AndreaBozzo/ceres-open-data-index huggingface dataset:
Application of the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon relative retention index to rapid gas chromatographic analysis of DOE/METC gasifier samples

The Department of Energy (DOE), Morgantown Energy Technology Center (METC), is involved in the characterization of organic components present in the process and by-product streams generated by coal gasification in DOE/METC's 42-inch stirred fixed-bed gasifier. The primary objective of this characterization program is the generation of basic data on the total organic loadings in various process and by-product streams and the distribution of organic compounds at critical points throughout the cleanup system. The samples collected are initially separated into solid, water-soluble, and tar and oil fractions. Organic solvent extracts of the tars and oils are then subjected to capillary column gas chromatography and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry analysis. Because of the number of components typically present in the tar and oil extracts, identification of every compound is very time-consuming. In response to this, a rapid gas chromatographic identification procedure to analyze organic compounds in tar and oil extracts using a relative retention index (RRI) system has been developed by Argonne National Laboratory (ANL). This system and accompanying software has been used in the analysis and identification of samples from the DOE/METC gasifier. The results, which are processed into a convenient from by the software, can be used to build a data base to allow further analyses, such as the correlation of the composition of process streams with gasifier operating conditions. 9 refs., 4 figs., 5 tabs.

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Development of a coal/water slurry-fueled diesel engine for industrial cogeneration. Task 2. 0 topical report: fuel preparation, beneficiation and handling

This is part of a program whose objective is to establish a high efficiency prototype industrial power system that can burn coal directly. The power system consists of a slow-speed, two-stroke diesel engine and a fuel preparation system which provides clean micronized coal in a water slurry for use as the primary fuel. The project is divided into five tasks. This topical report deals with the subject of Task 2: Fuel Preparation, Beneficiation and Handling. The first part of the report consists of a comparative evaluation of the beneficiation technologies that can reduce the ash content in the coal to less than 1%, and a comparative analysis of the most important factors affecting the economics of these processes as a whole. The second part is a report of the slurry procurement effort and the preliminary screening tests that were performed on the slurries to determine which ones will be used for the diesel engine tests scheduled to commence in July 1984 in a single-cylinder test engine facility located at the Sulzer Bros. Ltd., plant in Winterthur, Switzerland.

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Pressure transient analysis of wells with horizontal drainholes: SUPRI TR-51

This study presents an analytical solution for the transient pressure response of a uniform flux horizontal drainhole in an anisotropic reservoir of finite thickness. The solution also applies for a reservoir with multiple drainholes in a vertical array. The analytical solution is developed using instantaneous source functions, Green's functions and the Newman product method. The solution shows that there are two possible types of transient pressure behavior depending on the length of the drainhole relative to the height of the resevoir. If the drainhole is short, flow is characterized by three flow periods: an initial radial flow perpendicular to the drainhole axis, a transition flow period, and a pseudo-radial flow period. If the drainhole length is long relative to the reservoir height, the initial radial flow period ends instantaneously for all practial purposes. The transient pressure behavior here is identical to that of a uniform flux veritical fracture and is characterized by early time linear flow followed by a transition period and late time pseudo-radial flow. It is demonstrated that the pressure transient response for multiple drainholes is identical to the single drainhole solution if dimensionless variable are defined relaive to the number of drainholes. Consequently, the pressure response of a uniform flux vertical fracture can also be approximated by several short drainholes. The solution for infinite conductivity drainholes is also suggested by analogy to the infinite conductivity verticl fracture solution. Log-log type curves are presented for various drainhole radii and can be used in the conventional manner to determine reservoir characteristics including directional permeability or drainhole half length. Short and long time approximations are presented along with appropriate time limits. Finally, conditions for greater productivity than with vertical wells or hydraulic fractures are presented. 53 refs., 33 figs., 17 tabs.

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Preparation and analyses of low-rank coals for combustion applications. Second quarterly report, January 1, 1985-March 31, 1985. [Physical and chemical cleaning]

This report covers the second quarter of activity on an 18-month project to prepare low-rank coal (LRC) fuel for research applications in DOE advanced combustion technologies programs. Coals from five mines were characterized by physical and chemical cleaning and hot water drying amenability tests. Subbituminous coal from the Eagle Butte Mine was selected from the five for future use as feed stock for production of bulk lots of low ash and low sodium LRC and LRC slurry fuels. The amenability tests indicated that a combination of physical and chemical cleaning would produce a fuel containing 1.36% ash, 8 ppM Na/sub 2/O and 18 ppM K/sub 2/O from the Eagle Butte coal on a dry basis. A micronized slurry loading of 57.5% coal was projected for the hot-water dried coal. 8 refs., 13 figs., 26 tabs.

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Stress trajectory and advanced hydraulic-fracture simulations for the Eastern Gas Shales Project. Final report, April 30, 1981-July 30, 1983

A summary review of hydraulic fracture modeling is given. Advanced hydraulic fracture model formulations and simulation, using the finite element method, are presented. The numerical examples include the determination of fracture width, height, length, and stress intensity factors with the effects of frac fluid properties, layered strata, in situ stresses, and joints. Future model extensions are also recommended. 66 references, 23 figures.

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Application of gas flotation and foam separation for the treatment of tar-sand wastewaters

A feasibility study was undertaken to evaluate the potential of air flotation and foam separation for the treatment of tar sand, steam generation waste waters collected following an in-situ experiment in Vernal, Utah. It was found that the process waters were not amenable to treatment by means of polymer-aided air flotation or foam separation. Suspended solids were readily removed by the process, but dissolved organic substances were not affected significantly.

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Phase I, Volume III, Bench scale research at MIT (Massachusetts Institute of Technology)

Several sulfur sorbent systems for potential application to desulfurization of hot gas streams exiting the air- or O{sub 2}-blown Texaco coal gasifiers have been evaluated. MIT has synthesized and tested four mixed metal oxide desulfurization sorbents over the temperature range of 540--760{degree}C (1000--1400{degree}F). Additionally, a commercial iron oxide and a zinc ferrite sorbent synthesized by United Catalysts, Inc. (UCI, L-3201) were evaluated at MIT in cyclic sulfidation-regeneration tests. Sorbent testing was carried out isothermally in lab-scale, packed-bed reactors at atmospheric pressure. The four mixed oxide sorbents had the following nominal compositions: (3CuO{center dot}Fe{sub 2}O{sub 3}{center dot}Al{sub 2}O{sub 3}), (3CuO{center dot}Al{sub 2}O{sub 3}), (ZnO{center dot}1.5Fe{sub 2}O{sub 3}), and (ZnO{center dot}2.5TiO{sub 2}). All sorbents were prepared in highly porous and dispersed form according to the amorphous citrate technique. For the screening tests of Phase I of the work, sorbent granules ({minus}20   35 mesh or {minus}0.42   0.84 mm) were used, while for the Phase II-testing, the sorbents were prepared and evaluated in extrusion form (1/8''dia. cylinders). Extrusions were prepared from suitably sized, calcined powders of the sorbents such that they combined good mechanical strength with high pore volume (>0.4 cm{sup 3}/g) and medium high surface area (5-15 m{sup 2}/g). The physical properties of the sorbent, regeneration, and losses are discussed. 13 refs., 26 figs., 9 tabs.

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Micro-coal pyrolysis and heat engine applications. Final technical report. [Micronized coal]

The objectives of this investigation were: (1) to establish a fuel characterization technique to assess the effects of beneficiation - physical and chemical - and slurry processing on coal composition and combustion behavior; (2) to establish a data base containing coal structure characteristics and combustion behavior; (3) to develop a phenomenological understanding of coal pyrolysis in high intensity heating conditions. In this investigation, parent, beneficiated and slurried coal samples were obtained from three commercial manufacturers of micronized coal water slurries. Two additional slurry samples were obtained from different process runs made by two of the manufacturers. In addition, four, dry and beneficiated samples were obtained from other manufacturers of ''heat engine quality''coal feeds. Structural characteristics and rapid-heating pyrolysis behavior of beneficiated samples obtained from different manufacturers varied appreciably, despite the fact that most of the processes started with similar hvBit coal feeds. Investigations of dried samples of the slurry feeds indicate that dispersants and stabilizers employed in the slurry processing can significantly affect gross structural characteristics of the slurried particles and their combustion related pyrolysis behavior. Results are presented and an understanding of pyrolysis behavior in conditions similar to high intensity combustion conditions is developed. Pyrolysis behavior or micronized samples of a range of coal ranks is also presented to clarify the behavior of the micronized samples derived from hvBit coals and in anticipation of extending the types of coals that are utilized in heat engines. The results and model are presented in the context of a larger data base and understanding of coal devolatilization developed in previous investigations. 71 refs., 37 figs., 23 tabs.

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Gas hydrate model development and validation

A two-phase, three-dimensional numerical model was developed to simulate the dissociation and formation of hydrates (composed of water and any stable mixture of methane, ethane, or propane) when a conventional gas reservoir is in contact with hydrates. This model was developed in order to address fundamental questions on the feasibility of dissociating hydrates using the depressurization that accompanies production of a conventional gas reservoir. The major implications of the simulation are quite favorable, suggesting that massive hydrate can be dissociated at appreciable rates without an external source of heat energy. These results support the continued evaluation of gas hydrates as a potential resource and indicate a need for model validation. Because of scant documentation on the production of gas from hydrates in the literature, this simulator could not be validated using conventional methods. An alternative means of testing was required. A three part procedure, based on the availability of data, was devised to test different components of the simulator. The testing consisted of a qualitative examination of the total system and a quantitative testing of the two portions of the model (i.e., the production of a conventional gas reservoir and the dissociation of massive hydrate). Existing resources were used in the first two parts of this testing. An examination of the dissociation of massive hydrate was the third step toward model validation. Based on the encouraging findings of the first two parts of testing, a laboratory simulation of the behavior of a gas hydrate reservoir during pressure reduction was undertaken. In the DOE/METC Gas Hydrates Laboratory, an experiment was designed to produce gas from depressurization and dissociation of synthesized methane hydrate. The flow rate was allowed to vary. The data from this experiment have been used to test and refine the simulator. 5 refs., 7 figs.

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EFFECTS OF WATER AND STRESS UPON PERMEABILITY TO GAS OF PALUDAL AND COASTAL SANDS

Detailed parametric analyses of the effects of (1) net stress on the rock matrix and (2) fractional water saturation of pore volume upon permeability to gas were performed for four samples from each of two Mesa Verde depositional environments (paludal and coastal). This included measurement of the Klinkenberg parameters for the two net stresses for each sample and calculation of flow path characteristics (width and upper limit of tortuosity). The work simultaneously involved three categories of activity: (1) measuring matrix parameter values for computer simulation of production from DOE's MWX experiment; (2) improving understanding of tight sandstone pore morphology and the physical principles that control gas content and gas transport in the in-situ reservoir; and (3) advancing laboratory core analysis technology such that results are more likely to provide a valid description of the undisturbed in-situ reservoir from which the samples were obtained. Conclusions, implications of results obtained, and recommendations for future action on each of these topics are presented under the following subheadings: matrix parameters for computer simulation of production; pore morphology and the physics of fluid transport; and advances in core analysis technology. 9 refs., 38 figs., 10 tabs.

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Phase I, Volume I, Program summary and PDU (process development unit) operations: Topical report, October 1987--January 1989

The work described in this report (Volume I of a three volume set) was primarily done at Texaco's Montebello Research Laboratory, located near Los Angeles, California. It covers the first year of a five year program designed to demonstrate the integration of high temperature desulfurization with the Texaco Coal Gasification Process. Supporting work at MIT and at the Texaco Research Center in Beacon, New York is also briefly described. Theoretical studies and bench scale tests were done to identify in-situ and external high temperature desulfurization sorbents suitable for use with the Texaco Coal Gasification Process. For in-situ desulfurization, only iron oxide and the iron oxide/sodium oxide system had potential for success. PDU tests were made with iron oxide and iron oxide/sodium oxide in-situ sulfur sorbents. The results showed that 50--60% of the sulfur in the synthesis gas could be captured with either system, but the iron oxide/sodium oxide system produced extremely small solid particles which rendered the system inoperable. External sorbents tested in the PDU included zinc ferrite, zinc copper ferrite and zinc titanate. Of these, only the zinc titanate was found to be suitable. 34 figs., 26 tabs.

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Examinations of batch and column procedures used to produce a leachate from retorted oil shale

The primary research objective of this study was to examine test variables inherent to batch and column procedures for their effect on the leachate produced, and to recommend a batch and column procedure for further retorted shale research. Both batch and column tests can give useful leachate data. Batch tests tell us the total material leached which can be related to pile stability, while column tests tell us the rates of release. Both types of information are necessary to make environmental assessments. Specific variables were evaluated through a series of sorption and desorption tests using batch and column procedures. For the sorption experiments an adsorbate solution was prepared of arsenic, selenium, molybdenum and boron and contacted with spent shale in the batch and column procedures. The leachates were then collected and concentration changes were determined. Following the sorption procedure, the shales were leached with distilled-deionized water and the leachates analyzed to determine if the previously adsorbed elements would be leached. For both the column and batch tests, adsorption and desorption were strongly dependent on the shale retorting process and on the solution chemistry of each element. But the degree of adsorption and desorption in the batch test was influenced by the test conditions. Other variables inherent to batch tests should be tested for their effect on leachate quality. These include method of agitation, temperature effects, pH effects and longer contact times. Although the variables tested in the column tests did not significantly affect the leachate quality, other variables in column procedures could. Further research on column procedures is needed. 8 refs., 25 figs., 21 tabs.

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Molten salt coal gasification process development unit, Phase 2. Quarterly technical progress report No. 4, April-June 1981

This represents the fourth quarterly progress report on Phase 2 of the Molten Salt Coal Gasification Process Development Unit (PDU) Program. Phase 1 of this program started in March 1976, and included the design, construction, and initial operation of the PDU. On June 25, 1980, Phase 2 of the program was initiated. It covers a 1-year operations program utilizing the existing PDU and was planned to include a series of runs, each additional run progressively utilizing more plant hardware and subsystems and operating under increasingly severe conditions. During this report period, Run 7 data were evaluated and reported and Runs 8 and 9 were conducted. During Run 8: (1) the gasifier was operated continuously for a full 7 days, as scheduled, (2) the melt overflow system operated smoothly throughout the entire gasification program, (3) a coal throughput of approximately 1 TPH, the rated design capacity of system, was achieved, (4) the gasifier/quench system operated satisfactorily at a planned 15% ash in the melt, and (5) the gasification system operated as predicted at 10-atm pressure over extended periods and satisfactorily at pressures up to 18 atm. The ash removal, sulfur removal, and sodium carbonate regeneration systems were all placed on line during the run. During Run 9: (1) Illinois No. 6 coal was gasified at 20 atm pressure and at coal throughput of nominal 1 TPH and (2) the gasifier was operated with the ash content in the melt at the design 20% concentration. The post-test inspection after PDU Run 9 is continued. Data reduction, data evaluation, and performance analysis of the various components and subsystems in the balance of plant are in progress.

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Critique of conceptual design for removal of sodium from lignite by ion exchange. Final report

In general, it appears that the proposed process is technically feasible and can be translated into an operating plant that could perform reliably and without unusual operation difficulties. However, the proposed equipment selection, although based on commercially available units would, we believe, be a severe maintenance burden and somewhat difficult to control. We refer specifically to the countercurrent ion exchange contractors and the coal distribution to the 20 required units. These major difficulties may be overcome by selection of a countercurrent decantation (CCD) or similar system, as proposed in this report. Our cost estimates indicate that a CCD system would substantially reduce the capital cost for this section of the plant. Nevertheless, our capital cost estimate for the entire plant is approximately double that in the base case GFETC/UND report. Applying this increased capital cost to the UND estimate of annual operating expenses, the fixed charges would more than double, from $0.56/ton to $1.36/ton of feed lignite. Financing costs would likewise increase from $0.86/ton to $1.57/ton. With other less significant changes, a total cost per ton of at least $4.33 is derived for the sodium reduction process. A comprehensive analysis is necessary to relate this cost to the financial impact of high-sodium lignite on power plant operation. Intuitively though, it would seem that an additional $4 per ton might not be attractive for a nominal $6 to $7 per ton base fuel price. Therefore, there is a large incentive for developing the process further in order to realize any potential downstream power plant credits.

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Laboratory studies on evaluation of in situ biodegradation at the Hoe Creek UCG (underground coal gasification) site

Laboratory experiments were conducted to evaluate the potential for in situ biodegradation in the contaminated groundwater aquifer at the Hoe Creek underground coal gasification site. Experiments were performed in electrolytic respirometric cells under simulated environmental conditions. An orthogonal, fractional factorial design was used to evaluate the effects of the following factors on phenol degradation: nutrient dose, amount of bacterial inoculum, temperature, light conditions, and substrate concentration. Microorganisms native to the environment were used as the inoculum, and phosphorus was used as the nutrient. The amount of inoculum introduced and the nutrient dose were found to have a positive effect on phenol degradation. Temperature changes from 15{degree}C (59{degree}F) to 25{degree}C (77{degree}F) had no significant effect. The light conditions (fluorescent or dark) also had no significant effect on phenol degradation. Higher concentrations of substrate required increased amounts of oxygen for biodegradation. 24 refs., 1 fig., 4 tabs.

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Experimental and process design study of a high rate entrained coal gasification process. Final report, January 1974-November 1978. [ERI process]

Work began in January 1974. The original experimental equipment was designed, fabricated and installed during the first eight months of the project. A total of 296 test runs were made for a total of 800 operating hours. Cold gas efficiencies of 73 percent at specific gasification rates of 115 pounds coal/hour ft/sup 3/ atmospheres have been achieved. Extensive equipment modifications have been made to overcome problems encountered. An extended series of runs on a range of feed coals and char were conducted. Using the results a semi-empirical mathematical model was developed. This model incorporated material and energy balances, assumption of frozen water gas shift equilibrium and Arrhenius correlations of carbon gasification and methane formation. The Arrhenius constants were found to depend directly on the carbon percentages and the percent volatile matter for the four coals tested. Mathematical models of the entrained gasifier integrated in various ways with a combined cycle system have been developed and used to study the effect of mode of integration, coal type, gasifier heat loss and gasifier steam feed rate on combined cycle performance. The computer programs developed under this task are documented in an appendix. Ford, Bacon and Davis of Utah Inc. performed a detailed cost and engineering analysis of the scaled up high rate entrained gasification process. Their conclusions were favorable and are described in some detail.

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