AndreaBozzo/ceres-open-data-index huggingface dataset:
Literature and data review and compilation. Final topical report. [Mathematical codes describing fluidized bed gasifiers, CHEMFLUB and FLAG; 215 references]

The purpose of this review is to provide a database for the evaluation and validation of mathematical codes describing fluidized bed gasifiers. This review was prompted by the need to evaluate two numerical codes, CHEMFLUB and FLAG, developed under Department of Energy sponsorship. Because of fundamental nature of the codes, they may possibly be used as a potential method for minimizing the cost and time required to develop and commercialize fluidized bed gasifiers. In order to have the confidence that these codes can accurately predict fluidization and gasification phenonmena, a logical and systematic comparison of the codes against key correlations is required. This review contains the necessary data and correlations for this evaluation. Previously developed computer models of fluidized bed gasifiers are empirical in nature. Hence, they are useful only in regions where the assumptions are valid. On the other hand, CHEMFLUB and FLAG begin with a fundamental description of the fluid mechanics, chemistry and heat transfer relationships. Because of this, there is promise that these models could be used in areas where experimental information is not readily available, to address issues of scale-up, and to examine transient phenomena often associated with operating and safety issues. In order to have confidence that the models are able to predict gasifier behavior, it is necessary that key physical parameters be efficiently and accurately calculated. This review divides the database required into two major areas, gasification kinetics, and fluidization behavior. The review is not intended to critically analyze all the information in the literature. Rather, it is a selective review of the literature, tailored to provide the necessary data to evaluate and validate the codes. 215 references.

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Review of reported tar-sand occurrences and recent projects in Wyoming. [78 occurrences]

A synopsis is presented of 78 reported occurrences of shallow, oil-impregnated rocks in Wyoming many of which may be tar sands. (Appendices A and B). In most cases, there are only sketchy descriptions of these occurrences, scattered throughout the literature. This paper is a prelude to much needed studies and evaluations of these individual deposits. In addition, brief descriptions of three recent extractive operations are presented.

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Development of combustion data to utilize low-Btu gases as industrial process fuels. Project 61004 special report No. 5:  flat-flame burner

None of the substitute fuel gases could be directly retrofit on the burner with a flat flame. In order to produce a flat flame, the burner would have to be modified to change the air/fuel velocity ratio. Since there is no room to enlarge the fuel flow area, the airflow area would have to be decreased. To maintain a fuel input rate of 3 million Btu/hr would require the air pressure to be increased by a factor of at least three (from 20 to 60 ounces), to supply the necessary air. Assuming instead that the combustion air fan remained the same, the fuel flow would have to be reduced. The fuel input would be reduced from a level of 3 million Btu/hr to 2 million Btu/hr for KTO.

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Western synfuels symposium - proceedings

Twelve papers are presented on oil mining, tar sands and coal gasification, covering topics such as oil recovery, unconventional gas sources, determination of bitumen in tar sands, coal gasification plants, combined-cycle power plants, pollution control, waste disposal and waste water treatment and underground coal gasification. Technical, economic and environmental aspects of synfuels technology are considered. An aerial log of a field trip to projects in eastern Utah and a road log of a field trip to oil shale operations on Parachuke Creek, Colorado are included. Relevant papers have been abstracted separately.

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Federal enhanced oil recovery research: increased understanding of the 300-billion-barrel US residual oil resource and the technologies to produce it

In accord with the Department of Energy (DOE) goal of ''adequate supply of energy at reasonable cost''and the DOE Fossil Energy emphasis on long-range, high-risk research to complement, but not duplicate private R and D, Federal Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) research has forged a partnership with the research community to increase the fundamental understanding of the residual oil resource and the EOR technologies to produce it. As understanding increases, the investigators will be able to predict more accurately the performance of EOR processes in specific reservoirs, to increase the effectiveness of oil recovery, to help stabilize secure domestic production, and to estimate future US oil production rates more reliably. Predictability and recovery effectiveness are the critical creteria of the Federal EOR research program. This briefing reviews the problem of declining US oil production; the opportunity for EOR to produce a larger portion of the massive residual oil resource, thereby offsetting this decline; the current technical constraints on EOR; and the Federal EOR research program designed to generate vitally important knowledge to realize this opportunity. 35 refs.

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Modification of the cementing properties of oil shale ash

The cementing properties of oil shale ash obtained by burning oil shales from Tzefa Efe, Israel in a fluidized bed, were modified by three means: Variation of the burning temperature in the range of 650/sup 0/ to 1015/sup 0/C; addition of gypsum and blending with portland cement. Pastes and mortars prepared from these modified systems were studied to characterize rates of hydration, nature of hydration products, and some mechanical properties. It was found that burning at  about800/sup 0/C resulted in optimal properties: ash of highest reactivity with water and pastes of highest strength were obtained. Addition of gypsum was associated with an increase in the content of ettringite formed during hydration and resulted in higher expansion. Optimum strength was obtained in pastes containing 4 to 8% gypsum. Blending with portland cement resulted in pastes of water to cementing material ratios and strength values intermediate to those of pastes of portland cement and ash only. Highest shrinkage was obtained in the blended pastes, reflecting probably the more colloidal nature of their hydration products.

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Preliminary market evaluation for gas produced by underground gasification of western coal

This report presents a preliminary market evaluation for gas produced from underground coal gasification in the western United States. The most important market for LBG or IBG from UCG is the electric utility industry. Moreover, there is likely to be an urgent need for the electricity so produced. Because little expansion of hydroelectric plants is expected, thermal plants--nuclear or fossil-fueled--must be relied on to accommodate the expected growth in California demand. Western coal reserves are expected to play a crucial role in base-load plants. Whether direct combustion or underground gasification of western coal is favored for specific sites depends on successful development of UCG technology, comparative economics, and environmental impacts. The technical development of UCG depends on the success of existing private and governmental programs. Opportunities for application of UCG-derived fuel gas in existing industrial facilities are limited and site-specific. The potential market in the United States for competitively priced SNG from UCG-derived IBG is essentially supply limited through the end of this century. That is, the nation's nautral gas transportation and from the UCG sources likely to be developed by the year 2000. Retrofitting existing oil- or gas-fired power plants to accommodate IBG may be attractive in some cases as an alternative to a more costly conversion to coal-fired systems. Technical suitability, gas transportation costs, and ease of retrofit favor IBG over LBG in applications for UCG-derived gases, such as chemical feedstocks, SNG precursors, industrial fuels, or retrofit power plant fuels.

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The next phase of WIDCO's Tono Project

The Tono Project, WIDCO's Underground Coal Gasification (UCG) technology Development Program, has progressed through laboratory, field laboratory, and the first field test. The results to date have shown that WIDCO's coal is a prime candidate for UCG development and that the environmental, political, and economic climate in Washington are supportive of continued UCG development. The positive results achieved by The Tono Project to date have encouraged WIDCO to continue with this program. However, the focus for the future development will change from research to commercialization and from single module to multi-module technology. The objectives, plan, schedule, and cost estimate have been completed for the next phase of The Tono Project. This phase will be a long-term, multi-module field test. The overall objective will be to provide the input for an economic evaluation of whatever commercial scenario WIDCO chooses to pursue. This field test is envisioned as the last step prior to a pilot scale commercial development.

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Underground coal conversion. Program description

The goal of the U.S. Department of Energy Underground Coal Conversion (UCC) program is to develop the technology to produce clean fuels from coal deposits unsuitable for commercial exploitation by conventional mining techniques. The highest priority is to develop and demonstrate, in conjunction with industry, a commercially feasible process for underground gasification of low-rank coal in the 1985--1987 time period. The program will also attempt to develop cost-effective technologies to utilize steeply dipping seams and bituminous coal by UCC. Results of the program to date indicate that, while UCC is technically feasible, it still contains some process unknowns, environmental risks, and economic risks that require R and D. In order to contribute to the national energy goals, a strong DOE program which incorporates maximum industry involvement is planned. Major projects are described in some detail. Finally, a strong program of supporting activities will address specific problems identified in the field testing and will seek to advance UCC technology. In summary, the program's strategy is to remove the high-risk elements of UCC by resolving those technical, environmental, and economic uncertainties that remain, and to enable industry to assume responsibility for commercialization of the process.

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Pyrolysis kinetics for Western and Eastern oil shale

Oil yield and kinetic results are reviewed for Western (Colorado Mahogany zone) and Eastern (Sunbury and Ohio (Cleveland member)) oil shales for conditions ranging from those encountered in in-situ processing to those in fluidized-bed retorting. We briefly summarize kinetic models for the pyrolysis reactions. Oil yields from Eastern shale are much more sensitive to pyrolysis conditions than Western shale.

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Phase equilibrium studies

A phase equilibrium model has been developed for the SRC-I process, as well as the other coal liquefaction processes. It is applicable to both vapor/liquid and liquid/liquid equilibria; it also provides an approximate but adequate description of aqueous mixtures where the volatile electrolyte components dissociate to form ionic species. This report completes the description of the model presented in an earlier report (Mathias and Stein, 1983a). Comparisons of the model to previously published data on coal-fluid mixtures are presented. Further, a preliminary analysis of new data on SRC-I coal fluids is presented. Finally, the current capabilities and deficiencies of the model are discussed. 25 references, 17 figures, 30 tables.

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Zonal characteristics of the gasification process of a coal seam in a channel and the scheme of gas production. [Average composition of gas produced in 90-m-long channel:  CH/sub 4/ 2, CO 4, H 16, CO/sub 2/ 17%]

The gasification of a coal seam in a channel takes place in the gaseous phase, in the solid phase, and on the separation boundary between these two phases.

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Angrenskaya underground coal gasification station

This report continues our survey of the Soviet effort in underground coal gasification (UCG) and summarizes production data and process improvements developed at the Angrenskaya Station. Of the six UCG stations operated in the Soviet Union, only the Angrenskaya Station was established from the outset as a commercial venture rather than as a research facility. Development began in 1952. Industrial operation began in 1961 and has continued to the present. It was anticipated that improvements planned for the Angren system, coupled with the assumed advantages of thick seams, would make the UCG process developed at Tula both efficient and profitable as operated at Angren. Unfortunately, this was not the case, and the cost of UCG at Angren has remained relatively high despite the various system changes that have been tried over the years. Although the Angrenskaya Station presently operates at only about 20% capacity, undoubtedly a consequence of the disappointing results, the Soviets keep it in operation as a demonstration facility for foreign investors who may wish to enter into licensing agreements and as a place for testing new process developments.

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Existing technology transfer reports. Summary

From 1974 to 1980, Air Products and Chemicals, Inc. (APCI) conducted a broad spectrum of internal research projects on coal, coal liquefaction processing, and coal liquids analysis. The sum of all of these projects is reported to the United States Department of Energy (DOE) by a set of five Existing Technology Transfer Reports under the following titles: (1) Liquefaction Process and Product Studies, DOE/OR/03054-109; (2) Filtration and Deashing Technology, DOE/OR/03054-118; (3) Dissolver Cold-Flow Modelling, DOE/OR/03054-108; (4) Second-Stage Support, DOE/OR/03054-117; and (5) Analytical Capabilities, DOE/OR/03054-116. This summary report provides an overview of the five Existing Technology Transfer Reports by highlighting the program objectives/results and listing the documents in which the original experimental data are contained. These documents are presented as either an attached appendix or as a file of raw data maintained by the US DOE and the International Coal Refining Company (ICRC).

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Analytical procedures used in characterization of knockout-pot condensates from the Pricetown I underground gasification

This report summarizes the various analytical methods used to analyze the liquids produced in the Pricetown I underground coal gasification experiment. Techniques used to analyze the oil include gas chromatography/mass spectrometry; infrared spectroscopy; NMR spectroscopy; elemental analysis for carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur; boiling range; elution chromatography; specific gravity; viscosity; and vacuum distillation. The water was analyzed by extraction techniques followed by gas chromatography/mass spectroscopy.

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Polyaromatic hydrocarbons in high-boiling petroleum distillates. Isolation by gel permeation chromatography and identification by fluorescence spectrometry

The identification of seven polyaromatic ring systems in petroleum is reported. The ring systems are 1.12,2.3-dibenzoperylene; 1,12-o-phenyleneperylene, pyreno(1.3:10'.2')pyrene; 2.3,10.11-dibenzoperylene; 1,2,4,5-dibenzopyrene, benzo(e)pyrene, and benzo(g)chrysene. These polyaromatic hydrocarbons were isolated by a separation scheme involving ion exchange chromatography, gel permeation chromatography, and thin-layer chromatography and were identified by fluorescence spectroscopy. Gel permeation chromatogaphy separated pericondensed aromatic ring systems from catacondensed ring systems and the other components of an acid concentrate.

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Thermal reactions of organic nitrogen compounds. II. 1-n-butylpyrrole

Thermal reactions of 1-n-butylpyrrole were investigated in the 460 to 570/sup 0/ range by a flow method and in the 360 to 400/sup 0/ range by a static method. 1-n-Butylpyrrole isomerized to 2-n-butylpyrrole which then isomerized by a reversible reaction to 3-n-butylpyrrole. The Arrhenius equation for the isomerization of 1-n-butylpyrrole is given. The 2- and 3-n-butylpyrroles decompose to form pyrrole, 2- and 3-methylpyrroles, 2- and 3-ethylpyrroles, 2- and 3-vinylpyrroles, pyridines, and hydrocarbons.

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Retorting indexes for oil-shale pyrolyses from ethylene--ethane ratios of product gases

In a closely controlled laboratory retorting system for oil shale, a relationship was developed by the Bureau of Mines between the temperature in the retort and the weight ration of ethylene to ethane in the gasses produced. Reciprocal temperature was shown to be direcly proportional to the log ([ethylene]/[ethanel]). From this relationship a number, called retorting but its magnitude depends on both temperature and residence time for the reactants in the heated zone in the oil-shale retort. The slopes of the lines relating reciprocal temperature and the logarithm of the ethylene-ethane ratons are nearly constat for each of the retorting procecsses for which data have been presented. The retorting index should be a valuable toolto control the operation of oil-shale retors, either aboveground or in situ. If an optimum operating condition can be established, the maintenance of the optimum or the departure from it should be easily monitored by use of the index.

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In situ coal gasification:  a unique means of energy recovery

With a better understanding of the flow properties of in-situ systems, explosive and hydraulic fracturing and directional drilling techniques, research in the underground gasification of coal has been resumed. Recent results are reported briefly: A low BTU gas (125-150BTU/Scf) was produced with about a 65 percent recovery of the latent energy of the coal affected. It appears that both gasification and devolatization occur and there is sufficient water that the water gas shift reaction occurs before the gases are collected. New experiments are described. Although the economics of the process are still unclear, the results are not very different from above ground gasification with air. Success would make available large reserves of coal which are presently considered unminable. (LTN)

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Comparison of oil yields from core and drill-cutting sampling of Green River oil shales

Representation of actual oil yields from sections of the Green River formation oil shales by two types of drill-cutting samples was evaluated. Average oil yields of single sets of mud cuttings from hydraulic rotary drilling in Colorado and gas cuttings from pneumatic rotary drilling in Utah were compared statistically with yields of core samples taken from adjacent holes. Oil yields from gas cuttings were identical to oil yields of core samples. Mud cuttings appeared to represent a section of the formation conservatively, the deficiencies increasing with increasing richness of sample. Because a large amount of the oil-yield data currently available for the Green River formation is based on mud- cutting samples, development of a valid correction method by additional testing is needed.

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Thermal decomposition of organic nitrogen and sulfur compounds. A survey of Chemical Abstracts, 1930--1956

"This literature survey consists of references dealing with  gaseous state thermal decomposition reactions of organic nitrogen and sulfur compounds. The reference source for the survey was the Chemical Abstract from 1930 to 1956, inclusive. Original articles were not studied. The starting date was set at 1930 because previous  to this time much of the work is questionable."

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Laboratory studies of the underground gasification of eastern bituminous coal: Final report

To understand why conditions that are adequate to ignite solid carbon (1200/sup 0/C temperatures, 50% oxygen) only devolatized and did not combust and gasify bituminous coal, extensive postburn surface, material and structural analyses were conducted. They included scanning electron microscopy; cross-polarized reflected light microscopy; x-ray diffractometry; and spatial quantitative analyses. As a result, we have identified a process we believe to be of critical importance to gasification of bituminous coal constrained in a borehole geometry - the deposition of pyrolytic carbon. In the experiments, pyrolytic carbon deposited along the borehole surface and in the char pore structure from the hydrocarbon vapor outgas; it did not form in an experiment using subbituminous coal. Pyrolytic carbon is impervious to gas penetration, very resistant to oxidation and strengthens the char substrate; it forms a barrier to the diffusion of oxygen and feed gas to carbon in the char. In essence, it seals the char from reacting with the borehole gas mixture and it decreases the propensity of the char to spall and expose fresh char. Steam/oxygen injection, which produces gaseous hydrogen in the borehole, successfully inhibited pyrolytic carbon from depositing on the borehole surface but did not inhibit pyrolytic carbon deposition in radial fissures and within the char matrix pore structure. Since gasification requires the reaction of solid carbon in the char, the formation of pyrolytic carbon is detrimental to the gasification process. 27 refs.

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Infrared vibrations of benzene rings in condensed thiophenes

"The condensed thiophenes are of interest in the research program at the Bureau of Mines Laramie Petroleum Research Center because they occur in shale oil and petroleum. Analysis by infrared spectroscopy of the oils or fractions of the oils for condensed thiophenes requires knowledge of their characteristic vibration frequencies. This report presents a discussion of the spectra of  condensed thiophenes in which the structure includes at least one benzene ring."

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Remanent and rock magnetic properties at the Hanna, Wyoming underground coal gasification site:  Hanna II phases 2 and 3 experiment

Several underground coal gasification (UCG) experiments have been conducted in the Hanna No. 1 coal seam. During the fall, 1980, the Laramie Energy Technology Center performed a post-burn field study of the Hanna II, Phases 2 and 3 experiment at the Hanna UCG site. The field work consisted of high resolution seismic, drilling, coring, and geophysical logging. The Paleomagnetism Laboratory, Department of Geology, Colorado School of Mines, contributed to the post-burn study by doing remanent and rock magnetic measurement laboratory work on the core material. Funding was provided by the Laramie Energy Technology Center. The purpose of the study was to determine the nature of the remanent magnetism of the overburden Hanna Formation and changes in the remanence and magnetic mineralogy attending underground coal gasification experiments. With this information, further estimates of the thermal and chemical conditions reached during the conversion experiment could be made. The magnetization data, together with previous petrographic observations, suggest that magnetite is being formed in a reducing process at the expense of detrital ferromagnesian silicates and possible hematite and geothite in the overburden sediments. Thermal gradients immediately above the burn cavity are difficult to estimate; changes in magnetic properties of unaltered Hanna Formation overburden are activated at temperatures as low as 300/sup 0/C. The magnetic expression of the burn cavity should be able to be modelled as being due to a thin slab overlying the cavity. Pyrometamorphosed material that has collapsed into the cavity, should have any magnetization which is randomized due to collapse and therefore should be able to be incorporated into a magnetic anomaly model. 32 references, 27 figures.

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