AndreaBozzo/ceres-open-data-index huggingface dataset:
Interpretation of Deep Complex Structure in a Limited-Quality 3-D Seismic Image

A study funded by the U.S. Department of Energy, the Gas Research Institute, Mobil Exploration and Producing U.S., and Altura Energy was done to determine geologic controls on deep, prolific Ellenburger gas reservoirs at Lockridge, Waha, West Waha, and Worsham-Bayer fields in Pecos, Reeves, and Ward Counties in West Texas. A major component of the data base amassed for the study was a 176-mi2 3-D seismic survey extending across these fields. Ellenburger (Ordovician) reservoirs occurred at depths of 17,000 to 21,000 ft (5200 to 6400 m) over most of the study area. The eastern half of the 3-D seismic survey was covered with a thick (500 to 2000 ft [150 to 600 m]) variable layer of low-velocity Tertiary fill underlain by a varying thickness of high-velocity salt/ anhydrite. These near-surface conditions attenuated seismic reflection signals from deep targets and made static corrections of the data difficult. The 3-D seismic data acquired in this study are thought to be some of the best quality data produced over these fields, yet the 3-D image of the deep pre-Pennsylvanian targets was of limited quality because of the combined effects of complex, attenuating, near-surface layers and weak reflection signals from deep seismic targets. The principal interpretation objective was to construct the complicated tectonic structure related to these fields to determine genetic relationships between faults and deep gas production. The challenge was to construct this structural picture from a 3-D seismic image that did not provide a clear, unambiguous picture of the fault systems. Petrophysical analyses of logs from wells drilled at key structural locations were invaluable in interpreting fault geometry by identifying overturned beds and repeated sections. Once 3-D seismic horizon and fault interpretations were done across the complete 176-mi2 area, depth maps of key pre-Pennsylvanian horizons were made, and vertical depth sections were constructed across critical structural areas. The seismic interpreted structures were then restored to pre-deformation conditions to verify that the pre- and post-deformation lengths of these key horizons were consistent, and thereby determined if the seismic fault interpretations were structurally valid. These methods of integrating petrophysical analyses and section reconstructions into the interpretation of 3-D seismic data should be helpful to others who are confronted with the challenge of constructing complex structural models from limited-quality 3-D seismic images.

Tags: kmd
Figure 6

Shear-wave velocity anisotropy. (a) Shear wave with a single polarization (plane of motion perpendicular to ray path) is split by fractured medium into two waves, one parallel to cracks (fast) and one perpendicular (slow). Emerging shear wave therefore contains two arrivals; fractional difference in arrival times (velocity anisotropy) is approximately equal to crack density. (b) Map view of laterally propagating shear waves in vertically cracked rocks, showing mathematical separation into fast (fracture-parallel) and slow (fracture-perpendicular) directions.

Tags: kmd
Tertiary Oil Recovery By Co2 Injection

The reservoir was repressured to approximately 1000 psi with water prior to CO injection. The plant was completed and injection began on June 2, 1976. The CO slug was injected in several stages, alternating with water periodically for mobility control and better sweep efficiency. With interruption for the worst winter weather in the area's history, CO2 injection was completed on June 14, 1977, with a total injection of approximately 9878 tons.

Tags: kmd
GEOLOGIC AND ENGINEERING CHARECTERIZATION OF GERALDINE FORD FIELD, REEVES AND CULBERSON COUNTIES, TEXAS

The objective of this Class III project is to demonstrate that detailed reservoir characterization of clastic reservoirs in basinal sandstones of the Delaware Mountain Group in the Delaware Basin of West Texas and New Mexico is a cost effective way to recover more of the original oil in place by strategic infill-well placement and geologically based field development.

Tags: kmd
GEOLOGIC AND ENGINEERING CHARECTERIZATION OF GERALDINE FORD FIELD, REEVES AND CULBERSON COUNTIES TEXAS

The objective of this Class III project is to demonstrate that detailed reservoir characterization of clastic reservoirs in basinal sandstones of the Delaware Mountain Group in the Delaware Basin of West Texas and New Mexico is a cost-effective way to recover more of the original oil in place by strategic infill-well placement and geologically based field development. The study focused on Geraldine Ford field, which produces from the upper Bell Canyon Formation (Ramsey sandstone). Geraldine Ford field is located in Reeves and Culberson Counties, Texas. The field was unitized in 1968 and is operated by Conoco, Inc., as the Ford Geraldine unit; it contains an estimated 99 million barrels (MMbbl) of original oil in place.

Tags: kmd
DOE-SPONSORED WORKSHOP ON ALTERNATIVE GAS STORAGE TECHNOLOGIES

The LRC technology provides an alternative to salt for many regions in the United States, including the Northeast. The gas storage chamber is constructed by first excavating a vertical cylinder in the relatively shallow subsurface. A steel liner is then placed in the excavated cylinder while a special concrete structure is installed between the liner and the excavated rock surface. The LRC concept has been developed in Scandinavia. A field experimental and demonstration site in Sweden was utilized to help develop the concept. Currently, a demonstration facility is being constructed in southern Sweden. The DOE-sponsored LRC project addressed the current state-of-the-art in the LRC concept, market data for conventional alternative storage in the Northeast, identification and selection of two generic geologic sites, conceptual design for the LRC, cost estimate, economic comparison of LRC to alternatives, and environmental impact and permitting issues.

Tags: kmd
Verde-Gallup Pool, San Juan County, New Mexico

The Verde-Gallup pool is producing oil from fractures within the final regressive phase of the Lower Gallup sandstone and shale interval. The fracture system is intimately related to the structural Hogback monocline, and results from the response of incompetent beds to the relatively abrupt compressional flexing which occurred along this monocline. The regressive nature of the productive zones may exert some stratigraphic influence on the field. The limits of the field are presently undefined. Production data are too inconclusive to indicate the capacity and longevity of the field, however, the field as a whole compares favorable to the very old and prolific Florence-Canon City Field of southeastern Colorado.

Tags: kmd
Appendix 14 Baker Hughes/Inteq Well Recap Report, Sidewinder #1-H

Recommendations: - Make more efficient use of sweeps . - Increase sweep volume . -Run sweeps more often. - Lightly Mud-up after drilling cement. -Actions: - Recommended sweeping hole once per tour with 200 bbls of 100  viscosity. This action aided hole cleaning and allowed the water drilling to be extended which in turn aided ROP. - Mud-up point was dictated by hole conditions. No light mud-up after drilling cement was warranted .

Tags: kmd
DOE-SPONSORED WORKSHOP ON ALTERNATIVE GAS STORAGE TECHNOLOGIES

The geologic conditions in many regions of the United States will not permit the development of economical high-deliverability gas storage in salt caverns. These regions include the entire Eastern Seaboard; several northern states, notably Minnesota and Wisconsin; many of the Rocky Mountain States; and most of the Pacific Northwest. In late 1997, the United States Department of Energy (USDOE) Federal Energy Technology Center engaged Sofregaz US to investigate the commercialization potential of natural gas storage in Lined Rock Caverns (LRC). Sofregaz US teamed with Gaz de France and Sydkraft, who had formed a consortium, called LRC, to perform the study for the USDOE.

Tags: kmd
Increased Oil Production in Paradox Basin  Small Fields-The Utah Geological Survey Class 2 Project

As a major goal to counter the trend of increasing well abandonment, the Department of Energy's Oil Program supports the application of available and developing technologies that can extend the economic life of operating oil fields.  In this project, the Utah Geologic Survey and its partners are demonstrating the use of improved reservoir analysis and management, horizontal drilling and carbon dioxide flooding to reduce operating costs and increase production in small, marginally producing Paradox Basin oil fields.

Tags: kmd
Increasing Oil Production in Paradox Basin Small Fields - The Utah Geological Survey Class 2 Project

More than 200 million barrels of oil are to risk of premature abandonment in shallow shelf carbonate reservoirs in Utah's Paradox Basin. Although major oil companies have recovered 150 million barrels of oil from one large Paradox field using secondary and tertiary oil recovery techniques, these technologies have not been initiated in the nearby smaller, independent-owned fields producing from the same formation.

Tags: kmd
Appendix 17 Scanning Electron Microscopy Report, Sidewinder #1-H Well, Union Pacific Resources

Low and high magnification photomicrographs were taken. The purpose of this analysis is to illustrate and compare porosity, days, cements and sample texture. In all Sample depths there is a large amount of mixed-layer day (iIIile). Data from the XRO analysis indicated that there is illite mixed with smectite and trace amounts of chlorile. I did observe trace amounts of Iron chlorilte. Porosity is due 10 grain dissolution, which makes; for no interconnection and poor permeability. The iIIite/smectite has good micro-porosity, but still poor permeability. Quartz overgrowths noted throughout samples.

Tags: kmd
DOE-SPONSORED WORKSHOP ON ALTERNATIVE GAS STORAGE TECHNOLOGIES

The United States Department of Energy (DOE), National Energy Technology Laboratory, sponsored four projects relating to Alternative Storage Technologies for Natural Gas Storage. DOE will host a workshop from 8:30 a.m. to 4:30 p.m. on February 17, 2000, in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, to present two of the technologies to industry ? (1) Commercial Potential of Natural Gas Storage in Lined Rock Caverns (LRC) and (2) Advanced Design Criteria to Improve the Working Gas Capacity of Natural Gas Storage Caverns in Salt Deposits. Sofregaz US, with SydKraft and Gaz de France as major subcontractors, performed the LRC project, and RESPEC performed the salt cavern project. Both projects are described briefly below.

Tags: kmd
The U.S. Atlantic Continental Margin; the Best-Known Gas Hydrate Locality

One of the few attempts to date to map gas hydrate over a large area has been made on the Atlantic continental margin of the United States. This work has resulted in the production of an extensive data base of seismic reflection lines including both single and multichannel lines, and complete GLORIA sidescan sonar coverage. This work was part of the assessment of the U.S. EEZ and was carried out by the U.S. Geological Survey.

Tags: kmd
MERCURY STABILIZATION IN CHEMICALLY BONDED PHOSPHATE CERAMICS*

Mercury stabilization and solidification is a significant challenge for conventional stabilization technologies. This is because of the stringent regulatory limits on leaching of its stabilized products. In a conventional cement stabilization process, Hg is converted at high pH to its hydroxide, which is not a very insoluble compound; hence the preferred route for Hg sulfidation to convert it into insoluble cinnabar (HgS). Unfortunately, efficient formation of this compound is pH-dependent. At a high pH, one obtains a more soluble Hg sulfate, in a very low pH range, insufficient immobilization occurs because of the escape of hydrogen sulfide, while efficient formation of HgS occurs only in a moderately acidic region. Thus, the pH range of 4 to 8 is where stabilization with Chemically Bonded Phosphate Ceramics (CBPC) is carried out.

Tags: kmd
Enhancing the Effectiveness of Carbon Dioxide Flooding by Managing Asphaltene Precipitation

The project has three main objectives: 1. To determine conditions at which carbon dioxide induced precipitation occurs and to develop a thermodynamic model for the precipitation process. 2. To evaluate if kinetics of precipitation is important and to examine if precipitation can be inhibited. 3. To establish compositional variations occurring during a carbon dioxide flood and to determine if these lead to precipitation.

Tags: kmd
Outcrop Gamma-ray Analysis of the Cretaceous Mesaverde Group: Jicarilla Apache Indian Reservation, New Mexico

This study, designed to accompany the 1999 report, Outcrop Analysis of the Cretaceous Mesaverde Group: Jicarilla Apache Reservation, New Mexico, presents the results of an outcrop gamma-ray survey of six selected measured sections included in the original report. The primary objective of this second study is to provide a baseline to correlate from the outcrop and reservoir model into Mesaverde strata in the San Juan Basin subsurface. Outcrop logs were generated using a GAD-6 gamma-ray spectrometer that simultaneously recorded total counts, potassium, uranium, and thorium data. Taken together, the sections selected for outcrop gamma-ray analysis display the full lateral and vertical range of sequence stratigraphic and reservoir relationships seen in the field study. Facies represented include vertically stacked marine shore face parasequences (Point Lookout Sandstone), a variety of near shore estuarine and fluvial strata (Point Lookout Sandstone and Menefee Formation), and shelf sandstone (Cliff House Sandstone). These units reflect deposition within the highstand and lowstand/transgressive systems tracts of two major depositional sequences near the seaward Mesaverde Group pinchout. A roughly west-north outcrop log profile patterns. South of this line, complete coarsening-upward shoreface log signatures may be expected. Reservoir geometry will be most influenced by shore-parallel (shoreface) stratigraphic elements. North of this line, incomplete, or truncated, shoreface log signatures signal the presence of one or more sequence boundaries within the section. Reservoir elements will include both shore-parallel trends (shoreface) and complex shore-perpendicular trends (incised valleys).

Tags: kmd
Sequence Stratigraphic Analysis and Facies Architecture of the Cretaceous Mancos Shale on and Near the Jicarilla Apache Indian Reservation, New Mexico- their relation to Sites of Oil Accumulation

The purpose of phase 1 and phase 2 of the Department of Energy funded project Analysis of oil- bearing Cretaceous Sandstone Hydrocarbon Reservoirs, exclusive of the Dakota Sandstone, on the Jicarilla Apache Indian Reservation, New Mexico was to define the facies of the oil producing units within the Mancos Shale and interpret the depositional environments of these facies within a sequence stratigraphic context. As currently defined, there are two principal intervals of oil production within the Mancos Shale. The bulk of the oil production comes from sandy facies in the lower part of the Mancos in what is termed by drillers as the ?Gallup sandstone? or El Vado Sandstone; lesser production is from fractured shale. The focus of this report will center on 1) redefinition of the areal and vertical extent of the ?Gallup sandstone? or El Vado Sandstone Member of the Mancos Shale (Fassett and Jentgen, 1978), 2) determination of the facies distribution within the ?Gallup sandstone? and other oil-producing sandstones within the lower Mancos, placing these facies within the overall depositional history of the San Juan Basin, 3) application of the principals of sequence stratigraphy to the depositional units that comprise the Mancos Shale, and 4) evaluation of the structural features on the Reservation as they may control sites of oil accumulation. Discussion of the above is found in the text below and in a series of five cross sections (plates 1-5), one structure map (plate 6), and one appendix. The appendix includes a set of logged cores through various intervals in the Mancos and photographs of the core.

Tags: kmd
Multi-Phase Fluid Simulator for Underbalanced Drilling

The domestic drilling industry needs to reduce petroleum drilling costs and improve well productivity. Reducing the bottom-hole-pressure during drilling, increases penetration rates and induces positive flow that protects productive zones from infiltration of cuttings and fluids. Underbalanced drilling reduces the pressure on the drilled formations using low density drilling fluids such as air, mists, foams, or aerated drilling muds. Use of these fluids can increase drilling rate by 50 to 100%. Oil and gas producing rates are routinely increased by 25% to 50% when drill fluid invasion is reduced. Underbalanced drilling is particularly useful for drilling infill wells through depleted zones and for wells with long horizontal sections. Industry has developed simulation codes that are projecting wellbore pressures with increasing accuracy and are attempting to model cuttings transport in compressible drilling fluids and non vertical bores. The DEA 101 MudLite simulator is advancing a PC windows based, steady state simulator and a 3-D simulator is available from Roglands Research in Norway that can perform transient analysis. Neither program simulates downhole motor performance. The Petroleum Engineering Department at the University of Tulsa (UT) has developed a mathematical model of PDM performance for incompressible fluids and is developing a model of PDM performance for compressible fluids. They need performance data for PDM operation with compressible fluids to evaluate and verify their models. Work to be Performed: Simulate multi-phase compressible fluid flow in a coiled-tubing drilling system with emphasis on both rotary and percussive hydraulic/pneumatic power conversion, fluid dynamics in horizontal annuli and in on-reel coiled-tubing, and well design and drilling system optimization. Address specific industry concerns related to the successful application of compressible fluids to coiled tubing, directional, slimhole, and microhole drilling including: motor or hammer performance, cuttings transport, separation and surging of fluids in reeled tubing, and bottom-hole-assembly resonance and vibration in low density, compressible drilling fluids.

Tags: kmd
Formation of Natural Gas Hydrates in Marine Sediments    Conceptual Model of Gas Hydrate Growth and Stability Conditioned by Host Sediment Properties

The stability of submarine gas hydrates is largely dictated by pressure and temperature, gas composition, and pore water salinity.  However, the physical properties and surface chemistry of deep marine sediments may also affects the thermodynamic state, growth kinetics, spatial distributions and growth forms of clathrates.

Tags: kmd
Application of Reservoir Characterization and Advanced Technology to Improve Recovery and Economics in a Lower Quality Shallow Shelf San Andres Reservoir

During this quarter variograms built from the porosity and permeability profiles between wells created by integrating core, log and crosswell seismic data were used to generate a spatial distribution of the reservoir's petrophysical properties. This allowed the construction of a 3-D reservoir model. CO2 injection was increased significantly with the addition of three injectors.

Tags: kmd
Optical Fiber Sensor Technologies for Efficient and Economical Oil Recovery

Efficient and complete recovery of petroleum reserves from existing oil wells has proven difficult due to a lack of robust instrumentation that can monitor processes in the downhole environment. Commercially available sensors for measurement of pressure, temperature, and fluid flow exhibit shortened lifetimes in the harsh downhole conditions, which are characterized by high pressures (up to 20 kpsi), temperatures up to 250?C, and exposure to chemically reactive fluids. Development of robust sensors that deliver continuous, real-time data on reservoir performance and petroleum flow pathways will facilitate application of advanced recovery technologies, including horizontal and multi-lateral wells. The main objective of the research program is to develop cost-effective, reliable fiber sensor instrumentation for real-time monitoring and /or control of various key parameters crucial to efficient and economical oil production. This report presents the detailed research work and technical progress from October 1, 1998 to September 30, 1999. The research performed over the first year of the program has followed the schedule as proposed, and solid research progress has been made in specification of the technical requirements, design and fabrication of the SCIIB sensor probes, development of the sensor systems, development of DSP-based signal processing techniques, and construction of the test systems. These technical achievements will significantly help to advance continued research on sensor tests and evaluation during the second year of the program.

Tags: kmd
COMMERCIAL POTENTIAL OF NATURAL GAS STORAGE IN LINED ROCK CAVERNS (LRC)

The geologic conditions in many regions of the United States will not permit the development of economical high-deliverability gas storage in salt caverns. These regions include the entire Eastern Seaboard; several northern states, notably Minnesota and Wisconsin; many of the Rocky Mountain States; and most of the Pacific Northwest. In late 1997, the United States Department of Energy (USDOE) Federal Energy Technology Center engaged Sofregaz US to investigate the commercialization potential of natural gas storage in Lined Rock Caverns (LRC). Sofregaz US teamed with Gaz de France and Sydkraft, who had formed a consortium, called LRC, to perform the study for the USDOE.

Tags: kmd
WEST HACKBERRY TERTIARY PROJECT

The West Hackberry Tertiary Project is a field test of the concept that air injection can be combined with the Double Displacement Process to produce a tertiary recovery process that is both low cost and economic at current oil prices. The Double Displacement Process is the gas displacement of a water invaded oil column for the purpose of recovering tertiary oil by gravity drainage. In reservoirs with pronounced bed dip such as those found in West Hackberry and other Gulf Coast salt dome fields, reservoir performance has shown that gravity drainage recoveries average 80% to 90% of the original oil in place while waterdrive recoveries average 50% to 60% of the original oil in place. The target for tertiary oil recovery in the Double Displacement Process is the incremental oil between the 50% to 60% waterdrive recoveries and the 80% to 90% gravity drainage recoveries.

Tags: kmd
People& Progress

From the producer in the boardroom to the student in the classroom to the roughneck on the drilling rig, the Oklahoma oil and natural gas industry relies on people to keep it running. And in 1999, that challenge was met by thousands of Oklahomans, during what proved to be a very difficult year for our entire industry. This is the OERB's story for 1999, and a salute to the people who strengthened the industry by supporting the educational and environmental efforts of the Oklahoma Energy Resources Board. Together we proved that advancing the interests of our industry is all in a year's work.

Tags: kmd