AndreaBozzo/ceres-open-data-index huggingface dataset:
STRATIGRAPHY, DEPOSITIONAL ENVIRONMENTS, MINERALOGY AND ROCK PROPERTIES OF FORT UNION FORMATION, NORTH KNOBS STEEPLY DIPPING BEDS, UNDERGROUND COAL GASIFICATION SITE, CARBON CO., WYOMING

"The North Knobs UCG facility is located on the west flank of the Rawlins Uplift approximately eight miles northwest of Rawlins in Carbon County, Wyoming on the eastern side of Sec. 11, T21N, R89W (Fig. 1).  The Fort Union Formation in this area has been informally subdivided into three members (Davis, et al., no date). The lower member which is thought to unconformable over the Cretaceous Medicine Sow Formation, is characterized by conglomeratic and coarse- grained sand stones . The middle member, which contains the coal seams of interest, is composed of interbedded sandstone, siltstone, mudstone, claystone and coal. This member is, in turn, overlain by alternating silty sandstone and mudstone of the upper member. The total thickness of the Fort Union Formation is approximately 3,273 feet at the North Knobs UCG site (Davis, et a!., no date) . These strata are here interpreted as braided and meandering river deposits and associated floodplain, swamp and crevasse splay deposits. There are no active coal mines at the study site, however, there are several inactive mines in the North Knobs area. Hosting activity occurred during the late 1800's and early 1900's for the  purpose of local heating . The mines were operated as either shaft mines or slope mines. The U. S. Dept. of Energy has performed two underground coal conversion  experiments at the North Knobs area. The first  experiment was completed in December of 1979 and the most recent was completed in 1981."

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PERMITTING REQUIREMENTS AND PROCEDURES IN SELECTED STATES WITH UCG POTENTIAL

"Recent studies have determined that suitable coal resources for underground coal gasification (UCG) exist in a number of geographical regions of the United States. States with high potential for UCG include Illinois, Texas, Washington and Wyoming. Each state has established  its own administration and procedures to obtain operating permits for an industrial facility such as an UCG site. This  paper presents the permitting procedures, and information and mitigation requirements for issuance of air quality, water quality , mining and natural resources permits for an UCG facility. Unique characteristics of the permitting process in some states will also be presented."

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COMPARISON OF FORWARD COMBUSTION GASIFICATION MODELS-II

The survey and comparison of forward combustion gasification models aha been  extended to incorporate analyses with each of the six computer programs included in the study based on data representing two oxygen/steam injection f field experiments.  Those experiments are the Hoe Creek III  and Rawlins II field tests.  This report presents the simulate results obtained with each model for those two field tests and provides an indication of the applicability of each model to such tests.  Modifications made to the computer codes to enable them to accommodate a variety of injection gas compositions ate discussed.  Further comparisons of the computational features of the six computer codes are given.  Some revised results from the previously reported model comparisons for Hanna III, Hoe Creek II, Pricetown I and Rawlins I field experiments are included, abased on data for those tests in the revised LLNL  UCG Data Base which differ in some respects from those published in the original edition.  More details are provided concerning the capabilities and limitations of each model.

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A COMPARISON OF FORWARD COMBUSTION GASIFICATION MODELS

"A survey and comparison has been made of forward combustion gasification models that are available in the public domain. The models studied range in complexity from a simple constrained mass balance model to a two-dimensional unsteady-state model. The computer code  for each model has been obtained and implemented on the University of Wyoming CDC CYBER 730/760 computer system. Analyses were computed with each of the programs using data (taken primarily from the LLNL data base) to simulate representative DOE sponsored field  experiments at Hanna, Hoe Creek, Rawlins, and Pricetown. This study provides a direct comparison of input data requirements, computational capabilities, and  computer time requirements for the various codes. It furnishes an indication of the applicability of each model  to the various conditions occurring in the different field tests."

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WATER-INFLUX MODEL FOR UCG

A water influx model is developed which  incorporates two principal mechanisms: unsteady-state radial permeation and spalling-enhanced drying of the overlying coal and overburden.   These mechanisms are coupled via a cavity growth model.  The model predictions follow the general trends for the daily average water influx for the Hanna II Phases II and III, and Hoe Creek II DCG field tests error of 13.1 percent.  The model indicates that the water influx per unit mass of coal consumed increases as the seam thickness decreases pr as the reverse combustion link is completed progressively higher in the seam.  A DCG operating strategy is suggested whereby the water influx per unit mass of coal  consumed can be maintained nearly constant.

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PROCESS MODEL FOR THE INITIAL STAGES OF ELECTROLINKING

Electrolinking is a promising means for enhancing coal permeability along one or more narrow linkage channels prior to underground gasification. This linking technique may be particularly advantageous for UCG at great depths where other linking methods may be ineffective or uneconomic. A mathematical model is developed for the initial stages of electrolinking during which the number and size of the electrolink channels are determined. The propensity for electrolinking to channel is shown to arise from the inherent instability of the radically expanding carbonization front. Limited laboratory and field test studies are shown to support the model predictions. A method for improving the reliability of electrolinking and the subsequent resource recovery during gasification is suggested based on the model predictions.

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MATHEMATICAL MODELING STUDIES OF IN-SITU COAL GASIFICATON

Commercialization of the in-situ or underground coal gasification process has been impeded because of uncertainties with respect to its reliability and predictability. Modeling studies when combined with a well-designed field test program are the only avenue to a proper understanding of this technology. This paper reviews the latest developments in four important facets of the UCG process: reverse-combustion linking; gasification and resource recovery; water influx; and subsidence.

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SOME ECONOMIC CONSIDERATIONS OF UNDERGROUND COAL GASIFICATION

The economics of the use of underground coal gasification to supply the fuel for a combined-cycle power generation plant are studied. Much of the data relative to the underground process was obtained from the experiment being conducted by the Energy Research and Development Administration at Hanna, Wyoming. The capital and annual operating monetary requirements are estimated for a 1000 MW, on site, combined-cycle power plant.

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SEPARATION AND DETERMINATION OF POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS AND NITROGEN HETEROCYCLES PERTAINING TO COAL GASIFICATION, TAR SANDS, SHALE OIL, COAL LIQUIDS, AND RELATED SAMPLES

A method was developed for identifying and determining benzopyrene in a filtered retort water sample from an in situ oil shale process by employing liquid-liquid extraction, dry-column chromatography, thin-layer chromatography and florescence spectrometry. The accuracy and precision of the method were good, and the limit of detection was approximately 0.08 ppb. Irreproducible results were obtained with unfiltered retort water samples.

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COAL RESOURCES FOR IN SITU GASIFICATION

First, it must be admitted that traditional resource and reserve estimates for the U.S. are somewhat inadequate for calculation of [illegible] estimate. They are inadequate because they emphasize the shallow and more conventionally minable resources rather than the deeper and less accessible resources to which in situ gasification will probably be directed. A further complication is that the original resource estimates occur in many separate reports which often use differing coal thickness and cover categories as well as different reliability codes.

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UNEXPECTED ASPECTS OF REVERSE COMBUSTION EFFECTS OF PRESSURE, VOLATILITY, AND CHEMICAL REACTIVITY

The Kotawski-Gunn one dimensional model is shown to be satisfied by two solutions, not one as previously believed. Application of the Krantz-Gunn stability model indicates three modes of operation where sustained propagation of a link may be expected in the field. One mode of operation on the new solution branch indicates that much shorter linking times than previously thought possible may be achieved. This work also demonstrates the profound influence that pressure, coal volatile content and chemical reactivity have upon reverse combustion performance.

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PALEOMAGNETIC AND ROCK MAGNETIC STUDIES ON UNALTERED AND ALTERED (BAKED AND FUSED) OVERBURDEN SEDIMENTS FROM THE HOE CREEK UNDERGROUND COAL CONVERSION SITE, HANNA BASIN, WY (PROGRESS REPORT)

In early September, 1981, core from three drill holes was taken from Laramie to Golden for preparation of standard specimens for paleomagnetic measurements. The pieces of drill core were drilled perpendicular to their axis; with large pieces of core, several specimens were prepared from each piece. A breakdown of the number of cylinders collected over specific drilling intervals from each hole is given in Table 1. In some instances, the core is so fragile or so poorly consolidated that standard drilling techniques did little to retrieve cylinders. In these cases, whole portions of core were retained and cubicle specimens prepared to fit into small, plastic boxes which could be measured directly. The burned material collected from the Hoe Creek sites was simply based as coarse grit during the field drilling procedures. In these cases, a small vial of material was collected from each bag.

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APPLICATION OF REMANENT AND ROCK MAGNETIC PROPERTIES TO THERMAL ALTERATION OF OVERBURDEN AT THE HANNA, WYOMING UCG SITE

Studies of the remanence and rock magnetic properties of host-rock Early Tertiary Hanna Formation at the Hanna II, Phases 2 and 3 underground coal gasification (UCG) experiment, Hanna, Wyoming, have determined the nature of the remanent magnetism of unaltered Hanna Formation and changes in the remanence and magnetic mineralogy attending the ucg tests.

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STATUS OF THE LINKED VERTICAL WELL PROCESS IN UNDERGROUND COAL GASIFICATION

The Linked Vertical Well process, which employs reverse combustion as a preparatory step to forward combustion gasification, will be described from both a practical and theoretical viewpoint. Fifty years of underground coal gasification experimentation has shown that, prior to efficient gasification, a "linkage" between injection and production boreholes must be prepared. The IERC experimentation has concentrated on the characterization and the development of reverse combustion linking such that it has become a predictable means of process control. The results of eight different reverse combustion links at Hanna indicate that subbituminous coal is ideally suited to complete a linkage. Following reverse combustion linking, forward gasification ensues. Eight different well to well gasification periods have been completed since initiation of tests at Hanna. A detailed chemical and physical description of the recent results from Hanna II will be given. This latter experiment resulted in the gasification of 6690 tons of coal and production of up to 12 MM scfd of 175 Btu/scf gas. The reasons for these improved process results will be discussed in detail.

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MONITORING OF EMISSIONS FROM AN IN SITU COAL GASIFICATION EXPERIMENT

Product gases produced from an in situ coal gasification experiment conducted by the Laramie Energy Research Center at Hanna, Wyoming, have been monitored for particulate matter content and the concentration of fourteen trace components. Six monitoring periods for each component were conducted at the wellhead during distinctly different operating conditions in order to determine concentration changes during different times in the lifetime of a two-well system.

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DESCRIPTION OF THE UNDERGROUND COAL GASIFICATION PROGRAM IN THE U.S.

Currently three projects to develop underground coal gasification technology are being funded by the US Energy Research and Development Administration. The most advanced project is that being conducted by the Laramie Energy Research Center at a site near Hanna Wyoming, where three tests have been completed. In addition, Lawrence Livermore Laboratory has conducted a test near Gillette, Wyoming, and the Morgantown Energy Research Center will conduct a test near Pricetown, West Virginia, within the next year. Based on the results of the Hanna tests, underground coal gasification has been shown to be a feasible technology for recovery of clean energy from coal deposits which cannot be economically mined. This paper will describe the US program with emphasis given to the tests conducted at Hanna.

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STRATIGRAPHY, DEPOSITIONAL ENVIRONMENTS, MINERALOGY AND ROCK PROPERTIES OF FORT UNION FORMATION, NORTH KNOBS STEEPLY DIPPING BEDS, UNDERGROUND COAL GASIFICATION SITE, CARBON CO., WYOMING

The purpose of the project described in this progress report is to determine the preburn and postburn lithology and mineralogy of the overburden and underburden rocks; the environments of deposition; geometry and distribution of these rocks; the rock strength properties of the various rocks above the reactor cavity; the correlations between the rock strength properties and the sedimentologic data; and the location, size and shape of the reactor cavity.

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BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE SITE QUALIFICATION STUDIES FOR UNDERGROUND COAL GASIFICATION OF STEEPLY DIPPING BEDS AT NORTH KNOBS, WYOMING

"The technical objectives associated with underground coal gasification of steeply dipping beds are as follows:  To demonstrate gasification of steeply coal beds for the first time in the US.  To increase scientific understanding of the process.  To determine environmental acceptability of the process.  To provide an engineering basis for planning and designing future UCG-SBD operations and estimating their cost and performance."

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REAL TIME PROCESS MONITORING IN UNDERGROUND COAL GASIFICATION

The LERC Hanna II experiment uses a multiprogramming system for real-time data acquisition, analysis, and display. Within the framework of the real-time executive program for the computer, time-scheduled user programs are executed and data accumulated. The time scale of the experiment permits averaging of data over one hour intervals, but the sampled data before averaging may be displayed or plotted for observation and control. The data include pressure, temperature, and flow information and online gas analyses. From this information, material balance and other calculations essential to an insight into underground processes may be calculated on demand. Computer control of the position of selected valves has also been utilized.

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UNIQUE UCG GAS CLEANUP STUDIES WITH RAWLINS II AS A MODEL

Very little emphasis has been directed towards UCG product gas cleanup and upgrading because the greatest uncertainties have been and remain with the underground process. Although much applicable surface process experience is available from surface gasification and syngas conversion facilities, UCG gas cleanup has some uniqueness. The raw product gas from an underground coal gasification process will emerge from the product wells near 600 degrees F  and contain particulates, trace metals, alkali, sulfur and nitrogen compounds, carbon dioxide, condensable hydrocarbons, and moisture. These by-products must be sufficiently removed to ensure reliable operation of the gas gathering and preparation train for the power generation equipment or the chemical conversion facility. The product gas end use will affect the severity and nature of the cleanup requirements.

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THE DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY: SOME ASPECTS OF BASIC RESEARCH

This report deals with certain aspects of DOE's support of basic research, particularly with its allocation of resources in areas of chemistry. The DOE's mission is of central importance to the future well being of the United States and is strongly grounded in chemical sciences. Some energy resources, for example coal and other fossil fuels, directly involve conversion of chemical energy into more useful forms. Others, such as nuclear energy, involve chemical processes in the preparation and handling of materials. And even for a nonchemical energy source, such as the sun, photochemical conversions and problems of energy storage for use at a later time may involve chemical processes.

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AVAILABLE METC REPORTS-1975-1986

The Morgantown Energy Technology Center (METC), Office of Fossil Energy, US Department of Energy, has compiled a list of available fossil energy related publications that have been published from 1975-1986. The reports are presented in the following categories: Arctic and Offshore, Components, Enhanced Oil Recovery, Fluidized bed combustion, Fuel cells, gas stream cleanup, gasification, heat engines, instrumentation and control, low rank coal, oil shale, tar sands, unconventional gas recovery, underground coal gasification, and crosscutting technologies. Individual entries are listed alphabetically by title within each category.

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DEVELOPMENT OF A SUCCESSFUL MULTIPLE PERCUSSION DRILL CARRIAGE

A multiple drill carriage or "jumbo," which is believed to be unique in both design and performance, was constructed and has been in use for the past year at the Bureau of Mines experimental oil shale mine near Rifle, Colorado. This jumbo mounts four long feed percussion drills and is so designed that two men can operate all four drills. Before the jumbo was placed in operation, a minimum of eight man shifts was required to drill 72 fifteen foot holes in headings 60 feet wide and 27 feet high. The same round is now drilled by two men in about 6 hours. Over 500 feet of drill per man shift is easily and consistently accomplished. Use of the jumbo has resulted in a 75% reduction in drilling labor and a substantially lower drilling cost.

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A STUDY FOR THE ENHANCEMENT OF THE U.S. LONGWALL MINING INDUSTRY RECENT WORK IN MINING AND PROCESS ENGINEERING

The study developed a mathematical mining model of Longwall mine design assuring expeditious mine development and thus minimization of the preproduction, non-revenue generating period. Number of main entries, sub-main entries, panel dimensions, number of continuous miners in mine development, ratios of "under development" to "producing" panels, heading advancement rates, etc., have been determined to maximize equipment utilization and accelerate establishment of production.

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SUMMARY OF PETROLEUM RESOURCES ON THE NORTH SLOPE, ALASKA

The purpose of this report is to compile and review available data for the major northern Alaskan oil and gas fields. This report covers the following fields: Prudhoe Bay Field, Kuparuk River Field, Endicott Field. Since these reservoirs constitute more than 95% of the total Alaskan petroleum resources, we have concentrated on these fields only.

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1988-1989 RESEARCH AND MANAGEMENT PLAN- JULY 1, 1988-JUNE 30, 1989

Because of the budget reduction, it is necessary to re-evaluate all research priorities within the laboratory. This evaluation will be an ongoing project during FY 1988-89. During 1988-89, a major portion of the resources of the laboratory will be devoted to the completion of research projects which were initiated prior to July 1, 1988. Now projects will be initiated in order to respond to opportunities for external funding.

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LOW-VOID RETORTING

For the work to date, it can be stated that oil yields at 12% void are at least as good as results from similar "non-adiabatic" retorts at 50% void. Particle size seems so far to have the only effect on yield. The present status of the low void retorting program is that it is proceeding to establish a data base under the auspices of the University of Wyoming Research Corporation.

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HYDROLOGIC AND GEOLOGIC CHARACTERIZATION OF THE GEOKINETICS SEEP RIDGE SITE (FINAL REPORT)

This report provides a characterization of the regional surface and subsurface hydrologic system and the general regional hydrologic environment. The report also provides a preliminary baseline hydrologic characterization and analysis of potential hydrologic impacts from oil shale production and a study plan to provide a detailed baseline description and impact analysis at the Seep Ridge site.

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SUBSURFACE TRACER INTERPRETATION DEVELOPMENT AND FIELD EXPERIMENT DATA ANALYSIS-FINAL REPORT

A numerical theoretical code was further developed to analyze the effects of effective sweep area and tortuosity of paths over a continuous distribution of channel heights in an idealized fractured porous media. The applicable range of these fracture heights was estimated to be between one-thousandth of an inch and one inch, based on oil shale field data. Mathematical expressions were also developed to compare packed bed effects to those of the porous media: the code analyzed packed bed velocity, pressure drop, and an approximation of axial dispersion. Although the packed bed derivatives are dependent on the type of bed material and the degree of packing, the comparisons were found to be in good agreement.

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REGULATION OF THE HYDROLOGIC IMPACTS OF IN-SITU FOSSIL FUEL RECOVERY

The Laramie Energy Technology Center is conducting field tests of in situ coal gasification, oil shale retorting, and recovery of bitumen from tar sands. In situ processes involve several potntial hydrologic impacts; the complex series of underground chemical reactions will affect ground water quality, and heat from the reaction zone and fracturing necessary to improve reaction conditions will alter existing aquifer characteristics and ground water flow patterns.

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GAYLUSSITE: THERMAL PROPERTIES BY SIMULTANEOUS THERMAL ANALYSIS

Simultaneous thermal analysis apparatus was used to determine the thermal properties of gaylussite over a temperature range from ambient to 1000 degrees C at 10 degrees per minute in several carefully controlled atmospheres. In a dry atmosphere, dehydration occurs in a single step, while in the presence of water, dehydration occurs in two steps. Dehydtation converts gaylussite to the double carbonate, which generates the thermal effects above 250 degrees C. From 250 degrees C to 500 degrees Cthermal analysis indicates one major crystal change and two crystal inversions in the double carbonate. Above 500 degrees C the thermal properties of the double carbonate are controlled by the presence or absence of CO2 in the atmosphere surrounding the sample. In a CO2 atmosphere Na2Ca(CO2)2 first melts, then decomposses to form Na2CO2 and CaO. Melting is again detected by thermal analysis; however, the material that melts is Na2CO2 formed from decomposition of the double carbonate.

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TECHNICAL PROGRAM MANAGEMENT-QUARTERLY REPORT FOR THE PERIOD JULY-SEPTEMBER 1981

The Office of Technical Program Management is responsible for coordinating the development, coordination and execution of all the LETC program implementation plans. It is also assigned the management responsibilities and authorities for all the project support activities. The office is organized with three Projects Managers, under an Assistant Director for Technical Program Management. The Assistant Director and the Project Managers provide technical and management leadership for all LETC assigned programs and activities. The Office of Research and Development provides technical personnel to manage specific projects and contracts, and provides technical expertise in support of project activities.

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