AndreaBozzo/ceres-open-data-index huggingface dataset:
Preliminary laboratory and modeling studies on the environmental impact of in-situ coal gasification

A preliminary laboratory and modeling study on the environmental impact of ''in-situ''coal gasification field testing is reported. Experiments were conducted on the aspects of ground water pollution; water leaching, transport, and dispersion of pollutants. The major inorganic contaminants leached from the coal ash were determined to be Al/sup  3/, Ca/sup  2/, and OH/sup -/, while the principal organic pollutants were found to be phenols. A simple calculational model is used to predict the movement of the polluted ground-water. This model inputs information from laboratory experiments for the rate at which the above pollutants are removed from the gasification zone and the degree with which they are sorbed by the surrounding coal. It was discovered that ungasified coal has a strong beneficial effect on retarding the dispersion of the pollutants. The problem of air pollution resulting from the flaring of the production gas was also examined. The extent of the air pollution plume that develops from this flaring is predicted using a simple computer model. These predictions have been carried out for a set of atmospheric and flare operating conditions that may be encountered during field tests. It was determined that the LLL field experiments will adequately meet air quality standards, even under adverse conditions.

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Laboratory study of Green River oil shale retorting under pressure in a nitrogen atmosphere. Technical progress report

Studies were carried out on a 31-gallon-of-oil-per-ton Green River shale sample to determine the effects of pressure, sweep gas rate, and heating rate on the batch retorting process. Each experiment was performed in a vertical pressure retort with downward sweep gas flow, which could be heated at any predetermined fixed rate to a final bed temperature of about 950/sup 0/F. Pressures from atmospheric to 1,500 psig, nominal heating rates from 14/sup 0/ to 125/sup 0/F/hr, and nitrogen sweep gas space velocities generally in the range from 1 to 125 scf/hr/ft/sup 2/ of bed have been studied. Oil yields, gas yields, and the ultimate distribution of the initial organic carbon in the raw shale are reported. Pressure was the only variable which had an appreciable effect on the results of the retorting process. With increase of pressure, the oil yields (including C/sub 4/  gases) were found to decrease from an average of 93 percent (of modified Fischer assay) at atmospheric pressure to 78 percent at 1,500 psig. Other effects of increasing pressure were an increase in gas production, an increase in retorted shale coke, a decrease in oil specific gravity and viscosity, and an increase in the amounts of lighter distillation fractions for the oil. Oil yields were not found to decrease as greatly with increased pressure as those reported in an earlier study. A simple mathematical model was developed which accounts for the effect of pressure on oil yield. This model also gives oil production curves with time that are in reasonable agreement with measurements made during the current work.

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Roof studies and mine structure stress analysis, Bureau of Mines, Oil-Shale Mine, Rifle, Colo

Enactment of Public Law 290 by the 78th Congress authorized the U.S, Department of the Interior, Bureau of Mines, to conduct an experimental program to develop the technology for obtaining oil from oil shale.  In adopting and later extending this legislation, the Congress recognized the impending necessity of supplementing ground petroleum reserves with synthetic fuels.  Under the provisions of this legislation, the Bureau of Mines, among other things, was charged with the responsibility of developing mining techniques, methods and equipment for mining the oil shales of the Green River formation of Colorado, Utah and Wyoming.

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Ground surface motion from detonation of liquid explosive in a hydraulic fracture in oil shale

Surface motion was measured above a detonation of liquid explosive in a hydraulic fracture in oil shale and at three stations located at 38, 89, and 193 times the charge burial depth away from the epicenter. No damaging surface motion was expected from a charge of the size detonated, but measurements were made to provide a foundation for the surface motion predictions in the event commercial application of in situ retorting led to detonation of charges of larger size. Measurements recorded were of high quality in spite of the low amplitude. Residual displacement at surface zero as determined from the transient measurement agreed especially well with postshot survey. The measurements produced data which can be used for first-order predictions of surface motion on future detonations of a similar type.

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Oil yields of sections of Green River oil shale in Colorado, 1952--54

The Bureau of Mines oil-shale program, initiated in April 1944, is concerned with the future utilization of oil shale in the United States as a source of liquid fuel. One phase of this program is the accumulation of information on the location, extent, and richness of oil-shale deposits that may'be suitable for processing to oil and related products. A previous publication presented, by means of logs, the oil yields of sections of the largest known oil-shale deposit in the country - the shales of the Green River formation occurring in adjoining portions of the states of Colorado, Utah, and Wyoming.

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Oil yields of sections of Green River oil shale in Colorado, Utah, and Wyoming, 1945--52

"The oil yields of sections of Green River oil shale in Colorado, Utah, and Wyoming are presented as part of a continuing project to determine oil-shale reserves in the United States. Oil-yield logs, based upon analyses obtained from 1945 through 1952, are presented to show the thickness and richness of 202 sections of Green River  oil shale. The logs are based on analyses of  approximately 20,500 samples, representing 179,000 feet of shale, which were made by the Bureau of Mines, and upon analyses, representing approximately 26,000 feet of shale, which were made by other agencies. The samples consisted of cores from a Bureau of Mines coring  program in U. S . Naval Oil-Shale Reserve 1, Garfield County, Colo., and cores, drill cuttings, and channel samples provided by other agencies, chiefly oil companies."

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Oilfields and crude oil characteristics:  Cook Inlet Basin, Alaska

"The first well that produced commercial quantities of oil in the Cook Inlet Basin of Alaska was completed in 1957. Since that time oil production in the basin has increased rapidly and by the end of 1969 had reached an  annual rate of 74 million barrels. Five major oil fields had been developed, and two additional discoveries awaited development. Estimated amounts of recoverable oil by primary and secondary recovery methods total 2. 7 billion  barrels, or 36 percent of the estimated oil originally in place. Repressurization by injecting gas or water in formations containing undersaturated oil has significantly increased the volume of recoverable oil. All production  has been from formations of the Tertiary age; that much of it is from depths of 10 ,000 feet or more is unusual for Tertiary formations. The oils are low in sulfur and contain low to moderate amounts of asphalt."

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Oil-shale Program. Twenty-sixth quarterly report, April 1982-June 1982

The objective of this study is to acquire the ability to prescribe an efficient process for in situ recovery of a given oil shale resource. Progress reports are presented for the following tasks: bed preparation and characterization; retorting process; and structural stability. Some of the highlights for this quarter are: a number of small scale fracturing experiments were conducted at the Anvil Points Mine primarily for instrumentation evaluation; computational approaches for linking the explosive fracturing phase of bed preparation with the final void distribution have been developed, and a motion code BUMP has been tested on simple cratering geometry blasts; a series of tracer tests conducted on the LETC 150 ton retort provided an opportunity to calibrate fully the multi-gas multi-channel tracer system as a rubble bed evaluation tool; data acquisition and analysis were continued on Occidental's retorts 7 and 8 where extimates of shale processed and net oil produced were obtained by real time using the material balance technique. 32 figures. (ATT)

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Physics of oil shales:  a program of theoretical and experimental studies. Quarterly progress report, September 21, 1983-January 1, 1984

Numerical modeling of the volumetric heating process is concluding. The develoment of the numerical model to describe the heat-mass problem for the radiation heating of oil shale is now near completion for low temperatures. The study of optimitzation of the heating process is now underway. Preliminary results indicate that the electricity for the heating process will be 5-7 kilowatt-hours/gal of recovered oil. This result is encouraging for the economics of the heating process.

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Oil-shale program. Twenty-seventh and twenty-eighth quarterly reports, July 1982-December 1982

The objective has been to acquire the ability to prescribe an efficient process for in situ recovery of a given oil shale resource. The overall efficiency of shale oil recovery processes is determined principally by a combination of sweep efficiency, retorting efficiency and volumetric efficiency. These individual efficiency components are related to the way in which the retort bed is prepared, the retorting technique employed, and the structural characteristics of the mine and in situ retorts. Therefore, the Sandia program addresses these three main areas: (1) bed preparation and characterization; retorting process; and structural stability. For convenience, this report is organized with most of the text under these main headings. Some of the highlights for this period are: (1) A post-burn coring effort on Geokinetics retort 23 has been completed. (2) A 100 kg laboratory vessel to be used for studying the effects of permeability contrasts has been fabricated. Fielding and data acquisition on the D-series tests at Anvil Points were completed. (3) Preliminary design was completed for the first two single borehole tests to be performed by Sandia as part of the joint Rock Fragmentation Experimental Program. (4) Considerable advances have been made in the computational techniques to determine long-term fragment motion. Two computer codes, BUMP and BLOCKS, have been used to examine motion for a cratering geometry. (5) A series of tracer tests were completed at the LETC 150 ton retort. (6) A finite element analysis showing the effect of elevated temperature on retort roof stability was completed. As expected, the analysis indicates elevated temperatures increase the likelihood of roof collapse. 31 figures, 5 tables.

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Oil shale program. Twenty-ninth and thirtieth quarterly reports, January 1983-June 1983

The overall efficiency of in-situ shale oil recovery processes is determined principally by a combination of sweep efficiency, retorting efficiency and volumetric efficiency. These individual efficiency components are related to the way in which the retort bed is prepared, the retorting process and the structural characteristics of the mine and in situ retorts. Four single borehole cratering shots were performed during this period at the Anvil Points mine. Two were systems checkout tests. The other two constituted the first tests called for in the Joint Rock Fragmentation Experiment Plan. These two tests were identical except that in one case stemming above the explosive charge was not used. Preliminary results indicate similar amounts of rubblization between the two shots. Advances in the computational treatment of rock motion were made during this period. The BUMF codes were used to investigate asymmetric blast effects observed on the SAI D-3 shot. The BLOCKS code was utilized to simulate rock motion for 550 ms in a cratering geometry. Analysis of the core taken from Geokinetics Retort 23 is presented. An initial series of laboratory experiments that investigate the effects of permeability contrast on retort yield were completed. These unique experiments demonstrated that permeability contrasts can cause yield losses. A tracer experiment indicated that in order for tracers to be useful in detecting non-uniformities in a rubble bed the distance between sample points cannot be much larger than the size of the non-uniform region.

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Use of centrifugal separation to investigate how kerogen is bound to the minerals in oil shale. [Distribution of Fe compounds and organic N, S, and O compounds]

Concentration of the kergoen (organic material) in oil shale was accomplished by centrifuging after pretreating, the oil shale with carbonic acid to remove the carbonates and pretreatment with sodium hydroxide (pll 11.5) to remove the claylike minerals. Analysis of the materials obtained shoed that the concentrations of organic sulfur and organic nitrogen compounds were not affected by centrifuging. These compounds are evenly distributed in the kerogen and are not strongly bound to the mineral constituents. Organic oxygen  compounds, however, were concentrated in the light fraction. These compounds are more closely associated with the kerogen and are not bound to the mineral constituents. Iron compounds other than pyrite apparently are closely associated with the organic material.

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Oil Shale Program. Quarterly report, July 1983-September 1983

Progress made on developing a predictive capability for in situ oil shale processing is described. Post-shot mapping on the single borehole crater shots conducted the previous quarter was completed. The mapping will permit an estimate of the void distribution in the rubble once the crater is excavated. The total increase in volume in the SB-1 test area was measured to be 29.7 m/sup 3/; the expansion in SB-2 was 25.4 m/sup 3/. The high speed photometric coverage taken during the blast has been reduced giving near surface rock velocities as a function of distance from the borehole. Measured velocities (after 30 ms) range from approximately 15 m/s near the borehole to less than 2 m/s three meters from the borehole. New simulations have been made using the code BLOCK to investigate the effects of jointing on rock motion. An initial series of laboratory tests that examine the effects of permeability contrasts on local yield have been completed. These runs demonstrated that yield losses can be introduced solely by permeability contrasts.

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Investigation of the geokinetics horizontal in situ oil shale retorting process. Quarterly report, July, August, September 1983

Retort No. 27 was ignited using a new procedure and 47 days of operation were completed in the quarter. For retort No. 28 air injection and off gas piping and manifolding was completed along with the installation of electrical and instrumentation wiring. The off gas processing plant for the two retorts was completed and an initial shakedown run made.

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Perform research in process development for hydroretorting of eastern oil shales

During the course of the program, a data base was established for six eastern oil shales, including geological characterization and the determination of hydroretorting characteristics. Conceptual commercial plant designs were developed for each shale and the potential environmental impact of a commercial hydroretorting plant in Putnam County, Tennessee was evaluated. Various concepts for improving the process efficiency of moving-bed hydroretorting and increasing resource utilization were investigated. When circumstances warrant, the data obtained during this program will provide an adequate basis for the design of a moving-bed hydroretorting demonstration plant for the eastern oil shales studied, which represent the major portion of the surface mineable eastern oil shale resource. 5 refs., 3 figs., 28 tabs.

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Evaluation of western and eastern shale oil residua as asphalt pavement recycling agents

The objective of this investigation was to perform a preliminary evaluation of the utility of residual materials prepared from Green River Formation (western) and New Albany Shale (eastern) shale oils as recycling agents for aged asphalt pavement. Four petroleum asphalts were first aged by a thin-film accelerated-aging test, which simulates long service life of asphalt in pavement. The aged asphalts were mixed (recycled) with Green River Formation shale oil distillation residua to restore the original viscosities. Separately, for comparison, a commercial recycling agent was used to recycle the aged asphalts under the same circumstances. The recycled asphalts were reaged and the properties of both binder and asphalt-aggregate mixtures studied. Originally, the same study was intended for an eastern shale residua. However, the eastern shale oil distillation residua with the required flash point specification also had the properties of a viscosity builder; therefore, it was studied as such with asphalts that do not achieve sufficient viscosity during processing to serve as usable binders. Results show that Green River Formation shale oil residuum can be used to restore the original asphalt properties with favorable rheological properties, the shale oil residuum has a beneficial effect on resistance to moisture damage, the low-temperature properties of the shale oil residuum recycled asphalts are not adversely affected, and the low-temperature properties of the shale oil residuum recycled asphalts are dependent upon the chemistry of the mixture. The eastern shale oil residua was blended with soft petroleum asphalts. Results show the products have higher viscosities than the starting materials, the rheological properties of the soft asphalt-eastern shale oil residue blends are acceptable, and the eastern shale oil residue has dispersant properties despite its high viscosity. 11 refs., 3 figs., 9 tabs.

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Paraho Oil Shale Module:  analysis, assessment and predictions of design performance. Topical report, Task 10

As part of the statement of work under the DOE contract, paraho Development Corporation reviewd the design developed in Task 9 to assess if the selected configuration would satisfactorily achieve the stated objective and quantitative oals set out in Task 2. Paraho also performed safety and hazards review. Paraho contracted with Hercules Incorporated, Allegany Ballistics Laboratory to perform the following interm review:

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RETORTING CHATTANOOGA, TENNESSEE OIL SHALE.  ENTRAINED-SOLIDS RETORT RUN 38- 1600 F

The work reported here was conducted at the request of the Atomic Energy Commission at the Petroleum and Oil-Shale Experiment Station, Laramie, Wyoming under the general supervision of H. P. Rue, Chief, Fuels Technology Division, Region IV, and H. M. Thornel, Chief, Oil-shale Research Branch, and under the immediate supervision of W. I. R. Murphy, Head, Process Research Section. This report presents the results of the third of a series of experimental runs in the Entrained-Solids retort to evaluate Chattanooga, Tennessee oil shales as a source of petrochemical raw materials and to prepare retorted shale for use in uranium recovery studies at Columbia University. The work is being carried on under contract AT(49-1) 534 between the Bureau of Mines and the Atomic Energy commission.

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Changes in ash composition of North Dakota lignite treated by ion exchange

This investigation examined the feasibility of altering the inorganic component of North Dakota lignite by ion exchange. Lignite of specific size consist was washed with various ionic solutions and examined for evidence of exchange. Ions of higher valance substituted preferentially at equivalent concentrations. Results indicate that a major portion of the inorganic material associated with lignite is combined in exchangeable form with the organic component. Particle size of the treated coal is a critical factor in determining the rate of exchange. The data indicate that monovalent ions are easily replaced by divalent and trivalent ions, and the presence of ionic material in slurries containing finely divided lignite significantly increases filtration rates.

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Specific-gravity to oil-yield relationships for black shales of Kentucky's New Albany Formation

Shale specific-gravity to oil-yield relationships were developed for black shales of the New Albany Formation of Kentucky from data collected on core samples representing the complete section of the formation in three counties. Linear equations for estimating oil yield from measured specific gravity and for estimating specific gravity from measured oil yield were shown to be applicable within small error limits to all the sites tested. Variation in pyrite content is the largest source of error.

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Oil yields of sections of Green River oil shale in Utah, 1952--62. [Data for 40 sets of core samples and 83 sets of drill cuttings]

"Oil-yield data are presented for 40 sets of core samples and 83 sets of drill cuttings collected in 1952-62 from drilling operations in the Uinta basin of eastern Utah. This accumulated information on the location, extent, and richness of oil shales of the Green River formation is used to appraise the deposits as a source of oil and related products. Core samples used in the study were obtained specifically for evaluating oil shale, and they were  satisfactory for this purpose, except they did not completely penetrate the formation. The drill-cutting samples were inferior to the core samples and  yielded more erratic results. Consequently, oil yields based on cuttings should be regarded as indicative, rather than definite, until substantiated by other means. In general, the oil-yield data indicate Green River oil shale in Uinta basin is not as thick or as uniform as that in the Piceance Creek basin of western Colorado. However, it is an important potential source of oil. Estimates that beds 15 feet or more thick that average 25 gallons of oil  per ton represent at least 120 billion barrels of oil in place are supported by the recent oil-yield data."

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Asphalts from Rocky Mountain crude oils. Laboratory preparation and comparison

The work reported herein was done by the Bureau of Mines Petroleum  and Oil-Shale Experiment Station at Laramie, Wyoming in cooperation with the University of Wyoming to obtain information that might lead to a more complete utilization of Wyoming asphalt-bearing crude oils.  It involved the laboratory preparation of asphalts from Wyoming and other asphalt bearing crude oils , as determination of the yields, compositions and properties of the asphalts.  The characteristics of various Wyoming crude oils, as determined by the Bureau of Mines method of analysis provide information on the naphtha and the oil fractions of the crude oils but do not give the yield and characteristics of their asphaltic portions.  The present paper combines the results of previous investigations with recent studies on 117 asphalts form 25 crude oils of Wyoming, Arkansas, California, Montana and Mexico.

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