AndreaBozzo/ceres-open-data-index huggingface dataset:
State-of-the-art report summarizing techniques to determine residual oil saturation and recommendations on the requirements for residual oil saturation research and development

An investigation was conducted on the residual oil saturation (ROS) measurement techniques developed during the last fifteen years. Knowledge of precise ROS measurements is required for EOR project planning. The advantages, limitations, and problems of each one of the techniques are presented in tabulated form. Also, some of the possible improvements in the measurement techniques for the residual oil saturation are summarized. The following residual oil saturation techniques are discussed: core analyses, well logging, backflow tracer tests, material balance and well testing, newly developed gravity log methods, and interwell residual oil saturation measurements. Several aspects left to be improved in both instrumentations and data interpretation on pressure coring, back-flow tracer tests, well logging, material balance calculations, well testing, and interwell ROS measurements are presented. A nuclear magnetism log-inject-log method is proposed in which the need for porosity measurement for determining residual oil saturation is eliminated. 91 refs., 3 tabs.

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Industrial application of fluidized-bed combustion. Phase I. Quarterly technical progress report, January-March 1979

Sub-Scale Unit shakedown and over half of the test program were successfully completed. The results provided significant data for the final design of the demonstration plan. Final approval of the Prevention of Significant Deterioration report was received the week before site preparation was scheduled to begin. Federal EPA review of the report required an extended period of time, much more than originally estimated. Final design of the demonstration plant has continued to progress towards completion. Engineering specifications are being prepared on the building services. Preparation of arrangement and detail drawings for much of the plant systems is underway. A cost comparison study between a pulverized coal and fluidized bed fired units has been continued. The construction of the demonstration plant has begun as scheduled. Site preparation was initiated on March 26, 1979. Combustion Engineering has manned the job and is providing coordination of field activities. Work continues to develop a comprehensive shakedown and testing program for the demonstration plant. Objectives of the program are (1) to verify equipment performance and record detailed operational history and (2) to establish optimum operating conditions and procedures for maximum continuous operation, sustained partial load operation, variable load operation and cyclical operation. Testing will be scheduled to support these objectives within the restraints of the activity and program schedule.

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Corrosion due to use of carbon dioxide for enhanced oil recovery

Injection of carbon dioxide (CO/sub 2/) is a promising method for recovering large amounts of oil that cannot be recovered by conventional (primary and secondary) technology. As with any relatively new technology, there are aspects of CO/sub 2/ injection that, without adequate assessment, could discourage its use. One of these aspects is the potential for increased corrosion of oil field equipment that could result from CO/sub 2/ injection. Purpose of this study is to document the specific effects of CO/sub 2/ on corrosion and to identify promising methods for controlling corrosion in fields using CO/sub 2/ injection.

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Hot-gas cleanup for molten-carbonate fuel cells. First quarterly report, 19 May 1981-31 July 1981

Progress on task 1 (high temperature chlorine cleanup) is reported. Findings include: (1) the primary candidates for chloride cleanup are the alkali and alkaline earth carbonates or oxides; (2) ZnCl/sub 2/ and FeCl/sub 3/ are gaseous above 800 K and melt below 600 K, which could have severe implications for cleanup of sulfur with Zn/Fe oxides from streams where chloride is present; (3) very little information is available on kinetics and pore plugging of sorbents during chloride cleanup; however, we find that for cleanup by limestone (limited data is available) that chloride enhances sulfur cleanup rates and should not plug the pores as long as the chlorine level is less than the sulfur level; and (4) the alkali carbonates appear to be by far the best sorbents for combined sulfur/chloride cleanup. Progress is also reported on task 2, soot control for molten carbonate fuel cell anode. Experiments run with various gas mixtures on smooth Ni surfaces, supported Ni catalyst and anode material have led to the conclusion that the Boudouard reaction for carbon deposition is much faster at fuel cell conditions than either the water shift reaction or the methanation reaction. These results imply that carbon may form on MCFC anodes even for conditions where equilibrium calculations predict no carbon. Addition of CO/sub 2/ will inhibit coke formation even if the shift reaction is too slow to accommodate changing compositions.

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The chemistry of sodium with sulfur in flames

An experimental and analytical program examining sodium/sulfur chemistry has been conducted in a series of fuel rich and lean H{sub 2}/O{sub 2}/N{sub 2} flames, with and without added sulfur, and covering a wide range of temperatures and stoichiometries. Fluorescence measurements of OH and Na downstream profiles and sodium line reversal temperatures provided a broad data base for kinetic modeling. Analysis indicated NaSo{sub 2} to be the only significant sodium/sulfur product formed in the lean flames. Even so, its concentrations remain an extremely small fraction of the total sodium. The more important perturbation of the distribution of sodium over its molecular forms results from the catalytic effect of sulfur on the flame radical concentration levels rather than the formation of additional species. A bond dissociation energy of (Na-SO{sub 2}) = 197 {plus minus} 20 kJ mol{sup {minus}1} is derived assuming a non-planar structure or 210 {plus minus} 20 kJ mol{sup {minus}1} if the molecule is planar. NaOS is dominant in the rich flames, coupled with small contributions from NaSO{sub 2}, NaSH, NaS and NaS{sub 2}. Together, these can constitute from about 10 to 20% of the total flame sodium and do represent in this case an enhancement of molecular formation. Preliminary data in fuel rich C{sub 2}H{sub 2}/O{sub 2}/N{sub 2} flames are consistent with this model. This further illustrates the general insensitivity of alkali chemistry to fuel type. 57 refs., 10 figs., 4 tabs.

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Solid-state proton conductors

The purpose of this program was to survey the field of solid-state proton conductors (SSPC), identify conductors that could be used to develop solid-state fuel cells suitable for use with coal derived fuel gases, and begin the experimental research required for the development of these fuel cells. This document covers the following topics: the history of developments and current status of the SSPC, including a review of proton conducting electrolyte structures, the current status of the medium temperature SSPC development, electrodes for moderate temperature (SSPC) fuel cell, basic material and measurement techniques applicable for SSPC development, modeling and optimization studies. Correlation and optimization studies, to include correlation studies on proton conduction and oxide cathode optimization for the SSPC fuel cell. Experiments with the SSPC fuel cells including the fabrication of the electrolyte disks, apparatus for conducting measurements, the strontium-cerium based electrolyte, the barium-cerium based electrolyte with solid foil electrodes, the barium-cerium based electrolyte with porous electrodes, and conduction mechanisms. 164 refs., 27 figs., 13 tabs.

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Mobile phase in coals: its nature and modes of release. Technical progress report, December 1984-February 1985

The concept that a substantial fraction of guest molecules is trapped within the macromolecular network of coals has undergone some modification since the proposal that led to the funding of this project was written. Accordingly, the strategy to be followed has been revised somewhat. It is now predicted that the polycyclic alkanes and long-chain alkyl aromatics to be used in this project as markers for the mobile phase should be extractable from suitable coals by ethylene diamine or a methylcyclohexanone/dimethylformamide mixture. This prediction is being tested. It would follow, if the hypothesis is correct, that a substantial part of liquefaction consists of the liberation of physically trapped material of quite low molecular weight. A further 19 coals have been sealed in pyridine-d/sub 5/ for pulsed free-induction-decay /sup 1/H nmr; this completes the set of 24 coals to be studied by this technique, in an experiment designed to obtain information on the variation of the mobile phase with rank and geological history. A sample from the Illinois No. 6 seam has been extracted with a benzene/ethanol mixture under Soxhlet conditions and at 100/sup 0/C in an autoclave for 3, 24 and 96 hours. A fairly systematic increase in extract yield and in the hexane-soluble portion is observed. The same coal has been extracted under various conditions with other, more polar, solvents, which yielded less or no more hexane-solubles than benzene/ethanol. Indoline has been reported to be a better donor solvent than tetralin. It has now been found that this is certainly true for 3 coals if conversion is defined by THF solubility. Research has been continued in exploring dry catalytic coal hydrogenation as a technique by which to examine the compositions and relationships of the molecular phase and network. It has been confirmed that the impregnated molybdenum catalyst should be present in the fully sulfided form in order to attain high catalytic activity. 22 refs., 3 figs., 17 tabs.

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Development of techniques for optimizing selection and completion of western tight gas sands:  comparison of core, geophysical log and outcrop information. Phase III report, May 1979-August 1981

A corehole, DOE/GC-1, was drilled from a ridge location in the Westwater Canyon area of the Book Cliffs, Grand County, Utah. The well encountered Tuscher, Farrer and Neslen beds. These units were also exposed in outcrops on the ridge sides. The general dip direction of the beds in the GC-1 area is about 200/sup 0/ and the dip angle is about 5/sup 0/. The sandstone lenses observed in outcrop contained numerous small scale sedimentary structures. The median height of these structures was - Farrer 0.7 ft, Neslen 0.9 ft, and Tuscher 0.9 ft. The inclination was - Farrer 15/sup 0/, Neslen 14/sup 0/, and Tuscher 12/sup 0/. The average trend of the Farrer sandstone lenses was 64/sup 0/, and the median apparent length/height ratio of the Farrer outcrops was 35. The GC-1 well was cored from about 33 ft to 1010 ft with 98 % recovery. An orienting assembly was used to core from 770 to 950 ft. Only a limited amount of actual orientation information was retrieved due to repeated equipment failure.

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Experimental studies on the control of hydrocarbons emission from a gasifier. Final report, September 1981-February 1983

The objective of this work was to study kinetics of catalytic cracking of benzene, using a catalyst-selected based on the literature search, and to investigate effects of conditions prevailing in a typical gasifier. The aim is to identify and evaluate a catalyst which would be effective in controlling hydrocarbons emission from a gasifier, itself. The scope of the work mainly includes kinetic studies on benzene cracking using a selected catalyst, investigation of catalyst deactivation and poisoning effects, if any, and the reaction rate modeling. The four tasks within this scope of work are as follows: reactor development; kinetic studies; deactivation and poisoning; and reaction rate modeling. 63 references, 32 figures, 5 tables.

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Houston area medium-Btu coal-gasification project feasibility study. Final report. Volume III. Facility and distribution system design. [Production based on using Texaco gasifiers to process Illinois No. 6 coal]

The primary objective of the Houston Study design effort was to develop technologically feasible designs for the gasification facility and product distribution system in sufficient detail for preparing a  -25% cost estimate. The design is based on a nominal production of 125 billion Btu/day of hydrogen and syngas with key support facilities designed to accommodate expansion to 250 billion Btu/day. Production is based on using Texaco gasifiers to process Illinois No. 6 coal barged to the site. A 2800-acre site located about 4 miles north of Texas City and 32 miles southeast of Houston was selected as best suited to accommodate the facility and service the defined market. In addition to environmental and socioeconomic studies, the site was evaluated for conduciveness to construction and operation. Preliminary plot plan studies indicate that only 800 to 1000 acres will be required for the facility. The facility and distribution system costs were developed based on factors associated with this site. The facility consists of 31 individual plants; thirteen comprise the basic processes for converting coal to gaseous products, and eighteen are support systems. The distribution system follows existing pipeline corridors and is designed to accommodate expansion to 250 billion Btu/day. Volume III summarizes the design effort including process selection rationale and sensitivities, and defines the design used as a basis for the cost estimate. 66 figures, 56 tables.

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Surface chemistry of aluminosilicate particles:  application to combustion stream chemistry

It has been observed that the surface of heated illite is enriched in iron, potassium, calcium, and sulfur. Specifically, potassium, calcium, and sulfur reside in the outermost atomic layers of the iron-enriched aluminosilicate surface. The temperature dependence of this thermally-induced surface enrichment has been characterized for temperatures in the range of 150/sup 0/ to 1100/sup 0/ and heating periods on the order of twelve hours. Bulk depletion and desorption of potassium and sulfur have also been observed. The results can be qualitatively understood in terms of surface segregation. Having observed that the thermodynamics of surface enrichment are favorable, it is clear that the rates of enrichment are needed to further define the role of surface enrichment in the surface chemistry of the entrained or deposited aluminosilicate ash particles. In addition, the rates of desorption and adsorption for potassium and sulfur species are required to assess the extent of the release of these species into the combustion stream. The experimental results and the physical considerations included in the physical model indicate that, irrespective of the rates of surface enrichment, gas-surface reactions involving aluminosilicate and enriched aluminosilicate surfaces are of importance. Although a number of important gas-surface reactions may occur on these surfaces, those of greatest interest involve the formation, transport, or removal of corrosive species and atmospheric pollutants.

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Contaminant resistant molten carbonate fuel cell: Final report, June 1986--September 1988

This report summarizes the results of a 2 year program evaluating the application of solid nickel foils as hydrogen permeable barriers to contaminants in molten carbonate fuel cells. The purpose of these foils is to prevent contaminants such as H/sub 2/S, HCl, and NH/sub 3/ which are present in coal gasifier derived fuels, from reaching the electrolyte of the fuel cell, while still allowing hydrogen to reach the anode. During the first year of the program, a parametric study was conducted using 2.5 to 7.5 /mu/m thick nickel foils in both laboratory-scale and bench-scale fuel cell tests. Two design configurations were evaluated, one in which the foil was placed adjacent to the electrolyte matrix and one in which the foil was placed between two porous metal plaques. Work during the second year of the program addressed problems associated with the buildup of product gases between the foil barrier and the electrolyte and with the reduction of hydrogen flux that occurs when sulfur species were introduced into the fuel. A porous electrolyte was prepared for use with the foil anode configuration. Work was also performed to improve the removal of these product gases from barrier-anode configuration cells by constructing gas channels in the anode itself between the foil barrier and the electrolyte matrix. An apparatus was also assembled for measuring the hydrogen flux through a thin foil at 650/degree/C. Various coatings were then applied to the nickel foil to determine their impact on the permeability. The second year's work culminated in two bench-scale cell tests of the barrier-anode configuration using hardware having optimum specifications for this type of cell. The performance of these cells fell short of the design point criteria set as a goal at the beginning of this project. Therefore, this work will not be continued into the next fiscal year. 8 refs., 48 figs., 18 tabs.

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Sulfur-tolerant anode materials: Final report

Results of the second year's technical effort on a program to identify and evaluate alternative anode materials for use in molten carbonate fuel cells (MCFC) operating with high levels of sulfur contaminants in the fuel are summarized. In the first year of this program, a literature survey was performed covering all materials development research relating to electrode development for molten carbonate fuel cells. A final selection of 15 candidate materials was made, and samples of 9 of these 15 materials were fabricated and tested for electrical conductivity and for stability in the molten electrolyte. An additional 5 materials were evaluated during the second year. Several water-gas shift catalysts were also evaluated for their catalytic activity and sulfur resistance under conditions prevailing in the MCFC anode. These materials were titanium carbide, cobalt metal, copper metal, copper-nickel alloy, and lithium ferrate (III). Only the lithium ferrate (III) exhibited sulfur tolerance in that the performance of the lithium ferrate (III) cell did not change when sulfur was added to the fuel. The lithium ferrate (III) was then used to fabricate anodes for two 100 cm/sup 2/ bench-scale cells. These cells were assembled and operated on a medium-Btu simulated coal gasifier-derived fuel. Results are discussed.

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Development of standardized air-blown coal gasifier/gas turbine concepts for future electric power systems

CRS Sirrine (CRSS) is evaluating a novel IGCC process in which gases exiting the gasifier are burned in a gas turbine combustion system. The turbine exhaust gas is used to generate additional power in a conventional steam generator. This results in a significant increase in efficiency. However, the IGCC process requires development of novel approaches to control SO{sub 2} and NO{sub x} emissions and alkali vapors which can damage downstream turbine components. Ammonia is produced from the reaction of coal-bound nitrogen with steam in the reducing zone of any fixed bed coal gasifier. This ammonia can be partially oxidized to NO{sub x} when the product gas is oxidized in a gas turbine combustor. Alkali metals vaporize in the high-temperature combustion zone of the gasifier and laser condense on the surface of small char or ash particles or on cooled metal surfaces. It these alkali-coated materials reach the gas turbine combustor, the alkali will revaporize condense on turbine blades and cause rapid high temperature corrosion. Efficiency reduction will result. PSI Technology Company (PSIT) was contracted by CRSS to evaluate and recommend solutions for NO{sub x} emissions and for alkali metals deposition. Various methods for NO{sub x} emission control and the potential process and economic impacts were evaluated. This included estimates of process performance, heat and mass balances around the combustion and heat transfer units and a preliminary economic evaluation. The potential for alkali metal vaporization and condensation at various points in the system was also estimated. Several control processes and evaluated, including an order of magnitude cost for the control process.

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Characterization of high-temperature vapor-phase species and vapor-solid interactions of import to combustion and gasification processes in the energy technologies. Quarterly technical progress report No. 7, 14 April-15 July 1983

This report summarizes work completed during the seventh quarter of a two-year study focused primarily on the determination of bond energies and spectra for the alkali hydroxides and oxides, the study of pronounced particulate matter formed in alkali oxidation, and the characterization of sodium cluster and sodium surface oxidation with various oxidants. We have developed and are continuing to improve experimental configurations for generating intense, stable, and long-lasting chemiluminescent emission from the alkali hydroxides NaOH and KOH and the alkali oxides NaO and KO. The first electronic emission spectra for these compounds have been generated and are being studied in our laboratory. Commensurate with this effort has been the study of extensive particulate formation which appears to be pathological to the alkali hydroxide and oxide systems. This particulate matter, formed in an extremely efficient manner in the oxidation process, has been studied using a number of techniques (low temperature mass spectrometry, EPR spectrometry, and Raman spectroscopy). Initial efforts to obtain an x-ray powder pattern and a high temperature quadrupole mass spectrum have been instituted. Sodium cluster oxidation studies over the past three month period have focused on the desire to observe emission from highly exothermic processes which characterize the Na/sub x/-SO/sub 2/-Cl/sub 2/ system. In addition, refinements of studies of silicon monoxide formation which complement previous studies under DOE sponsorship were carried out during this period. From these studies the bond energy of SiO was confirmed from a purely spectroscopic measurement thus complementing and confirming the mass spectrometric determinations. 3 figures.

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Petrographic and Chemical Studies of the Hanna IV Burn, Hanna UCG Site, Wyoming

Samples were removed from five cores which had been drilled at the Hanna IV A and Hanna IV B burn sites. Strata in four of the cores included paralava and/or coke or semicoke. The fifth core contained coal which had been visibly altered, but there was no other thermally metamorphosed rock. All samples were analyzed by four techniques, including white light and blue light maceral analyses, vitrinite reflectivity, and fluorescence spectroscopy. All methods of analysis confirmed the presence of distinct vertical thermal gradients in Cores 1, 2, 12, and 14. A lateral thermal gradient between Cores 2 and 8 was also deduced. White light maceral analyses and fluorescence spectroscopy provided qualitative evidence that sharp thermal gradients existed between altered and unaltered strata beneath burn cavities and that much broader gradients existed above the burn zones. No absolute range of temperatures could be postulated, though. Blue light maceral analyses and vitrinite reflectivity provided much core quantitative evidence for the levels of thermal alteration. Heat transfer to rocks lying below the zone of combustion in a UCG chamber is apparently negligible. Much greater heat penetration and thermal alteration occurs laterally and vertically above the zone of combustion. 19 refs., 22 figs., 2 tabs.

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