramie, Wyoming, and were taken from a core which was drilled between Occidental's retorts #7 and #8 near Rifle, Colorado. The measurements were taken within the frequency range of 1 - 2000 MHz at various frequency intervals. The use of EM properties of permittivity to characterize oil shale for electromagnetically mapping a retort is one possible technique being considered by the DOE for determining the state of a retort prior to its ignition. There is presently no economical method of measuring the state of a cold retort, and therefore no way to predict the efficiency of the retort prior to its ignition.

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IN-SITU RETORTING OF OIL SHALE RUBBLE: A MODEL OF HEAT TRANSFER AND PRODUCT FORMATION IN OIL SHALE PARTICLES

A mathematical model of the pyrolysis of an oil shale particle, represented as an equivalent sphere, has been developed. The quantities of oil, gas, and carbonaceous residue formed from the kerogen initially present in the shale can be determined as a function of time for any specified heating cycle. Thermal decomposition of kerogen is represented by a kinetic scheme of ten endothermic irreversible first-order reactions whose temperature dependencies are formulated as Arrhenius equations. The calculated fraction of kerogen converted to shale oil is determined by this kinetic scheme, and the development of this scheme is presented in some detail.

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ECONOMICS OF HYTORT PROCESSING FOR SIX EASTERN OIL SHALES

Under a cooperative agreement between the DOE and HYCRUDE Corporation, HYCRUDE has simulated the operation of a conceptual commercial HYTORT pant for each of the six eastern oil shales studied under the three-year program, using a computer program developed by HYCRUDE. The bench-scale unit (MBU) tests were conducted by Institute of Gas Technology (IGT). The MBU data were then scaled up by HYCRUDE to simulate HYTORT plant operations based on 50,000 BPCD capacity. Based on the process simulation results, the economics of HYTORT operations for these eastern oil shales have been examined in terms of the capital costs, operating costs, utility costs, shale costs and total product cost. The results indicate that the product oil cost is primarily a function of shale grade.

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HYDRAULIC CEMENT PREPARATION FROM LURGI SPENT SHALE

Low cost material is needed for grouting abandoned retorts. Experimental work has shown that a hydraulic cement can be produced from Lurgi spent shale by mixing it in a 1:1 weight ratio with limestone and heating one hour at 1000 degrees C with 5% added gypsum, strengths up to 25.8 Mpa are obtained. This cement could make an economical addition up to about 10% to spent shale grout mixes, or be used in ordinary cement applications.

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PHYSICS OF OIL SHALES A PROGRAM OF THEORETICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES-ANNUAL REPORT (SEPTEMBER 21, 1981-SEPTEMBER 20, 1983)

The available dielectric data on oil shale materials in the frequency range (0-1GHz) is analyzed in terms of several empirical dielectric functions proposed earlier in the literature for other material. The empirical function involving a distribution of relaxation times represent the data satisfactorily. The implications of these relaxation times represent the data satisfactorily. The implications of these relaxation times with respect to the properties of oil shales are discussed. Fits of the Lichtenieker's formula to the dielectric data are used to extract the average dielectric constants of Kerogen and the inorganic parts.

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BX IN SITU OIL SHALE PROJECT (EQUITY)--ANNUAL REPORT ON ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ANALYSIS March 1, 1979 -February 29, 1980

The objective of the BX In Situ Oil Shale Project is to demonstrate the technical feasibility of using superheated steam as a heat-carrying medium to retort in situ the oil shale in the Green River Formation "leached" zone and provide a mechanism for the recovery of this shale oil with a minimum impact on the environment. Utilizing primarily the natural porosity in the leached zone, approximately one trillion BTU of heat will be injected into a site over a 2-year period to heat to retorting temperature a shale zone approximately 550 feet thick and covering about one acre. The field Project is located at Equity's BX In Situ site in Rio Blanco County in northwestern Colorado.

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SHALE OIL PROCESSING PLANS FOR COMMERCIAL REFINING

The Gary oil refinery is located in Fruita, Colorado, approximately 250 miles west of Denver and just a few miles east if the Utah border. It was constructed in 1957 by the American Gilsonite Company to process gilsonite, a solid hydrocarbon ore mined in Northeastern Utah. Gary Energy acquired the refinery in 1973 after American Gilsonite discontinued the refining of gilsonite ore. It should be noted that the processing of gilsonite into refined products was one of the early forerunners of this nation's synthetic fuels industry.

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REPORT NO. 80 MIDGET CATALYTIC CRACKING  PILOT PLANT CATALYTIC CRACKING CHARACTERISTICS OF A DIESEL FRACTION FROM SHALE OIL COKER DISTILLATE

"This investigation was undertaken to study the product distribution upon catalytic cracking the coker distillate from crude Colorado shale oil. The crude shale oil processed was produced in a 150-300 ton per day experimental Gas-Combustion retort by the Bureau of Mines Oil Shale Mine and Engineering Experimental Station, Rifle, Colorado. The  crude shale oil was coked for the production of distillates having 650, 750 and 850 F. end points and sent to Tide Water Associated for catalytic cracking tests. Letter on the above over Mr. R. J. Gameron's signature was dated December 9, 1953."

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REPORT NO. 29 CATALYIC CRACKING CHARACTERISTICS OF A DIESEL FRACTION FROM REHYDROGENATED SHALE OIL COKER DISTILLATE

The diesel fraction from a hydrogenated shale oil as reported previously, proved to be a satisfactory catalytic cracking charge stock. It however, gave a somewhat poorer product distribution than our typical heavy California virgin vacuum distillate. To improve the catalytic cracking characteristics of this diesel fraction, it was felt that the nitrogen content should be further lowered*, so the U.S. Bureau of Mines forwarded a rehydrogenated coker distillate containing .003 weight per cent nitrogen. The hydrogenation operation was reportedly carried out at 825 F., at a pressure of 1000 p.s.i., a hydrogen injection rate of 3,200 cubic feet per barrel, and at a liquid hourly space velocity of 1. The liquid recovery was 98 volume percent, of which 84.1 volume per cent was in the diesel fuel boiling range, and 15.0 volume per cent was naphtha (see letter from the Bureau of Mines, dated May 1, 1951,File J-69A).

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RIO BLANCO OIL SHALE COMPANY - TRACT C-A ANNUAL PROGRESS REPORT - JANUARY 1982-DECEMBER 1982

The requirement to submit an Annual Progress Report (APR) on each anniversary date of the lease following approval of a development plan is contained in Section 1(c)(4) of the Environmental Stipulations to the Federal Oil Shale Lease (Serial No. C-20046) under which the Rio Blanco Oil Shale Company (KBOSC) is operating. Gulf Oil Corporation and Standard Oil Company (Indiana) formed RBOSC as a general partnership to develop Tract C-a with the intention of engaging in the commercial production of oil shale. The legal description of Tract C-a, as defined in the Lease is:

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OIL SHALE SYMPOSIUM, SAMPLING, ANALYSIS AND QUALITY ASSURANCE MARCH 1979

The objective of this symposium was to provide a forum for the statement of the state-of-the-art in sampling, analysis, and quality assurance of the oil shale industry pollutants. Opinions from governmental and industrial research organizations were solicited as to the future needs in these areas. The symposium was held March 26-28, 1979 in Denver, Colorado. 260 registered attendees were present. Papers from industry, government, and academic researchers were presented and discussed. This is a report of the proceedings at the symposium.

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METHODOLOGY FOR CALCULATING MATERIALS BALANCE FOR AN INDIRECT-HEATED OIL SHALE RETORTING TECHNOLOGY

The methodology outlined below is based on published information on the Union B indirect-heated oil shale retorting process (Union PSD Permit Application, October 31, 1978), and as such, should be applicable only to processes that are similar to the Union B process. The published information was obtained from retorting 41 gpt shale in a Union B semi-works retort. An arbitrary range of  /- 30% in terms of the shale grade (41 gpt  /- 12) was used in the methodology to allow calculations of overall materials balance and process stream characteristics for shales other than 41 gpt. Several assumptions also had to be made to facilitate calculations.

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METHODOLOGY FOR CALCULATING MATERIALS BALANCE FOR PARAHO DIRECT-HEATED OIL SHALE RETORTING TECHNOLOGY

The methodology outlined below is applicable only to direct retorting of Green River oil shale by the Paraho process. Further, it should be used only for shales assaying between 20 and 36 gallons of oil per ton of shale. To facilitate materials balance calculations, several generalized assumptions have been made. These appear to be valid as first approximation but may need to be refined later.

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CURRENT METHODS OF OIL SHALE ANALYSIS AND NEW DEVELOPMENTS (NMR)

This paper reviews some methods of analysis of oil shales that are currently used by the Laramie Energy Technology Center, and describes new developments in magnetic resonance for the analysis of oil shales. Analytical methods that are discussed include that determination of the elemental composition of oil shales, and assay  methods to determine potential oil yields. Cross polarization, magic angle spinning carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance spectra and results are presented to illustrate the type of information that is obtainable for oil shales with the new magnetic resonance techniques.

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RESEARCH IN OIL SHALE INSTRUMENTATION

From October 28 to 30, 1980, a peer review session on instrumentation in Oil Shale Development was held in Albuquerque, New Mexico. This meeting was one of a continuing series dealing with various aspects of the Department of Energy's Oil Shale RD&D Program Management Plan. Instrumentation research presented included papers on remote and direct methods of rubble evaluation, flow/tracer modeling, rubble blasting evaluation, and instrumentation for retort stability and integrity.

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APPLICATIONS OF NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE TO OIL SHALE EVALUATION AND PROCESSING

Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) is playing an increasing role in the characterization of the organic constituents of fossil fuels. The NMR techniques that currently are being applied to fossil fuel characterization utilize both the H and the 13C nuclides and can be conveniently divided into those that apply to liquid and those that apply to solid samples. For coals and oil shales, only a small fraction of the organic material can be extracted under the mild conditions that would be expected to retain the primary structural integrity of the organic material. Therefore NMR techniques usually applied to liquids are not applicable to these solid materials; instead NRM techniques developed for solid materials must be applied.

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WASTEWATER VARIATIONS AND TREATMENT ALTERNATIVES FOR SELECT OIL SHALE PROCESSES (ABSTRACT ONLY)

Wide variations in constituent and parameter concentrations have been observed in wastewaters resulting from different oil shale extraction processes. Extreme difficulties in preservation, analysis and treatment of these fluids have been noted. As the Department of Energy's lead center for synfuel activity, the Laramie Energy Technology Center (LETC) has been charged with developing protocols for each of these areas. This paper presents the results of several years'research conducted by LETC and its contractors and by the Department of Civil Engineering at the University of Arizona into proper procedures necessary to collect, store, analyze and treat representative samples of oil shale process waters. Data are presented which describe five waters collected from true and modified in situ retorts as well as surface facilities. Recommended preservations and analysis techniques are presented as are treatment methods and approaches found to description of on-going and planned research and LETC.

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COMBUSTION RETORTING OF OIL SHALE AT LOW VOID VOLUMES

Oil shale bricks, were combustion retorted in a batch, pilot scale sized retort with overall void volumes ranging from 12% TO 15%. Experimental parameters were total void volume, richness of shale, particle size, and retorting gas flow rate and composition. A "base case" of interest and the experimental parameters were varied one at a time from that base case. Oil yield was the dependent variable. Results indicate retorting of oil shale at very low voids is possible and efficient but pressure drops would be relatively high. Particle size change was the only parameter that affected oil yield significantly in the range of void volume investigation.

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LOW-VOID RETORTING

There are potentially billions of cubic meters of liquid hydrocarbon available from oil shale of the Piceance Creek basin of western Colorado. This region is amenable to exploitation by a concept known as Vertical Modified In Situ (VMIS) combustion retorting. Field tests have been conducted with initial void volumes ranged from 20 -40%. However, low void rubbling technology has met with only limited sources in the field. The low void retort is designed to test different retorting parameters for rubble and fracture conditions in the range of 8-18% void volume.

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LABORATORY AND MODELING INVESTIGATION OF OIL-SHALE BLOCK RETORTING TO 900 DEGREES C

A 17.2-by-17.0-cm-diam right-circular cylinder of oil shale was retorted between 25 and 900supO/C at a heating rate of 18supO/C/h. A computational model was developed to simulate the block heat-up and reaction chemistry. This one-dimensional model, which contains the heat-transport equation and 10 chemical reactions based on laboratory kinetics of powdered samples, provides a good estimation of the experimental results. The model predicted the temperature profile through the block to within approximately 15supO/C of the measured value. The predicted total mass loss, oil yield, and details of the evolution of individual products were generally in close agreement with the experiment. Only the extent of CO evolution differed significantly from the experiment.

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CHARACTERIZATION AND TREATMENT OF RETORT WATER FROM IN -SITU OIL SHALE PROCESSING--FINAL REPORT

The purpose of this study was to develop the background necessary for identifying processes which might be effective for the treatment of water developed in the in-situ retorting of oil shale. In this regard, literature information has been summarized dealing with several aspects of the retort water treatment and disposal problem. The specific information relates to the quantity of the water, its physical and chemical characteristics, and insight developed by other authors concerning possible treatment alternatives.

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INVESTIGATION OF THE GEOKINETICS HORIZONTAL IN-SITU OIL SHALE RETORTING PROCESS, PHASE III-INITIAL REPORT FOR THE PERIOD NOVEMEBER 1, 1976-JULY 31, 1977

Geokinetics, Inc. began full scale work on in-situ oil shale processing during 1971. Extensive planning, design work and cost analysis were done on a wide variety of in-situ retorting plans under a variety of in-situ retorting plans under a variety of geological conditions, in preparation to participate in the Federal Prototype Oil Shale Leasing Program. During 1973 and 1974 a series of tests were designed which were run in aboveground steel retorts during 1974 and 1975 to test the concept of a horizontally moving firefront. Encouraged by the results of these tests, in June 1975, Geokinetics moved the test operation into the field and began building and operating a series of small retorts underground. These retorts have been gradually scaled up in size. A total of 15 retorts have been built to date and of these, six have been operated. The size of the retorts has ranged from 66 to 7200 tons. A complete filed camp facility has been set up at the field test site to provide full time living quarters and support facilities for the operating personnel. Five hundred barrels of crude shale oil have been produced and shipped to the Plateau refinery at Roosevelt, Utah. This oil has been blended with conventional crude oil and refined.

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ORGANIC SOLUTE TRANSPORT STUDY OF WASTE WATERS PRODUCED BY IN SITU OIL SHALE RETORTING (ANNUAL AND QUARTERLY REPORTS)

An assay method for aromatic amines in oil shale retort waters was developed. An aromatic anime fraction is first isolated by selective adsorption upon and desorption from XAD-8 resin; this fraction is next l liquid chromatographed on a reverse phase C-8 silica column. The best peak resolution was obtained with a 5 um particle-size packing, and inclusion of a NAH2PO4 (pH7) buffer in the mobile phase.

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PALEOLIMNOLOGY AND OIL SHALE GENESIS IN GREEN RIVER FORMATION, COLORADO

The Green River Formation was formed from sediments laid down in a series of ancient lake beds of Middle Eocene age in Colorado, Utah and Wyoming, U.S.A. The formation contains hydrogen-rich organic matter in its oil shales which represents 2 trillion barrels of shale oil in place and it covers an area of 17,000 square miles 44,030 km2). The continuous oil shale was formed under a combination of physical, biological and chemical conditions in a stratified lake. The initial study is aimed to provide evidence in postulating the physical conditions in which appropriate geochemical and sedimentation process could form oil shale. One of the major needs in generating further understanding of the Eocene Green River Formation would be in the investigation of their physical paleolimnology. The lake dynamics provides a critical mechanism for heat transfer, mixing, turbulence and particle settling. It also affects the productivity of organic material, concentration and decomposition of organic material and ultimately the reaction rate and balance of geochemical processes. The study approach can be a powerful tool to interpret the unique oil shale formation and its distribution.

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ADDENDUM TO AUTOMATED ANALYSIS OF EXPERIMENTAL DATA FROM THE  10-TON RETORT AT THE LARAMIE ENERGY RESEARCH CENTER ( 4 Reports)

On February 7 and 8, 1978, conferences were held in Laramie between staff members of LERC and JAYCOR regarding the computer program SORDA, which was written to facilitate the analysis and publication of experimental data from the 10-ton retort at LERC's North Site. The discussions suggested some improvements in the submodels of SORDA. THIs addendum reports change to the submodels designed to go incorporate these improvements and to represent more realistically the physical behavior of oil shale retorts.

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OIL SHALE AS A SOURCE OF LIQUID FUEL

Congressman Randolph. Mr. Downing and Secretary Straus have both told the committee of the tremendous depletion of our fuel oil during the prosecution of this war, and Mr. Downing particularly has spoken of the necessity for doing something now. I would simply like to reinforce what these two witnesses have said, applying to just one phase of the war. In a raid of allied planes from bases in Great Britain over the occupied countries and Germany itself, we are using 4,000,000 gallons of crude oil of course, that being transferred into high octane gasoline of a million gallons. Thos raids are averaging between 5 and 10 a month, therefore we are actually using 20,000,000 to 40,000,000 of gallons of crude oil each month in just that one phase of the theater of war. What the witnesses say is correct.

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INTRINSIC KINETICS OF OXIDATION OF RESIDUAL ORGANIC CARBON IN RAPIDLY PYROLYZED OIL SHALE

The intrinsic kinetics of reaction of oxygen with carbonaceous residue in rapidly pyrolyzed Colorado oil shale were determined by a series of isothermal fluidized-bed experiments in the temperature range of 384 to 474supO/C. The char was produced from 100L/Mg (24 gal/ton) oil shale by rapid heating to 530supO/C and isothermal pyrolysis for 5 min. The oxidation rate, determined by mass spectrometer measurements of evolved CO and COsub2, has second-order dependence on the unreacted char.

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