AndreaBozzo/ceres-open-data-index huggingface dataset:
Instrumentation and process control development for in situ coal gasification. Quarterly report, April-June 1980

This report discusses the results of modeling efforts by Sandia National Laboratories in in-situ coal gasification. The main areas addressed are (1) flow characteristics and (2) initial cavity growth. The flow characteristics problem has been addressed using both a single phase finite element model and a two phase finite difference model. The initial cavity growth problem has been addressed using a finite element structural model. These models are useful for providing insight into the processes and for determining the characteristics needed to insure successful in-situ coal gasification. Also to be discussed is the development of the controlled source audio magnetotelluric (CSAMT) electromagnetic geophysical prospecting technique. This technique is being evaluated for use in mapping in-situ processes. The application discussed is the LETC tar sands project near Vernal, Utah.

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Identification of chemical types in asphalts strongly adsorbed at the asphalt-aggregate interface and their relative displacement by water. [Moisture damage to roads]

The asphaltic components strongly adsorbed on a number of asphalt-aggregate interfaces were isolated and characterized both quantitatively and qualitatively, and their relative displacement from an aggregate surface by a moisture-damage test was determined. Oxygen- and nitrogen-containing compounds were concentrated on the aggregate surfaces. Of the five different oxygen-containing functional types examined, carboxylic acids were the compound type most strongly adsorbed by the aggregates and were also the compound type most readily displaced from the aggregates by water. Dicarboxylic anhydrides were also selectively displaced by water; sulfoxides showed either selective retention or displacement with different asphalt-aggregate systems. Nitrogen compounds and ketones were the compound types least affected by the moisture-damage test. Model compound studies were used to support the relationships determined between asphalt functional groups and their affinity for various aggregate surfaces.

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Physical properties of some sulfur and nitrogen compounds

"Physical properties were determined on purified samples of 38 organic sulfur compounds and 18 organic nitrogen compounds. Most of the compounds were donated by  interested laboratories for augmenting the spectral data on these types of compounds. Special handling techniques to prevent contamination or decomposition were employed during purification, storage, and property measurement. Boiling point, freezing point, density at 20° ., and refractive index (sodium D and mercury 9 lines) at 20° C. were determined. Derived functions calculated are refractivity intercept, specific dispersion, and molecular refraction."

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Hot gas cleanup for electric power generating systems. [113 references]

The U.S. DOE, Morgantown Energy Technology Center (METC) is sponsoring research on advanced methods for removing contaminants from the hot, fuel gas streams of coal-fired combustion or gasification plants. Contaminants present in all coals such as ash particles, compounds of sulfur and nitrogen, and alkali metals must be controlled because they are environmental problems, are detrimental to advanced generation power equipment, or both. Significant advances have been made in the high-temperature control of these contaminants.

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BLOCKS:  a block-motion code for geomechanics studies

"A block motion code, BLOCKS, has been developed for use in geological investigations. In this model originally proposed by Cundall in 1971, jointed rock is treated as an assemblage of blocks. The equations of motion are solved for each block using an explicit integration operator. The displacements and rotations of each block and the resulting collisions with nearby blocks are calculated in the model.  A complete theoretical description of the model is presented along with a detailed description of the computational algorithms used in the computer program. Several example problems are presented. A user’s manual and complete documentation of the code are included."

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Prospects for oil shale development:  Colorado, Utah, and Wyoming. [Current status and prospects of technology and costs, private and federal interests in resources, and alternative courses for development]

"It is estimated by the Bureau of Mines that 81 billion barrels of liquid fuels will be consumed in the period 1966-1980; more petroleum than was produced in the United States during the first 100 years after oil was discovered in 1859. To meet this demand, domestic resources  can be developed and utilized in one or more alternative manners: by the discovery, development and improved recovery of natural liquid fuel reserves; by liquefaction of coal; by substitution of other energy sources; and by development of oil-shale resources. As a result,  the oil-shale resources again have captured the attention and imagination of both private industry and Government as one means of broadening the resource base to supplement conventional crude petroleum when the need arises."

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Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory oil shale project. Quarterly report, April-June 1982

The effect of the proportion of oxidized shale to raw shale, on the heat of combustion of retort product was studied in a fluidized sand bed at 500/sup 0/C. Results show a significant increase in the heat of combustion, produced by the activity of the oxidized shale. The functionality of organic sulfur in various oil shale types is being investigated. An oil shale pyrolyzer for aboveground retorting is being studied in an engineering facility. Thermochemical and experimental equations were developed for the heat of combustion of raw shale. A heat balance was calculated for 24.6 gal/ton Colorado oil shale. The rapid-pyrolysis data was analyzed to determine the best kinetic scheme for retort modeling. Incipient fluidization velocity measurements were made for various crushed oil shale mixtures of different particle sizes. 10 figures, 1 table. (DLC)

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Relaxation behavior in the carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometric analysis of kerogen with cross polarization and magic-angle spinning

A detailed study is reported on the relaxation behavior pertinent to the /sup 13/C NMR analysis of a Colorado kerogen concentrate, using cross polarization (CP) and magic-angle spinning (MAS). The desired condition T/sub CH/ < contact time <T/sub 1pH/, T/sub 1pC/ was found to hold, indicating a good prognosis for the /sup 13/C CP/MAS analysis of kerogen. The /sub 13/C spectrum obtained with a contact time of 1 ms is in agreement with that obtained from a Bloch-decay experiment. /sup 13/C T/sub 2/ data and two-dimension FT experiments indicate that inhomogeneous broadening influences, e.g., chemical shift distributions, are the largest contributors to the /sup 13/C line widths in the spectrum. Resolution-enhancing apodization methods and differential relaxation behavior show considerable promise for distinguishing structural differences that would not be apparent in the normal /sub 13/C CP/MAS spectrum. 7 figures, 1 table.

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Measurement of the flow properties and capillary pressure relationships of certain coals pertaining to underground coal gasification. Quarterly report, March--May 1977

Measurement of the absolute permeability to gas, porosity, and effective and relative permeability to gas of the Pittsburgh bituminous coal and the Hanna, Wyoming subbituminous coal has been extended. The same measurements have been made on several samples from the Gillette, Wyoming subbituminous coal. Shrinkage of both coals with drying was also measured. The gas relative permeability curves of the coals are compared and the difference is striking. The rate of increase in permeability to gas past the critical gas saturation is significantly greater as the rank of the coal decreases. Similarly values of absolute permeability, shrinkage, and porosity are inverse functions of rank. The critical gas saturation does not appear to be a function of rank.

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National Institute for Petroleum and Energy Research: FY87 annual research plan

The National Institute for Petroleum and Energy Research (NIPER) will enter its fourth year of operation October 1, 1986, and this Annual Research Plan describes the work envisioned for that year. NIPER's program of research encompasses three different thrusts. The DOE funds a $5 million Base Program designed to undertake long-range, high-risk research on petroleum and similar materials that companies are generally unwilling to do. A second program, the Optional Program, cost-shares research on petroleum and substitute fossil fuels between DOE and contributing participants. For FY 87, the DOE maximum share will be $1 million and the remainder will be sponsored by other government agencies and industrial participants. The third program is a Work for Others Program which allows NIPER to solicit work from the private sector and others. This Annual Research Plan covers only the Base and Optional Programs. NIPER is organized into two research departments - Energy Production Research (EPR) and Fuels Research (FR). Projects in EPR deal with various aspects of enhanced oil recovery and include chemical flooding, gas injection processes, steam injection, and microbial enhanced oil recovery. Projects in FR are concerned with the impact of heavy oil and alternate fuels on processing and use of fuels. For Fiscal Year 1987, the Base Program will have 13 projects, eight in EPR and five in FR.

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Relationship between rock density and volume of organic matter in oil shales. [Linear equation specific for Green River Formation oil shales]

A general relationship relating the volume percent of organic material in an oil shale to the density of the oil-shale rock is derived. A linear equation specific for Green River Formation oil shales is developed by substituting known values for average Green River organic matter and mineral densities into the general equation. The volume of organic matter in an oil-shale rock, a major variable in the physical and thermal behavior of oil shales, is readily estimated from measured density by means of the relationships developed.

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Report on the successful development of underground coal gasification at Hanna, Wyoming. [17 refs]

Hanna II yielded several outstanding accomplishments in the field of UCG using air injection. These were the following: production of the highest gross heating value product gas over the longest duration ever reported; operation at the highest thermal efficiencies ever reported; highest production rate from any UCG test in the Free World; high overall sweep efficiency for parallel two-well patterns; and the most thoroughly instrumented UCG test ever conducted. Based on the results of Hanna II, a large number of predicted problem areas attributed to in-situ coal gasification technology do not appear to be of significance. Stable operation at high production rates with relatively constant gas quality and composition have been achieved. Overall process and thermal efficiencies were high and resource recovery was excellent. No detectable gas leakage occurred based on nitrogen and argon balances. No shutdown due to equipment or process failure was encountered. Process control based on adjustment of air injection rate to maintain the optimum air/water ratio appears feasible. Further tests planned at Hanna will concentrate on further demonstration of these conclusions and will address the major unknowns still associated with the in-situ coal gasification process, i.e., the effects of subsidence and the determination of optimum and maximum well spacings.

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Geological exploration of potential underground coal gasification sites in the Powder River Basin of Wyoming and Montana

Information obtained from exploratory drilling of potential coal-gasification sites in the Powder River Basin of Wyoming and Montana is summarized. The objectives were to obtain stratigraphic descriptions of the coal-bearing strata from cuttings and geophysical logs, determine the hydrologic characteristics of the coal and associated strata, and see if there were drilling and logging problems associated with deep, thick coal seams. It was decided to do preliminary hydrologic and gasification experiments on the shallower Felix coal before proceeding to more deeply buried coals. The types of information obtained included geophysical borehole logs, lithologic and stratigraphic logs derived from drill cutting samples, drilling rate data, stratigraphic columns showing the depth and thickness of the coal and associated strata, log analyses showing lithology, computer-generated average porosity, density and velocity, composition diagrams of the geophysical logs run and the lithologic correlations picked from the logs, and coal analysis from selected Felix Coal cores. Specific results are reported in numerous tables, graphs and survey charts.

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Separation of sulfoxides from petroleum fractions by cation exchange resin chromatography

"Petroleum chemists have generally considered that  the bases in petroleum are nitrogen compounds.  Evidence is presented to show that a portion of the  weak bases are sulfoxides. Present evidence indicates  that the sulfoxides do not occur naturally in crude  oils but are readily formed in some oils by mild air  oxidation. The sulfoxides were concentrated by cation  exchange resin chromatography from petroleum fractions  boiling from 2500 to 500 0 C. The amount of sulfoxides, titrated potentiometrically as weak bases in acetic anhydride with perchloric acid, was quantitatively  related to the intensity of the infrared S 0 absorption band at 1040 cm 1 and to the increase in sulfide content upon reduction with lithium aluminum hydride. Analytical data, including mass and nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry, suggest that the sulfoxides have saturated cyclic structures."

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Thermal reactions of organic nitrogen compounds. III. 1-isopropylpyrrole

"This is the third and final publication of a series dealing with the thermal reactions of alkylpyrroles. Only a limited amount of the literature on thermal reaction of organic nitrogen compound deals with pyrrolic compounds ,1 - 7 and the majority of the pertinent papers appeared more than 50 year'ago. The first paper of the Bureau's study of pyrrolic shale oil compound, described the thermal reaction of 1-n-butyl-pyrrole and the second dealt with I-n-butylpyrrole. To obtain information on the thermal reaction  of other type of alkyl-substituted pyrroles, 1isopropylrrole was selected as a representative branched-chain alkyl member."

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Soviet coal through 1980

Soviet industrial expansion depends on coal as a source of power and raw materials for the metallurgical and chemical industries. A knowledge of the coal resources and the outlook for production of the U.S.S.R. therefore is essential for a critical evaluation of Soviet industrial potential. Although there is considerable literature on the Soviet coal industry, no single source provides an authoritative study of how the industry functions and how well it performs its job. This article is based on a review of sources published by the U.S.S.R.

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Identification of dicarboxylic anhydrides in oxidized asphalts

Dicarboxylic anhydrides were identified as a significant product formed on oxidation in asphalts. Their infrared absorption in the carbonyl region was a broad, overlapping doublet band with major and minor peak maxima at about 1725 and 1765 cm/sup -1/, respectively. The anhydrides possessed considerable stability and their corresponding sodium salts, formed by hydrolysis with sodium hydroxide, readily reverted to the anhydride on acidification. The chemical reactivity of the asphalt anhydrides most nearly matched that of six-membered-ring aromatic anhydrides. The presence of significant amounts of non-ring intermolecular anhydrides was discounted. Esters were not found in detectable amounts in oxidized asphalts; anhydrides in asphalt were probably partly responsible for earlier reports of the presence of esters.

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Laboratory evaluation of the Du Pont p-2500 automatic flow-controlled personal dust sampling pump. Report of investigations/1982

"The objective of this Bureau of Mines research work was (1) to determine how well the E.I. Du Pont de Nemours and Company P-2500 personal dust sampling pump controls the flow rate at 2 L/min and (2) to compare respirable dust measurements made using the P-2500 with those made using a nonpulsating sampling flow system, both using the Dorr-Oliver 10-mm nylon cyclone dust size classifier. The calibrator and the operation manual for the P-2500, supplied by the manufacturer, were also evaluated.  Flow tests consisted of long-term (6- to 8-hour) flow stability tests at various backpressures, a low-flow indicator examination, flow controller response tie tests and pulsation tests. Dust tests were performed using coal, silica, and Arizona road dust. No tests were performed to examine effects of temperature, barometric pressure, vibration, or mechanical shock.  These pumps performed well within manufacturer specifications in all tests."

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Face ventilation for oil-shale mining. Information Circular/1986

This Bureau of Mines report presents expected levels of air pollutants in the face areas of oil shale mines, based upon data collected by the authors and previous investigators. Ventilation requirements to maintain these pollutant levels below their threshold limit values and Federal and local mine air quality standards are discussed. Two practical face ventilation systems are discussed in terms of actual in-mine test experience.

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Introduction to underground coal gasification

Underground coal gasification (UCG) offers a relatively low cost, environmentally sound method to produce clean fuels from coal. Underground coal gasification can provide pipeline quality gas and premium gasoline from deep, unusable coal. Underground coal gasification is similar to conventional coal gasification except that the coal is not mined - gasification takes place underground. Steam and oxygen are injected underground, reacting the coal to produce a medium heating value gas which can be converted into pipeline quality gas and premium gasoline in surface facilities. Projected costs are comparable to or lower than that of conventional coal gasification systems. There are environmental advantages. There is a UCG resource in the US which would last for hundreds of years. If the R and D is successful, commercial production could begin in ten years or less.

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Nondestructive analysis of oil shales with PGNAA technique

The feasibility of nondestructive analysis of oil shales using the prompt gamma neutron activation analysis (PGNAA) technique was studied. The PGNAA technique, developed originally for continuous analysis of coal on the belt, was applied to the analysis of eight oil-shale samples, containing between 9 and 60 gallons of oil per ton and 0.8% to 3.4% hydrogen. The PGNAA technique was modified using four neutron moderation conditions: non-moderated neutrons; non-moderated and partially moderated neutrons reflected from a water box behind the source; neutrons moderated in a water box behind and in front of the source; and neutrons strongly moderated in a polyethylene block placed in front of the source and with reflected neutrons from a water box behind the source. The studied oil shales were measured in their aluminum or wooden (masonite) boxes. The obtained Ge-Li spectra were processed by LSI-11/23 computer, using the modified programs previously developed by SAI for continuous coal analysis. The results of such processing (the peak areas for several gamma lines) were corrected and plotted against the weight percent of each analyzed element (from the chemical analysis). Response curves developed for H, C, N, S, Na, Mg, Al, Si, Ti, Ca, Fe and K show generally good linear proportions of peak area to the weight percent of the element. For hydrogen determination, NMD conditions had to be used where the response curve was not linear, but followed a curve whose slope rose with hydrogen concentration. This effect is caused by improving neutron self-moderation in sample boxes of rich oil shales, as compared to poor self-moderation of neutrons in very lean oil shales. The moisture in oil shales was measured by microwave absorption technique in small masonite boxes. This method was calibrated four times using oil-shale samples mixed gradually with larger and larger amounts of water.

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Separation of acidic compound types isolated from high-boiling petroleum distillates

Two methods for separating the acid compound types of high-boiling petroleum distillates have been investigated. The first method utilized ferric chloride and ion-exchange resins, and the second method used gel permeation chromatography. Each method was found to have merits, and the two methods can be used to complement each other. The major compound types of a Wilmington 400 to 500/sup 0/C acid concentrate have been separated and identified using these methods. Data from the separation schemes will aid in the characterization of the acidic materials.

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Asphaltic sands found to occur in oil fields

Asphaltic sands, commonly known as black sands, are commonly found to be non productive of oil, although the appearance of sand specimens indicates that they are highly saturated with organic material. Some laboratory tests also indicate high saturation, but a study recently made by the United States Bureau of Mines demonstrates that the organic material in many of these black sands should be classified as asphalt rather than as crude oil.

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Engineering model for predicting rubble motion during blasting

"Recent applications of explosives and blasting agents to rubble rock have led to requirements for more elaborate design and analysis methods. In most blasting uses, it is necessary not only to fracture the rock, but also to move the broken rubble in a predictable manner. Many in situ extraction techniques require rubblization to take place in a confined region where rock motion is a predominate factor in creating a permeable broken bed. In this paper, an engineering model is presented which describes the large rubble motion during blasting. This model is intended to provide the blast designer with a tool for evaluation and further refinement of blasting patterns and timing sequences.  In this model the rock medium is represented by a discrete series of circular regions of fractured material. These regions are set in motion by pressure loads from the explosive. The motion of the regions is calculated using a step-wise, explicit, numerical time integration method. Interaction of adjacent regions is based on inelastic impact of spherical bodies. The derivation of this model is presented along with the background for selecting loading pressure based on explosive behavior. Three typical examples, including both cratering and bench geometries, are discussed which illustrate the use of this model to predict rubble motion. This engineering representation appears to provide a practical model for use in predicting rubble motion and a tool for design evaluation of blasting in confined geometries."

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