AndreaBozzo/ceres-open-data-index huggingface dataset:
NO/sub x/ emission control for the design and operation of fluidized-bed combustion systems. Final report

This report deals with the reduction of NO/sub x/ with char in a hot fluid bed. The fluidized bed combustor with its high heat transfer rates is one possibility for improving the potential for coal use. As in all coal-fired systems, control of nitric oxide emissions is a major environmental concern because of its harm to vegetation and human health and its participation in photochemical smog. Previous research has shown that some of the nitric oxide generated by combustion is later destroyed by coal char. Nitric oxide reacts with carbon significantly at temperatures characteristic of a fluidized bed combustor. The reaction is NO   C = products (CO, CO/sub 2/, N/sub 2/). The relative amount of each carbon oxide is dependent upon the reaction temperature. A 15-cm diameter fluidized bed was used to study this reaction using freshly pyrolyzed Utah subbituminous coal char in a bed of sand fluidized by a mixture of nitric oxide and nitrogen. Data were collected in the form of nitric oxide concentration versus reactor bed height for a range of temperatures and char weights with all other variables held constant. The temperature range studied was 650 to 860/sup 0/C and the char weight range was 0.3 to 1.0 wt % of the total bed weight. The nitric oxide concentration in and above the reaction zone (zone of fluidized solids) of the fluidized bed reactor decreased with the increase of either temperature or char weight in the bed, and the overa-1 nitric oxide conversion was shown to be a linear function of the char weight.

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Phosphoric acid electric utility fuel cell technology development. Technical progress report No. 4 for August 1983

The Department of Energy has initiated this program to advance electric utility cell stack technology and to reduce cell stack cost. The cell stack has a nominal 10-ft/sup 2/ active area and operates at 120 psia/405/sup 0/F with an initial average cell performance goal of 0.745 volts at 232 ASF. The program comprises six parallel phases, which culminate in a full-height, 10-ft/sup 2/ stack verification test. Progress is reported.

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Primary heater module (extension), Phase II. Volume I. Final report, January 1984-March 1985

A one year extension to a program of study and research on components and subassemblies of coal fired heaters suitable to supply the heat input to closed-cycle, gas-turbine-based, cogeneration systems of 25 to 50 MWe electrical output was conducted. The research included a 1000 h materials exposure program on a 6 ft x 6 ft atmospheric pressure, fluidized-bed, fired air heater with a 1550 F working fluid exit temperature. The principal purpose of the firings was to evaluate the interrelationships between metal and ceramic materials of heat exchanger construction and the configuration and operating conditions of the fluidized bed air heater. Extensive metallographic and ceramographic analyses were conducted on the metal and ceramics specimens exposed during the firing period. The results indicate that, during operations at 6 fps superficial velocity, the in-bed tubes are coated with a hard deposit of bed material. Erosion is not a problem. But some sulfidation of all metals occurred, presumably due to CaSO/sub 4/ in the deposit. Silicon carbide ceramic specimens showed no degradation. The studies were concerned with: (1) a review of studies previously conducted by Rockwell on both power generation and cogeneration systems, (2) the identification of potential advanced systems, and (3) parametric studies of several advanced systems having the potential for improved economics when compared to the baseline systems. The systems studies and reviews indicated that CCGT ''Power Only''systems are only marginally competitive with steam turbine based systems. The base-line CCGT cogeneration system at 1450 to 1550 F turbine inlet temperature however is so fuel efficient that it is expected to find commercial application. Several advancements to the base line system were found technically feasible, but judged unlikely to be economically competitive. The radial inflow turbine is suggested as a candidate for development.

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Penn Grade Micellar Displacement Project. Final report

Results of the five year study are presented in this report. The Penn Grade Micellar Displacement Project was a test of a Microemulsion Flooding process on typical post-waterflood Bradford Third Sand Reservoir. The project was located on Pennzoil's Lawry Lease in the heart of the Bradford Field in Northern Pennsylvania. The tertiary oil recovery system was Marathon Oil Company's Maraflood Process which utilized a custom designed micellar slug system and biopolymer mobility buffer. The project was conducted in two parts. Phase I consisted of the drilling, coring, and utilization of well No. HO-68 to determine the injectivity characteristics of Maraflood process fluids. Phase I occurred from July 1975 through July 1976 and the favorable results led to a decision to proceed with Phase II, the 24-acre project. Phase II, the development, operation, and evaluation of a 24-acre Maraflood test occurred from March 1976 through December 1980. Since mobility control was not maintained during the project and could not be achieved by increased viscosity because of already inadequate injection rates, a decision was made to terminate project operations on November 20, 1980. The cumulative oil recovery was only 5.19% of the estimated pre-project oil in place so the project has to be considered a failure. Appendix A discusses the oil recovery efficiency in more detail.

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Combustion of coal/water mixtures with thermal preconditioning. Final report

Thermal preconditioning is a process in which coal/water mixtures are vaporized to produce coal/steam suspensions, and then superheated to allow the coal to devolatilize producing suspensions of char particles in hydrocarbon gases and steam. This final product of the process can be injected without atomization, and burned directly in a gas turbine combustor. This paper reports on the results of an experimental program in which thermally preconditioned coal/water mixture was successfully burned with a stable flame in a gas turbine combustor test rig. Tests were performed at a mixture flowrate of 300 lb/hr and combustor pressure of 8 atmospheres. The coal/water mixture was thermally preconditioned and injected into the combustor over a temperature range from 350 to 600/sup 0/F, and combustion air was supplied at between 600 to 725/sup 0/F. Test durations generally varied between 10 to 20 minutes. Major results of the combustion testing were that: a stable flame was maintained over a wide equivalence ratio range, between phi = 2.4 (rich) to 0.2 (lean,4301 ); and, combustion efficiency of over 99% was achieved when the mixture was preconditioned to 600/sup 0/F and the combustion air preheated to 725/sup 0/F. Measurements of ash particulates captured in the exhaust sampling probe located 20 inches from the injector face, show typical sizes collected to be about 1 micron, with agglomerates of these particulates to be not more than 8 microns. The original mean coal particle size for these tests, prior to preconditioning was 25 microns. System studies indicate that preconditioning can be incorporated into either stationary or mobile power plant designs without system derating. On the basis of these results, thermal pretreatment offers a practical alternative to fuel atomization in gas turbine applications. 20 figs., 4 tabs.

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Experimental determination of solids friction factors and minimum volumetric requirements in foam and mist drilling and well-cleanout operations. Final report

In order to accurately predict minimum air and liquid volumetric requirements for foam drilling operations, the frictional losses due to the solid phase and the settling velocities of such solids must be taken into account. To adequately account for pressure drop across the bits, a new equation which takes the compressibility of foam into consideration is required. Thus, the objectives of this study are: (a) to present a semi-empirical model for predicting frictional losses due to the solid phase in solids-foam slurry flow, (b) to develop a theoretical model for predicting pressure drops across bits for foam, and (c) to utilize these models to predict minimum volumetric requirements for foam drilling operations, taking into consideration the settling velocities of drilled particles. A theoretical model for predicting pressure drop across bit nozzles for foam and mist flows is proposed. It accounts for the compressibility of foams but assumes negligible pressure losses due to friction and changes in elevation. Semi-empirical correlations for predicting friction factor due to solids and suspension are presented for sandstone and limestone particles. A realistic model has been developed for predicting minimum volumetric requirements for foam and mist drilling operations. It accounts for frictional losses due to the solid phase, pressure drop across nozzles and particle settling velocities. The technique offers a high degree of flexibility in the selection of wellhead injection pressures and volumetric requirements. Actual field application of this work can be accomplished by two different methods depending on compressor specifications. These are the variable back pressure and constant back pressure schedules. They are primarily graphical.

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Performance evaluation of a cross-flow filter on a subpilot-scale pressurized fluid bed coal combustor

The objective of this program is to evaluate the performance and operating characteristics of the cross flow filter on a coal fired, pressurized, fluidized bed combustor (PFBC). This data will also be used to evaluate the economic feasibility of the cross flow filter concept in a PFBC system. The tests will be carried out utilizing the existing New York University (NYU) subpilot scale PFBC. The filter unit will be a multi-element configuration that will be operated for about 200 hours at conditions to demonstrate particle removal capability to levels required for meeting power plant New Source Performance Standards and/or economic plant operation. The program is composed of two major technical tasks. Task 1 is directed at the design and actual test of the cross flow filter system at the DOE subpilot-scale PFBC test facility located at NYU. The second task is intended to integrate the results of the first task in a conceptual design and cost analysis such that proper economic perspective for the filter concept can be gained. Contents of this report includes: overall program objectives; system configuration and design; test plan development; success/failure criteria; and extrapolation techniques and algorithms. 6 figs., 2 tabs.

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Numerical model for thermal recovery processes in tar sand: description and application

A fundamental model for numerically simulating the in situ thermal recovery of oil from a tar sand resource has been developed. The model accounts for the three-phase flow of oil, water, and gas. Mass transfer among the phases and components is dictated by liquid and vapor equilibria, reaction kinetics, reservoir properties, and processing conditions. Energy is transferred by the mechanisms of conduction, convection, reaction kinetics, and by vaporization and condensation. The solution technique employed in the model is based on a method using the Newton-Raphson iteration scheme with a variable time-step algorithm. Results are compared with results of another numerical simulator as well as with results from two forward combustion experiments conducted at WRI. These initial comparisons have shown good agreement and have identified areas for further improvement. A comparison of the model's results with the results from the two forward combustion experiments indicates the need for a better understanding of the mechanisms of a pyrolysis and coke combustion. In addition, the predictive capabilities of the model should be enhanced by accounting for the production and depletion of CO, H/sub 2/, H/sub 2/O, and CO/sub 2/ by way of the steam char, the secondary char, and the water gas shift reactions. 11 refs., 3 figs., 4 tabs.

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Western Gas Sands Subprogram review technical proceedings

The Western Gas Sands Subprogram (WGSS) is a part of the Department of Energy's (DOE) Unconventional Gas Recovery Program managed by the Morgantown Energy Technology Center (METC). The goal of the Department's research on western tight lenticular gas reservoirs is to develop the scientific and engineering knowledge base for the extraction of natural gas resources that are geologically highly complex, are unpredictable in reservoir and production performance, and consequently represent high technical risk. Emphasis of the research is on reducing the technical uncertainties surrounding the producible reserve potential of these unconventional reservoirs in order to encourage industry development of the resource. On October 18-19, 1983, METC sponsored and hosted the second annual Western Gas Sands Review, held at the Sheraton Lakeview Resort and Conference Center in Morgantown, West Virginia. The purpose of the technical meeting was severalfold: to review the current status and technical accomplishments of the Western Gas Sands Subprogram in Fiscal Year 1983; to foster technology exchange within the subprogram by familiarizing project participants with each other's work; and to facilitate the focusing of plans for future DOE research activities on western gas sands. Forty attendees from industry, academia, National Laboratories, and DOE participated in the exchange of information, results, and plans. Twenty papers were presented in three half day sessions by principal researchers covering FY 83 WGSS activities. All papers were processed for inclusion in the Energy Data Base.

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Development of molten carbonate fuel cell power plant technology. Quarterly technical progress report No. 12, July 1-September 30, 1982

The overall objective of this program is to develop and verify the design of a prototype molten carbonate fuel cell stack which meets the requirements of a 1990's-competitive coal-fired electrical utility central station or industrial cogeneration power plant. Progress is reported on the following tasks: develop electrolyte structures, anode development, cathode development, separator plate development, single cell testing, stack and cell materials development, subscale stack test and analysis, and prototype stack preliminary design. (WHK)

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Oil recovery by carbon dioxide injection. Quarterly report, April--June 1977

The project proceeded as outlined in the project schedule. The T. Henderson water source is currently supplying the water needs of the pilot. The apparent wellbore damage of the problem injection wells was overcome with remedial acid treatments. Pressure testing has begun in an attempt to determine the advancement of the injection front. No further progress was made on the carbon dioxide system during the second quarter. Completion of these facilities is scheduled for the third quarter of 1977.

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Technology transfer program at the Morgantown Energy Technology Center: FY 87 program report

The Morgantown Energy Technology Center (METC), located in Morgantown, West Virginia, is an energy research center of the US Department of Energy's (DOE's) Office of Fossil Energy. The research and development work is different from research work conducted by other Government agencies. In DOE research, the Government is not the ultimate ''customer''for the technologies developed; the ''customer''is business and industry in the private sector. Thus, technology transfer is a fundamental goal of the DOE. The mission of the Fossil Energy program is to enhance the use of the nations's fossil energy resources. METC's mission applies to certain technologies within the broad scope of technologies encompassed by the Office of Fossil Energy. The Government functions as an underwriter of risk and as a catalyst to stimulate the development of technologies and technical information that might otherwise proceed at a slower pace because of the high-risk nature of the research involved. The research programs and priorities are industry driven; the purpose is to address the perceived needs of industry such that industry will ultimately bring the technologies to the commercial market. As evidenced in this report, METC has an active and effective technology transfer program that is incorporated into all aspects of project planning and execution. Technology transfer at METC is a way of life---a part of everyday activities to further this goal. Each person has a charge to communicate the ideas from within METC to those best able to utilize that information. 4 figs., 20 tabs.

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Western gas sands project status report

The Western Gas Sands Project Implementation Plan, Project Plan Document FY 78, and the Quarterly Basin Activities report are in various stages of preparation. Resource assessment by the USGS is continuing. Some base maps are completed and others are being prepared. Core from the Book Cliffs area has been made available to USGS for study and core sampling from the northern Green River Basin is continuing with fourteen additional samples submitted for paleoanalysis. Research and Development by Energy Research Centers and National Laboratories funded by the Department of Energy (DOE) is continuing. These activities are directed toward the development of new tools and instrumentation systems, rock mechanics, mathematical modeling and data analysis. The field tests and demonstrations being carried out in the Uinta and Piceance Basins are: Gas Producing Enterprises (GPE)--Natural Buttes No. 14, 18, 19, 20, 21, and 22; Mobil Research and Development--F-31-13G; and Rio Blanco Natural Gas--498-4-1. Colorado Interstate Gas (CIG) is preparing to commence field activities in January 1978 in the Wattenberg Field of northeastern Colorado.

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Research and development of rapid hydrogenation for coal conversion to synthetic motor fuels (riser cracking of coal). Annual report, April 1, 1979-March 31, 1980

The objective of the program described in this report is to develop a noncatalytic process for the hydropyrolysis of lignite and coal to produce high-octane blending gasoline constituents, methane, ethane and carbon oxides. The technical program has been divided into tasks involving planning, construction, and operation of a bench-scale unit, construction and operation of a process development unit (PDU), and a final technoeconomic evaluation. The construction of the PDU has been completed, and 13 runs were made at operating pressures ranging from 1000 to 2000 psig. The value of the severity function, a measure of the time-temperature history of reactants passing through the reactor, was 0.265 or less. At the level of thermal severity and hydrogen partial pressures used, the fractions of feed carbon converted to methane, light gases, and hydrocarbon liquids were similar to those that would have been obtained in the bench-scale unit when operated under similar conditions. The yields of carbon oxides were, however, high. To obtain a carbon conversion appropriate to a balanced-plant mode of operation requires operating conditions corresponding to a value of the severity function of 0.5 or greater. The bench-scale program was continued, and 28 trial runs were made during the reporting period to study the use of hydrogen preheated to pyrolysis temperatures, the effect of changing particle size, and the result of processing with syngas and steam. A few runs were also made using North Dakota lignite catalyzed with bentonite clay and iron oxide. Bentonite clay, when added to feed lignite, catalyzed hydrotreating reactions, greatly reducing the amounts of phenols and cresols appearing in the products.

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Measurement and modeling of advanced coal conversion: Quarterly report for the period April 1-June 30, 1987

During the third quarter work continued on characterization and pyrolysis of the Argonne coal samples. Additional work was done on mass transfer effects. To model pyrolysis data for low heating rate experiments, the internal mass transfer resistance to tar escape must be included. Preliminary design of the high-pressure reactor was completed. Studies of ignition were continued in the transparent wall reactor (TWR). The literature search was continued to identify the important effects of coal minerals in determining  coal behavior. Experiments have also begun on the examination of the mineral composition and transformation of eight Argonne premium heat and mass transport effects in coal pyrolysis continued. In addition, calculations were done to define regimes of internal and external heat and mass transport control for conditions of interest. The mechanisms and rates of thermal NO formation in fuel-lean and fuel-rich conditions were determined from the literature. Two flow reactor configurations were designed and fabrication initiated for the NO/sub x/SO/sub x/ studies. The effect of neglecting turbulent fluctuation in gasification, was investigated. Code sensitivity to several thermal parameters affecting devolatilization was also investigated. A literature review was conducted of existing fixed-bed models for coal gasification. Available codes were identified for installation at BYU, and steps were taken to obtain those codes. A general outline of desired features to be included in the advanced model was developed. 60 refs.

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Fuel cells. Technology status report

The US Department of Energy (DOE), Office of Fossil Energy, has supported and managed a fuel cell research and development (R and D) program since 1976. Responsibility for implementing DOE's fuel cell program, which includes activities related to both fuel cells and fuel cell systems, has been assigned to the Morgantown Energy Technology Center (METC) in Morgantown, West Virginia. The total United States effort of the private and public sectors in developing fuel cell technology is referred to as the National Fuel Cell Program (NFCP). The goal of the NFCP is to develop fuel cell power plants for base-load and dispersed electric utility systems, industrial cogeneration, and on-site applications. To achieve this goal, the fuel cell developers, electric and gas utilities, research institutes, and Government agencies are working together. Four organized groups are coordinating the diversified activities of the NFCP. The status of the overall program is reviewed in detail.

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Low interfacial tension and miscibility studies for surfactant tertiary oil recovery processes. Annual report, December 1, 1978-November 30, 1979

Two model surfactant systems, one based on Texas 1 and the other on sodium dodecyl sulfate, were developed to give ultralow interfacial tensions and middle phase microemulsions when equilibrated with oil. Examination of their aqueous and microemulsion phase behavior, and comparison of the results with results of similar studies made on a system based on WITCO TRS 10-410, led to the conclusion that it is possible to generalize the phase behavior. The liquid crystalline spherulitic and lamellar textures observed in all these systems are the only homogeneous, non-phase separating fluids which can produce ultralow tensions on contact with oil. Mapping of the phase behavior of the two model surfactant systems showed that existence of the middle phase is relatively insensitive to surfactant concentration but quite dependent on cosurfactant concentration. Preliminary study of polymer-surfactant interactions confirmed the previously reported phase separation effect. A new temperature controlled polarized light screening device was built and has already been put to use for discrimination of isotropy, birefringence, scattering, and interfacial phenomena in systems of interest for enhanced oil recovery.

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