AndreaBozzo/ceres-open-data-index huggingface dataset:
Enhanced oil recovery by CO/sub 2/ foam flooding. First annual report

An extensive review of the literature revealed that the use of foam to lower the mobility of gases used to displace oil has been considered since 1956. Although early work was related mainly to light hydrocarbons, it is natural to extend the concept to the CO/sub 2/ flooding process. Samples of foaming agents, compatible with oil reservoir environments, were obtained from major manufacturers. Ninety-three samples were tested both alone and in admixture. The most promising class of additives appears to be ionic surfactants produced by ethoxylation of a linear alcohol followed by sulfation. One of the best, Plurafoam NO-2N was tested in a linear sandpack and found to reduce the mobility of gas relative to water an average of 300-fold. Viscosity measurements of the foam at varying shear rates were made to help explain the dramatic change in gas mobility in the linear flow model. The foam is non-Newtonian but many-fold more viscous than the liquid from which it is generated at all reasonable shear rates. Viscosities exceeding 1000 centipose are routinely obtained. Addition of water-soluble polymers to the foaming liquid greatly enhances the stability of the foam. Five different polymer structures were tested, all of which had a common cellulosic type backbone. Of this group, hydroxypropyl cellulose and zanthan gum appear to be the most promising candidates. The superiority of these polymers lies primarily in their stability at reservoir conditions in the acid environment created when carbon dioxide dissolves in water.

Tags: kmd
ASPEN costing manual

The ASPEN program contains within it a Cost Estimation System (CES) which estimates the purchase cost and utility consumption rates for major pieces of equipment in a process flowsheet as well as installed equipment costs. These estimates are ''preliminary-study grade''with an accuracy of plus or minus 30%. The ASPEN program also contains within it an Economic Evaluation System (EES) which estimates overall capital investment costs, annual operating expenses and profitability indices for a chemical plant. This ASPEN costing manual has been written as a guide for those inexperienced in the use of ASPEN and unfamiliar with standard cost estimating techniques who want to use the ASPEN CES and EES. The ASPEN Costing Manual is comprised of the following sections: (1) Introduction, (2) ASPEN Input Language, (3) ASPEN Cost Estimation System (CES), (4) ASPEN Cost Blocks; and (5) ASPEN Economic Evaluation System (EES).

Tags: kmd
Feasibility and Economics of By-Product CO2 Supply for Enhanced Oil Recovery

Volume II contains appendices for the following: oil fields amenable to CO/sub 2/ flooding; reserves of natural CO/sub 2/; power plants; cement plants; ammonia plants; natural gas processing plants; fuel alcohol (ethanol) plants; ethylene oxide plants; refinery fluid catalytic regeneration units and hydrogen plants; projected power plants to 1988; proposed fuel alcohol (ethanol) plants; proposed SNG plants; proposed fluid catalytic cracking units and hydrogen plants; design procedure for MEA; design procedure for K/sub 2/CO/sub 3/; economic analysis methodology and assumptions; example of calculations of compression and moisture removal system; and listing of program for Out of Kilter algorithm. (ATT)

Tags: kmd
Gas stream cleanup. Technology status report

The required levels of contaminant removal for the applications discussed herein are readily achievable with cold gas cleanup systems. However, the potential for hot gas cleanup to increase the overall efficiency of power systems is significant, and overall cost per unit capacity for such systems is expected to diminish substantially relative to cold gas cleanup. Indeed, implementation of a pressurized fluidized-bed combustor (PFBC) is not achievable without hot gas cleanup. Hot gas cleanup systems for removing fuel gas contaminants offer the highest overall system efficiency if they operate between the gasifier exit temperature and the inlet temperature of the MCFC or the gas turbine. These hot has cleanup processes retain the sensible heat from the gasifier to avoid gas reheat prior to entry into the MCFC or gas turbine. Hot gas cleanup processes will eliminate the need for low-temperature heat exchangers, water quench systems, and wastewater treatment processes. The development of hot gas cleanup is expected to reduce the cost of electricity made from coal. The extent of the cost reduction depends on the development of hot gas cleanup technologies that easily and reliably clean up product gas or combustion products to the tolerances required for various applications. 37 refs., 16 figs., 8 tabs.

Tags: kmd
Assessment of coal gasification/hot gas cleanup based advanced gas turbine systems: Greenfield assessment

Both the KRW fluidized-bed gasifier and the transport gasifier case studies were used for this assessment. The transport technology is a high-velocity circulating fluidized-bed reactor currently under development by The M.W. Kellogg Company. In the earlier assessment, seven design concepts or cases were identified; a process design was developed; major equipment items were identified; estimates of capital cost, operation and maintenance cost, and cost of electricity were developed; reliability was predicted; and development issues were identified for six studies. Three of the most probable cases were further evaluated for a Greenfield assessment in this report to adequately determine all costs independent of facilities at Plant Wansley.

Tags: kmd
Advanced coal-fueled gas turbine systems

The combustion system discussed here incorporates a modular three- stage slagging combustor concept. Fuel-rich conditions inhibit NO{sub x} formation from fuel nitrogen in the first stage; also in the first stage, sulfur is captured with sorbent; coal ash and sulfated sorbent are removed from the combustion gases by inertial means in the second stage by the use of an impact separator and slagging cyclone separator in series. Final oxidation of the fuel-rich gases, and dilution to achieve the desired turbine inlet conditions are accomplished in the third stage, which is maintained sufficiently lean so that here, too, NO{sub x} formation is inhibited. The objective of this contract is to establish the technology required for subsequent commercial development and application by the private sector of utility-size direct coal-fueled gas turbines. Emissions from these units are to meet or be lower than the Environment Protection Agency's (EPA's) New Source Performance Standards (NSPS) for a pulverized coal-=fired steam turbine generator plant.

Tags: kmd
Great Plains ASPEN model development: executive summary. Final topical report for Phase 1

The Scientific Design Company contracted with the United States Department of Energy through its Morgantown Energy Technology Center to develop a steady-state simulation model of the Great Plains Coal Gasification plant. This plant produces substitute natural gas from North Dakota lignite. The model was to be developed using the ASPEN (Advanced System for Process Engineering) simulation program. The project was divided into the following tasks: (1) Development of a simplified overall model of the process to be used for a sensitivity analysis to guide the development of more rigorous section models. (2) Review and evaluation of existing rigorous moving-bed gasifier models leading to a recommendation of one to be used to model the Great Plains gasifiers. Adaption and incorporation of this model into ASPEN. (3) Review of the accuracy and completeness of the physical properties data and models provided by ASPEN that are required to characterize the Great Plains plant. Rectification of inaccurate or incomplete data. (4) Development of rigorous ASPEN models for critical unit operations and sections of the plant. (5) Evaluation of the accuracy of the ASPEN Cost Estimation and Evaluation System and upgrading where feasible. Development of a preliminary cost estimate for the Great Plains plant. (6) Validation of the simulation models developed in the course of this project. Determination of model sensitivity to variations of technical and economic parameters. (7) Documentation of all work performed in the course of this project. Essentially all of these tasks were completed successfully. 34 figs.

Tags: kmd
Shale characterization and resource appraisal of Devonian black shales of the Appalachian basin. Quarterly report for October to December 1981

The objective is to characterize the Devonian shales of the Appalachian basins. Status of each of the following projects are briefly presented for the month of December; stratigraphy; geophysics; geochemistry; structure study; conodont maturation-paleontology; geochemistry-trace element study; data systems; clay mineralogy; and resource appraisal. (ATT)

Tags: kmd
Feasibility study for a coal-sourced methanol project. Final report

In 1979, W.R. Grace and Co. began work with Energy Transition Corporation to assess the feasibility of constructing a coal-sourced methanol plant in the Axial Basin of northwest Colorado. These studies envisioned construction of a plant to produce 537 million gallons of methanol per year. However, it became clear that a plant of this size would have to capture an unrealistically large share of the early market available to it. Accordingly, Grace believes that the most promising project development strategy is to begin with an initial module producing about 67 million gallons of methanol per year. During 1981, Grace conducted a study of this concept at its own expense, which established the feasibility of this approach. Also during 1980, Grace received a grant from the Department of Energy primarily to assess the environmental impact and regulatory requirements of the project. In addition, this study updated the design basis and economics of the large plant. This report summarizes the results of the DOE-funded feasibility study. This report concludes that the environmental impacts of both the initial and expanded plants are acceptable, and that all regulatory requirements can be met. In summary, all the physical and technical resources for the project are fully in hand, and the environmental and regulatory risks are small. Engineering and financial analysis are sufficiently complete to conclude that the project is economically attractive. Market risks can be minimized by beginning with a small initial module, followed by plant expansions to serve a growing methanol market.

Tags: kmd
Parametric study on Humboldt Industrial Park gasification facility. Volume 1. Final report. [Humboldt Industrial Park anthracite gasification facility]

The duration of each test and fuel consumed as shown above relate to periods of steady gasifier operation during which data collected was used in the final report. Actual total fuel consumption versus consumption during periods of steady state data collection is summarized. Particulate loading in the product gas leaving the plant from pea anthracite was measured to be about 0.26 grains/100 SCF of gas. Variations in gasifier fuel height with sized anthracite had little effect on the overall performance or capacity, although chestnut sized anthracite did allow a higher gasifier capacity than pea sized anthracite. The gas clean-up train was found to be undersized at peak load operation. Gasifier off-take pressures in excess of 12''w.c. were required at peak load. At this pressure, fugitive gas emissions from the gasifier were excessive. The briquette test was terminated after 14 hours because of excessive fines carryover and inability of the existing clean-up system to handle the increase in particulate and condensibles obtained when processing briquettes. The mist eliminator in the Primary Scrubber (C-101) plugged completely; flushing with a water spray did not restore the scrubber to operating condition. 14 refs., 31 figs., 30 tabs.

Tags: kmd
LLL Gas Stimulation Program. Quarterly progress report, July-September 1979

The research and accomplishments of the LLL Gas Stimulation Program during the third quarter of FY 1979 are summarized. We have continued to analyze dynamic fracture propagation near interfaces and have begun some analyses to determine the effects of frictional slip along interfaces. Some experiments have been performed to analyze the effects of existing cracks near an interface. These experimental results compare with theoretical predictions. Analyses for the formulation of three-dimensional models have indicated some discretization schemes for development of the numerical models. We have continued the measurement of mechanical properties and failure characteristics of core material from the western tight gas reservoirs. Additionally, we have been applying various schemes, including the use of color plots, to evaluate the data obtained with continuous three-dimensional sonic logs.

Tags: kmd
EXPERIMENTAL AND THEORETICAL STUDY OF HYDRAULIC FRACTURING IN IMPERMEABLE AND PERMEABLE MATERIALS

Experiments were conducted to study hydraulic fracture propagation in impermeable and permeable materials. The complicating effects of fluid leak-off and proppant transport were separated by conducting experiments on an impermeable material without proppants, on a permeable material without proppants, and, finally, on the same permeable material with proppants. Borehole pressure, pressure in the fracture, fracture width, and fracture length were measured in both impermeable and permeable experiments. In addition, the extent of fluid penetration into the permeable material was measured in the permeable experiments. It was observed that both the borehole pressure and the pressure gradient in the fracture were considerably larger in the experiments with proppants than in the experiments without proppants. The results of the impermeable and permeable experiments were compared with the corresponding predictions of a solution developed here as well as those of other simple formulas for hydraulic fracture propagation. Although the predictions of the present solution are an improvement over those of the other simple solutions, future research is needed to reduce the discrepancy between theory and experiment. This discrepancy is attributed to the effect of fluid penetration on the fracture mechanics of the permeable medium.

Tags: kmd
A preliminary study of carbon deposition on zinc ferrite sorbents

A preliminary study was conducted to determine the feasibility of cumulative carbon deposition on zinc ferrite sorbents under conditions relevant to desulfurization of hot coal gas from the KRW fluidized bed gasifier operating in the air-blown mode. Thermodynamic calculations indicated that the range of conditions under which carbon deposition and carbide formation occur can be broadened if the gas contains less than equilibrium levels of methane. These calculations also indicated that dissociation of CO and reduction of CO by hydrogen are potential pathways for carbon deposition on the sorbent.

Tags: kmd
Arctic and offshore research. Technology status report

DOE's Morgantown Energy Technology Center (METC) and the DOE Fossil Energy Office of Oil, Gas, and Shale Technology are performing the following activities in Arctic and Offshore Research (AOR): (1) AOR Energy-Related Technology Data Base Development; (2) AOR seminars and workshops; (3) Arctic and Offshore Energy Research Coordination; (4) Arctic and Offshore Research which includes analysis of ice island generation, and prediction of drift paths; field and laboratory determination of (1) the engineering properties of multiyear ice, and (2) the interaction of multiyear ice with offshore structures; analysis of ice gouging in deep water (150 to 210 feet) in the Arctic Ocean, and numerical simulation modeling of the gouging process; analysis of the location and origin of the ice-ridging shear zone; analysis of sea-ice thickness using airborne radar sensing techniques; improvement of permafrost detection techniques, and analysis of permafrost characteristics; investigation of the effects of ice accretion and corrosion on offshore structures; measurements of seismic acceleration and velocity for analyzing vibration in and stability of off-shore structures; detection of oil spills that occur below the Arctic ice pack; analysis of the effects of frost heave and corrosion on pipelines; (5) Advanced Recovery Technologies; and (6) Subice Systems Development. Current activities include determining the Arctic bibliographic data base and initiating most of the research described above (except multiyear ice properties, pipeline research, and subice systems development). 10 refs., 15 figs., 3 tabs.

Tags: kmd
Measurement and modeling of advanced coal conversion processes

The overall objective of this program is the development of predictive capability for the design, scale up, simulation, control and feedstock evaluation in advanced coal conversion devices. This program will merge significant advances made in measuring and quantitatively describing the mechanisms in coal conversion behavior. Comprehensive computer codes for mechanistic modeling of entrained-bed gasification. Additional capabilities in predicting pollutant formation will be implemented and the technology will be expanded to fixed-bed reactors.

Tags: kmd
Improved polymers for enhanced oil recovery: synthesis and rheology. Final report. [Copolymers of acrylamide with sodium-3-acrylamido-3-methyl-butanoate]

Research during FY-84 was centered on synthesis, characterization, and rheological behavior of copolymers of acrylamide (AM) with sodium-3-acrylamido-3-methyl-butanoate (NaAMB). Reactivity ratios were determined and copolymers with designated microstructures were synthesized in order to assess solution properties. Polymers were characterized by C-13 NMR and Infrared Spectroscopy, low angle laser light scattering, quasielastic light scattering, viscometry, turbidimetry, and potentiometric titration. New light scattering and size exclusion chromatographic (SEC) techniques have been developed for more accurately measuring molecular size of high molecular weight, water-soluble copolymers. The improved sensitivity of SEC methods is attributable to the development of a new syringe pump, a sensitive pressure detector, and deconvolution techniques in conjuction with the utilization of efficient column packing materials. The AM/NaAMB copolymers show immense potential for use as mobility control agents in enhanced oil recovery due to their remarkable calcium tolerance and unusually high molecular weights as compared to conventional acrylamide-sodium acrylate copolymers of similar microstructure. 133 refs., 34 figs., 26 tabs.

Tags: kmd
Development of high temperature, high pressure rotating shaft seals: Final report

Rotating shaft seals used in coal gasification equipment are exposed to difficult environmental conditions including temperature from 430/sup 0/C to 816/sup 0/C (800/sup 0/F to 1500/sup 0/F), high pressure (to 10 MPa or 1500 psig), and high levels of particulate contamination (50,000 to 100,000 ppM). The program reported upon was designed to develop long-life seals that would not require external flushing or cooling. The approach taken was to develop unbalanced face that would remain closed and prevent particulate entry into the interface. Wear resistant materials and coatings with low friction coefficients are required. Significant results of the program are enumerated: The selected material combination was a rotating runner of Kentanium K162B mating against a non-rotating seal ring of Kentanium K162B. Kentanium is the trade name of a series of hard carbide alloys with pure titanium carbide as the principal ingredient. Nickel and nickel molybdenum are used as binder materials. Kentanium retains most of its strength at temperatures ..mu..p to 1100/sup 0/C (2000/sup 0/F). Since hard materials are required to resist wear and withstand the temperatures, mechanical compliance must be built into the seal configuration for the opposed faces to follow runner nutations and remain closed. Environmental and frictional heating caused the formation of very small particles of titanium oxide which lodged in the face wave formations and acted as an interfacial lubricant. The results of this program provide encouragement and optimism that dry contact face seals can be developed for long unattended operation in the hostile environment of a coal gasification plant. 40 refs., 98 figs., 20 tabs.

Tags: kmd
Study of diamond-bit hydraulics and pressure distribution while drilling under downhole simulated conditions with full-scale, instrumented bits. Final report

Two conventional 7-7/8''diameter (200 mm) natural stone surface set diamond bits were instrumented and used to drill shale in laboratory controlled tests at simulated downhole conditions. Each bit had a different type of hydraulic flow design. The Christensen, Inc. MD262, a soft to medium formation bit, is a radial flow type of design whereas the other Christensen, Inc. MD331, is a medium to medium-hard formation bit, with a forced flow or feeder-collector hydraulic design. Miniature pressure transducers were mounted at different locations on the bit crowns. While drilling under a wide range of simulated conditions, output from these transducers were recorded. From these data, an understanding of the magnitude and distribution of pressures at the bit face was obtained. An analysis of the data showed that a substantial amount of hydraulic energy is expended at or near the crowfoot or center of the bits. Also, an estimate of pump-off force (or hydraulic lift) as a function of pressure drop was obtained from the pressure distribution data.

Tags: kmd
Fixation of alkali and trace metals in high temperature co-current, entrained flow gasifiers and combustors: Quarterly technical progress report No. 1

The first Quarterly Report is concerned with the design of an in-situ particle impactor, suitable for the trapping and classification of particles in a down flow combustor. At this early stage in the research, we are concerned with a full-scale cold flow prototype and are focusing our work on the determination of the pressure drop and the particle classification capabilities, likely to be encountered. If the pressure drop across the impactor were to be too large, the concept on an in-situ impactor would have to be discarded. The theory, rationale and final design of the cold flow impactor are described. 4 figs., 3 tabs.

Tags: kmd
Fixation of alkali and trace metals in high temperature co-current, entrained flow gasifiers and combustors: Quarterly technical progress report No. 4

This Quarterly Report is concerned with the design and operation of the hot flow impactor, suitable for insertion in the downflow combustor. An in-situ impactor was necessary for two reasons. First, it allows prior removal of large particles, which are likely to clog the high velocity sampling probe, especially under fuel rich gasification conditions. Second, it provides a method for sampling, in an in-situ manner, large particles for further analysis. 8 figs.

Tags: kmd