AndreaBozzo/ceres-open-data-index huggingface dataset:
Stabilization of Rocky Flats Pu-contaminated ash within chemically bonded phosphate ceramics*

A feasibility study was conducted on the use of chemically bonded phosphate ceramics for stabilization of combustion residue of high transuranic (TRU) wastes. Using a matrix of magnesium potassium phosphate formed by the room-temperature reaction of MgO and KH2PO4 solution, we made waste forms that contained 5 wt.% Pu to satisfy the requirements of the Waste Isolation Pilot Plant. The waste forms were ceramics whose compression strength was twice that of conventional cement grout and whose connected porosity was ?50% that of cement grout. Both surrogate and actual waste forms displayed high leaching resistance for both hazardous metals and Pu. Hydrogen generation resulting from the radiolytic decomposition of water and organic compounds present in the waste form did not appear to be a significant issue. Pu was present as PuO2 that was physically microencapsulated in the matrix. In the process, pyrophoricity was removed and leaching resistance was enhanced. The high leaching resistance was due to the very low solubility of PuO2 coupled with superior microencapsulation. As a result, the waste forms satisfied the current Safeguard Termination Limit requirement for storage of TRU combustion residues.

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OPTIMIZING THE AIR FLOTATION WATER TREATMENT PROCESS

The injection water for the Nelson Project is a combination of produced and make-up water, typical of many Eastern Kansas operations. The make-up water is a low-salinity salt water from the ArbucMe Formation and contains dissolved minerals and sulfides. The produced water contains suspended oil, suspended clay and silt particles, along with a combination of other dissolved minerals. The combination of the two waters causes several undesirable reactions. The suspended solids load contained in the combined waters would plug a 75-micron plant bag filter within one day. Wellhead filters of 75-micron size were also being used on the injection wells. The poor water quality resulted in severe loss of injectivity and frequent wellbore cleaning of the injection wells. Various mechanical and graded-bed filtration methods were considered for cleaning the water. These methods were rejected due to the lack of field equipment and service availability. A number of vendors did not even respond to our request. The air flotation process was selected as offering the best hope for a long-term solution. The objective of this work is to: increase the cost effectiveness of the process through optimizing process design factors and operational parameters. A vastly modified air flotation system is the principal tool for accomplishing the project objective. The air flotation unit, as received from manufacturer Separation Specialist, was primarily designed to remove oil from produced water. The additional requirement for solids removal necessitated major physical changes in the unit. Problems encountered with the air flotation unit and specific modifications are detailed in the body of the report. An order of magnitude improvement in water quality has been achieved. Wellhead filters of ten-micron size are now routinely utilized as compared to the previous 75-micron filters. Filter changing frequency is no different. The overall water treating chemical costs have been reduced. The frequency and severity of injection well cleaning jobs has been greatly minimized. Additional detail is being provided regarding the nature of the well cleaning jobs and the frequency with which they occurred during a two-year period. Although all problems are not solved, injectivity has been much easier to maintain as a result of the cleaner water. This is vividly demonstrated by the reduced frequency of injection well cleaning.

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REACTIVATION OF AN IDLE LEASE TO INCREASE HEAVY OIL RECOVERY THROUGH APPLICATION OF CONVENTIONAL STEAM DRIVE TECHNOLOGY IN A LOW DIP SLOPE AND BASIN RESERVOIR IN THE MIDWAY-SUNSET FIELD, SAN JAOQUIN BASIN, CALIFORNIA

This project reactivates ARCO's idle Pro Fee lease in the Midway-Sunset field, California and conducts a continuous steamflood enhanced oil recovery demonstration aided by an integration of modem reservoir characterization and simulation methods. Cyclic steaming is being used to reestablish baseline production within the reservoir characterization phase of the project. During the demonstration phase scheduled to begin in January 1997, a continuous steamflood enhanced oil recovery will be initiated to test the incremental value of this method as an alternative to cyclic steaming. Other economically marginal Class III reservoirs having similar producibility problems will benefit from insight gained in this project. The objectives of the project are: (1) to return the shut-in portion of the reservoir to optimal commercial production; (2) to accurately describe the reservoir and recovery process; and (3) to convey the details of this activity to the domestic petroleum industry, especially to other producers in California, through an aggressive technology transfer program.

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ADVANCED OIL RECOVERY TECHNOLOGIES FOR IMPROVED RECOVERY FROM SLOPE BASIN CLASTIC RESERVOIRS NASH DRAW BRUSHY CANYON POOL EDDY COUNTY, NM

The Nash Draw Brushy Canyon Pool in Eddy County New Mexico is a field demonstration in the U.S. Department of Energy Class Ill Program. Advanced reservoir characterization techniques are being used at the Nash Draw project to develop reservoir management strategies for optimizing oil recovery from this Delaware reservoir. Analysis, interpretation, and integration of recently acquired geological, geophysical, and engineering data revealed that the initial reservoir description was too simplistic to capture the critical features of this complex formation. As a result of the analysis, a proposed pilot area was -reconsidered. Comparison of seismic data and engineering data have shown evidence of discontinuities in the area surrounding the proposed injector. Analysis of the 3-D seismic has shown that wells in the proposed pilot are in an area of poor quality amplitude development. The implication is that since amplitude attenuation is a function of porosity, then this is not the best area to be attempting a pilot pressure maintenance project. Because the original pilot area appears to be compartmentalized, the lateral continuity between the pilot wells could be reduced. The 3-D seismic interpretation indicates other areas may be better suited for the initial pilot area Therefore, the current focus has shifted more to targeted drilling, and the pilot injection will be considered in a more continuous area of the NDP in the future.

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Increased Oil Production And Reserves Utilizing Secondary/tertiary Recovery Techniques On Small Reservoirs In The Paradox Basin, Utah

The Paradox basin of Utah, Colorado, and Arizona contains nearly 100 small oil fields producing from carbonate buildups or mounds within the Pennsylvanian (Desmoinesian) Paradox Formation. These fields typically have one to four wells with primary production ranging from 700,000 to 2,000,000 barrels (111,300-318,000 m3) of oil per field at a 15 to 20 percent recovery rate. At least 200 million barrels (31,800,000 m3) of oil are at risk of being unrecovered in these small fields because of inefficient recovery practices and undrained heterogeneous reservoirs. Five fields (Anasazi, Mule, Blue Hogan, Heron North, and Runway) within the Navajo Nation of southeastern Utah are being evaluated for waterflood or carbon-dioxide (C02)-miscible flood projects based upon geological characterization and reservoir modeling. The results can be applied to other fields in the Paradox basin and the Rocky Mountain region, the Michigan and Illinois basins, and the Midcontinent.

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Recovery Of Bypassed Oil In The Dundee Formation (Devonian) Of The Michigan Basin Using Horizontal Drains

A research consortium consisting of members of the Department of Geological Engineering and Sciences at Michigan Technological University, the Department of Geology at Western Michigan University and Terra Energy Inc. (Traverse City, MI) and supported in part by the U. S. Department of Energy, was formed in an effort to help companies recover bypassed oil from the shallow shelf carbonate reservoirs in the Michigan Basin. Total hydrocarbon production in the Michigan Basin has surpassed 1 billion barrels (Bbbls) and total unrecovered reserves are estimated at 1-2 BBbls. However, hydrocarbon production in Michigan has fallen from 35 MM/bbls/yr in 1979 to about 10 MM bbls/yr in 1996. In an effort to slow this decline, a field demonstration project designed around using a horizontal well to recover bypassed oil was designed and carried out at Crystal Field in Montcalm County, MI . The project had two goals:  1. to test the viability of using horizontal wells to recover bypassed oil from the Dundee Formation, and 2. to characterize additional Dundee reservoirs (29) that are "look alikes" to the Crystal Field, As much as 85 percent of the oil known to exist in the Dundee Formation in the Michigan Basin remains in the ground as bypassed oil. Early production techniques in the 137 fields were poor, and the Dundee was at risk of being abandoned, leaving millions of barrels of oil behind. Crystal Field in Montcalm County, Michigan is a good example of a "worn out" field. Crystal Field was once a prolific producer which had been reduced to a handful of wells, the best of which vii produced only 5 barrels per day. The demonstration well drilled as a result of this project, however, has brought new life to the Crystal Field. Horizontal drilling is one of the most promising technologies available for oil production. The new well was completed successfully in October of 1995 and has been producing I00 barrels of oil per day, 20 times better than the best conventional well in the field. Estimated recoverable reserves for the new well are 200,000 barrels of oil. The success of the well has spawned a "miniboom" in drilling in the Dundee Formation. As a direct result of the project, 9 new horizontal wells have been permitted for drilling in Crystal Field, 2 have been drilled and 20 to 30 horizontal wells have been permitted in geologically similar fields in the Dundee Formation. Further development in Crystal Field is expected to produce an additional 2 million barrels. If other abandoned Dundee fields are redeveloped in a similar manner, the additional oil production will probably be about 80 to 100 million barrels, worth about $210 million in tax revenues alone. This is oil from existing U.S. fields with proven production, not from riskier new fields in environmentally sensitive regions or those controlled by foreign nations.

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EHS Handbook for the North Dakota, South Dakota and Montana Oil and Gas Exploration and Production Industries

An EHS Handbook for the North Dakota, South Dakota, and Montana oil and gas exploration and production industries will be prepared, which will provide operators with a basic understanding of the application of environmental rules and regulations in the tri-state region. The EHS Handbook will summarize and discuss the major federal and state environmental regulations and rules as they apply to the oil and gas industry in general. Region-specific requirements will be recognized and discussed. The EHS Handbook will be arranged in alphabetical order, presenting issues from Air Quality to Spill, Prevention, Control and Countermeasure Plans to Wetlands. Each section of the EHS Handbook will summarize the appropriate regulation(s) and also provide information as to why the regulation(s) apply. In addition, the EHS Handbook will note when other regulations impact or are impacted by the particular issue discussed.

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Assistance to State Underground Injection Control Programs and Oil and Gas Industry Through Continuation of Risk Based Data Management System Implementation and Technology Transfer and Area of Review Workshops

To provide additional assistance to state Oil and Gas agencies and producers in developing formalized environmental risk management practices and to assist both Direct Implementation and Primary state class II UIC Directors in establishing workable AOR variance programs and to assist operators of both small and large O&G producing companies with Class II injection well AOR requirements.

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Prolonging the Life of the Bluebell Field - The Utah Geological Survey Project

The Utah Geological Survey is working on a project cofunded by the US Department of Energy to demonstrate techniques that could help recover as much as 1 billion barrels of oil that are at risk of being abandoned in the Uinta Basin Bluebell field, near Roosevelt, Utah, The Bluebell, the largest field in the basin, has produced 1 18 millions barrels of oil over the last 40 years, but like many other fields, many of its well have been abandoned, production is declining, and the remaining wells are producing more water than oil, like its neighbors, the Bluebell field was developed in a hit-or-miss fashion, Some wells were opened in non-productive regions or in low-pressure "thief zones" that siphoned off oil from productive zones, Only 25% of the potentially productive zones today yield oil or gas, The Utah Geological Survey and small oil operators in the area are examining the Bluebell Field for productive zones that have been bypassed, From drilling records, outcrop and core sample data geologists are piecing together a much more detailed subsurface map that will indicate potential oil-bearing zones and their relationship to rock structures and fractures, The first phase of the project, developing the more accurate description of the reservoir strata, is nearly complete, Its results will guide the selection of wells and zones targeted in the upcoming field demonstration, in which the Survey will reperforate an existing wellbore, redrill a well by emplacing short lateral offsets, and drill a new well, Lessons learned will be conveyed by the Survey to producers through a petroleum extension service, workshops and seminars, publications, and a computerized database,

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APPLICATION OF ADVANCED RESERVOIR CHARACTERIZATION, SIMULATION, AND PRODUCTION OPTIMIZATION STRATEGIES TO MAXIMIZE RECOVERY IN SLOPE AND BASIN CLASTIC RESERVOIRS, WEST TEXAS (DELAWARE BASIN)

The objective of this Class 3 project is to demonstrate that detailed reservoir characterization of slope and basin clastic reservoirs in sandstones of the Delaware Mountain Group in the Delaware Basin of West Texas and New Mexico is a cost effective way to recover a higher percentage of the original oil in place through strategic placement of infill wells and geologically based field development. Project objectives are divided into two main phases. The original objectives of the reservoir-characterization phase of the project were (1) to provide a detailed understanding of the architecture and heterogeneity of two representative fields of the Delaware Mountain Group, Geraldine Ford and Ford West, which produce from the Bell Canyon and Cherry Canyon Formations, respectively, (2) to chose a demonstration area in one of the fields, and (3) to simulate a CO2 flood in the demonstration area.

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FIELD DEMONSTRATIONS OF LOGGING TECHNOLOGIES FOR RESERVOIR CHARACTERIZATION

This compilation focuses on the practical aspects of the use of wireline logging in today's domestic petroleum industry. It explores the implementation methodologies and the technical and economic successes and failures encountered in use of advanced logging technologies and the use of innovative methods to extract reservoir petrophysical information from existing wireline logs. The majority of the logging applications reviewed are those performed in projects jointly funded by the domestic petroleum industry and the U. S. Department of Energy (DOE) in DOE'S Field Demonstration Program, particularly under the Reservoir Class Program. Because less than one-half of the nearly 30 projects in the Reservoir Class Program have been completed, much of this work was reviewed in progress.

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EFFECT OF RESERVOIR HETEROGENEITIES ON WATERFLOOD AND EOR CHEMICAL FLOOD PERFORMANCE

Simulations were performed to study the capability of a modified version of the black oil simulator BOAST to handle reservoir heterogeneities of the type encountered in the barrier bar depositional system studied in the geoscience research program being performed for the Department of Energy as project BE1. The cases studied consisted of two-dimensional and three-dimensional simulations of layered reservoirs with different permeability contrasts between the layers, different vertical permeability /horizontal permeability ratios and continuous and discontinuous shale layers. To understand the effect of heterogeneities on residual oil location, software was developed to show graphically the residual oil saturation in the reservoir grid blocks at selected time intervals during the simulation. BOAST was modified for the residual oil saturation displays as well as for graphical displays of production rates and cumulative production versus time of oil, water and gas.

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CHARACTERIZATION OF FRACTURE RESERVOIRS USING STATIC AND DYNAMIC DATA: FROM SONIC AND 3D SEISMIC TO PERMEABILITY DISTRIBUTION

In low porosity, low permeability zones, natural fractures are the primary source of permeability which affect both production and injection of fluids. The open fractures do not contribute much to porosity, but they provide an increased drainage network to any porosity. They also may connect the borehole to remote zones of better reservoir characteristics. An important approach to characterizing the fracture orientation and fracture permeability of reservoir formations is one based on the effects of such conditions on the propagation of acoustic and seismic waves in the rock.

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DEVELOPMENT AND DEMONSTRATION OF AN ENHANCED SPREADSHEET-BASED WELL LOG ANALYSIS SOFTWARE

The Advanced Class Work Program is a field-based research and demonstration program for demonstration of advanced or improved technologies identified in the Department of Energy's Class Field Demonstration Projects. The objective of the Advanced Class Work program is to conduct field demonstrations of technologies for which a small, incremental amount of work will produce or improve a transferable, useful technology for oil recovery. The goal of the program is to enhance the products of near-term Class projects and maximize the applicability and effectiveness of project results.

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POLYMER TREATMENTS FOR D SAND WATER INJECTION WELL SOONER D SAND UNIT WELD COUNTY, COLORADO

Polymer-gel treatments in injection wells were evaluated for improving sweep efficiency in the D Sandstone reservoir at the Sooner Unit, Weld County, Colorado. Polymer treatments of injection wells at the Sooner Unit were expected to improve ultimate recovery by 1.0 percent of original-oil-in-place or 70,000 bbl of oil. The Sooner D Sand Unit was a demonstration project under the U. S. Department of Energy Class I Oil Program (DE-FC22-93BC 14954) from which extensive reservoir data and characterization were obtained. Thus, successful application of polymer-gel treatments at the Sooner Unit would be a good case-history example for other operators of waterfloods in Cretaceous sandstone reservoirs in the Denver Basin.

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MULTI-STRATA EXPLORATION AND PRODUCTION STUDY

Phase I, the exploration and development phase of the project, consisted of compiling and analyzing relevant geological and gas production information in a four-quadrangle area of Raleigh County, West Virginia, ultimately narrowed to the Eccles, West Virginia, 7-112 minute Quadrangle. The analysis identified key parameters contributing to the accumulation and production of natural gas in Raleigh County, developed analog models relating geological factors to gas production, and identified specific sites to test and verify the analysis methodologies by drilling. Based on the Phase I analysis, five sites were identified with high potential for economic gas production.

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Improved Prestack Kirchhoff Migration for Complex Structures/Seismic Imaging of Complex Terrain (Gulf of Mexico Subsalt Project Partnership)

Conventional seismic imaging fails to obtain reliable images of oil-bearing sediments under salt structures because the salt layers with higher seismic velocities than the surrounding sediments distort the traditional seismic data. In salt basins like the Gulf of Mexico (GOM), salt deposits of various shapes and layers of complex salt structures cover extensive areas of the basin that hinder reliable imaging of sediment formations below the salt with available data processing technology. A large untapped resource lies beneath the deep waters of the GOM and other similar basins around the world. The recoverable reserves in the GOM are estimated to be about 40 B/bo with potential reserves in countless other salt basins amounting to several billion more. New, cost-effective seismic migration technology (the seismic data processing technology used to generate images of earth's subsurface) is needed for exploration of this vast resource by improving image resolution for assessing the size and location of oil resources beneath the salt structure. Improved subsalt imaging will help to eliminate some subsalt dry holes, each of which costs around $12 MM to drill. In this project, Los Alamos National laboratory, in collaboration with a consortium of oil and gas companies, has used the highly popular and widely used Kirchhoff Migration approach to correct for the wave distortions in processing the seismic data. One approach used for improving imaging capability was the use of the ray tracing method that allows the calculation of multiple-valued travel timetables and amplitudes and phases that can be used in imaging. The use of the multiple valued travel time tables and amplitudes and phases has provided substantial improvement in image quality that is comparable to what can be obtained by applying the sophisticated Wave Equation Migration technique, although the later method is very time consuming and may be prohibitive for large datasets. The improvements in seismic migration using the Kirchhoff approach should find useful  applications in tapping the vast subsalt oil and gas resources in the Gulf of Mexico and other salt basins. Even if a hundredth of the estimated offshore domestic reserves are recoverable by the application of the new migration technology then it will help to add at least 400 MMBLS of oil and 568 BCF of natural gas to the National reserves. The sale of this resource will generate $471 and $1.111 million in tax and royalty incomes that will have a ripple effect on the economy by adding millions of dollars to the economy and creating new jobs across all sectors of the National economy.

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