AndreaBozzo/ceres-open-data-index huggingface dataset:
High-temperature, solid oxide electrolyte fuel cell power generation system. Quarterly technical progress report, April 1-June 30, 1983

The porous support tube has been further characterized with respect to gas permeability and strength interrelationship as a function of extrusion mix particle size and pore former content. Long tubes, up to 70 cm in length, have been successfully fabricated in initial trial runs. The power contact design has undergone initial heat transfer proof testing. Electrical resistivity and thermal expansion tests have been performed on Y/sub 0.9/Ca/sub 0.1/CrO/sub 3/, a candidate air electrode/electrolyte interfacial layer. The elevated temperature contraction behavior of La/sub .9/Sr/sub .1/MnO/sub 3/ air electrode containing 10 w/o ZrO/sub 2/, was also determined. Trial runs of interconnection and electrolyte were performed on the new batch EVD reactor. FBA cell fabrication and testing experiments continued, aimed at stabilizing both the air electrode/electrolyte and fuel electrode/electrolyte interfaces, so that performance and life objectives can be met in the near future. Microstructural analyses of cells tested up to 900 h at 1000/sup 0/C indicate that degradation in cell performance is not related to any obvious interfacial reactions between cell components. Analytical electrical tests continue on cell components in an attempt to relate the data obtained to cell behavior history.

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Combustion characteristics of coal fuels in adiabatic diesel engines

An experimental investigation was conducted to determine the combustion characteristics of coal fuels in adiabatic diesel engines. For this purpose engine testing was carried out by the fumigation of fine coal powder to the intake of an insulated and uncooled single cylinder diesel engine. The engine tests conducted include three types of fuels - Diesel fuel No. 2 (DF-2), Dual fuel (DF-2   Coal), and Coal fuel. Excellent combustion characteristics of coal fuels were obtained in the present work in an adiabatic engine operating at high temperatures. The ''thermal ignition''concept uncovered in this investigation led to a hot ''ignition chamber''which provided ignition of the coal fuel. The high temperature engine with the ''ignition chamber''permitted engine operation on 100% coal fuel without any external ignition aids or compression ignition. With the addition of a glow plug, the coal fueled engine was successfully cold started. For the coal fueled engine tests, analysis of cylinder pressure data showed rapid heat release rates, shorter combustion duration and very fast burning of coal powder fuel. Preliminary results of the apparent indicated cycle efficiency calculated from the heat release data, indicate that 100% coal powder fueled engine has higher cycle efficiency than DF-2 fueled engine in an adiabatic configuration. The problems encountered during the engine tests include: variation in the engine speed and load due to non-uniform coal flow rate by the coal feed system, contamination of the lubricating oil with fine coal powder, and wear of conventional piston rings. However, these problems can be solved with an improved coal feed system and wear resistant ceramic materials for the piston rings. 33 refs.

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Tenth annual underground coal gasification symposium: proceedings

The Tenth Annual Underground Coal Gasification Symposium was cosponsored by the Fossil Energy Division of the US Department of Energy and the Morgantown Energy Technology Center's Laramie Projects Office. The purpose of the symposium was to provide a forum for presenting research results and for determining additional research needs in underground coal gasification. This years'meeting was held in Williamsburg, Virginia, during the week of August 12 through 15, 1984. Approximately 120 attendees representing industry, academia, national laboratories, Government, and eight foreign countries participated in the exchange of ideas, results, and future research plans. International representatives included participants from Belgium, Brazil, France, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Spain, West Germany, and Yugoslavia. During the three-day symposium, sixty papers were presented and discussed in four formal presentation sessions and two informal poster sessions. The papers describe interpretation of field test data, results of environmental research, and evaluations of laboratory, modeling, and economic studies. All papers in this Proceedings have been processed for inclusion in the Energy Data Base.

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Kinetic model development for low-rank coal liquefaction. Progress report, March 31-July 31, 1984

Progress reports are presented for the following tasks: (1) batch liquefaction of ZAP-2 lignite with a UNDERC-PDU-recycle solvent; (2) estimation of parameters in a bubble column reactor for coal liquefaction; and (3) analysis of the coal derived products. During this quarter the emphasis has been on the refining of the experimental techniques for conducting the tubing bomb reactor experiments, analyzing the products by size exclusion chromatography (SEC) and size exclusion chromatography combined with gas chromatography (SEGC). The contents of the tubing bomb microreactors are mixed by insertion of a short 1.5 mm stainless steel rod inside the reactor. The reactors are agitated by shaking at 400 cpm. A cold experiment with mineral oil in a glass tube was used to test the degree of mixing. Data are reported that were obtained by agitating the reactors at 220 cpm which was believed to be adequate. However, because the data show repolymerization, the system was redesigned to operate at 400 cpm. The data which show polymerization and condensation of THF soluble material were also taken at 793/sup 0/K. This high temperature combined with the fact that the product slurry is probably not a very good hydrogen donor solvent could also have caused the polymerization of the THF solubles. The SEGC analysis procedure has been modified to collect all of the sample from the SEC. The previous procedure collected only 100 microliter samples. The procedure was changed to insure that no components were missed. SEC's of ZAP-2, B-3, Wyodak and Big Brown product slurries are presented in this report. Quantitative analysis should be possible by the end of the next quarter. 8 refs., 15 figs., 7 tabs.

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GC/FT-IR/MS: identification of chemical unknowns via computer searches of reference spectral libraries. [IR data for 7400 compounds and MS data for 7000 compounds stored in the dedicated computer]

Rapid and positive identification of compounds and complex mixtures has long been a goal of analytical laboratories. Pursuit of this goal has lead to sophisticated instrumentation that is often associated with dedicated computers. Since these computers are required for data collection and manipulation, they may often be utilized for retrieval of reference spectra. At the Morgantown Energy Technology Center, the Digilab Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectrometer has been interfaced to a Perkin Elmer gas chromatograph (GC) through a Digilab GC/IR interface and related software. This paper reports the initial results of the GC/FT-IR/MS system, which is comprised of the Digilab FT-IR model FTS-15B, reconfigured with a Digilab FTS-GCS interface, a Perkin Elmer Sigma 1 GC, and a DuPont 21-491B mass spectrometer (MS) with a 21-094B data system and a 21-093 mass marker. This report describes the operational GC/FT-IR/MS system. A schematic diagram of this system is presented. Using this system, the infrared spectrum of each gas chromatographic effluent and its mass spectrum can be obtained. The infrared spectrum is a measure of the vibrational energy levels of a substance that is uniquely characteristic of that substance. Since this analysis is nondestructive, the mass spectrum can also be obtained: mass spectrum is a measure of the mass of a molecule after ionization and the fragments formed by breaking chemical bonds. This simultaneously provides two complementary methods of identifying complex mixtures. With the use of dedicated computers, standard reference libraries may be rapidly searched for comparable spectra of the GC-separated unknowns. Two independent sets of libraries greatly enhance the reliability of positive identification. 1 ref., 13 figs., 3 tabs.

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High-temperature, solid oxide electrolyte fuel cell power generation system. Quarterly summary report, January 1-March 31, 1983

Work continues on improving the quality of the solid oxide fuel cell porous support tube in the areas of equipment and process improvement. Studies continue on the La/sub .9/Sr/sub .1/MnO/sub 3/ air electrode material with regard to determining the effect(s) of cell processing conditions on the stability of its mechanical and electrical properties. The apparatus to evaluate the power contact scheme has been completed. The large EVD reactor has been completed and successfully trial tested in an electrolyte EVD run on 12 simulated cell samples. Single cell testing was aimed at improving interfacial bonding between the air electrode and electrolyte as well as the fuel electrode and electrolyte. Good bonding at these interfaces remains the key to attaining the desired performance and life goals in the single cell test. The ac analytical testing of cell components is continuing. The 9-cell mock-up test was run to study spent fuel combustion behavior, the air delivery system, operation of a fuel cell stack, and high-temperature instrumentation techniques. 1 ref., 15 figs.

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Fundamental combustion studies of low-rank coal slurries. Quarterly technical progress report No. 5, March 1, 1985-May 31, 1985

This contract for fundamental combustion studies of low-rank coal slurries was initiated March 1, 1984. Slurries being studied are primarily those produced from steam-dried lignite coal provided by the Grand Forks Project Office. Contract work includes virgin coal and slurry characterization, slurry spray and atomization measurements, detailed mapping of combustion products and pollutants for low-rank coal slurries in a laboratory reactor, and comparison of results with computer model predictions and with data obtained under similar conditions from combustion of high-rank coal-water mixtures. Progress reports are presented for the following three tasks: (1) coal slurry characterization; (2) coal slurry spray characterization; an (3) coal slurry combustion tests. 11 refs., 3 figs., 1 tab.

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Morgantown low-Btu gasifier simulation program

This project's overall purpose is to develop a Morgantown low-Btu gasifier system simulation program. The gasifier system consists of a moving bed gasifier and a gas clean-up system, and the present report concerns steady-state simulation of the gasifier. Since the gasifier output controls the performance of the gas clean-up system, it is necessary to investigate the effects of steam/coal and oxygen/coal ratios and of feed temperature on the gasifier output. Simulation of the gasifier performance, therefore, was undertaken to gain quantitative understanding of these effects. This gasifier simulation program will be coupled with a gas clean-up system simulation program now under development. Simulation of the entire gasifier system will serve as a guideline in planning experiments to enable its optimum overall operation.

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Gas stream cleanup papers from DOE/METC-sponsored contractors review meetings in 1987

This document contains gas stream cleanup papers that were presented at two contractors review meetings sponsored by the Morgantown Energy Technology Center of the US Department of Energy in 1987. The two meetings were the Fourth Annual Heat Engines and Gas Stream Cleanup Contractors Review Meeting held on April 21-23, 1987, and the Seventh Annual Gasification and Gas Stream Cleanup Systems Contractors Review Meeting held on June 16-19, 1987. Both meetings were held at the Sheraton Lakeview Conference Center in Morgantown, West Virginia. The purpose of the meetings was to present recent technical information on selected projects in the gasification, heat engines, and gas stream cleanup programs. The meetings provided a forum for the exchange and dissemination of gasification, heat engines, and gas stream cleanup research results generated under the sponsorship of the Department of Energy. The gas steam cleanup program was discussed in combination with the gasification and heat engines programs to emphasize the importance of approaching research on gas stream cleanup concepts from an entire system perspective. Gas stream cleanup is an integral part of all coal conversion technologies. Individual papers have been processed separately for inclusion in the Energy Data Base.

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Application of high powered lasers to drilling and completing deep walls.

High powered laser rock drilling was studied as a revolutionary method for drilling and completing deep gas and oil wells. The objectives of this 2002 to 2003 fiscal year research were to study the concept that large diameter holes can be created by multiple overlapping small beam spots, to determine the ability of lasers to drill rock submerged to some depth in water, to demonstrate the possibilities of lasers for perforating application, and to determine the wavelength effects on rock removal. Laser technology applied to well drilling and completion operations is attractive because it has the potential to reduce drilling time, create a ceramic lining that may eliminate the need for steel casing, provide additional monitor-on-drilling laser sensors and improve well performance through improved perforation. The results from this research will help engineering design on a laser-based well drilling system.

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Development of mild gasification process

Under a previous contract with Morgantown Energy Technology Center (METC), DOE contract No. AC21-84MC21108, CTC built and tested a 1500 lb/day, fixed bed batch Mild Gasification Development Unit (MGU). Testing completed under the previous contract showed that good quality hydrocarbon liquids and char can be produced in the MGU. However, the MGU was not optimized. The primary objectives of the current project were to optimize the MGU and determine the suitability of using the char as a replacement fuel for coal or coke in three types of commercial applications: industrial/utility boiler; stoker boiler; and foundry blast furnace. To optimize the MGU, facility modifications were made to the MGU in order to solve the major problems encountered during the previous contract and a series of parametric test runs were carried out in search of the optimum operating conditions. The major modifications include the reactor diameter size, coal feeding system, coal liquid condensing system, reactor tube support system, and the char chamber design. The operating parameters tested during the process studies to gauge their individual effect on product quality and yield were coal feedstock, final coal bed temperature, coal particle size, sweep gas, and coal additive. The operating pressure was essentially atmospheric -- {approximately}1 psig vacuum to {approximately}2 psig pressure. 8 refs., 22 figs., 37 tabs.

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Low-rank coal research under the UND/DOE cooperative agreement. Quarterly technical progress report, April 1983-June 1983

Progress reports are presented for the following tasks: (1) gasification wastewater treatment and reuse; (2) fine coal cleaning; (3) coal-water slurry preparation; (4) low-rank coal liquefaction; (5) combined flue gas cleanup/simultaneous SO/sub x/-NO/sub x/ control; (6) particulate control and hydrocarbons and trace element emissions from low-rank coals; (7) waste characterization; (8) combustion research and ash fowling; (9) fluidized-bed combustion of low-rank coals; (10) ash and slag characterization; (11) organic structure of coal; (12) distribution of inorganics in low-rank coals; (13) physical properties and moisture of low-rank coals; (14) supercritical solvent extraction; and (15) pyrolysis and devolatilization.

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Tubing wastage in fluidized-bed coal combustors (TVA, 20 megawatt AFBC (Atmospheric Fluidized Bed Combustion) pilot plant)

Study of TVA tubing samples representing both wastage-susceptible and wastage-resistant tube banks has indicated a wastage mechanism similar to that identified in previously-studied tube samples from Grimethorpe (UK). Metallurgical differences between the two TVA tube banks were also observed that are believed relevant to their wastage response. Wastage appears to occur through exfoliation of protective oxide scale caused by impingement and abrasion of fluidized bed materials. There is no evidence that chemical effects of elements such as sulfur or chlorine are responsible for or contribute to the wastage process. The tube from the wastage-resistant tube bank, in contrast to the tubes that experienced wastage, formed an alloy-enriched layer at the scale/substrate interface that is apparently oxidation resistant and seems to protect the steel surface from mechanical impacts and abrasion of bed materials. 47 refs., 22 figs., 2 tabs.

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Modification of chemical and physical factors in steamflood to increase heavy oil recovery

This report summarizes research progress made during the period October 1, 1988--September 30, 1989. We report advances in the following general areas: (1) chemical-steam simulation model, (2) vapor-liquid flow in porous media, (3) foam flow in porous media, (4) caustic flooding at elevated temperatures, and (5) reservoir heterogeneity. Additional efforts have been devoted in the last quarter of the past year in upgrading and debugging the simulator. New features were added in three-phase relative permeabilities, the vertical equilibrium and the phase behavior subroutines. 123 refs., 79 figs., 2 tabs.

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Revised users manual, Pulverized Coal Gasification or Combustion: 2-dimensional (87-PCGC-2): Final report, Volume 2. [87-PCGC-2]

A two-dimensional, steady-state model for describing a variety of reactive and non-reactive flows, including pulverized coal combustion and gasification, is presented. Recent code revisions and additions are described. The model, referred to as 87-PCGC-2, is applicable to cylindrical axi-symmetric systems. Turbulence is accounted for in both the fluid mechanics equations and the combustion scheme. Radiation from gases, walls, and particles is taken into account using either a flux method or discrete ordinates method. The particle phase is modeled in a Lagrangian framework, such that mean paths of particle groups are followed. Several multi-step coal devolatilization schemes are included along with a heterogeneous reaction scheme that allows for both diffusion and chemical reaction. Major gas-phase reactions are modeled assuming local instantaneous equilibrium, and thus the reaction rates are limited by the turbulent rate mixing. A NO/sub x/ finite rate chemistry submodel is included which integrates chemical kinetics and the statistics of the turbulence. The gas phase is described by elliptic partial differential equations that are solved by an iterative line-by-line technique. Under-relaxation is used to achieve numerical stability. The generalized nature of the model allows for calculation of isothermal fluid mechanicsgaseous combustion, droplet combustion, particulate combustion and various mixtures of the above, including combustion of coal-water and coal-oil slurries. Both combustion and gasification environments are permissible. User information and theory are presented, along with sample problems. 106 refs.

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Bibliography of laser mass spectrometry for characterization of synthetic and natural solids

This bibliography has 1461 references listed in alphabetical order according to the first author. Each reference has been coded into eight major subject categories and 105 minor subject categories. A cross index of these subjects is listed. The major subjects, with the number of references listed for each subject in parenthesis, are as follows: Analytical Features (228,4359 ); Applications (1412,4359 ); General Articles (244,4359 ); Instrumentation (635,4359 ); Laser Parameters (209,4359 ); Laser Solid Interactions (805,4359 ); Mass Spectra (704,4359 ); and Specific Instruments (244). An author frequency index is also listed as an indicator of the activity of different investigators.

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Advancement of flash hydrogasification. Quarterly technical progress report, July-September 1984

The design of test hardware and process development unit (PDU) modifications had been completed previously. Task VII involves the fabrication of test hardware and the modification of an existing 1-ton/h hydroliquefaction PDU at Rockwell's facilities for use as a hydrogasifier test facility. Modifications to the PDU have been completed. The modified facility is designed to accommodate both 10- and 20-ft-long hydrogasifier reactors so that residence times will be in the range of 2 to 6 s when coal is fed at a nominal 1/2 ton/h into reactors at 1000-psia pressure. Provisions have been made for real-time analysis of the product gases using an on-line gas chromatograph system. Separate supplies of coal, hydrogen, oxygen, methane, and water (for steam generation) are also provided. The facility and hardware changes now permit short-duration (1 to 2 h) hydrogasification tests and preburner assembly performance evaluation tests to be conducted to meet the test program objectives. Test program planning and scheduling were approved by DOE in July, and programming of test data reduction programs was completed. During August, activation of the PDU was completed and testing was initiated. This involved conducting preburner performance characterization/checkout tests and the first two coal reactor tests. In general, the preburner assembly performed well and according to design; operation of the PDU has been smooth. Carbon conversions for the baseline (low steam concentration) coal hydrogasification tests were near predicted values. 8 refs., 11 figs., 10 tabs.

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Fuel cells:  a bibliography. [1067 citations]

This compilation includes 1067 citations of foreign and domestic reports, journal articles, patents, conference papers and proceedings, monographs, and books on fuel cells. The citations were taken from the DOE Energy Data Base covering the period June 1977 through June 1980. The citations are arranged in subject categories. Within each category the report citations are arranged alphanumerically by report number, and nonreport literature citations are arranged in inverse chronological order. Corporate Author, Personal Author, Subject, Contract Number, and Report Number indexes are provided. (WHK)

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Preparation and analyses of low-rank coals for combustion applications. Third quarterly report, April 1, 1985-June 30, 1985

The bench-scale laboratory development reported in the 2nd Quarterly Report pointed toward a process combining a number of steps as the way toward producing low-ash, low-sodium micronized slurry fuel. The steps were (a) physical cleaning, (b) acid treatment, (c) hot-water drying (HWD), and (d) micronizing/slurry preparation. Since then, laboratory experiments have been made combining these process steps. A quantity of 1/2''x 0 Eagle Butte coal was physically cleaned by heavy-liquid separation at a specific gravity of 1.4 for use in these experiments. This clean coal contained 4.71% ash. AMAX R and D has had good results using a stirred ball mill for preparing micronized coal-water slurry fuel and specified these mills in a conceptual design for a gas-turbine fuel manufacturing plant. This appears to be true for low-rank coal as well. Good results were achieved during a trial run on Eagle Butte coal in a Draiswerke Perlmill. Over 99% of the ground coal passed through a 30-micrometer opening sieve. Even finer grinds are possible at reduced feed rates. Several alternatives were considered for preparing the dry powder fuel efficiently so that realistic information would be available when designing a conceptual plant processing LRC. 2 refs., 11 tabs., 4 tabs.

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