AndreaBozzo/ceres-open-data-index huggingface dataset:
FORCE2: A multidimensional flow program for gas solids flow user`s guide

This report describes the FORCE2 flow program input, output, and the graphical post-processor. The manual describes the steps for creating the model, executing the programs and processing the results into graphical form. The FORCE2 post-processor was developed as an interactive program written in FORTRAN-77. It uses the Graphical Kernel System (GKS) graphics standard recently adopted by International Organization for Standardization, ISO, and American National Standards Institute, ANSI, and, therefore, can be used with many terminals. The post-processor vas written with Calcomp subroutine calls and is compatible with Tektkonix terminals and Calcomp and Nicolet pen plotters. B&W has been developing the FORCE2 code as a general-purpose tool for flow analysis of B&W equipment. The version of FORCE2 described in this manual was developed under the sponsorship of ASEA-Babcock as part of their participation in the joint R&D venture, ``Erosion of FBC Heat Transfer Tubes,`` and is applicable to the analyses of bubbling fluid beds. This manual is the principal documentation for program usage and is segmented into several sections to facilitate usage. In Section 2.0 the program is described, including assumptions, capabilities, limitations and uses, program status and location, related programs and program hardware and software requirements. Section 3.0 is a quick user`s reference guide for preparing input, executing FORCE2, and using the post-processor. Section 4.0 is a detailed description of the FORCE2 input. In Section 5.0, FORCE2 output is summarized. Section 6.0 contains a sample application, and Section 7.0 is a detailed reference guide.

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FORCE2: A multidimensional flow program for gas solids flow theory guide

This report describes the theory and structure of the FORCE2 flow program. The manual describes the governing model equations, solution procedure and their implementation in the computer program. FORCE2 is an extension of an existing B&V multidimensional, two-phase flow program. FORCE2 was developed for application to fluid beds by flow implementing a gas-solids modeling technology derived, in part, during a joint government -- industry research program, ``Erosion of FBC Heat Transfer Tubes,`` coordinated by Argonne National Laboratory. The development of FORCE2 was sponsored by ASEA-Babcock, an industry participant in this program. This manual is the principal documentation for the program theory and organization. Program usage and post-processing of code predictions with the FORCE2 post-processor are described in a companion report, FORCE2 -- A Multidimensional Flow Program for Fluid Beds, User`s Guide. This manual is segmented into sections to facilitate its usage. In section 2.0, the mass and momentum conservation principles, the basis for the code, are presented. In section 3.0, the constitutive relations used in modeling gas-solids hydrodynamics are given. The finite-difference model equations are derived in section 4.0 and the solution procedures described in sections 5.0 and 6.0. Finally, the implementation of the model equations and solution procedure in FORCE2 is described in section 7.0.

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Initial validation of FORCE2

Erosion has been identified as one of the significant design issues in fluid beds. A cooperative R&D venture of industry, research, and government organizations was recently formed to meet the industry need for a better understanding of erosion in fluid beds. Research focussed on bed hydrodynamics, which are considered to be the primary erosion mechanism. As part of this work, ANL developed an analytical model (FLUFIX) for bed hydrodynamics. Partial validation was performed using data from experiments sponsored by the research consortium. Development of a three-dimensional fluid bed hydrodynamic model was part of Asea-Babcock`s in-kind contribution to the R&D venture. This model, FORCE2, was developed by Babcock & Wilcox`s Research and Development Division existing B&W program and on the gas-solids modeling and was based on an existing B&W program and on the gas-solids modeling technology developed by ANL and others. FORCE2 contains many of the features needed to model plant size beds and, therefore can be used along with the erosion technology to assess metal wastage in industrial equipment. As part of the development efforts, FORCE2 was partially validated using ANL`s two-dimensional model, FLUFIX, and experimental data. Time constraints as well as the lack of good hydrodynamic data, particularly at the plant scale, prohibited a complete validation of FORCE2. This report describes this initial validation of FORCE2.

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User`s manual for FLUFIX/MOD2: A computer program for fluid-solids hydrodynamics

This report describes FLUFIX/MOD2, a computer program that was developed as a two-dimensional analytical tool, based on a two-fluid hydrodynamic model, for application to fluid-flow simulation in fluid-solids systems and replaces the Interim User`s Manual for FLUFIX/MOD1. The field equations that constitute the two-fluid model used in FLUFIX/MOD2 and the constitutive relationships required to close this system of equations, as well as the finite-difference equations that approximate these equations and their solution procedure, are presented and discussed. The global structure of FLUFIX/MOD2 that implements this solution procedure is discussed. The input data for FLUFIX/MOD2 are given, and a sample problem for a fluidized bed is described.

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SUPRI heavy oil research program. Annual report, October 1, 1991--September 30, 1992

The goal of the Stanford University Petroleum Research Institute is to conduct research directed toward increasing the recovery of heavy oils. Presently, SUPRI is working in five main directions: (1) flow properties studies to assess the influence of different reservoir conditions (temperature and pressure) on the absolute and relative permeability to oil and water and on capillary pressure; (2) in-situ combustion to evaluate the effect of different reservoir parameters on the in-situ combustion process and to study the kinetics of the reactions; (3) steam with additives to develop and understand the mechanisms of the process using commercially available surfactants for reduction of gravity override and channeling of steam; (4) formation evaluation to develop and improve techniques of formation evaluation such as tracer tests and pressure transient tests; and field support services to provide technical support for design and monitoring of DOE sponsored or industry initiated field projects.

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Metal wastage design guidelines for bubbling fluidized-bed combustors. Final report

These metal wastage design guidelines identify relationships between metal wastage and (1) design parameters (such as tube size, tube spacing and pitch, tube bundle and fluidized-bed height to distributor, and heat exchanger tube material properties) and (2) operating parameters (such as fluidizing velocity, particle size, particle hardness, and angularity). The guidelines are of both a quantitative and qualitative nature. Simplified mechanistic models are described, which account for the essential hydrodynamics and metal wastage processes occurring in bubbling fluidized beds. The empirical correlational approach complements the use of these models in the development of these design guidelines. Data used for model and guideline validation are summarized and referenced. Sample calculations and recommended design procedures are included. The influences of dependent variables on metal wastage, such as solids velocity, bubble size, and in-bed pressure fluctuations, are discussed.

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Development of an advanced, continuous mild gasification process for the production of co-products. Quarterly report, January 2, 1992--March 31, 1992

Seventeen continuous coke tests were completed. Efforts to produce coke from lower rank non-coking coal resulted in a coke with 1/3 less crush strength. This lower quality coke made from cheaper coal may have value as a partial charge in a blast furnace. A coke strength increase of 80% was obtained by curing the coke at 850{degrees}F for one hour prior to the normal cure of 1 {1/2} hours at 1832{degrees}F. Sixteen CMGU test runs were made using 13 different coals. A test run of 12 hours without problems was included. Design of the gas heaters for the screws was completed and the heaters will be shipped near the end of May 1992. Operations of the CMGU condensers were improved by preheating to above 212{degrees}F before starting a coal feed. Installation of the screw heaters and improved condenser performance will permit operating the CMGU at the design capacity of 1000 lbs coal/hour.

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Hot Coal Gas Desulfurization with manganese-based sorbents. Quarterly report, April--June 1994

The focus of work being performed on Hot Coal Gas Desulfurization at the Morgantown Energy Technology Center is primarily in the use of zinc titanate sorbents; however, prior studies indicated that an alternate sorbent, manganese dioxide-containing ore in mixture with alumina (75 wt% ore   25 wt% Al{sub 2}O{sub 3}) appears to be a strong contender to zincbased sorbents. Manganese, for example, has a lower vapor pressure in the elemental state than zinc; hence, it is not as likely to undergo zinc-depletion from the sorbent surface upon loading and regeneration cycles. Also manganese oxide is less readily reduced to the elemental state than iron; hence, the range of reduction potentials for oxygen is somewhat greater than for zinc ferrite. In addition, thermodynamic analysis of the manganese-oxygen-sulfur system shows it to be less amenable to sulfation than zinc ferrite. Also manganese chlorides are much less stable and volatile than zinc chlorides. Potential also exists for utilization of manganese at higher temperatures than zinc ferrite or zinc titanate. This Seventh Quarterly Report documents progress in bench-scale testing of a leading manganese-based sorbent pellets (FORM4-A). This formulation is a high-purity manganese carbonate-based material. This formulation was subjected to 20 consecutive cycles of sulfidation and regeneration at 900{degrees}C in a 2-inch fixed bed reactor. The sulfidation gas was a simulated Tampella U-gas with an increased hydrogen sulfide content of 3% by volume to accelerate the rate of breakthrough, arbitrarily taken as 500 ppmv. Consistent with thermo-gravimetric analysis (TGA) on individual pellets, the fixed bed tests show small improvement in capacity and kinetics with the sulfur-loading capacity being about 22% by weight of the original pellet, which corresponds to approximately 90% bed utilization!

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Development of an advanced, continuous mild gasification process for the production of co-products. Quarterly report, April 1, 1992--June 30, 1992

Seventeen continuous coke tests were completed. Efforts to produce coke from lower rank non-coking coal resulted in a coke with 1/3 less crush strength. This lower quality coke made from cheaper coal may have value as a partial charge in a blast furnace. A coke strength increase of 80% was obtained by curing the coke at 850{degrees}F for one hour prior to the normal cure of 1 {1/2} hours at 1832{degrees}F. Sixteen CMGU test runs were made using 13 different coals. A test run of 12 hours without problems was included. Design of the gas heaters for the screws was completed and the heaters will be shipped near the end of May 1992. Operations of the CMGU condensers were improved by preheating to above 212{degrees}F before starting coal feed. Installation of the screw heaters and improved condenser performance will permit operating the CMGU at the design capacity of 1000 lbs coal/hour.

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Development of an advanced, continuous mild gasification process for the production of co-products. Quarterly report, July 1, 1992--September 30, 1992

The coke reactivity test furnace was installed and checked. Design of a long lasting reaction vessel is underway with emphasis on material of construction for elevated temperatures. Development of a formed coke formula is continuing in preparation of a 70 pound sample for evaluation by a major conventional coke producer. Ten CMGU test runs were made. Most of the quarter was used to replace the pyrolyzer screws, check-out the screws` pulse burners, and replace the screws` stub shafts. The objective of the determination of the pyrolyzer maximum capacity with the internal screws` heaters should be achieved in October 1992.

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Multiple-use marketing of lignite

Marketing of lignite faces difficulties due to moisture and sulfur contents, as well as the sodium content, of the ash. The purpose of this study is to determine the economic viability of multiple-use marketing of lignite as a method to increase the use of North Dakota lignite by recapturing lost niche markets. Multiple-use marketing means using lignite and sulfur-capturing additives to clean agricultural wastewater followed by either direct steam and power generation or briquetting to produce a higher-Btu compliance fuel. Cooperative ownership of the resulting business by a coal company and an agriculture processing company helps ensure that lignite remains the coal of choice, especially when the ``good`` attributes of lignites are maximized, while the agricultural company obtains cleaner wastewater and a long-term supply of coal at a set price. The economic viabilities of the following scenarios were investigated: (1) Agriprocessing wastewater treatment using lignite and an additive followed by (2) the production of compliance fuel for resale or on-site cogeneration of steam and electricity. Laboratory tests were performed utilizing potato-processing plant wastewater with lignite and lime sludge.

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Solid-state NMR analysis of coals and shales from the Mesaverde Group, Green River Basin, Wyoming

Samples of coals and shales from the Almond Formation of the Mesaverde Group, Greater Green River Basin, Wyoming were analyzed using solid-state {sup 13}C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) techniques of cross polarization with magic-angle spinning (CP/MAS). The samples were taken from a present-day depth of burial ranging from {approximately}3,000 to {approximately}15,000 ft. In addition, CP/MAS {sup 13}C NMR measurements were made on residues from the hydrous pyrolysis of Almond coal. The hydrous pyrolysis experiments were conducted isothermally for 72 hr in the temperature range of 290 to 360{degree}C (554 to 680{degree}F). In general, the maturation trends observed by NMR for the naturally and artificially matured samples were in agreement with results obtained from other geochemical analyses. The NMR spectra of the naturally matured shale samples showed only a small aliphatic component at depths greater than about 12,000 ft, indicating little capacity for hydrocarbon generation at depths greater than this. Vitrinite reflectance measurements placed the oil window at between 4,500 and 14,500 ft. NMR measurements of the hydrous pyrolysis residues showed a clear loss of aliphatic carbon, relative to the aromatic carbon, with temperature. For the residue obtained from the highest study temperature (360{degree}C/680{degree}F), there was a 60% depletion of the hydrocarbon-producing aliphatic components. The trends in loss of aliphatic carbon with temperature suggested a means of defining a geochemical transformation ratio in terms of the loss of the aliphatic carbon fraction. A good correlation was found between the NMR transformation ratio and the production index determined by Rock-Eval pyrolysis measurements.

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Responsive copolymers for enhanced petroleum recovery. Quarterly technical progress report, June 23--September 21, 1994

Summaries are given on the technical progress on three tasks of this project. Monomer and polymer synthesis discusses the preparation of 1(7-aminoheptyloxymethyl)naphthalene and poly(maleic anhydride-alt-ethyl vinyl ether). Task 2, Characterization of molecular structure, discusses terpolymer solution preparation, UV analysis, fluorescence analysis, low angle laser light scattering, and viscometry. The paper discusses the effects of hydrophobic groups, the effect of pH, the effect of electrolyte addition, and photophysical studies. Task 3, Solution properties, describes the factorial experimental design for characterizing polymer solutions by light scattering, the light scattering test model, orthogonal factorial test design, linear regression in coded space, confidence level for coded space test mode coefficients, coefficients of the real space test model, and surface analysis of the model equations.

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Methane formation and retention in coal. Quarterly technical progress report, July 1, 1991--September 30, 1991

The methane content of coal seams in Utah and Colorado are measured in situ as well as in the laboratory and correlated with the geological and geochemical history of the seams and surrounding strata. Chemical and physical properties are measured in the laboratory for coals that contain methane and coals of similar rank which do not contain methane. Methane yields on pyrolysis are used to measure the propensity of coals to form additional methane. Methane formation and retention will be interpreted in terms of the physical and chemical properties of the coal and the chemical and geological history of the coal seam.

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Granular-bed and ceramic candle filters in commercial plants: A comparison

Advanced coal fired power cycles require the removal of coal ash at high temperature and pressure. Granular-bed and ceramic candle filters can be used for this service. Conceptual designs for commercial size applications are made for each type of filter. The filters are incorporated in the design of a Foster Wheeler 450 MWe second generation pressurized fluidized bed combustion plant which contains a pressurized fluidized combustor and carbonizer. In a second application, the inters are incorporated in the design of a 100 MWe KRW (air) gasifier based power plant. The candle filter design is state of the art as determined from the open literature with an effort to minimize the cost. The granular-bed filter design is based on test work performed at high temperature and low pressure, tests at New York University performed at high pressure and temperate, and new analysis used to simplify the scale up of the filter and reduce overall cost. The incorporation of chemically reactive granites in the granular-bed filter for the removal of additional coal derived contaminants such as alkali or sulfur is considered. The conceptual designs of the granular-bed inter and the ceramic candle filter are compared in terms of the cost of electricity, capital cost, and operating and maintenance costs for each application.

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Resource characterization and residuals remediation: Task 1.0. Semi-annual report, March 1--June 30, 1993

The resource characterization and residuals remediation task embraces the beginning and the end of the energy use cycle. It provides fundamental characterization of fuel and associated resources so these can be used most effectively. Once resources have been used, any residues produced must be used and or disposed of in an environmentally compatible manner. Sulfur, for example, is widespread throughout the environment in many forms. Understanding the occurrence, transport, and fate of sulfur as it moves along energy pathways through the environment is the key to managing the environmental effects of sulfur. Subtask 1.1, Sulfur Forms and Thermal Transformations, focuses on the ability to identify and measure different forms of sulfur. Progress is being made in our analytical ability to distinguish the forms of sulfur, a prerequisite to engineering management. Similarly, Subtask 1.3, Data Resource Evaluation, is focused on integrating resource characterization information on energy resources from cradle to grave in a comprehensive, integrated system. A geographic information system is being tested with a representative case used field resource data from North Dakota and Montana.

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Air quality assessment and control, Task 2.0. Semi-annual report, March 1--June 30, 1993

Emissions of fine particles are of concern because these particles can be deposited in the lower respiratory system through normal breathing. The potential problem is further compounded because hazardous trace elements, such as selenium and arsenic, are known to be concentrated on such fine particles. Control device removal efficiency is lowest for respirable particles, so the potentially most hazardous particles from coal combustion are collected with the lowest removal efficiency. Therefore, a current need exists to develop superior, but economical, methods to control emissions of air toxic particulate matter. One approach is to model the relationships between the cohesive properties of fly ash and particulate collector performance in electrostatic precipitators (ESPs) and fabric filters. In ESPs, a balance between good dust release and minimum redispersion must be achieved for optimum ESP fine-particle collection efficiency. To achieve high fine-particle collection efficiency with fabric filters, the large pores in the fabric must be adequately bridged, and reentrainment must be kept to a minimum while still allowing for adequate dust cake release. However, the defining relationships between cohesive dust properties and particulate collector performance have not been adequately developed. Therefore, the goal of the Fine Particulate Control project is the development of methods to measure the cohesive strength and reentrainment potential of fly ashes and to model emissions of fine particles based on these measurements. A long-term project goal is to develop the models to the point where they can be used to help design particulate control devices for the lowest level of fine-particle emissions at a reasonable cost.

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Phased-array ultrasonic surface contour mapping system. Technical note

The development of reliable mechanistic models for prediction of conventional and fluidized-bed combustor and gasifier operation and solids flow behavior in silos or other solids handling and storage components requires knowledge of the contained solids flow characteristics. This knowledge is gained from dynamic experimental measurements of bed top surface contours in addition to measurements of bulk bed properties. The surface contour mapping system (SCMS) provides a means of generating surface contour maps in real time with a unique, automatically focused, density-compensated, digital phased-array scanning, ultrasonic-range measurement system. The system is designed to operate in environments having gas temperatures up to 1,600 {degree}F and pressures to 1,000 psig. Computer simulation of several SCMS candidates and acoustic carrier modulation techniques indicates that a surface measurement resolution of {plus_minus}2 inches over a range of 5 to 20 feet distance between the transmit/receive (T/R) transducers and the bed surface can be expected. The simulation of a particular design, a 9-T/R, 25-pixel bed surface, in which the level of each pixel was randomly set between 5 and 7 feet below the plane of the T/R transducers, then measured using two different modulation techniques, produced excellent results. The simulation of this surface contour mapping system determined the value of the level of each of the 25 pixels to within {plus_minus}1 inch for over 95 percent of more than 100 test cases for one of the modulation techniques, and for over 99 percent of about 100 test cases for a second modulation technique. A hardware implementation of the design simulated but using only a two-T/R, three-pixel SCMS produced results very closely approximating those obtained during the simulation.

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