AndreaBozzo/ceres-open-data-index huggingface dataset:
Utilization of lightweight materials made from coal gasification slags. Quarterly report, December 1, 1997--February 28, 1998

In previous projects, Praxis investigated the utilization of as-generated slags for a wide variety of applications in road construction, cement and concrete production, agricultural applications, and as a landfill material. From these studies, the authors found that it would be extremely difficult for as-generated slag to find large-scale acceptance in the marketplace even at no cost because the materials it could replace were abundantly available at very low cost. It became apparent that a more promising approach would be to develop a variety of value-added products from slag that meet specific industry requirements. This approach was made feasible by the discovery that slag undergoes expansion and forms a lightweight material when subjected to controlled heating in a kiln at temperatures between 1,400 and 1,700 F. These results confirmed the potential for using expanded slag as a substitute for conventional lightweight aggregates (LWA). The technology to produce lightweight and ultra-lightweight aggregates (ULWA) from slag was subsequently developed by Praxis. The major objectives of the subject project are to demonstrate the technical and economic viability of commercial production of LWA and ULWA from slag and to test the suitability of these aggregates for various applications. The project goals are to be accomplished in two phases: Phase 1, comprising the production of LWA and ULWA from slag at the large pilot scale, and Phase 2, which involves commercial evaluation of these aggregates in a number of applications. This document summarizes the Phase 2 accomplishments to date along with the major accomplishments from Phase 1.

Tags: kmd
Bench-scale demonstration of hot-gas desulfurization technology. Quarterly report, January 1--March 31, 1998

At the start of the current project, the DSRP (Direct Sulfur Recovery Process) technology was at the bench-scale development stage with a skid-mounted system ready for field testing. The process had been extended to fluidized-bed operation in the Stage 1 reactor. A preliminary economic study for a 100 MW plant in which the two-stage DSRP was compared to conventional processes indicated the economic attractiveness of the DSRP. Through bench-scale development, both fluidized-bed zinc titanate and DSRP technologies have been shown to be technically and economically attractive. The demonstrations prior to the start of this project, however, had only been conducted using simulated (rather than real) coal gas and simulated regeneration off-gas. Thus, the effect of trace contaminants in real coal gases on the sorbent and DSRP catalyst was not known. Also, the zinc titanate desulfurization unit and DSRP had not been demonstrated in an integrated manner. The overall goal of this project is to continue further development of the zinc titanate desulfurization and DSRP technologies by scale-up and field testing (with actual coal gas) of the zinc titanate fluidized-bed reactor system, and the Direct Sulfur Recovery Process.

Tags: kmd
Simultaneous SO{sub 2}/NO{sub x} abatement using zeolite-supported copper. Progress report, January 1--March 31, 1996

The authors have begun the investigation of the adsorption of NO on the Cu/{gamma}-alumina samples. The object of this aspect of the project is to investigate the modes of adsorption of NO on the Cu/{gamma}-alumina sorbents, to investigate the potential activity of these materials for the catalysis of the reduction of NO. Additionally, when subsequent measurements of NO interacting with a sulfated sorbent are investigated, a baseline of data will have been obtained which can be used to evaluate the effects of surface sulfation on the adsorption process in the absence of other competing effects. Based on the current results and by comparing results with those found by others, the authors have determined that the copper species exist predominantly as isolated copper atoms on the aluminum oxide surface, which behave chemically as copper aluminate. The copper species is responsible for the formation of an NO/Cu{sup 2 } complex which gives rise to an infrared absorption at 1,863 cm{sup {minus}1}. There do exist some Cu{sup  } species on the surface, which are formed only after some time by an interaction with NO, which give rise to an NO{sup {minus}}/Cu{sup  } complex with an infrared absorption at approximately 1,700 cm{sup {minus}1}. Additionally, an intense feature at 1,640 cm{sup {minus}1} is observed which may be due to NO{sub 2} on the surface, which is the expected oxidation product if NO reduces Cu from Cu{sup 2 } to Cu{sup  }.

Tags: kmd
Task 4 -- Conversion to a coal-fueled advanced turbine system (CFATS)

Solar is developing the technologies for a highly efficient, recuperated, Advanced Turbine System (ATS) that is aimed at the dispersed power generation market. With ultra-low-emissions in mind the primary fuel selected for this engine system is natural gas. Although this gas fired ATS (GFATS) will primarily employ natural gas the use of other fuels particular those derived from coal and renewable resources cannot be overlooked. The enabling technologies necessary to direct fire coal in gas turbines were developed during the 1980`s. This Solar development co-sponsored by the US Department of Energy (DOE) resulted in the testing of a full size coal-water-slurry fired combustion system. In parallel with this program the DOE funded the development of integrated gasification combined cycle systems (IGCC). This report describes the limitations of the Solar ATs (recuperated engine) and how these lead to a recommended series of modifications that will allow the use of these alternate fuels. Three approaches have been considered: direct-fired combustion using either a slagging combustor, or a pressurized fluidized bed (PFBC), externally or indirectly fired approaches using pulverized fuel, and external gasification of the fuel with subsequent direct combustion of the secondary fuel. Each of these approaches requires substantial hardware and system modifications for efficient fuel utilization. The integration issues are discussed in the sections below and a recommended approach for gasification is presented.

Tags: kmd
Subtask 1.11 -- Spectroscopic field screening of hazardous waste and toxic spills. Final report

Techniques for the field characterization of soil contamination due to spillage of hazardous waste or toxic chemicals are time-consuming and expensive. Thus more economical, less time-intensive methods are needed to facilitate rapid field screening of contaminated sites. The overall objective of this project is to study the feasibility of using an evanescent field absorbance sensor Fourier transform infrared spectroscopic sensor coupled with cone penetrometry as a field screening method. The specific objectives of this project are as follows: design an accessory for use with FT-IR that interfaces the spectrometer to a cone penetrometer; characterize the response of the FT-IR accessory to selected hydrocarbons in a laboratory-simulated field environment; and determine the ability of the FT-IR-CPT instrument to measure hydrocarbon contamination in soil by direct comparison with a reference method (e.g., Soxhlet extraction followed by gas chromatography) to quantify hydrocarbons from the same soil.

Tags: kmd
Reserve and production data for the Andector Field area, Central Basin Platform, West Texas: Data for model constraint and development

The integrated model under development will ultimately predict reservoir properties, volumes, fluid content, and fluid composition (water, oil, and gas). Oil properties are presented here for use in subsequent flow models. To further constrain and verify these predictions, production history data, reservoir geometry, and well test data are used to map the initial potential, remaining reserves, and maximum non allowable limited production rates of the Andector Field. Historic bottom hole pressure data illustrate early production interference and boundary effects.

Tags: kmd
Horizontal drilling and completion report in the Clinton sandstone

A joint effort between Belden & Blake Corporation and the U.S. DOE resulted in the drilling and completion of the Central Waste 14, which is the first horizontal well successfully drilled and stimulated in the Silurian Clinton Sandstone in Ohio. The Central Waste 14 (CW 14) is located in Smith Township/Mahoning County which is one of the better remaining areas for Clinton Sandstone developmental drilling. The CW 14 was spudded October 18, 1993, and drilled to a total measured depth of 6,505 feet. Production casing (4.5 inch) was run to TD and successfully cemented on December 9, 1993. Approximately 1,320 feet of the Clinton Sand interval was drilled at a maximum inclination of 91.8 degrees. The mudlog indicated approximately 730 feet or 55% of this interval appeared to be productive pay. Total Clinton interval footage greater than 85 degrees was approximately 1,142 feet. The 1,320 feet of Clinton interval drilled was less than the 2,000 feet planned; however, Belden & Blake was still satisfied since as originally proposed the lateral reach was long enough to attempt at least three hydraulic fracturing stages. The overall directional drilling operation was successful but was severely hampered by contractor mechanical failures and inefficiencies, some of which were considered non-technical in nature, and others which were a direct result of a harsh air drilling environment in an extremely hard and abrasive formation. The technical issues from these failures clearly indicate that this industry still needs a total air drilling system including motors, bits, and steering to cost effectively drill in formations similar to the Clinton Sand. The completion operation included three induced hydraulic fracturing treatments that were performed over a period from 7/18/94 through 10/25/94. The first and third stages successfully placed approximately 100,000 pounds of proppant per stage in approximately 60,000 gallons of fluid at maximum sand concentrations of 6 lb/gallon utilizing a 40 lb crosslinked gel system at rates in the order of 20 barrels per minute. The middle stage experienced excessive treating pressures which allowed only 16, 000 pounds of proppant in 60,000 gallons of gelled fluid to be pumped.

Tags: kmd
Wetting behavior of selected crude oil/brine/rock systems

Of the many methods of characterizing wettability of a porous medium, the most commonly used are the Amott test and the USBM test. The Amott test does not discriminate adequately between systems that give high values of wettability index to water and are collectively described as very strongly water-wet. The USBM test does not recognize systems that achieve residual oil saturation by spontaneous imbibition. For such systems, and for any systems that exhibit significant spontaneous imbibition, measurements of imbibition rate provide a useful characterization of wettability. Methods of interpreting spontaneous imbibition data are reviewed and a new method of quantifying wettability from rate of imbibition is proposed. Capillary pressure is the driving force in spontaneous imbibition. The area under an imbibition curve is closely related to the work of displacement that results from decrease in surface free energy. Imbibition rate data can be correlated to allow for differences in interracial tension, viscosities, pore structure, and sample size. Wettability, the remaining key factor in determining the capillary driving force and the related imbibition rate, then largely determines the differences in saturation vs. scaled time curves. These curves are used to obtain pseudo imbibition capillary pressure curves; a wettability index based on relative areas under these curves is defined as the relative pseudo work of imbibition. The method is applied for two crude oil/brine/rock systems. Comparison of the method with the Amott wettability index is made for different wettability states given by differences in aging of cores with crude oil. Correlations of wettability indices with waterflood recoveries are presented.

Tags: kmd
Crow process modeling

Western Research Institute (wRI) has developed a numerical model (TCROW) to describe CROW{sup TM} processing of contaminated aquifers. CROW is a patented technology for the removal of contaminant organics from water-saturated formations by injection of hot water or low- temperature steam. TCROW is based on a fully implicit, thermal, compositional model (TSRS) previously developed by wRI. TCROW`s formulation represents several enhancements and simplifications over TSRS and results in a model specifically tailored to model the CROW process.

Tags: kmd
Task 2.0 -- Air quality assessment, control, and analytical methods: Subtask 2.11 -- Lactic acid FGD additives from sugar beet wastewater. Final report

Organic buffers maintain the pH of the scrubber slurry in flue gas desulfurization as the SO{sub 2} dissolves at the air-liquid interface. Inexpensive acids with an appropriate pKa are required for this application. The pKa of lactic acid (3.86) is between that of the interface and the recirculating slurry and will make soluble calcium ions available in large amounts. Currently lactic acid is somewhat expensive for this, but the project work will lead to development of a new source of inexpensive lactate. Microbial action during the storage and processing of sugar beets forms lactic acid in concentrations as high as 14 g/L in the processing water. The concentrations are lower than those occurring in conventional fermentation production of lactic acids, but since a considerable amount of water is involved in the processing of sugar beets in the Red River Valley, a substantial amount of lactic acid or calcium lactate could be recovered as a byproduct for use in flue gas desulfurization (FGD) and other applications. The feasibility of two novel lactate recovery schemes applicable to dilute streams was evaluated in the project.

Tags: kmd
Emissions reductions in coal-fired home heating stoves through the use of briquettes. Final report

The purpose of Phase 1 was to optimize the clean burning coal briquette (Clean Fuel) formulation for Polish raw materials and to demonstrate the claimed pollution reducing benefits of its use in residential heating. Subsidiary goals were to test this fuel in larger scale facilities and to support the commercial tasks by producing Clean Fuel for use in the by-product market test. These goals were accomplished. Use of Clean Fuel in residential heating reduced particulate matter and total hydrocarbons emissions from ceramic home heating stoves compared to the combustion of premium chunk coal by 56 and 39%, respectively. It also results in higher thermal efficiency. An optimum formulation using Polish raw materials was determined and used in the production of Clean Fuel for the by-product market test. This fuel was also tested in a hand-stoked fixed grate boiler and 3 travelling grate boilers of varying size.

Tags: kmd
Appalachian Clean Coal Technology Consortium. Final report, October 10, 1994--March 31, 1997

The Appalachian Clean Coal Technology Consortium is a group comprised of representatives from the Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, West Virginia University, and the University of Kentucky Center for Applied Energy Research, that was formed to pursue research in areas related to the treatment and processing of fine coal. Each member performed research in their respective areas of expertise and the report contained herein encompasses the results that were obtained for the three major tasks that the Consortium undertook from October, 1994 through March, 1997. In the first task, conducted by Virginia Polytechnic Institute, novel methods (both mechanical and chemical) for dewatering fine coal were examined. In the second task, the Center for Applied Energy Research examined novel approaches for destabilization of [highly stable] flotation froths. And in the third task, West Virginia University developed physical and mathematical models for fine coal spirals. The Final Report is written in three distinctive chapters, each reflecting the individual member`s task report. Recommendations for further research in those areas investigated, as well as new lines of pursuit, are suggested.

Tags: kmd
Coordination of the U.S. DOE-Argentine National Atomic Energy Commission (CNEA) science and technology implementing arrangement. Final report

In 1989, the US Department of Energy (DOE) established the Office of Environmental Management (EM) and delegated to the office the responsibility of cleaning up the US nuclear weapons complex. EM`s mission has three primary activities: (1) to assess, remediate, and monitor contaminated sites and facilities; (2) to store, treat, and dispose of wastes from past and current operations; and (3) to develop and implement innovative technologies for environmental remediation. To this end, EM has established domestic and international cooperative technology development programs, including one with the Republic of Argentina. Cooperating with Argentine scientific institutes and industry meets US cleanup objectives by: (1) identifying and accessing Argentine EM-related technologies, thereby leveraging investments and providing cost-savings; (2) improving access to technical information, scientific expertise, and technologies applicable to EM needs; and (3) fostering the development of innovative environmental technologies by increasing US private sector opportunities in Argentina in EM-related areas. Florida International University`s Hemispheric Center for Environmental Technology (FIU-HCET) serves as DOE-OST`s primary technology transfer agent. FIU-HCET acts as the coordinating and managing body for the Department of Energy (DOE)-Argentina National Atomic Energy Commission (CNEA) Arrangement. Activities include implementing standard operating procedures, tracking various technical projects, hosting visiting scientists, advising DOE of potential joint projects based on previous studies, and demonstrating/transferring desired technology. HCET hosts and directs the annual Joint Coordinating Committee for Radioactive and Mixed Waste Management meeting between the DOE and CNEA representatives. Additionally, HCET is evaluating the possibility of establishing similar arrangements with other Latin American countries.

Tags: kmd
Timing of the deposition of uppermost Cretaceous and Paleocene coal-bearing deposits in the Greater Glendive area, Montana and North Dakota

With the aid of a grant from the National Geographic Society, a cooperative agreement with the State University of New York at Stony Brook, and contract with the U.S. Department of Energy, Late Cretaceous and Paleocene geologic and paleontologic field studies were undertaken in Makoshika, State Park and vicinity, Dawson County, Montana. This region was chosen as a study area because of its potential for yielding new fossil localities and extensive exposures both above and below the K/T boundary, as suggested by previous research by David W. Krause and Joseph H. Hartman. Related field studies were also undertaken in areas adjacent to the Cedar Creek Anticline in North Dakota. This work was part of ongoing research to document change in the composition of mammalian and molluscan faunas during the Late Cretaceous and Paleocene and to relate observed patterns to floral and invertebrate changes in composition. This study focuses on the record of mammals and mollusks in the Makoshika stratigraphic section and places old and new observations into a paleomagnetic and palynomorph framework. Of particular interest is the appearance and diversification of archaic ungulate mammals. Simultaneous dinosaur extinction with ungulate radiation has been invoked in gradual, as opposed to catastrophic, models of faunal change at the K/T boundary. However, supposed Cretaceous localities bearing archaic ungulates and other mammals of {open_quotes}Paleocene aspect{close_quotes} may be the product of faunal reworking. Elsewhere in the Williston Basin (e.g., Garfield and McCone Counties, Montana), the molluscan record of uppermost Cretaceous and Paleocene strata indicates the extinction of all of the highly sculptured unionid bivalves just prior to the onset of coal swamps and subsequent coal formation.

Tags: kmd
A novel geotechnical/geostatistical approach for exploration and production of natural gas from multiple geologic strata. Technical progress report, January--March 1996

This paper is a status report on modeling gas flow and water production from coal reservoir systems in Alaska. No new activities under this task other than paperwork processes concerning funding issues and NEPA were conducted during this January to March 1996 reporting period. Data is provided on gas and water production during this reporting period. Metering variations were described along with processes of pumping and site observations during the recording period.

Tags: kmd
Decontamination systems information and research program. Quarterly report, October 1995--December 1995

West Virginia University (WVU) and the U.S. Department of Energy Morgantown Energy Technology Center (DOE/METC) entered into a Cooperative Agreement on August 29, 1992 titled {open_quotes}Decontamination Systems Information and Research programs{close_quotes} (DOE Instrument No. DE-FC21-92MC29467) This report contains the efforts of the research projects comprising the Agreement for the 4th calendar quarter of 1995, and is the final quarterly report deliverable required for the period ending 31 December 1995. The projects reported for the WVU Cooperative Agreement are categorized into the following three areas: 1.0 In Situ Remediation Process Development, 2.0 Advanced Product Applications Testing, and 3.0 Information Systems, Public Policy, Community Outreach, and Economics. Summaries of the significant accomplishments for the projects reported during the period 1 October 95 through 31 December 95 are presented in the following discussions.

Tags: kmd
Naturally fractured tight gas reservoir detection optimization. Quarterly report, July--September 1995

During the third quarter, processing continued at Western Geophysical. The processing was closely monitored by Palantir and Blackhawk Geosciences. Early in the processing Palantir determined that the original DMO velocities from the combined data volume were inadequate for performing the azimuthally split DMO. A series of DMO velocity scans were therefore run on each of the data sets and new velocities picked using two work stations simultaneously. This ensured uniform picking throughout the two volumes. DMO on the separated volumes and final migration demonstrated results that showed significantly clearer reflections than the total (all Azimuth) volume for certain intervals. A difference in the two velocity fields showed that the E-W data volume is consistently higher in velocity than the N-S data volume. This result would correspond to dominant, open E-W fractures at depth. This report also reviews the states of data acquisition and seismic source drilling and placement. It documents the shothole drilling design, layout, and detector placement.

Tags: kmd