AndreaBozzo/ceres-open-data-index huggingface dataset:
High temperature coal gas chloride cleanup for molten carbonate fuel cell applications: Final report

The use was investigated of natural minerals and commercial sorbents to remove HCl vapor contaminant from high temperature coal gas mixtures used for molten carbonate fuel cell (MCFC) applications. Sodium carbonate-based sorbents can reduce the level of HCl to about 1 ppM in coal gas streams at 535 to 650/sup 0/C. In the laboratory-scale phase of this study of three minerals and two commercial sorbents, the total capacity of the sorbent for retaining HCl was found to depend on its sodium content and porosity. The mineral nahcolite after calcinatin was found to have a capacity of 54 wt % chloride because of its high sodium content and moderate porosity. Although commercial sorbents have high surface areas, they had much lower chloride capacities because of their low sodium content. The reaction between HCl vapor and the sorbents was rapid and the initial rate was controlled by gas phase mass transfer. The bench scale phase of this study conducted with simulated ''simple''coal gas containing only HCl as an impurity and a ''complex''coal gas containing H/sub 2/S, organic, and trace metal impurities in addition to HCl confirmed the results of the laboratory study. H/sub 2/S was captured by the sorbents only in minor quantities and it did not interfere with the chloride removal. Arsenic and antimony were the trace metal impurities significantly retained by the sorbents. Preliminary techno-economic analysis of the HCl removal process identified nahcolite as the most economic sorbent. Capital and operating costs for a 100-MWe commercial size unit were estimated to range from $0.0017 to $0.0031 per kWh depending on the type of gasifier.

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Laboratory evaluation of high-temperature sulfur removal sorbents for direct coal-fired turbines: Final report

Direct coal-fired turbine concepts currently being developed require substantial levels of sulfur removal from high-temperature gas streams. Calcium-based sorbents, limestones, dolomites, limes and lime hydrates, are capable of sulfur removal in direct coal-fired turbine combustor environments at temperature up to 1200/degree/C. Two types of desulfurizer processes are considered in this report using calcium- based sorbents: fluidized bed desulfurizer using coarse sorbent particles (300-1000 ..mu..m), and entrained desulfurizer using fine sorbent particles (1-40 ..mu..m). Small-scale laboratory tests were performed on a variety of calcium-based sorbents to determine the kinetics of sulfation and sulfidation over ranges of conditions applicable to both types of desulfurizer processes. Correlations are developed in the report for the effect of pressure; temperature, and particle size. Engineering models are also developed for both desulfurizer types that incorporate the laboratory reaction kinetics and predict potential commercial performance and performance trends. It is concluded that both desulfurizer concepts can be effective in direct coal-fired turbines, with calcium-to-sulfur molar feed ratios ranging from 1.5 to 3.0, if the correct calcium-based sorbent is selected, and if applicable design and operating conditions are identified. Both desulfurizer concepts have limitations and key development requirements, and site and fuel specific engineering assessment is required to select the best concept for a given combustor system. The influence of the desulfurizer concepts on turbine protection, through their influence on particle loading and alkali release must also be assessed. 51 refs., 73 figs., 9 tabs.

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Modeling and optimizing surfactant structure to improve oil recovery by chemical flooding at the University of Texas

Objectives of this program are (1) to characterize mineral oxide surfaces and to relate these parameters to surfactant adsorption, (2) to study chromatographic effects resulting from use of surfactant blends, (3) to understand the properties of microemulsions as they relate to surfactant structure, and (4) to develop a thermodynamic theory of microemulsions which includes surfactant structure, cosolvents, and surfactant blends as well as the properties of the system oil and water. This quarter, we have completed collecting a comprehensive suite of adsorption data for two surfactants--decyl and dodecyl sodium sulfonate. Zeta potentials have been measured under conditions closely matching those which prevailed at points along the isotherm. Also, the free energy required to assemble a water-continuous microemulsion starting with molecularly-dispersed surfactant and excess solubilizate molecules is examined in some detail. In addition, the partitioning of alcohol between an aqueous and a micellar phase has been studied and the specific sites at which alcohols bind to micelles considered. Finally, to explain the unusual dielectric properties of microemulsions, a model which represents a microemulsion as a mosaic of water and oil-continuous regions has been adopted. 56 refs., 39 figs., 4 tabs.

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Using micromodels to study steam displacement processes in porous media: A literature review and topical report. [With structural models]

Micromodels have been successfully used to observe various displacement processes at low temperatures and pressures and to understand fluid transport mechanisms within porous media. Previous research on physical pore model studies was reviewed, and the advantages and limitations of various techniques used are discussed as well as techniques used in the design, construction, and operation of the models. Finally, the possible use of micromodels to study the fluid displacement process at high temperatures and moderate pressures, such as those commonly encountered in steamflood enhanced oil recovery projects, was examined. An experimental system for studying high-temperature displacement processes in micromodels is discussed. Although no attempt to date has been made to investigate steam EOR processes in micromodels, experiments in micromodels at elevated temperatures should provide qualitative information on the effects of temperature on important process varibles. 77 refs., 2 figs.

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Establishment and maintenance of an oil shale sample bank: Technical progress report, October-November 1986. [Samples from eastern and western USA]

Western Shales - Discussions were held with Union Oil - Parachute, Colorado, concerning sampling of high grade Mahogany zone shale from their mine (35 gpt). Permission was granted by Union for acquisition of a Reference Shale. DOE declined the opportunity because of the proximity of this shale to the EXXON Colony Mine reference shale already acquired (approx. 27 gpt). A substantial effort was expended in discussions with the USBLM regarding sampling at the White River Oil Shale Mine, Vernal, Utah. Permission to sample is pending during preparation of a Land Use Plan by the BLM. We are now evaluating a road cut near Rock Springs, Wyoming as a potential source for the FY-1986 reference shale. The cut is near US I-80 west of Rock Springs. Channel samples have been obtained for Fischer Assay. Formal application to the land owners (USBLM or the Wyoming Grazing Association) for permission to sample will be made pending the outcome of the Fischer Assays. We investigated potential sources of spent shale for use by the University of Wyoming. A report summarizing these efforts is attached. Preliminary analytical results for the FY-86 reacquired Western Shale are attached. Eastern Shale - The FY-86 reference shale was reacquired in October. We resampled the Clegg Creek Member of the New Albany shale at the exposure in Knieriem's Quarry, Louisville, Kentucky. Ten sample splits were submitted for characterization. We agreed to provide up to 20 Fischer Assays of core recovered by HYCRUDE from a quarry in Michigan. Pending actual submittal of samples for analysis and adequate oil yields, we will submit the site for consideration as the source of the FY-87 Eastern Reference Shale.

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Oil research program implementation plan

The program described in the Oil Research Program Implementation Plan is a self-contained core research program whose goal is to maximize the economic producibility of the domestic oil resource. This plan was developed in support of the Hydrocarbon Geoscience Research Strategy, and in parallel with the Natural Gas Program Implementation Plan. While the objective, strategy, and management tactics of the program are described in some detail this Implementation Plan is not complete. It is based on the best analysis that is now available and will be revised as new analysis directs. Certain aspects are recognized to be preliminary in nature, such as the work in heavy oil, where the basic analysis required to identify the urgent issues affecting this resource is just now being initiated. Only about 40% of the known US resource has undergone the detailed assessment, classification, and analysis which is required for program planning. Classification and analysis of the full US oil resource is expected to be complete by October 1992. Work may be proposed in at least some of the priority classes as soon as they are identified, but before all of the classification work has been completed. Finally, the field RD D activities and supporting RD D projects are purposely nonspecific in this plan, because they must be detailed in response to the problems that will be identified as work begins with the states and industry on specific reservoir classes. The FY 1991 budget requests funds to begin work on the first two high priority reservoir classes to be identified as a result of the current National reservoir classification effort. This Implementation Plan will be revised annually, and the currently underspecified elements will become substantially more explicit as the takes shape. 43 figs., 20 tabs.

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Low-rank coal research. Quarterly technical progress report, October-December 1983

This report is a detailed review of the progress in research programs at the University of North Dakota Energy Research Center on low rank coals, involving especially: gasification pilot plant waste water treatment and reuse, hydrogen production, coal-water slurry production (and study of rheology of slurries and coal drying), combustion and fluidizied-bed combustion, flue gas characterization and purification, ashes and boiler fouling, fine coal preparation, ashes and slags characterization, chemical structure of low rank coal, moisture, supercritical solvent extraction, pyrolysis and devolatilization. (LTN)

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Calcium silicate cement sorbent for H/sub 2/S removal and improved gasification processes. Final report

Based on the studies performed on the agglomerated cement sorbent (ACS) pellet for in-situ desulfurization of gases and for improved gasification, in low and medium Btu fluidized bed coal gasifier (FBG) systems, the following conclusions can be drawn: (1) The pelletization method by a drum pelletizer is a good way of agglomerating large sized (>20 US mesh) ACS pellets having high sorbent performance. (2) The ACS pellets have a sulfur capture capacity of about 60% at 950/sup 0/C, are 100% regenerable, and so not lose reactivity during cyclic use. (3) The rate of sulfidation increases linearly with H/sub 2/S concentration in the feed gas stream up to 1.0%. (4) The rate of sulfidation first increases with temperature in an Arrhenius fashion in the temperature range of 800/sup 0/C to 1000/sup 0/C and then decreases with further increase in temperatures, giving rise to an optimum sulfidation temperature of about 1000/sup 0/C. (5) The gasification of coal or coal char either with CO/sub 2/ gas or by partial oxidation in a 40 mm ID FBG shows that the gasification efficiency of coal (or coal char) is very much enhanced with the ACS pellets and with Greer limestone over the coal (or coal char) alone. There is, however, not much difference between the ACS pellets and Greer limestone in the degree of enhancement. (6) The gasification of coal by partial oxidation with air to low Btu gas in a 1-inch coal-fired FBG unit shows that in the temperature range of 800/sup 0/ to 900/sup 0/C the efficiency of coal gasification is improved by as much as 40% when ACS pellets are used compared to the use of Greer limestone. At the same time the sulfur removal efficiency is increased from 50 to 65% with Greer limestone to over 95% with the ACS pellets.

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Low-rank coal research. Quarterly technical progress report, January-March 1984

Progress in research programs on low rank coal is reported under the following headings: Gasification wastewater treatment and reuse, hydrogen production, preparation of coal-water fuel slurries, coal liquefaction, 50/sub x//NO/sub x/ control, particualte characterization, cleaning of coal fines, fouling of boilers and heat exchangers, fluidized-bed combustion, combustion of fuel slurries, ash and slag characterization, molecular structure measurement of physical properties and moisture, supercritical solvent extraction, pyrolysis and devolatilization. (LTN)

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Great Plains ASPEN model development. Technical progress report, March 1-31, 1984

During the period March 1, 1984 through March 31, 1984 work was performed on the following tasks: Task No. 1 simplified models and task No. 4 rigorous models (Area 1600-Phenosolvan,7636 ); and Task No. 2 review of existing gasifier models. The Phenosolvan Area, section 1600 of the Great Plain's project, has been simulated on ASPEN. Work on the gasifier model has run into several last minute problems. It is expected that the model will be completed shortly.

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Reaction kinetics and simulation models for high-temperature desulfurization sorbents: Technical progress report 1, October 1, 1987-December 31, 1987

The overall objectives of this project are to investigate reaction kinetics and develop simulation models for novel high temperature desulfurization sorbents tested were zinc ferrite and a zinc oxide- titanium oxide. The fractional conversion of sorbents selected by DOE will be measured during sulfidation and regeneration in a TGR over the temperature range of 1000 to 15000/degree/F and the pressure range of 1 to 20 atm. The chemical and physical property changes which occur in the sorbents during sulfidation and regeneration will be evaluated and their impact on the rate of reaction and sorbent capacity will be determined. Single particle and multiparticle models will be developed based on the TGR tests and used to simulate bench scale test results. Results are presented and discussed. 2 figs., 5 tabs.

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CNG acid gas removal process: Technical progress report No. 5, 1 October-31 December 1984

Development work on the CNG acid gas removal process under contract No. AC21-83MC20230 continued during the fifth quarter October 1, 1984 through December 31, 1984. Two tasks were active during the quarter: Task 1, triple-point crystallizer (crystallizer modifications and operation,7633 ); and Task 2, hydrogen sulfide absorber operation. Within Task 1, two control schemes for crystal backwash were tested, and other crystallizer modifications were completed. Flow ratio control was tested satisfactorily and the results are consistent with calculated predictions. Concentration feedback control has also been tested, but the response of this scheme is slow because of the time lag in concentration analysis. Crystallizer modifications include (1) a new flasher filter with finer grid; (2) vertical flasher agitator impellers; (3) a new flasher feed gas/liquid separator; (4) a larger flasher top section; and (5) a compressor cooling fan. Within Task 2, shake-down runs of the hydrogen sulfide absorber have been made. A start-up and operating procedure for the absorber was developed based on experience gained from the shake-down runs. In addition, the sampling and concentration analysis system and the flow measurement system of the process demonstration unit are discussed in this report. 1 ref., 9 figs., 9 tabs.

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Expansion of high-temperature; high-pressure data set for coal gasification. Fourth quarterly report, June 28-September 28, 1985

Eighteen of the runs outlined in the test plan for the high pressure reactor (HPR) using Montana Rosebud coal were done during the fourth quarter, bringing the total number completed to 40. These were all pyrolysis runs and included excursions in temperature, pressure, heating rate, residence time, and particle size. Additional work during the fourth quarter included devising plans for the gas mixing station so that pyrolysis or gasification runs can be done with helium, oxygen, or CO/sub 2/ mixed with nitrogen or argon. During the fourth quarter, pyrolysis studies were done at 30 K/min (0.5 K/s) in a combined thermogravimetric analyzer/evolved gas analyzer (TGA/EGA) with Montana Rosebud 200 x 270 mesh coal. We have tried to simultaneously fit kinetic data on two coals (North Dakota lignite and Montana Rosebud) from the TGA/EGA (0.5 K/s) and the heated tube reactor in order to optimize the set of kinetic rates and the coal composition parameters in the Functional Group model. The North Dakota lignite experiments in the heated tube reactor (HTR) and TGA/EGA and the optimization studies were done under our other METC contract. In general, the agreement of the model and the data from the two reactors was good for both coals. We have continued to do measurements of active site area, determined by oxygen chemisorption, surface area, determined by CO/sub 2/ absorption, and char reactivity, determined by the time for 50% burnoff in air on chars generated in this program. A comparison was made between our data and predictions by the regression model developed at METC for pyrolysis data from the AGC. In general, there was not good agreement when the METC model was extrapolated outside the range of conditions used in the AGC. 2 refs., 3 figs.

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Second-generation pressurized fluidized bed combustion plant conceptual design and optimization of a second-generation PFB combustion plant, Phase 1, Task 1

This report is the third volume of a conceptual design for a second-generation pressurized fluidized bed combustion plant. Volume 3 consists of appendices (B thru G) containing information on cycle optimization, integrated carbonizer/CPFBC performance predictions and methodologies, gas turbine evaluations, plant equipment lists, supporting cost detail, and a reference pulverized-coal-fired plant. (JDL)

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Postburn characterization of a geokinetics in situ oil shale retort

Twenty postburn and two control (unburned) coreholes were drilled into a horizontal in situ oil shale retort at the Geokinetics field site, Uinta Basin, Utah. The object of the investigation was to study the mineralogic changes and trace element partitioning resulting from a true in situ burn of Green River oil shale under field conditions. Minerals were examined by X-ray diffraction and optical microscopy; while elemental determinations were performed utilizing X-ray fluorescence, neutron activation analysis, and other analytical chemical techniques. Statistical significance values were used to establish relationships between 13 minerals, oil, water, and 45 elements. The complex mineral assemblage created was a result of rapid intense heating coupled with fluctuating temperatures, gas and fluid pressure, cooled at a shallow depth, composed primarily of solid solutions of silicates plus cations, primarily Ca/sup 2  /, Mg/sup 2  /, and to a lesser degree Fe/sup 2  /. Distinct zones were observed which correspond to temperature thresholds that can be distinguished by increasing degrees of silicification of the carbonate rich raw oil shale. Trace element partitioning closely parallels the mineral assemblages. Leaching studies indicate an increase in soluble salts in zones in which temperatures were only adequate to retort and carbonize the oil shale, with the synthesis of insoluble minerals in the hottest, most intensely altered zones minimizing the extractability of potentially detrimental materials from the residue of in situ combustion.

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Evaluating the performance of ceramic candle filters in a hot particulate-laden stream

A series of tests was conducted to evaluate the performance of ceramic candle filters at elevated temperatures and pressures using the hot product of a combustion stream, laden with resuspended particulate, from a bench-scale pressurized entrained combustor. Four tests using 1 m length, grade 50/10, silicon carbide candle filters from Industrial Filter and Pump (IF P) were evaluated at three face velocities with two cleaning techniques. Tests 1, 2, and 3 were operated at nominally 1.550{degree}F, 8.5 atm, with particulate loadings of 775 to 840-ppMw. Test 4 was operated at 1,370{degree}F, 9.9 atm, with a 838-ppMw particulate loading. Gas flow rates for Tests 1, 2, 3, and 4 were nominally 43, 68, 68, and 27 actual cubic feet per minute (acfm), respectively. During steady operating conditions, the specific resistance coefficient (K{sub 2}) for each of the four tests was within the range of 16 to 22 in. H{sub 2}O{center dot}ft{center dot}min/lb. Candle filter permeability varied with face velocity and cleaning technique used. Permeability decreased with increasing face velocity when temperature and pressure were held constant, and increased with off-line versus on-line cleaning when face velocity was held constant. 6 refs., 32 figs., 10 tabs.

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Development of potential uses for the residue from fluidized bed combustion processes. Quarterly technical progress report, September-November 1980

Conclusions from this quarter's work are: There has been a gradual increase in the loss on ignition of samples of stockpiled AFB residue. The probable cause is carbonation due to the presence of free calcium oxide. Separating AFB residue into two fractions by use of a mineral cyclone did not produce a lime rich fraction. A stockpiled mixture of crushed stone and AFB residue became moderately cemented within three months. The presence of excess water appears to accelerate the cementitious reaction. Synthetic aggregate produced by briquetting exhibits aggregate properties which appear to be comparable to lightweight aggregate. Masonry units containing AFB residue can be successfully made under normal production conditions in a commercial block plant. Road base mixes containing less than 10% AFB residue develop satisfactory compressive strengths (up to 2100 psi in 28 days). The expansion of grout slurry mixes can be varied by adjusting the composition of the mix.

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