AndreaBozzo/ceres-open-data-index huggingface dataset:
Flow in porous media, phase behavior and ultralow interfacial tensions: Mechanisms of enhanced petroleum recovery: First annual report, October 1, 1985-September 30, 1986

A major program of university research, longer-ranged and more fundamental in approach than industrial research, into basic mechanisms of enhancing petroleum recovery and into underlying physics, chemistry, geology, applied mathematics, computation, and engineering science has been built at Minnesota. The 1985-86 outputs of the interdisciplinary team of investigators were again ideas, instruments, techniques, data, understanding and skilled people: 28 scientific and engineering publications in leading journals, two Ph.D. theses, the author of one going to industry, the other to a university, numerous presentations to scientific and technical meetings, and to industrial, governmental and university laboratories in the US., Europe and South America; and vigorous program of research visits to and from Minnesota. This report summarizes the papers and theses that emerged during the period 1 Oct 1985 to 30 Sept 1986 and features fifteen major accomplishments of the program during that year. Abstracts of the 28 publications and 2 theses are reported and several major accomplishments are reported in greater detail. Further details of information transfer and personnel exchange with industrial, governmental and university laboratories appear in Quarterly Reports available from the Department of Energy and are not reproduced here. The six sections in this report have been processed separately for inclusion in the Energy Data Base.

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Evaluation of AFBC co-firing of coal and hospital wastes

The purpose of this program is to expand the use of coal by utilizing CFB (circulating fluidized bed) technology to provide an environmentally safe method for disposing of waste materials. Hospitals are currently experiencing a waste management crisis. In many instances, they are no longer permitted to burn pathological and infectious wastes in incinerators. Older hospital incinerators are not capable of maintaining the stable temperatures and residence times necessary in order to completely destroy toxic substances before release into the atmosphere. In addition, the number of available landfills which can safely handle these substances is decreasing each year. The purpose of this project is to conduct necessary research investigating whether the combustion of the hospital wastes in a coal-fired circulating fluidized bed boiler will effectively destroy dioxins and other hazardous substances before release into the atmosphere. If this is proven feasible, in light of the quantity of hospital wastes generated each year, it would create a new market for coal -- possibly 50 million tons/year.

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Steam distillation effect and oil quality change during steam injection

Steam distillation is an important mechanism which reduces residual oil saturation during steam injection. It may be the main recovery mechanism in steamflooding of light oil reservoirs. As light components are distilled the residual (initial) oil, the residuum becomes heavier. Mixing the distilled components with the initial oil results in a lighter produced oil. A general method has been developed to compute steam distillation yield and to quantify oil quality changes during steam injection. The quantitative results are specific because the California crude data bank was used. But general principles were followed and calculations were based on information extracted from the DOE crude oil assay data bank. It was found that steam distillation data from the literature can be correlated with the steam distillation yield obtained from the DOE crude oil assays. The common basis for comparison was the equivalent normal boiling point. Blending of distilled components with the initial oil results in API gravity changes similar to those observed in several laboratory and field operations.

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Environmental regulations handbook for enhanced oil recovery

This handbook is intended to assist owners and operators of enhanced oil recovery (EOR) operations in acquiring some introductory knowledge of the various state agencies, the US Environmental Protection Agency, and the many environmental laws, rules and regulations which can have jurisdiction over their permitting and compliance activities. It is a compendium of summarizations of environmental rules. It is not intended to give readers specific working details of what is required from them, nor can it be used in that manner. Readers of this handbook are encouraged to contact environmental control offices nearest to locations of interest for current regulations affecting them.

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Computer modeling of coal-gasification reactors. Volume II. Technical report. Final report, June 1975-November 1980

This volume describes the theories and numerical formulations used in developing transient, multidimensional numerical models of both fluidized bed and the entrained flow coal gasification reactors as well as the applications of the two developed computer models to the simulation of actual reactor processes. Results of these computer simulations are then compared with available experimental data.

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Characterization and analysis of Devonian shales as related to release of gaseous hydrocarbons. Well N-1 Henderson County, Illinois and Well N-2 Tazewell County, Illinois

Core sampling, hydrocarbon gas contents, chemical and physical characterization data are presented. Core samples from these two Illinois basin wells were obtained in July and August 1977. Thirty-one and twenty-three samples were obtained from N-1 and N-2 wells, respectively, amounting to total core length of 940 feet. Shales from Illinois basin wells (such as N-1 and N-2) are characterized by very low hydrocarbon gas contents. In fact, the N-1 and N-2 wells exhibited the lowest hydrocarbon gas contents among all the wells thus far analyzed. The chemical analysis of these shales also indicates rather low carbon and hydrogen contents, supporting the hydrocarbon gas release data. One significant aspect of the physical characterization data is high porosity associated with low bulk densities. N-1 and N-2 shales exhibit the highest pore volume of any shales from either basin (Appalachian and Illinois). Lithology of these shales does not significantly differ from those of other locations. These shales exhibit relatively low carbonates.

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Identification of the mineral phases responsible for cementation of Lurgi spent oil shale

The purpose of this study is to investigate the mineralogical character of the cements that are responsible for the increased strength of the spent oil shale. Several techniques to identify the nature of the cementing agents have been used in this study. X-ray diffraction was used to identify mineral dissolution and formation; scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to observe the cementing agents; energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDXA) was used to provide information on the elemental composition of both the bulk material and the cementing agents; and differential thermal analyses and thermogravimetric analyses were used to document the presence of suspected minerals that may be involved in formation of the cementing material.

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Internal reforming development for solid oxide fuel cells: Final report. [Catalyzed by Ni-ZrO/sub 2/ cermets]

Internal reforming of natural gas within a solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) should simplify the overall system design and make the SOFC an attractive means for producing electrical power. This program was undertaken to investigate the catalytic properties of nickel cermets, which are prime candidates for SOFC anodes. The initial task in this program was an extensive literature search for information on steam reforming of light hydrocarbons. The second task was to modify and calibrate the reactor systems that were used in the experimental kinetic studies. Two systems were used in this investigation; a continuously stirred tank reactor system (CSTR) and a plug flow reactor system (PFR). In the third task, 16 nickel-zirconia cermets were prepared using four procedures, tape casting, Westinghouse slurry, incorporation of performers, and granulation. The catalytic behavior of three cermets was determined in the fourth task. The reaction was first order with respect to methane and -1.25 for steam. Ethane and propane in the feed did not affect the methane conversion rate. The cermet has a higher initial tolerance for sulfur than standard nickel reforming catalysts. The final task was a mechanistic study of the steam reforming reaction on nickel and nickel-zirconia catalysts. Results show that methane adsorbs on nickel catalysts dissociatively at 300 to 1000/sup 0/C to form carbon and hydrogen atoms with the hydrogen atoms desorbing into the gas phase. The adsorbed carbon atoms can be gasified with hydrogen or steam to form CO, CO/sub 2/, or methane. 63 refs., 100 figs., 29 tabs.

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200 MHz /sup 1/H NMR spectral catalog of standards related to low-rank coal-derived materials, Supplement 1. [Spectra of 125 compounds]

High resolution /sup 1/H NMR is used extensively to identify the components of complex low-rank coals-derived materials. We have compiled a catalog of 302 spectra of standards in Volume I. Volume II consists of an additional 125 spectra in a similar format. Many of these compounds have only recently become available. Volume II is divided into two sections: a tabular listing of all the compounds with their correct names, structures, and a line list of the chemical shifts; and a section which contains the actual spectra. Volume II also contains several new features. We have added appendices which contain alphabetical, formula, and molecular weight indices. These contain references to both volumes as well as references to a forthcoming mass spectral catalog. We have added an alphabetical listing of all the compounds contained in both NMR catalogs. Molecular weight and formula indices are also included. An added feature is the expanded coverage of nitrogen-containing compounds: divided into aliphatic amines, aromatic amines (anilines), pyrrolidines, pyrroles, indoles and carbazoles, piperidines and pyridines, and 2- and 3-ring heterocycles. Though there are many /sup 1/H NMR spectral catalogs in print, there are none that contain spectra run on 200 MHz spectrometers. Many spectra, that appear complex at 60 MHz, become first order at 200 MHz, facilitating their interpretation. The majority of our samples are extremely complex mixtures. The simplification of the spectra of the individual components is necessary to characterize these coal-derived liquids. Another advantage of /sup 1/H NMR spectra run at 200 MHz is the increase in sensitivity over those run at 60 MHz. Smaller, or more dilute samples may therefore be utilized.

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Studies involving high temperature desulfurization/regeneration reactions of metal oxides for fuel cell development. Project status report, January 1982

Several methods were used for impregnation of V/sub 2/O/sub 5/ on alumina and zeolite supports. The vanadyl oxylate solution impregnation was found to be the most promising among the methods used. We also observed that compared to alumina, use of zeolite support gave poor loading for V/sub 2/O/sub 5/ sorbent. We will carry out desulfurization/regeneration tests of V/sub 2/O/sub 5/ supported on alumina and zeolite prepared at Giner, Inc. Results of additional calculations using the pore plugging model are being evaluated for their physical significance and for guidelines to optimize support geometry and operating parameters.

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Studies toward improved techniques for gasifying coal. Final report, June 1, 1980-September 30, 1984. [With steam at up to 50 atm]

The objective of this program is to examine the pyrolysis of coal in steam for producing light liquid fuel. This would provide a means for improving the economic attractiveness of gasification by the cogeneration of valuable liquids. A batch injection reactor has been designed and constructed allowing pyrolysis in steam under rapid heating conditions to be carried out at temperatures up to 1050/sup 0/C and pressures up to 50 atm. Equipment for the characterization of liquid product has been assembled and eight liquid samples collected and analyzed. Mean molecular weight and nitrogen content decreases with increasing pyrolysis temperature. Mean molecular weight is also decreased at lower pressure. Pretreatment of coal with low temperature, high pressure steam increases liquid yield in pyrolysis. Exposing coal to 50 atm steam, at temperatures from 320 to 360/sup 0/C, for 30 minutes or less can more than double the yield of pyrolytic liquids. Our interpretation of this result is that coal is partially depolymerized by pretreatment and that steam is an effective agent for the purpose. It is likely that steam participates chemically in this depolymerization. In order to obtain gram quantities of liquids for analysis, a water slurry feed system has been developed converting the reactor to semicontinuous operation. 17 refs., 14 figs., 5 tabs.

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Studies involving high temperature desulfurization/regeneration reactions of metal oxides for fuel cell development. Project status report, February 1982

During the current reporting period, structural analysis of the mixed oxide sorbent, CuO/ZnO, was carried out by scanning electron microscopy. To increase the sulfur capacity, we will prepare and evaluate the mixed oxide sorbent, CuO/ZnO with higher dispersion on promising support materials such as zeolite. Considerable time was devoted to the re-examination of the thermodynamic values of V/sub 2/S/sub 3/. Evaluation of supported V/sub 2/O/sub 5/, prepared at Giner, Inc. will be carried out only if equilibrium data are confirmed to be attractive.

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Fundamental mechanisms of coal gasification: Technical progress report

The central importance of devolatilization (pyrolysis) in any coal utilization process has been established. Volatile matter evolution is governed by a complex scheme of coupled kinetic and transport phenomena which are not fully understood. A more fundamental description of these chemical and physical mechanisms, particularly with respect to secondary reactions internal to the pyrolyzing coal particle, would provide a valuable tool for process design. Existing experimental data strongly support a consecutive reaction network with intraparticle secondary reactions in competition with mass transport. Several models exist to describe this network for the case of non-softening coals. Models have also been developed to treat extraparticle secondary reactions and the details of bubble dynamics during softening coal pyrolysis. The present goal is to generate a simplified mass transfer description and apply it in a transient model of devolatilization of softening coals that would be suitable for practical engineering applications. This would then be combined with descriptions of other transport phenomena in a global model of coal pyrolysis. The screen heater reactor has provided important experimental data regarding the global kinetics and product distributions from rapid devolatilization. This apparatus has been adapted to study the influence of several process conditions: temperature history (particularly initial heating rate), particle size, and pressure. The specific objectives of the proposed study are summarized below. 29 refs., 5 figs.

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Studies involving high temperature desulfurization/regeneration reactions of metal oxides for fuel cell development. Project status report, October 1982

In the last month, we carried out several desulfurization/regeneration tests of three different ZnO sorbents. These experiments were designed to help us to identify a best model for packed-bed desulfurization reactor. Previously, we had observed that during desulfurization CuO/ZnO catalyst went through severe structural reorganization which would counteract the loss of surface area by sintering during regeneration. To understand and best utilize this phenomenon, we have prepared oxidized, prereduced, sulfurized samples of optically polished brass to carry out structural analysis by SEM. We have started desulfurization tests with 640 ..mu.. diameter CuO/ZnO in fluidized bed reactor. A topical report on the modeling work is in progress. 3 figures.

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Studies involving high temperature desulfurization/regeneration reactions of metal oxides for fuel cell development. Project status report, November 1982

During the last month, we have conducted desulfurization tests in fluidized bed reactor using mixed oxide CuO/ZnO (UCI G.66B) with two different particle sizes dp = 640 ..mu.. and 340 ..mu... Both the tests were terminated after 12 hrs and 31 hrs, respectively, before any significant H/sub 2/S was measured at effluent. We will dilute the sorbent by blending it with chemically inert and thermally stable material to cut down the breakthrough time of 10 ppM H/sub 2/S level in the effluent gas. We have prepared CuO on zeolite ( 50 to 30 mesh size particles) to evaluate in fluidized bed reactor. Oxidized, prereduced and sulfurized brass pellets were analyzed by SEM and showed structural reorganization during desulfurization. This phenomena explains the unusually higher sulfur capacity and regenerability of CuO/ZnO sorbents. Selection of best model among six mathematical models is in progress with use of recent long term desulfurization tests with ZnO.

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Studies involving high temperature desulfurization/regeneration reactions of metal oxides for fuel cell developments. Project status report, January 1983

During the current reporting period, we carried out experiments with CuO/zeolite in stainless steel, Incoloy-800H and quartz reactors. The sulfur capacity of CuO/zeolite in quartz and in Incoloy-800H reactors were found to be substantially less (by a factor of 3) than the one obtained in the stainless steel reactor. We have started experiments with Cu-FeOx and Cu-ZnO-FeOx sorbents in the quartz reactor.

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Proceedings of the first contractors meeting on AR and TD and surface coal gasification instrumentation projects

The first contractors meeting on AR and TD and surface coal gasification instrumentation projects was sponsored by the US Department of Energy, Office of Fossil Energy and the Morgantown Energy Technology Center, P.O. Box 880, Morgantown, West Virginia 26505. It was held at the Sheraton Lakeview, Morgantown, West Virginia, June 13-14, 1984. Twenty-six papers have been entered individually into EDB and ERA. (LTN)

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Alkaline buffering capacity of northern plains overburden materials. Final technical report

Previous field and laboratory studies indicated a strong correlation between alkalinity of western fly ash leachate and trace element concentrations. These observations have raised concerns that subsurface disposal of fly ash may pose a groundwater contamination problem. These concerns would be minimized if a natural neutralization capacity existed in the materials surrounding the fly ash disposal sites. The natural carbonate buffer system known to exist in this region offered the possibility of providing this neutralization capacity. The neutralization capacity of overburden core samples obtained at lignite mine disposal sites in west-central North Dakota was examined and found to be a function of the concentration of the standard base. This eliminated as a sole mechanism of neutralization of the expected role of the carbonate-bicarbonate buffering system. The function of concentration appears to be related to cation activity rather than hydroxide equivalence, suggesting that cation exchange is an additional source of neutralization capacity. Hydrogen ion release provides the necessary conuter-ion to any alkaline species. Total organic content in the overburden materials is adequate (6 to 23% by weight) to allow the role of organic to be a reasonable consideration along with cation exchange on inorganic materials such as clays. The contributions to the neutralization capacity from these two sources is currently being explored along with other possibilities. 2 references, 2 figures, 3 tables.

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Development of mild gasification process: Quarterly report for the period January-March 1987

The test plan for optimizing the mild gasification process was submitted and finalized during this report period. The optimization process will be accomplished in two phases. Phase I includes determination of the optimum reactor tube diameter, effects of bed height, and the effect of coal weathering on the mild gasification process. Phase II of the optimization process is modification of the MGU followed by parametric testing in the modified MGU. Applied Science and Technology was chosen to be the engineering subcontractor to UCCRC for MGU modifications. Four major areas have been identified as needing modification: the coal feed system, the condensing system, reactor tube diameter, and the reactor tube support system. In preparation for installing the new reactors for reactor diameter optimization tests, the existing char chute, hydraulic plungers, coal feed assembly, and the 8-inch cast reactor tubes have been removed from the MGU.

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Pollution control in coal gasification. Fifth quarterly report, July 1, 1982-September 30, 1982

Vapor phase cracking (VPC) experiments were conducted this quarter with one catalyst which had been used previously and one new material. Additional testing was conducted with a cobalt molybdenum catalyst supported on silica/alumina; a zeolite-based catalyst, Durabead-8 was also tested. Prior to this quarter, 33 wet oxidation tests had been conducted. In 24 of these tests aqueous solutions of phenol were oxidized; the balance was conducted with coal gasification wastewater from the Morgantown and Grand Forks Energy Technology Centers. In this quarter, three additional tests were conducted with coal gasification wastewater from the Grand Forks Energy Technology Center. 3 references, 14 figures, 5 tables.

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Primary heater module, Phase II. Volume I. Final report, February 1980-November 1983

Research was conducted on components and subassemblies of coal-fired heaters suitable to supply the heat input to closed-cycle gas turbine-based cogeneration systems of 25 to 50 MWe electrical output. Three concepts were researched: (1) a dry bottom pulverized coal-fired radiant furnace heater for 1450 to 1550 F turbine inlet temperature, (2) an atmospheric pressure fluidized bed fired heater for 1450 to 1550 F, and (3) a heater employing atmospheric pressure fluidized beds in series, for 1750 F turbine inlet temperature. The series beds concept employs ceramic heating surface in its high-temperature bed. Both laboratory and field testing was conducted on heating surface materials durability in the pulverized coal and fluidized bed environments. Burner and furnace designs were researched for pulverized coal heaters employing large quantities of flue gas recirculation to moderate the furnace heat flux. A 6'by 6'fluidized bed was assembled and tested for materials and operational research on the 1450 to 1550 F heater concept. A ceramic-to-metal joint concept was devised, fabricated and made ready for test. The conceptual commercial heater concepts were refined. The program results indicate that each of the three heater concepts is technically feasible. The fluidized bed concepts are judged most likely to be both technically and commercially feasible. Their continued development is recommended.

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