AndreaBozzo/ceres-open-data-index huggingface dataset:
Simultaneous SO/sub x//NO/sub x/ control. Final report for the period ending March 31, 1986

Using both bench-scale and pilot-scale systems, direct furnace injection of calcium-based sorbents was investigated for SO/sub 2/ control and both catalytic and noncatalytic techniques were evaluated for NO/sub x/ control. Furnace injection tests focused on the injection of high-calcium pressure-hydrated lime (PHL) at flue gas temperatures ranging from 1500/sup 0/ to 2800/sup 0/F. Particulate was collected in one of two baghouses, one operated at temperatures ranging from 800/sup 0/ to 1000/sup 0/F, the other ranging from 145/sup 0/F to 300/sup 0/F, or an electrostatic precipitator (ESP) operated at conventional temperatures (approx.300/sup 0/F). Sulfur dioxide reduction as high as 80% was observed for high-calcium PHL injected at a Ca/SO/sub 2/ mole ratio of 2.0 with essentially all of the SO/sub 2/ capture occurring in the flue gas at temperatures above 1400/sup 0/F. Residence time and the temperature regime (1400/sup 0/ to 2200/sup 0/F) experienced by the sorbent in the flue gas stream appear to be the critical parameters controlling SO/sub 2/ reduction and sorbent utilization. Furnace sorbent injection was observed to have a minimal impact on ash fouling. Further pilot-scale tests have shown that furnace injection of high-calcium PHL results in 65% to 70% SO/sub 2/ capture if the baghouse is operated near approx.160/sup 0/F. Catalytic reduction of NO/sub x/ using throwaway catalysts collected in a high-temperature baghouse was investigated. Reductions of up to 29% were achieved with a lignite fly ash containing about 8% Fe/sub 2/O/sub 3/, and up to 65% reduction using a synthetic mordenite. Simultaneous SO/sub x/NO/sub x/ control was demonstrated using direct furnace injection of pressure-hydrated lime and a selective catalytic reduction (SCR) reactor. Eight percent SO/sub 2/ and NO/sub x/ reduction was achieved at a Ca/SO/sub 2/ mole ratio of 2.0 and a NH/sub 3//NO mole ratio of 1.0 while operating the baghouse at a temperature of 980/sup 0/F to remove particulate upstream of the SCR reactor.

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Oil recovery by immiscible CO/sub 2/ flooding: Topical report

This report describes the results of studies made to investigate the mechanisms of immiscible CO/sub 2/ displacement and of coreflooding tests for East Eucutta oil (Mississippi). The measurements and correlations for the physical properties of heavy oil-CO/sub 2/ mixtures previously performed during this investigation have been reported. This report provides additional information about the properties of heavy oil-CO/sub 2/ mixtures and more detailed discussion about the mass transfer process and hydrocarbon extraction mechanisms. Research was focused on corflooding tests to assess oil recovery efficiencies and optimize injection strategy. The objective of this project is to investigate the technical feasibility of the immuscible CO/sub 2/ flooding process in the East Eucutta oil field. Conventional flooding methods have been tested and results are presented in this report. 19 refs., 25 figs., 3 tabs.

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Heat transfer to horizontal tubes immersed in a fluidized-bed combustor

Experiments were carried out to measure the heat transfer rates to water-cooled horizontal tubes immersed in an atmospheric fluidized-bed combustor burning North Dakota lignite. The effect of bed temperature (T/sub B/ = 587 to 1205K), particle size (anti d/sub p/ = 0.544 to 2.335 mm), and fluidizing velocity (U = 0.73 to 2.58 m/s) on the heat transfer rate to horizontal tubes immersed in a fluidized-bed combustor (0.45 x 0.45 m) was investigated. Among existing correlations, correlations proposed by Glicksman and Decker (1980), Zabrodsky et al. (1980), Catipovic et al. (1980), Grewal (1981), and Bansal et al. (1980) are found to predict the present data quite well, when the contribution due to radiation is included. The radiative heat transfer is estimated as the difference between the heat transfer to an oxidized boiler tube and to a gold-plated tube. The relative contribution of radiation is found to be 11% for a bed of sand particles (anti d/sub p/ = 0.9 mm) operating at 1088K. 40 refs., 7 figs., 5 tabs.

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Weeks Island S sand reservoir B gravity stable miscible CO/sub 2/ displacement, Iberia Parish, Louisiana. Fourth annual report, June 1980-June 1981

Shell, in conjunction with the United States of America Department of Energy, is conducting a gravity stable displacement field test of the miscible CO/sub 2/ process. The test is being conducted in the portion of a fault sealed reservoir lying below a subsea depth of -12,750 feet. Injection of the CO/sub 2/ slug at the producing gas-oil contact commenced in October 1978. Injection of the 860 MM cubic foot slug was completed in February of 1980. The slug of CO/sub 2/ was moved downward through the watered out sand by production of downdip water. The leading edge of the displacement has reached the producing perforations and production of the oil column commenced on January 26, 1981. Conventional cores and the log-inject-log technique were used to determine residual oil saturation in a well drilled as the pilot producer. Pulsed neutron logging devices have been used to detect the CO/sub 2/ slug and monitor its subsequent movements in the vicinity of the production well. The monitor logs indicate the thickness of the oil column had increased during the displacement to the production perforations located 130 feet below the level of CO/sub 2/ injection. The 23 foot oil column remaining at initiation of the project had apparently grown to 57 feet. PVT samples production data indicate CO/sub 2/ has penetrated the oil column and free gas is being produced with the oil. However, the qualitative measurements of the logs do not indicate a large gas or CO/sub 2/ content in the oil column.

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Enhanced oil recovery by improved waterflooding. Fourth annual report, October 1980-September 1981. [Illinois]

Energy Resourcs Co. Inc., and its subcontractor Elf Aquitaine Oil and Gas Company are conducting a 100-acre pilot polymer flood in the Storms Pool Field near Carmi, in White County, Illinois. The project is a cost-sharing venture with the United States Department of Energy (DOE). Preparation for the polymer flood began in September 1977, and the project is scheduled for completion in December 1983. This report reviews progress during the fourth year of performance (October 1980 through September 1981). The Storms Pool, once highly productive, has yielded over 12 million barrels of oil from the Waltersburg formation since its discovery in 1939. The field has been waterflooded for over 20 years and is now largely in stripper production with high watercuts at most producing wells. Material balance and recent electric logs indicate, however, that there is a substantial volume of movable oil still in place, presumably bypassed by the inefficient waterflood. The polymer flood is intended to improve the sweep efficiency, showing that the engineering, management, and financial resources required for such tertiary techniques can be applied to similar fields that might otherwise be abandoned for lack of investment by parties knowledgeable in enhanced oil technology. Preflush injection and polymer injection were both initiated during this period with total polymer injection now standing at 179,453 barrels (or about 6% pore volume). Laboratory testing has continued throughout the year with the emphasis being on field support (troubleshooting field problems and monitoring the field injection and production systems). No evidence of polymer break-through has been detected at the production wells. Details of the interference testing program and the radiotracer study executed during this period are also presented.

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Feasibility and Economics of By-Product CO2 Supply for Enhanced Oil Recovery

The main objective of this study is to determine the technical and economic feasibility of supplying carbon dioxide for use in enhanced oil recovery, from other than naturally occurring sources, to all suitable oil fields. For the most part, prior studies have not adequately addressed availability, processing, and economics of CO/sub 2/ supply from by-product sources. Where appropriate, results of previous studies have been utilized; care has been taken to minimize any duplication. This study provides exhaustive data on CO/sub 2/ supply from by-product sources and the preliminary costs associated with these sources. Section 2 provides information on target reservoirs from CO/sub 2/ flooding, and the ultimate CO/sub 2/ requirements for CO/sub 2/ flooding in these reservoirs. Section 3 provides detailed information on by-product CO/sub 2/ supply sources. The CO/sub 2/ availability from power, cement, ammonia, ethanol, and ethylene oxide plants, and refineries, the quality of gas from such plants, and their locations are identified. Section 4 provides an analysis of the regional supply/demand balance. Section 5 provides a detailed discussion on the techno-economic analysis of CO/sub 2/ recovery systems. Section 6 provides information on CO/sub 2/ transportation, storage, and injection costs. Section 7 provides information on the feasibility and economics of CO/sub 2/ generation at EOR sites. Section 8 provides the methodology to determine total CO/sub 2/ costs.

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Use of uncorrected x-ray diffraction data in quantitative analytical determinations

Uncorrected x-ray diffraction data can be used to quantitatively determine the composition of a mixture of crystalline phases. As long as the samples are carefully prepared, the integrated intensity of a Bragg reflection from a sample is directly proportional to the concentration of the crystalline phase in the sample, and for most sedimentary mineral phases, the coefficient of proportionality is near unity. Because sample preparation is critical to the success of this approach, the sample preparation techniques used in this laboratory are presented in detail. The argument to substantiate the premise of this paper is in the form of five sets of data collected on suites of samples submitted by colleagues. The data represent a variety of analytical problems and demonstrate that the percent total integrated intensity (%TII) values accurately estimate the true composition of the samples. 12 figures.

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Cliffs Minerals, Inc. Eastern Gas Shales Project, Ohio No. 5 well - Lorain County. Phase II report. Preliminary laboratory results

The US Department of Energy is funding a research and development program entitled the Eastern Gas Shales Project designed to increase commercial production of natural gas in the eastern United States from Middle and Upper Devonian Shales. The program's objectives are as follows: (1) to evaluate recoverable reserves of gas contained in the shales; (2) to enhanced recovery technology for production from shale gas reservoirs; and (3) to stimulate interest among commercial gas suppliers in the concept of producing large quantities of gas from low-yield, shallow Devonian Shale wells. The EGSP-Ohio No. 5 well was cored under a cooperative cost-sharing agreement between the Department of Energy (METC) and Columbia Gas Transmission Corporation. Detailed characterization of the core was performed at the Eastern Gas Shale Project's Core Laboratory. At the well site, suites of wet and dry hole geophysical logs were run. Characterization work performed at the Laboratory included photographic logs, lithologic logs, fracture logs, measurements of core color variation, and stratigraphic interpretation of the cored intervals. In addition samples were tested for physical properties by Michigan Technological University. Physical properties data obtained were for: directional ultrasonic velocity; directional tensile strength; strength in point load; and trends of microfractures.

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Methane recovery from coalbeds data base system. Technical progress report

The production of methane from coalbeds is one of the prime objectives of the Department of Energy's Methane Recovery from Coalbeds Project (MRCP). In order to fully understand and use the data obtained from the drilling of 45 wells throughout the US, a data base system has been developed by the Morgantown Energy Technology Center (METC). This report contains a description of the MRCP Data Base System Design and the reasons for the design methodology. The report also describes the potential compatibility with the US Geological Survey Data Base System and the US Bureau of Mines Data Base System.

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Great Plains ASPEN model development. Technical progress report, December 1-31, 1983

During the period December 1 to 31, 1983 work on this project was reduced in order to prepare papers for and to attend the Systems Simulation Symposium held in Morgantown, WV, and also because of the vacations and holidays that fell during this period. A limited amount of work was performed on 2 tasks. Task No. 1, Simplified Model and Task No. 4, Rigorous Models (Area 4600-Phosom). The Phosam system uses phosphoric acid to absorb ammonia which is stripped from the sour water. While it would be ideal to simulate the ammonia/phosphoric acid/water system using ionic equilibrium models, this is not possible; therefore, the approach taken is to use the Peng Robinson equation of state of the vapor-liquid equilibrium calculations. In order to use the Peng Robinson correlations, and since phosphoric acid is not in the data bank, a series of DRS runs were made to establish critical pressure, acentric factor, water/phosphoric acid interaction parameters, ammonia/phosphoric acid interaction parameter, ideal gas heat capacity, and Antione coefficients. Attached are listings of input files and reports for DRS runs. A progress report is presented on the work to date on installing a rigorous gasifier model in ASPEN.

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Hot-gas cleanup system model development. Volume II. Final report

Under Contract to the Department of Energy (DOE) through the Morgantown Energy Technology Center (METC), Flow Industries, Inc., has developed computer models to simulate the physical performance of five hot-gas cleanup devices for pressurized, fluidized-bed combustion (PFBC), combined-cycle power plants. Separate cost models have also been developed to estimate the cost of each device. The work leading to the development of these models is described in Volume I of this report. This volume contains the user's manuals for both the physical and cost models. The manuals for the physical models are given first followed by those for the cost models. Each manual is a complete and separate document. The model names and devices and their respective subroutine names are: (1) Moving Granular Bed Filter by Combustion Power Company, USRCGB, QFCOST; (2) Ceramic Bag Filter by Acurex, USRACB, QDCOST; (3) Electrostatic Granular Bed Filter by General Electric, USRGGB, QACOST; (4) Electrostatic Precipitator by Research Cottrell, USRCEP, QECOST; and (5) Electrocyclone by General Electric, USRGCY, QBCOST.

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PFB Coal Fired Combined Cycle Development Program. Advanced hot gas cleanup concept evaluation (Task 4. 3). Volume A. Aerodyne cyclone evaluation

This report summarizes the results of testing of a rotary flow cyclone, manufactured by Aerodyne Development Corporation under license by Siemens Kraftwerk Union. This cyclone was selected for evaluation due to the unusually high separative efficiencies claimed by the manufacturer (based on developer data), and relative lack of open literature data. The most significant finding of this work was the observation that electrostatic forces could enhance or, in fact, dominate the separation process. Separative efficiencies, with electrostatic forces present, were found to be substantially independent of flow rate and, by inference, could be independent of unit size. Hence this finding offers a major hope that large cyclones employed in the hot gas cleanup train of the CFCC system may not suffer the performance degradation compared to small cyclones, as projected from conventional inertial theory. The separative efficiencies of the Aerodyne cyclone separator were found from both the cold flow and the hot flow tests to be disappointingly poorer than expectations (in agreement with Westinghouse results), and even poorer than conventional cyclones. (LTN)

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Demonstration of high-resolution inverse VSP for reservoir characterization applications

The objective of this project is the determination of inverse vertical seismic profiling (VSP) measurements using new experimental field instrumentation capable of providing at least an order of magnitude improvement in the resolution of structural details in comparison with conventional seismic images. This two-year project will entail instrumentation tests under controlled field conditions during the first year followed by full-scale field demonstration tests in a representative oil-bearing reservoir formation during the second year. An automatic time-picking program and a tomographic inversion program developed for processing interwell seismic data were generalized for processing reverse VSP data. A technical paper was submitted for publication to Geophysics. The paper is entitled;   A Wax-Embedded Borehole Seismic Detector for High-Resolution Measurements.''A copy of this manuscript is enclosed in the Appendix. 3 figs., 1 tab.

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Fundamentals of nitric oxide formation in fossil-fuel combustion. Progress report, 29 December 1980-28 March 1981

Oxidation experiments at 1000/sup 0/C established that benzene/HCN mixtures gave a time dependence of NO yields very similar to that of pyridine, which had only a weak dependence on concentration. Mixtures of HCN with other fuels allow more control of conditions and over the nature of species present during the oxidation; thus, these will be the primary source of fuel-nitrogen. In addition, the NO yields indicated that at the conditions of these experiments, fuel lean and 1000/sup 0/C, the mechanism proposed by Haynes and/or Fenimore did not apply since some species other than a nitrogen-containing intermediate must reduce the NO. Oxidation experiments at 950/sup 0/C were run with methanol or ethanol and HCN to increase the H/C ratio. NO yields with methanol were lower; with ethanol they were similar to those with benzene if higher concentrations of ethanol were used. Added CO/sub 2/ appeared to have a negligible influence on NO yield, whereas hydrogen appeared to reduce the yield at several conditions. The addition of 3% CO gave a rapid production of NO but at lower yields than .5% benzene. The influence of these additives will be investigated further.

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Microbial enhanced oil recovery and wettability research program

This report covers research results for the microbial enhanced oil recovery (MEOR) and wettability research program conducted by EG G Idaho, Inc. at the Idaho National Engineering Laboratory (INEL). The isolation and characterization of microbial species collected from various locations including target oil field environments is underway to develop more effective oil recovery systems for specific applications. The wettability research is a multi-year collaborative effort with the New Mexico Petroleum Recovery Research Center (NMPRRC), to evaluate reservoir wettability and its effects on oil recovery. Results from the wettability research will be applied to determine if alteration of wettability is a significant contributing mechanism for MEOR systems. Eight facultatively anaerobic surfactant producing isolates able to function in the reservoir conditions of the Minnelusa A Sands of the Powder River Basin in Wyoming were isolated from naturally occurring oil-laden environments. Isolates were characterized according to morphology, thermostability, halotolerance, growth substrates, affinity to crude oil/brine interfaces, degradative effects on crude oils, and biochemical profiles. Research at the INEL has focused on the elucidation of microbial mechanisms by which crude oil may be recovered from a reservoir and the chemical and physical properties of the reservoir that may impact the effectiveness of MEOR. Bacillus licheniformis JF-2 (ATCC 39307) has been used as a benchmark organism to quantify MEOR of medium weight crude oils (17.5 to 38.1{degrees}API) the capacity for oil recovery of Bacillus licheniformis JF-2 utilizing a sucrose-based nutrient has been elucidated using Berea sandstone cores. Spacial distribution of cells after microbial flooding has been analyzed with scanning electron microscopy. Also the effect of microbial surfactants on the interfacial tensions (IFT) of aqueous/crude oil systems has been measured. 87 refs., 60 figs., 15 tabs.

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Performance and emissions of coal-fueled engines using group combustion theory: Interim topical report, 1986-1987

A literature review describes the development of interactive and group combustion (GC) studies, the bubble combustion (BC) model, the pulverized coal gasification and combustion (PCGC) model for burners, the packet combustion (PACC) model for engines, and various NO/sub x/ models. The group combustion (GC) model for a cloud of coal-water slurry drops in a confined volume is described with correction factors. The heat transfer model is given with results for nodal temperatures of cylinder head utilizing iron component through an engine cycle. The NO/sub x/ model is also given with incorporation into the PACC model; results are given for NO/sub x/ emissions as a function of crank angle, injection timing, inlet manifold temperature etc. Results from the GC model are currently being incorporated in the PACC model. The correction factor from the nonsteady GC model varies from 0.2 to 0.1. Pressure vs. time plot confirms GE bomb reactor data. Ignition starts as a heterogeneous process, leading to pyrolysis and the heterogeneous and homogeneous combustion of volatiles. In the preliminary results of the heat transfer model, the temperature swing of interior node of cylinder head is 20)degree)K for insulated case and 35)degree)K for the iron case. The engine cycle simulation for coal-fueled, reciprocating, internal combustion engines is expanded to include calculations of NO exhaust emissions. Calculations have been completed for a coal-water slurry fuel. Engine performance parameters are in good agreement with published values. Computed exhaust NO concentrations for both diesel and coal-water slurry fuels are in fair agreement with preliminary experiment. In general, the exhaust NO concentrations are lower for the coal-water slurry fuel relative to the diesel fuel. The thermal NO production for the coal-water slurry fuel is a strong function of the coalwater mass ratio. The NO from fuel-bound nitrogen could be significant for coal-water slurry fuels. 52 figs., 14 tabs.

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Microwave short-pulse bed-level detector. Annual report, January 1-December 31, 1981

A short-pulse microwave system for measuring the bed-level within a fluidized-bed combustor, has been designed, built, and laboratory tested on static beds. The system is a short-pulse radar which operates in the frequency region of 6.75 to 10.95 GHz as a time-domain measurement system. Laboratory measurements of static bed-levels, for smooth and corrugated surfaces of metal plates and limestone sand, agree to an average of 2.0% of the actual heights. Additionally, the system was tested with a dielectric thermal protector, which did not compromise the accuracy of the measurements. Analytical models have been formulated to provide insight into the operation of the system on a wide range of simulated targets without the necessity of performing expensive and difficult laboratory experiments. Two formulations have been used to describe electromagnetic scattering by a rough surface as a function of frequency: the space harmonic model and the physical optics model. A reconstruction technique has been devised which uses the scattering models and the spectrum of the transmitted pulse to synthesize the reflected pulse. The data generated by the models compare well to previously published data and to experimental results.

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