AndreaBozzo/ceres-open-data-index huggingface dataset:
Kinetic model development for low-rank coal liquefaction: Quarterly technical progress report for the period April 1, 1986-June 30, 1986. [Abstract discrete lumping]

During the past quarter, research was directed toward the kinetic modeling of coal liquefaction reactions. Specifically, a new lumping system, abstract-discrete lumping, was developed and tested for a vapor-liquid equilibrium calculation. The abstract-discrete method combines the advantages of traditional pseudo-component lumping with the advantages of continuous lumping. The method is especially applicable to mixtures for which the analytical data consist of partially-resolved chromatograms, such as for the size-exclusion chromatographic analysis of coal liquids. This report records the development and testing of the theory behind the abstract-discrete approach. Although the derivation of the method utilizes mathematical concepts which may at times seem difficult, the final result consists of simple algebraic equations which may be solved with only a little more difficulty than the classical equations. The theory has first been developed for a vapor-liquid equilibrium calculation. The reason for this is two-fold. First, the vapor-liquid equilibrium equations are generally simpler than kinetic modeling equations, a fact which makes the description of the theory much easier. In addition, vapor-liquid equilibrium effects are of importance to liquefaction reactor modeling, and are to be incorporated into the tubing-bomb reactor model presently under development. We have shown that vapor-liquid equilibrium calculations based upon a thermodynamic equation-of-state can predict the hydrogen composition of the liquefaction-reactor liquid phase with considerable accuracy. 7 refs., 40 figs., 49 tabs.

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Cation promotion effect in zeolite-supported F-T catalysts: Final report

The present work was undertaken to investigate systematically the influence of Group IA neutralizing cations on CO hydrogenation over zeolite-supported ruthenium catalysts. These catalysts were prepared from NH/sub 4/Y, LiY, NaY, KY, RbY, CsY, NaX, KL, and Na-mordenite zeolites by ion exchange with ruthenium hexammine chloride. The nature of the group IA cations was found to have little effect on chemisorptive properties and on the activity and chain growth probability in CO hydrogenation on Ru. However, it was established that secondary acid-catalyzed reactions of the primary olefinic products from CO hydrogenation can play a major role in shaping product selectivity. Using model reactions such as olefin transformations on the zeolites without the metal, it was established that the strength of the acid sites is a strong function of the nature of the neutralizing alkali cations remaining in the zeolite. Acid site strength was found to decrease with molecular weight of the alkali cation used. This study established the bifunctional nature of the zeolite-supported F-T catalysts and its importance in CO hydrogenation. The results suggest that the catalyst selectivity can be controlled by varying the strength of the zeolite acid sites, the most important active centers for secondary reactions of the primary olefinic F-T products. Depending on the concentration and the strength of the acid sites, a function of the Si/Al ratio and the nature of the residual neutralizing cations, various competitive reaction paths can be observed for the transformation of olefinic compounds. These include isomerization, oligomerization, cracking, hydrogen transfer, etc. 67 figs., 32 tabs.

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Development of biological coal gasification (MicGAS process)

Laboratory scale studies examining biogasification of Texas lignite at various coal solids loadings have been completed. Bench scale bioreactors are currently being used to scale up the biogasification process to higher coal solids loadings (5% and 10%) Specific observations reported this quarter are that methane production was not curtailed when B-vitamin solution was not added to the biogasification medium and that aeration of Mic-1 did not sufficiently oxidize the medium to eliminate strict anaerobic bacteria including methanogens.

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The MAGSORB process for bulk separation of carbon dioxide

During the sixth quarter of this program, work continued on the preparation of homogeneous batches of sorbent. It had previously been found that there was not consistent agreement between the Mg/K ratios calculated from the amounts of reagents used and the ratios determined by chemical analysis using atomic absorption spectrometry. In our investigation of the causes of these inconsistencies, we also found that there was an unacceptably high variation in the Mg/K ratio among the individual sorbent pellets. This quarter, sorbent pellets that had shown excessive variation in the Mg/K ratio were ground and the powder mixed to produce a uniform material. This material was then pelletized with a compaction device and the pellets checked for composition and reactivity. Although this procedure produced pellets with consistent Mg/K ratios, thermobalance tests showed reduced reactivity.

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Scale-up of mild gasification to a process development unit

The work performed during the second quarterly reporting period (February 21 through May 20, 1992) on the research program,   Scale-Up of Mild Gasification to a Process Development Unit''is presented in this report. The overall objective of this project is to develop the IGT Mild-Gasification (MILDGAS) process for near-term commercialization. The specific objectives of the program are to: (1) design, construct, and operate a 24-tons/day adiabatic process development unit (PDU) to obtain process performance data suitable for further design scaleup. (2) obtain large batches of coal-derived co-products for industrial evaluation. (3) prepare a detailed design of a demonstration unit. (4) develop technical and economic plans for commercialization of the MILDGAS process. The MILDGAS process is a continuous closed system for producing liquid and solid (char) co-products at mild operating conditions up to 50 psig and 1300[degrees]F. It is capable of processing a wide range of both eastern caking and western noncaking coals. The PDU to be constructed is comprised of a 2.5-ft ID adiabatic gasifier for the production of char, coal liquids, and gases; a thermal cracker for upgrading of the coal liquids; and a hot briquetting unit for the production of form coke and smokeless fuel briquettes. The facility will also incorporate support equipment for environmentally acceptable disposal of process waste.

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Development of a coal-fueled Internal Manifold Heat Exchanger (IMHEX reg sign ) molten carbonate fuel cell

The design of a CGMCFC electric generation plant that will provide a cost of eletricity (COE) which is lower than that of current electric generation technologies and which is competitive with other long-range electric generating systems is presented. This effort is based upon the Internal Manifold Heat Exchanger (IMHEX) technology as developed by the Institute of Gas Technology (IGT). The project was executed by selecting economic and performance objectives for alternative plant arrangements while considering process constraints identified during IMHEX fuel cell development activities at ICT. The four major subsystems of a coal-based MCFC power plant are coal gasification, gas purification, fuel cell power generation and the bottoming cycle. The design and method of operation of each subsystem can be varied, and, depending upon design choices, can have major impact on both the design of other subsystems and the resulting cost of electricity. The challenge of this project was to select, from a range of design parameters, those operating conditions that result in a preferred plant design. Computer modelling was thus used to perform sensitivity analyses of as many system variables as program resources and schedules would permit. In any systems analysis, it is imperative that the evaluation methodology be verifiable and comparable. The TAG Class I develops comparable (if imprecise) data on performance and costs for the alternative cases being studied. It identifies, from a range of options, those which merit more exacting scrutiny to be undertaken at the second level, TAG class II analysis.

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Second-generation pressurized fluidized bed combustion plant: Phase 1, Task 2 topical report---Grimethorpe tube bundle   E''wastage evaluation

Foster Wheeler Development Corporation (FWDC) took part in a pressurized fluidized bed combustion (PFBC) test program at the Grimethorpe PFBC facility in England. FWDC's participation included generating data to assess comparative wear rates and patterns on several different tubing alloys and surface protection techniques. The alloys and protection techniques are being used in, or are planned for, commercial atmospheric and pressurized fluidized bed boilers. Tubular specimens which were grouped into ten classes: carbon steel; finned carbon steel; finned 2-1/4%Cr-1%Mo; finned and studded carbon steel; finned and studded 2-1/4%Cr-1%Mo; finned and studded Type 347H stainless steel; chromized carbon steel; chromized 2-1/4%Cr-1%Mo; finned, studded and chromized carbon steel; and finned, studded and chromized 2-1/4%Cr-1%Mo. The materials are typical of those normally used in boiler service for carrying water, generating steam, and superheating steam. The test program and spanned approximately 1400 operating hours and was composed of three test sequences. Each test in the A2 series was run with a different fuel feedstock. The first utilized a UK coal (dry,7765 ); the second evaluated a US coal/water mixture (slurry,7765 ); the third test employed a UK coal slurry. Test runs with UK coal included a limestone sorbent while dolomite was used in the second test sequence. Exposed test specimens were removed for independent surface scale analysis before FWDC began metal wastage evaluations. The specimens were then inspected visually, analyzed dimensionally, and examined metallographically. 5 refs., 75 figs., 14 tabs.

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Development of algorithms for capacitance imaging techniques for fluidized bed flow fields

The objective of this research is to provide support for the instrumentation concept of a High Resolution Capacitance Imaging System (HRCIS)The work Involves the development and evaluation of the mathematical theory and associated models and algorithms which reduce the electronic measurements to valid physical characterizations. The research and development require the investigation of techniques to solve large systems of equations based on capacitance measurements for various electrode configurations in order to estimate densities of materials in a cross-section of a fluidized bed. Capacitance measurements are made for 400 connections of the 32-electrode system; 400 corresponding electric-field curves are constructed by solving a second order partial differential equation. These curves are used to partition the circular disk into 193 regions called pixels, and the density of material in each pixel is to be estimated. The HRCIS work plan called for development of three mathematical models for estimating densities in a fluidized bed. These models are referred to as Methods 1, 2, and 3. Additional methods, designated Methods 4 through 9, were suggested during this reporting period. See Table 1 for a list of the methods included in the project, along with a brief description of each method.

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Geological Evolution and Analysis of Confirmed or Suspected Gas Hydrate Localities Volume 15. Evaluation of Geological Relationships to Gas Hydrate Formation and Stability: Summary Report

We investigated the relationship of geological environments on gas hydrate formation and stability by basin analysis of gas hydrate sites. Basin analyses were performed on 21 offshore locations with direct or indirect evidence of gas hydrates. Extensive geological investigations were conducted for each study region comprising one or more gas hydrate locations. Sediment composition, provenance, and depositional history were documented for each study region. Structural development of the sedimentary basin was determined using drilling results and seismic reflection profiles. Potential for generation of biogenic methane and conventional thermogenic hydrocarbons was assessed by analysis of existing geochemical data and by thermal modeling. All available seismic data, both published and unpublished, were examined for evidence of gas hydrates. Bottom simulating reflectors (BSRs) and other seismic anomalies were mapped. Drilling evidence of possible gas hydrates was reviewed. Based on the limited available information, conditional assessments of gas resources were derived. Quantities of gas contained both in the gas hydrate and possibly trapped beneath the gas hydrate stability zone were estimated. 93 refs., 37 figs., 2 tabs.

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ASPEN System Administrator Manual

ASPEN (Advanced System for Process Engineering) is a software system for computer-aided process design. ASPEN was developed at M.I.T. during the period 1976-1981 under the sponsorship of the Department of Energy and 55 industrial participants. There are four manuals and one computer tape describing the maintenance, use, and installation of ASPEN. The ASPEN System Administrator Manual is a two volume manual containing system maintenance and updating procedures and documentation of the ASPEN program code. Supplementary reference material is contained on the ASPEN On-Line Documentation computer tape. The System Administrator Manual is intended to serve as a reference manual and a maintenance manual for ASPEN support staff and as a programmer's guide for anyone writing a new model. At least one person at each ASPEN installation will require access to this manual.

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Developing/modifying coal-grinding procedures and equipment to produce predictable size distributions during coal preparation. Final progress report

This is the final report for the Department of Energy Contract No. DE-AC21-76-ET10256, Developing/Modifying Coal Grinding Procedures and Equipment to Produce Predictable Size Distributions During Coal Preparation. Four unit operations for size reducing coal have been examined. These are: air swept ball mill, air swept hammer mill, air swept ball and race mill, and wet ball mill. The project work was broken up into four phases - Study Phase, Preparation Phase, Testing Phase and Reporting Phase. The Study Phase resulted in a state-of-the-art study of coal size reduction devices, the selection of representative coal samples and the laboratory development of grinding kinetics for the selected coals. The Preparation Phase work centered on the layout and preparation of a pilot scale testing facility for generating continuous industrial type size reduction data for the validation of laboratory generated findings. Work under the Testing Phase involved test equipment modification, conducting experiments and the collection and reduction of data. The Reporting Phase resulted in this final report and the ERDA/DOE Publication Coal Grinding Technology, A Manual for Process Engineers (Document No. FE-2475-25). Progress throughout the project was documented with monthly, quarterly and annual progress reports. Some 350 coal grinding tests were performed. The reduction of this test data has aided in the development and validation of mathematical models which can be used to analyze and predict the performance of size reduction devices of the types studied here. In addition, the information generated has led to a number of recommendations for expanding the current state of knowledge of coal size reduction.

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Modelling of 3-D electromagnetic responses using the time-wavenumber method

The diffusion of electromagnetic fields in time and the three spatial dimensions can be modelled using a new numerical algorithm that is tailored for geophysical applications. The novel feature of the algorithm is that a large part of the computation is done in the wavenumber domain. Here, the spatial Fourier transforms of the vertical magnetic field and the vertical current density are used to define two scalar potentials. For either a vertical electric or a vertical magnetic dipole source at the subsurface these wavenumber potentials can be represented by a simple Gaussian distribution function. In the air, the fields satisfy the Laplace equation. The flow of this algorithm is as follows: the potentials are defined in the wavenumber domain as an initial condition depending on the source configuration, the vector current density J in space is obtained from the potentials using the inverse Fourier transform, the vector electric field E is obtained by multiplying J by resistivity, the updated potentials are then obtained from the forward Fourier transform of E. Using the updated potential as a subsequent initial condition these steps are repeated until the solution reaches the final time. Since spatial derivatives can be exactly evaluated in the wavenumber domain by simple multiplications, this algorithm requires far less memory than the conventional finite difference (FD) method. The conventional FD method needs finer discretization in space in order to minimize the numerical dispersion caused by numerical differentiation in space. The conductivity distribution for this algorithm is piece-wise continuous and bounded in the wavenumber domain.

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Technology commercialization cost model and component case study

Fuel cells seem poised to emerge as a clean, efficient, and cost competitive source of fossil fuel based electric power and thermal energy. Sponsors of fuel cell technology development need to determine the validity and the attractiveness of a technology to the market in terms of meeting requirements and providing value which exceeds the total cost of ownership. Sponsors of fuel cell development have addressed this issue by requiring the developers to prepare projections of the future production cost of their fuel cells in commercial quantities. These projected costs, together with performance and life projections, provide a preliminary measure of the total value and cost of the product to the customer. Booz-Allen   Hamilton Inc. and Michael A. Cobb   Company have been retained in several assignments over the years to audit these cost projections. The audits have gone well beyond a simple review of the numbers. They have probed the underlying technical and financial assumptions, the sources of data on material and equipment costs, and explored issues such as the realistic manufacturing yields which can be expected in various processes. Based on the experience gained from these audits, the DOE gave Booz-Allen and Michael A. Cobb   company the task to develop a criteria to be used in the execution of future fuel cell manufacturing cost studies. It was thought that such a criteria would make it easier to execute such studies in the future as well as to cause such studies to be more understandable and comparable.

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Field Verification of CO2-Foam

The East Vacuum Grayburg/San Andres Unit (EVGSAU), operated by Phillips Petroleum Company, is the site selected for a comprehensive evaluation of the use of foam for improving the effectiveness of a C0[sub 2] flood. The four-year project, jointly funded by the EVGSAU Working Interest Owners, the US Department of Energy, and the State of New Mexico, began in late 1989. The Petroleum Recovery Research Center, a division of the New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology is providing laboratory and research support for the project. A Joint Project Advisory Team composed of technical representatives from several major oil companies provides input, review, and guidance for the project. This third annual report details various aspects of the C0[sub 2]-Foam Field Verification Pilot test at EVGSAU. The report presents: (1) an overview of the operating plan for the project, (2) details of the foam injection schedule and design criteria, (3) a discussion of the data collection program and performance criteria to be used in evaluating successful application of foam for mobility control in the EVGSAU C0[sub 2] project, and (4) preliminary results from the field injection test. Specific items discussed in the foam injection design include the determination of surfactant volume and concentration, selection of the surfactant-alternating-gas (SAG) injection sequence for foam generation, field facilities, operations during foam injection, and contingency plans. An extensive data collection program for the project is discussed including production testing, injection well pressure and rate monitoring, injection profiles, production well logging, observation well logging program, and both gas and water phase tracer programs.

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Western gas sands project. Status report

The progress during January, 1978 of the major government sponsored endeavors undertaken to increase gas production from the low permeability gas sands of the western United States is summarized. A core program meeting was held on January 25, 1978 at the CER Corporation office in Las Vegas, Nevada. The core tasks to be performed on the available core supply were enumerated and each participant at the meeting expressed the interest and capabilities of his organization for the execution of specific analyses. A log file and project file, which contain raw data and published reports from each Western Gas Sands Project contractor are being established. The USGS is continuing geological and geophysical studies in the four major western basins to characterize the resource base. Petrographic examination, cross section construction and other studies are continuing in the Uinta and Piceance Basins. El Paso Natural Gas Company has supplied the USGS with additional well data from Pinedale Unit, Wyoming wells, and discussions have been held with Jerry McCutchin Jr. of Dallas on a recent Shannon (Eagle) discovery in South Dakota. The National Laboratories, funded by DOE, are continuing their work in the area of research and development. The emphasis is on the development of new tools and instrumentation systems, rock mechanics, mathematical modeling and data analysis. Field Tests and demonstrations active in the Uinta and Piceance Basins are: Gas Producing Enterprises (GPE) Natural Buttes Wells No. 14, 18, 19, 20, 21, and 22; Mobil Research and Development, Well No. F-31-13G; and Rio Blanco Natural Gas Company, Well No. 498-4-1. Mitchell Energy Company's proposal to conduct an MHF test in the Cotton Valley limestone gas reservoir in Texas has been approved. Contract negotiations are expected to commence shortly.

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Bi-gas pilot plant operation. Technical progress report, August 1, 1983-August 31, 1983

Test G-21, which was conducted August 9 to 12, was the first run in which the gasifier was operated at 500 psig with Illinois No. 6 coal. The test was terminated due to a leak in the product gas char cyclone inlet line. Lowering the gasifier pressure to 500 psig did not significantly reduce char agglomeration and subsequently, feed leg plugging, that had been occurring with Illinois No. 6 coal. The new solids feed start-up procedure did not help reduce plugging in the char feed legs. Tar formation was very high as noted by the Pall ring plugging in the ammonia stripper and the gas washer tray deposits. It is believed that this material was formed due to the low Stage II temperatures that occurred during the run and not from the lower pressure operation, but further studies will be required to verify this point. 3 figures.

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FY86 Technology Transfer Program Morgantown Energy Technology Center

The actual technology transfer was accomplished by several integrated activities during fiscal year (FY) 1986: R and D contracts with industry and academia, including cost-shared contracts; technical information exchange for scientist-to-scientist communication through conferences, visitors to the Center, and federal personnel visits with US industry; technical documents for information dissemination; patents to advance technology adoption and use in US industry; on-site training activities as personnel exchange; and technical assistance through the use of fossil energy technology data bases.

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