AndreaBozzo/ceres-open-data-index huggingface dataset:
Western gas sands project status report

The Western Gas Sands Project Plan, Project Implementation Plans and Project Plan Document FY 78 are in various stages of preparation. Information gathering by U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) of the initial data base for many of the project activities is nearing completion. Some base maps are complete and field investigations in the principal areas of interest are being conducted. Research and development by Energy Research Centers and National Laboratories were directed toward new tools and instrumentation systems, rock mechanics experiments, mathematical modeling, and data analysis. The Uinta Basin in Utah and Piceance Basin in Colorado have ongoing massive hydraulic fracture (MHF) experiments in the Upper Cretaceous tight gas formations. These are: CER Corporation, MHF 3; Gas Producing Enterprises, Natural Buttes No. 14, 18, 19, 20; Mobil Oil, F-31-13G; and Rio Blanco Natural Gas, 498-4-1. Colorado Interstate Gas Company has been awarded a contract to determine if productivity in low permeability reservoirs can be improved by reducing the interstitialwater saturation. They will be using two wells, the Sprague No. 1 and Miller No. 1, completed in the Dakota J formation in the Wattenberg Field in north central Colorado. All of the massive hydraulic fracture wells, with the exception of the Pacific Transmission well, have been fractured as planned. The Mobil and GPE No. 14, 18, and 20 wells show significant improvement as compared to original flow rates. The Mobil well is being tested for additional MHF treatments. Sandia Laboratories is continuing their research program in hydraulic fracturing at DOE's Nevada Test Site (NTS).

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Status of direct liquefaction of low-rank coal

This report consists of the following chapters: (1) effects of operating parameters on the liquefaction of low-rank coals and preferred conditions for distillate yield and operability; (2) asphaltenes and preasphaltenes; (3) experimental equipment; (4) role of solvent properties and light oil characterization; (5) coal mineral matter and its effects in low-rank coal liquefaction; (6) properties of low-rank coals affecting their liquefaction; (7) mechanisms of coal liquefaction; (8) roles of hydrogen and carbon monoxide on the conversions of organic solids and their chemical models; and (9) effect of hydrogen sulfide on the liquefaction of low-rank coals. Each chapter has been processed for inclusion in the Energy Data Base.

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Use of solid collectors for the control of emissions in advanced coal conversion processes. Progress report, April-June 1985

An investigation is in progress to control emissions of alkali metals, trace metals and aromatic hydrocarbons in advanced coal conversion processes by injection of pulverized collector absorbents such as pulverized alumina, diatomaceous earth, and emathlite into the hot process stream or flame. Construction of the combustion and injection system is complete except for the installation and calibration of sample collection and other instrumentation. A sample of Pittsburgh seam coal was ashed and the ash and two new candidate absorbents were examined by the scanning electron microscope in both the morpholoty mode and the EDS elemental analysis mode. A TGA system is being constructed to evaluate absorption kinetics by steady state measurements. 2 refs., 5 figs.

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Effect of pressure, time and composition on oil-water surfactant systems for tertiary oil recovery. First annual report, October 1, 1980 to September 30, 1981

Measurements have been made of interfacial tension, ..gamma.., as a function of pressure, with oil-water-surfactant systems that are relevant to enhanced oil recovery (EOR) by surfactant flooding. The pressure coefficient of ..gamma.., at constant composition, is positive in every case examined. In this behavior, interfaces in surfactant systems differ strongly from interfaces that are free from surfactant. The interfacial behavior is complicated by the change in solubility relations with increase in pressure, and consequent mass transfer effects. A theory is being developed, that relates the interfacial tension (IFT) in a nonequilibrium system to the rate of mass transfer across the interface. It shows promise of explaining the changes of IFT that we are observing, with changes in pressure.

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Development of Mobility Control Methods to Improve Oil Recovery by CO2

The goal of this project has been to develop methods to counteract the harmful influence of the naturally unfavorable mobility ratio in CO/sub 2/ floods. Our efforts have been directed towards the development of two distinct methods for increasing the effective viscosity of dense CO/sub 2/. One of these involves the use of water-CO/sub 2/ emulsions or foams as the displacement fluid. The second type of mobility control additives being investigated are direct thickeners - solutions of certain polymers in the CO/sub 2/. Significant progress has been made in both these areas of development. In conjunction with the development of means of thickening the CO/sub 2/ displacement fluid, the need also exists to assess the behavior and effectiveness of the additives. The assessment is to be performed in a standardized, repeatable core-flooding test which has been developed as a third part of the project's laboratory work. As with the development of the thickeners themselves, good progress has also been made here, and the experimental and measuring system has been brought to operating condition.

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Corrosion kinetics of selected materials for pressurized fluidized bed combustion (PFBC). Second quarterly report, 1 January-31 March 1986

The work on this program is designed to develop an understanding of the material wastage phenomenon of a number of heat-resistant materials under simulated deposits, like the ones formed during pressurized fluidized bed combustion (PFBC). The high pressure-high temperature equipment with dedicated control panel already existing at IITRI has been modified slightly, and initial results are presented on simulation of corrosion morphologies similar to those found in PFBC. The work plan was designed to study reproducibility, effects of different deposits on corrosion, and long-term exposure effects on materials under deposits at high pressures and at high temperatures. Some limited work on the effect of corrosion on the mechanical properties of the materials will also be studied. Micro characterization of materials and oxides using optical, SEM-EDX, and chemical analysis will be conducted to understand kinetic and thermodynamic data, which should help to establish corrosion mechanisms. The initial equipment modification has been completed, and testing is planned for the next quarter.

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Advanced atmospheric fluidized-bed combustion design:  the staged cascading fluidized-bed combustor

Better fuel utilization is achieved in the SCFBC, which achieves a carbon burnout of 97.1% versus 95.0% for the AFBC. The SCFBC advantage is due to the staging of combustion in two beds. The thermal efficiency of the SCFBC is higher than that of the AFBC (85.4% versus 81.65%) due to two factors. First, the better fuel efficiency mentioned above contributes to this advantage. Second, the spent solids leaving the lowest combustion stage of the SCFBC are cooled by the incoming air, reducing heat loss with the spent solids. The SCFBC accomplishes the specified SO/sub 2/ removal with a significantly reduced amount of limestone adsorbent. The SCFBC achieved a sulfur capture efficiency of 81.6% with a calcium to sulfur ratio of 2.05, while the AFBC capture efficiency was 90% with a calcium to sulfur ratio of 3.5. The SCFBC has several other technical advantages over the AFBC. Stages of combustion air in the SCFBC can reduce NOx emissions to one-half to one-third of that achievable with the AFBC. The SCFBC achieves a higher volumetric heat release than the conventional AFBC by a factor of three to one. The SCFBC can achieve higher turndown ratios than the AFBC by changing fluidized bed depths to tailor heat transfer rates to the turned down condition. Turndown ratios of 7 to 1 are possible with the SCFBC compared with a ratio of 3 to 1 achievable in a single bed conventional AFBC. The capitol cost of the SCFBC is 24.0% lower than that of the AFBC and the annual operating cost is 7.4% lower.

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Proceedings of the Gas Hydrates, Arctic/Offshore Research, and Deep Source Gas Contractors Review Meeting

Gas hydrates research, one of the new efforts in DOE's program on unconventional gas recovery, is focused on the basic sciences related to the formation and dissociation of naturally formed gas hydrate deposits. The research goal is to determine the extent and nature of the natural gas resource of gas hydrate deposits and to develop methods to extract it for a future gas supply. METC research maintains focus on (1) analysis of the gas hydrate properties, (2) analysis of the geological environment, and (3) development of geological and production models for the gas hydrate reservoir. Data base activities include the loading of data tapes from the North Slope of Alaska, specifically, the National Petroleum Reserves of Alaska (NPRA), and the Kuparuk River/Prudhoe Bay region. Crosscutting geoscience research emphasizes the deposition of gas hydrates in the geologic formation, relative permeability/porosity measurements, and the measurement of in situ gas hydrate localities in both the onshore and offshore environments. Twenty-four papers have been entered individually into EDB and ERA. (LTN)

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The development of an integrated multistage fluid bed retorting process. [KENTORT II process--50-lb/hr]

This report summarizes the progress made on the development of an integrated multistage fluidized bed retorting process (KENTORT II). The KENTORT II process includes integral fluidized bed zone for pyrolysis, gasification, and combustion of the oil shale. The purpose of this program is to design and test the KENTORT II process at the 50-lb/hr scale. The work performed during this year involved projects that will contribute physical and chemical data for the final design of the 50-lb/hr retort. A cold-flow model of the 50-lb/hr retort was built and tested. The unit demonstrated stable operation and proper fluidization of all beds. Good control of solid recirculation up to the maximum design rate for each loop (200 and 500 lb/hr, respectively) was achieved simultaneously. Basically, the cold-flow model is completely operational and translation of the cold-flow design parameters to the design of the retort is ready to begin. In another aspect of the program, a study of the cracking and coking kinetics of shale oil vapors passed over processed shales was initiated. The addition of a mass spectrometer to the system to monitor total carbon, nitrogen and sulfur evolution in real-time was successful. Coking activities of processed shales were ranked as follows: combusted shale > gasified shale > pyrolyzed shale. Arrangements for conducting an evaluation of KENTORT-derived oil for asphalt applications were finalized and testing was initiated.

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A systems identification study: Methodology, algorithms, and application: Technical note

This report has presented work done in two major areas of system identification, time domain, and frequency domain analysis. In time domain analysis, the parametric method of representing a system, was chosen because it lends itself more effectively to practical applications. Modeling methodologies for single-input/single-output and for multivariable systems were developed. An algorithm was developed for general applications using the recursive least-squares estimation technique of parameter estimation. The algorithm is very flexible in that the vector and matrix sizes are automatically adjusted within the program to account for the system delay in data used in the estimation. In each test where the actual output was compared to the estimated out-put, the results appeared to be quite favorable. The tests with known process time delay also yielded good model performance. The time domain method of system modeling has good noise rejection capability. The time domain method can be performed from data evident of normal process perturbations, whereas the frequency domain method requires that specific driving inputs be applied to the process. The recursive nature of the developed algorithm has the potential for real-time implementation. Adaptive control and process monitoring are candidate application. 17 refs., 25 figs.

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A 32-month gasifier mechanistic study and downstream unit process development program for the pressurized ash-agglomerating fluidized bed gasification system: Quarterly report, July 1-September 30, 1985

KRW Energy Systems Inc. completed installations of its external hot-gas-cleanup (HGCU) system at the Process Development Unit at Waltz Mill, PA. Two external-bed desulfurization tests were conducted on this system. An evaluation of filter performance during in-bed and external-bed desulfurization testing was completed, and filter modifications were identified as follows: increase blowback pulse flow to enable continuation of TP-037-2 and redesign the filter internals to incorporate eight additional filter elements for future testing. In-bed desulfurization test TP-036-5 demonstrated that limestone is equal to dolomite as a desulfurizing sorbent; 208 hours of operation were successfully completed to expand the PDU data base using limestone as a sorbent. Work continued to resolve problems associated with the available procedures to quantify the reactivity of spent sorbent from PDU in-bed desulfurization testing. A PDU conceptual design was completed for an external sulfation system that will process spent in-bed sorbent. Additional fines recycle studies were conducted on thermal loss and thermal efficiency optimization, and PDU modifications were defined for improved fines recycle performances. These studies considered results of the most recent analyses and observations during in-bed desulfurization test TP-036-5 and external-bed desulfurization test TP-037-1. 6 refs.

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Enhanced durability and reactivity for zinc ferrite desulfurization sorbent

AMAX Research   Development Center (AMAX R D) investigated methods for enhancing the reactivity and durability of zinc ferrite desulfurization sorbents. Zinc ferrite sorbents are intended for use in desulfurization of hot coal gas in integrated gasification combined cycle (IGCC) or molten carbonate fuel cell (MCFC) applications. For this program, the reactivity of the sorbent may be defined as its sulfur sorption capacity at the breakthrough point and at saturation in a bench-scale, fixed-bed reactor. Durability may be defined as the ability of the sorbent to maintain important physical characteristics such as size, strength, and specific surface area during 10 cycles of sulfidation and oxidation. Two base case sorbents, a spherical pellet and a cylindrical extrude used in related METC-sponsored projects, were used to provide a basis for the aimed enhancement in durability and reactivity. Sorbent performance was judged on the basis of physical properties, single particle kinetic studies based on thermogravimetric (TGA) techniques, and multicycle bench-scale testing of sorbents. A sorbent grading system was utilized to quantify the characteristics of the new sorbents prepared during the program. Significant enhancements in both reactivity and durability were achieved for the spherical pellet shape over the base case formulation. Overall improvements to reactivity and durability were also made to the cylindrical extrude shape. The primary variables which were investigated during the program included iron oxide type, zinc oxide:iron oxide ratio, inorganic binder concentration, organic binder concentration, and induration conditions. The effects of some variables were small or inconclusive. Based on TGA studies and bench-scale tests, induration conditions were found to be very significant.

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A literature survey and an experimental study of coal devolatilization at mild and severe conditions: Influence of heating rate, temperature, and reactor type on product yield and composition

The objectives of this study were to investigate how relatively mild operating conditions (i.e., relatively low temperatures and pressures) influence product quality by comparing devolatilized products obtained at various temperatures and heating rates. Fixed-, fluid-, and entrained-flow reactor units were used to obtain pyrolysis products. In addition, available literature data on tar yield in various reactor units at a range of temperatures and residence times were surveyed and compared with the data generated in the present study. Liquids were characterized by a number of techniques (e.g., field ionization mass spectroscopy or FIMS, sequential elution solvent chromatography or SESC, fourier transform infrared spectroscopy or FTIR, elemental analysis). 34 refs., 21 figs., 2 tabs.

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Proceedings of the AR and TD (Advanced Research and Technology Development) direct utilization, and instrumentation and diagnostics contractors review meeting: Volume 1

The Advanced Research and Technology Development (AR and TD) Direct Utilization, and Instrumentation and Diagnostics Contractors Review Meeting was held on October 14-16, 1987, at the Sheraton Lakeview Conference Center in Morgantown, West Virginia. This meeting was sponsored by the US Department of Energy (DOE), Office of Fossil Energy, and the Morgantown and Pittsburgh Energy Technology Centers, and this year was hosted by the Morgantown Energy Technology Center. This annual meeting provides a forum for the exchange of information between DOE AR and TD contractors and interested parties and was attended by approximately 200 individuals from industry, academia, national laboratories, and other Governmental agencies. Papers were presented on ongoing research and research results relating to combustion phenomena, coal properties, cleanup, mineral-matter transformations, pyrolysis, atomization, instrumentation, erosion/corrosion, and deposition. A total of 12 technical sessions were chaired by staff from both the Morgantown and Pittsburgh Energy Technology Centers. Conference coordination was provided by the Conference Services staff of EG and G Washington Analytical Services, Inc., Morgantown Operations. The proceedings have been reproduced from camera-ready manuscripts furnished by the authors. They have not been refereed, nor have they been extensively edited. Papers have been entered individually into EDB and ERA.

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Material balance in atmospheric fluidized-bed combustion of North Dakota lignite

The distribution of 24 trace and minor elements in the feed and exit streams from a fluidized-bed combustor equipped with a pulse-jet baghouse for particulate control was investigated. Lignite feed was the major source of aluminum, barium, beryllium, iron, sodium and titanium entering the combustor. The limestone feed was the major source of calcium, magnesium and manganese entering the combustor. Both lignite and limestone were significant sources of chromium, cobalt, nickel, potassium, silicon, vanadium and zinc. Most of the elements left the combustion system in either the primary cyclone catch or the bed drain. The secondary cyclone and baghouse collected most of the remaining trace and minor elements. Particulate emissions to the atmosphere were very low ranging from 0.00026 to 0.00040 lb/10/sup 6/ Btu. Emissions of trace and minor elements, which were also very low, are presented in this report.

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Low-pressure-ratio regenerative exhaust-heated gas turbine

A design study of coal-burning gas-turbine engines using the exhaust-heated cycle and state-of-the-art components has been completed. In addition, some initial experiments on a type of rotary ceramic-matrix regenerator that would be used to transfer heat from the products of coal combustion in the hot turbine exhaust to the cool compressed air have been conducted. Highly favorable results have been obtained on all aspects on which definite conclusions could be drawn.

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Rock matrix and fracture analysis of flow in western tight gas sands: Phase 3, Quarterly technical progress report, October-December 1987

Summary of results obtained in the last quarter are presented for the following tasks: (1) advanced core analysis which covers pore structure by uv reflectance microscopy and clay analysis of MWX cores; (2) flow along and across fractures; (3) chemical alteration of various mineralogical components and resultant effects on permeability; and (4) effect of water on gas production. 9 refs., 4 figs., 2 tabs.

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Advancement of flash hydrogasification. Quarterly technical progress report, October-December 1984

The design of test hardware and process development unit (PDU) modifications had been completed previously. Task VII involves the fabrication of test hardware and the modification of an existing 1-ton/h hydroliquefaction PDU at Rockwell's facilities for use as a hydrogasifier test facility. Test hardware fabrication has been completed. Modifications to the PDU were completed in July 1984. The modified facility can accommodate both 10- and 20-ft-long hydrogasifier reactors so that residence times will be in the range of 2 to 6 s when coal is fed at a nominal 1/2 ton/h into reactors at 1000 psia pressure. Provisions have been made for real-time analysis of the product gases using an on-line gas chromatograph system. Separate supplies of coal, hydrogen, oxygen, methane, and water (for steam generation) are provided so that short duration (1 to 2 h) hydrogasification tests along with preburner assembly performance evaluation tests can be conducted to meet the overall test program objectives. Performance characterization testing of the preburner assembly and two coal reactor tests to establish FHP reactor performance at baseline (low-steam concentration) hydrogasification conditions have been completed. Three reactor tests to investigate steam enhancement effects were conducted during this report period. An important program milestone was achieved when total carbon conversion to CO/sub x/ exceeded 18%, thereby confirming the Advanced Flash Hydropyrolysis (AFHP) chemistry predictions of significant heterogeneous/homogeneous CO production at high steam concentrations. Nominal reactor operating conditions for this test were 1950/sup 0/F, 1000 psig, 4.7-s residence time, and 45% inlet steam concentration. 6 refs., 13 figs., 10 tabs.

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METC VAX/IBM Guide to ASPEN

This guide serves as a handbook for operating the public version of ASPEN (Advanced System for Process Engineering) as installed and supported by METC on the VAX computer operating under the VMS operating system and on the IBM 3033 computer at Argonne National Laboratory operating under the MVS operating system with CMS/SP. Use this guide along with Volumes I and II of MIT's ASPEN User's Manual. Volume I contains the ASPEN input language descriptions for writing an ASPEN input file and basic descriptions of the ASPEN systems. It also contains information concerning physical properties and databanks. Volume II contains descriptions of the system models in ASPEN and answers specific operational questions.

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Penn Grade Micellar Displacement project. First annual report, June 1975--June 1976

The main objective of the Penn Grade-ERDA Micellar Displacement Project is to assess and hopefully, demonstrate the feasibility of commercial application of the micellar-polymer process for tertiary oil recovery from a rather large, but relatively ''tight''section of the Bradford Third Sand. The initial phase of this project involves pertinent core and field injectivity measurements from a freshly drilled well, as a basis for assessing the feasibility of a small demonstration test flood to be performed under Phase II. This report details the work done and results obtained under Phase I (Injectivity Test) completed during the first year of the project. These results, having indicated that the pattern test envisaged under Phase II is indeed feasible, work is now in progress to carry the project to the pattern test phase, in pursuit of project goals.

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