AndreaBozzo/ceres-open-data-index huggingface dataset:
Development of an extractive, continuous monitor to analyze hydrogen chloride in coal-derived process streams

An HC1 monitor has been developed at the Morgantown Energy Technology Center for the extractive analysis of high-temperture/high-pressure, coal-derived process streams. This monitor can measure HC1 concentrations in the presence of all known coal gasification products. Detection is based on the ability of HC1 to protonate a high boiling alcohol (solvent) and, thus, enhance the conductivity of the alcohol. Conductivity is then related to HC1 concentration. The observed high degree of sensitivity that can be achieved is a result of analyte preconcentration prior to the conductivity measurement. Preconcentration is caused by the apparently fast dissolution rate of HC1 into the alcohol solvent coupled with a large anlyte gas-to-solvent, volume flow rate ratio. The linear dynamic range of the HC1 monitor is two orders of magnitude. However, since the degree of preconcentration can be adjusted by changing either the solvent or analyte gas flow rate, the HC1 monitor has an extended operating range of six orders of magnitude (parts per billion (ppB) lower limit, percentage upper limit). The practical lower detection limit for the HC1 monitor is estimated to be 50 parts per billion, volume (ppbv). Precision is good: typical relative average deviations are about three parts per hundred. Although the HC1 monitoring method was originally designed for analyzing gasification process streams, the system can be adapted for use with a variety of process gas streams. 40 refs., 8 figs., 3 tabs.

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Development of novel EOR (enhanced oil recovery) methods: Foams for mobility control in surfactant flooding

The use of foam as a novel method for mobility control in surfactant flooding was investigated. This report presents an initial evaluation of the potential application of foam as a mobility control agent behind a low concentration surfactant flood. This enhanced oil recovery (EOR) process involves the injection of alternate slugs of gas and surfactant solution as drive fluids behind the active surfactant slug front as an alternative to the use of polymers in order to eliminate unfavorable surfactant-polymer interactions. Experiments were performed to determine in situ foam generation and propagation using varying concentrations of surfactants in a Berea sandstone core. An apparatus was designed and built to accurately measure differential pressures along sections of the core. Bottle or shake tests using the various concentrations of surfactants and experiments to determine the effect of foam flow on reducing mobility and involved steady-state measurement of differential pressures in the presence of foam were performed. Coreflood displacement experiments in the presence of oil were performed using varying concentrations of surfactants to compare various injection modes and oil recovery efficiency. 15 refs., 18 figs., 5 tabs.

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Low pH alkaline chemical formulations

This report describes the development of a surfactant-enhanced alkaline flooding system that is applicable to specific reservoir conditions in Wilmington (California) field. The cost of the chemicals for an ASP (alkali/surfactant/polymer) flood is calculated to be $3.90/bbl of oil produced, with 78% of that cost attributable to polymer. This research included phase behavior tests, oil displacement tests, mineral dissolution tests, and adsorption measurements. It was discovered that consumption of low pH alkalis is low enough in the Wilmington field to be acceptable. In addition, alkali dramatically reduced surfactant adsorption and precipitation. A mixture of NaHCO3 and Na2CO3 was recommended for use as a preflush and in the ASP formulation. Research was also conducted on the synergistic effect that occurs when a mixture of alkali and synthetic surfactant contacts crude oil. It appears that very low IFT is predominantly a result of the activation of the natural surfactants present in the Wilmington oil, and the sustained low IFT is primarily the result of the synthetic surfactant. It also appears that removal of acids from the crude oil by the alkali renders the oil more interfacially reactive to synthetic surfactant. These phenomena help to explain the synergism that results from combining alkali and synthetic surfactant into a single oil recovery formulation. 19 refs., 24 figs., 10 tabs.

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Gas hydrates thermomechanics: Final report

Solid CH4 hydrate samples can be built up by pulses of water spray onto a solid surface in a CH4 atmosphere at temperature and pressure within the hydrate stability domain. By pulse spraying into a cylindrical well, clean cylindrical samples approximately 4 cm diameter by 2.5 cm long can be obtained. There have been found experimentally simple means to achieve for such a cylindrical sample axial stress in excess above the radial and azimuthal stress imposed by gas pressure on the lateral face or excess radial and azimuthal stress above axial stress imposed by gas pressure on the end face. When uniaxially loaded on the end faces, the samples have very little strength, crushing or fracturing at excess axial stress less than 0.2 MPa, at temperatures above 0 deg C, but can withstand at least 2 MPa at temperatures below 0 deg C. These results suggest that stress anisotropy is not a significant factor in the thermomechanics behavior of gas hydrates at temperatures above 0 deg C. Samples can be temporarily depressurized below the stability envelope at temperatures below 0 deg C and then be repressurized and have temperature raised above 0 deg C without any change of appearance, whereas, at temperatures above 0 deg C, samples decompose and dramatically alter in appearance upon depressurization below the stability envelope. 6 refs., 10 figs.

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Enhanced Oil Recovery by CO2 Foam Flooding

During the past three years, progress has been made in reducing the mobility of carbon dioxide in enhanced oil recovery processes. One test has been conducted by a major operator. Interest among other operators is high. Experiments on gas mobility control, conducted in linear sand-pack models, show only a general correlation with the static foam test. The static (blender) test used to study the effects of pH, temperature, salinity and crude oil surfactant foamability. In general, all surfactants which produce reasonable quantities of foam in the blender test also impart some degree of mobility control to gas during two-phase flow. Three chemical structures appear to show most promise for gas mobility control: ethoxylated adducts of C/sub 8/-C/sub 14/ linear alcohols, sulfate ethers of ethoxylated C/sub 9/-C/sub 16/ linear alcohols, and low-molecular-weight copolymers of ethylene oxide and propylene oxide. Experiments suggest that only the sulfate ethers might degrade at an unacceptable rate. Rheology of foams was studied in small capillaries. The efficacy of CO/sub 2/ mobility control in enhancing oil recovery was demonstrated in flow tests. Mobility control increased recovery by 40% over a CO/sub 2/ enhanced waterflood and 93% over a conventional waterflood plus primary production, without severe gas and liquid slugging.

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The numerical simulation of wet combustion of tar sand in a tube reactor using the asphalt ridge resource: Topical report

The Tar Sand Reservoir Simulator (TSRS) was enhanced and used to model the forward wet combustion of Asphalt Ridge tar sand in Western Research Institute's (WRI's) tube reactor. The enhancements made to the model account for boundary heat transfer, gravity drainage, and porosity variation with coke deposition. The model also utilizes recent data collected at WRI to more accurately describe the pyrolysis kinetics of Asphalt Ridge bitumen. The model is successfully used to simulate the forward wet combustion of Asphalt Ridge tar sand in a tube reactor. The results from simulations of two tests conducted at the injected steam:oxygen ratios of 3.1:1 and 6:1 are compared to the test results. Compared to the observed performance, the predictive simulations overestimate oil yields by 10% to 15%, overestimate frontal velocities by as much as 50%, and underestimate peak temperatures by 150/degree/F (65/degree/C). The predicted simulations also do not produce the large pressure drops which were observed throughout the tests. Post-test characterization data suggest that differences between simulated and experimental behavior result from changes in oil phase mobility during the tests which are not accounted for by the simulations. The effect of these mobility differences on combustion performance is evaluated, and the subsequent history match simulations results show improved agreement to the experiments in all areas. 17 refs., 10 figs., 7 tabs.

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Adsorption from flooding solutions in porous media:  a study of interactions of surfactants and polymers with reservoir minerals. Third annual report

Progress during the year ending December 1982 is summarized. Discussion is presented under the following headings: adsorption of surfactants on reservoir minerals; precipitation/redissolution/reprecipitation phenomena; polymer-surfactant interactions; and use of computer assisted tomographic methods for the characterization of oil saturation distribution in porous media. Separate abstracts have been prepared for each of the 4 sections for inclusion in the Energy Data Base. (DMC)

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Abandoned oil fields in Kansas and Nebraska

Data on approximately 400 abandoned oil fields in Kansas and 90 abandoned oil fields in Nebraska are presented. The following information is obtained on each field: county; DOE field code; field name; AAPG geologic province code; discovery date; year of last production; discovery well operator; proven acreage; formation thickness; depth of field; API gravity; calendar year; yearly field oil production; yearly field gas production; cumulative oil production; cumulative gas production; number abandoned fields in county; cumulative production of oil from fields; and cumulative production of gas from fields. (DMC)

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LLNL gas stimulation program. Quarterly progress report, January-March 1980

This report summarizes the research and accomplishments of the LLNL Gas Stimulation Program during the second quarter of FY 1980. We have continued to analyze the effects of dynamics and fractures on hydraulic fracture propagation near interfaces. We have also begun some analysis of the propagation of penny-shaped cracks including an averaged flow description in the cracks. Poiseuille flow descriptions of Newtonian fluids were used to model the fluid flow and pressure distribution in the crack. Frictional effects and measurements were emphasized in the laboratory experiments. These results show that variation in friction along an interface can result in abrupt steps in the fracture path. We have also completed a laboratory study of the effects of fluid viscosity on fracture orientation under various stress states. Results from these experiments indicate that the fluid viscosity does not significantly affect the fracture orientation; however, increases in fluid viscosity result in higher breakdown pressures. We have continued to study the relation between natural fractures and structural geology in the Piceance Basin.

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Multiwell Experiment: I, The marine interval of the Mesaverde Formation: Final report

The Department of Energy's Multiwell Experiment is a field laboratory in the Piceance Basin of Colorado which has two overall objectives: to characterize the low permeability gas reservoirs in the Mesaverde Formation and to develop technology for their production. Different depositional environments have created distinctly different reservoirs in the Mesaverde, and MWX has addressed each of these in turn. This report presents a comprehensive summary of results from the lowermost interval: the marine interval which lies between 7450 and 8250 ft at the MWX site. Separate sections of this report are background and summary; site description and operations; geology; log analysis; core analysis; in situ stress; well testing, analysis and reservoir evaluation; and a bibliography. Additional detailed data, results, and data file references are given on microfiche in several appendices.

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Performance of fuel feeding rotary valves, February-October 1983

During the initial operation up to and including Test Series 1 at the Grimethorpe Experimental Pressurized Fluidized Bed Combustion Facility, a critical problem was maintaining stable fuel flow and resultant temperature stability. At this time the fuel feed was from the fuel storage vessel through an orifice and transport lines to the combustor and control was accomplished by varying the pressure differential between the combustor and the storage vessel. Rotary valves were installed in the fuel feed system after the completion of Test Series 1 for operation during the Hot Commissioning Tests in preparation for Test Series 2. The system performance since this modification has been much improved. The report outlines the original valve design and modifications, and the operational history of the rotary valves during 1983.

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Design, construction, operation and evaluation of a prototype culm combustion boiler/heater unit. Quarterly technical progress report, July 1-September 30, 1982

This report provides a summary of the work performed on the Prototype Culm Combustion Boiler/Heater Unit, Phase I - Engineering Design and Analysis, Phase II - Prototype Plant Construction and Phase III - Start-Up and Operation during the period July 1, 1982 through September 30, 1982. The objectives of the program as well as the technical progress and problem areas encountered during the reporting period are presented. The Durability Test Program was initiated on June 24, 1982 and continued uninterrupted until July 10, 1982, at which time a planned shutdown was made. This shutdown was scheduled for review, maintenance and refurbishment of the facility components and was planned to coincide with the steam users (Cellu Products) shutdown for his vacation period. Boiler operation was reinitiated on August 9, 1982 with the unit being operated in the turned-down mode for the extended test program.

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Commissioning phase report. Volume I. Pre-commissioning checks through hot start-up, September 1979-December 1980

The Experimental Pressurized Fluidized-Bed Combustor has been built as an extension to the National Coal Board Power Station, which is adjacent to Grimethorpe Colliery, Yorkshire, England, and is described in this report. The Government of the United Kingdom, the United States of America and the Federal Republic of Germany, under the auspices of the International Energy Agency, have agreed to share equally between them the costs of building and operating the plant, hereafter referred to as the Grimethorpe Experimental Facility. The broad objectives of the project were set out as follows: (1) to build a pressurized Fluidized-Bed Combustion Experimental Facility and to study combustion, heat transfer, gas clean up, corrosion and energy recovery in such a system; (2) to carry out tests over a wide range of operating conditions and to make measurements in greater detail than would be either economic or possible in a unit integrated with a gas turbine where pressure ratio, gas flow rate and combustion gas temperature are fixed within relatively narrow limits; and (3) to provide data for analytical modeling of design data for larger commercial plant by empirical data extrapolation.

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Development of a generalized hydraulic fracture model: (Annual report) for the period November 1, 1985-October 31, 1986

The research tasks and accomplishments reported here represent a major contribution towards the rational development of a comprehensive simulator for hydraulic fracture processes. In particular, formulations and results from one-dimensional and advanced finite element simulations are presented. The developed model yields reasonable comparisons with published results on fracture length, height, and width for reservoirs with symmetric and unsymmetric in situ stress distributions. Problems associated with symmetric material property contrasts and vertical height penetration criteria are also detailed. The in situ stress analysis program can be used as a predictive tool for examining principal stress variations in reservoirs. Subsequent Mohr-Coulomb-Griffith failure analyses can identify potential naturally fractured regions and the orientations of these tectonically relaxed fracture systems. The fundamental solutions for the penny-shaped and elliptical crack models provide an economical framework for conducting parametric-sensitivity design studies. In addition, the validation of sophisticated numerical codes is facilitated. The non-Newtonian fracture fluid leak-off investigations furnish basic insight on the role of the power law exponent of pseudo-plastic type fluids. The inclusion of these non-Newtonian characteristics in the governing mass conservation equation is warranted since the leak-off expression is substantially modified. Finally, the judicious coupling of the induced hydraulic fracture geometry with a compatible reservoir model represents a logical step towards an integrated systems approach for optimum resource extraction. 11 refs., 2 figs., 2 tabs.

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Well log evaluation of natural gas hydrates

Gas hydrates are crystalline substances composed of water and gas, in which a solid-water-lattice accommodates gas molecules in a cage-like structure. Gas hydrates are globally widespread in permafrost regions and beneath the sea in sediment of outer continental margins. While methane, propane, and other gases can be included in the clathrate structure, methane hydrates appear to be the most common in nature. The amount of methane sequestered in gas hydrates is probably enormous, but estimates are speculative and range over three orders of magnitude from about 100,000 to 270,000,000 trillion cubic feet. The amount of gas in the hydrate reservoirs of the world greedy exceeds the volume of known conventional gas reserves. Gas hydrates also represent a significant drilling and production hazard. A fundamental question linking gas hydrate resource and hazard issues is: What is the volume of gas hydrates and included gas within a given gas hydrate occurrence  Most published gas hydrate resource estimates have, of necessity, been made by broad extrapolation of only general knowledge of local geologic conditions. Gas volumes that may be attributed to gas hydrates are dependent on a number of reservoir parameters, including the areal extent ofthe gas-hydrate occurrence, reservoir thickness, hydrate number, reservoir porosity, and the degree of gas-hydrate saturation. Two of the most difficult reservoir parameters to determine are porosity and degreeof gas hydrate saturation. Well logs often serve as a source of porosity and hydrocarbon saturation data; however, well-log calculations within gas-hydrate-bearing intervals are subject to error. The primary reason for this difficulty is the lack of quantitative laboratory and field studies. The primary purpose of this paper is to review the response of well logs to the presence of gas hydrates.

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Study of net soot formation in hydrocarbon reforming for hydrogen fuel cells. Final report

The hydrogen fuel cell is expected to be a valuable addition to the electric utility industry; however, the current fuel supply availability requires that conventional heavier hydrocarbon fuels also be considered as primary fuels. Typical heavier fuels would be No. 2 fuel oil with its accompanying sulfur impurities, compared with the currently used light hydrocarbon gases. The potential future use of alternate fuels which are rich in aromatics would exacerbate the problems associated with hydrogen production. Among the more severe of these problems, is the greater tendency of heavier hydrocarbons to form soot. The development of a quasi-global kinetics model to represent the homogeneous and heterogeneous reactions which control the autothermal hydrogen reforming process and the accompanying soot formation and gasification was the objective of this study.

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Production of low-cost hydrogen

The overall objective of the proposed effort is to verify at the laboratory scale, the ability of the MTCI indirectly heated fluid-bed gasifier to economically produce a hydrogen-rich product gas from liquefaction by-product streams and from char produced in mild gasification processes. The proposed effort is aimed at developing an experimental technology data base by defining the process characteristics that would be required for process integration into an overall liquefaction system. This would result in substantial decreases in the cost of hydrogen for the production of competitively priced coal-derived liquid fuels. Activity during this period focused upon the completion of Project Definition. The Project Implementation Plan and Experimental Test Plan were completed. In addition, a detailed description of the experimental test rig to be used for the char gasification tests was also completed. The modified fire-tube bundle has been configured specifically for use in the char gasification tests and has been checked out with an existing pulse combustor modified for retrofitting with the new fire-tube bundle. Fabrication has been completed on the gasifier shell. Installation of the shell, fire-tube bundle, and retrofitted pulse combustor has been completed. Initial shakedown test firing of the unit has begun and is expected to be completed in April. 3 figs.

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Simultaneous high-temperature removal of alkali and particulates in a pressurized gasification system. Sixth quarterly technical progress report, July-September 1982. [Weight increase due to absorption]

This program is directed at performing experimental and analytical investigations, deriving system designs, and estimating costs to ascertain the feasibility of using aluminosilicate-based getters for controlling alkali in pressurized gasification systems. Its overall objective is to develop a comprehensive plan for evaluating a scaled-up version of the gettering process as a unit operation or as an integral part of a particulate removal device. This report briefly summarizes efforts previously completed on thermodynamic projections and system performance projections, together with current work on getter selection and qualification completed during the sixth quarter of the project. Work on the thermodynamic projections has been completed and includes an update of the data base, development of alkali phase diagrams, and projections for several gasification processes. Getter selection and qualification efforts involved six tests - five with Emathlite and activated bauxite on the thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) system and one with Emathlite on the bench-scale unit. Finally, system performance projections entailed examination of available kinetic data to ascertain the rate-controlling step, along with modeling efforts to determine the size requirements of a commercial-sized unit.

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