AndreaBozzo/ceres-open-data-index huggingface dataset:
BASIC NITROGEN COMPOUNDS FROM SHALE OIL AND COAL LIQUIDS AS ASPHALT MODIFIERS IN PAVING APPICATIONS

"Small amounts of nitrogen-containing materials are frequently added to asphalts to improve the resistance of asphaltic pavements to moisture damage. Synfuel-derived materials containing pyridine-type nitrogen from shale oil- and coal-derived liquids appear promising for use as asphalt modifiers in paving applications. Addition of shale oil basic nitrogen materials to petroleum asphalts  increased the resistance of asphalt-aggregate briquettes to moisture damage as measured by a water susceptibility test. A newly developed technique was used to study the interactions of basic nitrogen compounds with aggregate surfaces by temperature-programmed thermal desorption of nitrogen compounds from aggregates followed by chemiluminescent determination of the evolved nitrogen. Shale oil and coal distillate materials were evaluated as  recycle agents for restoring useful properties to aged asphalts recovered from pavement cores. Addition of these materials to recovered, aged asphalts generally increased the rate of age hardening compared with commercial additives, probably because the synfuel materials themselves lacked stability."

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TECHNIQUES FOR THE DETERMINATION OF NITROGEN COMPOUNDS IN SHALE GAS OIL

"Due to a continually increasing demand for gasoline and other petroleum products, investigators have been looking for sources of gasoline other than petroleum. In the recent past, shale oil has attracted considerable attention as a possible substitute. The physical characteristics of shale gas oil are similar to those of petroleum but its chemical composition. due to very high nitrogen and sulfur contents ,presents some difficulties in its use. These compounds of nitrogen and sulfur retard the processing of shale gas oil and also impart undesirable properties to the finished product. They also act as a poison for various catalysts used in refineries and have, therefore, to be removed before shale gas oil can be handled by  any conventional petroleum refinery. Hydrogenation appears to be an effective method for removing nitrogen and sulfur (1). However, we need more information about the feed and product compositions for establishing a reaction mechanism. Optimum reaction parameters and effective catalyst could be selected after the reaction mechanism is known. Various analytical techniques  have been used to obtain maximum possible information about nitrogen compounds present in the feed and products. Unfortunately only 'classes'of nitrogen compounds can be determined quantitatively . In 1958, Dinneen, Cook, and Jensen (2) analyzed shale oil for  determination of nitrogen compounds. Their procedure involved the preparation of a concentrate of nitrogen compounds from a gas oil by florosil adsorption, followed by further separation of the concentrate into fractions by molecular distillation and thermal diffusion. The selected fractions were then characterized by spectral, physical, and  chemical examinations. It is hoped here, to find a simpler scheme of analysis to provide information about nitrogen compounds."

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THE RESPONSE OF NAHCOLITE BEARING OIL SHALE TO LOADS APPLIED DURING LEACHING

"This report describes a laboratory investigation to evaluate  the behavior of nahcolite bearing oil shale mechanically loaded during leaching to determine if an open structure can be formed and preserved for subsequent in situ hot gas retorting. Experimental procedures and techniques were established to determine if the dissolution of watersoluble minerals from the leached strata would provide a useful porous media to circulate process fluids for the production and recovery of oil. The results of the experiments show that the nahcolite in nahcolite bearing oil shale may be dissolved by H20 under conditions of high  CO2 partial pressure or external compressive load without disaggregation of the shale structure. The resulting connecting porosity provides an air path with permeability which will be required for in situ retorting."

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COKING OF OIL SHALE, A PRELIMINARY LABORATORY STUDY

This study was undertaken to devise a method for measuring the fracture strength of coke formed by an oil shale and to determine if possible, some of the factors affecting the tendency of shale to coke.  This work is by no means a complete study of the problem. It is presented only as background material and may be considered as a supplement to the coking studies made by Finley and Boner.

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REACTIVITY OF PYRITE IN RAW EASTERN OIL SHALE AND ITS TRANSFORMATION DURING PROCESSING

The objective of he program was to assess the potential environmental hazard posed by the surface disposal of raw and spent eastern oil shales. Three shales: Sunbury. Cleveland, and New Albany were investigated. The spent materials were derived in the case of the Sunbury shale from the Battelle, in the case of the Cleveland shale from the Rockwell. and in the case of the New Albany shale from the Hytort process. The raw, low carbonate Sunbury and Cleveland shales were found to produce acid drainage readily on exposure to the atmosphere and water; this action was accelerated by iron oxidizing bacteria. The raw New Albany shale behaved in a manner analogous to highly calcareous coals. No pyrite appeared to be left in the spent shales; the presence of ferrous sulfide in the New Albany and Cleveland shales was indicated . Mechanisms responsible for the results obtained are discussed.

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OIL-SHALE MINE, RIFLE, COLO: A REVIEW OF DESIGN FACTORS

The various underground rooms in the Bureau of Mines Oil-Shale mine, Rifle, Colo., have been open for periods ranging from 3 to 5 years. During this time 3 roof falls have occurred; 1 was induced, and the other 2 were unintentional. The three roof falls are described in this report. Two causative factors are discussed - a time-dependent deterioration of the roof rock and an unfavorable system of jointing that occurred in the strata overlying the present roof horizon. Irrespective of cause, the operating life of any stopping area would have been short compared with the Life of the roof (1 to 4 in the most unfavorable instance), if a high production system of mining had been employed. The report is concluded with several recommendations that should he considered in planning future mining operations.

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"WESTERN RESEARCH INSTITUTE  SECOND ANNUAL RESEARCH PLAN April 1, 1984, through March 31, 1985"

"On March 19, 1983 the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) and the University of Wyoming entered into a Cooperative Agreement, effective April I, 1983,  whereby the University of Wyoming, through the formation of a nonprofit corporation known as the University of Wyoming Research Corporation (UWYRC), took responsibility for operation of what was previously the  federally owned and operated Laramie Energy Technology Center (LETC). The Western Research Institute (WRT.) was subsequently formed as an affiliate of UWYRC to conduct the research within the Cooperative Agreement  and to pursue related research in conjunction with other organizations. Since its inception in 1923, research efforts at what later became LETC were always directed to specific fossil energy topics. From initial work on heavy petroleum products of the Rocky Mountain region, the focus of the efforts at the Center has changed over the years with national priorities to its involvement in Oil Shale, Underground Coal Gasification and Tar Sand. Following passage of the Synthetic Liquid Fuels Act in 1944, oil shale  research activities began at the Center with laboratory and bench-scale experiments. This early work consisted mainly of the evaluation of surface retorting concepts, the development of measurement and analytical methods, the evaluation of shale oil upgrading and refining  methods, and the characterization of shale oil and its products."

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"RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT OF RETORTING TECHNOLOGY AT  ANVIL POINTS Continuous Operation of an Internal Combustion Oil Shale  Retort (105 Days) Final Technical Report for Period 07 January 1977 - 27 April 1977"

"Development Engineering Inc conducted research and development of the Paraho surface retorting technology under a contract with the Department of the Navy. The work was performed at the Anvil Points Oil Shale Facility near Rifle, Colorado.  The shale was mined from the 43 foot high heading, crushed and screened in the mobile crushing units furnished by the Navy and processed in the Paraho Semi-Works retort operated in the internal heated mode. Continuous operations were maintained for 105 days at an average feed rate of 269 tons per day. Mass rate ranged from 410 tp 493 pounds per square foor cross-section per hour. Crude shale oil production ranged from 130 to 170 barrels per day, and shale grade ranged from 21 to 31 gallons per ton."

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ALASKA NORTH SLOPE OIL-ROCK CORRELATION STUDY - A COMPILATION OF ABSTRACTS

"Up to the time of the AAPG sponsored research conference, which was held in Yountville, California, February 21-24, 1983, no research organization had any  knowledge of the results of the other groups. However, everybody did know which groups were participating. The oral presentations and posters at this short course represent a wide variety of analytical approaches to the problem of making oil rock correlations. Even though the results do not conclusively determine the origin of the North Slope oil, much has been learned about petroleum  geochemistry. As  mentioned above, this short course or workshop is the fulfillment of the second requirement for the participants of this study. The manuscripts that will  be a part of the symposium volume, which will be published by AAPG, are due. Depending upon many factors, the hope is to have the symposium volume published by early 1984."

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NUCLEAR REGULATORY COMMISSION (RULES AND REGULATIONS) TITLE 10, CAPTER 1, PART 60

5. Records a Records of the requalification program shall be maintained for a period of two years from the date of the recorded event to document the participation of each licensed operator and senior operator in the requalification program. The records shall contain copies of written examinations administered, the answers given by the license, results of evaluations and documentation of any additional training administered in areas in which an operator or senior operator has exhibited deficiencies.

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SUMMARY REPORT OF GEOLOGIC INFLUENCES ON OIL SHALE FRAGMENTATION EXPERIMENTS AT THE ANVIL POINTS MINE, GARFIELD COUNTY, COLORADO

"The Los Alamos National Laboratory, in cooperation with Science Applications, Inc (SAI), supported several series of oil shale fragmentation experiments sponsored by a consortium of oil companies. These experiments, executed at the Anvil Points Mine in Garfield County, Colorado, have contributed to a better understanding of the fracture characteristics and fragmentation of in situ oil shale by conventional high explosives. The experiments have also allowed a comparison of results to those from previous experiments performed in corresponding stratigraphic layers at the Colony Mine several kilometers  away. The Anvil Points Mine presented the opportunity to locate similar experiments in different grades of shale to determine the influence of kerogen content on rubblization. Geologic site characterization included coring at selected locations in the mine, preshot mapping, postshot crater inspection, and screening of crater rubble.  Evaluations of the data show that effectiveness of the energy from the detonation is greatly dependent on the grade of the host shale. This influence combines with that from natural joint systems to produce experiment results that are distorted by natural geologic features at the site. This influence from site geology is expressed primarily in the resulting fragment size distribution and crater  asymmetry. The grade appears to be the single most important factor influencing the ultimate mix of rubble sizes from these experiments. The geologic complexity of the site, which controls crater asymmetry, becomes progressively more influential with increased values for the  scaled depth of burial (SDOB). Thus, the geologic complexity of a site interacting with the SDOB is important to shothole spacing, pattern, and orientation. Also, a non-dimensional performance parameter, designated as A, was derived to allow the comparison of rubble size for all the experiments normalized to grade, SDOB, and spacing. This relationship, along with the grade of the shale to be rubbled, may eventually be used to deduce general values for spacing and SDOS that would produce a desired distribution of rubble size. The Anvil Points Mine experiments underscore the significant role of geology in high explosive/oil shale interaction. The influence of site geology will require consideration for designing explosive configurations for larger retort applications."

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CONTROL TECHNOLOGY FOR IN SITU OIL SHALE RETORTS - QUARTERLY PROGRESS REPORT FOR JANUARY 1-MARCH 31, 1979

This report covers work completed between January 1, 1979 and March 31, 1979. The program work schedule is shown in Figure 1. Work completed during this reporting period is shaded. Tasks 3, 4, and 5 are in progress, and Task 6 has been initiated. Highlights from this reporting period are summarized below: • A final report for Task 1, Water Quality Effects of Leachates from an In Situ Oil Shale Industry (LBL-8997) has been printed and distributed.  • A draft task report for Task 2, Control Technologies for Abandoned In-Situ Oil Shale Retorts - Literature Survey (LBL-8780) has been sent to reviewers in industry. government, and universities for comment.  • Experiments to develop a grout from Lurgi spent shale have shown that, as received, it contains no free lime or hydraulic calcium silicates. Heat treatment of spent shale with addition of CaC03  produced hydraulic calcium silicates (the compounds of portland cement).  • The paper "Control Technologies for Abandoned In-Situ Oil Shale Retorts" was written for presentation at the 12th Oil Shale Symposium, Golden, Colorado, April 18-20, 1979.  • Preliminary measurements of the flow properties of spent shale grouts have shown that they are described by the Casson model and are non- Newtonian. A 45% solids slurry of Lurgi spent shale has a yield value  of approximately 25 dyne/cm. This could limit the  penetration of grout through fine pores. Addition of dispersants (1% by weight of Lomar D or Melment F-10) changes the slurry to a quasi-Newtonian fluid which can more easily penetrate fine pores.

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DECOMMISSIONING OF THE U.S. DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY ANVIL POINTS OIL SHALE RESEARCH FACILITY

"After almost 40 years of pioneering oil-shale mining.  processing, and environmental research and development  by government and industry. the Anvil Points Oil Shale Research Facility (APF) near Rifle. Colorado, is being decommissioned. In the spring of 1984. with the Facility no longer needed for oil-shale research. the U.S. Department of Energy decided to begin the $3 million decommissioning of the industrial (research) and housing structures. Decommissioning of the APF began in the summer of  1984 with the initiation of an environmental audit and subsequent hazard cleanup. The audit included sampling and analysis of all transformers, ponds, tanks, drums, and other containers; investigation of known and suspected spill areas; and an asbestos hazard survey. After the known and potential environmental hazards were identified. cleanup and disposal. followed. Once the initial environmental hazard identification and cleanup were completed. a contract for asbestos removal and demolition and reclamation of the industrial plant and housing area was awarded in the summer of 1985. The oil-shale mine. raw and retorted shale piles, and water treatment plant were not included. Asbestos removal and demolition are now completed, and reclamation is nearing completion."

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RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT OF RETORTING TECHNOLOGY AT ANVIL POINTS: CONTINUOUS OPERATION OF AN INTERNAL COMBUSTION OIL SHALE RETORT (105 DAYS,11931 ); FINAL TECHNICAL REPORT FOR PERIOD JANUARY 7, 1977 - APRIL 27, 1977

"Development Engineering, Inc. conducted research and development of the Paraho surface retorting technology under a contract with the Department of the Navy. The work was performed at the Anvil Points Oil Shale Facility  near Rifle, Colorado. The shale was mined from the 43 foot high heading, crushed and screened in the mobile crushing units furnished by the Navy and processed in the  Semi-Works retort operated in the internal heated mode.  Continuous operations were maintained for 105 days at an average feed rate of 269 tons  per day. Mass rate ranged from 410 to 493 pounds per square foot cross-section ppr hour. Crude shale oil production ranged from 130 to 170 barrels per day, and shale grade ranged from 21 to 31 gallons per ton. Accounting procedures were established for the purp9se of correlating costs  with continuous shale oil production to establish an incentive basis for proposed additional crude shale oil production."

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APPENDIX C, DEVELOPMENT GUIDE FOR RIFLE, COLORADO a working draft

"The major intended purposes of this draft Development  Guide are to provide the residents of Rifle with a thorough  inventory and analysis of existing community characteristics; assessments of existing facility and program needs as disclosed by the application of accepted standards and community inputs; and projections of changes in community characteristics and needs as a consequence of natural growth conditions and rapid growth conditions. The baseline and projective data produced by this effort is intended to provide Rifle with a documented springboard from which its residents can design specific programs; seek funding; and generally better manage Rifle's impending growth. A development guide document is but one step in a community's development planning process. It is hoped that the information presented in the twelve major sections  of this document will assist Rifle in its planning efforts.  The twelfth section of this draft Development Guide presents a description of a Comprehensive Plan Process that Rifle may wish to consider."

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UPGRADING UTAH TAR SAND BITUMEN TO SYNCRUDE

"Upgrading of tar sand bitumen to refinery acceptable crude requires a reduction of molecular weight and a reduction of heteroatoms and metals to acceptable levels. Candidate processes for upgrading include visbreaking, coking, catalytic cracking or hydrocracking, and thermal hydrocracking (hydropyro1ysis). Catalytic hydrotreating may be used in combination to remove heteroatoms and metals. Inspection of the molecular structure of Uinta Basin Utah bitumen shows that molecules are of high molecular weight, with a high percentage of molecules containing heteroatoms . However, H/C ratios of 1.6 indicate that the vast majority of carbon present is saturated and therefore is susceptible to cracking. Processes which enhance the rate of cracking while inhibiting dehydrogenation and aromatic condensation  reactions are expected to produce high yields of distillable  products."

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THERMAL PROCESSING OF A UTAH TAR SAND BITUMEN

"In this study we characterize an Asphalt Ridge bitumen and compare these characteristics to Athabasca bitumen. The Asphalt Ridge bitumen was subjected to pyrolysis under isothermal conditions in a batch reactor and the product properties and kinetics of pyrolysis are presented. Also presented are the results of a preliminary study of  the visbreaking of Asphalt Ridge bitumen. These results are compared with those reported for visbreaking of Athabasca bitumen Some qualitative observations about  the pyrolysis rnechanism are made which are based on the knowledge of bitumen composition."

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PROCESSING UTAH TAR SAND BITUMEN

"Selected processes potentially applicable to primary conversion of Utah tar sand bitumen were examined. Effect of variables on product yields and structure were determined for visbreaking, coking, catalytic cracking and hydropyrolysis. Results are interpreted in terms of efficiency of conversion and utilization of available hydrogen. Hydropyrolysis produces the highest yields of liquid and gaseous products and the highest conversion of >538°C material to distillable liquids of the various processes studied. Catalytic cracking produces higher quality products than coking at similar yields and conversion. This probably results from the beneficial effect of the catalyst on cracking selectivity. Coking produces high yields of heavy products at low pressures and lower yields of higher quality products at higher  pressures. The improvement in products with increased pressure does not appear to justify the loss in yields experienced. The potential of virgin bitumen for production of paving asphalt was examined and the  bitumen possesses highly attractive technical and  economic features for this use. The various processing and utilization options will be amenable to preliminary economic evaluation as related to developing recovery technology. This study forms a basis for further work on the quantitative correlation of structure with heavy ends and resid thermal and catalytic processing."

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U.S. TAR SAND OIL RECOVERY PROJECTS

The increasing U.S. energy demands, decreasing conventional crude oil reserves, and decontrol of crude oil prices have resulted in significant numbers of projects in U.S. tar sands. Data are reported for 62 projects involving in situ, mining and plant extraction, modified in situ and upgrading technologies. The data include operator name, project location, project status (completed, current, or planned), project type (commercial or pilot), reservoir and oil characteristics, and estimated product costs. The cost estimates per unit of produced oil provide encouragement of the commercialization of the U.S. tar sand resource.

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SMALL U.S. TAR SAND OIL RECOVERY PROJECTS

The increasing U.S. energy demands, decreasing conventional crude oil reserves, and decontrol of crude oil prices have resulted in significant numbers of projects in U.S. tar sands. Data are reported for 62 projects involving both in-situ and mining and plant extraction technologies. The data include operator name, project location, project status (completed, current, or planned), project typed (commercial, plot, or research), reservoir and oil characteristics, and estimated product costs. The cost estimates per unit of produced oil provide encouragement for the commercialization of the U.S. tar sand resource.

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ANALYTICAL OBSERVATIONS ON WATERS ASSOCIATED WITH IN-SITU STEAM HEATED TAR SANDS

Sampling and analysis for DOE LETC Tarsands Project began May 1, 1980. Sampling was halted October 15, 1980. All analytical work was completed by February 15, 1981.  The purpose of this paper is to detail the sampling program and any changes made to the sampling program outline, or analytical methods. Comments on the validity of our results and recommendations for future projects are included.

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COLORADO'S OIL-SHALE RESOURCE FOR VERTICAL MODIFIED IN-SITU PROCESSES

Vertical modified in-situ processes for oil shale development require an accessible, thick and continuous oil-shale section. In Colorado's Piceance Creek Basin the Mahogany zone and its overlying oil-shale is the Green River Formation section that best meets these requirements. This oil-shale section is described and evaluated with contour maps of richness, thickness, and oil resource in place. Total oil in place basin-wide in this primary resource is 419 billion barrels with 85 percent occurring in areas with resource exceeding 400,000 bbls per acre. Ninety-five percent of the resource occurs where average richness of the total section exceeds 14 gallons per ton. Thickness of the continuous section reaches 600 feet and virtually all the resource occurs in sections thicker than 300 feet (91 meters).

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