AndreaBozzo/ceres-open-data-index huggingface dataset:
Select use of coal and natural gas in utility boilers. A manual for evaluating environmental, technical, and legal aspects: one way to overcome foreign-oil dependency

The purpose of this study was to determine the environmental, technical, economic, and legal/regulatory aspects of converting non-coal-fired utility boilers to concurrent or sequential firing of coal and natural gas for presentation in this manual. Technically, the burning of coal and natural gas in a boiler is not difficult, as the two fuels are quite compatible. The consensus of utility operators who have fired the two fuels simultaneously and sequentially in the same boiler is that the natural gas enhances the coal burning, improves boiler operation and reliability, and decreases maintenance costs. Most of these boilers in which coal and gas have been fired, however, were originally designed to burn coal or were units with liberal spacing between boiler convection tubes. Nevertheless, the comments of successful users of this approach are important because of the many boilers with complete or partial coal firing capability that are currently burning oil and have done so for years. It is hoped that this manual will encourage utilities to evaluate the benefits of coal/gas firing in situations where conversion to 100% coal firing is not feasible for technical, regulatory, or economic reasons. Although ascertaining the effects of coal/gas firing in a boiler specifically designed to burn oil and/or gas requires further testing, much of the information in this manual applies to these units as well as those originally designed for coal firing. The hope is that the conversion of these units would not only reduce emissions, but also that the gas portion of the fuel would make complete revamping of these boilers unnecessary for their successful conversion to coal-fired units. It is also possible that this approach could eliminate altogether the need for expensive flue gas desulfurization equipment or greatly reduce the cost of such equipment. 12 figs., 35 tabs.

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Development of molten carbonate fuel cell power plant. Quarterly technical progress report, August 1, 1981-October 31, 1981

Work proceeded this quarter mainly under three program tasks. Under Task 1.0, cost estimates for the four candidate power plant systems were finalized. Pacific Gas and Electric proposed a number of system modifications to reduce the size, cost and complexity of the fuel cell system. The modifications are being evaluated and will be factored into the final selection of the reference power plant concept. Under Task 2.0, work continued on cell component (anode, cathode, current collector and electrolyte) development and stack design and analysis. Under Task 3.0, the conceptual design of the one-tenth scale stack test facility was completed and cost estimates for the detailed design and construction were prepared. Details are given. (WHK)

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Development of molten carbonate fuel cell power plant. Quarterly technical progress report, May 1, 1982-July 31, 1982

Work proceeded this quarter under three program tasks. Under Task 1.0, work continued on the preparation of the reference power plant design description with Pacific Gas and Electric being one of the major contributors to the effort. Work also continued to further define the power conditioning equipment. Under Task 2.0, work continued on alternate cathode material identification, anode, cathode and electrolyte tile development, and stack design and analysis. A number of candidate cathode materials were fabricated and preliminary conductivity, solubility and stability tests performed. The chemistry of the degradation process of state-of-the-art NiO cathodes was also addressed. Under Task 4.0, studies continued to identify chemical reactions that might occur between fuel cell anode material and a number of organic compounds which could occur in fuel gases. The addition of several substances showed little effect on catalytic activity in a tube furnace or cell performance except for carbon plugging of a fuel line following ethanol addition. In addition, two cells were run this period to determine the effects of H/sub 2/S contamination on cell performance. Both tests were terminated (after 480 hours and 1450 hours of testing) due to test equipment operational problems. (WHK)

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Diffusivity model for fluid flow and heat conduction in porous media. [SIMPAC]

A revised version of a three-dimensional finite-difference diffusivity model is presented with the capability of simulating horizontal or vertical induced fractures by several different methods. Fractures may be of finite, semi-infinite, or infinite flow capacity. In the first case, the fracture width and permeability is specified and the appropriate permeability of each node penetrated by a fracture is altered according to the relationship for linear beds in parallel. In addition, the block size normal to the fracture orientation is decreased to a very small value thus giving a reasonable representation of the fissure. A semi-infinite fracture is simulated for a specified total rate by uniformly distributing the flow along the reservoir nodes penetrated by the fracture. Finally, an infinite capacity fracture may be simulated for either the constant potential or constant rate case. In addition to simulating gas, liquid, or heat flow in a heterogeneous, anisotropic fractured media this model (1) relates block pressures to wellbore pressures through radial flow equations, (2) is unlimited in the number of time-steps per run, (3) offers three different implicit solution algorithms, (4) will simulate pressure (temperature) or rate pulse tests, (5) accumulates elapsed time, total production, and material balance errors, (6) can begin each run with any pressure distribution in one of two different formats, and (7) can be used with a mixture of hydrocarbon gases containing up to 14 components over reduced temperature and pressure ranges of 1.1 to 3.0 and 1.1 to 20.0, respectively. Sample problems are given for the cases of liquid flow and heat conduction. Also a special 3-D fracture problem is included which shows the usefulness of this package to the natural gas industry.

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Wastage-resistant FBC evaporator tubing through microalloying

This phase of the LLNL study of wastage of carbon steel evaporator tubing in fluidized-bed coal combustors (FBC) of the bubbling-bed type focused upon leads uncovered during the previous phase suggesting that trace-element residuals in the tubing steel influenced wastage response. Experimental steels of controlled compositions, but simulating commercial steelmaking practices, were prepared within several elements indicated to be important in these respects were varied independently. This initial series showed that additions of some of these elements, principally aluminum, nickel, and copper -- when present singly -- improved scale adhesion in room temperature bend tests. In a second series of experimental steels, aluminum additions significantly decreased elevated temperature indentation hardness, even with co-present residuals of chromium, nickel, and copper. Steels of the same series having combined residuals of aluminum, chromium, nickel, and copper had improved resistance to scale exfoliation in room temperature bend tests over steels without these trace-elements.

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Proceedings of the advanced research and technology development direct utilization, instrumentation and diagnostics contractors review meeting

The 1989 Advanced Research and Technology Development (AR TD) Direct Utilization, and Instrumentation and Diagnostics Contractors Review Meeting was held October 3--5, 1989, at the Lakeview Resort and Conference Center in Morgantown, West Virginia. The meeting was sponsored by the US Department of Energy (DOE), Office of Fossil Energy, and the Pittsburgh and Morgantown Energy Technology Centers. Each year the meeting provides a forum for the exchange of information among the DOE AR TD contractors and interested parties. This year's meetings was hosted by the Morgantown Energy Technology Center and was attended by 230 individuals from industry, academia, national laboratories, and other Governmental agencies. Papers were presented on research related to pyrolysis, combustion phenomena, instrumentation, components, coal beneficiation, ash behavior, heat engines, fluidized bed combustion and gas stream cleanup. This volume contains reports of the first six sessions. Individual projects are processed separately on the data bases.

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Numerical simulation of the wet forward combustion of California tar sand in a tube reactor

The Tar Sand Reservoir Simulator (TSRS) is used to model the wet forward combustion of California tar sand from the Arroyo Grande deposit. The model's options and input data are selected to numerically duplicate the recent set of experiments conducted at Western Research Institute (WRI) in which the California tar sand was processed in a one-dimensional tube reactor. The experiments and their numerical simulation counterparts are conducted to evaluate the wet forward combustion process for the California tar sand and to evaluate the effects of differing injection gas steam-to-oxygen ratios on recovery performance. Simulation results indicate that the combustion front can be successfully propagated through the Arroyo Grande deposit. The injection pressure required to maintain flow is significantly lower for the processing of Arroyo Grande tar sand than for the processing of Asphalt Ridge or Sunnyside tar sand. The numerical simulations show the same general trends of reduced fuel deposition, increased oil yield, increased frontal velocity, and decreased temperature with increasing steam-to-oxygen ratio as were observed in the experimental tests conducted on both the Arroyo Grande and Asphalt Ridge tar sands. 15 refs., 4 figs., 5 tabs.

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A sensitivity study of the effect of tar sand and oil-phase properties on the wet forward combustion of the Asphalt Ridge resource

The Tar Sand Reservoir Simulator (TSRS) is used to numerically evaluate the sensitivity of thermal recovery performance to physical properties of fluids and tar sand. The sensitivity of these properties is determined by comparing the results of a series of simulations to a realistic base simulation. The thermal process considered for this study is the wet forward combustion of Asphalt Ridge tar sand in an adiabatic tube reactor. The physical properties evaluated include oil-phase viscosity, oil-component volatility, relative permeability, absolute permeability, tar sand porosity, and tar sand thermal conductivity. The results of this study indicate that the most sensitive fluid properties are oil-phase viscosity and relative permeability to gas. Absolute tar sand permeability and porosity also have a significant effect on recovery performance. Of the thermal recovery performance parameters evaluated, injection pressure and fuel composition are the most responsive. Total oil yield is relatively insensitive to the changes in properties investigated in this study. 10 refs., 23 figs., 14 tabs.

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A 32-month gasifier mechanistic study and downstream unit process development program for the pressurized ash-agglomerating fluidized bed gasification system: Quarterly report, October 1-December 31, 1984

Technology development at the Process Development Unit (PDU) in Waltz Mill, PA, has shown that the pressurized, ash-agglomerating fluidized-bed coal gasification process developed by KRW Energy Systems Inc. is an economically attractive coal conversion technology. Long duration testing has demonstrated high carbon conversion, and extensive environmental characterization of PDU effluents has shown that all PDU wastes can be economically and safely disposed. This fluidized-bed technology has been evaluated in the PDU, having a nominal air-blown feed rate of 15 tons per day, and in a full scale cold model to provide the necessary design models and scaleup design correlations. The KRW technology serves as the foundation for the current DOE development contract which focuses on hot gas cleanup and combined cycle generation and provides for the development of two complementary and novel hot gas cleanup technologies: in-bed desulfurization and external desulfurization. The DOE Morgantown Energy Technology Center (METC) pioneered the development of the external desulfurization process which is now being scaled for demonstration at the PDU. External hot gas cleanup design work is underway at KRW as discussed in Section 3.0. Testing at the PDU continued with completion of mechanistic test TP-035-5 in December 1984, which commissioned a two-stage L-valve fines recycle configuration with a tertiary non-recycle cyclone downstream. An assessment on the design basis for a multiple-jet configuration in the KRW cold flow scaleup facility (CFSF) and large-scale commercial units was completed and is presented herein. 67 refs., 32 figs., 14 tabs.

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Measurement and modeling of advanced coal conversion: 5th quarterly report, October 1, 1987 to December 31, 1987

The overall objective of this program is the development of predictive capability for the design, scale up, simulation, control and feedstock evaluation in advanced coal conversion devices. This technology is important to reduce the technical and economic risks inherent in utilizing coal, a feedstock whose variable and often unexpected behavior presents a significant challenge. This program will merge significant advances made at Advanced Fuel Research, Inc. (AFR) in measuring and quantitatively describing the mechanisms in coal conversion behavior, with technology being developed at Brigham Young University (BYU) in comprehensive computer codes for mechanistic modeling of entrained-bed gasification. Additional capabilities in predicting pollutant formaton will be implemented and the technology will be expanded to fixed-bed reactors. The foundation to describe coal-specific conversion behavior will be AFR's Functinal Group (FG) and Devolatilization, Vaporization, and Crosslinking (DVC) models have demonstrated under previous and on-going METC sponsored programs. These models have demonstrated the capability to describe the time dependent evolution of individual gas species, and the amount and characteristics of tar and char. The FG/DC models will be integrated with BYU's comprehensive two-dimensional reactor model, PCGC-2, which is currently the most widely used reactor simulation for combustion or gasification. The program includes: (1) validation of the submodels by comparison with laboratory data obtained in this program, (2) extensive validation of the modified comprehensive code by comparison of predicted results with data from bench-scale and process scale investigations of gasification, mild gasification and combustion of coal or coal-derived products in heat engines, and (3) development of well documented user friendly software applicable to a ''workstation''environment.

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Industrial application of fluidized-bed combustion:  phase I. Quarterly report, October 1--December 31, 1976

The purpose of this program is to develop a commercial, atmospheric, natural circulation, fluidized-bed steam generator designed essentially as a package boiler, i.e., shop assembled and capable of shipment by rail. It must be capable of firing coal while meeting all environmental standards without the use of auxiliary SO/sub 2/ removal equipment and be competitive with other methods of coal firing in industrial practice. Testing of the two-dimensional cold flow model has allowed visual review and analysis by video tape recordings of the free plate area effect on distribution. Experimental techniques for testing have been developed and the effect of the immersed tube bank on bed fluidization has been noted. The three-dimensional model test program will be used as the final proof test to establish criteria for the Sub-Scale Unit. Design of the Sub-Scale Unit has progressed such that most of the equipment has been specified and selected. Initial site preparation at KDL, Windsor, has been accomplished. Preliminary engineering studies of the demonstration plant facilities have begun. Alternate conceptual design configurations of the plant are being studied as well as for the larger industrial unit. The fluidized-bed boiler design criteria and preliminary engineering information is being gathered.

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Solid oxide fuel cell processing using plasma arc spray deposition techniques

The Westinghouse Electric Corporation, in conjunction with the Thermal Spray Laboratory of the State University of New York, Stony Brook, investigated the fabrication of a gas-tight interconnect layer on a tubular solid oxide fuel cell with plasma arc spray deposition. The principal objective was to determine the process variables for the plasma spray deposition of an interconnect with adequate electrical conductivity and other desired properties. Plasma arc spray deposition is a process where the coating material in powder form is heated to or above its melting temperature, while being accelerated by a carrier gas stream through a high power electric arc. The molten powder particles are directed at the substrate, and on impact, form a coating consisting of many layers of overlapping, thin, lenticular particles or splats. The variables investigated were gun power, spray distance, powder feed rate, plasma gas flow rates, number of gun passes, powder size distribution, injection angle of powder into the plasma plume, vacuum or atmospheric plasma spraying, and substrate heating. Typically, coatings produced by both systems showed bands of lanthanum rich material and cracking with the coating. Preheating the substrate reduced but did not eliminate internal coating cracking. A uniformly thick, dense, adherent interconnect of the desired chemistry was finally achieved with sufficient gas- tightness to allow fabrication of cells and samples for measurement of physical and electrical properties. A cell was tested successfully at 1000{degree}C for over 1,000 hours demonstrating the mechanical, electrical, and chemical stability of a plasma-arc sprayed interconnect layer.

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Facilitating coal mining by integrating the regulatory processes. Collection of coal mining permits:  Pennsylvania, West Virginia, and Colorado

This study began with two implicit hypotheses: the regulatory process governing coal mining might cause major shortfalls in the future supply of coal; and the regulatory process could be made more efficient by addressing the duplication of agencies involved and the general lack of comprehension by any of the involved parties of the overall regulatory picture. In this context efficiency is defined as satisfying the goals and objectives of regulation while minimizing the combined costs, both direct and indirect, for the applicant and the responsible government agency. The reconnaissance effort produced the following results: comprehensive and up-to-date catalogs of State and Federal permit documents for three sample states, Pennsylvania, West Virginia, and Colorado; detailed industry and agency comments and advice relating to the permit/regulatory process; a more precise and useful definition of ''permit''; more precise hypotheses to be examined; and an expanded list of possible approaches to permit integration. These results are presented in four volumes. Supplements A, B, and C are catalogs of permits, scheduled to be available as open file reports. In this volume, Chapter II briefly comments on the permits; Chapter III summarizes industry views; and Chapter IV discusses the other issues raised during the reconnaissance.

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Status of water jet drilling R and D. Final report

Several computerized data bases were searched, and telephone interviews were conducted with nearly 100 experts in drilling R and D. The following information was obtained for each organization engaged in water jet drilling (WJD) R and D: program descriptions, program status, future plans, level of effort, source of funds, and problems encountered in WJD programs. WJD programs were classified in terms of surface pressure requirements. A total of 18 downhole-WJD programs were identified, with 9 using high surface pressures (5000 psi or higher) and 9 requiring only conventional or low surface pressures (generally below 3500 psi). The high-pressure approach to WJD has been investigated much more intensively than the low-pressure approach. Most drilling experts consider the lack of reliable surface equipment such as mud pumps and swivels to be the most critical problem associated with high-pressure WJD. Several programs to develop improved surface equipment for high-pressure operation were also identified. In addition, 28 organizations investigating non-downhole uses of water jets, such as mining or excavation, were also identified. Several large WJD programs were terminated during the 1970's because of a variety of problems. Two significant field programs are planned for 1980.

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Chemical and physical characterization of western low-rank-coal waste materials. Part 3. Sludges from wet scrubbers using fly ash as a scrubbing reagent. Final report

The Department of Energy Grand Forks Energy Technology Center has supported development of wet scrubbers that use western fly ashes to supply all or part of the alkalinity requirements of the FGD system. Investigations described in this report address waste characteristics affecting disposal requirements for sludges from these systems. This program has two objectives. One is to determine disposal-related characteristics of sludges from FGD systems using fly ash as a major source of alkalinity. The second objective is to evaluate material-related disposal requirements for these sludges. In this study, two of the sludges were treated to increase physical stability and reduce permeability. Treatment involved application of three commercial fixation processes. And, in addition, fly ash scrubber sludge was treated by adding fly ash from an electrostatic precipitator. Treated and untreated sludges were subjected to a variety of chemical and physical tests. Elemental concentrations were measured in sludge solids and leachates obtained from column studies and sequential batch extractions. The EP extraction was carried out to classify sludges as nonhazardous or hazardous. Other measurements included: moisure content, bulk densities, densities of solids, surface areas, particle size distributions, strengths, and permeabilities. Element concentrations in sludge solids were generally within the expected limits. Calcium concentrations were generally lower in sludges from systems employing fly ash as reagent than would be expected for sludges from systems using limestone or lime. Sodium concentrations were higher in sludges from systems using fly ash from lignite than in sludges from other systems. All materials tested would be classified as nontoxic according to the characteristic of EP toxicity as currently defined.

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