AndreaBozzo/ceres-open-data-index huggingface dataset:
Geological and Geochemical Implications of Gas Hydrates in the Gulf of Mexico

This document presents the results of a study of the geological and geochemical implications of gas hydrates in the Gulf of Mexico. The report is based primarily on data obtained from available seismic surveys of the Green Canyon, Garden Banks, Mississippi Canyon, and Orca Basins areas of the northern continental margin of the Gulf of Mexico. The study also includes the data and analysis obtained from several gas hydrate cores recovered in these areas. The report provides new data relevant to gas hydrate research for more in-depth research of the Gulf of Mexico gas hydrates and provides significant information which advances the knowledge and understanding of gas hydrate formations in the natural environment. The report contains several high resolution seismic surveys. In the four hydrate sites studied in detail, the seismic ''wipeout''zones were all associated with collapsed structures, fault scarps, and/or salt piercement structures. These features provide conduits for the upward migration of either biogenic or thermogenic gas from depth. 35 refs., 47 figs., 9 tabs.

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Survey of particulate emission macro- and micro-sampling and sizing methods and real-time monitoring and sizing methods

A survey was conducted of recently developed methods for sampling and fractionating flue gas particulates. The survey was composed of three parts: (1) macro methods - sampling/fractionating equipment capable of collecting in each of several particle size cuts, macroscopic samples appropriate for subsequent chemical and physical characterization, (2) micro methods - size-fractionated particulates for microanalysis and (3) real time-monitoring/sizing methods permitting real-time acquisition of particle size data via remote or point-of-measurement techniques. Results presented include a survey and cursory evaluation of commercially available macro, micro, and real time measurement systems. Also, research and development efforts underway in the commercial, academic, and governmental sectors were identified and delineated, where possible, with respect to primary researcher(s), affiliation, program objectives, schedule and sponsoring agency where applicable. The study concludes that macro and micro methods utilizing impactors and cyclones are available, but reliable only with careful and proper operation. In contrast, real-time source monitoring of particle size is, with few exceptions, still in a developmental stage and very expensive.

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Applications of organo-calcium chemistry to control contaminant aromatic hydrocarbons in advanced coal gasification processes: Final technical progress report

The broad goal of this contract was to provide quantitative understanding of the thermal reactions of aromatics contaminants with calcium oxide under conditions pertinent to their in situ or out-board reduction or elimination from advanced coal gasification process and waste streams. Specific objectives were formalized into the following four tasks: cracking of fresh coal pyrolysis tar, benzene cracking, CaO deactivation behavior, and preliminary economic implications. The approach primarily involved laboratory scale measurements of rates and extents of feed conversion, and of quality indices or compositions of the resulting products, when pure aromatic compounds or newly formed coal pyrolysis tars undergo controlled extents of thermal treatment with CaO of known preparation history. 70 refs., 54 figs., 7 tabs.

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Management of coal waste by energy recovery: Mild gasification/flash pyrolysis of coal preparation waste: Quarterly report (draft) for the period July-September 1986

One of the most perplexing problems facing the coal industry is how to properly dispose of the waste and/or even recovery a small fraction of the Btu value of the waste, while minimizing the environmental concerns. UCC Research considers this monumental environmental problems as an opportunity to recovery useable organic materials and reduce the environmental problems created by coal waste. Mild gasification is the method used by UCC Research to realize these objectives. Coal feedstocks are fed into the mild gasification system yielding liquids, char, and gases for commercial application. The program consists of seven tasks: Task 1, Characterize Management of Coal Preparation Wastes; Task 2, Review Design Specifications and Prepare Preliminary Test Plan; Task 3, Select and Characterize Test Feedstocks; Task 4, Acquire/Construct Process Elements; Task 5, Prepare Final Test Plan; Task 6, Implement Final Test Plan; Task 7, Analyze Test Results and Assess System Economics. A schedule of the program is given. The program was initiated on September 30, 1984. Tasks 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6 have been completed. Work is continuing on Task 7.

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Fuel cells

The lead role in the US DOE fuel cell research and development program has been assigned to the Morgantown Energy Technology Center (METC). A description of the history, operation, types, and performance of fuel cells is given. Fuel cell programs being implemented by METC are discussed including the Phosphoric Acid Fuel Cell Program, the Molten Carbonate Fuel Cell Program, the Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Program, and the Fuel Cell Advanced Research and Technology Development Program. (WHK)

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Development of a Chemistry and Process Engineering Simulator (CAPES) capable of modeling chemistry and engineering problems in wet lime/limestone flue gas desulfurization. Final report

Radian Corporation, under contract to the Department of Energy, has developed a computer program capable of simulating lime or limestone based flue gas desulfurization (FGD) systems. This contract has proceeded in two phases: the development of a general species distribution model (SDM) which describes the concentrations (or activities) of chemical species which are either at or effectively at chemical equilibrium; and the development of process equipment subroutines which model each process unit such as scrubbers, reaction tanks, presaturators, and clarifiers or thickeners, along with an executive system to control problem setup and execution. In a previous document, the SDM computer code was documented in detail. This report serves to describe the culmination of work performed under the current contract. This is the development of the overall process code and the incorporation of the SDM routines. This report, therefore, serves as documentation and user's manual for the description and operation of the resulting Chemistry and Process Engineering Simulator (CAPES) computer program.

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Assessment of flash pyrolysis and hydropyrolysis

This report summarizes the major developments in flash pyrolysis and hydropyrolysis during the last fifteen years. Eight methods of heating are reviewed: (1) laser, (2) microwave, (3) flash tube, (4) plasma, (5) electric arc, (6) shock tube, (7) electric current, and (8) entraining gas. Despite the number of studies and number of techniques used to investigate the flash heating of coal, the reaction mechanisms and kinetics remain poorly understood. The report recommends that studies be conducted to build a data base for several coal types and for a range of conditions that are of current practical interest. In addition, exploratory research into the extreme limits of flash pyrolysis and hydropyrolysis should be done in order to gain mechanistic insights. Special emphasis should be placed on resolving the effect of heating rate on overall conversion and product distribution.

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Kinetics and reaction products of aerobic pyrrhotite (FeS) hydrolysis at ambient temperatures

The product distributions and mechanisms of FeS hydrolysis were examined as a function of pH, NH/sub 4//sup  / ion concentration, and SO/sub 2//sulfite concentrations in aqueous suspensions. Products in the solution phase as well as precipitates and starting material residues were examined by pH and redox potentiometry, x-ray diffraction, x-ray fluorescence, scanning electron microscopy, infrared spectrometry, and wet chemical methods. Principal products of pyrrhotite hydrolysis included soluble SO/sub 4//sup =/, Fe/sup 2  /, and lepidocrocite (FeOOH). In an unbuffered acid medium, equimolar leaching of iron and sulfur from FeS gives these plus some evolved H/sub 2/S as the only products. Hydrolysis in unbuffered water yields the same products with the exception of H/sub 2/S, with an atom ratio of Fe:S leached of 3.5 to 1. Surface pyrite (FeS/sub 2/), S/sup 0/, and S-rich sulfides are not observed. Hydrolysis in ammonia at pH = 9 gives rise to equimolar FeS leaching to form Fe(OH)/sub 2/, FeO(OH), and SO/sub 4//sup =/ as the only products. Hydrolysis in a bisulfite buffer (pH = 6) gives Fe/sup 2  / plus lesser amounts of FeO(OH), FeO, and Fe/sub 2/(SO/sub 4/)/sub 3/. Thermodynamic and kinetic considerations, extended to present conditions, predict FeO(OH), Fe/sup 2  / and SO/sub 4//sup =/ as the principal products. The kinetics of iron sulfide hydrolysis are exceedingly slow. In no case did more than 2 percent of the original FeS leach even after 6 days.

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Results of Leaching Experiments Conducted on Samples from the Tono I UCG Cavity

Laboratory experiments were conducted to characterize leachate chemical composition from heat-affected coal and overburden material. The experiments were designed to identify the major leachate constituents, the major heat-affected rock types contributing to leachate, and the general geochemistry involved in the degradation of groundwater. Thirty-day batch equilibrium experiments were conducted using a 1:5 solid-to-solution ratio. Five material types were subjected to leaching: coal heated to 300, 400, and 500/sup 0/C (570, 750, and 930/sup 0/F), slag, and altered overburden. The mineralogy of the material was determined by x-ray diffraction following preconcentration of mineral phases by density separation. The material was leached with deionized water maintained at a temperature of 25/sup 0/C (77/sup 0/F). Water samples were taken at 1-, 4-, 15-, and 30-day intervals to evaluate change in leachate composition over time. Results indicted no significant or regular change greater than analytical accuracies in concentrations of constituents in the leachate over the 30-day time period. Greater concentrations of constituents were leached from the char and ash (by an order of magnitude) than from the slag and altered overburden with the major constituents being calcium, magnesium, sodium, sulfate, and associated total dissolved solids. Minor constituents leached from the char were boron, ammonia, and total organic carbon. The minor constituents were generated from the pyrolysis of coal releasing much greater concentrations during the actual gasification process than during leaching. 5 refs., 2 figs., 7 tabs.

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Nonintrusive technique for the measurement of vapor-phase alkali in products of combustion gases

A nonintrusive measurement technique based on atomic emission spectroscopy was used to measure the release of vapor phase alkali from burning coal particles. The measurements were quantified with the method of additions by introducing specific quantities of alkali compounds into the combustion zone. Measurements involving Arkwright coal indicated that about 50% of the sodium and 33% of the potassium were vaporized in a CH/sub 4//air flame for near stoichiometric conditions. These particular values are believed to be dependent upon combustor conditions. Additional experiments should be completed at pressure and with various coal types to further characterize alkali release during combustion. 3 references, 8 figures, 5 tables.

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Low interfacial tension and miscibility studies for surfactant tertiary oil recovery processes. Technical progress report, December 1, 1977--November 30, 1978

The polarizing microscope was used to study the structure of aqueous solutions of petroleum sulfonates in the composition range planned for injection. All the surfactants studied showed a basic pattern of transformation between one structure and another over a relatively narrow range of salinities. As the salinity where this transformation occurs increases, so does the optimum salinity with a given oil, the condition of lowest interfacial tension. A polarized light box is being developed to permit rapid determination of solution structure without the microscope since information on structure may be useful in the early stages of surfactant selection. Solutions containing a well-characterized surfactant, sodium dodecyl sulfate, were found to have the same basic structure pattern as the sulfonates. Hence, further experiments with this simple material should provide information relevant to the more complex petroleum sulfonates. The microscope was used to observe the dynamic contacting process between a surfactant solution and oil. Equilibration proceeds more rapidly at high salinities, mainly because of the spontaneous emulsification which occurs under these conditions. The ultracentrifuge was used to study microemulsions containing a conventional petroleum sulfonate. Results were similar to previous results for synthetic sulfonates except in a region where interfacial tension and solubilization results for the conventional sulfonate were anomalous. Progress was made in development of a theory to predict drop size in microemulsions, an important property influencing both phase behavior and interfacial tension. 5 figures.

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Hot-gas cleanup for molten carbonate fuel cells:  dechlorination and soot formation. Quarterly report, September 16-December 15, 1982

The objective of this program is to screen and test alkali containing minerals as candidate chloride (HCl) sorbents. The goal is to develop a hot gas process for the removal of HCl from low Btu coal derived fuels for use in MCFC's. Previous analysis at PSI determined the potential of candidate sorbent materials for high temperature removal of HCl from coal gasifier effluent. Results of that work showed that only alkali carbonates will reduce HCl levels below the ppMV levels necessary for MCFC's at temperatures up to 800/sup 0/K and that above 800/sup 0/K, chloride could not be reduced below ppMV levels. The present experimental task was designed to follow up the recommendations based on these results. It was designed to provide empirical information necessary for the definition of a hot gas chloride cleanup system. The program proceeds in several stages: (1) screening of alkali containing minerals for potential reactivity, cost and availability; (2) testing of potentially attractive minerals by measuring reaction with HCl in a PSI hot flow reactor with simulated coal gasifier effluent; and (3) determining reaction rates and candidate sorbent capacities. This quarterly report presents the results of our sorbent screening survey which indicate that the naturally, occurring mineral Shortite is the leading candidate for a hot gas HCl cleanup sorbent. Shortite is an abundant mineral not used commercially at this time. Occurrence and preparation of Shortite are discussed. Thermochemical estimates for Shortite bed capacities and maximum operating temperatures are also presented. (WHK)

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A system identification study: Methodology, algorithms, and applications: Part 2

This technical report is a follow-up to the report entitled A Systems Identification Study: Methodology, Algorithms, and Applications by Lawson and others (1987). The purpose of this report is to develop more fully the mathematical theory underlying Lawson's review of estimating transfer function parameters, and to present a Pascal computer program that is more suitable for on-line adaptation than the FORTRAN program introduced in Lawson (1987). In the analysis and design of control systems, it is necessary to have a mathematical model of the given plant, where a plant is any physical object to be controlled. Constructing models and estimating optimal parameter values that characterize a plant is called system identification. A mathematical model involving parameters is referred to as a parametric description of the plant. Although a real plant can never by perfectly modeled by the designer, we assume its dynamics can be described by G(z,e) where e represents those aspects of the real plant not fully knowable. Given that the plant's mathematical model G(z) resembles the real plant, we need some performance index that measures how accurate this resemblance really is. We apply the input sequence to the plant and observe the output sequence, measuring each difference, or error, between the actual and estimated outputs. The set of parameters is then chosen that minimizes the sum of the squared errors. It is this sum, usually referred to as the least squares, which is classically chosen as the performance index, and is the one used by most algorithms for computing optimal transfer function parameters. 6 refs., 3 figs.

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Fluidized-bed combustion development: Volume 4, Research plan for FBC technology improvements: Final report

This report defines the scope of research into AFBC Technology Improvements for industrial steam generation. The technology improvements were identified and the possible benefits to be derived were evaluated in earlier phases of this study. The most promising areas of research identified are: (1) Shop Assembly and Modularization; (2) Reduction of Fan Power; (3) Minimum Bed Drain; (4) Off-Site Premix of Fuel and Sorbent; and (5) Natural Circulation in Coolant Loop. In addition to defining the scope, an estimate of the cost and schedule for each research area has been made. The priority of research is fairly well established by the estimated Benefit/Cost ratio, and is in the order of research areas listed. Some savings in the cost of research may be achieved by combining research activities from different areas.

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Study of deposition control using transpiration. Technical progress report

The purpose of this project is to determine the conditions under which transpiration may be actually used to avoid the deposition of small particles. The application of this work is the control of the deposition of small particles over a surface kept at a temperature below the melting point of compounds likely to exist in the combustion products. A combined experimental and theoretical research program will be carried out to evaluate the concept of transpiration as a deposition control strategy. A first order theory will be refined by introducting an appropriate turbulence model. The experimental program is designed to evaluate and refine the theoretical model under conditions which provide the correct Reynolds and Stokes numbers. The experimental set up consists of a wind tunnel with a test section containing a flat porous transpired section. The measurements will determine the distribution of velocity and of particle concentration in the boundary layer. The experiments will be conducted for different particles sizes under conditions simulating gas turbine conditions.

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Engineering support services for the DOE/GRI Coal Gasification Research Program

The objective of this contract is to provide technical support. During this report period, the support consisted of project management services and the monitoring and evaluation of Foster Wheeler's study on the bioconversion of synthesis gas. The status of this project is summarized in one section of the paper. The Foster Wheeler process involves the bioconversion of coal synthesis gas to SNG or to hydrogen. The design and cost estimation of plants for the SNG process are given. 4 refs., 5 figs., 4 tabs. (CK)

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Development of an advanced, continuous mild gasification process for the production of co-products

Research continued on the production of co-products from mild gasification. This quarter, 10 mild gasification tests were conducted in the 8-inch-I.D. process research unit (PRU). Modifications to the PRU were made during this period to improve mixing and to overcome the caking tendency of the Illinois No. 6 coal. Six of the tests resulted in satisfactory operation at steady conditions for 2.25 to 3.25 hours. Samples of char, gas, water, and organic condensables were collected over a one-hour period from each of these successful tests and analyzed. The effects of process temperature over the range of 1025{degree} to 1390{degree} was studied during this quarter. Compositional effects on the oils and tars observed with increased temperature are increased light oil content, decreased pitch content, decreased oxygen content, increased nitrogen and sulfur content, and increasing aromaticity. Char upgrading studies continued during the quarter. Briquettes made in a laboratory press, using either a pitch binder or Illinois No. 6 coal to provide an in-situ binder, were calcined and tested for diametral compression strength. Char was also subjected to steam activation at a variety of conditions to determine the potential for use as a low-cost absorbent for water treatment. 2 refs., 15 figs., 11 tabs.

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Rock matrix and fracture analysis of flow in western tight gas sands: Phase IV: Quarterly technical progress report, April--June 1988

The objective of this project is to develop reliable core analysis techniques for measuring the petrophysical properties of tight gas sands. Recent research has indicated that the flow conditions in the reservoir can be greatly enhanced by the presence of natural fractures, which serve as a transport path for gas from the less permeable matrix. The study is mainly concerned  with the dependence of flow in tight gas matrix and healed tectonic fractures on water saturation and confining pressure. This dependency is to be related to the detailed pore structure of tight sands as typified by cores recovered in the Multi-Well experiment. This report describes progress on the following four tasks: (1) advanced core analysis; (2) flow  along and across fracture; (3) chemical alteration; and (4) effect of water on gas production. 9 refs., 5 figs.

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Multiwell Experiment final report:  3. The coastal interval of the Mesaverde formation

The Department of Energy's Multiwell Experiment (MWX) is a field laboratory in the Piceance Basin of Colorado which has two overall objectives: to characterize the low permeability gas reservoirs in the Mesaverde Formation and to develop technology for their production. Different depositional environments have created distinctly different reservoirs in the Mesaverde, and MWX has addressed each of these in turn. This report presents a comprehensive summary of results from the coastal interval which lies between 6000 ft and 6600 ft at the MWX site. The interval is a complex, upper delta plain, depositional environment consisting of interbedded sandstone channels, and carbonaceous siltstones and mudstones. Separate sections of this report are background and summary site descriptions and operations; geology; well testing, stimulation, analysis, and reservoir evaluation of a pair of distinct sandstones; supporting laboratory studies; hydraulic fracture diagnostics; and a bibliography. Additional detailed data, results, analyses, and data file references are given on microfiche in several appendices. Overall, the results show that the coastal contains very low permeability reservoirs of limited extent and productivity. Nevertheless, the results provide additional insight into the geology and gas production from Mesaverde reservoirs. 131 refs., 217 figs., 41 tabs.

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