AndreaBozzo/ceres-open-data-index huggingface dataset:
FIELD APPLICATION OF IN SITU COMBUSTION PAST PERFORMANCE /FUTURE APPLICATION

The contents of this volume represent the collective presentations at a symposium, entitled "Field Application of In Situ Combustion-Past Performance/Future Application," which was held in Tulsa, Oklahoma, April 21-22, 1994. This symposium was sponsored by the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) as part of its technology transfer mission and was organized by BDM-Oklahoma Inc., the management and operation contractor of DOE's National Institute for Petroleum and Energy Research (NIPER). The symposium was organized into three technical sessions devoted to "Technology Assessment," "Laboratory Studies," and "Case Histories," and a panel session devoted to the assessment of the state-of-the-art of the technology. In addition to the panel and technical session, an invited keynote speaker assessed the technology from an operator's prospective on the evening of April 21, 1994. A total of78 participants from seven countries attended the conference and the evening keynote address made the symposium an overwhelming success. A list of attendees is appended at the end of the proceedings. A total of 14 technical papers were presented at the symposium and are included in these Conference Proceedings. These proceedings also included the keynote speaker's address and ensuing discussion along with the summary of panel presentations and discussion. For convenience, the proceedings are assembled into five parts, each containing related materials. The first part includes the six papers presented at the ''Technology Assessment" session, followed by the papers discussion section. The second part includes all the papers presented at the "Laboratory Studies" session followed by the papers discussion section. The third part includes the five papers and the ensuing discussion that transpired during the "Case Histories" session. This section also includes a full text of one of the panel member's presentation (Paper ISC-14). The fourth part includes a summary of the panel presentation, and the discussion section. The final part includes the full text of they keynote speaker's address and the ensuing discussion. The papers are included in the order in which they were presented, and the discussion section includes selected questions posed by the audience to the speakers and their responses.

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Post Waterflood C02 Miscible Flood in Light Oil Fluvial - Dominated Deltaic Reservoirs

Production from the Port Neches C02 continue to improve. Five wells responded to C02 injection and currently flowing with the exception of well #b, which has been placed on gas lift to draw the C02 to the vicinity. Current production is about 400 BOPD from the five producing wells. Total C02 injection is averaging 10 MMCFD, including 4 MMCFD purchased from Cardox and 6 MMCFD of recycled gas. Reservoir pressure increased from 2697 psi in May, to 2890 psi in June due to over-injection. An additional water injection pump was installed to handle the increasing volume of produced water. Also a workover was performed on Well # 33 to take out the gas lift valves and eliminate communication. Two papers were presented at the BPE/DOE symposium that was held in Tulsa this April. The screening model has been released to the DOE and was made public during the month of May.

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Composite Drill Pipe Perfect Fit for Short-Radius Drilling

With much of the nation's "easy-to-produce" oil and gas gone, many U.S. companies are looking for lower cost methods to recover the oil and gas that was bypassed when many of the nation's fields were first developed. Short-radius horizontal drilling is one technology that is being used to recover oil and gas from bypassed zones, many of which are shallow and of low productivity. However, one of the challenges facing the short radius drilling industry is the need for reliable drill pipe that can withstand the stress of drilling through short-radius-of-curvature bends for extended periods of time. A new, lightweight, flexible drill pipe engineered from space-age composites rather than steel has the potential to fill that need, extending the life of existing wells as well as reducing the cost of drilling new horizontal wells.

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The Use of Acid Stimulation for Restoring to Production Shut-in Oil Fields

High operating costs and low oil prices caused oil and gas production from the St. James lease to be shut in early 1998. The St. James lease is located in the Las Cienegas field in an historic area of Los Angeles California approximately two (2) miles from the downtown Civic Center. The principal goal of this DOE project is to show how long-term shut-in oil and gas wells can be returned to profitable operation. This goal is aided by improved oil and gas prices and the use of modern stimulation technology. Low oil and gas prices in 1998-1999 led to thousands of oil wells being shut-in throughout the United States. Based upon the premise that oil and gas prices will remain relatively stable in the future, revitalizing shut-in oil and gas wells is now an attractive option for many operators. The effort and expense required to return a shut-in well to production depends, to a large extent, on its condition at the time of shut-in and the efforts taken to preserve the wells productivity while it was shut-in. Obviously, if a well was shut-in because of an equipment failure (tubing leak, pump failure, etc.), the mechanical problem must be corrected first. However, wells with no obvious problem at the time of shut-in other than poor economics ? most likely have developed problems during the shut-in period. St. James? experience has indicted that wells in the Las Cienegas field, which have been shut-in for a long period of time, in this case more than seven (7) years and are returned to production often produce at a rate of 30-50% less than prior rates. Scale deposition caused by filtrate invasion has been found to be the major damage mechanism. Other production-impairment mechanisms are believed to be fines migration and clay dispersion and swelling.

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Development of a Cost Effective Environment Compliance Technology for Stripper Brine Wells

The specific objective of the research is to demonstrate that the characteristics of wastewater from stripper oil wells and marginal gas wells are sufficiently similar to be treated under a standardized treatment methodology, that the environmental impacts of the discharge of treated brines from both stripper oil and marginal gas wells can be adequately regulated, and that. the inclusion of marginal gas wells in the same category as stripper oil wells is appropriate, especially  for wells operating in the Appalachian Basin.

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OIL RECOVERY IMPROVEMENT THROUGH PROFILE MODIFICATION BY THERMAL PRECIPITATION

The objective of this research project has been to investigate the potential for using temperature-dependent (thermal) precipitation of chemicals to reduce the porosity and? permeability of porous rocks. The method consists of injecting hot water that is saturated in a chemical that will precipitate upon cooling. Through this process, the permeability of thief zones in oil reservoirs could be reduced, allowing improved recovery by secondary and tertiary recovery processes. The chemical literature was reviewed for environmentally safe chemicals that have a suitable temperature-dependent solubility for the thermal precipitation process. Four suitable chemicals were identified: boron oxide, potassium carbonate, sodium borate, and potassium chloride. An experimental apparatus was constructed to test the thermal precipitation process at high temperatures and pressures. Data was collected with clastic Berea sandstone cores using two chemicals: potassium carbonate and sodium borate. Data was also collected with limestone cores using potassium carbonate. The porosities and permeability's were measured before and after being treated by the thermal precipitation process. A theoretical study of the process was also conducted. A model for predicting the fractional reduction in porosity was developed that is based on the temperature-dependent solubility of the chemical used. An empirical model that predicts the fractional reduction in permeability in terms of the fractional reduction in porosity was then developed for Berea sandstone. Existing theoretical models for estimating the permeability of porous media were tested against the measured data. The existing models, including the widely-used Carman-Kozeny equation, under predicted the reduction in permeability for the thermal precipitation process. This study has shown that the thermal precipitation process has considerable potential for the controlled reduction in porosity and permeability in geologic formations. A design study to determine how the process would work in the field is recommended.

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FIELD APPLICATION OF IN SITU COMBUSTION-- PAST PERFORMANCE/FUTURE APPLICATION

In situ combustion remains the most tantalizing enhanced oil recovery method. It bas been tested extensively-in over 150 field tests-in both heavy and light oil reservoirs. What we have learned from this experience is that in situ combustion works under most conditions, but the nature of the problems is such that it is seldom profitable. Also, looking at many previous in situ combustion tests, steam injection, and even waterflooding, would have been a better choice. Yet in situ combustion has unique features not found in any other EOR method. These must be weighed against its shortcomings to evaluate a potential application. This paper discusses the redeeming features of in situ combustion, in particular the reservoir conditions under which in situ combustion may be superior to other EOR methods are outlined. All variations of in situ combustion-forward, reverse, wet, dry-as well as combinations with other EOR methods are considered. The conclusions is that in situ combustion still has a place, and its future application would depend on research on certain crucial aspects of the process.

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Laboratory Model of GLCC with Control Systems at The University of Tulsa, Tulsa, Three-P

New GLCC field applications designed utilizing the TUSTP GLCC simulator, have been installed by Caltex Pacific Indonesia (CPI) in the Light Oil Steam Flooded (LOSF) project in Minas, Indonesia. The project was executed by Drs. Jack Marrelli from Texaco and Gene Kouba from Chevron. The largest GLCC (60 in.-ID) for bulk separation/metering and three 36-in. ID metering GLCCs for well test metering applications have been recently installed. The bulk separation/metering GLCC 5 ft ID and 20 ft tall is shown in Figure 2. The GLCC operates at 170 psia and 3600F, handling liquid and gas production rates of 180,000 bpd and 71 MMscfd, respectively. The GLCC is equipped with control valves on the gas and liquid legs and a sophisticated control system for liquid level control. TUSTP personnel were closely involved in designing these GLCCs and the respective control systems. The 36-inch diameter well testing GLCC operates at 170 psi and 3600F, handling liquid and gas production rates up to 7000 BBl/d and 4.5 MMscfd, respectively. The control philosophy for this GLCC was also developed by TUSTP.

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A NOVEL APPROACH TO MODELING UNSTABLE EOR DISPLACEMENTS

This is the final report of a three-year research project that was aimed at developing a methodology for predicting the performance of unstable displacements in heterogeneous reservoirs. A performance prediction approach that combines numerical modeling with laboratory imaging experiments has been developed. Most enhanced oil recovery (EOR) schemes involve the displacement of one fluid by another fluid in a heterogeneous porous medium. In the majority of cases, the injected fluid is less viscous and less dense than the displaced fluid. This situation has long been  recognized as having the potential to create hydrodynamic instabilities in the foons of viscous fingering and gravity override or underride. These instabilities not only impair the displacement efficiency, they also make the displacement performance more difficult to model mathematically, and, therefore, more difficult to predict. A further complication in the displacement is caused by the presence of heterogeneities within the porous medium whose magnitude and distribution are usually unknown. The interaction of heterogeneities with hydrodynamic instabilities can significantly reduce the displacement efficiency and result in low oil recovery. Since hydrodynamic instabilities and reservoir heterogeneities can severely limit the success of many enhanced oil recovery projects, there is considerable interest within the EOR community to (1) develop increased understanding of the physics of unstable displacements, (2) develop accurate mathematical models to predict the performance of unstable displacements, (3) develop geostatistical models to better characterize reservoir heterogeneities, and (4) develop mobility control measures to prevent viscous instability.  This research addressed the first three of these EOR issues through flow visualization experiments combined with geostatistical and high-resolution numerical modeling.

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Bioremediation Techniques on Crude Oil Contaminated Soils in Ohio

The objective of this project is to develop environmentally-sound and cost-effective remediation techniques for crude oil contaminated soils. By providing a guidance manual to oil and gas operators, the Ohio Division of Oil and Gas regulatory authority hopes to reduce remediation costs Wile improving voluntary compliance with soil clean-up requirements. This shall be accomplished by conducting a series of field tests to define the optimum range for nutrient, oxygen and organic enhancement to biologically remediate soils contaminated with brines and crude oil having a wide range of viscosity.

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IMPROVED EFFICIENCY OF MISCIBLE CO2 FLOODS AND ENHANCED PROSPECTS FOR CO2 FLOODING HETEROGENEOUS RESERVOIRS

The objective of this research project is to improve the effectiveness of CO2 flooding in heterogeneous reservoirs. Research is being conducted in three closely related areas: 1) exploring further the applicability of selective mobility reduction (SMR) in the use of foam flooding, 2) exploring the possibility of higher economic viability of floods at reduced CO2 injection pressures, and 3) understanding low interfacial tension (IFT) mechanisms with application to CO2 flooding in tight vertically fractured reservoirs.

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Water Injection in Fractured/Layered Porous Media

Review of the literature indicates that imbibitions in water-wet matrix blocks is commonly considered to be counter-current. Despite this general belief, our experimental and theoretical studies indicate that co-current imbibitions may be the dominant mechanism. Using numerical simulation of the imbibitions process it is found that oil is predominantly recovered by co-current imbibitions, and the time for this recovery is only a fraction of that required for counter-current imbibitions. This is because in counter-current imbibitions, oil is forced to flow in the two-phase region. In co-current imbibitions, however, oil is free to flow in the single phase region. This study reveals that co-current imbibitions is much more efficient than counter-current imbibitions.

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Advanced Reservoir Characterization in the Antelope Shale to Establish the Viability of c02 Enhanced Oil Recovery in California's Monterey Formation Siliceous Shales

The primary objective of this research is to conduct advanced reservoir characterization and modeling studies in the Antelope Shale reservoir. Characterization studies will be used to determine the technical feasibility of implementing a CO2 enhanced oil recovery project in the Buena Vista Hills field. The Buena Vista Hills pilot CO2 project will demonstrate the economic viability and widespread applicability ofC02 flooding in fractured siliceous shales reservoirs of the San Joaquin Valley. The research consists of four primary work processes: Reservoir Matrix and Fluid characterization; Fracture Characterization; Reservoir Modeling and Simulation; and, CO2 Pilot Flood and Evaluation. Work done in these areas can be subdivided into two phases or budget periods. The first phase of the project will focus on the application of a variety of advanced reservoir characterization techniques to determine the production characteristics of the Antelope Shale reservoir. Reservoir models based on the results of the characterization work will be used to evaluate how the reservoir will respond to secondary recovery and EOR processes. The second phase of the project will include the implementation and evaluation of an advanced EOR pilot in the West Dome of the Buena Vista Hills field.

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Improved Oil Recovery in Fluvial Dominated Deltaic Reservoirs of Kansas - Near-Term

Common oil field problems exist in fluvial dominated deltaic reservoirs in Kansas. The problems are poor waterflood sweep and lack of reservoir management. The poor waterflood sweep efficiency is due to 1) reservoir heterogeneity, 2) channeling of injected water through high permeability zones or fractures, and 3) clogging of water injection wells with solids as a result of poor water quality. In many instances the lack of reservoir management is due to lack of 1) data collection and organization, 2) integrated analysis of existing data by geological and engineering personnel, and 3) identification of optimum recovery techniques.

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SCALE-UP OF MISCIBLE FLOOD PROCESSES FOR HETEROGENEOUS RESERVOIRS

Results of a wide-ranging investigation of the scaling of gas injection processes are reported. The research described examines how the physical mechanisms at work during a gas injection project interact to determine process performance. In particular, we examine: 1. The interactions of equilibrium phase behavior and two-phase flow that determine local displacement efficiency and minimum miscibility pressure, 2. The combined effects of viscous fingering, gravity segregation and heterogeneity that control sweep efficiency in two- and three-dimensional porous media, 3. The use of streamtube/streamline methods to create very efficient simulation technique for multiphase compositional displacements, 4. The scaling of viscous, capillary and gravity forces for heterogeneous reservoirs, and 5. The effects of the thin films and spreading behavior on three-phase flow. The following key results are documented: 1. Rigorous procedures for determination of minimum miscibility pressure (MMP) or minimum miscibility enrichment (MME) for miscibility have been developed for multicomponent systems. 2. The complex dependence of MMP's for nitrogen/methane floods on oil and injection gas composition observed experimentally is explained for the first time. 3. When gravity segregation and viscous fingering are both important, two-dimensional calculations of displacement performance do not reflect accurately what happens in three-dimensional flows. Gravity segregation is more important in three-dimensional flow than it is in two-dimensional flow. 4. The presence of layer-like heterogeneities strongly influences the interplay of gravity segregation and viscous fingering, as viscous fingers adapt to preferential flow paths and low permeability layers restrict vertical flow. 5. Streamtube/streamline simulation techniques are demonstrated for a variety of injection processes in two and three dimensions. The resulting calculations are orders of magnitude faster than conventional finite difference simulation, and they are free of adverse effects of numerical dispersion. 6. Quantitative scaling estimates for the transitions from capillary-dominated to gravity dominated to viscous-dominated flows are reported.  7. Experimental results are given that demonstrate that high pressure CO2 can be used to generate low IFT gravity drainage in fractured reservoirs if a suitably connected fracture network exists. 8. The effect of the underlying physical phenomena of wetting and spreading behavior on three-phase flow is described.

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IMPROVED EFFICIENCY OF MISCIBLE CO2, FLOODS AND ENHANCED PROSPECTS FOR CO2, FLOODING HETEROGENEOUS RESERVOIRS

The objective of this experimental research is to improve the effectiveness of CO2 flooding in heterogeneous reservoirs. Activities are being conducted in three closely related areas: 1) further exploration of the applicability of selective mobility reduction (SMR) in the use of foam flooding, 2) possible higher economic viability of floods at slightly reduced CO2 injection pressures, and 3) taking advantage of gravitational forces during low IFf, CO2 flooding in tight, vertically fractured reservoirs.

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Former-USSR R&D on Novel Drilling Techniques

This report reviews and analyzes research carried out in the former U.S.S.R. during the past 30 years on advanced drilling and rock disintegration techniques and their application to various fields including: ? Oil, gas, water and geothermal drilling. ? Exploratory wells, ? Blast-holes and mine shafts, ? Directional drilling in open-pit mines, ? Directional rock disintegration in tunnels, ? Various construction applications.

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SCALE-UP OF MISCIBLE FLOOD PROCESSES FOR HETEROGENEOUS RESERVOIRS

The current project is a systematic research effort to quantify relationships between process mechanisms that can lead to improved recovery from gas injection processes performed in heterogeneous Class 1 and Class 2 reservoirs. It will provide a rational basis for the design of displacement processes that take advantage of crossflow due to capillary, gravity and viscous forces to offset partially the adverse effects of heterogeneity. In effect, the high permeability zones are used to deliver fluid by crossflow to zones that would otherwise be flooded only very slowly.

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High-Power Slim-Hole Drilling System

The objective of this project is to implement new high-power slim-hole motors and bits into field gas well drilling applications. Development of improved motors and bits is critical because rotating time constitutes the major cost of drilling gas wells. Conventional motors drill most formations 2 to 3 times faster than rotary continuous coring systems due to greater power transfer to the drill bit. New high-power motors and large-cutter TSP bits being developed by Maurer Engineering, Inc. (MEl) drill 2 to 3 times faster than conventional motors. These slim-hole high-power motors and bits, which are ready for field testing on this DOE project, should reduce drilling costs by 20 to 40 percent in many areas.

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Improved Efficiency of Miscible CO2 Floods and Enhanced Prospects for CO2 Flooding Heterogeneous Reservoirs

The objective of this work is to improve the effectiveness of CO2 flooding in heterogeneous reservoirs. The intent is to investigate new concepts that can be applied by field operators within the next two to five years.   Activities are being conducted in three closely related areas: 1) further exploration of the applicability of selective mobility reduction (SMR) in the use of foam flooding, 2) possible higher economic viability of floods at slightly reduced CO2 injection pressures, and 3) taking advantage of gravitational forces during low IFf, CO2 flooding in tight, vertically fractured reservoirs.

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CO2 Huff-N-Puff Process in a Light Oil Shallow Shelf Carbonate Reservoir

The principal objective of the Central Vacuum Unit CO2 Huff-n-Puff project is to determine the feasibility and practicality of the technology in a waterflooded shallow shelf carbonate environment.  The results of parametric simulation of the CO2 H-n-P process coupled with the CVU reservoir characterization components will determine if this process is technically and economically feasible for field implementation.

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