AndreaBozzo/ceres-open-data-index huggingface dataset:
Low emission combustor technology

A two-stage coal-water slurry high-pressure gas turbine combustion system employing a primary zone with a hot refractory wall and on internal slag removal system has been designed, built and tested. The molten ash is removed by aerodynamic means using a form of jet impaction, a method that promises to be more effective than the more conventional cyclonic approaches. The overall combustion system is extremely flexible and can be readily configured to operate either with a lean or a rich reaction (primary) zone. In both cases a lean secondary zone is used. Results showing emission signatures of a numer of coal-water slurry fuels operating with the combustor arranged in a rich primary zone configuration are presented. Petroleum based fuels show emission trends that are very similar to those previously published. Coal-water slurry combustion, however, results in emission signatures that cover only a relatively narrow fuel-air ratio range because of the limited combustion stability. NO/sub x/ emissions have been obtained that meet EPA regulations for stationary gas turbines.

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ASPEN simulation of a fixed-bed integrated gasification combined-cycle power plant

A fixed-bed integrated gasification combined-cycle (IGCC) power plant has been modeled using the Advanced System for Process Engineering (ASPEN). The ASPEN simulation is based on a conceptual design of a 509-MW IGCC power plant that uses British Gas Corporation (BGC)/Lurgi slagging gasifiers and the Lurgi acid gas removal process. The 39.3-percent thermal efficiency of the plant that was calculated by the simulation compares very favorably with the 39.4 percent that was reported by EPRI. The simulation addresses only thermal performance and does not calculate capital cost or process economics. Portions of the BGC-IGCC simulation flowsheet are based on the SLAGGER fixed-bed gasifier model (Stefano May 1985), and the Kellogg-Rust-Westinghouse (KRW) iGCC, and the Texaco-IGCC simulations (Stone July 1985) that were developed at the Department of Energy (DOE), Morgantown Energy Technology Center (METC). The simulation runs in 32 minutes of Central Processing Unit (CPU) time on the VAX-11/780. The BGC-IGCC simulation was developed to give accurate mass and energy balances and to track coal tars and environmental species such as SO/sub x/ and NO/sub x/ for a fixed-bed, coal-to-electricity system. This simulation is the third in a series of three IGCC simulations that represent fluidized-bed, entrained-flow, and fixed-bed gasification processes. Alternate process configurations can be considered by adding, deleting, or rearranging unit operation blocks. The gasifier model is semipredictive; it can properly respond to a limited range of coal types and gasifier operating conditions. However, some models in the flowsheet are based on correlations that were derived from the EPRI study, and are therefore limited to coal types and operating conditions that are reasonably close to those given in the EPRI design. 4 refs., 7 figs., 2 tabs.

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Oil recovery by carbon dioxide injection. Quarterly report, October--December 1978

This report is the thirty-eighth report on the progress of the Rock Creek carbon dioxide project in Roane County, West Virginia. Injection of carbon dioxide was scheduled to begin in the fourth quarter of 1978. The need to eliminate the thief zone problem caused a three month delay. This problem was rectified, but contract negotiations for a carbon dioxide supply at an increased price will delay carbon dioxide injection further. Start-up of carbon dioxide injection is scheduled to begin in February 1979. The response to waterflood declined significantly during this quarter. The center producing wells are now producing near a 100% water cut, therefore, the waterflood portion of the project is basically over. Any significant oil production from now on will be attributed to carbon dioxide injection. Water injection continued without incident during the quarter. As of January 1, 1979, 1,604,617 barrels of water have been injected. Pressure fall off tests indicate a reservoir pressure of 1000 psig which is sufficient for miscibility.

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Conceptual designs of advanced high-temperature desulfurization processes: Volume 1, Molten carbonate fuel cell power plants: Final report

Purpose of this effort is to provide conceptual commercial-scale designs, including engineering, relative cost, and economic information for high-temperature desulfurization processes. The commercial-scale processes were designed as an integral part of a nominal 100-MW(e) power plant. Two types of power plants were considered, a coal gasification molten carbonate fuel cell (MCFC) power plant and an integrated gasification combined-cycle (IGCC) power plant. Three desulfurization processes combined with three different gasification processes were evaluated, for a total of 16 cases for the MCFC power plant. The three desulfurization processes evaluated were: METC's zinc ferrite process, Battelle Pacific Northwest Laboratory's solid-supported molten salt process, and Institute of Gas Technology's mixed metal oxide process. Volume I of this report presents the results for the MCFC power plant.

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Electrochemical investigation of lithium/potassium carbonate eutectic for application in modeling the molten carbonate fuel cell cathode. Final progress report

A program involving the design, construction, and operation of a high-temperature cell equipped with a rotating gold disk electrode has been carried out with the objective of identifying and quantifying the principal oxide species present in molten LiKCO/sub 3/ electrolytes using electrochemical measurements. The dependence of the current on electrode rotational speed at 750 to 800/sup 0/C indicates that the data are typical of the convective/diffusive transport of an electroactive species from the bulk electrolyte. The reverse is true at 650/sup 0/C, where the current increases with an increasing voltage sweep rate but is little affected by the speed of electrode rotation. In the latter case, a current by chemical reaction occurring within the electrode boundary layer is indicated. The linear current-voltage increase observed at the lower temperature in the presence of about 20 mol % 0/sub 2/ has not been accounted for. Graphical analysis of the data taken with air and C/sub 2/ sparged electrolyte at 750 and 800/sup 0/C indicates the electroactive species to be the superoxide ion. Computer studies of the same data using regression analysis methodology indicate that the current may instead arise from the reduction of the peroxide ion concurrently with other electroactive material derived from secondary catalytic reactions or electrolyte impurities. Additional data will be required to support either conclusion with certainty. Detailed studies of the electrochemistry of the LiKCO/sub 3/ electrolyte over a broader range of temperatures and sparge gas compositions are recommended as a means of providing a second basis for identifying the electrode reactions. 29 refs., 47 figs., 3 tabs.

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Kinetic model development for low-rank coal liquefaction. Progress report, October 1, 1983-March 31, 1984

Lignite liquefaction experiments are being performed in approximately 7 cc capacity tubing bomb reactors. The lignite used in these experiments is a North Dakota lignite which is called Indian Head which was supplied by University of North Dakota Energy Research Center (UNDERC) in already ground form. The solvent was also supplied by UNDERC and is the product slurry stream of run No. 103 of continuous process unit at UNDERC. So far only H/sub 2/ has been used as the feed gas. The major effort during this period has been the automation of the GPC-GC system, design and construction of the various reactors and collectors used in the liquefaction experiments, development of the computer codes for the reactor and kinetic models, and modification of computer codes for calculating the phase distributions in a liquefaction reactor at liquefaction conditions. This effort is reported in detail in this report. The automation of the GPC-GC system is approximately 95% complete. However, since we have not tested the complete system when running in the automatic mode, we do not discuss this system in this report. The next quarterly should include data and operating procedures. Our procedures for conducting the liquefaction experiments have been tested by showing that consistent and reproducible results are obtainable. In some cases we differ from values reported by UNDERC. We are checking to determine possible causes of these differences. 13 references, 6 figures, 19 tables.

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Organic and inorganic hazardous waste stabilization using combusted oil shale

A laboratory study was conducted at the Western Research Institute to evaluate the ability of combusted oil shale to stabilize organic and inorganic constituents of hazardous wastes. The oil shale used in the research was a western oil shale retorted in an inclined fluidized-bed reactor. Two combustion temperatures were used, 1550{degrees}F and 1620{degrees}F (843{degrees}C and 882{degrees}C). The five wastes selected for experimentation were an API separator sludge, creosote-contaminated soil, mixed metal oxide/hydroxide waste, metal-plating sludge, and smelter dust. The API separator sludge and creosote-contaminated soil are US EPA-listed hazardous wastes and contain organic contaminants. The mixed metal oxide/hydroxide waste, metal-plating sludge (also an EPA-listed waste), and smelter dust contain high concentrations of heavy metals. The smelter dust and mixed metal oxide/hydroxide waste fail the Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure (TCLP) for cadmium, and the metalplating sludge fails the TCLP for chromium. To evaluate the ability of the combusted oil shales to stabilize the hazardous wastes, mixtures involving varying amounts of each of the shales with each of the hazardous wastes were prepared, allowed to equilibrate, and then leached with deionized, distilled water. The leachates were analyzed for the hazardous constituent(s) of interest.

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Wettability and its implications for enhanced oil recovery

Reservoir rock wettability determines capillary pressure, fluid distribution, relative permeability and electrical properties and may play an important role in waterflood recovery efficiency. This report covers a literature survey of wettability, its significance, and its effect on oil recovery processes. Wettability is usually indicated by a contact angle that is measured on single crystals of quartz or calcite using crude oil and formation or synthetic brine. For porous samples, displacement methods are commonly used. The wettability of reservoir rock depends largely on polar compounds and asphaltenes in the crude oil and can range from strongly water-wet to strongly oil-wet, the latter being fairly common in carbonate reservoirs. Recovery efficiency has been reported to be most favorable at intermediate or mixed wettability. Modification of natural wettability has been conducted in the laboratory and observed in field applications. 56 refs., 5 figs., 2 tabs.

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Atmospheric fluidized bed combustion advanced system concepts applicable to small industrial and commercial markets

Under a contract with the USDOE's Morgantown Energy Technology Center (METC), Riley Stoker Corporation (Riley) has developed an advanced industrial CFB combustion design utilizing eastern bituminous coals as fuel. A pilot plant based on this design has been operating at Riley Research Center in Worcester, Massachusetts since 1989. A test program to study the process performance of this advanced design with bituminous coals was conducted in 1991 under Level-2 of this contract. As a follow up on Riley's Level-2 work which recommended testing coal in combination with other fuels, METC approved an extension of Level-2. This extension consisted of evaluating the co-firing of coal with waste fiber generated during the de-inking of paper. This test program was conducted in collaboration with International Paper. The objective of the week long testing on the Riley pilot plant was to examine the process performance with respect to material handling, combustion and gas emissions with the co-fired fuel. Due to the presence of paper fiber in the fuel, special measurements were carried out to determine the quantities of organics, trace metals and HCl released with the flue gas. Among the process parameters varied were oxidized zone temperature (1630--1700 F) and Ca/S mole ratio (2--4.5). Although there are no formal regulations in place for FBC systems, the levels measured for eight trace metals were far below the allowable limits for waste incinerators. The chlorine content of the fuel was also very low, (<0.1%). Nonetheless, measurements were performed for HCl at various Ca/S mole ratios. A maximum of 70% HCl removal was measured at a Ca/S mole ratio of 4.5.

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Differential optical absorption techniques for diagnostics of fossil fuel combustion. Final report, October 1982-March 1986

The application of differential optical absorption (DOA) techniques for the in-situ determination of the chemical composition of fossil fuel combustion streams is investigated. Absorption spectra of relevant molecular species and the temperature and pressure effects on DOA-determined spectral characteristics of these species will be determined and catalogued. A system will be configured, assembled, and tested.

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Hydraulic Fracture Model Analysis of the MWX Stimulation Treatments in the Paludal Interval

Stimulation data that were measured at the Department of Energy's (DOE) Multi-well Experiment (MWX) are being analyzed with the Morgantown Energy Technology Center's (METC's) hydraulic fracture models. The results of the analysis will improve the stimulation technique efficiencies and the predictive capabilities of hydraulic fracture models for low permeability (tight) gas sandstones. Post-stimulation hydraulic fracture predictions that are made with data from the MWX paludal zones 3 and 4 sandstone formations are included in this report. Post-stimulation fracture diagnostics, hydraulic fracture model predictions, and ongoing and future model analyses are presented. Results from reservoir and hydraulic fracture modeling have shown that complex induced fracture behavior exists in tight gas formations. The hydraulic fracture models predict fracture geometries similar to those that are derived from seismic mapping of the induced fracture. However, disagreement between pressures recorded during the treatment and the predicted pressures indicate that significant model improvements are required to predict complex fracture behavior in tight sandstone formations. Stimulation treatments scheduled for the MWX coastal interval will provide additional data for western gas sands (WGS) model analysis and development. 9 refs., 12 figs., 5 tabs.

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Mechanism of catalytic gasification of coal char. Quarterly technical progress report No. 2, 1 January to 31 March 1981

The mechanisms involved in the catalytic gasification reactions of coal char, from Illinois No. 6 coal, have been studied and specific reaction steps and parameters that control the catalytic process have been identified. To determine catalytic pathways and intermediate species, two experimental techniques were used. Temperature programmed reaction reveals the rate of formation of stable gaseous products and Knudsen cell mass spectrometry reveals the partial pressures of vapor species in equilibrium with the solid char. Physical measurements of the char including structural analysis (scanning electron microscopy), determination of internal surface area of char samples, (BET N/sub 2/-isotherms) and evaluation of free-radical densities in char and carbons exposed to various pretreatments (electron spin resonance) were performed. Results suggest the operation of a redox couple (involving the catalyst cation) as a significant mechanistic step in the catalytic gasification of coal char.

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Determination of hazardousness of reuse products utilizing low-rank western coal fly ash/bottom ash. Final report

Twelve fly ashes and five bottom ashes were obtained from power stations burning low-rank western coals. These low-rank coals included subbituminous coals from the Rocky Mountain region and lignites from the Northern Great Plains and the Gulf Coast. Batch extraction procedures were applied to the seventeen ashes collected. The extracts were analyzed for the eight trace elements specified in regulations promulgated under the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA). The eight elements are: arsenic, barium, cadmium, chromium, lead, mercury, selenium, and silver. Results of extraction and chemical analysis were used to select five fly ashes for incorporation into four types of reuse products. Concentrations of Radium 226 and other naturally occurring radioactive species were measured in the ashes and in reuse products. Results of the extraction tests indicate that none of the fly ashes nor bottom ashes tested would be classified as toxic under the May 19, 1980 criteria of 100 times the MCL. About 25 percent of the fly ashes tested would have been classified as toxic under December 18, 1978 guidelines of 10 times the MCL. But, reuse products prepared using these fly ashes would be classified as nontoxic. No regulatory criteria currently (1981) exist for radioactivity. About half of the fly ashes would have been classified as radioactive under the December 1978 guidelines. None of the bottom ashes would have been classified as radioactive. Radioactivities of reuse products in which the fly ashes were diluted tended to be lower than radioactivities of the fly ashes alone.

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Validation of molten glass concepts for hot gas clean-up. Final report

The development and initial testing of a novel hot gas clean-up system has been previously described. It utilizes glass coated refractories arranged in various configurations to efficiently capture and dissolve fly ash particulates in a continuous manner. Some tests were performed at room temperature which were intended to be for reference purposes with low collection efficiencies expected, but instead they showed very high particle collection efficiencies. Both the room and high temperature tests raised questions about the role of the glass coating versus the role of the internal components and design of the apparatus in the particle collection process. This report contains the results of studies conducted primarily at elevated temperatures with clean, (new, non-glass coated) refractory internal components. Initial results also indicated rather high and unexpected collection efficiencies. However, the use of a glass coating provided even higher collection efficiencies; up to 99.9% of the Exxon Mini-Plant No. 2 Collector fly ash-limestone mixture, which are believed to be indicative of the real value of the glass coating and glass filled bubbler. Results indicate that: (1) The high efficiency, low temperature results are due to electrostatic charges on the particles especially in an insulated test apparatus. (2) The apparent high efficiencies at high temperature, without glass coatings, was due to agglomeration and sintering of the fly ash as it passes in or near to the oil burner flame. (3) High efficiencies with glass coatings were again demonstrated in the last runs by preheating the test apparatus to get the glass to a sticky condition, then feeding fly ash.

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Gas turbine systems. Research and Development Program. Final report

Previously reported screening studies showed the economic benefit of a slurry-fueled combined cycle with fuel preparation at the power plant site, and form the basis for this investigation of beneficiation and slurry production. This report evaluates alternate methods of processing utility grade coal into an acceptable gas turbine fuel. The study is a comparison of four types fuel processing facilities: physical beneficiation and slurry manufacture at the power plant, beneficiation at the mine with slurry production at the power plant, increased slurry fuel storage, and selective chemical beneficiation. Evaluation is based on the criterion of coal-to-busbar cost of electricity (COE). The recommended power plant configuration is a gas turbine combined cycle fueled by coal-water slurry, which is prepared at the power plant. The on-site fuel preparation consists of conventional grinding and slurry production. The COE of a mature plant is $81/MWh, 22% less than the $103.2/MWh of a pulverized coal power plant with flue gas desulfurization. Sulfur and particulate matter are removed from the coal either by a slagging combustor or by cleanup devices, eliminating the need for beneficiation and fine grinding mills in the fuel processing facility. This configuration includes more development while benefitting from reduced capital and operating costs. The study also includes a survey of current chemical coal cleaning technology, an evaluation of the sensitivity of COE to capacity factor, and recommendations for research and development. 36 figs., 112 tabs.

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Research and development entitled smart structures for fossil energy applications

Two different fiber optic sensors were considered for use in ceramic cross flow filters. The intensity-based sensor was tested with a great degree of success. Even with a computerized data acquisition system, the intensity-based sensor was unable to achieve the resolution of the Fabry-Perot sensor. Another drawback of the intensity sensor is the hysteresis behavior observed over cyclic variation of temperature. We have determined that extrinsic Fabry-Perot fiber optic sensors can be used to measure thermal strains in ceramic cross-flow filters with accuracies of 0.1 {mu}m/m. The single ended approach of the reflective Fabry-Perot sensors is well suited for high thermal strain measurements; the results obtained show that the output of the fiber sensor tracks the temperature changes exactly as expected and shows no noticeable time lag between the measured and the output signal. Sapphire fibers were manufactured with silica claddings and their spectral attenuation was measured. An intensity based sensor using sapphire fibers was fabricated and its performance calibrated. The success of the Fabry-Perot sensor has proved that such fiber optic sensors are ideally suited for   smart structures''in fossil energy applications. 11 refs., 43 figs.

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Vegetative Evaluation of Procedures Used to Treat Aqueous Effluents Derived from In-Situ Fossil Fuel Processing

The effectiveness of synthetic fuel waste water treatment in removing compounds toxic to a rangeland grass was evaluated. Treated and untreated tar sand and oil shale in situ produced waste water were applied to bluebunch wheatgrass (Agropyron spicatum) and phytotoxic effects were observed. Different waste water concentrations (volume/volume dilutions with distilled water) were tested to help determine a full range of plant response to these waste waters. Test waters plus nutrient solution were applied daily to seedlings grown in perilite or soil for ten weeks. Plants were harvested, dried, weighed and analyzed for treatment differences using leaf area; leaf, stem, root, shoot, and total weight production; root to shoot dry weight ratios; and survival. Results indicate treated and untreated tar sand waste waters are toxic but not lethal to bluebunch wheatgrass at high concentrations. Low concentrations of these waters stimulate plant growth. All tested concentrations of treated and untreated oil shale retort waste water were toxic and lethal to bluebunch wheatgrass. 46 references, 2 figures, 10 tables.

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