AndreaBozzo/ceres-open-data-index huggingface dataset:
FOSSIL ENERGY OIL SHALE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH PROGRAM (FY 1983-1987)

The major goal of the Oil Shale Environmental Research Program is the development of the necessary scientific and engineering data base to allow the production of significant amounts of new liquid petroleum products from oil shale with acceptable environmental impacts. The emphasis of the program is the implementation of long term, high risk environmental research. Key issues expected to have an impact on the environment give emphasis to site specificity, process, and local regulation, e.g., eastern/western shales, water availability, and state/regional requirements.

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PRELIMINARY REPORT MEASUREMENT OF SULPHUR SPECIES IN OFFGAS FROM RIO BRONCO'S RETORT O TRACT C-A COLORADO

During the burn of Rio Blanco Oil Shale Company's Retort O and C-a Colorado during October and November of 1980, the sulfur species in the retort offgas stream were measured by teams from both Pacific Northwest Laboratories (PNL) and Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL). It should be emphasized that these measurements were on the raw retort offgas and not on the treated stream that was released directly to the environment. Several of the species measured are not routinely measured in industrial gases at these concentrations and in fact have rarely been measured at these low concentrations in any type of complex gas mixture due to the difficulty of the measurements. Because of the newness of the measurements and their importance to both environmental control technology studies and health effect studies, the two groups used independent methods in an attempt to determine the accuracy of the measurements. In addition, because the two different techniques have different analytical strengths and weaknesses, better data were obtained for the complete spectrum of sulfur species using different methods. The two laboratories methods are briefly described below and then the results are presented and discussed.

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THE PACIFIC PROJECT PHASE II ENVIRONMENTAL CONTROL PLAN-TASK 5

The impacts and associated control measures addressed in this report are based on a list of major permits which are required for construction and operation of the 18,000 BPD demonstration project. Although the regulations set general standards for impact control measures, in many cases they also allow for the permitting authority to expound on these general control measures and stipulate site-specific or project-specific mitigation. The major permits, their corresponding regulations, and brief comments on the significant impact control requirements are presented in each section. It should also be noted that the exact requirements and permit conditions cannot be determined until the permit applications have been approved and have cleared the regulatory staff, public examination where applicable, and other evaluations which effect permitting terms such as project-agency negotiations.

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THE PACIFIC PROJECT SPECIFIC ENVIRONMENTAL, SAFETY AND HEALTH REQUIREMENTS (SEVR) REPORT-TASK 4

An initial issue of the "Specific Environmental, Safety and Health Requirements" was submitted to the DOE on 28 February, 1981. This update reflects some changes in both section of the original report. These changes are clarified by means of an Update Sheet supplied with each critical or "major" permit and one similar sheet as a single summary covering all "Additional Permits and Reviews." As the project developed, it became apparent that it was not in the best interests of the DOE, the responsible agencies or the Superior Oil Company to formally submit applications to the agencies to secure permits.

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CRITQUE OF THE METEORLOGICAL AND AIR QUALITY BASELINE MONITORING PROGRAM FOR THE PROTOTYPE OIL SHALE LEASEHOLDS PART A AND B

"In part A of this report, it is contended that the meterology and air quality baseline monitoring portion of the environmental protection program instituted at the prototype, federal oil shale leaseholds was an inappropriate response to the single, critical question: what will be the environmental impact if the extensive oil shale ersources of Colorado, Utah, and Wyoming are developed to augment the nation's energy needs?  In part B, the authors identify the probable cause of deficiencies in the meterological and air quality data which were acquired over a two-year period on the federal oil shale leaseholds and recommend improved procedures for future data acquisition efforts."

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NITROGEN OXIDES FROM COAL COMBUSTION-ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS

This review is concerned with NO, NO2, and N2O and their possible detrimental effects on human health, vegetation, ecological systems and materials. The role of coal combustion, as one contributor to nitrogenous emissions, is confused by large emissions from other sources including the combustion of oil and natural gas in stationary and mobile sources, use of fertilizers and natural biological processes.

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EFFECT OF UCG ON GROUNDWATER:  A STUDY OF CAVITY AND SURROUNDING GROUNDWATER

An evaluation of the groundwater obtained both from the Rawlins No. 1 underground coal gasification (UCG) reactor and from nearly hydrology wells was conducted to determine the effects of UCG on groundwater. This study held to the following conclusions: 1) Hydraulic communication between the G-seam coal and the overlying sandstone strata has occurred; 2) phenol concentration in the wells surrounding the reactor increasing during the test but quickly decreased to pretest levels in the post test sample; 3) minerals saturation indices calculated from the analytical data show that the cavity rater is oversaturated with respect to gypaum while the nearby well water is saturated with respect to calcite and dolomite; 4) analytical data on the cavity water indicate that, except for sulfate, all the significant parameters are either within pretest levels or lower.

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DRAFT ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STATEMENT PARAHO FULL-SIZE MODULE OIL SHALE RETORT FACILITY

"The Department of the Navy requested that ERDA prepare this statement describing the proposed accelerated Paraho oil shale research project at Anvil Points, Colorado.   The proposal is to permit Development Engineering, Inc. (DEI) to construct and operate one full size module of a Paraho retort, together with its associated mine and auxiliary equipment. The present mine on Naval Reserve 1 would be extended to 138 acres, so as to permit the extraction of as much as 11 million tons of raw shale."

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A STOCHASTIC MODEL FOR THE DESIGN OF EVAPORATION PONDS FOR OIL SHALE RETORT WATERS

Using a 20 year historical sample of climatological data, significant to evaporation, a stochastic model was developed using a first order markov process. The model generated new 20 year sets of climatological data for deterministically estimating the potential evaporation from an oil shale retort water ree surface, using data collected at Laramie, Wyoming, and the Kohler-Nordenson-Fox equation which was shown to give a good estimate of the evaporation of retort waters. The model used climatological data from the area of Laramie, Wyoming, which was then used to generate 1000 new 20 year sets of data. Mass balance techniques were then used to evaluate the new data sets and determine the maximum pond depth and the allowable input in volume per unit area for each of the 20 year sets of data. The maximum pond depth for all sets and the lowest total allowable input were considered to be the two key design paramters in the design of evaporation ponds for oil shale retort waters.

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A GEOCHEMICAL BASELINE SURVEY OF SELECTED TOXIC ELEMENTS IN SURFICIAL MATERIALS IN THE VICINITY OF THE PARAHO DEMONSTRATION OIL SHALE PROCESSING PLANT, ANVIL POINTS, GARFIELD COUNTY, COLORADO

A geochemical baseline survey was conducted on a four by nine mile area surrounding the Paraho Oil Shale Demonstration plant at Anvil Points, Gerfield County, Colorado. This study determined the baseline concentrations and variability for selected trace elements that are of primary environmental concern during the proposed development of oil shale resources. The elements studied were Hg, Mo, B, and F. The pH and organic carbon of soils and sediments were also measured. The sample media consisted of surface soils, stream sediments, and the plant species: Big sage, Indian ricegrass, and Western wheatgrass.

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HYDROGEOCHEMISTRY AND SIMULATED SOLUTE TRANSPORT, PICEANCE BASIN, NORTHWESTERN COLORADO

The Piceance basin of northwestern Colorado contains rich deposits of oil shale in sedimentary rocks of the Parachute Creek Member of the Green River Formation. Plans for mining these deposits in Federal prototype lease tracts C-a and C-b require ground water to be pumped to allow the construction of underground retorts for use in extracting the shale oil. The possible adverse effects of mine pumping and resaturation of spent shale in an abandoned mine were investigated by studying the geochemistry of the aquifers and by use of ground water quality modeling techniques.

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VALIDATION OF IMORGANIC CHEMICAL SPECIATION FOR GEOCHEMICAL MODELS

This report reviews general approaches for determining the chemical species of ionic materials and outlines a feasible approach to the analytical speciation of Cr(III) and (VI), and Fe(II) and (III) in an aqueous solution. The results of the speciation are related to existing models through redox electrode potential measurements. An ion chromatographic technique based on the separation of anionic species was selected for the speciation. Nonspecific and specific detection alternatives are discussed, and detection limits are projected into the low parts per billion range.

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ATMOSPHERIC EMISSIONS FROM CODISPOSED OIL SHALE WASTES A PRELIMINARY ASSESSMENT

The purpose of the task reported here is to asses the possible air quality impact of codisposal. A preliminary estimate of nitrogenous heterocycle emissions during disposal and compaction was made by analyzing existing data and using certain explicit necessary assumptions that were generalized from published development plans. The assumptions were: shale moistened to 15% wt/wt; moisturization water is Oxy-6 gas condensate, which has been partially characterized in the literature; spent shale is compacted in 0.5 m lifts to a dry density of 85 lb/m3 immediately upon delivery to the site and remains uncovered for 24 h before another lift is emplaced; temperature of spent shale in the lift is 85C. Adsorption of N-heterocycles on spent shale was assumed insignificant. Biological reactions and vapor-phase photolysis are discussed but not included in the calculations.

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AN EXPERIMENTAL EVALUATION OF MULTISTAGE LEACHING FOR CONTROL OF SPENT UNDERGROUND RETORTS  DRAFT

Forced leaching as an environmental control technology for solid wastes from modified in situ oil shale retorts has been studied on a laboratory scale. Multistage counterflow leaching of 3/8 inches spent shale from Piceance Creek Basin in Logan Wash, Colorado, was conducted under anaerobic conditions. Solution concentrations of 20 selected metallic elements and several anions were measured after each stage of 10 counterflow sets of leaching experiments. The results showed that the 1 week contact time for each stage achieved a remarkable degree of solution equilibrium as determined by the relationship of molybdenum and lithium solubility with the ionic strength of the bulk solution. As would be expected from Debye-Huckel theory, greater amounts of these elements were dissolved with each additional contact of "dirty" water with spent shale. Successive fresh water leaches removed less molybdenum than did leaches having dissolved constituents from prior contacts. Additional leaching experiments conducted on the solids after the multistaged counterflow eperiment indicated that leachate composition of the previously leached material did not depend on available surface area. This suggests that both surface and bulk solid minerals were being dissolved.

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THERMODYNAMIC, CHEMICAL, AND BIOLOGICAL IMPLICATIONS OF OIL SHALE RETORT CHEMISTRY

It is proposed that this retorting facility is to process Green River formation raw shales in a controlled manner. The research efforts necessary to acieve an integrated development of the role of process variables in determining oil quantity and quality, effluent quantity and quality, and concomitant health and environmental impacts of various retorting scenarios can be divided into several tasks, depending on the interests of the research groups in the DOE oil shale program. The user-oriented nature of the proposed facility will incorporate the strategies and material needs of each research group and will respond to the goals of the overall DOE program. These various research efforts will continually exchange information to ensure ongoing definition of fruitful experiments and research direction. Each task, thoguh building on existing expertise within the DOE system, would be capable of independent progress. However, the integrated approach to understanding the chemical, biological, and engineering aspects of fossil fuel processing and related health and enviromental impacts of that processing would be a unique and prifitable activity.

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EVALUATION OF SAMPLING METHODS FOR GASEOUS ATMOSPHERIC SAMPLES

A research program was conducted to test and evaluate several alternatives for collecting and transferring samples from the collection site to the laboratory for the analysis of a variety of toxic organic pollutants by gas chromatography. Sample storage media included three types of polymeric bags, glass bulbs, electopolished and Summa polished cannisters, Tenax GC and charcoal cartridges, and nickel cryogenic traps. Twenty-seven test compounds including hydrocarbons, aromatics, halogenated hydrocarbons, halogenated aromatics, and oxygen, nitrogen and sulfur containing compounds were used to test the storage media. Dynamically flowing mixtures of these gases were synthesized using a specially designed permeation/dilution system. Quantitaitve laboratory stability tests were conducted with Tenax GC, charcoal, and cryogenic traps at 2 concentration levels of 50 parts per billion and 200 parts per trillion, for 14 of the 27 chemicals. Quantitiative stability tests were conducted with the remaining storage media at one concentration level, nominally 50 ppb for the same 15 chemicals. The stability tests were conducted over a 7 day storage period. The potential effect of inorganic gases as interferences during the collection of tst compounds was quantitatively studied. An automatic two channel ambient air samler utilizing sorbent cartridges is the collection medium was also designed and fabricated. A quality control and quality assurance program was established and maintained for all measured and analyzed data.

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POWER LINE ENVIRONMENT ANALYSIS 230,000 VOLT TRANSMISSION LINE RIFLE SUBSTATION TO COLONY OIL SHALE PLANT AND RELATED FACILITIES

This report proposes to 1) construct an overhead transmission line system at a voltage of at least 230,000 volts to serve the oil shale Project being conducted by Colony Development Operation in Garfield County, Colorado; 2) extend the existing Parachute Creek Valley 69,000 volt line approximately two miles to serve additional loads which will be required to serve the Project; 3) construct a new substation near the colony plant site to terminate the transmission lines, to meter and to transform power to lower voltage levels; 4) provide the electric power supply to operate the main and booster water pumping stations.

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SURFACE OIL SHALE RETORTING MODULE PHASE I ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STATEMENT TASK 7.1 PROGRESS REPORT

It is expected that DOE will be involved in the funding of a demonstration program concerning surface retorting of oil shale. This demonstration will involve building and operating a single retort and its associated support facilities. Such facilitites will include mining, crushing, rock handling, gas handling, oil handling and storage, and processed shale disposal.

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TASK 8 ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY AND HEALTH PLAN

The intent of the SARS report is to identify the potential hazards to personnel, equipment, and environment as a result of the Paraho retort facility and to identify actions taken, or to be taken, in the design, construction, and operations phases to eliminate their probability of occurrence, or alleviate their effects if they do occur. Since this project is to be executed in two phases, this first release of the SARS report will address in detail the safety aspects of only the retort module. In addition, it will serve as the preliminary safety and analysis review for the remainder of the facility.

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ENVIRONMENTAL, SAFTEY AND HEALTH PLAN TOPICAL REPORT-TASK 8 PART I-DESIGN SAFETY PROGRAM PARAHO OIL SHALE MODULE

The intent of the SARS report is to identify the potential hazards to personnel, equipment, and the environment as a result of the Paraho Facility and to identify actions to be taken in the design, construction, and operations phases to eliminate their probability of occurrence, or alleviate their effects if they do occur. Since this project is to be executed in two phases, this first release of the SARS report will address in detail the safety aspects of only the retort module. In addition, it will serve as the preliminary safety and analysis review for the remainder of the facility.

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NEPA COMPLIANCE TOPICAL REPORT-TASK 7 PART II-ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT PARAHO OIL SHALE MODULE

Paraho considers a commercial oil shale project should be comprised of a minimum of three modular retorts, each producing 10,000 BPSD at base case level. Commercial production of hydrotreated shale oil, at the full design case, would be just in exess of 42,000 BPSD plus about 190 MW of electrical power, 200 TPSD of liquid ammonia, and 100 TPSD of elemental sulfur. On-stream factor for the commercial plant is estimated to be 90%, therefore, there will be 330 stream days in a calendar year.

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PORPHYRINS AND OTHER METAL-CONTAINING COMPOUNDS IN AN EASTERN U.S. OIL SHALE

A New Albany oil shale rich in metalloporphyrins was subjected to a progressive demineralization procedure. The raw shale was extracted with an organic solvent to remove materials designated as bitumen-A, which was found to contain large quantities of nickel and vanadyl etioporphyrins, desoxophylloerythroetioporphyrins, and possibly tetrahydrobenzo-DPEP-type porphyrins. These porphyrins range in carbon numbers from 27 to 34 and possibly further. For both the vanadyl and nickel porphyrin series, desoxophylloerythroetioporphyrins of carbon number 31 are the dominant species.

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Environmental, Safety and Health Requirements Topical Report-Task 5

The basic purpose of the Environmental, Safety and Health Requirements report is to identify regulatory factors and permit requirements affecting implementation of the Paraho Module Project, and provide a basis for identifying and evaluating environmental factors that might influence the proposed demonstration. This information, together with results of other associated technical studies, will assist Paraho in identifying the environmental data that may be needed to support the permit applications and any identifiable enviornmental constraints that might influence the planning or scheduling of the proposed program.

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AN ASSESSMENT OF THE SOCIOECONOMIC IMPACTS OF ENERGY DEVELOPMENT IN NORTHEASTERN UTAH VOLUME IV

Three counties in the Uintah Basin in the northeastern corner of Utah, which could be the site of numerous energy development projects in the next two decades, are the focus of this report. Socioeconomic characteristics of the area, as they presently exist, are described as a baseline for comparison of impact projections. Topics include population, land use, housing, transporation, community services, employment and imcome, public finances, local political profile, and social and psychological aspects. Impacts, through the year 2000 where possible, of growth from energy development are discussed for each of these topics.

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AN ASSESSMENT OF THE SOCIOECONOMIC IMPACTS OF ENERGY DEVELOPMENT IN NORTHWESTERN COLORADO VOLUME III

Four counties in northwestern Colorado are likely to be the sites of extensive energy resource development in the next two decades. Possible socioeconomic impacts of the many proposed projects are discussed in this report. A description of the socioeconomic environment as it existed in late 1980 is provided to furnish a basis for the evaluation of projected impacts. Particular emphasis is placed on projections of construction and operation work forces for the energy projects and of the accompanying non-basic workers and families. These new populations, the pace of their arrival, and their choices of residence location and life-style are at the core of almost all other projected socioeconomic impacts.

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SURFACE OIL SHALE RETORTING MODULE PHASE I REPORT OF IDENTIFICATION OF CONTROL TECHNOLOGY EQUIPMENT AND/OR POLLUTION ABATEMENT PROCEDURES TASK 6 PROGRESS REPORT

Task 6.0 requires the preparation of an Environmental Compliance Plan which will assure compliance with government regulations at all levels related to the construction and operation of the demonstration facility. Task 6.1, "Identification of Control Technology Equipment and/or Pollution Abatement Procedures" is the first of four required parts of the Environmental Compliance Plan and has been scheduled for completion in November 1980.

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SURFACE OIL SHALE RETORTING MODULE PHASE I REPORT OF ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY AND HEALTH REQUIREMENTS (SEVR) TASK 5 PROGRESS REPORT

This portio of the Environmental, Safety and Health Requierments report constitutes one element of a planning and design study being conducted by Paraho Development Corporation in cooperation with the Department of Energy on a proposed oil shale retorting demonstration module to be located on a site in Uintah County, Utah. The proposed module program, as currently contemplated, would include the development of an underground mine capable of delivering 23,600 tons of oil shale per steram day; shale crushing and preparation facilities, one above-ground retort capable of processing approximately 17,700 tons of oil shale per stream day and producing approximately 10,520 barrels of oil per stream day; oil separation, storage and transport facilities; on-site processed shale disposal; and the construction of associated support structures, facilities and systems.

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PARAHO MODULE PROJECT ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT

Paraho Development Corporation has developed plans to construct and operate a full size module oil shale retort facility using Paraho retort technology. Previous demonstrations of the Paraho technology have proven the feasibility and reliability of the process on a semi-works scale. The primary purpose of the module program is to design, construct and operate a full scale modular facility to demonstrate the unique Paraho technology. The module program will be conducted on a scale adequate to demonstrate the socioeconomic and environmental impacts of comercial oil shale development.

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REMOTE SENSING OF EXPERIMENTAL ENERGY CONVERSION FACILITIES-RECLAMATION PHASE ROCK SPRINGS, HANNA, AND HOE CREEK, WYOMING

At the request of the US Department of Energy, Laramie Energy Technology Center, a remote sensing study was performed at three experimental energy conversion projects in Rock Springs, Hanna, and Hoe Creek, Wyoming. Color infrared aerial photography was taken at all three sites and multispectral scanner data acquired at one (Hanna). These data were analyzed to provide an overhead reconnaissance of reclamation progress and comparison with earlier remote sensing overflights in August 1980.

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