AndreaBozzo/ceres-open-data-index huggingface dataset:
Advanced Secondary Recovery Project For The Sooner "D" Sand Unit, Weld County, Colorado

The objective of this project was to increase production at the Sooner D Sand Unit through geologically targeted infill drilling and improved reservoir management of waterflood operations. The Sooner D Sand Unit demonstration project should be an example for other operators to follow for reservoir management of waterflood operations. The Sooner D Sand Unit demonstration project should be an example for other operators to follow for other operators to follow for reservoir characterization and exploitation methodologies to increase production by waterflood from the Creceous D Sandstone in the Denver-Julesburg (D-J) Basin. This project involved multi-disciplinary reservoir characterization using high-density 3D seismic, detailed stratigraphy and reservoir simulation studies. Infill drilling, water-injection conversion and re-completing some wells to add short-radius laterals were based on the results of the reservoir characterization studies. Production response were evaluated using reservoir simulation and production tests. Technology transfer utilized workshops, presentations and technical papers which emphasized the economic advantages of implementing the demonstrated technologies.

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Green River Formation Water Flood Demonstration Project

The objectives of the project were to understand the oil production mechanisms in the Monument Butte unit via reservoir characterization and reservoir simulations and to transfer the water flooding technology to similar units in the vicinity, particularly the Travis and the Boundary units. Comprehensive reservoir characterization and reservoir simulations of the Monument Butte, Travis and Boundary units were presented in the two published project yearly reports. The primary and the secondary production from the monument Butte unit were typical of oil production from an under saturated oil reservoir close to its bubble point. The water flood in the smaller Travis unit appeared affected by natural and possibly by large interconnecting hydraulic fractures. Water flooding the boundary unit was considered more complicated due to the presence of an oil water contact in one of the wells. The reservoir characterization activity in the project basically consisted of extraction and analysis of a full diameter core, Formation Micro Imaging (FMI) logs from several wells and Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) logs from two wells. In addition, several side-wall cores were drilled and analyzed, oil samples from a number of wells were physically and chemically characterized (using high-temperature gas chromatography), oil-water relative permeability's were measured and pour points and cloud points of a few oil samples were determined. The reservoir modeling activity comprised of reservoir simulation of all the three units at different scales and near wellbore modeling of the wax precipitation effects. Core analyses and examination of the results of the FMI logs were the principle tools utilized for the geologic characterization of the unit. Oil production from most units in the region is from multiple, largely distinct sand bodies. The geologic study identified the Lower Douglas Creek reservoir (which contributed to most of the production in the Travis unit) to form isolated lenses that can reach over 100 feet of net thickness. Localized nature of this reservoir combined with lithologic heterogeneity and complex architecture makes this a difficult water-flood candidate. The Dl reservoir on the other hand, which contributed to over 2/3"1 of the production in Monument Butte, is laterally continuous and lithologically homogeneous. The reservoir characterization efforts identified new reservoirs in the Travis and the Boundary units. The reservoir simulation activities established the extent of pressurization of the sections of the reservoirs in the immediate vicinity of the Monument Butte unit. This resulted in a major expansion of the unit and the production from this expanded unit increased from about 300 barrels per day to about 2000 barrels per day. The technology transfer component of the project was very successful. Ten technical papers and presentations resulted as a direct consequence of this project. Several new water floods were begun in the Greater Monument Butte region, modeled essentially after the Lomaflnland Monument Butte flood.

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Application of Integrated Reservoir Management and Reservoir Characterization to Optimize Infill Drilling

This project has used a multi-disciplinary approach employing geology, geophysics, and engineering to conduct advanced reservoir characterization and management activities to design and implement an optimized infill drilling program at the North Robertson (Clearfork) Unit in Gaines County, Texas. The activities during the first Budget Period have consisted of developing an integrated reservoir description from geological, engineering, and geostatistical studies, and using this description for reservoir flow simulation. Specific reservoir management activities are being identified and tested. The geologically targeted infill drilling program will be implemented using the results of this work. A significant contribution of this project is to demonstrate the use of cost-effective reservoir characterization and management tools that will be helpful to both independent and major operators for the optimal development of heterogeneous, low permeability shallow-shelf carbonate (SSC) reservoirs. The techniques that are outlined for the formulation of an integrated reservoir description apply to all oil and gas reservoirs, but are specifically tailored for use in the heterogeneous, low permeability carbonate reservoirs of West Texas. New and emerging technologies such as cross-borehole tomography, geostatistical modeling, and rigorous decline type curve analysis can be used to quantify reservoir quality and the degree of interwell communication. These results can be used to develop a 3-D simulation model for prediction of infill locations. The application of reservoir surveillance techniques to identify additional reservoir "pay" zones, and to monitor pressure and preferential fluid movement in the reservoir will be demonstrated. These techniques include: long-term production and injection data analysis, pressure transient analysis, and advanced open and cased hole well log analysis.

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MEDIO FIELD, SANDOVAL COUNTY, NEW MEXICO

Medio Field is located in secs. 14 and 15, T. 19N., R. 3W., Sandoval County, New Mexico, approximately 18 miles by road southwest of the town of Cuba. The name was taken from Medio Arroyo, three miles to the south, but the field has also been referred to as "Torreon-Entrada" and "Media."

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Conversion of Associated Natural Gas to Liquid Hydrocarbons

Energy International is a leader in catalyst and process development as it relates to Fischer-Tropsch (F-T) technology. Through this activity, a concept evolved for a new technique for capturing the fuel value in the associated natural gas contained in crude oil. In the new concept, the dissolved natural gas would be processed via F-T technology to produce light hydrocarbons that would then, in one manifestation of this concept, be redissolved in the crude oil to produce a lighter crude than the original, containing all of the natural gas, but with the vapor pressure of the crude lowered to an acceptable level via the conversion process. This technique would be of particular interest in those instances where the alternative methods of collecting and utilizing the associated natural gas were expensive. A study of the application of this technology was undertaken by EI with support from the DOE.

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Integrated Underbalanced Directional Drilling System

Underbalanced drilling techniques and horizontal drilling have known for some time and have been utilized in reducing drilling costs and increasing production. Underbalanced drilling (UBD) motivations and techniques have been examined in the literature [1]. UBD is often performed with the primary motivation of reducing formation damage and thereby increasing production, and aerated fluid is commonly employed in the drilling process. In hard rock applications, UBD is often performed with the primary motivation of increasing ROP (rate of penetration), and here air/mist drilling fluids are commonly employed.  Directional and horizontal drilling techniques are important for accessing the reservoirs of interest and maximizing reservoir exposure. There are many important applications though where horizontal drilling can not performed underbalanced in an economical manner, because of limitations of the available technology. The US Department of Energy (DOE), Federal Energy Technology Center (FETC) has focused upon the need for extending the industry's current drilling capability to the point where directional and horizontal drilling through USA gas (and oil) reservoirs, with underbalanced drilling fluids ranging from aerated mud mixtures to dry air, is both technologically and economically feasible. With mud pulse measurement-while-drilling (MWD) inapplicable, survey and steering technology applied in these USA applications is often limited to wire-line steering tools, with their inherent limitations in operational flexibility and reliability, and rig-time costs. Current motor technology and drilling engineering competency in these applications is highly variable, and a comprehensive knowledge base on how best to drill the range of underbalanced applications is not known to exist. Operating and repair costs associated with the drilling tools and processes are often high in comparison to traditional continuous liquid drilling operations. In 1994, FETC solicited the industry for proposals towards development of an ?Integrated Underbalanced Directional Drilling System? (IUDDS), to address these needs. This contractor submitted a proposal, and was awarded a cost share contract for development of such a system, its capabilities to include wireless Electromagnetic (EM) MWD telemetry link, and steerable motors, both operable in all underbalanced drilling fluid environments including air. This paper is an interim report on progress, from contract initiation in October 1995 through February 1996. Specific areas of focus include the development goal, critical background technology being built upon, the resulting development methodology, project results to date, and continuing activities.

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RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN THE GAS SYSTEM ANALYSIS MODEL (GSAM)

The Gas System Analysis Model (GSAM) is a modular, reservoir-based model of the North American natural gas market, developed by ICF Kaiser Inc., under the sponsorship of the U.S. Department of Energy. A major improvement of GSAM over previous models is its ability to build the gas supply curves from the ?bottom up?, based on its input database of over 16,000 gas reservoirs. This feature allows one to examine changes in technology or market factors and see their effect on individual reservoirs. In this way GSAM is free from assuming certain functional forms for the supply curves. These generated supply curves are then brought together with demand-side and market-based constraints into an integrating linear program that models the flows of gas in the North American pipeline network. The result is a set of equilibrium gas quantities and prices as well as the resultant flows. The approach used in GSAM provides a tool for policy and program analysis.

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Former-USSR R&D on Advanced Downhole Drilling Motors

This report reviews research carried out in the Former-USSR (FSU) during the past 30 years on advanced downhole drilling motors. Extensive R&D has been done on motors in the FSU, starting with work on single-stage turbodrills by M.A. Kapelyushnikov, S.M. Volokh, and N.A. Kornev, in early 1923. These early single-stage turbodrills used speed reducers to reduce the high rotary speed of the single-stage turbodrills (2000 to 3,000 rpm) to lower bit rotary speeds (15 to 60 rpm).

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EVALUATION OF A DOWNHOLE TILTMETER ARRAY FOR MONITORING HYDRAITLIC FRACTURES

A series of hydraulic-fracture experiments using a downhole tiltmeter array, called an inclinometer array, was conducted at the Department of Energy (DOE)/Gas Research Institute (GR!) Multi-Site facility in Colorado. The inclinometer array was used to measure the deformation of the reservoir rock in response to hydraulic fracture opening and confirm microseismically measured results. In addition, the inclinometer array was found to be a useful tool for accurately measuring closure stress, measuring residual widths of both propped and unpropped fractures, estimating proppant distribution, and evaluating values of in situ moduli.

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NATURALLY FRACTURED TIGHT GAS RESERVOIR

The focus of Project Year Two was to identify fracture trends and related areas of enhanced permeability in the southern Piceance Basin by integrating multiple geologic and geophysical data sets compiled during Project Year One. Once the geologic and aeromagnetic interpretations of the basement-controlled fracture .permeability trend have been finalized, an advanced fracture mapping seismic program will be designed to identify subsurface zones of maximum open fracture intensity. During Project Year Three, wells are to be sited and drilled by the industry partner to test the presence of subsurface fracture sets predicted by the integrated analysis. Well testing and related production will be used to demonstrate the validity of the natural fracture detection approach to identify fracture enhanced areas in advance of drilling.

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Review of Hydraulic Fracture Mapping Using Advanced Accelerometer-Based Receiver Systems

Hydraulic fracturing is an important tool for natural gas and oil exploitation, but its optimization has been impeded by an inability to observe how the fracture propagates and what its overall dimensions are. The few experiments in which fractures have been exposed through coring!" or mineback':'have shown that hydraulic fractures are complicated multi-stranded structures that may behave much differently than currently predicted by models. It is clear that model validation, fracture optimization, problem identification and solution, and field development have all been encumbered by the absence of any ground truth information on fracture behavior in field applications.

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Hydraulic Fracture Model and Diagnostics Verification at GRI/DOE Multi-Site Projects and Tight Gas Sand Program Support

The Mesaverde Group of the Piceance Basin in western Colorado has been a pilot study area for government-sponsored tight gas sand research for over twenty years. Early production experiments included nuclear stimulations and massive hydraulic fracture treatments. This work culminated in the U.S. Department of Energy (D0E)'s Multiwell Experiment (MWX), a field laboratory designed to study the reservoir and production characteristics of low permeability sands. A key feature of MWX was an infrastructure which included several closely spaced wells that allowed detailed characterization of the reservoir through log and core analysis, and well testing. Interference and tracer tests, as well as the use of fracture diagnostics gave further information on stimulation and production characteristics. Thus, the Multiwell Experiment provided a unique opportunity for identifying the factors affecting production from tight gas sand reservoirs.  The purpose of this operation was to support the gathering of field data that may be used to resolve the number of unknowns associated with measuring and modeling the dimensions of hydraulic fractures. Using the close-well infrastructure at the Multiwell Site near Rifle, Colorado, this operation focused primarily on the field design and execution of experiments. The data derived from the experiments were gathered and analyzed by DOE team contractors.

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SALT CAVERN STUDIES--REGIONAL MAP OF SALT THICKNESS IN THE MIDLAND BASIN

Regional variation in the thickness of the major bedded salt-bearing interval of West Texas, the Salado Formation, provides a screening criterion for separating areas where the salt is heterogeneous, complex, and potentially less stable from areas where salt is more homogeneous. Areas of reduced and variable salt thickness and relatively shallow depths to the top of the salt are identified on the eastern shelf of the Midland Basin in Garza, Borden, Howard, Glasscock, and Reagan counties; along the Pecos River in Crockett, Upton, Crane, and Pecos Countries; and along the western edge of the Central Basin Platform in Ward and Winkler Counties. Reconnaissance data suggest that salt may be locally or regionally actively  dissolving from these areas.

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Advanced Reservoir Characterization in the Antelope Shale to Establish the Viability of C02 Enhanced Oil Recovery in California's Monterey Formation Siliceous Shales

The primary objective of this research is to conduct advanced reservoir characterization and modeling studies in the Antelope Shale reservoir. Characterization studies will be used to determine the technical feasibility of implementing a CO2 enhanced oil recovery project in the Antelope Shale in Buena Vista Hills field. The Buena Vista Hills pilot CO2 project will demonstrate the economic viability and widespread applicability of CO2 flooding in fractured siliceous shales reservoirs of the San Joaquin Valley. The research consists of four primary work processes: Reservoir Matrix and Fluid Characterization; Fracture Characterization; Reservoir Modeling and Simulation; and, CO2 Pilot Flood and Evaluation. Work done in these areas is subdivided into two phases or budget periods. The first phase of the project will focus on the application of a variety of advanced reservoir characterization techniques to determine the production characteristics of the Antelope Shale reservoir. Reservoir models based on the results of the characterization work will be used to evaluate how the reservoir will respond to secondary recovery and EOR processes. The second phase of the project will include the implementation and evaluation of an advanced enhanced oil recovery (EOR) pilot in the West Dome of the Buena Vista Hills field.

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Application of Advanced Reservoir Characterization, Simulation, and Production Optimization Strategies to Maximize Recovery in Slope and Basin Clastic Reservoirs, West Texas (Delaware Basin)

The objective of this project is to demonstrate that detailed reservoir characterization of slope and basin clastic reservoirs in sandstones of the Delaware Mountain Group in the Delaware Basin of West Texas and New Mexico is a cost effective way to recover a higher percentage of the original oil in place through strategic placement of infill wells and geologically based field development. Project objectives are divided into two major phases. The objectives of the reservoir characterization phase of the project are to provide a detailed understanding of the architecture and heterogeneity of two fields, the Ford Geraldine unit and Ford West field, which produce from the Bell Canyon and Cherry Canyon Formations, respectively, of the Delaware Mountain Group and to compare Bell Canyon and Cherry Canyon reservoirs. Reservoir characterization will utilize 3-D seismic data, high-resolution sequence stratigraphy, subsurface field studies, outcrop - characterization, and other techniques. Once the reservoir-characterization study of both fields is completed, a pilot area of approximately 1 mi2 in one of the fields will be chosen for reservoir simulation.

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Improved Recovery from Gulf of Mexico Reservoirs Volume IV Final Report

Gas injection for attic oil recovery was modeled in vertical sandpacks to compare the process performance characteristics of three gases, namely methane, nitrogen, and flue gas. All of the gases tested recovered the same amount of oil over two cycles of gas injection. Nitrogen and flue gas recovered oil more rapidly than methane because a large portion of the methane slug dissolved in the oil phase and less free gas was available for oil displacement. The total gas utilization for two cycles of gas injection was somewhat better for nitrogen as compared to methane and flue gas. The lower nitrogen utilization was ascribed to the lower compressibility of nitrogen.

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USER'S GUIDE AND DOCUMENTATION MANUAL "BOAST 3" A Modified Version of BOAST II with Post Processors B3PLOT2 AND COLORGRID

A readily available public reservoir simulation model BOAST II was modified to simulate accurately the conditions encountered in steeply dipping high-permeability reservoirs. The modifications also involved the development and integration of post-processing programs. The modified model was evaluated,  modified, and validated against commercial reservoir models.

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Appendix 2 UPRC Stratos Final Topical Report - Phase 2

The objectives of phase II of the UPRC/DOE Greater Green River Basin Production Improvement Project include the drilling, testing and completion of a vertical wellbore in the Cretaceous Second Frontier Formation. The  information gained from this wellbore is to be used to further characterize the geology of the site, reservoir quality, natural fractures, in situ stress regime, and gas productivity in support of subsequent phases of the project.

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Generalized Distribution Curve for Characterizing the Performance of Coal-Cleaning Equipment

This Bureau of Mines report presents a method for combining the distribution curves at different specific gravities of separation, for a given piece of coal-cleaning equipment and a given raw coal feed, into a single, generalized distribution curve normalized with respect to specific gravity, and, therefore, independent of the specific gravity of separation. Illustrative generalized distribution curves, based upon Bureau of Mines collected data on industrial operations, are presented for five different types of coal-cleaning equipment. The well-known concept of probably error is extended to the generalized distribution curve. It is shown that the conventional probable error is directly proportional to the specific gravity of separation. A number of sample calculations, illustrating the use of generalized distribution curve and generalized probable error, are presented in the appendix.

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Design and Implementation of a CO2 Flood Utilizing Advanced Reservoir Characterization and Horizontal Injection Wells in a Shallow Shelf Carbonate Approaching Waterflood Depletion

The first objective is to utilize reservoir characterization and advanced technologies to optimize the design of a carbon dioxide (CO2) project for the South Cowden Unit (SCU) located in Ector County, Texas. The SCU is a mature, relatively small, shallow shelf carbonate unit nearing waterflood depletion. The second objective is to demonstrate the performance and economic viability of the project in the field. All work this quarter falls within the demonstration project.

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Application of Microseismic Technology to Hydraulic Fracture Diagnostics: GRI/DOE Field Fracturing Multi-Sites Project

The objective of the Field Fracturing MultiSites Project is to conduct field experiments and analyze data that will result in definitive determinations of hydraulic fracture dimensions using remote well and treatment well diagnostic techniques. In addition, experiments will be conducted to provide data that will resolve significant unknowns with regard to hydraulic fracture modeling, fracture fluid rheology, and fracture treatment design. These experiments will be supported by a well-characterized subsurface environment as well as surface facilities and equipment conductive to acquiring high-quality data. It is anticipated that the project's research advancements will provide a foundation for a fracture diagnostic service industry and hydraulic fracture optimization based on measured fracture response.

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