AndreaBozzo/ceres-open-data-index huggingface dataset:
FINAL REPORT - ROCKY MOUNTAIN TECHNICAL FORUM

The Rocky Mountain Oil and Gas Recovery Research Technical Forum was held June 13-14 on the campus of Colorado School of Mines, Golden, Colorado. The Forum was co-hosted by Colorado School of Mines, New Mexico Institute of Mining Technology, and the University of Wyoming. The purpose of the forum was to identify oil and gas recovery research opportunities, particularly those applicable to the Rocky Mountain Region. The forum was one of six held nationally during June, under the auspices of the Geoscience Institute for Oil and Gas Recovery Research, directed by the University of Texas and funded by the Department of Energy.

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Reduction of Oxidative Hardening of Asphalts by Treatment with Hydrated Lime-A Mechanistic Study

This study showed that lime treatment removes polar, viscosity building components and reduces the susceptibility of the asphalt to laboratory oxidative hardening. The beneficial effects of lime treatment in reducing asphalt oxidative hardening were attributed to two synergistic effects: 1) lime reduces the formation of oxidation products by the removal of oxidation catalysts or promoters and 2) lime reduces the sensitivity of the asphalt to these oxidation products by removing polar molecules that would otherwise interact with the oxidation products to cause an increase in viscosity. Relationships were observed between polar functional group interactions and changes in asphaltene content and viscosity.

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The Preparation of Ultrapure Chemicals by Fractional Distillation

Distillation is one of a variety of purification tools that should be intelligently integrated into a total purification plan. Ideally the purification should be planned with full knowledge of the identity of the contaminants. The identity of major contaminants can usually be established by analytical approaches and a study of the sample source of method of preparation. Selected procedures can then take advantage of the chemical and physical differences between the sample and its contaminants.

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Moisture-Induced Damage in Bituminous Pavement-A Study of Nitrogen Compound Interactions with Aggregates

Pyridine type basic nitrogen compounds were found to adsorb strongly to surfaces of mineral aggregates used in pavement construction. Studies utilizing elemental nitrogen determinations and the nature of the interactions between basic nitrogen compounds and mineral aggregates showed that the strength of the interactions varied with mineral type. Results of the studies showed a good correlation between pyridine type interactions and the susceptibility of the bituminous mixtures to moisture damage using two different laboratory moisture damage tests. Thermal studies were used to evaluate the desorption decomposition characteristics of nitrogen compounds in bitumens on aggregate surfaces. This technique also identified the presence of an antistripping agent in a bituminous mixture.

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Relationships Between Asphalt Chemical Composition and Performance-Related Properties

The objective of this paper is to illustrate the importance of chemical compositional factors on asphalt properties, with particular emphasis on factors affecting durability and performance of asphalt pavements. Concepts are presented that the author has found useful in better understanding why asphalt behaves as it does. A fundamental approach is taken, with basic concepts being developed as needed, in the hope of dispelling some of the mystery surrounding asphalt that may exist with many nonchemist asphalt technologists, for whom this paper was primarily prepared. Although the discussion is based on the results of scientific experimentation, the many secrets yet locked inside this historic building material require that working hypotheses be developed and continually modified to accommodate new information. Thus, the authors own bias in this presentation is readily acknowledged.

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Paving Asphalts: Asphalt-Aggregate Interactions and Asphalt Intermolecular Interactions

The isolation, identification and quantitative measurement of the functional group types in asphalt that are strongly adsorbed at the asphalt aggregate interface are described. A 4x4 matrix of four different asphalts and four different aggregates was used in the study. The relative affinity of the various functional types for the aggregate surfaces is assessed.

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Molecular Interactions of Asphalt in the Asphalt-Aggregate Interface Region

Evidence for molecular interactions in the asphalt aggregate interface region was demonstrated by using 3 different approaches: a study of asphalt aggregate interactions by inverse gas liquid chromatography (IGLC), chemical analysis of strongly adsorbed species, and physical measurements of molecular adsorption. IGLC studies showed that polar asphalt molecules, initially present or formed on oxidation, interact strongly with aggregate surfaces.

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Development and Relation of Oil Accumulation to Structure in the Shiprock District of the Navajo Indian Reservation, New Mexico

Residence of 14 months at Shiprock in 1923 and 1924, while representing the US Bureau of Mines, and subsequent trips have afforded the writer opportunities to observe the results of development of the Navajo Reservation. The structures which were considered most favorable for oil accumulation yielded negative results, and the less favorable one was developed into a producing field. The writer points out the possibility that circulating underground waters, in accordance with the hydraulic theory, have been responsible for the vagaries of accumulation, and some proof is offered. The suggestion is made that an intensive study of the Shiprock region would furnish additional evidence related to oil accumulation in that area.

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CODE OF FEDERAL REGUALTIONS TITLE 30 PART 57 SAFETY AND HEALTH STANDARDS - UNDERGORUND MINES

Workplaces, passageways, storerooms, and service rooms shall be kept clean and orderly: The floor of every workplace shall be maintained in a clean and, so far as possible, dry condition. Where wet processes are used, drainage shall be maintained, and false floors, platforms, mats, or other dry standing places shall be provided where practical, Every floor, working place, and passageway shall be kept free from protruding nails, splinters, holes, or loose boards as practicable.

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CODE OF FEDERAL REGULATIONS TITLE 10 PART 20 STANDARDS FOR PROTECTION AGAINST RADIATION

An injunction or other court order may be obtained prohibiting any violation of any provision of the Act or Title II of the Energy Reorganization Act of 1974, or any regulation or order issued there under. A court order may be obtained for the payment of a civil penalty imposed pursuant to section 234 of the act for violation of sections 53, 57, 62, 63, 81, 82, 101, 103, 104, 107, or 100 of the Act or any rule, regulation, or order issued there under, r any term, condition or limitation of any license issued there under, or for any violation for which a license may be revoked under section 106 of the Act. Any person who willfully violates any provision of the Act or any regulation or order issued there under may be guilty of a crime and, upon conviction, may be punished by fine or imprisonment or both, as provides by law.

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SITE CHARACTERIZATION PLAN - HNFORD, WASHINGTON CHAPTER 7 - WASTE PACKAGE

The waste package is a major component of the geologic repository system, which is required by the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission to provide significant capability to isolate nuclear waste form the environment. Consequently, a goal of site characterization is to provide details of waste package behavior and performance relative to the isolation of radionuclide's. Waste package design and development focuses on functions of waste package components to isolate waste and chemical and physical processes in the repository environment that influence functional performance.

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SITE CHARACTERIZATION PLAN - HANFORD, WASHINGTON CHAPTER 5 - CLIMATOLOGY AND METEOROLOGY

This chapter describes the recent climatology and meteorology of the Hanford Site and what is known about the past climates of the area. Meteorological information will be used in designing facilities and in planning operations at the repository during construction and leading. Paleoclimate information will be used in conceptual modeling of past and future climates, and in estimating one future geologic stability of the site.

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SITE CHARACTERIZATION PLAN - HANFORD WASHINGTON CHAPTER 4 - GEOCHEMISTRY

The long-term safety of a nuclear waste repository in basalt depends on geochemical parameters that control the release and transport of waste radionuclide's form the engineered barrier system. Safety assessment of the waste disposal system requirements an understanding of probable radionuclide release and transport scenarios and the chemical and physical processes associated with these scenarios. The most credible scenario appears to be a gradual degradation of engineered barriers and subsequent transport of radionuclide's by groundwater through fissures in the basalt into porous flow tops and interbreed layers. Because geochemical processes along flow paths will influence radionuclide movement, relevant geochemical processes must be identified and characterized. Chemical and physical processes involved in this scenario include saturation of packing material by groundwater; corrosion of the metallic container; dissolution and leaching of radionuclides from the waste form; radionuclide precipitation; radionuclide sorption on engineered barrier materials and geologic solids; radionuclide diffusion; hydrothermal reactions with engineered barriers and geologic solids; and radiolysis of groundwater. These processes must be synthesized into models that describe the overall performance of the repository.

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SITE CHARACTERIZATION PLAN - HANFORD, WASHINGTON CHAPTER 3 - HYDROLOGY

A summary discussion of the knowledge available to describe the geohydrologic setting of the northern portion of the Colombia Plateau is presented in this chapter. Particular attention is focused on the Hanford Site portion of the Pasco Basin. The principal topics addressed involve the characteristics and known or suspected dynamics of the surface-water and groundwater flow regimes. Alternative flow system conceptualizations are presented where data are inconclusive or sent. Discussions are carried out recognizing information strengths and weaknesses.

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SITE CHARACTERIZATION PLAN - HANFOD WASHINGTON CHAPTER 2 - GEOEGINEERING

Understanding geoengineering properties of host rock is fundamental for determining repository construction feasibility and evaluating the ability of host rock to provide a structural barrier to the migration of radionuclide's. The shafts, access drifts, emplacement rooms, and emplacement holes should be designed, excavated, monitored, and maintained in such a way that they remain stable during the repository life. To assure adequate performance of the repository in the preclosure and postclosure stages, rock geoengineering properties, and the underground conditions surrounding the repository should be understood.

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SITE CHARACTERIZATION PLAN - HANFD, WASHINGTON, CHAPTER 1 - GEOLOGY

This chapter provides a description of the geologic setting of the reference repository location at the Hanford Site, a federally owned nuclear orient reservation in south-central Washington State. The description is intended to orient the reader as to what is presently known and what is uncertain regarding this geologic setting. The information will aid readers in understanding the relationship between the geologic setting and the proposed design for a repository and the rationale for the site characterization program that is presented in Chapter 8.

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SITE CHARACTERIZATION PLAN YUCCA MOUNTAIN NEVADA 121F. CHATER 7 - WASTE PACKAGE

This chapter addresses waste package components, emplacement environment, design, and status of research and development that support the Nevada Nuclear Waste Storage Investigation Project. The Site Characterization Plan discussion of waste package components is contained entirely within this chapter and Chapter 8. The discussion of emplacement environment in this chapter is limited to considerations of the environment that influence, or which may influence if perturbed, the waste packages and their performance. This discussion considers the near-field environment as described in previous chapters but does not address overall site environment. For an understanding of the overall environment, the reader is referred to those chapters. The basis for conceptual waste package design as well as description of the design is included in this chapter. The complete design will be reported in the Advanced Conceptual Design report and is not duplicated in the SCP. The focus of the design discussions is the SCP is on those aspects of the design that are dependent on site characterization information. The relationship between this chapter and other design-related documents is shown in Figure 7-1.

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SITE CHARACTERIZATION PLAN YUCCA MOUNTAIN NEVADA 121E. CHAPTER 6 - CONCEPTUAL DESIGN OF A REPOSITORY

The purpose of this chapter is to present description of the basis for facility design, the completed facility conceptual design, the completed analytical work relating to the resolution of design issues, and a brief description of future design-related work. The basis for design and the conceptual design information presented in this chapter meet the requirements of the Nuclear Waste Policy Act of 1982, section 113 (b) (1) (c) and 10 CFR 60, for a conceptual repository design that takes into account site-specific requirements. The description of completed analytical work allows the reader to become familiar with the analytical methods and data that were used in the design of repository facilities and that form the basis for related site characterization activities. This information is presented to permit a critical evaluation of planned site characterization activities.

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SITE CHARACTERIZATION PLAN YUCCA MOUNTAIN NEVADA 121D. CHAPTER 5 - CLIMATOLOGY AND METEROLOGY

The climate and paleoclimate of the  Great Basin and the site-specific meteorology of Yucca Mountain are important in several ways in evaluation the short-term indicators of the climate of the area, must be considered in the design and placement of the surface facilities and will serve as input to a number of investigations to be performed during site characterization such as rainfall runoff assessments. Further evaluation of the site must address the potential for climatic changes that could alter the long-term waste isolation capability of the site. This chapter describes and evaluates data on the existing climate and site meteorology, and outlines the suggested procedures to be used in developing and validating methods to predict future climatic variation and the impact the such as variation would have on waste isolation characteristics of the repository system.

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SITE CHARACTERIZATION PLAN YUCCA MOUNTAIN NEVADA 121C. CHAPTER 4 - GEOCHEMISTRY

In addition, geochemical data will be used to evaluate the Yucca Mountain site in terms of the siting guidelines outlined in 10 CFR Part 960 and the siting criteria in 10 CFR Part 60. In particular, two issues will require site characterization data for their resolutions. They are Issue 1. 8  and Issue 1.9, where Issue 1.8 reads:

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SITE CHARACTERIZATION PLAN YUCCA MOUNTAIN NEVADA 121B. CHAPTER 3 - HYDROLOGY

The hydro geologic study area consist of three ground-water sub basins that re a part of the Death Valley ground-water basin. These sub basin are the Oasis Valley sub basin, Alkali Flat-Furnace Creek Ranch sub basin, and the Ash Meadows sub basin. The division into and the approximate boundaries of these ground-water sub basin have been estimated from potentiometric levels, geologic controls of subsurface flow, discharge areas, and inferred flow paths. In some areas, the boundaries are uncertain due to the lack of potentiometric data, the complexity of geologic structures, of the occurrence of interbasin flow of ground water through the lower carbonate aquifer. Regional flow paths in the hydro geologic study area vary in directions from southerly to southwesterly. Detailed discussions of the regional hydrogeology and regional flow systems are included in Section 3.6 and 3.7. Detailed discussion of the site hydrogeology are included in Section 3.9. The Discussions include aquifer hydraulics information, water-balance calculations, and water-chemistry data for both the saturated and the unsaturated zones.

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BIBLIOGRAPHY OF AQUATIC ECOSYSTEM EFFECTS, ANALYTICAL METHODS AND TREATMENT TECHNOLOGIES FOR ORGANIC COMPOUNDS IN ADVANCED FOSSIL-FUEL PROCESSING EFFLUENTS

Advance fossil-fuel processing operations, including oil-shale retorting, coal gasification, coal liquefaction and tar-sands recovery, can result in chemically complex aqueous waste effluents. This bibliography complies much of the recent literature concerning effects of organic compounds in advanced fossil-fuel processing effluents when discharged into aquatic ecosystems, plus information available on analytical methods and treatment technologies for these organics. To compile the bibliography, nearly 500 organic compounds known to be constituents of fossil fuels and fossil-fuel processing effluents were crossed with a list of key words during a computerized search of six bibliographic data bases. The bibliography contains 1314 citations which are indexed by chemicals, key words, taxonomic categories and authors. This bibliography is intended especially for researchers working with advanced fossil-fuel processing effluents in aquatic environments, but may also be useful to those concerned with fossil-fuel processing effluents in terrestrial environments and to those working in pulp mill and pesticide research.

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SITE CHARACTERIZATION PLAN YUCCA MOUNTAIN NEVADA CHAPTER 1 - GEOLOGY

Chapter 1 describes the geology of Yucca Mountain and the pertinent parts of the southern Great Basin in which the site is located Figure 1-1 shows the location of the Yucca Mountain site in southwestern Nevada. The chapter provides a geologic basis for, and complement to, the discussions in the chapters that follow. Similarly, it provides a basis for the studies planned to characterize the candidate site and ultimately for the design of a waste contained and repository that would comply with regulations. The emphasis in Chapter 1 is on the geologic characteristics that would affect the performance of the controlled area, as they are known from studies of the area immediately surrounding the prospective repository and form studies of the surrounding region. The chapter also emphasizes Quaternary geologic processes in the region surrounding Yucca Mountain, as a basis for anticipating future processes that would affect the controlled area during operation of the repository and during the subsequent isolation period.

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POTENTIAL EFFECTS OF A REPOSITORY ON THE OGALLALA AQUIFER

The U.S. Department of Energy recognizes that protection of the Ogallala aquifer is a serious concern because of its importance as the primary water source for people and for irrigation in the Deaf Smith agricultural region. The objectives of the Civilian Radioactive Waste management Program are to isolate nuclear waste and to protect the public's health and safety within standards and regulations set by the U. S. Environmental protection Agency and U. S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission.

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SPENT FUEL TRANSPORTATION

American industries have been making, using, and transporting radioactive materials and waste for more than 40 years. The nuclear fueled powerplants that operate in this country are our second largest source of electrical energy. They also require nuclear materials transportation. A major transportation need of these powerplants is to safely move high-level radioactive wastes in the form of used of "spent" fuel, to a permanent disposal site. The U. S. Congress passed the Nuclear Waste Policy Act in 1982 calling for completion of the first permanent disposal site.

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TRANSPORTING URANIUM HEXAFLUORIDE

Uranium Hexafluoride is a chemical compound used in manufacturing nuclear fuel for commercial power plants. It is formed by combining two naturally occurring elements - uranium and fluorine - to form uranium hexafluoride. The unique physical and chemical properties of UF6 allow natural uranium to be processed into fuel for nuclear rectors. UF6 is routinely and safely transported across the United States and around the world.

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SHAFT CONSTRUCTION AND SEALING, DEAF SMITH COUNTY, TEXAS

A major step in the U.S. Department of Energy's process of selecting a site for the nations first high-level nuclear waste repository is detailed site characterization the purpose of site characterization is to determine if a site is suitable for a repository. During site characterization. Two 12 foot shafts will be constructed to the repository depth of about 2500 feet. This will permit testing of the host rock where the waste would be placed. Two Shafts are required. One shaft will provide access for workers and supplies, a second shaft will be used for the removal of excavated materials.

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IMPLEMENTATION OF THE NUCLEAR WASTE POLICY ACT OF 1982

The passage of the Nuclear Waste Policy Act of  1982 was a major milestone in the Nation's management of nuclear waste. This act. Which was signed into law by the president on January 7, 1983, established a national policy for the safe storage and disposal of spent nuclear fuel and high-level radioactive waste in brief, the Act requires the U. S. Department of Energy to provide for the development of deep geologic repositories for the disposal of spent fuel and high-level waste to submit a proposal to Congress on the need for and feasibility of one or more monitored retrievable storage facilities, and to establish a program of research, development, and demonstration regarding the disposal of spent nuclear fuel and high-level waste.

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CONTROL OF EXCAVATED SALT, DEAF SMITH COUNTY, TEXAS

A major step in the U. S. Department of Energy's process of selecting a site for the nation's first high level nuclear waste repository is detailed site characterization. The purpose of site characterization in Deaf Smith County is to determine if a site is suitable for a repository. Assuming that excavated salt does not contaminate water or soil it is important consideration in DOE's program. Salt management procedures during the construction of an exploratory shaft for site characterization will be similar to those commonly used in the mining industry. Similar procedures will also be used for repository  construction and operation. The amount of salt excavated for site characterization will be far less than the amount excavated for the repository. A combination of water spraying, retention ponds, impermeable liners, runoff control structures, and monitoring and proven techniques for effectively reducing the possibility of soil or water contamination from the excavated or blowing salt.

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WHAT ROCK TYPES CONSIDERED FOR NUCLEAR WASTE REPOSITORES

In at least 15 countries, deep geologic formations are being studied for nuclear waste isolation. The rocks in these formations include volcanic rocks such as basalt and tuff, salt, and other crystalline rocks such as granite. In the United States, geologic concepts for isolating high-level waste have been studied for more than 20 years. In 1957, a committee of the National Academy of Sciences National Research Council recommended that salt deposits be studied for the possible disposal of radioactive waste. Since that time, several groups have recommended studying salt and other rock types for a nuclear waste repository. These include the Interagency Review Group on Nuclear Waste management, the American Physical Society, the National Academy of Sciences, and the Environmental Protection Agency.

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