AndreaBozzo/ceres-open-data-index huggingface dataset:
Occurrence of oil and gas in Devonian shales and equivalents in West Virginia. Final report

Three facies are recognized in the Catskill clastic wedge: (1) a red bed facies deposited in terrestrial and near-shore marine environments; (2) a gray shale and sandstone facies deposited in a shallow- to moderately-deep marine environment; (3) a dark-gray shale and siltstone facies deposited in the deepest part of the epicontinental sea. Turbidites possibly deposited from storm-generated turbidity currents, are present in facies 2 and 3. Because the rate at which the clastic wedge formed exceeded the rate of subsidence of the basin and the rise in sea level during the late Devonian, the Catskill clastic wedge intertongued with, and prograded inland over, shallow- to moderately-deep platform deposits that consisted of organic-rich black shale, gray and greenish-gray shale, and thin beds of argillaceous limestone. These platform deposits make up the black shale facies. Rocks in the black shale facies formed in marine to brackish water that covered the interior of the continent. Oil and natural gas are now being produced from Devonian shales in the western part of West Virginia and from Upper Devonian sandstones and siltstones in the north-central part of the State. It is suggested that in addition to extending known areas of gas production, that drilling for natural gas be conducted in areas underlain by organic-rich shales and thick zones of interbedded siltstone and shale in the Devonian section in central, and southern, and western West Virginia. The most promising areas for exploration are those areas where fractures are associated with folds, faults, and lineaments.

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Analysis of the structural parameters that influence gas production from the Devonian shale. Annual progress report, 1979-1980. Volume II. Data repository and reports published during fiscal year 1979-1980:  regional structure, surface structure, surface fractures, hydrology

This volume comprises appendices giving regional structure data, surface structure data, surface fracture data, and hydrology data. The fracture data covers oriented Devonian shale cores from West Virginia, Ohio, Virginia, Pennsylvania, and Kentucky. The subsurface structure of the Eastern Kentucky gas field is also covered. (DLC)

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Improved anode catalysts for coal gas-fueled phosphoric acid fuel cells

The feasibility of adapting phosphoric acid fuel cells to operate on coal gas fuels containing significant levels of contaminants such as CO, H{sub 2}S and COS has been investigated. The overall goal was the development of low-cost, carbon-supported anode fuel cell catalysts that can efficiently operate with a fossil fuel-derived hydrogen gas feed contaminated with carbon monoxide and other impurities. This development would reduce the cost of gas cleanup necessary in a coal gas-fueled PAFC power plant, thereby reducing the final power cost of the electricity produced. The problem to date has been that the contaminant gases typically adsorb on catalytic sites and reduce the activity for hydrogen oxidation. An advanced approach investigated was to modify these alloy catalyst systems to operate efficiently on coal gas containing higher levels of contaminants by increasing the alloy catalyst impurity tolerance and ability to extract energy from the CO present through (1) generation of additional hydrogen by promoting the CO/H{sub 2} water shift reaction or (2) direct oxidation of CO to CO{sub 2} with the same result. For operation on anode gases containing high levels of CO, a Pt-Ti-Zn and Pt-Ti-Ni anode catalyst showed better performance over a Pt baseline or G87A-17-2 catalyst. The ultimate aim of this effort was to allow PAFC-based power plants to operate on coal gas fuels containing increased contaminant concentrations, thereby decreasing the need for and cost of rigorous coal gas cleanup procedures. 4 refs., 15 figs., 10 tabs.

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The low-turbulence/high-efficiency cyclone separator program: Final report. [Rotating wall insert]

Cyclone separators have been proposed to handle the hot gas cleanup requirements for pressurized fluidized bed combustion (PFBC) power plants. In this application, cyclones have an advantage over electrostatic precipitators and ceramic filters because cyclones are relatively simple, robust, and low cost devices. Theoretically, the centrifugal force field generated inside an industrial-sized cyclone should be sufficient to meet the particle collection requirements for PFBC power plants. However, in practice this is not the case because particle reentrainment, caused by wall-generated fluid turbulence, limits the particle collection efficiency of cyclones to values much less than the theoretical maximum. A cyclonic wind tunnel has been used to screen five turbulence suppression concepts in order to judge their effectiveness at reducing particle reentrainment and increasing the particle separation potential of cyclonic flow field. The turbulence suppression concepts studied were a smooth rotating wall, a porous rotating wall with suction, a grooved rotating wall, an acoustic field-based concept, and an electrostatic field-based concept. Of these turbulence suppression concepts, the smooth rotating wall was judged to have the most potential for improving the collection efficiency, and it was the concept chosen for proof-of-principle tests in an industrial-sized cyclone separator. Using our Baseline Cyclone Facility, Battelle has successfully demonstrated a low-turbulence, high-efficiency cyclone design that has the potential to meet the hot gas cleanup requirements for PFBC power plants. The newly-developed cyclone incorporates a cyclone body that rotates in the same direction as the fluid motion. Much of the wall-generated turbulence, which causes particle reentrainment, can be eliminated by making the cyclone wall follow the fluid streamlines as closely as possible. 30 refs., 68 figs., 7 tabs.

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Reactions of alkali metal containing species in combustion processes. Final technical report. [Potassium and sodium benzoate]

To fully characterize a coal conversion stream, it is necessary to identify both the composition of the stream and chemical processes responsible for the production of the stream components. During the past year, studies have focused on the release of alkali-containing species, the release of sulfur-containing radicals, and the production of ionic species in a combustion stream. Transpiration mass spectrometry was used to study the thermal decomposition of alkali benzoates. The vaporized species at temperatures greater than 800/sup 0/C were atomic alkali and CO. This is consistent with earlier DTA-TGA studies. Efforts to develop sources of sulfur-containing radicals continued. The SF/sub 2/ radical was identified for the first time as a product of the H/sub 2/S   F/sub 2/ reaction. Under certain conditions, the H/sub 2/S   F/sub 2/ reaction entered an oscillatory region. Finally, the study of ion-molecule reactions in a combustion flame was initiated. The ion-cyclotron resonance spectrometer was characterized by studying the methane system. 26 figures.

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Steam-dried slurry feed system for coal conversion processes

An experimental feed system for high-pressure coal conversion processes has been designed and constructed at the Morgantown Energy Technology Center, Morgantown, West Virginia. The method involves mixing feed coal in a water slurry, pumping the slurry to required pressure, and evaporating the water with superheated steam in an entrained-bed dryer. This report describes a computer model developed to predict the operating conditions and limitations of the experimental system. Data generated as a result of this model are presented and discussed. Analysis of the data provides important information about: (a) to what degree the extent of slurry atomization affects drying time, (b) how sensitive control of the dryer must be to avoid agglomeration of the coal particles, (c) how much the drying time is affected by the dryness requirement for the final product, (d) to what extent the critical moisture content of the coal affects drying time, and (e) how much of an effect pressure has on the drying process. The system constructed at METC is described in an appendix as is a slurry atomizing nozzle developed for the entrained-bed dryer.

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Evaluation of the sulfur sorption properties of chemically improved limestones during fluidized-bed combustion

A program was initiated in early 1980 at the Morgantown Energy Technology Center, Department of Energy, to evaluate the sulfur retention capability of a number of chemically improved limestones. These synthetic sorbents were developed by the University of Tennessee under an agreement with the Tennessee Valley Authority. Fredonia limestone and Shawnee hopper ash, in combination with a binder, are the main ingredients of the artificial sorbents. The manufacturing process of these pellets is described elsewhere. The effectiveness of the sorbents in sulfur emission controls and their calcium utilization potential were originally controlled by a rapid TG method displayed by the University of Tennessee. Performance data in real fluidizing combustion processes were missing. In a cooperative effort between the Morgantown Energy Technology Center and the Energy Research Division of TVA, an agreement was reached to test four new sorbents, a power station fly ash, and Fredonia limestone at the Morgantown 6-Inch Diameter AFBC Facility. The results generated in the fluidized-combustion test confirmed the findings by the University of Tennessee and the test program was determined to be highly successful. Details of the program as well as the results are presented in this report.

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Measurement and correlation of conditions for entrapment and mobilization of residual oil. Final report, January 1981-March 1984

This is the final report of a two-year project which had four major task areas. A substantial portion of work carried out under this project has been reported in detail in journals, the First Annual Report to the Department of Energy or in manuscripts which have been submitted for publication and are available on request. In such cases only major conclusions are reported, along with reference to the detailed accounts. Work is reported for the following 4 major tasks: (1) residual saturation measured by laboratory core flooding (core flooding experiments, contact angle measurements,6935 ); (2) effect of high pressure gradients on residual oil saturations (capillary number relationships, residual oil flushing at wellbore, electrical resistivities at reduced residual oil saturations,6935 ); (3) mechanisms of mobilization and entrapment of residual oil (magnitude and detailed structure of residual oil saturations, effect of interfacial tension on the stability of displacement fronts, effect of pore shape on displacement curvatures,6935 ); and (4) residual oil structure (analysis of blob-size distributions by Coulter counter, changes in residual oil structure with oil recovery). 53 references, 76 figures, 46 tables.

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Formation of calcium and magnesium molybdate complexes in dilute aqueous solutions and evaluation of powellite solubility in spent oil shale

In order to increase our understanding of the chemistry of molybdenum (Mo) in spent oil shale disposal environments, predict fate and behavior, and assess the effectiveness of proposed mitigation techniques, we feel that is imperative to understand the processes controlling Mo aqueous- and solid-phase distribution. Recent research supports the significance of alkaline earth and alkali metal ion pairs with molybdate in aqueous solutions. The objectives of this study were to measure the ion association constants (log Q) for the formation of calcium and magnesium molybdate ion pairs by potentiometric titration at pH 7 and 25{degree}C in NaNO{sub 3} ionic media. The measured values were then used to examine the equilibrium solubility of powellite (CaMoO{sub 4}) in KNO{sub 3} solutions and spent oil shale systems. Powellite solubility data were evaluated using log Q for CaMoO{sub 4}{sup 0} formation, resulting in a calculated log K{sub sp} for powellite dissolution of -7.84. Application of an ion association model that used the molybdate ion pair formation data shows that spent oil shale leachates are undersaturated with respect to powellite. The results of this study show that molybdate ion pair formation in spent oil shale solutions may be significant and that soluble Mo concentrations may not be supported by powellite dissolution. 31 refs., 10 figs., 4 tabs.

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Western Gas Sands Project:  completion and production summary, Rulison Field, Piceance Basin, Colorado, October 1982

The Rulison Field has produced a total of 7012 MMCF of gas and 4897 barrels of oil from 1956 through 1981. This report summarizes the completion procedures and illustrates the production decline for those wells contributing to the cumulative total. Emphasis is on those wells producing from the Mesaverde Group. Two government-sponsored research wells (MWX-1 and MWX-2) have drilled and cored the entire Mesaverde section.

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Advanced coal-fueled gas turbine systems

Work continued on coal-fueled gas turbine systems. This quarter, subscale slagging combustor testing was temporarily concluded with a series of coal-water mixture (CWM) tests during this quarterly reporting period. It will be resumed when a new slag trap assembly and a new slagging cyclone separator are received from vendors. A relatively low-sulfur (1.04 percent) coal, Dorchester, was sued during a series of sulfur-capture tests with various sorbents. A high-sulfur coal, Pittsburgh No. 8, (2.39 percent) was evaluated for combustion characteristics only. During this period, the hot flow rig came on line at ARL's Haverhill facility. This does not replicate the complete engine system in small size, but rather models sulfur capture at high temperature. The greater part of the activity during this period was taken up with an extensive shake-down process. 11 figs., 5 tabs.

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Fracture intensity predictions for eastern gas shales. Final report

Exploration rationales were developed for extending Devonian shale exploration eastward in West Virginia and adjacent states, away from present production, toward and into the central and eastern Plateau province where the shales are deeper, mostly involved in detached tectonics, and little tested or untested. One rationale predicts more fracture rock over the eastern and western border faults of the Rome trough, particularly in and near Kanawha County, West Virginia. The second is a two-step rationale. First broad areas or stratigraphic intervals that are thermally mature, and have adundant organic carbon derived from nonmarine sources. Second, use a newly developed estimator of joint surface area per unit volume or rock (intensity), and of intensity's uncertainty, to select specific drilling sites by examining exposed analogues of subsurface structures that are being considered for further exploration. Specifically, cross-strike structural discontinuities (CSDs) are alignments of disruptions in structural or geomorphic patterns, and contain on the order of 1000 cubic km of intensely jointed rock. Within areas outlined by this approach, drill on intersections of short air-photo lineaments in CSDs, east of the western limit of detachment in or below the Devonian shales.

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Reservoir characterization III

This book contains the Proceedings of the Third International Reservoir Characterization Technical Conference held November 3-5, 1991, at the Westin Hotel in Tulsa, Oklahoma. Reservoir characterization emphasizes both geology and simulation and requires collaboration among geoscientists and engineers. The Third International Reservoir Characterization Technical Conference provide a forum to present research results relevant to recovering the large amount of oil-in-place remaining after primary production. Papers presented at the meeting are grouped under the following sections: Heterogeneities/anisotropies; field studies and data needs; modeling/description of interwell region; and poster presentations. Selected papers have been processed separately for inclusion in the Energy Science and Technology Database.

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Gas production from depressurization of bench-scale methane hydrate reservoirs: Technical note

Gas flow decline curves were generated utilizing a bench-scale reservoir to help validate and assess computer models of gas production from gas hydrate-bearing reservoirs. Reservoir depressurization experiments on synthetic methane gas hydrate were run at average conditions of 19.7 atm and 2.0/sup 0/C ( -0.4/sup 0/). The gas produced averaged 25.5 liters of methane standard temperature and pressure (STP) from 353.7 grams of hydrate over a 6.3-hour run. Flow decline curves were of two distinct types. The production variables for the curve types were nearly identical, in a statistical sense, and shared characteristics produced by dissociation of the gas hydrate within the reservoir. The length of time required to produce all the available gas from hydrate dissociating within the reservoir was directly related to the amount of hydrate in the reservoir and the amount of gas produced from the contained hydrate. Large volume decreases in the gas hydrates were noted after production by dissociation. This volume change could cause substantial alteration in the characteristics of an actual reservoir being produced from natural gas hydrates. 8 refs., 9 figs., 2 tabs.

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Corrosion of materials in molten carbonate fuel cells (MCFC): Literature review. [Separator plate materials]

Molten carbonate fuel cell (MCFC) separator plates are subjected to corrosive environments. This review focuses on the most comprehensive compiled available data from the major government contractors like ERC and UTC, together with a basic review of alloys resistant to oxidation, sulfidation, carburization, and hot corrosion. Results of this review are used in selecting test materials for the current program. A number of metal oxides were examined. This review discusses the tests performed by UTC and ERC on separator plate materials.

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Improving reservoir conformance using gelled polymer systems

The general objectives are to (1) to identify and develop gelled polymer systems which have potential to improve reservoir conformance of fluid displacement processes, (2) to determine the performance of these systems in bulk and in porous media, and (3) to develop methods to predict the capability of these systems to recover oil from petroleum reservoirs. This work focuses on three types of gel systems - an aqueous polysaccharide (KUSPI) system that gels as a function of pH, the chromium-based system where polyacrylamide and xanthan are crosslinked by CR(III) and an organic crosslinked system. Development of the KUSPI system and evaluation and identification of a suitable organic crosslinked system will be done. The laboratory research is directed at the fundamental understanding of the physics and chemistry of the gelation process in bulk form and in porous media. This knowledge will be used to develop conceptual and mathematical models of the gelation process. Mathematical models will then be extended to predict the performance of gelled polymer treatments in oil reservoirs. Accomplishments for this period are presented for the following tasks: development and selection of gelled polymer systems, physical and chemical characterization of gel systems; and mathematical modeling of gel systems.

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In-situ hydrate thermal measurements. In-situ hydrate thermal measurements:  project status

The objectives of this project are: (1) to measure the heat capacity and heat of dissociation of samples of in-situ natural gas hydrates using a Perkin-Elmer model DSC-2 calorimeter; and (2) to measure and model hydrate dissociation rates with a Cahn model 2000 recording electrobalance. Work on the project is proceeding on schedule. Over the last month we have concentrated our efforts on the following: (1) finishing the DSC experiments on high pressure samples of carbon dioxide; (2) testing the pressure transducer electronics, and (3) determining what percentage of the in-situ samples is actually hydrate. 6 figures, 4 tables.

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Molten carbonate fuel cell power plant systems studies

The goal of the DOE and IFC Molten Carbonate Fuel Cell (MCFC) Program is to develop a MCFC technology base capable of providing clean electrical energy at competitive cost when integrated with coal gasification systems. To be successful, a coal-fueled MCFC system must provide cost of electricity (COE) which is lower than that of current electric generation technologies and which is competitive with other long range electric generating systems. The strategy for the study was to initially evaluate the status of non-fuel cell systems to establish the basis for a competitive CG/MCFC power plant and the corresponding MCFC subsystem goals. Secondly, an iterative and comparative analysis of potential CG/MCFC systems was conducted. This analysis included a detailed examination of MCFC integration with gasifier technology in which the technical basis for MCFC compatibility with a broad range of gasifiers was established. Lastly, a detailed conceptual design was prepared for the most desirable CG/MCFC system. The design established the potential of the CG/MCFC power plant to meet the goals and provide a competitive cost of electricity at very high efficiency and significantly reduced emissions. The design also provided focus for the technical issues still outstanding and required for commercialization of the CG/MCFC technology. 27 figs., 23 tabs.

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Granular-Bed-Filter Development Program, Phase II. Granular-bed-filter analytical model:  software user manual. [GBF3D]

The Granular-Bed Filter (GBF) being developed by Combustion Power Company is modeled by a set of 3 governing equations which are solved using finite-difference techniques on a digital computer. The equations model the gas flow, capture of suspended particles, and distribution of captured particles. In lieu of a fourth equation describing the flow of granular material, experimental data are used. The equations are described and their merits briefly discussed. The solution techniques used to solve the governing equation are presented in detail. Numerical stability of the interactive procedures is discussed along with other possible problems that may occur during the execution of the program. Some solutions to these problems are presented. The computer model produces results that include the spatial distribution of pressure, particle concentration (suspended and adhering) and gas flow in addition to the average penetration of particles and pressure drop across the filter. The inputs to the program selectable by the user describe the operating conditions of the filter, nature of the particles and rates of reentrainment. Parameters required by the model for solution but not easily measured or usually known are discussed and suggested values are presented. Typical execution time on a Digital Equipment Corporation PDP 11/23 computer is between 30 and 40 minutes.

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