AndreaBozzo/ceres-open-data-index huggingface dataset:
Bench-scale development of catalysts for reforming aromatic and heterocyclic hydrocarbons. Final report, February 1980-February 1982

This program was directed toward development of catalysts for the upgrading of unconverted pyrolysis products and volatiles formed in coal gasification to synthesis gas. Work performed consisted of catalyst preparation, characterization of fresh and spent catalysts, catalyst screening, and aging studies under increasingly severe conditions. Included in characterization of fresh catalysts were determinations of hydrothermal stability and studies of resistance to coking and sulfiding. Results of work in this program are reported. Findings support the conclusion that sulfur poisoning is the major cause of catalyst deactivation. Nickel and ruthenium catalysts were found to deactivate rapidly at inlet sulfur concentrations as low as 2 vppM. In contrast, excellent stability was displayed by platinum and rhodium catalysts at inlet sulfur levels greater than or equal to 40 ppM and 150 to 200 ppM, respectively. Support and metal sintering can be managed by the proper selection of materials and preparative variables. Coking appears to be a secondary problem but may become troublesome if sufficiently high catalyst activity is not maintained. Sulfur tolerant platinum group catalysts appear capable of tolerating relatively high coke levels. There seem to be no inherent problems in steam reforming gasifier tar providing catalyst sulfur tolerance limits are not exceeded and mechanical problems in delivery of such materials are overcome. While to date, activities comparable to those of fresh nickel catalysts have been obtained in platinum group metal catalysts only at relatively high metal loadings, there are indications that metal loadings can be minimized by preparative optimization.

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Prediction and measurement of optimum operating conditions for entrained coal-gasification processes. Volume 2. User's manual for a computer program for 1-dimensional coal combustion or gasification (1-DICOG)

A one-dimensional, steady-state model describing pulverized coal combustion and gasification is presented. While emphasis has been placed on the description of the coal reaction processes and gas-particle interactions, one-dimensional fluid mechanics and particle-particle, particle-wall radiation have been included. Moisture vaporization from the coal particles, multi-step coal pyrolysis, and heterogeneous char oxidation by multiple oxidizers are modeled for polydispersed coal particle sizes or types. Although the formulation is one-dimensional, mixing rates of primary and secondary streams and recirculation within the reactor have been accounted for as specified input. The resulting model predicts thermal, chemical, and physical histories for both the gaseous and particle phases. Gas-particle interactions account for appropriate diffusion and kinetic rates. Gas phase reactions are assumed to be in local chemical equilibrium. The solution technique uses predictor-corrector methods for integration of the ordinary non-linear differential equations which are coupled with a number of auxiliary algebraic equations. Numerical stepsize is self adjusting. An iterative approach is required for the radiant heat transfer calculations if the zone method is chosen. More computationally efficiency diffusion and flux methods for radiation heat transfer have also been coded. Stiffness in differential energy equations is overcome by a pseudo steady-state method when needed. The generalized nature of the model allows for calculation of both coal combustion and coal gasification characteristics. User information is presented, along with a sample computation and a listing of the program.

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Coal-conversion support studies. Final report, May 19-November 18, 1980

The coal conversion industry for a clean energy supply will be capital-intensive and will involve handling huge quantities of material through complex processing steps. Currently the main emphasis is on the development and demonstration of coal conversion processes. However, improvements and simplifications of the overall process are needed to reduce capital investment. In addition, obtaining design data not available in the literature would minimize uncertainties and permit more precise design, which also would reduce the investment. Improvements in the conversion efficiency will reduce the amount of coal throughput, which in turn would reduce operating costs as well as the cost of mine development. In order for the developing processes to make even a reasonable impact on the energy supply from anticipated commercial plants, continued development at all levels of the overall program is required. The coal conversion support studies developed for this purpose are conducted in bench-scale and laboratory-scale units. The studies are aimed at achieving a better understanding of the process and developing techniques to improve certain process steps. The support studies projects are classified into three tasks as follows: studies of coal conversion reactions for improving coal utilization; studies of fluidized-bed reactors in coal conversion processes; and studies to improve the processing techniques of product and waste streams from coal conversion processes. Each of the tasks is further divided into a number of subtasks dealing with specific aspects of the task. Progress in 8 subtasks is described.

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Technical and economic analysis of gasifier feed systems. Task I:  fixed-bed gasification feed systems

This report presents the results and analytical methodology for a comparative engineering and economic study of coal feed systems for fixed-bed gasifiers. The effort compares three cases; lockhoppers, lockhoppers with briquetting of coal fines, and extruders. For each case, an engineering design with energy and material balances is presented. Based on these, system availability, capital cost, operating and maintenance cost, system economics and sensitivity analyses are developed. A summary discussion with conclusions and recommendations follows.

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Studies of the effect of toxic coal particles on model membrane systems. Progress report, July 1, 1980-August 31, 1981

This progress report covers work done during the period July 1, 1980 to August 31, 1981, to study the effect of polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) on artificial membrane systems chosen to model lung surfactant. Such PAH compounds adsorbed on flyash particles from coal combustion are of interest since they or their metabolic byproducts could be potential carcinogens. Since the composition of organic material adsorbed on flyash from fluidized bed combustion (FBC) of coal was and still is not well characterized, we chose as a model compound 2,3-dihydroxynaphthalene (2,3DHN) to represent to some extent the following relevant properties of those PAH compounds that might be particularly effective in interacting with and penetrating lung surfactant: solubility in water; solubility in hydrocarbon liquids; and its amphipathic character. This study was to determine whether PAH compounds (1) are miscible with surfactant; (2) modify the membrane structure when miscible; (3) can be transported (and at what rate) across a membrane. The detailed exposition of the results is classified by the particular instrumental technique used to achieve these objectives: surface film pressure versus area measurements; visible, UV and fluorescence spectroscopy; proton and phosphorus-31 nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. Efforts concentrated on the first of these techniques. 9 figs.

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Phosphoric acid electric utility fuel cell technology development. Technical progress report No. 5 for quarter ending September 1983

The Department of Energy has initiated this program to advance electric utility cell stack technology and to reduce cell stack cost. The cell stack has a nominal 10-ft/sup 2/ active area and operates at 120 psia/405/sup 0/F with an initial average cell performance goal of 0.745 volts at 232 ASF. The program comprises six parallel phases, which culminate in a full-height, 10-ft/sup 2/ stack verification test. Phase I provides the information and services needed to manage the effort, including definition of the prototype commercial power plant. Phase II develops the technical base for long-term improvements to the cell stack. Phase III develops materials and processing techniques for cell stack components incorporating the best available technology. Phase IV provides the design of hardware and conceptual processing layouts, and updates the power plant definition of Phase I to reflect the results of Phases II and III. Phase V manufactures the hardware to verify the achievements of Phases II and III, and analyzes the cost of this hardware. Phase VI tests the cell stacks assembled from the hardware of Phase V to assess the state of development. Progress is reported. (WHK)

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Economic assessment of advanced flue gas desulfurization processes. Final report. Volume 2. Appendices G, H, and I

This report presents the results of a project sponsored by the Morgantown Energy Technology Center (METC). The purpose of the study was to perform an economic and market assessment of advanced flue gas desulfurization (FGD) processes for application to coal-fired electric utility plants. The time period considered in the study is 1981 through 1990, and costs are reported in 1980 dollars. The task was divided into the following four subtasks: (1) determine the factors affecting FGD cost evaluations; (2) select FGD processes to be cost-analyzed; (3) define the future electric utility FGD system market; and (4) perform cost analyses for the selected FGD processes. The study was initiated in September 1979, and separate reports were prepared for the first two subtasks. The results of the latter two subtasks appear only in this final report, since the end-date of those subtasks coincided with the end-date of the overall task. The Subtask 1 report, Criteria and Methods for Performing FGD Cost Evaluation, was completed in October 1980. A slightly modified and condensed version of that report appears as Appendix B to this report. The Subtask 2 report, FGD Candidate Process Selection, was completed in January 1981, and the principal outputs of that subtask appear in Appendices C and D to this report.

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Handbook of fuel cell performance

The intent of this document is to provide a description of fuel cells, their performances and operating conditions, and the relationship between fuel processors and fuel cells. This information will enable fuel cell engineers to know which fuel processing schemes are most compatible with which fuel cells and to predict the performance of a fuel cell integrated with any fuel processor. The data and estimates presented are for the phosphoric acid and molten carbonate fuel cells because they are closer to commercialization than other types of fuel cells. Performance of the cells is shown as a function of operating temperature, pressure, fuel conversion (utilization), and oxidant utilization. The effect of oxidant composition (for example, air versus O/sub 2/) as well as fuel composition is examined because fuels provided by some of the more advanced fuel processing schemes such as coal conversion will contain varying amounts of H/sub 2/, CO, CO/sub 2/, CH/sub 4/, H/sub 2/O, and sulfur and nitrogen compounds. A brief description of fuel cells and their application to industrial, commercial, and residential power generation is given. The electrochemical aspects of fuel cells are reviewed. The phosphoric acid fuel cell is discussed, including how it is affected by operating conditions; and the molten carbonate fuel cell is discussed. The equations developed will help systems engineers to evaluate the application of the phosphoric acid and molten carbonate fuel cells to commercial, utility, and industrial power generation and waste heat utilization. A detailed discussion of fuel cell efficiency, and examples of fuel cell systems are given.

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Impact of air pollution control regulations on thermal enhanced oil recovery production in the United States. Final report

This study assesses the impact of air pollution control regulations on the costs of present and future thermal enhanced oil recovery (TEOR) production. The conclusions of this study indicate that lengthy permitting processes, limited control sytem availability, and costly control system requirements complicate regulatory compliance and constrain TEOR production expansion. Seven heavy oil production areas with potential for increased TEOR production were selected for detailed analyses. Five of these areas are in California: central Kern County, western Kern County, Coalinga, San Ardo, and Los Angeles Basin. The other two areas are the Slocum field in Texas and the Smackover field in Arkansas. Air pollution control rule and regulation requirements were determined for each production area. State-of-the-art air pollution control technology was assessed and costs were estimated for the control systems needed to comply with previous new source review (NSR) and retrofit rules in each area. For each California production area, the maximum potential increase in TEOR production was estimated, based on available emission offsets. Potential increases in the Texas and Arkansas fields were not projected because production is expected to decrease in these areas. Costs were calculated for the control systems required to allow the maximum increase in TEOR production. An air quality impact analysis was performed for the four largest production areas in California. The results of this analysis allowed estimation of the air quality changes associated with the maximum TEOR production increase and compliance with retrofit and NSR rules.

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Development of molten carbonate fuel cell power plant technology. Quarterly technical progress report No. 23, April 1-June 30, 1985

Objectives of this program are to develop and verify the design of a prototype molten carbonate fuel cell stack which meets the requirements of a 1990's-competitive, coal-fire, electrical utility central station, or industrial cogeneration power plant. The 20-cell Subscale Stack No. 3 was disassembled for post-test analysis. Cell package samples were prepared for chemical analysis, metallographic examination and pore spectra measurements and are undergoing those analyses. Microscopic examination of the manifold seal showed the end cell short protection device was effective. All of the components for the 20-cell Subscale Stack No. 4 have been fabricated and inspected. The Test Plan for this stack was prepared and stack assembly is in progress. Manufacturing and processing trials for the components to be used in the 8-ft/sup 2/ stack are in progress. Subscale cell testing continued in support of studies to reduce cathode compaction and to define operating conditions that are suitable for extending the life of nickel oxide cathodes.

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Structural property changes in metal oxide hot coal gas desulfurization sorbents. Final report. [Zinc ferrite]

Global kinetic studies using single cylindrical pellets of zinc ferrite were carried out in an electrobalance reactor. Most of the research utilized zinc ferrite. Both the sulfidation and regeneration reactions of zinc ferrite were studied as a function of temperature and gas composition. Sorbent structural properties such as specific area, pore volume, and pore size distribution were measured prior to reaction and at various stages in the sulfidation-regeneration cycle. A maximum desirable operating temperature of approximately 650/sup 0/C (1200/sup 0/F) has been established for both the sulfidation and regeneration phases. The global kinetic data for the sulfidation cycle over a wide range of temperatures (500-700/sup 0/C) and for the regeneration cycle near 650/sup 0/C can be described quite well by the unreacted core model assuming that the global rate is controlled by transport resistances. Near 550/sup 0/C the regeneration reaction is complicated by ZnSO/sub 4/ formation and near 750/sup 0/C severe structural property changes accompany regeneration. These complications prevent the application of the unreacted core model to the regeneration reaction at these temperatures. The two transport parameters in the simplified unreacted core model, the mass transfer coefficient and the effective diffusivity of the reactant gas through the porous product layer, were determined by least squares fit of the experimental data. Single pellet kinetic results are required before reasonable attempts can be made to model an integral (multipellet) desulfurization reactor. The ability to describe the single pellet kinetics in terms of the simple unreacted core model is quite fortuitous in reducing both the mathematical complexity and the computational requirements associated with integral reactor modeling. 27 refs., 62 figs., 20 tabs.

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Equipment performance survey of the Georgetown University Atmospheric Fluidized Bed Boiler Plant

An equipment performance survey was conducted at the Georgetown University (GU) Atmospheric Fluidized Bed Boiler (AFBB) Plant by Mechanical Technology Incorporated (MTI), under contract with the US Department of Energy (DOE), Morgantown Energy Technology Center (METC). Review of daily operating logs and maintenance records identified incidences of malfunctions and their frequency for equipment in the AFBB plant, a project funded by the US DOE. Interviews with plant engineering, operating, and maintenance personnel were conducted to obtain details of the malfunctions, suspected causes, corrective action taken, and the results of the corrective action on ten selected equipment items. Based on the survey, technology gaps in equipment for AFBB plants were identified.

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Coal gasification reactions with on-line in-situ FTIR analysis. Fourth quarterly report, June 4-August 31, 1982

During the fourth quarter work continued on modifying the reactor. Scatter in the analysis of gas tar, and soot was improved by collecting the products without separating during the run and separating and sampling from the collected mixture. Data for a Kentucky No. 9 Bituminous were collected using the modified system at a furnace temperature of 1100/sup 0/C. The general behavior of the various species is similar to the data on the Beulah Lignite except that the quantities of species vary. Work continued on elucidating the mechanisms of particle swelling. Selected samples for a Pittsburgh Seam coal which exhibits both swelling and non-swelling, depending on heating conditions, were examined by electron microscopy. The micrographs show the sequence followed in swelling and where departures occur for the non-swelling case. The governing equations for bubble growth and rupture are discussed and the physical parameters for coal are considered. The bubble growth and rupture equations will be integrated into the pyrolysis theory. Work continued on applying AFR's pyrolysis model to other entrained flow reactors. The simulations are compared to data from the Penn State entrained flow reactor. 14 refs., 25 figs. 11 tabs.

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Enhanced oil recovery by CO/sub 2/ foam flooding. Quarterly report, October 1-December 31, 1983

Accomplishments for the following tasks are presented: (1) apparatus design and construction; (2) foam generation and static stability; (3) dynamic foam stability; (4) foam stabilizer; (5) immiscible displacement; (6) miscible displacement; and (7) computer simulation. Work on the project proceeded satisfactorily with the exception of the computer simulation work. Tasks 1 and 2 are now completed and the remaining experimental work is progressing at a pace consistent with the milestone chart. 3 figures, 1 table.

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Biological degradation of low-rank coal. Quarterly technical progress report, January 1-March 31, 1986

The work performed for the period January 1, 1986 through March 31, 1986 on the research project entitled ''Biological Degradation of Low-Rank Coal''is summarized in this report. During the research period, ''Model''compounds have been selected which represent predominant constituents of low-rank coal; selection was based on knowledge of coal chemistry and potential for microbial biodegradation. An analytical protocol, using capillary gas chromatography, was constructed to separate and quantitate the various model compounds in order to follow biotransformation of the model compounds under anaerobic culture conditions using naturally occurring microbial consortia. Studies concerning the recovery of the model compounds, initial biodegradation potential, and an initial toxicity assessment of the model compounds to important metabolic groups were initiated.

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Assessment of coal-fueled locomotives

During the last decade there have been considerable activities in the development of a coal-fueled locomotive. Organizations of various kinds (locomotive manufacturers and others) have developed or are developing various concepts. Advanced microprocessing technology and improved materials of construction, heat engine technology, and coal fuel processing all are converging to make a coal-fueled locomotive economically possible. It is the conclusion of this assessment that coal-fueled locomotives using indirect-fired heat engines and direct-fired heat engines with onboard fuel conversion could be available in the near term (within 5 years). However, these systems are only marginally attractive from an economic viewpoint and have some operational disadvantages. Current low petroleum fuel prices may deter this concept from being commercialized. Coal-fueled locomotives using direct-fired heat engines offer high payoffs even with modest gains in diesel fuel oil prices over coal prices. Intensive R and D is presently being carried out on the technical issues facing this approach. It is likely that proof of concept can be achieved during the next 5 to 7 years. 67 refs., 26 figs., 43 tabs.

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System design study to reduce capital and operating cost of a moving distributor, AFB advanced concept - comparison with an oil-fired boiler. Final report

The Aerojet Energy Conversion Company, under contract with the United States Department of Energy, has performed a comparative economic study of the Aerojet Universal Atmospheric Fluidized Bed Combustion (UAFBC) system and a conventional atmospheric fluidized bed combustion (AFBC) system. The program title, ''System Design Study to Reduce Capital and Operating Cost and Bench Scale Testing of a Moving Distributor, AFB Concept,''is a good description of the general objective of the program. The specific objective was to compare the UAFBC with the conventional AFBC in terms of normalized steam cost. The boilers were designed for 150,00 lb/hr of steam at 650 psig and 750/sup 0/F. The reference coal used in the analysis was Pittsburgh No. 8 coal with a sulfur content of 4.3% and a higher heating value of 12,919 Bru/lb. The analysis assumed a plant life of 20 years and a discount rate of 15%. The UAFBC systems included the usual elements of the conventional cola-fired AFBC steam plant, but the coal preparation subsystem for the UAFBC was considerably simpler because the system can use ''run-of-mine''coal. The UAFBC boiler itself consisted of a staged-combustion fluidized-bed, superimposed over a static bed, the latter supported by a moving distributor. It incorporated a fines burnup combustor, an entrained reciculating gas cleanup bed, and conventional convection boiler. The key features of the UAFBC design were: High fuel flexibility; low NO/sub x/ emission; and superior turndown capability. 30 refs., 52 figs., 12 tabs.

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