AndreaBozzo/ceres-open-data-index huggingface dataset:
Western gas sands: Technology status report

Research on western gas sands is conducted by the US Department of Energy's Morgantown Technology Center to encourage the development of very low permeability gas sands in the western United States. The current search is an outgrowth of earlier Government research on tight sands in which nuclear and massive hydraulics fracturing stimulations were tested without definitive results. Based on input from the gas industry, universities, and geologic and engineering consulting firms, activites were broadened to include fundamental research and development. Consequently, the focus of the research for the last several years has been on improving diagnostic instruments for evaluating reservoir and stimulation performances, interpreting geophysical and engineering data, and stimulation techniques. Intergrated geologic studies of three depositional basins that contain tight lenticular sandstone units have also been pursued as part of this new effort. To date, the following tentative conclusions have been formulated: The permeability of the tight gas sands can be as much as three to four orders of magnitude lower than that of conventional gas deposits. Nineteen western geologic basins and trends have been identified that contain significant volumes of tight gas. Gas resources in the priority geologic basins have been estimated as follows: Piceance Basin, 420 Tcf.; Greater Green River Basin, 4971 Tcf.; and Uinta Basin, 21 Tcf. The critical parameters for successfully developing tight sandstone resources are the presence of natural fractures within a reservoir and the effective propped length of hydraulically induced fractures. Stimulation technology is presently insufficient to efficiently recover gas from lenticular, tight reservoirs. 15 refs., 14 figs., 3 tabs.

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Super-equilibrium sulfur removal from high temperature gases

Most pulverized coal combustion processes are high temperature (2000--2200 K) operations. The objective of this work was to investigate the potential calcium based sorbents for sulfur removal from high temperature gases (1600--2400 K) under transient thermal nonequilibrium conditions. In a bench scale apparatus, the transient heat up and reactions of sorbent particles in high temperature sulfur laden reactions background gas was monitored for time scales less than 100 ms. 17 refs., 43 figs.

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Low-rank coal research. Quarterly technical progress report, October-December 1984

Progress in UNDERC-low rank coal research programs is described: Treatment of gasification plant waste water, hydrogen production, fuel slurries, liquefaction of low rank coal, SO/sub 2//NO/sub x/ air pollution control, coal preparation, boilers fouling, fluidized-bed combustion, combustion additives, structural chemical analysis, pyrolysis, devolatilization, etc. (LTN)

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Chattanooga shale (Devonian and Mississippian) from the Tennessee Division of Geology:  U. S. Department of Energy cored drill holes Number 4 and 5, Hawkins County, Tennessee

The Tennessee Division of Geology under contract to the Morgantown Energy Technology Center of the US Department of Energy has drilled eight NX coreholes in eastern Tennessee. The coring program was designed to retrieve continuous cores for a detailed study of the character of the Chattanooga Shale. The geophysical wire-line logging of the NX drill holes was performed by the US Geological Survey. The lithologic and wire-line log data in conjunction with two seismic surveys will be used to evaluate the hydrocarbon potential of the Chattanooga Shale in northeastern Tennessee. The purpose of this report is to present a detailed lithologic description and gamma-ray log of the Tennessee Division of Geology and US Department of Energy cored drill holes no. 4 and 5 (TDG-DOE no. 4 and no. 5). In spite of the overlap, no distinct marker beds were found to facilitate a positive correlation between the two cores. Reconstruction of the total Chattanooga section was based on detailed field mapping of the uppermost dark-gray shale below the base of the Grainger Formation and the projection of the beds. The total thickness of the Chattanooga Shale at the coring locations is estimated to be 1650 to 1700 ft.

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Prediction and measurement of entrained flow coal gasification processes. Volume I. Final report, 8 September 1983-28 February 1985

This volume reports experimental and theoretical results of a study of entrained coal gasification with steam and oxygen. Interim results were reported in a previous report. The gasifier facility and testing methods were revised and substantially improved. The gasifier was also modified for high pressure operation. Fifty-four gasification tests were completed since the interim report to complete optimization tests and mapping tests for four coal types at atmospheric pressure. Effects of coal type, reactant feedrates and proportions, and coal size on carbon conversion and gas composition were identified and partially correlated. Seventeen tests were conducted at elevated pressures to 140 psig with the Utah bituminous coal for premixed and diffusion flames. Effects of pressure, reactant feedrates and proportions and flame type on carbon conversion and gas composition are reported. The LDV system was used on the cold-flow facility to make additional nonreactive jet mixing measurements (local mean and turbulent velocity) to validate the two-dimensional code. The previously completed two-dimensional entrained coal gasification code, PCGC-2, was evaluated through rigorous comparison with cold-flow, pulverized coal combustion, and entrained coal gasification data from this laboratory and other laboratories. A complete set of the data used has been compiled into a Data Book which is included as Volume 3 of this final report. A revised user's manual for the two-dimensional code has been prepared and is also included as Volume 2 of this final report. Ease of PCGC-2 operation and numerical efficiency for gasification was improved and the first comprehensive application of the code to entrained gasification was conducted, with twenty-two converged gasification solutions being obtained. 153 references, 101 figures, 17 tabs.

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BI-GAS pilot plant operation. Technical progress report, July 1, 1983-July 31, 1983

During the month of July 1983, the program objectives for Test G-21 were developed, recommending that the gasifier be operated at 500 psig with Illinois No. 6 coal instead of 750 psig. The purpose for reducing the pressure is to decrease or eliminate the char agglomeration occurring in Stage II of the gasifier. Details of the test program, theory on formation of agglomerates and changes in operating procedure are included in the Plant Operations section. Also included are a report and graph dealing with terminal velocity of char particles in the gasifier at operating pressures of 500 and 750 psig. 4 figures.

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Management of coal waste by energy recovery: mild gasification/flash pyrolysis of coal preparation wastes. Topical report No. one: literature review

The purpose of this literature review is to collect and assess the available literature of the management of coal preparation wastes. Three areas in particular will be examined. They are: (1) current and projected future production of coal preparation wastes, (2) characteristics of regulated constituents present in such wastes, and (3) current and potential future techniques available for managing such wastes. With coal production figures steadily rising there is a need to know how much coal preparation waste is generated now, and how much will be generated in the future. With nearly all the naturally-occurring elements present in coal wastes, elements released in harmful amounts are identified, and current and future techniques for handling harmful effluents are discussed.

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Measurement of dynamic reservoir conditions. Technical progress report, November 1983

Technical progress report on the drainage borehole DHM-7 at the Grove Test Site for November 1983 is presented. In addition daily production data for November for drainage borehole DHM-4 are included in Appendix Table I. The study of joints and linears in the Oak Grove area, especially in relation to borehole DHM-7, was completed in late November. The report of this study along with collected data is presented in Appendix A. 1 reference, 15 figures, 1 table.

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Fracture history of the Northern Piceance Creek Basin, Northwestern Colorado

The fracture pattern of the Northern Piceance Creek Basin, in Rio Blanco and Garfield Counties of Northwestern Colorado, evolved during at least four periods of brittle failure in Eocene rocks of the Green River and overlying Uinta Formations. Fractures in these rocks of are interest to hydrologists because matrix permeabilities in both formations are low, due either to poor sorting and interstitial calcite cement (Uinta sandstones) or to low pore volume and growth of authigenic minerals (Green River oil shales). Ground water at shallow to intermediate depths thus circulates mostly through secondary openings such as fractures and through voids created by the dissolution of nahcolite and halite. Fracture-induced permeabilities probably dominate most at shallow depths, where fractures are most abundant, apertures of fracture walls are greates, and solution openings are least common. Shallow, fracture-dominated aquifers are strongly anisotropic. At deeper levels, in leached zones of the ''saline facies''of the lower part of the Green River Formation, solution openings contribute greatly to fluid flow and permeabilities probably are less direction dependent.

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Simultaneous high-temperature removal of alkali and particulates in a pressurized gasification system. Final technical progress report, April 1981-July 1983

This program is directed at performing experimental and analytical investigations, deriving system designs, and estimating costs to ascertain the feasibility of using aluminosilicate-based getters for controlling alkali in pressurized gasification systems. Its overall objective is to develop a plan for evaluating a scaled-up version of the gettering process as a unit operation or as an integral part of a particulate removal device. This report describes work completed on the four technical program tasks: Thermodynamic projections; Getter Selection and Qualification; System Performance Projections; and Program Definition for Concept Scale-up during the 27-month contract performance period. Work completed on the thermodynamic projections includes a data base update, development of alkali phase diagrams, and system performance projections. Getter selection and qualification efforts involved over 70 kinetic studies in which a leading candidate getter - emathlite - was selected and characterized. System performance projections identified a packed-bed configuration containing relatively large getter pellets as the preferred contacting device for a full-scale unit. For emathlite, we concluded that full-scale unit bed heights of 2 m or less would be required if we assume annual replacement on the basis of bed saturation capacity. Concept scale-up work involved defining the hardware and test program requirements for further development of the emathlite packed-bed system. 56 references, 80 figures, 74 tables.

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Status of METC investigations of coal gas desulfurization at high temperature. [Zinc ferrite]

This report documents the continuing effort at the US Department of Energy/Morgantown Energy Technology Center (METC) to develop a hot-gas desulfurization process for coal-derived gas, primarily for application to molten carbonate fuel cells. Metal oxide sorbents were tested on lab-scale test equipment, and it was determined that scale-up of the process was warranted. A larger, skid-mounted test unit was therefore designed, constructed, and installed on a sidestream of the DOE/METC fixed-bed gasifier. A first series of tests was conducted during Gasifier Run 101. These tests served to shake down the test unit, and provide data on the performance of the test unit operating on coal-derived gas. Overall, the process operated well on fixed-bed, air-blown gasifier gas. Sulfur levels in exit dry gas were reduced to less than 10 ppM. Regeneration appears to restore the sulfur-removing capacity of the sorbent. Sorbent integrity was maintained during the test period, which incorporated three sulfidations. It is recommended that treatment of the regeneration offgas be investigated, and that testing and development of a system to reduce the sulfur in this gas to elemental sulfur be initiated. In addition, it is suggested that a multiple reactor system be planned for continuous operation, to allow for long-term tests of downstream users of desulfurized gas. 7 references, 18 figures, 9 tables.

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Fabric-filter design for application in the fluidized-bed combustion of coal

Various emission control devices, for FBC installations using a variety of fuels, are reviewed. These devices include scrubbers, electrostatic precipitators, granular beds, cleanable high efficiency air filters and baghouses. Dust filtration tests conducted at the Georgetown University FBC are described. Bagfilter cleaning techniques are compared. Special blinding problems peculiar to Georgetown but applicable to other FBC's with bagfilters are described. Several fabrics and finishes are compared and selection criteria are developed. Guidelines are presented for selection of baghouse design parameters. Baghouse operating procedures to prevent blinding and to maintain low baghouse pressure drop are stated. Testing procedures for optimizing baghouse performance are suggested. An extensive section for trouble-shooting prevalent baghouse problems is included. Finally, areas for further research and development are identified.

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Great Plains ASPEN model development. Technical progress report, January 1-31, 1984

Accomplishments for the following tasks are presented: Task No. 1 simplified models; Task No. 4 rigorous models; Task No. 2 review of existing gasifier models; and Task No. 5 evaluation and upgrading of the ASPEN cost estimation and evaluation system. Tasks Nos. 1 and 4 cover the following: (1) Area 3000 - oxygen plant, direct contact air cooling; (2) Area 4600 - PHOSAM; and (3) Area 5000 - steam distribution.

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Entrained flow gasification at elevated pressure. Quarterly technical progress report No. 6, 1 June-31 August 1986

The three main tasks of this study are: (1) entrained coal gasification measurements, which include elevated pressure tests of three coal types, investigation of injector design, cold-flow measurements in simulated gasifier flows, and investigation of advanced optical diagnostic techniques that could be applied to gasification measurements; (2) improvement of the computer code for gasification processes, including improvement of physical submodels and numerical methods, and comparison of model predictions with experimental results for code validation; and (3) application of results to industrial and METC needs through technical seminars, expansion of a detailed data book, and distribution of the code to other users, especially METC. 37 refs., 7 figs., 1 tab.

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Survey of computer models for three types of fuel cells: phosphoric acid, molten carbonate, and solid oxide

In advancing fuel cell technology, METC is building the capability to simulate the performance of phosphoric acid, molten carbonate, and solid oxide fuel cell systems using computer models. Computer models are capable of predicting various aspects of the performance, economics, and environmental intrusion of both individual cells and complete fuel cell power generation systems. Performance models have been developed which predict operating characteristics such as heat and mass transfer, fuel utilization, current density, and the effect of contaminants on cell operation. There are both steady-state and transient models, with the transient models being used to simulate the dynamic response of the system during load-following maneuvers. Some of the performance models are based on fundamental principles of thermodynamics and mass transfer. Because of this theoretical nature, these models provide analytical insight into the optimization of overall system operation. Other empirical performance models use correlations derived from experimental data. Complementing the performance models, other codes have been developed to provide an economic analysis of fuel cell systems and to identify the ultimate use of these systems in a variety of marketing conditions scenarios. Models provide insight into the technical and economic issues that must be addressed to develop and commercialize the various fuel cell technologies. These models must be continuously updated to improve their predictive capabilities as the technology progresses. Many of the models examined are potentially applicable to fuel cell systems analysis. METC will employ some or parts of these codes along with the Advanced System for Process Engineering (ASPEN) to develop stimulation capabilities for the performance and economics of fuel cell systems.

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Isothermal pyrolysis of Hanna Coal

Isothermal pyrolysis experiments have been performed in the temperature range 375/sup 0/ to 425/sup 0/C on a subbituminous coal from the Hanna No. 1 seam. The experiments were conducted on 20-g samples, using a fluidized sand bath reactor system with a heat-up time of approximately 2 minutes to achieve >97% of the isothermal temperature. Condensible products were collected at dry-ice temperature, and noncondensible gases were analyzed using an on-line gas chromatograph. This product collection system allowed for kinetic analyses to be made on specific gaseous components, as well as for oil evolution. The hydrocarbon gas production was fit to a second-order model for the first 50 minutes and to a first order model for times in the range 80 to 150 minutes. The oil evolution was found to be first order over the range of oil production. Activation energies for hydrocarbon gas evolution were found to be between 28 to 40 kcal/mole, while for the oil evolution, the activation energy was found to be about 50 kcal/mole. Evolution of CO and CO/sub 2/ was too rapid to obtain kinetic data for the generation of these species. 15 refs., 14 figs., 6 tabs.

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Synthetic fuel aromaticity and staged combustion

Samples of middle and heavy SRC-II distillates were distilled into 50 C boiling point range fractions. These were characterized by measurements of their molecular weight, elemental analysis and basic nitrogen content and calculation of average molecular structures. The structures typically consisted of 1 to 3 aromatic rings fused to alicyclic rings with short, 1 to 3 carbon aliphatic side chains. The lower boiling fractions contained significant amounts (1 atom/molecule) of oxygen while the heavier fractions contained so few heteroatoms that they were essentially hydrocarbons. Laboratory scale oxidative-pyrolysis experiments were carried out at pyrolysis temperatures of 500 to 1100 C and oxygen concentrations from 0 to 100 percent of stoichiometry. Analysis of liquid products, collected in condensers cooled with liquid nitrogen showed that aromatization is a major reaction in the absence of oxygen. The oxygen-containing materials (phenolics) seem to be more resistant to thermal pyrolysis than unsubstituted aromatics. Nitrogen converts from basic to nonbasic forms at about 500 C. The nonbasic nitrogen is more stable and survives up to 700 C after which it is slowly removed. A recently constructed 50,000 Btu/hr staged combustor was used to study the chemistry of the nitrogen and aromatics. SRC II combustion was studied under fuel-rich, first-stage conditions at air/fuel ratios from 0.6 to 1.0 times stoichiometric. The chemistry of the fuel during combustion calls for further investigation in order to examine the mechanism by which HCN is evolved as a common intermediate for the formation of the nitrogen-containing gaseous combustion products. 25 references, 45 figures, 25 tables.

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Design and operation of the three-phase relative permeability apparatus (x-ray/microwave system)

Measurements of three-phase relative permeability will improve understanding of multiphase flow behavior in porous media and will be helpful in predicting hydrocarbon recoveries and production rates by secondary or tertiary (EOR) processes. In measuring three-phase relative permeability, capabilities are required for accurately determining fluid saturation in the core samples. Since three fluid phases are involved, the measurement of the existing saturation of two of the phases is sufficient to establish the relative content of all three phases. In this report procedures for designing and calibrating a combined x-ray and microwave absorption technique are presented. The x-ray absorption technique is used to measure oil saturation, whereas the microwave absorption technique is used to measure water saturation. By scanning the core along its length using the x-ray/microwave apparatus, the fluid distribution along the length of the core can be obtained. The saturation distribution obtained may also be used to improve the estimation of three-phase relative permeability from unsteady-state or displacement runs. The x-ray/microwave scanning table is also described. As part of the development work in this project, three-phase flow relative permeabilities were measured at steady-state condition using conventional (volumetric, gravimetric, and resistivity) techniques for fluid saturation determination and compared with the fluid saturation obtained by the x-ray/microwave technique. Conclusions about trends of the relative permeability curves of the three flowing phases cannot be made at this point since not enough data are available. However, brine relative permeability was observed to be independent of gas and oil saturation, as has been reported previously. 29 refs., 14 figs., 2 tabs.

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State of Michigan peat resource estimation. Volume 1. Final report

This report contains the results of an inventory of the peat resources of Michigan conducted as part of the DOE Peat Program. Approximately 200 deposits were sampled from the Upper Peninsula and from two counties in the Lower Peninsula; 1248 samples were collected and analyzed for selected energy-related properties. A reconnaissance survey was done in the Lower Peninsula to provide the most accurate estimate possible within project constraints. These results provide a solid foundation for subsequent inventories. The fuel-grade peat resource in Michigan is estimated to be approximately 1.64 billion tons, and to contain 26.2 quads (10/sup 15/ Btu) of energy. Approximately 46% of Michigan's fuel-grade resource occurs in the Upper Peninsula. The Lower Peninsula estimate was based on a smaller sampling of deposits and further study may reduce this resource estimate. The peat deposits in Michigan are generally small compared to those in Minnesota and Maine, but have proven to be suitable for utilization by the horticultural peat industry. A similar pattern of use of this material for energy production may occur in the future. According to DOE criteria for ash and calorific value, the peat materials in the Upper Peninsula are generally suited for energy use. There are differences in peat quality between geographic regions. The peat materials sampled from five counties in the more populated areas of the Lower Peninsula are more decomposed, contain more ash, and less energy. 33 refs.

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