AndreaBozzo/ceres-open-data-index huggingface dataset:
POST-BURN HIGH RESOLUTION SEISMIC EVALUATION OF CENTRALIA, WASHINGTON UNDERGROUND COAL GASIFICATION SITE

"This report presents the results of the post-burn evaluation of an underground coal gasification site near Centralia, Washington. This site was the location of CRIP UCG experiment.  Two identical high resolution seismic surveys were performed. The first survey was performed in March, 1983, and gathered the data necessary to lay the ground work for later definition of the burn cavity. The second survey, performed following the burn, was done in February 1984. The high resolution seismic data gathered was processed, and interpreted both to map the extent and depth of the coal, and to determine the shape and size of the underground burn cavity."

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UNDERGROUND GASIFICATION FOR STEEPLY DIPPING COAL BEDS (PHASE III) QUARTELRY PROGRESS REPORT FOR THE PERIOD JULY 1 - SEPTEMBER 30, 1981

Facility construction was completed this quarter and all systems were checked out. Test operations began and ignition was successfully initiated at the base of the SIW on August 23. Full scale gasification began on September 7. Experiments were conducted varying steam/oxygen ratio and reactor pressure. About 100-130 tons of coal per day were gasified during September with product gas heating values ranging up to 355 Btu/scf. Product gas was used successfully to fuel one of the process boilers.

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THE APPLICABILITY OF UNITED STATES COAL RESOURCES TO IN SITU GASIFICATION

Of an estimated US coal resource of 3.2 trillion tons, 1.55 trillion tons is potentially available for in situ gasification at depths between 200-6000 feet. Seven hundred fifty billion tons of that resource between 200-3000 feet below the earths surface is already mapped and explored. This report explains how this resource is derived and where its located.

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UNDERGROUND GASIFICATION FOR STEEPLY DIPPING COAL BEDS

The cavity definition study of the first test of the DOE UCG-SDB program, provided results to plan, install, instrument and monitor the second test at Rawlins, Wyoming. The successfully completed test met all its objectives and set the stage for future multi-module tests. The cavity definition program for the second test has been conducted by the LETC with input from GR&DC. The complete results of this program are not yet available. The present report has tried to project the shape and volume of the UCG created cavity, and the bulking factor of the rubble in the UCG affected are, utilizing the LETC information available to date.

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UNDERGROUND GASIFICATION FOR STEEPLY DIPPING COAL BEDS QUARTERLY PROGRESS REPORT FOR THE PERIOD OCTOBER 1, 1980-DECEMBER 31, 1980

The Rawlins Test 2 test plan has been completed in which the test objectives are defined, rationale for the objectives is presented and the basics for design for the T-2 facility is established. This quarter, the Reactor Definition Instrumentation manual and the Test 2 Facility Requirements Document were also completed. The final two process wells, two hydrology wells, and four HFEM wells for T-2 were completed before shutdown of the drilling program for 1980. Training was begun this quarter of new project personnel to handle PGA modifications.

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THERMAL STABILITY OF COAL CAVITIES

Temperature and thermal moisture stress calculations are reported for different cavity shapes in which the walls are subjected to short time perturbations of surface thermal boundary conditions. The stress field found by adding these perturbation stresses to the overburden stresses are then used to estimate the probability of surface cracks penetrating into the cavity walls, leading to surface spalling and cavity growth. The paper discusses some preliminary results for tensile failure due to heat sources located on the cavity floor or in a central plume. Directions of future studies are also described.

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RELATIONS OF THE BUREAU OF MINES TO THE OIL INDUSTRY

The Bureau of Mines is one of three organizations provided by the Federal Government to bring about a greater efficiency in the production and utilization of precious petroleum resources.  The Geological Survey provides information for a better understanding of the occurrence and the finding of petroleum: The Bureau of Standards provides means for standardizing instruments for use in the petroleum industry and means for testing and standardizing products manufactured by it.

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Characteristics of Petroleum in the Powder River Basin

"Crude oil of the Powder River Basin are of two major  types. One has low sulfur content and occurs in younger formations while the other has high sulfur content and occurs in older formations.  The low-sulfur oils are generally light colored and waxy, and may be  predominately either paraffinic or naphthenic. The high -sulfur oils are usually dark colored and asphaltic; only their low-boiling fractions are paraffinic.  Alteration appears to account for the anomalous properties of some oils found at shallow depths. Shape and slope of correlation index curves classify the oils into the same two types as their sulfur contents, with gently sloping curves representing the low-sulfur type and steep curves representing high-sulfur, asphaltic oils."

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COSTS OF WASTEWATER DISPOSAL IN COAL GASIFICATION AND OIL SHALE PROCESSING

The Department of Natural Resources of the State of Colorado is, under agreement with the U. S. Water Resources Council, assessing aspects of development of a fuel industry in the upper Colorado River Basin. To assist, water Purification Associates has studied the monetary costs of disposal of the wastewaters produced by coal gasification and oil shale retorting. The study is divided into three sections:

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LEACH POTENTIAL OF CODISPOSED SPENT OIL SHALE AND RETORT WATER USING TWO EXTRACTION METHODS

A comparison of the inorganic leachate quality from spent shale samples compacted by coproduced retort water is presented. Leachates were generated by two extraction methods, the ASTM Method D3987 and the EPA/RCRA Extraction procedure. Samples were analyzed for arsenic, selenium, cadmium, lead, boron, chromium, molybdenum, sulfates and chlorides. Comparison of all the leachates quality with the maximum allowable limits defined by RCRA indicate that arsenic, cadmium, chromium, lead and selenium concentration are well within these limits. Retort water compacted spent shales extracted by the ASTM method produced leachates containing chromium, lead, selenium and sulfate concentration in excess of drinking water standards. Concentrations of arsenic, cadmium, chromium, lead, selenium and sulfate in EPA-EP leachates of spent shales compacted with retort water also exceeded drinking water standards.

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PERMITTING REQUIREMENTS AND PROCEDURES IN SELECTED STATES WITH UCG POTENTIAL

Recent studies have determined that suitable coal resources for underground coal gasification exist in a number of geographical regions of the US. States with high potential for UCG include Illinois, Texas, Washington and Wyoming. Each state has established its own administration and procedures to obtain operating permits for an industrial facility such as an UCG site. This paper presents the permitting procedures, and information and mitigation requirements for issuance of air quality, water quality, and mining and natural resources permits for an UCG facility. Unique characteristics of the permitting process in some states will also be presented.

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AUTO-OXIDATION POTENTIAL OF RAW AND RETORTED OIL SHALE

A study was conducted to assess the potential spontaneous combustion hazard of solid waste streams produced in the processing of oil shale. In addition, the utility and precision of various test methods to assess this hazard were determined. The best methods that were found involved a differential scanning calorimetry test and a nonabiabatic oxygen absorption test. In both cases, the sample was slowly heated in air. In the former case exothermic activity was monitored; in the latter, changes in exhaust gas composition were monitored.

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AMBIENT MONITORING OF POLLUTANTS AROUND SYNFUEL PLANTS

This study was undertaken to aid in the evaluation of Environmental Monitoring Plans submitted to the U. S. Synfuel Corporation by prospective operators of large-scale synfuel plants who are applying for financial assistance. In accordance with the Energy Security Act of 1980, such applicants must provide an acceptable EMP in order to qualify for the assistance. The EMP is reviewed in consultation with the U. S. Environmental Protection Agency and the Department of Energy. This study was sponsored by EPA to aid in their consultative role.

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REPORT OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS AT THE ANVIL POINTS FACILITY RIFLE, COLORADO

On July 15, 1983 EPA performed a hazardous waste compliance inspection of the Anvil Points Facility. Present during the compliance inspection was Joe Virgona, Lt Barker, two representatives from Laramie Energy Technology Center and two EPA inspectors. The inspection was conducted on a Friday morning and the inspectors were enroute to their home office in Denver. Therefore, an in-depth review of the facilities was not accomplished. The inspectors determined, from files, that LETC had stored hazardous waste at the Anvil Points site in excess of the 90 day limit that establishes the requirement for storer to possess a treatment, storage and disposal permit. Content with their discovery of a deficiency the inspectors departed without examining the site. This office has not been made aware of the course of action to be violation. However, if a full inspection of the Anvil Points facility is proposed, serious consequences can be expected. Little, if any, attention has been paid to federal environmental laws and regulations with respect to the decommissioning of the Anvil Points Facility.

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HEALTH AND ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS DOCUMENT FOR OIL SHALE-1982

The second year effort to analyze the potential human health, and environmental risks of a hypothetical one million barrels-per-day industry has been completed as an aid in the formulation and management of a program of environmental research. Based on the sulfur surrogate model for premature deaths from air pollution, a significant benefit in human health results in low sulfur oil shale is used to displace imported foreign crude currently being refined. The largest uncertain ten for expected fatalities are in the public sector from air pollutants although the occupational sector is estimated to have 60% more expected fatalities than the public sector occupational safety and illness have been allayed for the oil shale fuel cycle from extraction to delivery of products for end use. Pneumoconiosis from the dust environment is the worker disease resulting in the greatest number f fatalities, followed by chronic bronchitis, internal cancer, and skin cancers, respectively. Research recommendations are presented for reducing the uncertainties in the risks analyzed to fill data gaps to estimate other risks.

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REFINING TO HIGH YIELDS OF JET FUELS FROM SHALE OIL--4TH TECHNICAL PROGRESS REPORT (12/21/78-1/20/79)

Continuous hydrorefining of Paraho whole crude shale oil under conditions specified in Task 2-2 of the statement of work to prepare total liquid products contain 500, 2000 and 500 ppm. of nitrogen has been completed in this reporting period.  Analysis of the products as specified in the statement of work are underway.

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OXYGEN AND NITROGEN COMPOUNDS IN SHALE OIL NAPHTHA

Among the non-hydrocarbon constituents of shale oil are various classes of nitrogen and oxygen containing compounds.  These are important because of their effect on processing techniques and because of by-product probabilities.  Bureau of Mines work on naphtha from Colorado shale oil ;has resulted in the identification o eleven phenols, twelve pyridines, two pyrrelas and two benzonitriles as reported in this paper.  Estimates of the relative amounts of the individual phenols and pyridines was made.  In addition, evidence indicating the pressures of benzofuran and of carboxylic acids was obtained.  Previously, two additional pyrreles and two quinolines were reported by the Bureau.  Other investigators have found phenols, ketones, alcohols, and others among the oxygen compounds and pyridines in the nitrogen compounds.  Several new classes of compounds for which no individual number had previously been reported were shown to be present in shale oil naphtha as the result of this work.

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COMBUSTION RETORTING OF OIL SHALE AT LOW VOID VOLUMES

Oil shale bricks, were combustion retorted in a batch, pilot scale sized retort with overall void volumes ranging from 12% to 15%. Experimental parameters were total void volume, richness of shale, particle size, and retorting gas flow rate and composition. A "base case" of experimental conditions was chosen to be in the region of commercial  interest and the experimental parameters were varied one at a time from that base case. Oil yield was the dependent variable. Results indicate retorting of oil shale at very low voids is possible and efficient but pressure drops would be relatively high. Particle size change was the  only parameter that affected oil yield significantly in the range of void volume investigation.

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NONISOTHERMAL DETERMINATION OF THE INTRINSIC KINETICS OF OIL GENERATION FROM OIL SHALE

A nonisothermal technique using various heating rates has been applied to the determination of the intrinsic kinetics of oil generation from oil shale. From an engineering standpoint the rate of oil generation can adequately be described by overall first-order kinetics with a constant activation energy of 199 kJ/mol. Various methods are applied to the determination of the kinetics parameters. The relative merits of these methods are discussed. The results are compared with data reported in the literature. The nonisothermal technique has the advantages of short experimental time and the elimination of difficulties due to the initial heat-up period accompanying the isothermal experiments.

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SANDIA/GEOKINETICS RETORT 23: A HORIZONTAL IN-SITU RETORTING EXPERIMENT

Sandia National Laboratories and Geokinetics, Inc. have recently completed processing of a 6000 tonne horizontal in situ oil shale retort near Vernal, Utah.  The heavily-instrumented, explosively-fractured oil shale bed, containing 12% void, was combustion retorted using a number of distinct operating cinditins, including air at ;high and low flow rates and air plus 30% combused recycle gas.  A number of techniques were used to evaluate the effectiveness of these various processing modes.  The extensive suite of thermal instrumentation, for example, allowed continuous monitoring of the steram and retorting fronts and estimation of oil coking losses (from heating rate data) and total shale retorted.  Actual sweep efficiency, based upon these data, was 79%. Sweep efficiency estimates from steam front data werenearly identical, both in total whale cintacte and spatial distribution of the swept zone. The thermal data also provided a direct means of assessing the validity of a numbver of retort diagnostioc techniques based on fluid porduct (offgas and oil) analyses.  Offgas material balance calculation estimates of sweep efficiency, for example, were 776 , while retorting efficiency was 58% of Fischer assay, with a 27% oil loss to combustion and a 15% loss to coking.  Oil loss estimates based on oil analyses were similar.  The experiment demonstrated that true in situ retorting of thin seam rubbled shale beds with a low void volume is practical using horizontal burn techniques and that existing retort diagnostics are capable of providing a detailed analysis of the process.

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A CONTINGENCY PLAN FOR MEETING THE ENVIRONMENTAL COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT AND INSTITUTIONAL NEEDS OF THE ACCELERATED OIL SHALE PRODUCTION PHASE I

In the summer of 1979 the Administration and the congress initiated plans for a national program on synthetic fuels. This came after years of planning and preparation for such an industry, particularly for oil shale, by the Laramie Energy Technology Center, energy and engineering corporations, government agencies and the people of the inter-mountain states.

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DISTRIBUTION OF AS, CD, HG, PB, SB, AND SE DURING SIMULATED IN-SITU OIL SHALE RETORTING

In the report of the first quarter's progress, we evaluated the utility of energy disporsive x-ray fluorescence spectrometry for determinations of As, Se and Pb in untreated shale oil and retort water. The results of this evaluation are summarized in Table 1. It was shown that the XRF precisions for As in oil and Se in retort water are adequate for the study. Improvements in the precisions for As in retort water and Se in oil are still needed. The results of the interlaboratory, multimethod investigation suggested that the XRF procedures employed by LBL give accurate results for both As and Se in oil samples while the accuracies of As and Se determinations in water samples require additional verification.

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STATUS OF EPA'S POLLUTION CONTROL GUIDANCE DOCUMENT FOR OIL SHALE

An Oil Shale Pollution Control Guidance Document is being prepared by the EPA Oil Shale Work Group under direction provided by the Alternative Fuels Group and the Industrial Environmental Research Laboratory, Cincinnati. This document employs a unique multimedia approach to present extensive information on the design, performance and cost of environmental control technology options applicable to a commercial oil shale industry. Major portions of the document have been drafted and are undergoing internal review and revision with in EPA. Following internal review and revision, the document will be made available for public review and submission of written comments. A public forum will also be scheduled during the public review period.

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SCOPE OF WORK RBOSC MODULAR DEVELOPMENT PHASE ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING PROGRAM TRACT C-A OIL SHALE LEASE

Rio Blanco Oil Shale Company has been conducing environmental monitoring studies on Tract C-a since the completion of baseline and interim period inventory studies on September 30, 1977. The monitoring studies have been conducted to assess the impact of oil shale operations on Tract C-a and the vicinity as development progresses. Prior to October 13, 1980, however, the development was confined to surface disturbances in a relatively small area related to construction activities, and dewatering the reinjection. Therefore the data collected between October 1, 1977 and October 13, 1980 are largely indicative of baseline conditions.

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HYDROLOGIC AND SOIL PROPERTIES OF COAL MINE OVERBURDEN PILES IN SOUTHEASTERN MONTANA

The research reported here was done at the Decker Mine, near Decker, Montana. Just north of Sheridan, Wyoming. The Decker Mine, situated on Lands owned by the State of Montana, started commercial operations in 1971. The subbituminous coal seam, averaging about 50 feet thick, is burried under approximately 60 feet of overburden. The overburden is removed from the coal bed with a dragline.

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SAMPLING AND ANALYSIS OF TRACE-ORGANIC CONSTITUENTS IN AMBIENT AND WORKSHOP AIR AT COAL-CONVERSION FACILITIES

A review of the recent literature reveals that current sampling procedures involve the use of glass fiber filters Tenax Gc and XAD-2 for vapor phase organics. Ultra trace organic analysis of air pollutants or particulates may require the collection of a large sample by a high volume air sampler. Personal air sampling requires a smaller sample and a portable collection apparatus.

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NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY ACT OF 1969

Pgs. 950 - 954. The purposes of this Act are: To declare a national policy which will encourage productive and enjoyable harmony between man and his environment; to promote efforts which will prevent or eliminate damage to the environment and biosphere and stimulate the health and welfare of man; to enrich the understanding of the ecological systems and natural resources important to the Nation; and to establish a Council on Environmental Quality.

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MULTI-METHOD, MULTI-LAB STUDY OF IN SITU OIL SHALE WATER QUALITY DRAFT REPORT

The evaluation of the environmental impact and treatment requirements of in situ oil shale waters depends on precise and accurate data from the laboratory. Standard laboratory methods perform well on typical waters and wastewaters (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1979; American Public Health Association, 1975). But oil shale waters are unusual because of high organic content, high salinity, color, and other properties. Many standard laboratory methods, as well as research methods, were found to have considerable imprecision and inaccuracy when used to analyze process waters from the Omega-9 oil shale experiments (Fox, 1978).  This project was undertaken to determine if the problems found in the Omega-9 study were common to other oil shale waters.  The design of the project involved the careful selection of water types, number of laboratories, number of replicate analyzes, number of water quality constituents, and number of standard analytical methods.  The project has been designed to produce useful information on the variation due to analytical methods.  The approximately 11,000 data compiled during the project were analyzed statistically and graphically, and the results were expressed as the within-lab precision, between-lab precision, and accuracy of the analytical methods used in the analysis of oil shale condensate and process waters.

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STRUCTURAL RESPONSE OF RICH GREEN RIVER OIL SHALES TO HEAT AND STRESS AND ITS RELATIONSHIP TO INDUCED PERMEABILITY

Structural response and/or deformation of three rich oil shales to heat and compressive stress was determined.  Specimens consisted of small cores and of small columns of fragments from oil shales assaying 34.5, 45.5, and 63.5 gallons of oil per ton.  Effect of structural deformation on induced permeability in the fragmented specimens was determined.  Stress-strain-time-temperature relationships of these oil shales provided information regarding their yield temperature, yield stress, rate of compressive strain, and loss of mechanical strength as they were heated from ambient to subretorting temperatures--that is, below those required for rapid pyrolysis of the organic matter to produce oil.  Structural response of some cores was also observed as they were heated in a stress-free environment.  Results provide guidelines to assess and evaluate some problems that may be associated with recovery of shale oil by underground retorting methods.

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ORIGIN OF OIL SHALE IN THE GREEN RIVER FORMATION, WYOMING

The worlds largest deposits of oil shale occurs in the Green River Formation of Wyoming, Utah, and Colorado.  In Wyoming the Green River Formation consists of rocks which were deposited in and adjacent to Eocene Lake Gosiute.  Lake Gosiute fluctuated considerably in size and depth throughout its 4 million year history.  It is believed that these fluctuations were climatically controlled.  Thus, during the most humid times the lake reached its maximum extent, whereas during the most arid times the lake probably dried up completely.  The Green River Formation in Wyoming is generally divided into the Tipton Shale Member, the Wilkins Peak Member and the Laney Shale Member.  The Wilkins Peak Member is generally accepted as representing a complicated minimum sand of Lake Gosiute, whereas the Tipton and Laney Shale Members are thought to represent maximum stands of the lake.  The richest oil shale in the Bridger Basin occurs in the Tipton Shale Member and the Wilkins Peak Member, whereas the richest oil shale in the Washakie Basin occurs in the Tipton Shale Member and the Wilkins Shale Member.  The Green River oil shales (composed of a mixture of alkaline earth carbonates and organic constituents) yield 65-70% of their organic matter as oil (Smith and others, 1959).  Culberson (1964) estimated that there are over 370 billion barrels of shale oil in the richer shales of the Bridger Basin alone.

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