AndreaBozzo/ceres-open-data-index huggingface dataset:
Development studies for a novel wet oxidation process

A catalytic wet oxidation process (DETOX), which uses an acidic iron solution to oxidize organic compounds to carbon dioxide, water, and other simple products, was investigated as a potential method for the treatment of multicomponent hazardous and mixed wastes. The organic compounds picric acid, poly(vinyl chloride), tetrachlorothiophene, pentachloropyridine, Aroclor 1260 (a polychlorinated biphenyl), and hexachlorobenzene were oxidized in 125 ml reaction vessels. The metals arsenic, barium, beryllium, cadmium, cerium (as a surrogate for plutonium), chromium, lead, mercury, neodymium (as a surrogate for uranium), nickel, and vanadium were tested in the DETOX solution. Barium, beryllium, cerium, chromium, mercury, neodymium, nickel, and vanadium were all found to be very soluble (>100 g/l) in the DETOX chloride-based solution. Arsenic, barium, cadmium, and lead solubilities were lower. Lead could be selectively precipitated from the DETOX solution. Chromium(VI) was reduced to relatively non-toxic chromium(III) by the solution. Six soils were contaminated with arsenic, barium, beryllium, chromium, lead, and neodymium oxides at approximately 0.1% by weight, and benzene, trichloroethene, mineral oil, and Aroclor 1260 at approximately 5% by weight total, and 5.g amounts treated with the DETOX solution in unstirred 125. ml reaction bombs. It is felt that soil treatment in a properly designed system is entirely possible despite incomplete oxidation of the less volatile organic materials in these unstirred tests.

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Proceedings of the twelfth annual gasification and gas stream cleanup systems contractors review meeting. Volume 1

The Morgantown Energy Technology Center (METC) of the US Department of Energy (DOE) held the Twelfth Annual Gasification and Gas Stream Cleanup Systems Contractors Review Meeting on September 15--17, 1992. The meeting was held in the new Administration building at the METC site in Morgantown, West Virginia. METC is responsible for executing and managing programs in key DOE fossil energy technologies including coal gasification and gas stream cleanup. Their primary goal is the development of technology essential for private sector commercialization of cost competitive and environmentally acceptable integrated gasification and gas stream cleanup systems. The 1992 Gasification and Gas Stream Cleanup Systems Contractors Review Meeting provided a forum for scientists and engineers to present their results and exchange ideas. Executives and engineers from several industrial contractors discussed their plans to offer advanced coal gasification and cleanup systems. Over 300 attendees from industry, academia, and government, including representatives from seven countries, participated in the 3-day meeting. Participants gave a total of 62 papers in seven sessions, including 26 papers in two poster sessions. This document, the proceedings of the meeting, summarizes the gasification and gas stream cleanup programs. METC neither refereed nor extensively edit the manuscripts. Individual papers have been entered individually.

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Road Transportable Analytical Laboratory system. Phase 1

This developmental effort clearly shows that a Road Transportable Analytical Laboratory System is a worthwhile and achievable goal. The RTAL is designed to fully analyze (radioanalytes, and organic and inorganic chemical analytes) 20 samples per day at the highest levels of quality assurance and quality control. It dramatically reduces the turnaround time for environmental sample analysis from 45 days (at a central commercial laboratory) to 1 day. At the same time each RTAL system will save the DOE over $12 million per year in sample analysis costs compared to the costs at a central commercial laboratory. If RTAL systems were used at the eight largest DOE facilities (at Hanford, Savannah River, Fernald, Oak Ridge, Idaho, Rocky Flats, Los Alamos, and the Nevada Test Site), the annual savings would be $96,589,000. The DOE`s internal study of sample analysis needs projects 130,000 environmental samples requiring analysis in FY 1994, clearly supporting the need for the RTAL system. The cost and time savings achievable with the RTAL system will accelerate and improve the efficiency of cleanup and remediation operations throughout the DOE complex.

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Pressurized Fluidized-Bed Hydroretorting of Eastern Oil Shales. Progress report, October--December 1988

The Devonian oil shales of the Eastern United States are a significant domestic energy resource. The overall objective of the 3-year program, initiated in October 1987 is to perform the research necessary to develop the pressurized fluidized-bed hydroretorting (PFH) process for producing oil from Eastern oil shales. The program also incorporates research on technologies in areas such as raw shale preparation, beneficiation, product separation, and waste disposal that have the potential of improving the economics and/or environmental acceptability of recovering oil from oil shales using the PFH process. The program is divided into the following eight tasks: Task 1, PFH Scoping Studies; Task 2, PFH Optimization Tests; Task 3, Testing of Process Improvement Concepts; Task 4, Beneficiation Research; Task 5, Operation of PFH on Beneficiated Shale; Task 6, Environmental Data and Mitigation Analyses; Task 7, Sample Procurement, Preparation, and Characterization; Task 8, Project Management and Reporting. In order to accomplish all the program objectives, the Institute of Gas Technology, the prime contractor, is working with seven other institutions; the University of Alabama/Mineral Resources Institute, Illinois Institute of Technology, the University of Michigan, the University of Nevada, Ohio State University, Tennessee Technological University and the University of Pittsburgh. This report presents the work performed during the fifth program quarter from October 1 through December 31, 1988.

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Pressurized fluidized-bed hydroretorting of Eastern oil shales. Progress report, July--September 1988

The Devonian oil shales of the Eastern United States are a significant domestic energy resource. The overall objective of the 3-year program, is to perform the research necessary to develop the pressurized fluidized-bed hydroretorting (PFH) process for producing oil from Eastern oil shales. The program also incorporates research on technologies in areas such as raw shale preparation, beneficiation, product separation, and waste disposal that have the potential of improving the economics and/or environmental acceptability of recovering oil from oil shales using the PFH process. The program is divided into the following eight tasks: Task 1, PFH Scoping Studies; Task 2, PFH Optimization Tests; Task 3, Testing of Process Improvement Concepts; Task 4, Beneficiation Research; Task 5, Operation of PFH on Beneficiated Shale; Task 6, Environmental Data and Mitigation Analyses; Task 7, Sample Procurement, Preparation, and Characterization; Task 8, Project Management and Reporting. In order to accomplish all the program objectives, the Institute of Gas Technology, the prime contractor, is working with six other institutions; the University of Alabama/Mineral Resources Institute, Illinois Institute of Technology, the University of Michigan, Ohio State University, Tennessee Technological University and the University of Pittsburgh. This report presents the work performed during the fourth program quarter from July 1 through September 30, 1988.

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Preparation and combustion of Yugoslavian lignite-water fuel, Task 7.35. Topical report, July 1991--December 1993

Yugoslavia`s interest in lignite-water fuel (LWF) stems from its involvement in an unusual power project at Kovin in northern Serbia. In the early 1980s, Electric Power of Serbia (EPS) proposed constructing a 600-MW power plant that would be fueled by lignite found in deposits along and under the Danube River. Trial underwater mining at Kovin proved that the dredging operation is feasible. The dredging method produces a coal slurry containing 85% to 90% water. Plans included draining the water from the coal, drying it, and then burning it in the pulverized coal plant. In looking for alternative ways to utilize the ``wet coal`` in a more efficient and economical way, a consortium of Yugoslavian companies agreed to assess the conversion of dredged lignite into a LWF using hot-water-drying (HWD) technology. HWD is a high-temperature, nonevaporative drying technique carried out under high pressure in water that permanently alters the structure of low-rank coals. Changes effected by the drying process include irreversible removal of moisture, micropore sealing by tar, and enhancement of heating value by removal of oxygen, thus, enhancement of the slurry ability of the coal with water. Physical cleaning results indicated a 51 wt % reduction in ash content with a 76 wt % yield for the lignite. In addition, physical cleaning produced a cleaned slurry that had a higher attainable solids loading than a raw uncleaned coal slurry. Combustion studies were then performed on the raw and physically cleaned samples with the resulting indicating that both samples were very reactive, making them excellent candidates for HWD. Bench-scale results showed that HWD increased energy densities of the two raw lignite samples by approximately 63% and 81%. An order-of-magnitude cost estimate was conducted to evaluate the HWD and pipeline transport of Kovin LWF to domestic and export European markets. Results are described.

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Solid waste sampling and distribution project. Final technical report

The United States Department of Energy (DOE) established a Waste Management Program within the Office of Fossil Energy. A key goal of this program is to ensure that waste management issues do not become obstacles to the commercialization of advanced coal utilization technologies. In achieving this goal, the Waste Management Program identifies various emerging coal utilization technologies and performs comprehensive characterizations of the waste streams and products. The characterizations include engineering assessments to define waste streams of interest/potential concern, field studies to collect samples of the waste, and complete chemical analysis of the collected samples. Energy and Environmental Research Corporation (EER) was selected to perform the site selection and the sampling aspects of five (5) of these facilities. The current EER contract consists of two interrelated efforts: site selection and waste sampling. Detailed sample analysis is being conducted under another DOE contract. The primary objectives of the site selection and sampling effort are listed: (1) Survey sites at which advanced fossil energy combustion technologies are being operated, and identify five sites for sampling. Priority should be given to DOE Clean Coal Technology (CCT) Program Sites. (2) Identify candidate solid waste streams in advanced coal utilization processes likely to present disposal problems and prioritized them for sampling at selected sites. (3) Contact site personnel for site access, sample the streams representatively and document them according to established methodology and known process conditions; and (4) Distribute the samples to DOE`s Morgantown Energy Technology Center or their representatives for analysis and report on the site visit.

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The extraction of bitumen from western oil sands. Quarterly report, April--June 1993

Accomplishments are briefly described for the following tasks: environmental impact statement; coupled fluidized bed bitumen recovery and coked sand combustion; water-based recovery of bitumen; rotary kiln process for recovery of bitumen and combustion of coke sand; recovery of bitumen from oil sands using fluidized bed reactors and combustion of spent sands in transport reactors; recovery of bitumen from oil sand and upgrading of bitumen by solvent extraction; catalytic and thermal upgrading of bitumens and bitumen-derived liquids; evaluation of Utah`s major oil sand deposits for the production of asphalt, high energy jet fuels and other specialty products; development of mathematical models for bitumen recovery and processing; completion of the cost examination study of the pilot plant restoration; development studies of equipment for three-product gravity separation of bitumen and sand; determine thickener requirements; and environmental studies of the North Salt Lake pilot plant rehabilitation and eventual operation and those environmental problems associated with eventual commercial products.

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Scale-up of Mild Gasification to a process development unit. Quarterly report, February 21--May 20, 1993

The work performed during the sixth quarterly reporting period (February 21, 1992 through May 20, 1993) on the research program, ``Scale-Up of Mild Gasification to a Process Development Unit`` is presented in this report. The overall objective of this project is to develop the IGT Mild-Gasification (MILDGAS) process for near-term commercialization. The specific objectives of the program are to: (1) design, construct, and operate a 24-tons/day adiabatic process development unit (PDU) to obtain process performance data suitable for further design scaleup; (2) obtain large batches of coal-derived co-products for industrial evaluation; (3) prepare a detailed design of a demonstration unit; (4) develop technical and economic plans for commercialization of the MILDGAS process. The MILDGAS process is a continuous closed system for producing liquid and solid (char) co-products at mild operating conditions up to 50 psig and 1300{degree}F. It is capable of processing a wide range of both eastern caking and western noncaking coals. The 1 ton/hr PDU facility that is to be constructed is comprised of a 2.5-ft ID adiabatic gasifier for the production of gases, coal liquids, and char; a thermal cracker for upgrading of the coal liquids; a three-stage condensation train to condense and store the liquid products; and coal feeding and char handling equipment. The facility will also incorporate support equipment for environmentally acceptable disposal of process waste.

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Scale-up of mild gasification to a process development unit. Quarterly report, May 21--August 20, 1993

The work performed during the seventh quarterly reporting period on the research program, ``Scale-up of Mild Gasification to a Process Development Unit`` is presented in this report. The overall objective of this project is to develop the IGT Mild-Gasification (MILDGAS) process for near-term commercialization. The specific objectives of the program are to: (1) design, construct, and operate a 24-tons/day adiabatic process development unit (PDU) to obtain process performance data suitable for further design scaleup. (2) Obtain large batches of coal-derived co-products for industrial evaluation. (3) Prepare a detailed design of a demonstration unit. And (4) develop technical and economic plans for commercialization of the MILDGAS process. The MILDGAS process is a continuous closed system for producing liquid and solid (char) co-products at mild operating conditions up to 50 psig and 1300{degree}F. It is capable of processing a wide range of both eastern caking and western noncaking coals. The 1 ton/hr PDU facility is comprised of a 2.5-ft ID adiabatic gasifier for the production of gases, coal liquids, and char; a thermal cracker for upgrading of the coal liquids; a three-stage condensation train to condense and store the liquid products; and coal feeding and char handling equipment. The facility will also incorporate support equipment for environmentally acceptable disposal of process waste.

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Advanced Turbine Systems program conceptual design and product development. Task 2: Information required for the National Environmental Policy Act

In cooperation with the US Department of Energy`s Morgantown Energy Technology Center, under contract DE-AC21-93MC30247, a Westinghouse Electric led team is working on a 10-year, four-phase Advanced Turbine Systems (ATS) program to develop the technology required to provide a significant increase in natural gas-fired combined cycle power generation plant efficiency. Environmental performance is to be enhanced, and busbar energy costs are to be 10% less than those of current state-of-the-art-turbines. In Phase II of the ATS program, the objective is to develop the conceptual design of this innovative natural-gas-fired advanced turbine system (GFATS) which, in combination with increased firing temperature ({ge}2600{degree}F), increased component efficiencies, and reduced cooling air usage, has the potential of achieving a lower heating value (LHV) plant efficiency in excess of 60%. Other program goals include providing flexibility to burn both natural gas and coal-derived fuels, holding water consumption to levels consistent with cost and efficiency goals, and having improved environmental performance. Phase II also includes development of an integrated plan to commercialize a GFATS by the year 2000, and initiation of R&D on engine components critical to the success of the plan. Figure 1 is the summary program schedule for Task 8; Design and Test of Critical Components.

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[Underground gasification of steeply dipping coal beds]. [Quarterly report, February 10, 1988--May 9, 1988]

The Rawlins UCG Demonstration Project is progressing in Phase 1 with the majority of the emphasis on facility design, site characterization and the environmental work. The site characterization field work was completed in February with the interpretation, analysis, and final report to be completed towards the end of Phase 1. The facility design effort continues and is well beyond the 40% level. It is anticipated that all permits will be applied for in Phase 1 and most of them will be granted by the end of Phase 1. Significant changes in the scope of the project were requested during this period and are under review. A request was made to eliminate urea production, make ammonia the primary product, and add cogeneration. An extension of Phase 1 and rescheduling of project deliverables were requested to accommodate the needs for private financing. The obtaining of the private financing continues to be a major activity in the project. All of the financing must be in place before the continuation application for DOE funding to Phase 2 will be submitted.

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Measurement and modeling of advanced coal conversion processes. Annual report, October 1990--September 1991

The overall objective of this program is the development of predictive capability for the design, scale up, simulation, control and feedstock evaluation in advanced coal conversion devices. This program will merge significant advances made in measuring and quantitatively describing the mechanisms in coal conversion behavior. Comprehensive computer codes for mechanistic modeling of entrained-bed gasification. Additional capabilities in predicting pollutant formation will be implemented and the technology will be expanded to fixed-bed reactors.

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Pyrolysis and gasification of coal at high temperatures. Final technical report, September 15, 1987--September 14, 1991

The macropore structure of chars is a major factor in determining their reactivity during the gasification stage. The major objectives of this contract were to (a) quantify by direct measurements the effect of pyrolysis conditions of the macropore structure, and (b) establish how the macropores affected the reactivity pattern, the ignition behavior and the fragmentation of the char particles during gasification in the regime of strong diffusional limitations. Results from this project provide much needed information on the factors that affect the quality of the solid products (chars) of coal utilization processes (for example, mild gasification processes). The reactivity data will also provide essential parameters for the optimal design of coal gasification processes. (VC)

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Chemically bonded phosphate ceramics for radioactive and mixed waste solidification and stabilization

Results of an initial investigation of low temperature setting chemically bonded magnesium ammonium phosphate (MAP) ceramics as waste form materials, for solidification and stabilization of radioactive and mixed waste, are reported. The suitability of MAP for solidifying and encapsulating waste materials was tested by encapsulating zeolites at loadings up to {approximately}50 wt%. The resulting composites exhibited very good compressive strength characteristics. Microstructure studies show that zeolite grains remain unreacted in the matrix. Potential uses for solidifying and stab wastes are discussed.

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Scaling of pressurized fluidized beds. Quarterly report, October 1993--January 1994

Detailed analyses of the Tidd bed material were completed; parameters such as particle density, sphericity, average particle diameter, and size distribution were measured. The solid-to-gas density ratio (P{sub s}/P{sub f}) must be matched between the hot and the cold bed to achieve similarity. The Tidd bed material has a density of 2513 kg /m{sub 3}. The gas density in the combustor is approximately 3.48 kg /m{sup 3} (1550{degrees}F, 11 atm) giving a hot-bed density ratio of 722. Thus the cold bed, which will operate using ambient air, requires a bed material with a density of approximately 853 kg/m{sup 3}. Linear low-density polyethylene has a density close to that required by the scaling laws (P{sub s} = 918 kg/m{sup 3}) and is commercially available in granular form. Similar analyses to those performed on the Tidd bed material were completed on samples of granular polyethylene. The scaling laws also require that the ratio of superficial gas velocity to minimum fluidization velocity (u{sub o}/u{sub mf}) be matched between the hot and the cold beds. It is not possible to measure u{sub mf} in the Tidd combustor directly; therefore a method had to be found to calculate it. Minimum fluidization velocity measurements were made on the Tidd bed material using ambient air.

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GPGP Gasifier Optimization II. Task 2.2, Coal characterization by selected analytical methods

This project was undertaken by the Energy & Environmental Research Center (EERC) for the Dakota Gasification Company (DGC) in order to find out if any coal chemical characteristics correlated with gasifier performance as measured by ``Equivalent Gas Make per Equivalent Gasifier`` (EGM/EG). The measurements made on a total of 48 coal samples included ASTM proximate analysis, calorific (Btu) determination, sulfur analysis, ash fusion temperatures, x-ray fluorescence (XRF) analysis of the ash, and char-steam reactivity determination by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). After Task 2.1 (which, again, only looked at six coal samples), two measurements were found to be very promising as predictors of gasifier performance: (1) the energy of activation of the TGA char-steam reactivity tests (E{sub a}), which had a correlation coefficient, R{sup 2}, of 0.75 and (2) the difference between the hemi- and the softening temperatures in the ash fusion test, which had an R{sup 2} of 0.80. After analyzing 42 more coal samples (for a total of 48), the R{sup 2} for E{sub a} dropped to 0.33, but it was still the highest of any single measurement. As for the ash fusion test, with the additional data, the correlation of performance with the difference between the hemi- and softening temperatures all but disappeared (R{sup 2} = 0.08). One new variable, the Btu value of the coal, was found to be almost as good a predictor of performance (R{sup 2} = 0.30) as E{sub a}. When the two measurements were used together, they gave the best correlation of any two variables with EGM/EG (R{sup 2} = 0.50). Thus although numerous highly significant (statistically speaking) correlations were found between coal properties and gasifier performance, whether they are strong enough to help guide plant operations is yet to be determined.

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