AndreaBozzo/ceres-open-data-index huggingface dataset:
Fixation of alkali and trace metals in high temperature co-current, entrained flow gasifiers and combustors: Quarterly technical progress report No. 7

The purpose of this research is to determine effects of programmed temperature profiles on the fate of alkali metals during pulverized coal combustion and gasification. Theory indicates that control of temperature and temperature quench rate can favorably influence the fraction of volatile trace and alkali metals condensing on larger fly ash particles. Theory also indicates that nucleation mechanisms, which form tiny submicron particles, that are difficult to collect, might be inhibited by decreasing the temperature quench rate below 600 K/s. This paper describes work in progress, and so the results are necessarily incomplete at this time. The problem is attacked experimentally in a 2 Kg/h downfired, 'premixed'plane flame reactor, modified to allow in-situ trapping and classifying of large fly ash particles. Gaseous species and particulates are extractively sampled at various residence times ranging from 0.5 to 4 seconds. Particle sampling was effected by a novel, cooled aspirated isokinetic probe. Segregated size fractions of the particles were chemically analyzed using atomic absorption and Scanning Auger Microscopy. Preliminary results indicate that, at equal peak temperatures, a rapid quench at 1600/sup 0/K leads to some enrichment of sodium in the smaller particles, while that at 1300/sup 0/K has no measurable effect. Under unquenched conditions there is a time evolution of sodium enrichment among the various particle classes. 29 refs., 9 figs.

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Status report on the fluidized application of atmospheric fluidized-bed combustion demonstration program

In 1975, the Government initiated a cost sharing program to expedite the development and demonstration of AFBC technology in the more obvious industrial applications areas. The purpose of the program was to speed up the technology development pace and to place demonstration units in the field to help overcome industry's reluctance toward accepting new and relatively unproven FBC boiler and heater systems. This report reviews the program objectives, summarizes the technology advances since the demonstrations began and makes recommendations for potential follow-on projects directed at the goal of establishing AFBC technology in the commercial sector. The industrial applications areas chosen included steam generation for process and space heating plus cogeneration, air heating, and process - heating of refinery feedstocks. Eight proposals were selected for funding and five projects were successfully negotiated into contracts effective on July 1, 1976. The first three: Georgetown University, Combustion Engineering/US Naval Great Lakes Training Center, and the Battelle project were aimed at steam production. The Exxon project investigated the potential of and problems associated with utilizing coal in FBC process heaters and the FluiDyne project was concerned with the development and demonstration of an FBC air heater for process and space heating a large hand tool factory. Each of these demonstration programs is described, its status and accomplishments are discussed, and recommendations are made for potential follow-up projects.

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Aerosol deposition in acoustically induced turbulent flow

Experimental results are reported for the wall deposition of monodisperse aerosols with diameters ranging from 0.5 to 5.7 ..mu..m in an acoustically induced turbulent flow. In a set of experiments, both acoustic intensity and frequency are independently varied in the range of 161 to 168 dB and 500 to 1600 Hz under the traveling-wave condition. The deposition rate in the present work has been modified to account for acoustical effects. Furthermore, the adjective contribution due to the turbulent velocity gradient is also included in the description of the mass transfer of aerosols. Based on the assumption of perfect sticking conditions (no particle rebound and/or reentrainment), theory and experiment are in fairly good agreement.

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Microbial strains and products for mobility control and oil displacement: Final report for the period July 1, 1980-February 28, 1986

The objective of this work was to demonstrate that microorganisms and their products can enhance the recovery of oil from heterogeneous reservoirs. The particular focus of research has been on in situ processes including selective plugging to remedy permeability stratification. Using various experimental models of porous media, the feasibility of microorganisms to enhance oil recovery was systematically studied. It has been shown that many of the potential problems facing the application of microbial processes can be overcome. Topics discussed in the report are as follows: The effect of sterilization method on bacterial penetration through Berea sandstone; in-situ microbial growth and metabolism in Berea sandstone; selective plugging and oil displacement in crossflow core systems by microorganisms; effect of nitrate on biogenic sulfide production; characterization of polymer-producing bacteria; and the purification and properties of the biosurfactant produced by Bacillus Licheniformis Strain JF-2. 199 refs., 23 figs., 13 tabs.

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Kinetic model development for low-rank coal liquefaction. Progress report, August 1-December 31, 1984

Kinetic data on the dissolution of Indian Head ZAP-2 lignite in its recycle solvent with hydrogen/hydrogen sulfide, carbon monoxide/hydrogen sulfide, hydrogen, carbon monoxide, hydrogen/carbon monoxide/hydrogen sulfide, and hydrogen/carbon monoxide at temperatures of 653, 673, 693 and 713/sup 0/K shows that the hydrogen sulfide accelerates the rates of reactions for dissolution as well as for retrogressive reactions. The hydrogen sulfide tended to decrease gas yields when used with CO. The use of H/sub 2//CO as compared to hydrogen resulted in higher gas and THF soluble yields. Retrogressive reactions occurred at the two highest temperatures at reaction times greater than 5 minutes. For the lower temperatures the retrogressive reactions began to occur after 15 minutes. 12 figs., 3 tabs.

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Arctic energy technologies workshop: proceedings

The objectives of this ''Arctic Energy Technologies Workshop''were threefold: To acquaint participants with the current US Department of Energy, Office of Fossil Energy, Arctic and Offshore Research Program. To obtain information on Arctic oil and gas development problem areas, and on current and planned research. To provide an opportunity for technical information exchange among engineers, geologists, geophysicists, physical scientists, oceanographers, statisticians, analysts, and other participants engaged in similar research areas. The first section of the proceedings is the keynote address ''Current Arctic Offshore Technology'', presented by Kenneth Croasdale, of K.R. Croasdale and Associates, Ltd., Calgary, Alberta, Canada. The second section of the proceedings includes 14 technical papers presented in two sessions at the Workshop: Sea Ice Research, and Seafloor/Soils Research. The third section of the proceedings includes the summaries of four work-group discussion sessions from the second day of the meeting: (1) Arctic Offshore Structures, (2) Arctic Offshore Pipelines, (3) Subice Development Systems, and (4) Polar-Capable Ice Vessels. The work groups addressed state-of-the-art, technical issues, R and D needs, and environmental concerns in these four areas. All papers in this proceedings have been processed for inclusion in the Energy Data Base.

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PDCRAC: a three-dimensional hydrofracture program. User's manual

The PDCRAC (Pressure-Driven CRACk propagation) computer program was developed to analyze three dimensional aspects of the hydrofracture process in a layered gas/oil reservoir. This document is the user's manual for PDCRAC - Version 1.0. The crack shape and the wetted shape in the crack are modelled as two different free boundary problems such that each shape is an ellipse that propagates in the plane of the hydrofracture. The input requires initial conditions, geometry, elastic properties, fracture conditions set by crack opening displacement, viscous fluid properties, and a wellbore pressure history adjacent to the crack. The output consists of time histories for the crack opening, crack propagation velocities and fluid front propagation velocities along the two axes of the elliptical shaped crack and wetted surfaces, respectively, lengths of the axes for elliptical shaped crack and wetted surface, and fluid flow rate. The influence of layers on crack propagation can be simulated by the input of different fracture conditions for each layer. The model predicts that significant separation can occur between the crack front and the wetted front during hydrofracture because the crack propagation velocity is usually greater than the fluid front propagation velocity. Some exceptions to this separation are predicted for layered resource zones when crack arrest occurs. 6 refs., 33 figs., 2 tabs.

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Measurement of dynamic reservoir conditions, Volume 2: Final report

US Steel's Southern Appalachian Field Office conducted a study to determine if a relationship existed between structure and coal seam gas production. The study consisted of mapping surface joints, tracing linears, and evaluating gas and water production from US Steel's Oak Grove Coal Degasification Field. Gas production within the Oak Grove Field shows ''high''production in the east and central portions of the field. Production outside the ''high''gas producing zones appears to be a function of original gas content and/or in-place methane content. Production within the ''high''zones appears to be related to a set of east-west trending joints associated with the eastern boundary fault of Oak Grove Mine. These joints are believed to increase production by increasing gas contributions from adjacent seams and/or increasing the permeability of the coal seam. If all other factors (depth, gas content, and coal thickness) are approximately equal, substantial increases in gas production can likely be achieved by locating coal degasification wells in areas of dense jointing associated with normal faults.

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Further Development of a Fracture Model for Lenticular Gas Sands

The existing model for hydraulic fracture propagation is modified to incorporate a correction for the effect of vertical flow. The vertical flow component should be taken into consideration when the stress contrasts between the payzone and the bounding zones are not very high. To solve for fracture expansion in this situation, first solutions for a line crack expanding through uniform stress region, and then for a line crack expanding through a medium with stress contrast are obtained. The second solution is a relation between the pressure at the center of a vertical section, the half height of the section, and the rate of vertical expansion in that section. The solution represents a first-order correction for the effect of finite fluid flow in the vertical direction. The manner in which this solution is adopted in the simulator is described. The simulator is restricted to the case of symmetric stress contrast, and for a Newtonian fluid flow with no leakoff. The correction is an approximate one under the assumption that the vertical expansion is slow, andl this gives an upper limit for the wellbore height. When the vertical flow is taken into consideration, the height growth will be smaller than the one without the vertical flow. To illustrate the effect of the correction term, we have shown the results obtained for a set of parameters with and without the correction. We have also compared our results with those obtained from the P3DH model developed at MIT. In the one case we compared, we found discrepancies, and explained the reasons for these. After compensating for these discrepancies, we find reasonable agreement between the results of the ORU and MIT models. 11 refs., 6 figs., 5 tabs.

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Computer simulation of recovery of heavy crude oil using carbon dioxide drive or huff-n-puff. Final report

This study is limited to an investigation of the behavior of the flows in and near a fracture. The numerical model simulates multicomponent, multiphase, compressible flow through a horizontal two-dimensional porous medium which is bounded on one side by a one-dimensional fracture. The absolute permeability of the fracture is assumed to be much greater than that of the reservoir matrix, resulting in the simplification that flow in the matrix is predominately perpendicular to the fracture face. Flow in the matrix parallel to the fracture is ignored in this model. The fluid system consists of three components in three phases. Component 1 is the injected fluid, e.g., CO/sub 2/, and can exist in any of the three phases - gas, oil, and water. Component 2 is the hydrocarbon component and is assumed to be heavy enough so that it exists only in the oil phase. Component 3 is the aqueous component and is restricted to the water phase. All fluid properties, except viscosity and relative permeability, are assumed to be linear functions of pressure and composition. The temperature of the system is taken as constant and effects due to capillary pressure and gravity are not included. The mathematical formulation is based on a set of molar continuity equations (one per component), the phase equilibrium condition, and a volume conservation equation. Reduction of this system of equations to a single equation in pressure leads to a sequential (implicit pressure-explicit moles) method of solution. In-step iterations are performed to increase the implicitness of the method. The algorithm includes time step control and a volume balance check. A flow chart of the computer code as well as the source code and input and output formats are included in the Appendix. Three sample problems are examined. 20 references, 6 figures, 2 tables.

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Fossil energy: From laboratory to marketplace

Fossil Energy-From Laboratory to Marketplace is a compendium of progress--progress achieved by teams of university, industrial, and government researchers working through the federal program to develop new, cleaner and more effective ways to produce and use the nation's abundant fossil fuel resources. Generally, this report concentrates on research and development efforts conducted during the 1980s. Where necessary to provide an historical context, information is also drawn from the fossil energy research, development and demonstration programs of the 1970s.

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Fixation of alkali and trace metals in high temperature co-current, entrained flow gasifiers and combustors: Quarterly technical progress report No. 3

This Quarterly Report presents an overview of all the research conducted to date. The purpose of this research, which commenced October 1, 1984, is to determine the effects of programmed process temperature profiles and coal/additive mixtures on the alkali and trace metal content of both supermicron fly ash particulate matter and submicron aerosols formed during the high temperature entrained flow gasification and combustion of pulverized coal. The research is based on the idea that control of temperature and temperature quench rate can favorably influence the fraction of volatile trace and alkali metals condensing on larger fly ash particles, and the additional surface area and surface properties provided by additives such as powdered kaolinite or powdered limestone might enhance this process further. Theory indicates that nucleation mechanisms, which form tiny submicron particles which are difficult to collect, might be inhibited by decreasing the temperature quench rate below 600 K/S. The problem is to be attacked experimentally in a 2 to 4 kg/h down fired, ''premixed'', plane flame reactor, specially modified to allow in-situ trapping and classifying of large fly ash particles. Gaseous species and submicron particles will be measured using established techniques of extraction sampling and appropriate analyzers. Segregated size functions of super- and sub-micron particles will be chemically analyzed using atomic absorption, SEM x-ray fluorescence and Scanning Auger Microscopy. 35 refs., 5 figs.

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Assessment of underground coal gasification in bituminous coals. Volume I. Executive summary. Final report

This report describes the bituminous coal resources of the United States, identifies those resources which are potentially amenable to Underground Coal Gasification (UCG), identifies products and markets in the vicinity of selected target areas, identifies UCG concepts, describes the state of the art of UCG in bituminous coal, and presents three R and D programs for development of the technology to the point of commercial viability. Of the 670 billion tons of bituminous coal remaining in-place as identified by the National Coal Data System, 32.2 billion tons or 4.8% of the total are potentially amenable to UCG technology. The identified amenable resource was located in ten states: Alabama, Colorado, Illinois, Kentucky, New Mexico, Ohio, Oklahoma, Utah, Virginia, and West Virginia. The principal criteria which eliminated 87.3% of the resource was the minimum thickness (42 inches). Three R and D programs were developed using three different concepts at two different sites. Open Borehole, Hydraulic Fracture, and Electrolinking concepts were developed. The total program costs for each concept were not significantly different. The study concludes that much of the historical information based on UCG in bituminous coals is not usable due to the poor sitting of the early field tests and a lack of adequate diagnostic equipment. This information gap requires that much of the early work be redone in view of the much improved understanding of the role of geology and hydrology in the process and the recent development of analytical tools and methods.

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Fixation of alkali and trace metals in high temperature co-current, entrained flow gasifiers and combustors: Quarterly technical progress report No. 8

The kinetics and mechanism of adsorption/desorption of alkali on various substrates are studied. Activated bauxite appears to be a good adsorbent for alkali chlorides. Therefore, it is potentially a good additive for control of alkali during combustion and gasification processes. The data on adsorption and desorption of chlorides on alumina indicate that the condensation process is a combination of physisorption and chemisorption (chemical reaction). A model describing the process is presented. 6 refs., 9 figs.

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Coal derived fuel gases for molten carbonate fuel cells

Product streams from state-of-the-art and future coal gasification systems are characterized to guide fuel cell program planners and researchers in establishing performance goals and developing materials for molten carbonate fuel cells that will be compatible with gasifier product gases. Results are presented on: (1) the range of gasifier raw-gas compositions available from the major classes of coal gasifiers; (2) the degree of gas clean-up achievable with state-of-the-art and future gas clean-up systems; and (3) the energy penalties associated with gas clean-up. The study encompasses fixed-bed, fluid-bed, entrained-bed, and molten salt gasifiers operating with Eastern bituminous and Western subbituminous coals. Gasifiers operating with air and oxygen blowing are evaluated, and the coal gasification product streams are characterized with respect to: (1) major gas stream constituents, e.g., CO, H/sub 2/, CO/sub 2/, CH/sub 4/, N/sub 2/, H/sub 2/O; (2) major gas stream contaminants, e.g., H/sub 2/S, COS, particulates, tars, etc.; and (3) trace element contaminants, e.g., Na, K, V, Cl, Hg, etc.

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Mapping the acid stimulation in the Beowawe geothermal field using surface electrical potentials

A surface electrical potential system was fielded during the chemical stimulation of the Rossi 21-19 well in the Beowawe Geothermal Field. The technique, which measures variations in resistivity resulting from the flow of conductive fluid into the reservoir, was not only shown to be highly sensitive to the chemical treatment, but was also responsive to in situ conductive zones before any acid injection. A review of the experiment and a preliminary interpretation of the data are presented. The data provide convincing evidence that it should be possible to map the treated zone as well as the primary pretreatment in situ conductive zones.

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Biological degradation of low-rank coal. Quarterly technical progress report, April 1-June 30, 1986. [1-naphthoic acid 2-nephthol and 9-phenanthrol used as structural models]

Initial biodegradation experiments were performed with the model compounds 2-naphthol, 1-naphthoic acid, and 9-phenanthrol to assess the potential for biodegradation of these compounds under anaerobic methanogenic conditions. Preliminary analyses have been performed for experiments in which anaerobic sewage and anaerobic ''swamp''sediment were used as the source of bacterial inoculum. Experiments were performed using individual model compounds at final concentrations of both 10 ..mu..M and 100 ..mu..M. In all cases, a supplemental experiment was performed with the addition of glucose (10 mM final concentration) to examine whether addition of an accessory growth substrate (glucose) would have any effect on biodegradation of the added model compound. This phenomenon of ''cometabolism'', in which one organic compound serves as the primary source of carbon and energy for a population while another organic compound (such as a model compound) is fortuitously metabolized or detoxified, has been reported for several ''recalcitrant''organic compounds. Results of initial biodegradation experiments using anaerobic swamp sediment at both 10 ..mu..M and 100 ..mu..M concentrations of 2-naphthol are presented in Tables 3-4.

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Ash and slag characterization. Final report for the period ending March 31, 1986

A procedure was developed for mine sampling and the storage of standard coals under argon. In total, 53 coals were collected and are also available to other DOE supported projects at the Center. Task 2 was the study of mineral transformation during ashing of low-rank coals. Results of this study verified the importance of organically-bound alkalies, specifically calcium and sodium, in forming low-melting temperature aluminosilicates (i.e., melilites). Task 3 highlighted the viscosity studies on the molten ash of low-rank coals. A major part of this study involved the modification of the Urbain equation so that it can be used to predict the Newtonian behavior of low-rank coal slags. In addition, the effects of iron and sodium on viscosity, hysteresis, and the nature of the non-Newtonian flow were examined. Task 4 comprised the identification of volatilized species evolved during the combustion of selected low-rank coals. In each case sodium, potassium and sulfur were found to be major components of the condensed volatiles. Verification of their volatility on an experimental basis has significance in their possible contributions to forming new solid and liquid phases at high temperatures. Finally Task 5 evaluated the use of various sessile drop techniques to determine the surface tension of low-rank coal slags. Results show that meaningful surface tension measurements can be obtained with the use of vitreous carbon as a substrate.

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Data base for hydraulically stimulated gas wells producing from tight sands formations

A data base was assembled in 1978 consisting of well records from more than 900 hydraulically fractured wells in the Piceance, Uinta, Washakie, Sand Wash, and Denver Basins. The purpose of the present study is to develop a western gas sand computerized data base for hydraulically stimulated gas wells by adapting and expanding the above-mentioned data file. This report describes the data file, tasks accomplished to date, and a sample well record. (DMC)

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