AndreaBozzo/ceres-open-data-index huggingface dataset:
Alexandria fluidized-bed process development plant. Annual report, March 1982-February 1983

The Alexandria Atmospheric Fluid-Bed Combustion (AFBC) Process Development Unit (PDU) test program consisted of experimental operations intended to support overall AFBC process development. The primary objective was to support of further development of the MIT Steady-State Model. This objective was approached through: utilizing the Alexandria PDU as a pilot-scale test bed to support further Model development and calibration; providing experimental data to alleviate important information gaps within the Model database; and providing experimental data to aid in the calibration of the MIT Model by others. Experimental studies were conducted through a series of tasks. Each experimental task consisted of a set of scheduled test runs utilizing the PDU. Experimental work related to the MIT Model at Alexandria was initiated in 1980. Previous to this report, the following have been published: Cold Mode Testing Topical Report, Hot Mode Testing Topical Report, Annual Report March 1980 - February 1981, and Annual Report March 1981 - February 1982. Rraders should consult these reports for an evaluation of the Model and a comparison between the Model predictions and Alexandria experimental data. As a result of these publications, a consensus was reached between DOE, MIT, and the Alexandria Team, which suggested the need for special types of data that could be used to modify the internal alquorithms of the Model and which subsequently resulted in the work reported herein. The model modification  has been referred to as Model Calibration and would be performed by the party having custody of the Model. The role of the Alexandria Team was to perform tests and generate experimental data called for by the Model calibration effort.

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Modeling of fluidized-bed combustion of coal. Volume III. AFBC/PFBC system models manual. Final report

The purpose of this manual is to describe how to access and use MIT's Fluidized Bed Combustor (FBC) System Program. Presently, the FBC program is stored in a Honeywell Computer System and can be accessed using the Multics interactive system. This manual answers questions that may arise regarding the mechanics of operating the system program, as well as warns of possible pitfalls and mistakes that could be made. The manual describes the procedures an individual would follow to become an active user of the system program and explains the various options available for reaching the Multics interactive system on Honeywell 6180 computer on which the program runs. For users outside the Metropolitan Boston area, a public network for data communications is described which is relatively inexpensive. TPSA, a subsystem of Multics has been developed to facilitate testing the program and carrying out parametric studies. The various input and output variables are stored in a database. The variables are divided into several groups, each group containing two or more variables. The database itself consists of these groups and the variables, their descriptive names, units and default values. The database structure does not differentiate between input and output variables. Finally, some sample sessions are presented to illustrate the login and logout procedures, the command language, and the data manipulation features of the FBC program.

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Fluidic fuel feed system

This report documents the development and testing of a fluidic fuel injector for a coal-water slurry fueled diesel engine. The objective of this program was to improve the operating life of coal-water slurry fuel controls and injector components by using fluidic technology. This project addressed the application of fluidic devices to solve the problems of efficient atomization of coal-water slurry fuel and of injector component wear. The investigation of injector nozzle orifice design emphasized reducing the pressure required for efficient atomization. The effort to minimize injector wear includes the novel design of components allowing the isolation of the coal-water slurry from close-fitting injector components. Three totally different injectors were designed, fabricated, bench tested and modified to arrive at a final design which was capable of being engine tested. 6 refs., 25 figs., 3 tabs.

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Modeling of fluidized-bed combustion of coal. Volume VII. Examples of data base applications users's guide. Final report

Generally, a user comes to the data base for help when he or she needs certain information. As the user knows from reading the User's Guide, information is retrieved from the data base via customized application programs. Information of general nature can usually be obtained from the execution of a single program. More specific information, however, can only be retrieved by the successive execution of several programs. In the event that the user is trying to reach a conclusion with the information retrieved, repetitious execution of the same sequence of programs will be necessary. Application programs are the building blocks with which a user constructs the channel for information flow. Whereas the User's Guide explains the purpose of each building block and how each one is used, this text illustrates the technique of putting the pieces together to bridge the gap between user and data. The general approach is to start with programs that provide a global view of the data, then gradually narrow down to specific information in a step-wise manner using different programs or different options of the same program. In this process of elimination or attrition, selection of the subsequent step is dependent on the result of the current step. The user's role, in this case, is to decide on the next step and select the appropriate program. The text consists mainly of examples. The content of the text by no means defines the boundary of application or the FBC data base. There are many problems that can be solved, partially or entirely, by executing the right combination of programs. The versatility of the data base is left to the user to explore.

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Pulsed atmospheric fluidized bed combustion preliminary feasibility study

This report presents the results of a feasibility study for the development of an innovative Pulsed Atmospheric Fluidized Bed Combustion (PAFBC) technology intended to expand coal utilization within the residential, commercial, and small industrial sectors of the economy. The analysis indicates that a coal-based technology that provides competitive levels of cost, performance, and reliability at the 1000 to 10,000 PPH steam can displace as much as 2.5 Quads of gas and oil within the residential, commercial, and light industrial sectors. In the industrial sector, systems from 10,000 to 50,000 PPH steam can displace another 1.1 Quads of energy. 41 refs., 28 figs., 19 tabs.

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Performance model for molten-carbonate fuel cells. Quarterly report, 5 January-5 April 1979

Progress on the development of a performance model for molten carbonate fuel cells is reported. Key physical and chemical phenomena being modeled include mass transport, ohmic losses, electrode kinetics, fuel and oxidant utilization, gas phase convective heat transfer and inplane heat conduction through cell hardware. Numerical schemes have been developed and programmed to calculate overpotential versus current density curves for individual electrodes, the cell current density distribution, and the cell temperature distribution.

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METC VAX/IBM guide to ASPEN

This guide serves as a handbook for operating the public version of ASPEN as installed and supported by METC on the VAX computer operating under the VMS operating system and on the IBM 3033 computer at Argonne National Laboratory operating under the MVS operating system with CMS/SP. This guide should be used along with Volumes I and II of MIT's ASPEN User's Manual. Volume I contains the ASPEN input language descriptions for writing an ASPEN input file and basic descriptions of the ASPEN systems. It also contains information concerning physical properties and databanks. Volume II contains descriptions of the system models in ASPEN and answers specific operational questions. Table 1 is an index to the various ASPEN manuals.

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Review of ash agglomeration in fluidized bed gasifiers

The purpose of this study is to review the data and mathematical models which describe the phenomena involved in the agglomeration of ash in fluidized bed coal gasifiers (FBG). Besides highlighting the data and theoretical models, this review lists areas where there is a lack of information regarding the actual mechanisms of agglomeration. Also, potential areas for further work are outlined. The work is directed at developing models of agglomeration which could be included in computer codes describing fluidized bed gasifier phenomena, e.g., FLAG and CHEMFLUB which have been developed for the US Department of Energy. 134 references, 24 figures, 13 tables.

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Potential Cumulative Impacts of Environmental Regulatory Initiatives on U.S. Crude Oil Exploration and Production

This report describes the cumulative effect that future environmental regulations could have on the recovery of crude oil in the United States. It supplements previous efforts by the Department of Energy (DOE), the National Petroleum Council, the Interstate Oil Compact Commission, and others to assess the influence of oil prices, taxes, technology availability and other factors on the recovery potential of domestic oil resources. Such efforts have been useful to State and Federal agencies in regulatory and policy formulation, and research program planning. Three regulatory scenarios were developed to represent a range of incremental costs that may be incurred by the domestic oil and gas industry as a result of future regulatory initiatives under statutes such as the Resource conservation and Recovery Act, the Safe Drinking Water Act, the Clean Water Act, and the Clean Air Act. 9 refs., 6 figs., 8 tabs.

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CHEMFLUB:  a computer code model for fluidized bed coal gasification reactors. Volume I. Technical document

This report is the result of an analysis of the CHEMFLUB code. The mathematical formulation of the models for the motion of fluids and particles is discussed. In addition, the closure equations and chemistry models are reviewed. The method of solution of these equations is analyzed. The stability and convergence criteria in CHEMFLUB are also presented. The solution algorithms for each portion of the system of equations are discussed. The overall solution technique which is based on these algorithms is presented in section D and table III-9 in Chapter III. Those desiring a concise explanation of the CHEMFLUB methodology should review these portions of Chapter III first. CHEMFLUB is a sparsely documented and unique computer code. For example, it uses a steady-state gas momentum equation to describe a time dependent problem. As a result, this document is not intended to justify the algorithms used in CHEMFLUB but simply to explain what the code does. Finally the method used in CHEMFLUB to set up the solution grid and establish boundary conditions are described. 7 references, 17 figures, 10 tables.

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GCHEMFLOW (Geochemistry and fluid flow): A numerical model for predicting solute transport in porous media

A mathematical model has been developed for simulating the one-dimensional transport of solutes in a saturated porous medium. The numerical model, GCHEMFLOW (geochemistry and fluid flow), considers dispersion/diffusion, convection, ion exchange, the formation of complexes in the aqueous phase, the dissociation of water, competitive adsorption of organics, and the biodegradation of selected organics. This model was developed to predict the extent of process liabilities of in situ energy extraction. The geochemical equilibrium equations are solved simultaneously with the partial differential equations (PDEs) describing the convection/diffusion behavior of the solutes and the PDE for saturated flow of water through porous media. The resulting system of algebraic and differential equations are discretized with respect to space and integrated across time using Newton-Raphson iteration with variable time stepping. The discretization is done implicitly so that the unknown variables - pressure, velocity, and species concentrations - are determined simultaneously throughout the reservoir at a future time. A consistent set of model compounds consisting of both organic and inorganic species is selected for debugging and evaluating numerical solution technique characteristics. This report details the mathematical representations of the models fundamental equations, the numerical techniques used for obtaining solutions, the necessary model input data, and the output from the model. 33 refs.

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Evaluation of the Coalinga Polymer Demonstration Project

The Coalinga Polymer Demonstration Project was designed by the Shell Oil Company to show the relative merits of water and polymer flooding in a reservoir with medium-viscosity oil. Located in the East Coalinga Field, Fresno County, California, the 149-acre project area contained four  -22-acre inverted five-spot injection patterns. The target reservoir was a 350-foot-thick, unconsolidated sandstone formation at about 2000 feet. Following nearly two years of water injection and an extensive field polymer injectivity and filtration study, polymer injection into four injection wells began in May 1978. The production response to polymer injection was less than expected and the project was terminated early. Two major contributing factors that resulted in the poor performance were: (1) a loss of polymer injectivity; and (2) a lack of movable oil in the project area. The loss of polymer injectivity was thought to be caused by near wellbore plugging by unhydrated biopolymer and bacterial debris. After polymer injection had begun, a subsequent petrophysical study indicated that little movable oil remained in the project area after primary production. The project was designed and operated in an expert manner. However, recommendations are made on how the project could have been improved if initiated today. These include: (1) Appropriate petrophysical studies, conducted prior to project initiation, should be conducted to guide the selection of the most suitable area within the feld. (2) Polymer injectivity could be improved by completing wells in unconsolidated formations with a screen and liner/gravel pack and by using currently available biopolymers which contain less bacterial debris. These practices will minimize the amount of filtration that is required on location. 7 figures, 2 tables.

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Denitrification and desulfurization of combustion gases. Quarterly technical progress report No. 2, December 18, 1980-March 17, 1981. Draft

The major achievement has been in the success in developing the new, two-step NO splitting process. The first step involved absorption of NO and O/sub 2/ with sodium ferrite (Na/sub 2/O.Fe/sub 2/O/sub 3/) pellets at ca. 400/sup 0/C. The nitrated pellets were decomposed at 700 to 750/sup 0/C, when large amounts of N/sub 2/ were formed. At 750/sup 0/C, the fractional conversion of the originally absorbed NO to N/sub 2/ reached a level of 70%. This level is higher than that which can be achieved with the best known catalysts in the direct decomposition process with deep packed-beds. Direct catalytic decomposition with sodium ferrite was also studied. The reaction is first order with respect to NO. This catalyst is far superior than plain iron oxide. In the study of the Fe/sub 2/O/sub 3/ catalyzed sulfation of limestone, it was found that Fe/sub 2/O/sub 3/ catalyzed the chemical rate, but retarded the pore diffusion rates. This result is preliminary and awaits further experimental study. 5 figures.

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Denitrification and desulfurization of combustion gases. Quarterly technical progress report No. 5, September 18-December 17, 1981. [Sulfation]

A complete kinetics study of iron oxide catalyzed sulfation has been performed. From the kinetics data, a calculation has been made to estimate the improvement of the performance of a fluidized-bed combustor using Fe/sub 2/O/sub 3/ coated sorbent. For Tymochtee dolomite, with 1.08% (by weight based on CaO contained in sorbent) Fe/sub 2/O/sub 3/ coated on uncalcined stone, it has been shown using the MIT FBC model that for 90% sulfur retention, a 40% reduction of the sorbent requirement is achieved over the uncatalyzed case. In other words, Ca/S ratio = 2.5 for the uncoated stone, whereas Ca/S = 1.5 for the coated case, for the same sulfur retention. Although the Fe/sub 2/O/sub 3/ coating procedure works well for Tymochtee dolomite, it has an inhibiting effect on the Greer limestone. This is a result of plugging of pore mouths. A complete study (both modeling and experimental) has been done to show the interplay of the two opposing effects: increase in chemical rate by Fe/sub 2/O/sub 3/ and decrease in pore diffusion rate due to plugging. A complete study of the kinetics of the reaction between Greer limestone and NO under combustion gas conditions has been made. The reaction becomes quite reversible, i.e., the NO concentration in combustion gas approached the equilibrium value, at slightly above 400/sup 0/C. The thermodynamic equilibrium values have been measured with TGA. Basic kinetics data were gathered, which may be used for reactor design. 8 references, 35 figures, 10 tables.

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Economics and Analysis of the Miscible CO2 Injection Project, Granny's Creek Field, West Virginia

The use of carbon dioxide (CO/sub 2/) in a tertiary oil recovery pilot in the Granny's Creek field, West Virginia, was started in 1976. At first the CO/sub 2/ was injected into the Pocono Big Injun sand at four wells at the corners of an approximately square area of 6.7 acres. The CO/sub 2/ was injected as a liquid, and the pilot portion of the reservoir was maintained at or above miscible pressure. Production was taken from a well inside the square pilot area and from eight wells outside the area. The test began with injection of water to increase reservoir pressure to more than the miscibility pressure. Injection started with CO/sub 2/ alone, then alternate slugs of CO/sub 2/ and water, then CO/sub 2/, alone, and finally water alone was injected. The additional oil recovery was 8,681 bbl for an injection total of 19.76 million lb of CO/sub 2/ for a ratio of 19,626 cu ft per bbl. A second or minipilot in which the injection was in the lower or C zone of the Big Injun sand resulted in 2,007.9 bbl of additional oil through September 1980 from the injection of 4.24 million lb of CO/sub 2/ for a ratio of 18,192 cu ft per bbl. The CO/sub 2/ spread quickly across the southern 350 acres of the field and confinement was not attained. The sales price of the oil after royalty and taxes is probably about equal to the most optimistic cost of the CO/sub 2/ per barrel of additional oil at the present time and far less than a more reasonable cost for the CO/sub 2/. Production of additional oil in each case decreased sharply after injection of CO/sub 2/ was stopped so there appeared to be no benefits over an extended period of time from the injection of CO/sub 2/.

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Design and development of a high-temperature particle separator for particle control in coal-gasification plants. Final technical report

The overall objective of the program is the design, development and test evaluation of a cost effective high velocity particle separator suitable for high temperature and high pressure coal conversion and utilization applications removing particulates as small as 2 (..mu..m) with high collection efficiency. The development of the axisymmetrical HTPS (high temperature particle separator) resulted from Phase I, II and III efforts, where Phase IV demonstrated promising results for hot-gas clean-up application, testing an array of elements in the Westinghouse TDC facility in Waltz Mill, Pennsylvania. Additional testing at high pressure and elevated temperature was conducted in the L and A HTPS facility, demonstrating 98% collection efficiency at 1000/sup 0/F and 260 psia with a total pressure drop of 1.25%. In order to complete the objectives of the program, further testing is required at 1650/sup 0/F within a real gasifier environment. In summary, the L and A HTPS will be a viable and cost effective candidate for hot gas clean-up requirements of all coal conversion and utilization related projects in the future.

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Measurements and theory of coal pyrolysis

The pyrolysis literature presents a wide variability among coals in their volatile content, tar and soot production, rate of pyrolysis, swelling and sticking behavior, char reactivity and pollutant formation. There is presently a lack of understanding on which to base a systematic comparison of the data and no accepted method to predict the coal's behavior. The objective of this Topical Report is to present an interpretation of coal pyrolysis which permits a more orderly view of the pyrolysis data. The validity of this view is currently being tested by the development of a detailed pyrolysis model, its implementation in a computer code, the acquisition of pyrolysis data for a wide variety of coals under a wide variety of experimental conditions and the comparison of the model and experiment. The pyrolysis model views coal as an ensemble of functional groups organized into tightly bound aromatic ring clusters connected by weaker aliphatic and either bridges. Thermal decomposition of the coal releases large fragments of the coal molecule (tar) by depolymerization due to rupture of the weak bridges. The rate constants for the release of tar and for the thermal decomposition of the various functional groups depend on the nature of the bridging bond or of the functional group, but appears relatively insensitive to coal rank for lignites, subbituminous and bituminous coals. The important variation with rank is the mix of functional groups. The model predicts the time and temperature dependent evolutions of the products of thermal decomposition using: (1) a coal independent set of kinetic parameters; (2) the coal's functional group composition; (3) the time-temperature history of the coal; and (4) the reactor conditions such as pressure, bed geometry, etc. 78 references, 87 figures, 5 tables.

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Case studies of a COED-based coal-conversion process. Final report, August 1, 1979-July 15, 1980

The objectives of this project were to investigate the process section models developed under a previous DOE contract into a single modified COED coal-conversion process model; to conduct case studies with selected process section models; and to supplement these studies by developing several additional models. A cyclone coal/char combustor model was developed, implemented and documented. A major program of case studies involving three alternative coal-conversion-process configurations (modified COED, COGAS, and COED) was executed. The COGAS configuration proved superior to the modified COED but was shown to be quite limited in the range of feasible operating conditions. Based on a second-law analysis the COED configuration was the most energy efficient of the three. An oil-vapor-quench-process section model was developed. The key element was a three phase stage-wise absorber with external heat removal and side streams. The model was validated against literature performance data. Comparison of the two quench systems showed them to be comparable in capital cost. Finally, flowsheet models were created of three bulk methanation systems. Suitable base cases were identified for each flowsheet. Extensive experimentation was carried out to speed up integration and to improve recycle convergence calculations. Because of excessive computer charges further case studies were terminated.

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