AndreaBozzo/ceres-open-data-index huggingface dataset:
OIL SHALE TRACT C-B--SOCIO-ECONOMIC ASSESSMENT (VOLUME 1 - BASELINE DESCRIPTION)

This report deals primarily with socio-economic impacts that will accompany construction, mining and processing of oil shale on Federal Lease Tract C-b in the Piceance Creek Basin. The report consists of two volumes, namely a baseline Description and an Impact Analysis. It represents another point in the process involving industry, local, regional, state and federal efforts to describe, assess, monitor, and manage growth associated with large scale development of oil shale.

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OIL SHALE TRACT C-B -- SOCIO-ECONOMIC ASSESSMENT (VOLUME 11 - IMPACT ANALYSIS)

This report presents projections of socio-economic impacts related to development of Federal lease Tract C-b. The report adds to other efforts at the local, regional, state and federal levels. The information presented deals with impacts occurring primarily from the C-b project, although regional development issues are addressed in the final chapter. The information in this document reflects conditions in Garfield, Mesa and Rio Blanco Counties for the period 1975 to 1976.

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OIL SHALE TRACT C-B -- SUPPLEMENTAL MATERIAL TO THE DETAILED DEVELOPMNET PLAN MODIFICATIONS

Letters, plans, and other supplementary material contained in this volume were submitted by the lessees of Tract C-b to satisfy information needs and/or to address issues identified by the Mining Supervisor during the technical review of the C-b DDP, and in response to public, private, and Oil Shale Environmental Advisory Panel comments thereto. Each section is proceeded by a brief explanation of included material and the portions of the DDP that the material pertains to. When combined with the original DDP, submitted in February 1976, and the Modifications to the DDP, submitted in February 1977, the following supplementary material becomes part of the plan for which approval is requested by the lessee as illustrated in the content of the Detailed Development Plan for Oil Shale Tract C-b, section 1.

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OPTICAL ACTIVITY OF SHALE OIL, AN IMPORTANT PHYSICAL PROPERTY

Optical activity is observed in oil derived from either the bitumen portion or the kerogen portion of the shale. For Green River shale, the two contribute about equally to the observed activity of the oil derived from the shale. A large percentage of the observed activity results from the presence of chiral alkanes in the shale oil. These include diterpanes, triterpanes and beta-carotane. Since the chemical processes which these substances will undergo cannot be substantially different from those undergone by nonchiral alkanes, optical activity measurement can be used as a method for following the mechanisms and the kinetics of the retorting process.

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COMPOSITION OF SHALE OIL

Shale oil is formed by the pyrolysis of the organic material in oil shale. It resembles petroleum in that it is composed of hydrocarbons, and sulfur, nitrogen, and oxygen derivatives of hydrocarbons. However, the non-hydrocarbon content is much greater than in petroleum, and the hydrocarbons are less saturated than those of petroleum, resembling, as would be expected, the products of thermal cracking of petroleum.

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HYDROGASIFICATION OF IN SITU SHALE OIL

The purpose of this research was to determine the quantity and the quality of synthetic gas produced from in situ shale oil. The oil was subjected to cracking temperatures and pressures and passed through a cobalt-molybdate-on-alumina catalyst under a hydrogen atmosphere. All tests were made with a liquid hourly space velocity of 1.02 volumes of oil per volume of catalyst per hour. Operating temperatures ranged from 800 to 1,300F at pressures of 500, 1,000, and 1,500 psig. A gas with the highest methane content was produced at the highest temperature and pressure tested.

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METHOD OF DETERMINING THE POUR POINT OF SMALL SAMPLES OF SHALE OIL

Under problem Pet. 420, analysis and characteristics of oil shales and their constituents, a method was required for determining the pour points of small samples of shale oil obtained from assays by the Modified Fischer Retort. The amount of shale oil obtained in these assays is frequently of the order of 2 to 10 ml., while approximately 40 ml. of oil are required for the determination of a pour point by the standard A.S.T.M. test. Using A.S.T.M. test D97-39 as a guide, a method was developed for determining the pour points of 2.5 to 10 ml. samples of shale oil.

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EFFECTS OF PARTICLE SIZE ON RETORTING OIL SHALE IN A CONTROLLED-STATE RETORT

Experiments were conducted in a controlled-state retort at the Laramie Energy Research Center to determine the effect of oil shale particle size on the boiling range distribution of shale oil and unretorted bitumen. This study also provided insight about the movement of shale oil over unretorted oil shale. Oil shale, in the particle size ranges 3/64 to 3/8 inches, 1/8 to 1/2 inches and 3/8 to 3/4 inches, was retorted in interrupted and completed experiments. All experiments were conducted with nitrogen as the carrier gas to avoid combustion. Data included the amounts of shale oil and unretorted bitumen recovered, boiling range distribution of the shale oils and bitumens, analyses of the shales, and effluent gas compositions. Analysis of the data showed that the smallest oil shale particles 1) retained more shale oil on their surface, 2) allowed shale oil to emerge from the oil shale at a lower temperature, 3) yielded a lower boiling crude shale oil, and 4) retained more carbon residue on the retorted shale.

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13C NMR STUDIES OF COALS AND OIL SHALES

The standard C-13 NMR techniques, including pulse Fourier transform (FT) approaches have not been generally useful for solid sample because of 1) the excessive line broadening due to dipole-dipole interactions between C-13 and H magnetic dipoles, 2) chemical shift anisotropies, and 3) long C-13 spin-lattice relaxation times. All of these problems are eliminated in liquids by the normal tumbling motions occurring randomly in the liquid state.

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RETORTING OIL SHALE AT HIGH TEMPERATURES.  1. VERTICAL TUBE RETORT

Many retorts have been developed for producing a shale oil from which gasoline and other liquid fuels can be derived. These are operated in such a way that the oil is not subjected to a high temperature after it has been formed and released from the shale, thereby avoiding excessive cracking with consequent low liquid yields. In the best of these retorts, quantities of oil and gas almost equivalent to the yields obtained from the same shale by the Fischer assay method of analysis are produced. For example, when Green River shale is processed, about 66 weight percent of the organic matter is converted to oil, 12 percent to gas, and 22 percent to n-carbonaceous residue which remains on the spent shale. Quality of oil varies with retorting conditions, but generally high specific gravity, high pour point, and high sulfur and nitrogen content are characteristic.

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RETORTING OIL SHALE AT HIGH TEMPERATURES.  4. INCLINED SURFACE RETORT

Use of the inclined-surface retort as a means of producing aromatics is the last in a series of four methods investigated for high-temperature retorting of oil shale. The first three methods have been described in Intra-Bureau reports OSRD 48, 49, and 50, issued by the Laramie Station. The purpose of these investigations, as well as a cost estimate of a commercial-size plant based on the inclined surface retort has been presented in Intra-bureau report OSRD 46.

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UPPER DEVONIAN BLACK SHALES OF THE EASTERN UNITED STATES:  ORGANIC GEOCHEMICAL STUDIES -- PAST AND PRESENT

Upper Devonian black shales of the eastern United States have long been known as major gas producing shales. Our solid state C-14 NMR studies of the kerogen in shales of the Lower Huron Member of the Ohio Shale have demonstrated a regional gradient in carbon aromaticity that parallels both the known metamorphic gradient and trends normal to inferred paleoshorelines. The kerogen is essentially coal-like throughout most of the basin with aromaticities of 0.5C or greater. Large changes in carbon aromaticities are observed along an east-west line in our study area, the western half of the basin where maturation levels are low. We believe that the eastward increase in aromaticity is related to increased contributions of vascular plant remains as one approaches paleoshorelines. It is likely that a large proportion of the natural gas in these shales evolves fro low-rank maturation of the coaly kerogen.

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PHYSICAL AND ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES OF OIL SHALE

The dielectric, chemical, and physical parameters of Western oil shale from three sites were measured to assist in the design of an in situ RF dielectric heating fuel recovery process. The dielectric parameter measurements were made under simulated in situ conditions. These shoed that while the parameters vary with site and grade, the dielectric absorption decrease rapidly as the temperature rises above 220C and drops to a more or less constant plateau up to about 450C. The dielectric breakdown occurs at 420C for RF heating rates of 63W/kg or greater. Measurements of thermogravimetric analysis, differential thermal analysis, specific heat, thermal conductivity, and induced permeability were also made. The pronounced drop in dielectric absorption was correlated with the decomposition of an oil shale component and the evolution of bound water. Above 220C the dielectric absorption is caused by the mineral constituents, since the dielectric parameters did not vary with production of oil and gas. Under simulated overburden conditions, induced permeabilities of 500 millidarcies at 50 psi overburden pressures were observed with gas flow perpendicular to the bedding planes.

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IN SITU OIL SHALE RETORTING TECHNOLOGY

Because in situ retorting may be applicable to a large part of the oil shale found in the US and because it may have economic and environmental advantages over other methods of processing, it has been investigated by government and industry. The extent of the investigations has been somewhat limited, but the modified in situ method which requires some mining shows technical promise. Research areas concerned with breaking the shale to produce permeability and surface area, concerned with measuring the breakage, and concerned with determining retorting parameters and environmental effects require additional effort to develop in situ oil shale retorting technology.

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BUREAU OF MINES RESEARCH ON THE PRODUCTION OF LIQUID FUELS FROM OIL SHALE

This paper deals primarily with oil shale, but mentions the work on the production of liquid fuels from other solid substances being conducted under the act of April 5, 1944, at Pittsburgh and Bruceton, Pa., Morgantown, WV., Louisiana, Mo., Peoria, Ill., and other places.

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ANALYSIS OF SELECTED RETORTING DATA FROM PREVIOUS RUNS IN BOTH 10-TON AND 150-TON RETORTS; RECOMMENDATIONS FOR FUTURE OIL SHALE RETORTING EXPERIMENTS

The 10 ton and 150 ton retorts were constructed at the Laramie Energy Technology Center in 1965 and 1969, respectively to simulate the modified in situ oil shale retort. A continuous operation of one or both of these retorts has generated a considerable amount of retorting experimental data. However, no significant effort has been made to identify fundamental parameters controlling the oil yield and retorting rate. Arnold Harak and Leroy Dockter have selected twelve retorting experiments, six with each retort, to show some retorting characteristic comparison between two retorts and tried to develop scale up factors that could be applied to in situ retorting situations. It was indicated in the report that the 10 ton and the 150 ton retorts have somewhat different retorting characteristics.

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TRACE ELEMENT RELEASE AND TRANSPORT ASSOCIATED WITH SHALE OIL PROCUCTION

A review of recent progress of an interdisciplinary, tri-university research program is given. This program involves faculty from the University of Colorado, the Colorado School of Mines, and Colorado State University. The objective of the program is to determine if shale oil production will lead to the emission of significant amounts of toxic trace elements such as B, F, Mo, As, and Se into the environment. The results of the third year of the study are presented.

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3-D NON-LINEAR CHARACTERIZATION OF UTAH OIL SHALE

Mechanical testing of oil shale from Utah's parachute Creek Member provides data to evaluate the 3-D non-linear coefficients of the stiffness matrix. Experimental and sampling techniques, which are generally applicable to non-linear transversely isotropic materials are discussed in detail. Comparisons are made against oil shales from Wyoming and Colorado.

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ASSESSMENT OF GROUNDWATER POLLUTION AS A CONSEQUENCE OF UNDERGROUND COAL GASIFICATION SAN JUAN BASIN, NEW MEXICO SECOND ANNUAL REPORT

The subbituminous coal of the San Juan Basin of northwestern New Mexico is one of the largest and most accessible coal deposits of the Southwest. The total amount of subbituminous coal in the basin has been estimated to be about 5,000 quads of which 250 quads lie within the limits of strip mining, that is, within 250 feet of the surface. The remainder, some 4,750 quads, are the deep deposits which well probably only be tapped by some version of the technique of underground coal conversion. The most nearly viable underground conversion method at the present time is underground coal gasification which has been explored in a number of countries, notably Russia and England, for a number of years, and has been tested in this country at Hanna, Wyoming. The basic technology is available at this time, through a number of difficult engineering problems remain. There also remains one very serious technical question, the answer to which is likely to determine whether this potential energy source is converted or not: what is the environmental impact?

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REPORT ON ENVIRONMENTAL SAMPLING AT THE IN SITU OIL SHALE EXPERIMENTAL AREA NEAR ROCK SPRINGS, WYOMING

Samples of groundwater and soil from the Rock Springs, Wyoming in situ oil shale experimental area were taken and analyzed by the Western Research Institute for the U. S. Department of Energy in March, 1988 to determine if environmental concerns exist that are related to past in situ oil shale retort activities. Well sampling was conducted in the order specified by a represented of the Wyoming Department of Environmental Quality, and WDEQ obtained duplicate groundwater samples from five wells for chemical analyses. All groundwater samples were taken fro the Tipton Shale member of the Green River formation. The upper portion of the Tipton Shale member was retorted during in situ experiments.

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UNDERGROUND GASIFICATION FOR STEEPLY DIPPNG COAL BEDS

This report describes activities that were performed under the underground coal conversion program of the Department of Energy. The goal of this program is to develop a technical understanding of underground coal gasification processes and those factors affecting the process technology. In 1977, a major contract entitled "Underground Gasification for Steeply Dipping Coal Beds," DOE Contract No. DE-AC20-77ET13108, was awarded to Gulf Research and Development Company, herein referred to as "GR&DC" or "Gulf." This contract represented a Government/industry cooperative project to address the technology of gasification in steeply dipping beds. Work under this project was performed by GR&DC with TRW. Inc., as a major subcontractor and several other subcontractors. As the lead DOE center, the Laramie Projects Office of the Morgantown Energy Technology Center managed the contract and coordinated the DOE portion of the project.

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PHASE I WHITE RIVER SHALE PROJECT HEALTH AND SAFETY MONITORING PROGRAM OUTLINE

Section 131 of the Energy Security Act requires that any organization seeking financial support from the U. S. Synthetic Fuels Corporation must prepare an Environmental Monitoring Plan. According to SFC guidelines, such a plan should include a substantive outline and description of health and Safety Monitoring that would address the worker environment relative to such processes as oil shale mining, shale processing, shale oil upgrading, and, finally, the disposal of processed shale and wastewater.

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PHASE I WHITE RIVER SHALE PROJECT SOURCE MONITORING PLAN OUTLINE

Section 131e of the Energy Security Act requires that any organization seeking financial support from the U. S. Synthetic Fuels Corporation must prepare an Environmental Monitoring Plan. According to SFC guidelines, such a plan should include a substantive outline and description of a Source Monitoring Plant that addresses pollutants of concern from oil shale mining, shale processing, shale oil upgrading, and the disposal of processed shale.

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PHASE I WHITE RIVER SHALE PROJECT AMBIENT MONITORING PROGRAM

The White River Shale Oil Corporation is planning for the joint development of Federal Prototype Oil Shale Lease Tracts Ua and Ub in Uintah County, Utah. This development will be significant in scope, as described in the Detailed Development Plan approved on March 2, 1982, and will have the potential to modify, in substantial manner, the physical and biological environment on and near the tracts. Thus, it is necessary to develop and implement a detailed environmental monitoring program which will track the impacts of project development, evaluate the success of our planned mitigation measures, and provide feedback to design and operations to minimize any identified or irreversible effects.

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WATER QUALITY IN THE OIL SHALE REGIONS OF COLORADO PICEANCE BASIN, RIO BLANCO, AND GARFIELD COUNTIES, COLORADO

This report presents a study on water quality and toxicology of the Piceance basin. This is based upon a field reconnaissance of the area and a review of literature and information available from federal, state, and local agencies. Furthermore, this report contains the principal investigator's conclusion ad recommendations regarding conditions, trends, and potential vulnerability of the ecosystem to changes in water quality and levels of toxic materials in the study area.

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SOIL SURVEY INCLUDING SOIL ANALYSIS AND MAPS, NEAR ROCK SPRINGS, WYOMING

Woodward-Clyde Consultants conducted an Order 1 soil Survey on Section 15, Township 18 N, Range 106 W, approximately 7 miles west of Rock Springs, Wyoming during August 1978 for the U. S. Geological Survey and the U. S. Department of Energy. The purpose of the oil survey was to delineate, describe and sample different soil types within the study area so that the potential interactions between soils and the oils and waste waters produced from in situ oil shale retorting sites can be assessed and assess the suitability of the soils delineated in the area to be affected by in situ oil shale retorting for topsoil to be used in reclamation.

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PROGRESS REPORT ENVIRONMENTAL PROGRAMS, WHITE RIVER SHALE PROJECT FEDERAL PROTOTYPE OIL SHALE TRACTS UA AND UB

The purpose of this report, "1983 Progress Report Environmental Program White River Shale Project," is to present the results of ambient environmental monitoring and reclamation research activities associated with the development of Federal Prototype Oil Shale Lease Tracts Ua and Ub located in northeastern Utah. With the exception of the water resources section, this report covers monitoring studies conducted during calendar year 1983. The water resources section is based upon the 1983 water year.

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HAZARD WASTE MANAGEMENT PLAN FOR LARAMIE ENERGY TECHNOLOGY CENTER NORTH SITE AND TECHNOLOGY CENTER

The purpose of this Hazardous Waste management Plan is to document operational standards and procedures for the Laramie Energy Technology Center as a generator of hazardous wastes and to establish management and implementation procedures for the LETC North Site for the interim storage of the hazardous wastes generated by the LETC Technology Center. The plan reflects the deep concern of LETC management and individuals for the safety and protection of employees, the public, and government and private property.

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SOCIO-ECONOMIC STUDIES

Interest in the development of the oil shale reserves of northwestern Colorado has resulted in Garfield County becoming an area of environmental study. Before private industry can begin to extract and process oil shale it must provide baseline environmental information about the areas to be affected by development. Because the town of Grand Valley is located near one of the richest oil shale deposits in the United States, it will certainly be affected by large scale industrial development. The objectives of this study were to provide baseline environmental information on soils, vegetation and wildlife in the vicinity of Grand Valley. Two other reports are currently being prepared by this research team which are useful adjuncts to this study. One is an ecological inventory of adjoining Parachute Creek valley; the other in an ecological impact analysis and mitigation study for a proposed utilities corridor through the same area.

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RESULTS OF BIRD AND MAMMAL STUDIES, AUGUST 8-11, 1972, WESTERN COLORADO

The results of a three-day census in August are only partially representative of the wildlife o the areas studied. The bird breeding season was past and no effort was made to trap for mammals. Also, birds tend to move to higher elevations later in the year, giving a false impression of greater abundance in the high country than is actually the case during nesting. The following comments and recommendations are based not only upon census results, but also on a more general evaluation of the areas as potential wildlife habitat. The list of animals observed is in Section 2. Recommendations based on these observations are listed by segments in the following subdivisions of Section 1.

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DRY TAILINGS DISPOSAL FROM OIL SANDS MINING: COAGULATION, STABILIZATION AND WATER TREATMENT - APPENDICES A TO D

This report is submitted by Zenon Environmental Inc. to C-H Synfuels in fulfillment of a subcontract relating to D.S.S. Contract # RN.KE145-2-0439 "Lime Coagulation and Stabilization of Total Oil Sands Tailings".

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UNDERGROUND COAL GASIFICATION: GROUND WATER CONTAMINATION AND SUBSIDENCE RESEARCH - A PEER REVIEW

The environmental aspects of the Underground Coal Gasification Program were addressed at a peer review held in Saratoga, Wyoming during July 1983. It was the first systematic review by non-DOE technical professionals of environment-related research funded fully or in part by the UCG Program. It was welcomed by UCG Program Mangers as information valuable for directing the program with its limited funding resources and its recent programmatic and administrative changes due to the defederalization of the former Laramie Energy Technology Center.

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BASELINE AND MONITORING SAMPLES FOR IN-SITU PROCESSES

The determination of the true water quality in underground aquifers has been found to be less than a simple procedure. This research project has studied the verification in water quality of pumped samples taken from individual wells as a function of pumping time and well and pumping equipment. Confined aquifers were sampled at depths of 200 to 600 feet in South Texas. Also, both the seasonal and areal variation within the aquifers were evaluated. Results are based on a repeated sampling program over a nine-month period.

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THE ROLE OF SPENT SHALE IN OIL SHALE PROCESSING AND THE MANAGEMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESIDUES: SECOND QUARTERLY TECHNICAL PROGRESS REPORT FOR THE PERIOD APRIL 5, 1979-JULY 5, 1979

During the past quarter, the primary emphasis of this research has been the study of H2S adsorption of spent shale retorted in nitrogen atmosphere and the stripping of ammonia and carbon dioxide forma model retort water. Extensive adsorption data in the form of breakthrough curves was obtained at three different temperatures and are presented in this report. Because of the large quantity of data, the analysis is not yet completed.

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