AndreaBozzo/ceres-open-data-index huggingface dataset:
Task 4.7 - diesel fuel desulfurization. Semi-annual report, July 1, 1995--December 31, 1995

Reductions in the maximum permissible sulfur content of diesel fuel to less than 0.05 wt% will require deep desulfurization to meet these standards. In some refineries, a new hydrogenation catalyst may be required for diesel fuel production. The work very briefly described in this document is on the use of hydrotalcite-supported molybdenum sulfide in the catalysis of ethanol. The catalyst reaction was highly selective for 1-butanol, providing a very clean reaction. Since the catalysis contains the MoS{sub 2} needed for the dehydrogenation and hydrogenation steps, the reaction can be performed at lower temperatures and higher selectivity. The catalyst was very stable and not destroyed by the water produced in the reaction.

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Task 3.12 - small power systems. Semi-annual report, July 1, 1997--December 31, 1997

One of the overall goals of the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) is the development of the technology necessary to provide for a secure, reliable, affordable, and environmentally sound source of energy. This technology is important to ensure economic stability and growth in the next century as well as to reduce current and minimize future environmental impacts associated with power generation in the United States and the world. Throughout the world, coal will play an expanded role in the production of affordable energy necessary to meet the demands of economic development and growth. The development of more efficient and environmentally sound technology in the United States may present export market opportunities throughout the world. For coal to play a key role in the energy mix, it will be necessary to develop and commercialize technologies capable of producing electricity at significantly higher overall system efficiencies with minimum emissions. The programmatic goal in advanced power systems will be to develop small power systems in the range of 20 kW to 20 MW in cooperation with commercial vendors. These systems will be designed to incorporate the advanced technical capabilities of the Energy & Environmental Research Center (EERC) with the latest advancement in vendor-offered hardware and software. Work during this program year has focused on developing an integrated modular support system (IMSS) for small communities. A concept has been developed along with an approach for demonstrating an IMSS. Some of the constraints that must be overcome before the concept can be fully commercialized have also been identified and are presented here. This modular approach uses new and existing technologies to provide waste disposal, water supply treatment, and/or power generation capabilities on a scale appropriate to the situation.

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Enhancement of methane conversion using electric fields. Quarterly report, January 1--March 31, 1997

The goal of this project is the development of novel, economical, processes for the conversion of natural gas to more valuable projects such as methanol, ethylene and other organic oxygenates or higher hydrocarbons. The methodologies of the project are to investigate and develop low temperature electric discharges and electric field-enhanced catalysis for carrying out these conversions. In the case of low temperature discharges, the conversion is carried out at ambient temperature which in effect trades high temperature thermal energy for electric energy as the driving force for conversion. The low operating temperatures relax the thermodynamic constraints on the product distribution found at high temperature and also removes the requirements of large thermal masses required for current technologies. With the electric field-enhanced conversion, the operating temperatures are expected to be below those currently required for such processes as oxidative coupling, thereby allowing for a higher degree of catalytic selectivity while maintaining high activity.

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Review of the integrated thermal and nonthermal treatment system studies

This report contains a review and evaluation of three systems analysis studies performed by LITCO on integrated thermal treatment systems and integrated nonthermal treatment systems for the remediation of mixed low-level waste stored throughout the US Department of Energy weapons complex. The review was performed by an independent team of nine researchers from the Energy and Environmental Research Center, Science Applications International Corporation, the Waste Policy Institute, and Virginia Tech. The three studies reviewed were as follows: Integrated Thermal Treatment System Study, Phase 1--issued July 1994; Integrated Thermal Treatment System Study, Phase 2--issued February 1996; and Integrated Nonthermal Treatment System Study--drafted March 1996. The purpose of this review was to (1) determine whether the assumptions of the studies were adequate to produce an unbiased review of both thermal and nonthermal systems, (2) to identify the critical areas of the studies that would benefit from further investigation, and (3) to develop a standard template that could be used in future studies to assure a sound application of systems engineering.

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Costs for off-site disposal of nonhazardous oil field wastes: Salt caverns versus other disposal methods

According to an American Petroleum Institute production waste survey reported on by P.G. Wakim in 1987 and 1988, the exploration and production segment of the US oil and gas industry generated more than 360 million barrels (bbl) of drilling wastes, more than 20 billion bbl of produced water, and nearly 12 million bbl of associated wastes in 1985. Current exploration and production activities are believed to be generating comparable quantities of these oil field wastes. Wakim estimates that 28% of drilling wastes, less than 2% of produced water, and 52% of associated wastes are disposed of in off-site commercial facilities. In recent years, interest in disposing of oil field wastes in solution-mined salt caverns has been growing. This report provides information on the availability of commercial disposal companies in oil-and gas-producing states, the treatment and disposal methods they employ, and the amounts they charge. It also compares cavern disposal costs with the costs of other forms of waste disposal.

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Tidd PFBC demonstration project. Quarterly report, April--June 1995

This is the thirty-third technical progress report submitted to the Department of Energy in connection with the Cooperative Agreement between the DOE and the Ohio Power Company for the Tidd PFBC Demonstration Plant. This report covers the period from April 1, 1995 to June 30, 1995. Major activities during this period include: (1) post-shutdown equipment inspections were accomplished; (2) decommissioning activities were initiated; (3) final report on the first three years of operations was submitted to DOE; and (4) work is proceeding on the final report of Tidd. Major activities for the next period include: (1) submittal of the final report on the fourth year of operation; and (2) submit the decommissioning plan to DOE.

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Advanced sulfur control concepts for hot gas desulfurization technology. Quarterly report, January 1--March 31, 1997

Favorable results were achieved in the sulfidation of CeO{sub 2} by H{sub 2}S and the regeneration of Ce{sub 2}O{sub 2}S by SO{sub 2}. Successful removal of approximately 99% of the H{sub 2}S from the sulfidation gas to levels of about 100 ppmv (or lower), and the production of approximately 12% elemental sulfur (as S{sub 2}) in the regeneration product gas were highlights. Final effort in the preliminary phase included a ten-cycle test at standard sulfidation and regeneration conditions with little or no sorbent deterioration. In the initial test of the detailed experimental phase of the program, the authors investigated the effect of temperature on the regeneration reaction. Results of preliminary tests showed that the Ce{sub 2}O{sub 2}S-SO{sub 2} reaction did not occur at 350 C, and all subsequent regeneration tests were at 600 C where the reaction was rapid. Significant progress has been made on the process analysis effort during the quarter. Detailed process flow diagrams along with material and energy balance calculations for six design case studies were completed in the previous quarter. Two of the cases involved two-stage desulfurization with steam regeneration, three used two-stage desulfurization with SO{sub 2} regeneration, and the sixth was based on single-stage desulfurization with elemental sulfur recovery using the DSRP concept. In the present quarter, major process equipment was sized for each of the six cases. Preliminary annual operating and levelized total cost estimates were then completed for two design cases--one involving two-stage desulfurization with SO{sub 2} regeneration and the second based on single-stage desulfurization with DSRP.

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High volume-high value usage of flue gas desulfurization (FGD) by-products in underground mines: Phase 2, Field investigations. Quarterly report, October 1--December 31, 1996

In this quarter, activity focused on the placement of Flue Gas Desulfurization (FGD) grout into auger holes at the Sunny Ridge Mining Co. site. As discussed in previous reports, the grout was prepared using fluidized bed combustion (FBC) by-product obtained from the Costain Coal Company. The grout was thoroughly mixed with water and transferred to a concrete pumping truck. The nozzle on the pumper truck was attached to PVC pipe through which the grout was pumped into the auger holes. The first field test involved the placement of a very high slump, flowable grout into auger holes sing a simple, earthern bulkhead. These tests were conducted to explore the flowability of the grout. The second series of test was conducted with a lower-slump, higher-viscosity material pumped at high pressure and using sandbags as a bulkhead. The goal of these tests was to examine the feasibility of pressure grouting to completely fill auger holes with a material that will exhibit high long-term strength because of this low initial water content. Although there were many problems encountered during the field demonstration, these initial tests were, overall, successful. It was shown that a high-slump grout can be pumped the length of the auger holes, and can be successfully placed in holes containing standing water. Furthermore, this can be accomplished using available concrete emplacement equipment. In contrast, the pressure grouting proved more challenging than emplacement of the flowable grout mainly because of pipe-joint failures and difficulties in working the stiff, high-viscosity grout; the amount of water added to the mix is critical when placing this type of material. Cylinders of grout for compressive strength testing were prepared during field demonstration, and cores of the in situ hardened grout will be recovered after a minimum of 30 days. Additional field demonstration will focus on improving the procedure for placement of the flowable grout.

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Task 1.11 - Spectroscopic field screening of hazardous waste and toxic spills: Semiannual report, January 1-June 30, 1996

Objective is to study the feasibility of using an EFAS (evanescent field absorbance sensor) FT-IR (Fourier transform infrared) spectroscopic sensor coupled with CPT (cone penetrometry) as a field screening method for hydrocarbon contamination in soil. Work during this period focused on testing of different waxes for use in mid- infrared, and for extraction of TCE, ethylbenzene, and m-xylene.

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Investigation on durability and reactivity of promising metal oxide sorbents during sulifidation and regeneration: Technical progress report for July 1--September 30, 1996

The main objectives of this research project during this quarter are to formulate metal oxide sorbents using various ingredients as well as formulation conditions, and test reactivity of formulated metal oxide sorbents with hydrogen sulfide for 120 seconds at 550{degrees}C, and develop a formula of a sorbent suitable for the removal of hydrogen sulfide from hot coal gases. Metal oxide sorbents were formulated with zinc oxide as an active sorbent ingredient, and titanium oxide as a supporting metal oxide. Various additives such as Al, Ce, Zr, Cu, Co, Ni, Mn, Cr and Ca were utilized to enhance sulfur-removal capacity of formulated metal oxide sorbents. The additives Cu and Co appear to enhance reactivity of sorbents in the reaction with wet hot hydrogen sulfide at 550{degrees}C. Durability of formulated sorbents appears to improve with kaolin binder in comparison with bentonite binder. Durability of formulated sorbents appears to improve with increased calcination durations. Reactivity of sorbents formulated with Co additive appears to decrease with increased calcination durations at the calcination temperature of 860{degrees}C. Reactivity of sorbents formulated with Cu additive appears to increase with calcination durations. Reactivity of sorbents formulated without additive appears to be independent of calcination durations.

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Automated baseline change detection phase I. Final report

The Automated Baseline Change Detection (ABCD) project is supported by the DOE Morgantown Energy Technology Center (METC) as part of its ER&WM cross-cutting technology program in robotics. Phase 1 of the Automated Baseline Change Detection project is summarized in this topical report. The primary objective of this project is to apply robotic and optical sensor technology to the operational inspection of mixed toxic and radioactive waste stored in barrels, using Automated Baseline Change Detection (ABCD), based on image subtraction. Absolute change detection is based on detecting any visible physical changes, regardless of cause, between a current inspection image of a barrel and an archived baseline image of the same barrel. Thus, in addition to rust, the ABCD system can also detect corrosion, leaks, dents, and bulges. The ABCD approach and method rely on precise camera positioning and repositioning relative to the barrel and on feature recognition in images. In support of this primary objective, there are secondary objectives to determine DOE operational inspection requirements and DOE system fielding requirements.

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Advanced Turbine Systems Program: Conceptual Design and Product Development. Annual report, August 1, 1995--July 31, 1996; Advanced turbine systems program: Conceptual design and product development. Annual report, August 1, 1995--July 31, 1996

Objective of Phase II is to provide the coneptual design and product development plan for an ultra high efficiency, enivornmentally superior and cost competitive industrial gas turbine system to be commercialized by the year 2000. All 8 tasks have been completed (see quarterly reports, topical reports).

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Power Systems Development Facility. Quarterly report, July 1--September 30, 1996

This quarterly technical progress report summarizes the work completed during the third quarter of a project entitled Hot Gas Cleanup Test Facility for Gasification and Pressurized Combustion. The objective of this project is to evaluate hot gas particle control technologies using coal-derived gas streams. This will entail the design, construction, installation, and use of a flexible test facility which can operate under realistic gasification and combustion conditions. The major particulate control device issues to be addressed include the integration of the particulate control devices into coal utilization systems, on-line cleaning techniques, chemical and thermal degradation of components, fatigue or structural failures, blinding, collection efficiency as a function of particle size, and scale-up of particulate control systems to commercial size. The conceptual design of the facility was extended to include a within scope, phase expansion of the existing Hot Gas Cleanup Test Facility Cooperative Agreement to also address systems integration issues of hot particulate removal in advanced coal-based power generation systems. This expansion included the consideration of the following modules at the test facility in addition to the original Transport Reactor gas source and Hot Gas Cleanup Units: carbonizer/pressurized circulating fluidized bed gas source; hot gas cleanup units to mate to all gas streams; combustion gas turbine; and fuel cell and associated gas treatment. This expansion to the Hot Gas Cleanup Test Facility is herein referred to as the Power Systems Development Facility (PSDF).

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Utilization of low NOx coal combustion by-products. Quarterly report, July 1--September 30, 1996

The objective of this project was to commercialize fly ash beneficiation at various facilities around the country. The paper describes laboratory characterization of fly ash samples, pilot plant testing, product testing, and market and economic analyses. Products include concrete, concrete blocks and bricks, plastic fillers, activated carbon, and metal matrix composites.

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Integration of remotely-sensed geobotanical and structural methods for hydrocarbon exploration in West-Central West Virginia. Quartery report, May 1, 1996--July 31, 1996

Progress is reported on hydrocarbon exploration in West-Central West Virginia. In this period, the following tasks were carried out: a reconnaissance soil gas geochemical survey was performed at the Volcano test site and at the Lewis County test site; a geobotanical analysis of the September imagery was carried out in order to highlight spectral anomalies that appear to be associated with the historic volcano field and the Lewis County test site; and multi-temporal spectral reflectance measurements continued.

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Advanced Turbine Systems (ATS) program conceptual design and product development. Quarterly report, December 1, 1994--February 28, 1995

Achieving the advanced turbine system goals of 60% efficiency, 8 ppmvd NOx and 10% electric power cost reduction imposes competing characteristics on the gas turbine system. Two basic technical issues arise from this. The turbine inlet temperature of the gas turbine must increase to achieve both efficiency and cost goals. However, higher temperatures move in the direction of increased NOx emission. Improved costing and materials technologies along with creative combustor design can result in solutions to achieve the ultimate goal. The GE Advanced Gas Turbine Development program is focused on two specific products: (1) a 70 MW class industrial gas turbine based on the GE90 core technology utilizing an innovative air cooling methodology; (2) a 200 MW class utility gas turbine based on an advanced GE heavy duty machines utilizing advanced cooling and enhancement in component efficiency. Both of these activities require the identification and resolution of technical issues critical to achieving Advanced Turbine System (ATS) goals. The emphasis for the industrial ATS will be placed upon innovative cycle design and low emission combustion. The emphasis for the utility ATS will be placed upon innovative cycle design and low emission combustion. The emphasis for the utility ATS will be placed on developing a technology base for advanced turbine cooling while utilizing demonstrated and planned improvements in low emissions combustion. Significant overlap in the development programs will allow common technologies to be applied to both products. GE`s Industrial and Power Systems is solely responsible for offering GE products for the industrial and utility markets. The GE ATS program will be managed fully by this organization with core engine technology being supplied by GE Aircraft Engines (GEAE) and fundamental studies supporting both product developments being conducted by GE Corporate Research and Development (CRD).

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Base program on energy related research. Quarterly report, February 1--April 30, 1996

The Base Research Program at Western Research Institute (WRI) is planned to develop technologies to a level that will attract industrial sponsors for continued development under the Jointly Sponsored Research (JSR) Program. The goals of the Base Research Program are in support of those of the JSR Program, which are designed to: increase the production of US and western energy resources, particularly low-sulfur coal, natural gas, oil, and renewable energy resources; enhance the competitiveness of US and western energy technologies in international markets and assist in technology transfer; reduce the nation`s dependence on foreign energy supplies and strengthen both the US and regional economies; and minimize environmental impacts of energy production and utilization. Summaries are presented for many of the subtasks related to oil and gas research, advanced systems applications for coal, environmental technologies, and remediation. The paper also contains federal assistance management summary reports, and contract status reports.

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Base program on energy related research. Quarterly report, February 1, 1997--April 30, 1997

Progress in four major research areas is summarized in this report. In the area of oil and gas, subtasks reported on are miscible-immiscible gas injection processes, development of a portable data acquisition system and coalbed methane simulator, tank bottom waste processing using the TaBoRR Process, and bench-scale testing and verification of pyrolysis concept for remediation of tank bottoms. Advanced systems applications research includes design, assembly, and testing of a bench-scale fuel preparation and delivery system for pressurized application using coal fines. Five subtasks are reported on for the environmental technologies research area: (1) conditioning and hydration reactions associated with clean coal technology ash disposal/utilization, (2) remediation of contaminated soils, (3) the Syn-Ag Process: coal combustion ash management option, (4) the Maxi-Acid Process: in-situ amelioration of acid mine drainage, and (5) PEAC value-added project. Under applied energy science, heavy oil/plastics co-processing activities and fossil fuel and hydrocarbon conversion using hydrogen-rich plasmas are described. Information supplied for each subtask includes an account status report, which includes budget and schedule data, and a brief project summary consisting of research objectives, accomplishments, and activities scheduled for the next quarter. 2 tabs.

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Task 6.6 - SIaLon coatings for alkali-resistant silicon nitride

Purpose was to investigate the alkali corrosion of SiAlON (SiN-Al{sub 2}O{sub 3}) glasses and ceramics under combustion conditions in presence of SO{sub 2} and chlorine. The first step was to determine the gas composition in combustion and/or gasification environments. The FACT code was used to calculate the alkali phases in vapor over an ash and pure components.

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