AndreaBozzo/ceres-open-data-index huggingface dataset:
Development of acoustic agglomerator: Final report

The Aerojet Energy Conversion Company has conducted a program to develop a system for removal of particulates from a hot gas stream. The system was based on acoustic agglomeration, and it had to be suitable for cleaning the effluent gas stream from a coal-burning, pressurized fluid bed combustor (PFBC). The hot gas cleanup system with acoustic agglomeration (HGCU AA) used high intensity acoustic waves to pre-condition the hot aerosol by causing the smaller particles to agglomerate, or form clusters, with the larger particles. Conventional cyclones can then be used to remove the particulate matter from the aerosol more effectively since the smaller particles have, in effect, been ''removed''by their agglomerating with the larger particles. After agglomerating and becoming larger, the particles can be more effectively removed by cyclones. 14 refs., 61 figs., 14 tabs.

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Experimental determination of solids friction factors and minimum volumetric requirements in air or gas drilling

There are so many variables involved in an air or gas drilling situation that one general correlation has not been developed to predict appropriate volumetric requirements in the field. The  results of previous attempts to calculate minimum volumetric requirement are valid over limited ranges of drilling conditions. This research has developed new empirical correlations for solids friction factors for sandstone, limestone, and shale. A new and more realistic technique for predicting minimum volumetric requirements is presented. This method includes a complete analysis of pressures throughout the system. It also offers flexibility in the selection of standpipe pressure and air flow rate, and thus, compressor specifications. The method is primarily graphical so that it can be used at the well site without access to a computer. Results are presented in tabular and graphical forms. These results confirm that existing methods may predict too low or too high a volumetric flow rate.

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Geological evolution and analysis of confirmed or suspected gas hydrate localities: Volume 8, Basin analysis, formation and stability of gas hydrates in the northern California offshore

This report presents a geological description of the offshore margin of northern California, including regional and local structural settings, geomorphology, geological history, stratigraphy, and physical properties. It provides the necessary regional and geological background for more in-depth research of the area. Detailed discussion of bottom simulating acoustic reflectors, sediment acoustic properties, and distribution of hydrates within the sediments are also included in this report. The formation and stabilization of gas hydrates in sediments are considered in terms of phase relations, nucleation, and crystallization constraints, gas solubility, pore fluid chemistry, inorganic diagenesis, and sediment organic content. Together with a depositional analysis of the area, this report is a better understanding of the thermal evolution of the locality. It should lead to an assessment of the potential for both biogenic and thermogenic hydrocarbon generation. 41 refs., 23 figs., 2 tabs.

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A summary of research on oil shale solid waste conducted by the Western Research Institute

The objectives of the research are to characterize in detail the physical, chemical, and mineralogical properties of spent oil shales and to identify the processes that control element and compound behavior in spent oil shale disposal environments. Areas of research include the determination of oil shale and spent oil shale mineralogy, the chemical characterization of spent oil shale leachates, the solubility analysis of trace element-bearing minerals, and the characterization of trace element and trace organic absorption by spent oil shales. The data are evaluated by geochemical models selected for their ability to model spent oil shale systems using critically evaluated thermodynamic data. Methods to validate geochemical model predictions are also developed. Because this report only summarizes research results and conclusions, it includes lists of related publications that present detailed findings, as well as experimental methodologies and discussions. 1 fig.

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X-ray Computed Tomography of coal: Final report

X-ray Computed Tomography (CT) is a method of mapping with x-rays the internal structures of coal. The technique normally produces 2-D images of the internal structures of an object. These images can be recast to create pseudo 3-D representations. CT of coal has been explored for a variety of different applications to coal and coal processing technology. In a comparison of CT data with conventional coal analyses and petrography, CT was found to offer a good indication of the total ash content of the coal. The spatial distribution of the coal mineral matter as seen with CT has been suggested as an indicator of coal washability. Studies of gas flow through coal using xenon gas as a tracer have shown the extremely complicated nature of the modes of penetration of gas through coal, with significant differences in the rates at which the gas can pass along and across the bedding planes of coal. In a special furnace designed to allow CT images to be taken while the coal was being heated, the pyrolysis and gasification of coal have been studied. Gasification rates with steam and CO/sub 2/ for a range of coal ranks have been obtained, and the location of the gasification reactions within the piece of coal can be seen. Coal drying and the progress of the pyrolysis wave into coal have been examined when the coal was subjected to the kind of sudden temperature jump that it might experience in fixed bed gasifier applications. CT has also been used to examine stable flow structures within model fluidized beds and the accessibility of lump coal to microbial desulfurization. 53 refs., 242 figs., 26 tabs.

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Coal gasification: Technology status report

The US Department of Energy's (DOE) Morgantown Energy Technology Center (METC) is sponsoring research and development (R and D) activities in surface coal gasification that are aimed at expanding the scientific and engineering database of coal gasification technology. The objective of the Surface Coal Gasification Program is to incorporate coal gasification in the systems that are being developed to meet several technical needs. Fundamental studies are being conducted on fluidized and entrained beds, the chemistry of ash components, catalysts for gas upgrading, methods for gas separations, and the chemistry of coal devolatilization and char gasification. Also underway are large-scale fixed-, fluidized-, and entrained-bed gasification studies that are integrated with studies of in-bed sulfur capture and external hot gas cleanup. Research is being done on environmental topics, as well as on components, materials, and instrumentation to support the development of all gasification technologies. Mathematical simulation of coal gasification is being developed to improve predictive capabilities and to conduct preliminary evaluations of various systems. This report describes the objectives, status, and accomplishments of the projects in the Surface Coal Gasification Program for FY 1987. 10 refs., 28 figs., 2 tabs.

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Study of deposition control using transpiration. Technical progress report, September 1984

The purpose of this project is to determine the conditions under which transpiration may be actually used to avoid the deposition of small particles. The application of this work is the control of the deposition of small particles over a surface at a temperature below the melting point of compounds likely to exist in the combustion products. A combined experimental and theoretical research program will be carried out to evaluate the concept of transpiration as a deposition control strategy. A first order theory will be refined by introducing an appropriate model. The experimental program is designed to evaluate and refine the theoretical model under conditions which provide the correct Reynolds and Stokes numbers. The experimental set up consists of a wind tunnel with a test section containing a flat porous transpired section. The measurements will determine the distribution of velocity and of particle concentration in the boundary layer. The experiments will be conducted for different particles sizes under conditions simulating gas turbine conditions.

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Unconventional natural gas production from tight sands in the Pinedale unit, Sublette County, Wyoming. Final report, September 26, 1980-September 26, 1982

The greater portion of the work completed in this project resulted in the drilling of two new tight-sand wells, the specification of unique procedures for hydraulic fracture stimulation treatments of these wells, the completion of the field operations in which these procedures were carried out, and the compilations of data from short-term testing and related analyses that indicated that the treatments were successful. These endeavors were encompassed in Tasks 1 through 29. Task 30, the development of an interim sales market for the test production, was incorporated into the procedure presented in Section 2.5 with produced test gas being placed into Northwest Pipeline's transmission line. The determination of the optimum method for transporting gas to a transmission system, Task 32, is discussed in sub-sections 2.5.1 and 2.5.2 and also 2.5.4.3. The completion of Task 33, the environmental study, is described in sub-section 2.5.4.2 of this report. Tasks 34, 35, and 31, having to do with a commercial viability study and analysis, plus the viewing of marketing alternatives, were perfected in Section 2.6 of the report; thus completing the objectives of the report. 69 figures, 44 tables.

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Great Plains Model Development:  oxygen plant flowsheet. Final report. [ASPEN model of the Great Plains Gasification Plant]

An ASPEN model has been developed of the Oxygen Plant, Section 3000, of the Great Plains Gasification Plant. The bases for this model are the process description given in Section 6.16 of the Great Plains Project Management Plan, Lummus Oxygen Plant Schematic Process Flow Diagram, Dwg. No. SK D-7102-IK-2, and US Patent 3,947,259. The ASPEN model that has been developed considers only the components oxygen, nitrogen, argon, carbon dioxide, and water. The simulation was split into two models: (1) the complete flowsheet including the cold box without spray drying; and (2) the front end with spray drying and no cold box. The models are primarily flowsheet simulations which will give the material and energy balances and the equipment duties for a given set of process conditions. The model is unable to predict changes in process conditions that would result from load changes on equipment of fixed sizes, such as a rating model would. The model can be used for simulating the steady-state operation of the plant at or near design conditions, or in designing other oxygen plants. Both steam and cooling water requirements are calculated as part of the simulation. Several major process assumptions had to be made in the development of the flowsheet model because of the limited process information available. Among the most significant assumptions were the number of theoretical stages and operating conditions for the low and high pressure towers, the expander inlet temperature, and the warm end temperature difference. A complete list of assumptions can be found in Table 2. 49 references.

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FLAG:  a computer code model for fluidized bed coal gasification reactors. Volume III. Systems manual

This is the third and final volume of a set of reports to describe the theory and construction of the FLAG code. The first volume is devoted to a presentation of the mathematical model to describe a coal gasifier and an explanation of the computational methods used to solve these equations. The second volume is devoted to an explanation of how to use the FLAG code. This final volume provides information on the hardware and system requirements necessary to run the code and details on its internal structure. There is, of course, some overlap in these volumes. Some of the input variable described in Volume II can be understood only through the methodology given in Volume I. In addition, running the code also requires knowledge of JCL, which is part of this volume. Thus, some of the same information is repeated in each of the volumes. Nevertheless, there is a major difference between this volume and the first two volumes. This volume is intended primarily for an individual to bring up the code and make changes to the code. Following the introduction, chapter II provides information concerning the hardware and JCL necessary to implement the code. A number of computer systems are not suitable for FLAG; this is the type of information given in that chapter. Chapter III details the data blocks and variables used throughout the code. This information is most important for modifying the code because it specifies where in the code quantities are created. Chapter IV provides a description of modules and subroutines that make up FLAG. This chapter provides more detail on the actual structure of the code. 2 figures, 91 tables.

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CHEMFLUB:  a computer code model for fluidized bed coal gasification reactors. Volume III. Systems manual

The purpose of this Systems Manual is to provide detailed material and descriptions relating to the structure and operation of the CHEMFLUB computer code. It is prepared for computer scientists, systems level analysts, and programmers whose responsibilities include modifications to the computer code, solution of program/system problems, etc. This volume is not being written for the physcists or engineers who want to use CHEMFLUB. They should refer to Volume I - Technical Document and Volume II - Users'Manual. Chapter II provides an overall systems view of CHEMFLUB including the basic input/output file structure, restart requirements and diagnostic messages contained in the code. This is followed by Chapter III which covers the data and variables used in CHEMFLUB. Included are descriptions of the common blocks, initialization data, parameter statements, and key variables. The subroutines in CHEMFLUB are described in Chapter IV. The function of each subroutine is presented and related to flow charts of the five major subsections of the code. The primary outputs of each subroutine are also provided. The command file necessary for executing CHEMFLUB is discussed in Chapter V. The process of setting up and initiating a CHEMFLUB calculation is described by referring to the command file. Chapter VI describes a general method for modifying CHEMFLUB and making changes and additions to the code. 8 figures, 10 tables.

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Coal flow meter development Phase III, evaluation model

Work conducted under Phase III has demonstrated the feasibility of using ESR and NMR techniques for on-stream coal flowmetering and analysis and has resulted in the development of an Evaluation Model which incorporates both ESR and NMR detectors to sense pneumatically transported coal flowing through a 3/8-inch pipe. Sensory data required to satisfy equations for flowmetering and analysis have been made available in the instrument. A computer program to perform the data processing and to compute the relevant coal parameters from the sensed ESR and NMR data has been developed and used in the integral microcomputer of the instrument. Laboratory data has verified the operation of the instrument and the computer program has provided readouts of selected properties of three types of coal on the digital panel meter.

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Gas stream cleanup: Technology status report

The objective of the Gas Stream Cleanup (GSC) Program is to develop contaminant control technology to separate out, or otherwise control, contaminants from the hot exhaust or fuel gases. The program's activity is mainly aimed at separating out contaminants at pressures greater than 5 atm and temperatures greater than 1,000/degree/F. These elevated pressures and temperatures are associated with seven emerging systems: pressurized fluidized-bed combustion (PFBC), integrated gasification combined-cycle (IGCC), gasification/molten-carbonate fuel-cell (MCFC), gasification/solid-oxide fuel-cell (SOFC), direct coal-fueled turbine (DCFT), coal-fueled diesel (CFD), and mild gasification (MG). The activities of GSC can be conveniently organized under the systems in which the contaminant control technology has been or plans to be implemented. Many of the activities are cross-cutting, since some systems have similar operating conditions, temperatures and pressures, and similar gas compositions. This makes GSC technology transferable from system to system. This Technology Status Report discusses each GSC activity in most detail under the system in which its development has proceeded most quickly. The potential for cross-cutting technology transfer is pointed out where appropriate. 20 refs., 21 figs., 5 tabs.

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Denitrification and desulfurization of combustion gases. Quarterly technical progress report No. 7, March 18-June 17, 1982

This program was initially designed for developing new and more efficient processes for the removal of SO/sub 2/ and NO/sub x/ from hot combustion gases. For SO/sub 2/ removal, the goal was to develop, on a laboratory scale, the Fe/sub 2/O/sub 3/ catalyzed fluidized bed combustion process. For the NO/sub x/ removal, it was intended to develop a two-step process for NO/sub x/ decomposition to form N/sub 2/, with a low-cost sorbent/catalyst and with no NH/sub 3/ injection. The study on the iron oxide catalyzed sulfation of limestone has been completed. Based on our kinetic (TGA) data, the Lee-Georgakis model predicts that an 1% Fe/sub 2/O/sub 3/ coating on Tymochtee dolomite would reduce the lime requirement by about 30 to 40% for 90% sulfur retention for a typical FBC operation. This new process holds considerable economic promises and is ready and recommended for further pilot-scale development. We have had some success with the sodium ferrite sorbent/catalyst in the two-step NO/sub x/ decomposition process. However, Fe/sub 2/O/sub 3/, which was used as the catalyst for NO decomposition, is not among the best catalysts. Copper oxide is known to be about two orders of magnitude more efficient as Fe/sub 2/O/sub 3/. And more important, Cu(SO/sub 4/)/sub 2/, which will be formed from CuO in a combustion gas, is as efficient as CuO as a catalyst in NO decomposition. Based on the above reasons, we have been studying CuO containing materials as the sorbent/catalyst. In some of the materials, such as CuO supported in a matrix of a cement and mixed CuO and CaO, have shown that about 40% of the NO originally absorbed can be decomposed into N/sub 2/ in the regeneration step. We are now narrowing down the specific CuO containing sorbent which is best in fulfilling all the aforementioned requirements. 8 figures.

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Advanced combined NO/sub x//SO/sub x/ removal system. Monthly technical progress report, November 3-November 30, 1984

The system is an advanced process for simultaneously removing NO/sub x//SO/sub x/ and particulates from flue gas. The process utilizes a novel contractor/filter with a moving bed of copper oxide absorber-catalyst. By adding NH/sub 3/ to the flue gas, NO/sub x/ as well as SO/sub x/ removal can be obtained. The same contactor/filter also removes particulates from the gas. The project objectives are simultaneous removal of greater than 90% of the NO/sub x/, 90% of the SO/sub x/, and 99.9% of the particulates. During this reporting period (1) the preliminary operational phase checkout tests using unimpregnated support were successfully completed and (2) the first tests of NO/sub x//SO/sub x/ removal using the Davison catalyst were carried out.

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Advanced-gasification processes

An analysis of the needs for commercial gasification reveals the following principal categories of information gaps that can be filled by programs already in progress or those readily initiated. The gaps are technology base need required for successful commercialization of both currently available and advanced-gasification processes. The needs are defined further in Table 2-1, which shows the current status of the technology data base. The need areas are classified as follows: Coal Preparation/Feeding/Fines Management, Reactor Design/Performance, Gas Cleaning/Cooling, Acid Gas Removal/Gas Shift and Conversion Data Base on State-of-the-Art and Advanced Technologies, Components/Materials/Instrument Development, Health/Environmental/Safety, and General. It is anticipated that solutions to many of the problems associated with the demonstration plants, the alternative fuel plants, and the Synthetic Fuel Corporation endeavors will not be available during the design and construction phases. However, during the operating and optimization phases of most of these projects prior to commercialization, where additional troubles will surface, the technical-support program herein described will have provided the additional data base needed to correct deficiencies and/or to advance the state of the art.

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Survey and evaluation of modern electrostatic concepts applied to high-resistivity fly ash

The ineffectiveness of conventional electrostatic precipitators on high resistivity fly ash has different, though interrelated, causes. Voltages high enough to generate corona at the discharge electrode also generate back corona on the deposited dust layer. Removal of the layer results in reentrainment losses. Reduction of voltage to suppress back corona reduces precipitation effectiveness. All of the surveyed concepts attempt to deal with one or more of these problems; most but none will address all of the deficiencies. A versatile multiple-concept pilot precipitator would allow GFETC to develop the optimum combination of novel concepts. Acurex is recommending a precipitator with component interchangeability in three sections: (1) the main precipitator section (one or more cells) should be designed to accept either conventional electrodes or a few tri-electrode configurations. Versatile pulse-charged power supplies will be needed to accommodate the various electrode configurations. The best method of suppressing back-corona in the precipitator itself can thus be developed; (2) a precharger section should be installed ahead of the main precipitator to optimize precharger design; and (3) a downstream collector section would test the effectiveness of concepts which lend themselves to effective collection of low-load, high-resistivity, small particles. These include wet precipitators, fabric filters, and bed filters. The separation of functions will allow more effective particle charging in the first section, collection of most of the particulate without reverse ionization in the main section, and polishing of the remaining fine and reentrained particulate in a suitable downstream collector.

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Improved polymers for enhanced oil recovery:  synthesis and rheology. Third annual report, October 1979-September 1980

This document reports on the synthesis, characterization, and rheological studies of random- and graft-copolymers which are used as models for mobility control agents in enhanced oil recovery. These studies include macromolecular syntheses of model polymers, dilute solution viscosity studies, aqueous-size exclusion chromatography, and laser light scattering.

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