AndreaBozzo/ceres-open-data-index huggingface dataset:
The Midwest Regional Carbon Sequestration Partnership (Mrcsp)

This final report summarizes the Phase I research conducted by the Midwest regional Carbon Sequestration Partnership (MRCSP). The Phase I effort began in October 2003 and the project period ended on September 31, 2005. The MRCSP is a public/private partnership led by Battelle with the mission of identifying the technical, economic, and social issues associated with implementation of carbon sequestration technologies in its seven state geographic region (Indiana, Kentucky, Maryland, Michigan, Ohio, Pennsylvania, and West Virginia) and identifying viable pathways for their deployment. It is one of seven partnerships that together span most of the U.S. and parts of Canada that comprise the U.S. Department of Energy’s (DOE’s) Regional Carbon Sequestration Program led by DOE’s national Energy Technology Laboratory (NETL). The MRCSP Phase I research was carried out under DOE Cooperative Agreement No. DE-FC26- 03NT41981. The total value of Phase I was $3,513,513 of which the DOE share was $2,410,967 or 68.62%. The remainder of the cost share was provided in varying amounts by the rest of the 38 members of MRCSP’s Phase I project. The next largest cost sharing participant to DOE in Phase I was the Ohio Coal Development Office within the Ohio Air Quality Development Authority (OCDO). OCDO’s contribution was $100,000 and was contributed under Grant Agreement No. CDO/D-02-17. In this report, the MRCSP’s research shows that the seven state MRCSP region is a major contributor to the U. S. economy and also to total emissions of CO2, the most significant of the greenhouse gases thought to contribute to global climate change. But, the research has also shown that the region has substantial resources for sequestering carbon, both in deep geological reservoirs (geological sequestration) and through improved agricultural and land management practices (terrestrial sequestration). Geological reservoirs, especially deep saline reservoirs, offer the potential to permanently store CO2 for literally 100s of years even if all the CO2 emissions from the region’s large point sources were stored there, an unlikely scenario under any set of national carbon emission mitigation strategies. The terrestrial sequestration opportunities in the region have the biophysical potential to sequester up to 20% of annual emissions from the region’s large point sources of CO2. This report describes the assumptions made and methods employed to arrive at the results leading to these conclusions. It also describes the results of analyses of regulatory issues in the region affecting the potential for deployment of sequestration technologies. Finally, it describes the public outreach and education efforts carried out in Phase I including the creation of a web site dedicated to the MRCSP at www.mrcsp.org.

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Synthesis of a CH4-CFC hydrate, and an Exchange Experiment between a CH4-CFC Gas and Pure Methane Hydrate

Marine gas hydrates incorporate significant concentrations of natural gases in their cages, mostly methane, and also ethane, propane, CO2 and H2S. Some anthropogenic tracers dissolved in sea water, e.g. CFC-11 (CFCl3) and CFC-12 (CF2Cl2), also have appropriate molecular diameters to occupy the structure I gas hydrate cages. The ratio of CFC-11/12 in sea water is often used to calculate sea water's apparent age. If CFC-11 and 12 are incorporated into natural marine gas hydrates and the CFC-11 to 12 ratio in the gas hydrate differs only by a constant from the sea water ratio, then it could also be used to date sea floor and shallow sub-seafloor gas hydrates.

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Preliminary Laboratory Thermal Conductivity Measurements in Pure Methane Hydrate and Methane Hydrate-Sediment Mixtures: A Progress Report

Using the needle probe method of von Herzen and Maxwell, we measure the thermal conductivity in low-porosity samples of ice Ih, pure methane hydrate, and methane hydrate   sediment mixtures. We form samples by radially compacting granular hydrate (previously synthesized directly in the vessel) around an axially positioned thermal conductivity needle probe. At -10?C, our measured thermal conductivities of compacted granular ice Ih and pure methane hydrate are 2.12 ? 0.015 and 0.460 ? 0.003 W/m?K respectively. At -15?C, the thermal conductivity of a 32 vol. % methane hydrate, 68 vol. % quartz sand mixture is 1.15 ? 0.015 W/m?K. Over our measurement range, -20 to -10?C for ice Ih, and -30 to -5?C for pure methane hydrate, we observe a negative dependence of thermal conductivity on temperature. The dependence in ice Ih, -10.5x10-3 W/m?K/?C, is in excellent agreement with published results. The dependence in pure methane hydrate, -8.14 x10-4 W/m?K/?C, is less than one-tenth that observed in ice Ih, but contrary to the slight positive temperature dependence observed in THF hydrates. SEM analysis of recovered sample material suggests the negative temperature dependence may result from methane gas in unconnected, intergranular porosity persisting after compaction.

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In Situ Observations of a New High-Pressure Methane Hydrate Phase

A new high-pressure phase of methane hydrate (HPMH) has been identified on the basis of its high optical relief, distinct pressure-temperature phase relations, and Raman spectra. In-situ optical observations were made in a hydrothermal diamond-anvil cell. The new high-pressure phase may be critical for understanding the stable and metastable phase relations amongst the hydrates beneath the seafloor and permafrost. It is also important for understanding the behavior of water and gases at high pressure in the planetary bodies like Europa in the outer solar system.

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CHARACTERIZATION OF OIL AND GAS RESERVOIR HETEROGENEITY

The Alaskan North Slope comprises one of the Nation's and the world's most prolific oil province. Original oil in place (OOIP) is estimated at nearly 70 BBL (Kamath and Sharma, 1986). Generalized reservoir descriptions have been completed by the University of Alaska's Petroleum Development Laboratory over North Slope's major fields. These fields include West Sak (20 BBL OOIP), Ugnu (15 BBL OOIP), Prudhoe Bay (23 BBL OOP), Kuparuk (5.5 BBL OOIP), Milne Point (3 BBL OOIP), and Endicott (1 BBL OOIP). Reservoir description has included the acquisition of open hole log data from the Alaska Oil and Gas Conservation Commission (AOGCC), computerized well log analysis using state-of-the art computers, and integration of geologic and logging data.

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SLIMHOLE DRILLING: APPLICATIONS AND IMPROVEMENTS

Slimhole drilling provides an opportunity to significantly reduce overall drilling costs for exploration and development of oil fields. Cost reductions of 40-60% (or more) for exploration and appraisal wells and 25-40% (or more) for production and injection wells compared to conventional wells are possible. The savings are achieved by the use of smaller drilling and workover rigs, smaller locations, reduced casing sizes, reduced cutting volumes, less mud and cement, reduced fuel costs, and lower other costs associated with hole size. In addition, slimhole technology also provides an opportunity to minimize the effect of drilling operation on the environment and to improve working conditions. The effect of slimhole drilling on the environment includes minimized drilling wastes, reduced noise and air pollution, and less transportation for mobilization and demobilization of drilling equipment.

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Physical Properties of Sediment Related to Gas Hydrate in the Northern Gulf of Mexico

Eighteen giant piston cores, up to 38-m long, were recovered during July 2002 to determine the distribution of gas hydrate in widely different geologic environments of the Northern Gulf of Mexico. Physical properties, including electrical resistivity, three different shear strengths, P-wave velocity, and thermal conductivity were measured on split and whole-round cores at sea.

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REVITALIZING A MATURE OIL PLAY: STRATEGIES FOR FINDING AND PRODUCING UNRECOVERED OIL IN FRIO FLUVIAL-DELTAIC RESERVOIRS OF SOUTH TEXAS

Advanced reservoir characterization techniques are being applied to selected reservoirs in the Frio Fluvial-Deltaic Sandstone (Vicksburg Fault Zone) oil play of South Texas to maximize the producibility of resources in this mature oil play. This mature play has already produced nearly 1 billion barrels (Bbbl) of oil, yet still contains about 1.6 Bbbl of unrecovered mobile oil and nearly the same amount of residual oil resources. More than half of the reservoirs in this depositionally complex play have already been abandoned, and large volumes of oil may remain unproduced unless advanced characterization techniques are applied to define untapped, incompletely drained, and new pool reservoirs as suitable targets for near-term recovery methods, Primary technical objectives of this project are to develop interwell-scale geological fades models of Frio fluvial-deltaic reservoirs and combine them with engineering assessments and geophysical evaluations in order to characterize the Frio fluvial-deltaic reservoir architecture and flow unit boundaries and to determine the controls that these characteristics exert on the location and volume of unrecovered mobile and residual oil. These results will lead directly to the identification of specific opportunities to exploit these heterogeneous reservoirs for incremental recovery by recompletion and strategic infill drilling.

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Improving Access to Onshore Oil & Gas Resources on Federal Lands

The Interstate Oil & Gas Compact Commission (IOGCC) and co-researcher ALL Consulting are conducting focused research in the area of evaluating access to oil and gas resources on federal lands through a grant from the US Department of Energy's (DOE's) Office of Fossil Energy and National Energy Technology Laboratory (NETL). The project is also being supported by a host of cooperators including the Alaska Oil & Gas Conservation Commission (AOGCC), Alaska Department of Natural Resources (ADNR), Wyoming Oil & Gas Conservation Commission (WOGCC), and the Montana Board of Oil & Gas Conservation. A primary objective of the research is to develop faster and more comprehensive access to existing oil and gas analysis methodologies to more effectively enable land management agencies and operators to make better and faster decisions that support a technically sound balance between environmental protection and appropriate levels of development. This is reflective of the DOE's Strategic Center for National Oil & Gas mission statement, which establishes  that "Our primary mission is to implement a science and technology program that helps industry assure that US oil and gas resources can meet increasing demand at an affordable price without compromising the quality of life for future generations of Americans."

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Identification Of Remaining Oil Resource Potential In The Frio Fluvial/Deltaic Sandstone Play, South Texas

The Frio Fluvial/Deltaic Sandstone (Vicksburg Fault Zone) oil play of South Texas has produced nearly 1 billion stock tank barrels (BSTB) of oil, yet still contains about 1.2 BSTB of unrecovered mobile oil and an even greater amount of residual oil resources (1.5 BSTB). More than half of the reservoirs in this depositionally complex play have been abandoned, and large volumes of oil may remain unproduced unless advanced characterization techniques are applied to define incompletely drained and untapped reservoirs as suitable targets for near-term recovery. Interwell-scale geological facies models of Frio fluvial/deltaic reservoirs will be combined with engineering assessments and geophysical evaluations in order to characterize Frio fluvial/deltaic reservoir architecture, flow unit boundaries, and the controls that these characteristics exert on the location and volume of unrecovered mobile and residual oil. These results will lead directly to the identification of specific opportunities to exploit these heterogeneous reservoirs for incremental recovery by recompletion and strategic infill drilling.

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DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF A CO2 FLOOD UTILIZING ADVANCED RESERVOIR CHARACTERIZATION AND HORIZONTAL INJECTION WELLS IN A SHALLOW SHELF CARBONATE APPROACHING WATERFLOOD DEPLETION

The objectives of the Management/Evaluation Plan are: 1) clarify management structure, task responsibilities and schedules, and 2) to be used as a basis for judging the Project Evaluation Report submitted as a part of the continuation application.

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Natural Gas Research Energy Resources Program of the U.S. Geological Survey

The Natural Gas Studies Group (NGSG) of the Energy Resources Program of the U.S. Geological Survey conducts geologic research dealing with the origin, occurrence, and assessment of natural gas resources. Activities include collecting, synthesizing, and interpreting data to predict the distribution, quantity, quality, and availability of natural gas resources. The results of NGSG framework and process studies are integrated with newly-developed assessment methods to estimate the undiscovered resources of natural gas plays and the reserve-growth potential of known fields. Research is conducted on a topical and geographic basis and is subdivided into five current projects: (1) Continuous-Type Gas Accumulations, (2) Discrete Versus Continuous-Type Gas Accumulations, (3) Gas Hydrate Accumulations, (4) Coalbed Gas Accumulations, and (5) Rocky Mountain Basins Gas Projects.

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GYPSY FIELD PROJECT IN RESERVOIR CHARACTERIZATION

The overall objective of this project is to use the extensive Gypsy Field laboratory and data set as a focus for developing and testing reservoir characterization methods that are targeted at improved recovery of conventional oil. The Gypsy Field laboratory, as described by Doyle, O'Meara, and Witterholt (1992), consists of coupled outcrop and subsurface sites which have been characterized to a degree of detail not possible in a production operation. Data from these sites entail geological descriptions, core measurements, well logs, vertical seismic surveys, a 3D seismic survey, crosswell seismic surveys, and pressure transient well tests. The overall project consists of four interdisciplinary sub-projects which are closely interlinked: 1. Modeling depositional environments. 2. Integrated 3D seismic interpretation. 3. Sweep Efficiency. 4. Tracer testing. The first of these aims at improving our ability to model complex depositional environments which trap movable oil. The second is a development geophysics project which proposes to improve the quality of reservoir geological models through better use of 3D seismic data. The third investigates the usefulness of a new numerical technique for identifying unswept oil through rapid calculation of sweep efficiency in large reservoir models. The fourth explores what can be learned from tracer tests in complex depositional environments, particularly those which are fluvial dominated.

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OIL RECOVERY ENHANCEMENT FROM FRACTURED, LOW-PERMEABILITY RESERVOIRS

The results of the investigative efforts for this jointly funded DOE-State of Texas research project achieved during the 1991-1992 year may be summarized as follows: Geological Characterization - Detailed fracture system maps measured at outcrops along the Austin Chalk trend have been related to the subsurface. Statistical data obtained from the outcrop studies has been correlated with FMS dipmeter information obtained from Austin Chalk operators. These studies have shown the hierarchical nature and the bed contained fracture development observed in the outcrop may be extrapolated to the subsurface. Well-log response in Austin Chalk wells has been shown to be a reliable indicator of both organic maturity and fracturability. Multi-component, vertical-seismic-profile. VSP shear-wave data were reduced to their true orthogonal components by balancing or rotating the source magnitudes and geophone couplings. The resultant method appears to be useful to detect the negligible displacement fractures in the Austin Chalk. Production decline curves have been related to well test or transient pressure analysis methods. Studies on daily production records of Austin Chalk horizontal wells have shown that analysis of production records may be substituted for the more expensive and difficult to obtain transient pressure data. Development of the EOR Imbibition Process - Magnetic Resonance Imaging. MRI studies have shown the carbonated water-imbibition displacement process significantly accelerates and increases recovery from oil saturated, low permeability rocks. These studies applied to flow in open and dead-end micro-fractures have shown significant volumes of oil remain undisturbed in the dead-end micro-fractures even when carbonated water is used as the imbibing fluid.

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ANALYSIS AND EVALUATION OF INTERWELL SEISMIC LOGGING TECHNIQUES FOR HYDROCARBON RESERVOIR CHARACTERIZATION

The oil and gas industry is presently emphasizing the production and recovery of established reserves rather than exploration of new fields. This has brought into focus the need for a better understanding of reservoir rock properties and geologic structures. Of particular interest are factors that directly affect the distribution of the reservoir fluids, namely the permeability of the rock and the presence and locations of fractures and impermeable boundaries that channel or constrain the movement of fluids. A new conceptual extension of sonic logging is offered in this project for specific application in heterogeneous reservoirs. This concept is one of interval seismic logging which is made possible by the prevalence of the relatively large number of wells located in the reservoir. In this application, high resolution seismic transmission measurements between a pair of boreholes can provide information equivalent to a seismic section which uniquely is oriented in the plane of the boreholes. These interval seismic data is analyzed to determine various petrophysical properties of the reservoir under investigation.

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DOE's Perspective on Natural Gas

Secretary Federico Pena outlined four priorities in the U.S. Department of Energy's proposed FY1998 fossil fuel R&D budget: enhancing energy security, ensuring our nuclear weapons stockpile safety/reliability, cleaning up former weapons sites, and leveraging science and technology to advance fundamental knowledge. Energy is to be re-elevated as DOE's dominant mission, increasing domestic energy production through smarter regulations and technological advances that expand natural gas usage. This will reduce U.S. dependence on insecure oil supplies, maintain nuclear power reactor safety, and ensure a strategic petroleum reserve. The continuing oil import increase is unacceptable, so DOE is raising the public's energy awareness. DOE is communicating how its research benefits citizens directly, because DOE?s R&D budget is in jeopardy. The Administration, as microcosm of the nation, has Defense as the largest electricity consumer and Agriculture as among the largest bondholders financing electric power.

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NATIONAL GEOSCIENCE DATA REPOSITORY SYSTEM

The American Geological Institute (AGI) has completed the 1st phase of a study to assess the feasibility of establishing a National Geoscience Data Repository System to capture and preserve valuable geoscientific data. The study was initiated in response to the fact that billions of dollars worth of domestic geological and geophysical data are in jeopardy of being irrevocably lost or destroyed as a consequence of the ongoing downsizing of the U.S. energy and minerals industry. This report focuses on two major issues. First, it documents the types and quantity of data available for contribution to a National Geoscience Data Repository System. Second, it documents the data needs and priorities of potential users of the system. A National Geoscience Data Repository System would serve as an important and valuable source of information for the entire geoscience community for a variety of applications, including environmental protection, water resource management, global change studies, and basic and applied research. The repository system would also contain critical data that would enable domestic energy and minerals companies to expand their exploration and production programs in the United States for improved recovery of domestic oil, gas, and mineral resources.

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Gas Hydrates in the Gulf of Mexico

?Interest in the Gulf of Mexico has been greatly accelerated in the past decade, and there is much evidence that this interest will continue, which should result in the eventual solution of many of the present riddles of the Gulf of Mexico. (Lynch, 1954), p. 83 When S.A. Lynch wrote these words half a century ago, gas hydrates were not anticipated as one of the ?riddles? of the Gulf of Mexico (Gulf). Gas hydrates were not predicted to occur in the Gulf until 1979, when key indicators in seismic data suggested their presence (Shipley and others, 1979a). Samples of these elusive materials were not discovered in the Gulf until about 1983, when hydrate was recovered in cores and dredges in the Green Canyon area (Brooks and others, 1984; Kennicutt and others, 1985). Since these first discoveries in the Gulf, studies have expanded rapidly: now the Gulf is one of the best studied natural laboratories for understanding sea-floor gas hydrate mounds and marine gas hydrate occurrence within a leaky world-class petroleum system.

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Cyclic Carbon Dioxide Stimulation ("Huff-and-Puff') (A well-stimulation method)

Cyclic CO2 stimulation is a single-well operation that is developing as a method of rapidly producing oil. It is similar in operation to the conventional cyclic or "huff-and puff" steam injection process. CO2 is injected into a well drilled into an oil reservoir, the well is shut-in for a time providing for a "soak period," then is opened, allowing the oil and fluids to be produced.

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Interstital Sulfate Gradients as Indicators of Gas Hydrate: How Reliable are They?

Pore water chemical composition was analyzed in 19 piston cores from near Keathley Canyon lease block 195 in the Northern Gulf of Mexico to assess the reliability of seafloor sulfate gradients as indicators of subsurface gas hydrates. Steep sulfate gradients result from greater methane flux, which has been related to the abundance of subsurface hydrate in other gas hydrate provinces (Borowski et al., 1999). In the Northern Gulf of Mexico, however, salt tectonism and related faulting imparts spatial and temporal heterogeneity on fluid flux, fluid chemistry (e.g., salinities), and thermal gradients -- factors that, in turn, affect the distribution, concentration, and composition of gas hydrates.

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METHANE GAS HYDRATE EFFECT ON SEDIMENT ACOUSTIC AND STRENGTH PROPERTIES

To improve our understanding of the interaction of methane gas hydrate with host sediment, we studied: (1) the effects of gas hydrate and ice on acoustic velocity in different sediment types, (2) effect of different hydrate formation mechanisms on measured acoustic properties (3) dependence of shear strength on pore space contents, and (4) pore-pressure effects during undrained shear. A wide range in acoustic p-wave velocities (Vp) were measured in coarse-grained sediment for different pore space occupants. Vp ranged from less than 1 km/s for gas charged sediment to 1.77 - 1.94 km/s for water-saturated sediment, 2.91 - 4.00 km/s for sediment with varying degrees of hydrate saturation, and 3.88 - 4.33 km/s for frozen sediment. Vp measured in fine-grained sediment containing gas hydrate was substantially lower (1.97 km/s). Acoustic models based on measured Vp indicate that hydrate that formed in high gas flux environments cemented coarse-grained sediment, whereas hydrate formed from methane dissolved in the pore fluid may not.

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Near-Seafloor Overpressure in the Deepwater Gulf of Mexico Interpreted from Laboratory Experiments

Consolidation experiments on two silty clay samples from 1318 m water depth in the Gulf of Mexico (Marion Dufresne giant piston core MD02-2567, Mississippi Canyon Block 855, 90 km offshore Louisiana, USA) show that sediment is overpressured at 6.8 and 19.2 m below the seafloor (mbsf).

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