AndreaBozzo/ceres-open-data-index huggingface dataset:
SYNTHETIC LIQUID FUELS ANNUAL REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR TO THE CONGRESS OF THE UNITED STATES CALENDAR YEAR 1948

"In 1948 the United States became a net importer of oil. Coupled with an unprecedented domestic production of 5,900,000 barrels daily, imports approximating 500,000 barrels made available a total supply of 6,400,000 barrels a day. Thus, by herculean effort, the oil industry was able to meet an extraordinary demand at home and, in addition, to ship abroad almost 400,000 barrels daily of petroleum and products, The country's oil position now differs greatly from that prevailing at the beginning of World War II. Then, actual oil production averaged about 4 million barrels a day, and productive capacity probably was greater than 5 million barrels a day. As the demand of the military and industrial machine grew with the rising tempo of the drive toward victory, the United States not only met its own needs but produced about two-thirds of the total oil requirements of the Allied Nations, excluding Russia . As a people, we can be deeply grateful that the Nation's petroleum resources were adequate and  sufficiently developed to support such a tremendous effort. Even in those critical hours when immediate needs were the paramount issues, a prudent Congress paused to contemplate the importance of an assured long-term supply of liquid fuels . From these deliberations came the Synthetic Liquid. Fuels Act of 1944, which authorized research and development work on new sources of oil - coal, oil shale, and agricultural and forestry products .  Since World War II, a civilian demand for 6 million barrels of petroleum products has become the Older of the day - every day. By drilling as many as 39 ,000 new wells a year, the production rate has been increased enough to meet domestic requirements by a bare margin. Some imports were necessary, however, to fill both domestic and foreign demands, and these doubtless will increase ."

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SYNTHETIC LIQUID FUELS SUMMARY OF ANNUAL REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR TO THE CONGRESS OF THE UNITED STATES CALENDAR YEAR 1951

"Increasing demands for liquid fuels and the critical state of world affairs emphasize the importance of the Bureau of Mines Synthetic liquid fuels program . Before World War II, the United States produced all the oil necessary to  meet domestic demands and, in addition, had a comfortable excess production that was used to supply a large portion of the world's needs . Soon after the war, however, domestic demands increased sharply, placing a severe burden on America's oil resources. No longer was this country able to export large quantities of oil; in fact, foreign oil was imported in increasing quantities . In spite of an increase in exploration and drilling activities, imports continued to rise; and last year, over 10 percent of the total demand was met with foreign oil. There is strong evidence that dependence on foreign oil will continue to  increase and sooner or later may create a security problem . Although it is impossible to prove that this will occur, the mere possibility of a security problem with a material as essential as oil makes it imperative to develop all possible new sources of domestic oil . The fact that the United States is now in a position to design and construct  pioneer synthetic fuels plants is a tribute to the  cooperative efforts of American industry and Government. It will be remembered that in 1944, when  the Bureau of Mines synthetic liquid fuels program got underway, there was no production of synthetic fuels in the United States, and the technical information available was meager indeed . As a result of the Bureau of Mines program and the increased activity of private industry, significant progress has been made during the past 7 years . One commercial synthetic fuels plant using natural gas has been constructed; oil-shale processes are nearing commercial exploitation; coal hydrogenation has been demonstrated with American-built equipment and commercial plants have been proposed; in 1951 the Bureau successfully demonstrated a new gas-synthesis  process; and significant advances have been made in developing direct coal gasification processes ."

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SYNTHETIC LIQUID FUELS  SUMMARY OF ANNUAL REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR TO THE CONGRESS OF THE UNITED STATES CALENDAR YEAR 1953

"Under the authorization of the Synthetic Liquid Fuels Act of April 1944 (Public Law 290), the Bureau of Mines has operated coal-to-oil facilities at Bruceton, Pa.,  Morgantown, W. Va., and Louisiana, Mo., and oil-shale installations at Rifle, Colo., and Laramie, Wyo. In  cooperation with the Alabama Power Co., it also  conducted a series of experiments on the underground gasification of coal at Gorgas, Ala. The program carried out at these stations represents one of the most important and far-reaching of the Government's research projects. There is general agreement that this Nation will find it necessary in the foreseeable future to supplement domestic and imported petroleum with synthetic oil and that the technology for the production of synthetic fuels from coal and oil shale should be developed at an early  date. The advent of any new basic industry, such as synthetic ammonia or synthetic liquid fuels, usually is preceded by a relatively long period of research and development. Indeed, it is difficult to determine when and by whom the fundamental concepts are first disclosed.  Usually such concepts are not the result of research directed specifically toward ultimate industrial development, but constitute one of the byproducts of scientific inquiry and experiments which have no applied objective. However, between the time of disclosure of the fundamental concepts and the establishment of an industry stretches a long, tortuous path of planned and uniquely directed effort. The magnitude of such effort is amply illustrated by the history of synthetic ammonia industry of the United States. Soon after World War I, a large-scale ammonia plant was built; but, because of poor design and operability, the output was insignificant. This unsuccessful plant venture was followed in a short time by establishment of the Fixed Nitrogen Research Laboratory in the United States Department of Agriculture. For more than 2 decades this laboratory provided essential scientific and engineering data, as well as new and improved catalysts and designs for high-pressure equipment. The approach to the problem was methodical and persevering,  and before the start of World War II the industry was fully developed, with ample capacity. The achievement record of the Fixed Nitrogen Research Laboratory is easily observed in many branches of science and engineering as well as in development of the ammonia industry."

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ECONOMIC EVALUATION OF OIL SHALE MINING IN COLORADO USING SENSITIVITY AND RISK ANALYSIS

"An evaluation of the economics of mining the deep, thick oil shale deposits of the central portion of the Piceance Creek basin, Colorado, U.S.A. is presented this paper. For the analysis, a modified large scale underground mining system developed by Cameron Engineers, Inc . and the Gas Combustion retorting process developed by the U.S . Bureau of Mines were used to determine capital investment and annual operating costs. A modified risk analysis computer program was then used to calculate DCFROI's for various grades of oil shale and selling prices of partially refined shale oil. Sensitivity analyses were performed to quantify the affect of bonus bid payments, operating costs, capital investment, and all costs on DCFROI. In addition, a probabilistic evaluation was made to determine the risk involved in obtaining desired rates of  return. Results of the economic evaluation indicate that for current selling prices of crude oil a high risk is involved in obtaining a DCFROI of 15%, unless only higher grades of oil shale are mined. However, mining only the higher grade oil shales , 125 1/mt (30 gpt) and above, would effectively reduce the potentially mineable resources by 90%. Risk can also be reduced through higher selling prices of shale oil . Sensitivity analyses indicate that the capital investment has a three times greater effect on required selling price than total operating costs."

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OIL SHALE MINING TECHNOLOGY ASSESSMENT PRELIMINARY DRAFT OF FINAL REPORT

"This document presents an account of work performed by  KETRON, Inc. for the Department of Energy. The study addressed a concern that potential mining problems may constrain the oil shale industry's ability to attain target production goals. Unanticipated problems may delay individual production timetables and extend the time frame within which aggregate U.S. production capability reaches previously announced goals."

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HEAT TRANSFER FROM A GAS STREAM TO A BED OF BROKEN OIL SHALE

"Design of efficient oil shale retorting plants and evaluation of the thermal efficiency of proposed retorts require information on the rate of heat transfer to a bed of shale. A search of the literature does not reveal any data of this type.   To provide some preliminary values on the rate of heat transfer from a gas stream to Colorado oil shale, data obtained from experiments in the heat of retorting apparatus were used. These experiments were not designed originally to provide heat transfer data and consequently some data that would be desirable are not available. However, because of the urgent need for heat transfer data, this report was prepared from the data at hand. Studies planned for the future will cover this subject more adequately."

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THE TOSCO II PROCESS READY FOR COMMERCIALIZATION

"When development of the TOSCO II process began, the gas combustion and other retorting processes which were variations on the vertical kiln gas combustion process had already been subjected to extensive field tests. The U.S. Bureau of Mines discontinued development of the gas combustion process in the 1950's. Unresolved problems at the conclusion of the program included: (1) inability of the process to recover 100'of Fischer assay oil, (2) disposition or use of low heating value (65 to 125 Btu/SCF) by-product gas, (3) inability of the process  to handle shale particles below a size of about 1/4 to 1/2  inch, and (4) uncertainties surrounding scale-up to the large size retorts required for economic commercial operation. The TOSCO II process was selected for development in the mid-1950's because of its potential for overcoming the disadvantages of gas combustion-type processes."

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OIL SHALE PROGRAM SUMMARY

"• Program Restructuring Based On  - Inputs from Industry - Exxon, Phillips, Mobil  - FERWG III - Assessment 2f Research Needs for Shale-Oil B!.1(2WY  - Safety Issues Related !2 Synthetic Fuels Facilities - NRC-1982  - Various Assessments/Review of Available Data  - Examination of Current Program                               • Key Issues that Hamper Oil Shale Development  Uncertainty of future oil-gas prices/supplies  High Product costs compared to oil! gas  • Marginal costs of new oil 1982 average $8/BBl  • Average wellhead gas sold·1982 $ 2.411 1 06 Btu or $14/BBl O.E.  • Mideast oil - $1 .00/BBl lifting costs  • Oil Shale $25 to S50/BBl plus up to $13/BBl H2 requirement  • Massive capital requirements"

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FIRST ANNUAL OIL SHALE/TAR SAND CONTRACTORS MEETING (ABSTRACTS ONLY)

The major emphasis of the Tar Sand Program for the period "FY '85 through 90" is to assemble the existing field and laboratory data bases and to focus the next five  years'research on mathematical modeling of  physical/chemical systems to better define and reduce technical and economic constraints to bitumen recovery and associated environmental problems. The program has two activities: technology development for in situ and surface extraction research in the approximate proportions of resource occurrence 85%/15% respectively. A third element of the program is provided  by the U.S.-Canada Cooperative Agreement for R&D in tar sand and heavy oil. U.S. Canada research is a headquarters fossil energy function which is administered at both the headquarters and field management levels and is implemented by the Morgantown Energy Technology Center/Laramie Project Office.

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THIRD ANNUAL OIL SHALE, TAR SAND AND MILD GASIFICATION CONTRACTORS REVIEW MEETING: AGENDA, PROJECT SYNOPSES, LIST OF PARTICIPANTS

"A National Oil Shale Reference Sample Bank (OSSB) has been established to provide DOE researchers with well characterized and well mixed material of uniform particle size for use in experimental programs. Availability of carefully documented and homogeneous samples will enable investigators to more accurately compare experimental results especially in the case of comparative studies of process technology. The sample bank also  provide. a more convenient way for researchers to quickly obtain materials for laboratory programs at no cost to the program. Samples are distributed primarily to DOE contractors. Non-DOE contractors may obtain reference samples pending DOE approval. A primary objective of the OSSB program is to obtain bulk Oil shale samples from locals in the Eastern and Western United States. Terra Tek's responsibilities include identification of  potential bulk sampling sites, verification of oil yield, bulk  sampling, shale processing, distribution of reference shales to DOE contractors and maintenance of the shale inventory for the duration of the program."

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OIL SHALE RETORTING, A PEER REVIEW SESSION

Essence of Proposed Restructured Program  • Will keep "in-house"  • Major shift to develop basic materials properties data  - New approach - major research effort  - Will require design/fabrication of specialized test  apparatus/ sampling/ diagnostic;- instrumentation  - Will require development of 2 "primary" research institutions  - Established 5 Additional New Tasks/Subtasks  - Systems analysis  - Data base  - Siting methodology (regional focus-west)  Spent shale pile disposal  In-situ retort abandonment

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PARAMAGNETICALLY REDUCED CARBON-13 RELAXATION TIMES OF HYDROCARBON TYPES:  AN AID TO THE QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS OF SHALE OIL - DERIVED JET FUELS

This study includes determining the carbon-13 paramagnetically reduced spin-lattice relaxation times of representative hydrocarbon types, of a model mixture of hydrocarbon types and of an aromatic hydrocarbon added to syncrude JP-4 jet fuel. The paramagnetic relaxation reagent chromium acetylacetonate was used in all systems.

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SYMPOSIUM ON OIL SHALE RETORTING AND PROJECT UTAH

"On February 17, 1971, Western Oil Shale Corporation; the  Laramie Energy Research Center, United States  Department of Interior, Bureau of Mines; Lawrence Radiation Laboratory, University of California at Livermore; and CER Geonuclear Corporation prepared a symposium at Laramie, Wyoming to bring the current technology on oil shale retorting to date and to describe Project Utah,  a nuclear explosion project in oil shale. The accompanying text is the result of the tap transcriptions of the talks presented on that day. They should be so regarded, and  although they have been reviewed by the authors, will not be the complete story to the recovery of oil from oil shale since the work is continuing. They do, however, represent a communication to bring current technology as known at the time to a wider audience than normally possible. We hope the volume adds to the value of the meeting."

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HYDRODENITRIFICATION REACTIONS IN SHALE GAS OIL

Hydrodeoitrification reactions of shale gas oil over Co-Mo on Al203,, Ni-W on Al203 and Ni-W on Si02'Al203 have been investigated by analyzing changes in the  concentrations of five types of nitrogen compounds over a wide range of conversions. The nitrogen-type distribution in the unconverted shale gas oil changed with the catalyst used and nitrogen conversion. At nitrogen conversions above 70 percent, the nitrogen compounds remaining in the oil consist primarily of quinoline-type, indole-type compounds and their hydrogenated intermediates, aryl amine-type compounds. The relative rates of disappearance of quinoline-type and indole-type compounds is a function of the catalyst used. The cracking of primary and secondary amines is a slow step only at lower temperatures, 600° to 700°F. The cracking of aryl amines is a limiting step of denitrification under all the process and catalytic conditions tested.

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QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS AND KINETICS OF TRACE SULFUR GAS SPECIES FROM OIL SHALE PYROLYSIS BY TRIPLE QUADRUPOLE MASS SPECTROMETRY (TQMS)

"A fully computer automated triple quadrupole mass spectrometer was used to determine 11 sulfur containing gases from oil shale pyrolysis, ranging in concentration from several percent to less than 1 ppm. The raw shales used were from three geographical areas and were analyzed, both untreated and acid leached to remove carbonates, sulfates and pyrite. A bulb type pyrolysis apparatus was used to give quantitative results for the composite pyrolysis gas and a Pyroprobe was used to pyrolyze samples in the TQMS source and monitor gas evolution vs. temperature. The two techniques were  found to give very complementary data. The probable source of several of these gases is discussed. The TQMS was found to have excellent speed, specificity, sensitivity and reproducibility for this task."

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CONCEPTUAL DESIGN CRITERIA FOR A RETORTED SHALE DISPOSAL PARAHO MODULE PROJECT PHASE I

Under a cost sharing agreement with the U.S. Department of Energy, the Paraho Development Corporation is developing conceptual designs for the first full-scale module to retort oil shale by the Paraho vertical retorting process. The conceptual designs for the retort module, mining and other facilities are cased on the scale-up of the Paraho Semi-Works retort and other related works which were operated at Anvil Points near Rifle , Colorado during the period 1974 to 1976 to demonstrate the feasibility of retorting oil shale by the Paraho process. The conceptual designs are being developed under Phase I of the Paraho Module Project.

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A MATHEMATICAL MODEL FOR IN SITU OIL SHALE RETORTING

A mathematical model has been developed for vertical forward combustion retorting of oil shale.  The model is based on fundamental material balances for solid and gas phases components and energy balances for the solid-liquid and gas phases.  In addition to the decomposition  reactions of kerogen and inorganic carbonates and the combustion of recycle gas and oil.  For known operating conditions like air  and recycle gas rate, Fischer assay of oil shale, void fraction and particles size in the retort, the model can be employed to predict the oil recovery, retorting advance rate, average peak temperature in the retort, and composition of recycle gas and spent shale.  Computed results from the model show reasonable agreement with the experimental results of the  Laramie Energy Research Center (LERC) 150 ton (136,200 kg) capacity batch retort.

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IMPROVEMENT OF THE IGNITION QUALITY OF SHALE-OIL DIESEL FUELS BY OXIDATION

This study was undertaken to determine if the octane number of primary shale-oil diesel fuel could be increased by direct oxidation of the oil. If oxidation produced peroxides in the oil then it would be expected that the octane number would be improved and if it could be accomplished without detriment to other qualities of the oil, such a process might have practical application in refining shale oil.

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HYDROGENATION OF SHALE-OIL NAPHTHA UNDER MILD CONDITIONS

The conversion of the olefins to the corresponding paraffin or naphtenes by hydrogenation offers one possibility for the elucidation of the character of the olefins in an hydrocarbon mixture.  Olefins are more difficult to identify than the saturated compounds because of their greater number of isomers, the scarcity of accurate data concerning their physical properties, and their relative reactivity.  Identification of the corresponding saturated compound serves only to indicate the configurti0n of the carbon atoms and shows nothing concerning the position of the double bond.  It is necessary, if the method is to have value, that the only reaction occurring during the conversion is the  addition of hydrogen to the double bonds. If rearrangement occur within the molecules, no reliance can be placed upon the results.  The hydrogenation of compounds other than olefins also gives difficulty unless the amount of such hydrogenation can be measured.  For example, the hydrogenation of aromatics to napthenes is troublesome because of difficulty in distinguishing between naphthenes for olefins and those from aromatics unless the quantity and character of the aromatics hydrogenated is known.  The application of such procedures to shale-oil naphthas raises additional problems because shale-oil naphtha contain in addition to the hydrocarbons appreciable amounts of sulfur, nitrogen, and oxygen containing compounds.  The effects of these compounds on the analysis and upon the catalyst used for hydrogenation must be considered.  This report describes experiments performed in arriving at conditions and methods suitable for the conversion of the olefins in shale-oil naphtha to saturated compounds.  It does not describe the use of the hydrogenated material in analyzing shale-oil naphtha.

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MATHEMATICAL MODEL FOR IN-SITU OIL SHALE RETORTING BY ELECTROMAGNETIC METHODS

"A mathematical model for low temperature in-situ  retorting by electromagnetic methods is developed.  Equations describing kinetics. mass transfer, heat  transfer, and electromagnetic dissipation are developed and solved numerically in order to obtain estimates for  temperature profiles, oil yields, and net energy balances.  The inputs for this model rely heavily on the kinetics  developed by Campbell, Braun, Bridges, and Sresty.  Numerical results for temperature profiles, oil yields, and  other relevant parameters are presented."

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CYCLOALKANES FROM GREEN RIVER OIL SHALE AND THEIR RELATIONSHIP TO LIVING ORGANISMS

"Fifty-two cyclic alkanes, isolated from Green River Formation oil shale bitumen, were analyzed by moss spectrometry. The molecular formula of each cycloalkane  was determined and, where possible, structural assignments were proposed for the alkanes on the basis of principal fragmentations and similarities in spectra to  products of known configuration. Structural resemblance of these cycloalkanes to the hydrocarbon framework  of biologically derived isoprenoid lipids was noted. Twenty-one cycloalkanes displayed fragmentation patterns similar to tetraalkyl substituted cyclohexanes. These compounds probably had their origin in carotenoid pigments. Six additional cyclic hydrocarbons produced mass spectra resembling the spectra of alkyl substituted  hexahydroindanes. A progenitor of these compounds may be the indane portion of vitamin D, formed from the irradiation of steroidal plant debris. Mass spectra of eight other cycloolkanes suggest a structural similarity to alkyl substituted gonanes {steranes} and were probably derived from plant steroids. Fifteen of the cyclic alkanes {six tricyclic and eleven pentacyclic} produce mass spectra similar to the hydrocarbon skeletons of pentacyclic triterpenoids and could have been derived from them."

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OIL SHALE TRACT C-B--MODIFICATIONS TO DETAILED DEVELOPMENT PLAN

This modification to the Detailed Development Plan is being submitted by the lessee, Ashland Oil, Inc., and Occidental Oil Shale Inc., a wholly owned subsidiary of Occidental Petroleum Corporation, successor in interest of Shell Oil Company, lessee, with Ashland Colorado Inc., a wholly owned subsidiary of Ashland Oil, Inc., and OXY developing the tract under a partnership agreement. Ashland Oil, Inc. and Ashland acquired the entire lessee interest in the Tract C-b lease as a result of its withdrawal by the other original lessees. OXY has developed and is obtaining patents on its process for the recovery of oil from the shale utilizing the OXY modified in situ process. In this new joint C-b shale oil venture, Ashland granted OXY a 50% interest in the C-b lease and the Tract C-b in exchange for the right to use the OXY modified in situ process to develop the resource under Tract C-b.

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