AndreaBozzo/ceres-open-data-index huggingface dataset:
THE PACIFIC PROJECT PHASE 11 MANAGMENT PLAN - TASK 3B

After contractor selection and contract signing, the following major documents would be delivered to contractor. A. Definitive Engineering Project Data Books for Retort, Auxiliaries and Offsites, and Mine; B. Process Design Package; C. Proposed Coordination Procedure Manual; D. Preliminary Detailed Work Breakdown Structure; The project Data Books were prepared during Phase I. The Process Design Package would contain all of the process design documents employed during Phase I in addition to any new process developments and updated information. The third and fourth documents are discussed below.

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THE PACIFIC PROJECT PHASE II DATA/INFORMATION AND CONFIGURATION MANAGEMENT PLANS - TASK 9 AND 10

This report--Deliverable 15 of the negotiated list of deliverables for the Superior/DOE cooperative agreement--consists of three major parts. The first part details the Data/Information Management Plan for Phase I and Phase II; the second part of this report details the Configuration Management Plan for Phase I and Phase II; and the third part discusses the Engineering Specifications Management Plan.

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THE PACIFIC PROJECT TRASPORTATION AND MARKETING PLAN - TASK 11

The Colorado School of Mines Research Institute (CSMRI) was retained by The Superior Oil Company to investigate the marketing and transportation of the shale oil product which the joint partners intend to produce from the "Pacific Property" in northwestern Colorado. The objective of the study was to determine the most likely market and transportation modes to be used in a future marketing program and, thereby, provide necessary information to assist in the preliminary plant and site design program.

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THE PACIFIC PROJECT DESIGN ASSURANCE ENGINEERING SINGLE RETORT FACILITY - TASK 2

To insure a safe and reliable facility, it was necessary to examine the major equipment items and systems included in the project from a mechanical and process standpoint. This examination was made to confirm that each major piece of equipment was sized to provide sufficient capacity to maintain overall system design qualities. Sufficient spares are provided to insure that a standby unit is available should a failure develop in a key piece of equipment or system. Redundancy in equipment selection was reviewed throughout the design to insure that downtime of the facility is minimized. Critical items failure that would result in plant shutdown and spares for these items are discussed in Section 3.0.

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PARAHO FINAL REPORT RETORTED SHALE MANAGEMENT

A project to demonstrate the feasibility of retorting oil shale by the Paraho vertical retort process was carried out at Anvil Points, Colorado during 1974 to 1976. As part of the demonstration project, laboratory and field tests were performed to determine the physical and chemical properties of the retorted shale for use in the development of eventual full scale disposal plans.

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TRITIUM LABELLING OF DISSOLVED ORGANICS ISOLOATED FROM INSITU FOSSIL FUEL PROCESSING WASTE WATERS

Different samples of the organic components of coal gasification and oil shale processing waste waters which have previously been tritiated by a Ranel nickel/THO catalytic procedure have been stored at -4 degrees C under acid and alkaline conditions in order to ascertain that the tritium label is located in stable positions. A comparison of the 3H nmr spectra both at the beginning and end of the experiment shows that very little release of tritium has occurred during this time interval. This finding is consistent with previous results on the Omega-9 product.

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USE OF QUANTITATIVE HISTOPATHOLOGY IN AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY: CORRELATIONS BETWEEN GILL STRUCTURE AND ROUTINE TOXICITY MEASURES IN RAINBOW TROUT

A laboratory study was performed which correlated structural responses in gill tissues with fry survival and growth in a rainbow trout exposed to sublethal concentrations of oil shale retort water for 60 days. Histological techniques including fixation in buffering glutaraldehyde followed by buffered ammonium, tetroxide and embedment in Araldite 502.

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USE OF HISTOPATHOLOGY IN AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY: A CRITIQUE

Histopathology has been accepted as an important tool in biomedical pathology for many years. Ever since Virchow published his historic treatise Cellular Pathology, histopathology- or more broadly, structural pathology- has been a cornerstone in the larger field of biomedical pathology. In addition to this important role in biomedical pathology, histopathology also is used extensively in biomedical toxicology. In fact, histopathology is accepted as one of the most important determinants for establishing acceptable concentrations of environmental contaminants, drugs, food additive, cosmetic additives, and other chemicals that contact people.

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QUANTITATIVE HISTOPATHOLOGY IN RAINBOW TROUT GILLS AFTER CRONIC EXPOSURE TO OIL SHALE RETORT WATER

A laboratory study was performed which compared structural responses in gill tissues with fry survival and growth in rainbow trout Salmo gairdneri exposed to sublethal concentrations of oil shale retort water for 60 days. Histological techniques included tissue fixation in buffered glutaraldehyde followed by buffered osmium tetroxide and embedment in Araldite 502. Sections 1-pm thick were cut from tissue blocks so that each section contained a sample of several filaments, each cut from a different level along the filament. With high resolution light microscopy, the containment response was quantified using white blood cell infiltration, chloride cell and mucus cell proliferation, miotic index, and respiratory diffusion distance. The no-observed-effects-concentration was 0.009% retort water for fry growth and 0.004% retort water for survival. In contrast, the NOEC for quantified histological parameters was 0.001% retort water for white blood cell infiltration and 0.002% for four other structural parameters. This, gill histopathology was more sensitive than traditional chronic toxicity endpoints. We conclude that quantitative histopathology may be used to predict "safe" levels of at least some environmental contaminants.

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ENVIRONMENTAL INVENTORIES FOR OIL SHALE PROJECTS MANAGED BY THE LETC 1960

Environmental inventories for the oil shale projects either managed by or performed by the DOE's Laramie Energy Technology Center for the period 1960 through 1978 have been prepared. These environmental inventories include the gaseous emissions, the aqueous effluents, and the solid wastes from the many research and field sites. These environmental inventories will serve as historical records of these projects.

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CO DISPOSAL OF RETORTED SHALE AND PROCESS WATERS: EFFECT ON SHALE LEACHATE COMPOSITION

A study has been conducted to compare the quality of the lechate from spent shales that have been premoistened to approximately fifteen percent water concentration with deionized water and with co-produced retort water. The premoistened shales were compacted, aged for periods up to one month, leached according to the RCRA procedure and the ASTM standard leach test, and the leachates analyzed for various parameters including 40 metals, ammonia, TOC, and numerous others. The data gathered from this study con be used to assess the potential environmental impact that may result from co-disposing of shale and process water. The economic advantages of co-disposal are obvious: it lessens the requirement for plant make up water to wet the spent shale prior to disposal and it eliminates the need to treat the process water prior to reuse or disposal.

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COAL LIQUIDS EVALUATION AND PARAHO-SOHIO SHALE OIL QUARTERLY PROGRESS REPORT FOR THE PERIOD ENDING MARCH 31, 1980

"Research continued in the environmental and health evaluation of products, by products, and effluents derived from shale oil and from processes that convert coal to liquids. The toxic nature of these materials is investigated by using a variety of chemical, physical, biological, and ecological test protocols.  Results are presented according to the functional character of the studies, many of which are generic to fossil-energy-derived liquids. The activities in coal liquids evaluation and in shale oil are identified by separate chapters of the report."

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EFFECT OF LIGNITE ASH COMPOSITION OF GROUND WATER LEACHATE

Ground water leaching of inorganic species from Texas lignite ash was performed to determine the magnitude of their potential impact on groundwater. The study included identification and quantification of major contaminants. Leaching experiments using groundwater were performed on several lignite gasification projects. Mineral species in the ash were identified by x-ray diffraction and these results will be used for subsequent work on the prediction of solubility equilibria.

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DEVELOPMENT OF A MOBILE COMPRESSOR AND UTILITY STATION

A compressor and utility station, which is believed to be one of the largest mobile units of this type ever constructed, was placed in operation at the Bureau of Mines experimental oil shale mine near Rifle, Colo., during 1949. This mobile unit mounts two 77o cubic feet per minute air compressors, a 2,500 gallon water tank, and a 200 cubic foot air receiver. The mobile base of the unit is a 30 ton trailer 30 feet long and 12 feet wide. Prior to the construction of this unit, compressed air was supplied to underground workings through pipe lines connecting with a stationary compressor plant on the surface. The power consumed in supplying compressed air to underground drilling crews was 0.531 kw-hr per ton of shale broken. Use of the mobile unit has cut this figure to 0.421 kw-hr per ton of shale broken and, more important, has eliminated the cost of installing and maintaining underground air and water lines.

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ANALYTICAL METHOD FOR THE CHARACTERIZATION OF NITROGEN BASES IN HIGH-BOILING PETROLEUM DISTILLATES

This investigation extends previous work by developing a standardized scheme of analyzing basic compound types in petroleum distillates. Bases in crude oils from four different geological sources were studied. The base fractions were obtained from distillates boiling between 370 and 535C and between 535 and 675C. The major basic compound types were analyzed using a standardized scheme so that the composition of bases from various oils could be compared.

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TECHNIQUE FOR PREPARATION OF A BACK LOADED POWDER SPECIMEN FOR A PHILLIPS X-RAY DIFFRACTOMETER

X-ray diffraction can be applied to a variety of geologic problems for the acquisition of mineraologic information. The most widely used method for preparing a specimen for a x-ray diffractometer is to fill a shallow depression with a powder sample to form a flat surface. The preparation should be a simple straight forward guide for users with no special skills. The preparation consists of two major steps: 1) sample preparation, reducing the raw sample to a 325 mesh powder; 2) packing the specimen holder. Consistency in technique of sample preparation aids the accuracy and reproducibility of the data.

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Chromatography in Petroleum Analysis Part IV Analysis of heavy distillates, residues, and crudes by liquid and supercritical fluid chromatographic techniques

This is part IV in a book is presented for the researcher who needs to know the current chromatographic methods for analysis of petroleum, other fossil fuels, and related materials. The emphasis is in the developments of the last six years. The contents included: history of chromatography in petroleum analysis; the identification of oil spills by gas chromatography; analysis of heavy distillates, residues, and crudes by gas chromatography; analysis of heavy distillates, residues, and crudes by liquid and supercritical fluid chromotographic techniques. Some specific applications were included: analysis of polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons, synthetic fuels, the determination of additives in lubricants, and process gas chromatography. (DP)

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DETERMINATION OF ASPHALTENES, OILS AND RESINS IN ASPHALT

A method is described for the quantitative determination of the three groups of constituents-asphaltenes, oils, and resins-in petroleum and native asphalts. The asphaltene fraction is obtained by extracting the asphalt with normal pentane. The pentane soluble portion is further fractionated by adsorption on anhydrous alumina and extraction first with pentane to obtain the oil fraction and then with a methanol-benzene solution to obtain the resin fraction. Unlike most proposed methods, the three asphalt constituents are recovered and may be used for further study. A complete analysis can be made in one eight hour day after the sample has been dispersed in pentane and allowed to stand approximately 12 hours or overnight.

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ANALYSIS OF PASSIVE ACOUSTICAL SIGNALS GENERATED BY AN IN SITU COAL GASIFICATION PROCESS

Acoustic data obtained by monitoring an in situ coal gasification process are presented and analyzed. Sources of discrete signals associated with the process are located by trangulation. Signal levels indicate surface monitoring to be infeasible while at the same time resolution requirements demand an array that surrounds the process. Development of more sophisticated analysis techniques and hardware may allow passive monitoring to become a useful diagnostic tool for in-situ coal gasification.

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SITE CHARACTERIZATION - GEOPHYSICAL R & D NEEDS

Geologic features such as structure, water bearing zones, aquifers, permeability variations, porosity variations and overburden strength, along with the coal type, are important in the successful operation of the underground coal gasification process. Boreholes are an absolute necessity to provide certain types of information, however, due to the cost of drilling/coring and logging, and complex geologic structure, the areal variability of geologic features would be difficult to establish by borehole alone. Surface, surface-to-borehole, and cross-borehole geophysical surveys can help by more precisely defining the geologic environment of the coal occurance, as well as the lateral continuity or areal distributor of the geologic deatures and the coal seam. Various geophysical techniques might be used to obtain the necessary geologic information. However, in general, geophysical methods, field procedures, and data analysis have not been applied to in situ process site characterization activities. Generally, the application of existing techniques to site characterization problems requires changes and improvements in field procedures and modeling, and well require the inversion of the multiple data sets to determine the pertinent parameters. The improvements necessary in existing geophysical techniques for the site characterization activities will be discussed in this paper.

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CHARACTERISTICS OF PETROLEUM IN THE POWDER RIVER BASIN

Crude oils of the Powder River basin are of two major types. One has low sulfur content and occurs in younger formations the other has high sulfur content and occurs in older formations. The low sulfur oils are generally light colored and waxy, and may be predominately either paraffinic or naphthenic. The high sulfur oils are usually dark colored and asphaltic; only their low boiling fractions are paraffinic. Alteration appears to account for the anomalous properties of some oils found at shallow depths. Shape and slope of correlation index curves classify the oils into the same two types as their sulfur contents, with gently sloping curves representing the low sulfur type and steep curves representing high sulfur, asphaltic oils.

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UNDERGROUND COAL CONVESRION CALENDAR YEAR 1981 ANNUAL REPORT

Since 1972, the DOE and its predecessor organization have sponsored thirteen field tests of underground coal gasification. The field tests have been conducted in flat-lying, in moderately dipping, and in steeply dipping coal seams; in swelling bitiminous, in nonswelling bituminous, and in subbituminous coal seams; in wet and in dry seams. Reverse combustion, hydraulic fracturing, pneumatic fracturing, and directional drilling have been used to link pairs of process wells. Air has been used to produce low-Btu gas; steam-oxygen has been used to produce medium-Btu gas. Use of the product gas as a boiler fuel has been demonstrated.

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Combustion Processes in In Situ Coal Gasification Phenomena, Conceptual Models and Research Status. Part II

"Continuum wave theory predicts forward and reverse combustion wave thichness on the order of a few cm, at most. It is argued that coal, especually subbituminous varieties which tend to shrink upon heating, probably does not satisfying the fine scale porosity assumption underlying continuum wave models. Instead combustion and other thermal attack along expanding fissures must play important roles in both forward and reverse combustion. For forward combustion aimed at gas production by carbon-steam reaction, mechanical degeneration appears also to be important.  The status of modeling reverse combustion along coal fisures is reviewed in some depth. There is evidence that such propagation is highly sensitive to irregularities in the structural state of the coal. Under some circumstances radiative heat transfer can control the process. Exploited region development is classified into processes at non-permeative and permeative fire faces. At permeative fire faces forward combustion along fissures can enhance burnout and rubbelization. The paper is directed mainly at shrinking coals but problems with swelling coals are breifly discussed."

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PROGRAM PLANNING AND EXECUTION PROCESS UNDERGROUND COAL GASIFICATION

Underground coal gasification technology development has been ongoing in various countries for over fifty years. Although it has been shown to be technologically successful in the Soviet Union on a commercial scale, its economic feasibility in a free market under environmental and sociatal restraints has yet to be proven. Prior to 1972, free world experimentation in UCG had been technically and economically thwarted dur to choice of what now are known to be unfavorable geologic settings.

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Simulation of Groundwater Flow Regimes in a Coal Seam with UCG Cavities Using a Finite Element Model

A two-dimensional finite element groundwater flow  model is used to study the flow into and out of large cavities created by underground coal gasification burns in a coal seam. The model uses linear triables to discretize the coal eam in plan and can handle unsteady flows, antostropic media, and the time-dependent boundary conditions imposed by the cavities. After a cavity is created the groundwater begins to flow into the cavity and raises the water level in it, until it fills up. During this phase, the boundary condition imposed is one of constant head at the boundary nodes of the cavity. When the cavity is filled, groundwater flows through the cavity into the coal seam, with the conductivity in the cavity much larger than that in the seam. Either before or after the filling of the cavity, a new caity may be created by UCG burns in adjacent locations of the seam. The program is designed to handle any number of successive burns that may occur. The model has been applied to the UCG burns at the Hanna site in Wyoming. Maps of constant piezometric head in the coal seam simulated by the model at different times have been prepared and compared with similar maps of measured piezometric head.

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Underground Coal Gasification at Hanna, Wyoming

A second underground coal gasification experiment is being conducted at the Laramie Energy Research Center's field site near Hanna, Wyoming. this paper presents the results from the first phase of the Hanna II experiment in which coal seam permeability was evaluated, pneumatic linking and linking via reverse combustion were studied, and in  which a sustained gasification process was maintained between the two linked vertical wells. Air injection alone did not increase permeability to levels which would allow sustained gasification. Reverse combustion linking was determined to be a local, relaticely low temperture process which advanced at a rate of 5 ft/day and produced a high permeability carbonized path. Subsequent gasification was maintained over a 38 day period. Overall, injection of 1.9 MM scf/day of air yielded 2.7 MM scf/day of gas with an average heating value of 152 Btu/scf. Material balance calculations indicate that 1700 tons of coal in place were utilized.

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A Water-Influx Model for UCG with Spalling-Enhanced Drying

The development of a better understanding and a predictive model for water influx is pivotal in scaling up the linked vertical well UCG process, since water influx model is developed here which incorporated radial permeation of water through the coal seam, and steam generation by spalling- enhanced drying of the coal and overburden. This random spalling process which enhancces drying by exposing fresh wet surface is described by a surface-renewal model. A cavity-growth model based on coal consumption ties together these mechanisms. The model predictions are found to agree quite well with the measured daily and total water influc for the avaliable field tests.

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A NEW LOOK AT LOW AND MEDIUM BTU GAS FOR INDUSTRIAL APPLICATIONS

The US's economy relies almost exclusively on nonrenewable fossil energy sourses. In 1976, 93.2 percent of the nation's primary energy source was fossil fuel; the remaining 6.8 percent was supplied by electricity generated from hydroelectric and nuclear power. In order to meet the growing demand for fossil energy, petroleum imports have been increasing- in 1976, 44.5 percent of the petroleum consumed in the US was imported and 22.4 percent of all US energy consumed in the US was imported. The ability to reduce imports in the near term to an acceptable level with resoect to improving balance of payments and providing for national secutiry will depend on energy conservation and increased coal usage.

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"An Analysis of the Coal Resources in the Almond and Lower Fort Union Formations, Salt Wells Area, Rock Spring Coal Field; and  A Portion of the Adaville Formation, Spring Valley District Kemmerer Field, Hams Fork Coal Region; S.W. Wyoming"

The purpose of this report is to set forth certain date and analyses developed for specific coal formations located in southwestern Wyoming. The report consists of three parts: 1) A summary of the regional and local eology, stratigraphy, and coal depositional environments for the Almond and Lower Fort Union formations, Salt Wells area, Rock Springs coal field; 2) A similar study for a portion of the Adaille formation, Spring Valley District, Kemmerer field, Hams Fork coal region; and 3) A geostatistical analysis which, among other things yields an estimate of coal thickness and area, together with the computer software used to determind these values. Appendices contatining laboratory analyses of coal samples, geophysical logs, lithologic descriptions, and geostatistical computer plots are included in each part. Plates, Figures, and Tables are numbered consecutively in each part.

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DESIGN AND OPERATING MANUAL FOR THE LARAMIE ENERGY TECHNOLOGY CENTER REVERSE OSMOSIS UNIT

The Laramie Energy Technology Center reverse osmosis unit is a mobile pilot scale wastewater treatment unit based on the principle of reverse osmosis membrane separation, also called hyperfiltration. The unit is designed primarily to obtain long term data on the performance of reverse osmosis membranes in the purification of wastewaters from oil shale retort operations; it is capable of continuous operation in the field with minimum operator attention. The design, fabrication and field testing of the unit in 1982 is a logical continuation of previous laboratory tests sponsored by LETC.

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