AndreaBozzo/ceres-open-data-index huggingface dataset:
Phosphoric acid electric utility fuel cell technology development. Technical progress report No. 16

Over 550 hours and four thermal cycles with performance close to the E-line goal have been accumulated on the second 10-ft/sup 2/ 28-cell stack at 120 psia and 405/sup 0/F. Over 12,400 hours and 35 thermal cycles have been accumulated on the 3.7-ft/sup 2/ 30-cell stack at 120 psia and 405/sup 0/F. A subscale cell cut from 10-ft/sup 2/ electrodes in the same batch used for the second 10-ft/sup 2/, 28-cell stack has accumulated over 2200 hours with performance close to E-line at 120 psia and 400/sup 0/F. Testing was completed on the first three builds of the 7-cell, crosspressure tolerance stack.

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Industrial market assessment of the products of mild gasification: Final report

The goal of this study is to determine the best available conditions, in terms of market volumes and prices, for the products from a mild gasification facility. A process feasibility study will then have to determine the cost of building and operating a facility to make those products. The study is presented as a summary of the options available to a coal producer for creating added product value. For this reason, three specific coal mines owned by AMAX Inc. were chosen, and the options were analyzed from the viewpoint of increasing the total revenue derived from those coals. No specific mild gasification, or mild devolatilization technology was assumed during the assessment. The analysis considers only product prices, volumes, and specifications. It does not assign any intangible value or national benefit to substituting coal for oil or to producing a cleaner fuel. Although it would be desirable to conceive of a product slate which would be immune from energy price fluctuations, such a goal is probably unattainable and no particular emphasis was placed on it. 76 figs., 75 tabs.

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Development of molten carbonate fuel cell technology. Technical progress report for the quarter, April-June 1984

Significant progress has been made in the areas of internal reforming cell testing, creep resistant anode development and NiO solubility suppression. 4000 hours of fuel cell operation on direct methane feed has been achieved with Cell 7-53 which contains a MgO/Ni reforming catalyst in the anode chamber. No decay in methane reforming or fuel cell performance has been observed to-date. No reduction in anode thickness was realized with a Ni-Al alloy anode which operated in a cell test for 1200 hours at 650/sup 0/C with 25 psi cell clamping pressure. A four to five fold reduction in NiO solubility has been demonstrated in out-of-cell tests by adjusting parameters to favor a more basic carbonate melt. Favorable conditions for reduced NiO solubility include high lithium melt compositions and low water and carbon dioxide partial pressures. Component development is concentrating on two primary activities: development of a creep resistant ribbed anode and development of an internal reforming catalyst for methane reforming in the MCFC anode environment. 15 figs., 17 tabs.

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Workshop on remote sensing/lineament applications for energy extraction

The following six papers are presented in this proceedings: (1) lineaments - a look forward and backward; (2) remote sensing/lineament analysis applications workshop - a general summary; (3) geologic controls on lineament systems, Pike County, Kentucky; (4) air-photo lineament domains in a portion of the Appalachian Basin - an application for exploration; (5) subsurface anomalies expressed as lineaments in the Northwest Pennsylvania portion of the Appalachian Plateau; and (6) effect of short lineaments on gas well yield from Devonian shales in Eastern Kentucky. All papers have been processed for inclusion in the Energy Data Base.

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Production of low-cost hydrogen

The overall objective of the proposed effort is to verify at the laboratory scale, the ability of the MTCI indirectly heated fluid-bed gasifier to economically produce a hydrogen-rich product gas from liquefaction by-product streams and from char produced in mild gasification processes. Specifically, the proposed effort is aimed at developing an experimental technology data base by defining the process characteristics that would be required for process integration into an overall liquefaction system. This would result in substantial decreases in the cost of hydrogen for the production of competitively priced coal-derived liquid fuels. During this quarter, shakedown tests of the reactor were completed. Subbituminous coals from Black Thunder mine and Eagle Butte mine were obtained for use in mild gasification to produce char. During the initial shakedown tests, it was determined that a new pulse combustor was needed. A pulse combustor with a large aerovalve was fabricated and tested. Three shakedown tests with limestone as the fluid-bed medium were carried out at temperature from 1450{degree}F to 1550{degree}F.

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Improvement of CO/sub 2/ flood performance: Quarterly report, October--December 1988

Research on CO/sub 2/ injection continued. The following tasks are reported on: (1) Work completed on the improved viscosity correlation, mechanistic modeling of high pressure gas/foam flow, and the effect of free gas on the development of miscibility; and (2) Recent work in three major subareas of the Task II research. The first of these subareas is concerned with rock and reservoir heterogeneity. The emphasis is to consider the effects of non-uniformity on displacement efficiency--both in the reservoir and in laboratory experiments. This work consists both of numerical experiments, in which the effects of large-scale reservoir heterogeneities on production and on tracer diagnostics are calculated, and of the analysis of unique 3-D miscible displacement experiments for the examination of smaller-scale features. Research in the second subarea is concerned with the development of direct thickeners--chemicals that will be soluble in CO/sub 2/ or other dense gases and produce polymeric solutions of high viscosity. The work reported here has been concerned with the synthesis of several new types of Method I hydrocarbon polymers. Their principal use in the research is as starting materials for further processing, to synthesize Method II ionomers. In the third subarea, recent developments of interest for the reservoir use of CO/sub 2/-foam are presented. It has become apparent that field use of this mobility-control additive can be considered at this time. Not only has our research been able to delineate the mobility decreases that can be expected, and the ranges of surfactant concentration and CO/sub 2/ fraction to be used, but it has been possible to define an additional advantage from the use of foam. We report a new measurement that defines the range of permeability over which this effect has been observed in our experiments, and over which it can be expected to be useful in the field. 11 refs., 60 figs., 9 tabs.

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Western Research Institute: Quarterly technical progress report, April-June 1986

A model of oil shale compaction during retorting has been developed and incorporated into the one-dimensional retorting model. The model calculates the vertical stress distribution in a column of oil shale rubble and the degree of compaction that these stresses cause. A correlation has been developed that relates shale grade, initial void volume, and vertical stress to the final compaction of the shale bed. The model then determines the gas pressure drop and its effects through the retort. Results of experiments on the decomposition of kerogen in the interim eastern reference oil shale indicate that kerogen and produced bitumen are converted to oil, gas, and residue simultaneously. Hence, the oil production cannot be expressed well in a first-order equation. Comparison of bitumen production from western oil shale, which is highly aliphatic, to that from the more aromatic eastern shale indicates that the formation of bitumen may be a function of oil shale aromaticity. Several samples produced by the recycled hot oil pyrolysis of tar sand were analyzed. Detailed gas chromatography/mass spectrometry analyses were used to evaluate the potential of the pyrolysis product oil as a feedstock for high-density fuel production. The products from the current production conditions were not felt to be suitable. A series of UCG experiments in large coal blocks demonstrated successful gasification of Illinois No. 6 bituminous coal at ash slagging conditions using a borehole link. Gasification conditions for the Rocky Mountain No. 1 field test were tested in a large block of Hanna coal.

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Morgantown Energy Technology Center Publications List, FY 1988

This Publications List includes the scientific and technical reports and papers authored by the Morgantown Energy Technology Center (METC) staff as well as those written by METC contractors during Fiscal Year 1988. The reports and papers are arranged by METC areas of expertise: Arctic and Offshore, Components, Enhanced Oil Recovery, Fluidized-Bed Combustion, Fuel Cells, Gas Stream Cleanup, Gasification, Heat Engines, Instrumentation and Control, Low-Rank Coal, Oil Shale, Tar Sands, Unconventional Gas and Enhanced Oil Recovery, Underground Coal Gasification, and Crosscutting Technologies. The reports are subarranged by report numbers from the Energy Data Base. Author/corporate author, report number, order number, and title indexes follow.

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Method to identify zones of intense jointing with application to the Parsons Lineament, West Virginia

Studies of water well yields, of three roadcuts, and of field observations indicate that the Parsons lineament in eastern West Virginia is a broad, cross-strike zone of unusually intense jointing. To test this hypothesis, strike, dip, exposed length, exposed depth, and spacing of 1594 joints were measured in interbedded siltstones, mudstones, and shales in the Upper Devonian Chemung facies. Joint sets were determined to strike N 35 to 55/sup 0/ W, N 25 to 45/sup 0/ E, and N 80/sup 0/ E - N 80/sup 0/ W. SYMAPS show more intense jointing within the Parsons lineament with the northeast-trending set contributing most to the increase. Identification of zones of intense jointing could be useful in hydrocarbon exploration, mine design, construction, and water-well siting. 8 figures, 1 table.

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The numerical simulation of forward combustion in a tube reactor using the Sunnyside resource

The Tar Sand Reservoir Simulator (TSRS) is enhanced and used to model the forward combustion of Sunnyside tar sand in Western Research Institute's (WRI) tube reactor. The enhancements to the model account for boundary heat transfer, gravity drainage, and porosity variation with coke deposition. The model is successfully used to simulate the forward combustion of Sunnyside tar sand in a tube reactor. The results from one simulation of one test using air as an injectant are compared to the test results. A number of simulations, consisting of a predictive simulation followed by a number of simulations designed to match the experimental performance, were performed on the experiment. Compared to the observed performance, the predictive simulation overestimates oil yield and frontal velocity by two-thirds and generates combustion peak temperatures 150/degree/F (66/degree/C) in excess of those observed. The predictive simulation does predict a large pressure drop early in the test, but unlike experimental behavior, this large pressure drop dissipates very rapidly as the bitumen becomes readily mobilized at the higher tube temperature during the remainder of the test. 16 refs., 4 figs., 4 tabs.

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Corrosion of materials in Molten Carbonate Fuel Cells (MCFC): Quarterly technical status report, January 1, 1987-March 31, 1987

Objective is to determine and describe the hot corrosion mechanism in MCFC bipolar sheet materials and current collectors and to provide a corrosion model to predict hot corrosion behavior of metals and alloys in the fuel cell environment. Tasks to be performed in accomplishing the objective are (1) to determine the influence of electrolyte composition, amount of electrolyte, gas composition (including the presence of sulfur impurities), composition of the alloy, electrode potential and thermal cycling on the mechanisms of corrosion of bipolar sheet, and current collector materials, As part of the above, the morphological development of oxide scales and adherence of the scale to the substrate shall be determined; (2) to create a corrosion model based on the data obtained; and (3) to recommend bipolar sheet and current collector materials.

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Pressurised fluidised-bed combustion. Some data obtained during Contract AC21-80MC14129

Data on sulphur retention, combustion efficiency, NO/sub x/ emissions, heat transfer and elutriation in PFB combustors are collected in one report for future reference. The sulphur retention section comprises relevant experimental data from most of the published sources, whilst other sections are limited mainly to results obtained under contract to the United States DOE in a 3 ft x 2 ft combustor operating at 6 atm pressure and a 1 ft x 1 ft combustor operating at 6 to 20 atm pressure. The data are discussed, and correlations applied where appropriate. 29 refs., 26 figs., 19 tabs.

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Methyl chloride via oxyhydrochlorination of methane

Work to develop a highly selective methyl chloride synthesis catalyst continued, but no stable catalyst with >80% selectivity at 20% methane exists yet. Effort was made on finalizing the pre- engineering scope definition of the Process Demonstration Unit. Natural gas purification, reactor, reactor effluent and MeCl purification, and anhydrous HCl recovery are discussed.

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Characterization of Rio Blanco retort 1 water following treatment by lime-soda softening and reverse osmosis

Laboratory research was initiated to evaluate the chemical, physical, and toxicological characteristics of treated and untreated Rio Blanco oil shale retort water. Wet chemical analyses, metals analyses, MICROTOX assays and particle-size analysis were performed on the wastewater before and after treatment by lime-soda softening and reverse osmosis. The reverse osmosis system successfully removed dissolved solids and organics from the wastewater. Based on MICROTOX tests, the water was much less toxic after treatment by reverse osmosis. 8 refs., 7 figs., 8 tabs.

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Status of the Western Gas Sands Project at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory

The objective of the LLNL Western Gas Sands (WGS) subprogram is to improve the understanding of the stimulation mechanics of lenticular and jointed tight gas reservoirs. Particular emphasis is put on the interaction of induced fractures with natural fractures, and on the determination of relevant rock mass properties for input in hydrofracture simulators. The project is a combined experimental and numerical modeling effort. The main thrust is the development and verification of computer models to analyze hydrofracturing in complex rock formations. 15 refs.

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Method for concentrating liptinite macerals from lignites

One of the major constituents of lignites and other coals is the hydrogen-rich maceral-group, liptinite. Liptinite is composed of waxes, fats and oils (1) primarily from plant cuticles, as well as spore and pollen exines (palynomorphs). Liptinite is being mechanically separated from North Dakota lignites as a means of better understanding coal chemistry and the coalification process. After the coal has been sufficiently pulverized, it is thoroughly suspended in an aqueous ZnCl/sub 2/ solution which has a specific gravity of 1.25. Suspension is achieved by first thoroughly mixing the coal and the ZnCl/sub 2/ solution, then agitating the mixture in an ultrasonic bath for approximately 10 minutes. The mixture is centrifuged for approximately 1/2 hour at approximately 3000 revolutions per minute. After collecting and filtering the supernatant, the solids from the filtration are then resuspended in an aqueous ZnCl/sub 2/ solution (specific gravity 1.25) and the centrifugation step repeated. When this procedure was performed on North Dakota lignites, the supernatant was filtered and the resulting residue was found to be rich in liptinite macerals, especially palynomorphs. The procedure outlined is a relatively quick and easy way to produce concentrations of liptinite macerals. It appears that the macerals present in North Dakota lignites are easy to separate. Low-rank coal macerals have remained more distinct entities, perhaps making them easier to separate from each other, than macerals from coals of higher rank.

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Quarterly technical progress report, jointly sponsored research projects. Quarterly report, July 1 - September 30, 1996

Brief progress reports are presented for 21 tasks covering diverse energy-related projects such as coal gasification, steam generators for thermal recovery of heavy oil and tar, coalbed methane, wood- fired gas turbine system, NMR analysis of kerogens, soil remediation, wetting behavior of selected crude oil/brine/rock systems, and coprocessing of heavy oil, automobile shredder residue and coal.

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Transient pressure analysis in composite reservoirs

The problem of fluid flow in a radially composite reservoir is discussed. Recently published was the most general analytic solution available thus far. That analytic solution is analyzed, and the results are presented. The solution is dependent upon the following dimensionless parameters (if well-bore storage and skin effect are neglected): (1) dimensionless time based on the discontinuity radius, (2) the dimensionless discontinuity radius, (3) the mobility ratio, and (4) the diffusivity ratio. The range of parameters used in generating the results include dimensionless radius time of 0.01 t

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Refractory experience in circulating fluidized bed combustors, Task 7

This report describes the results of an investigation into the status of the design and selection of refractory materials for coal-fueled circulating fluidized-bed combustors. The survey concentrated on operating units in the United States manufactured by six different boiler vendors: Babcock and Wilcox, Combustion Engineering, Foster Wheeler, Keeler Dorr-Oliver, Pyropower, and Riley Stoker. Information was obtained from the boiler vendors, refractory suppliers and installers, and the owners/operators of over forty units. This work is in support of DOE's Clean Coal Technology program, which includes circulating fluidized-bed technology as one of the selected concepts being evaluated.

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Remediation cleanup options for the Hoe Creek UCG site

The US Department of Energy must restore groundwater quality at the Hoe Creek, Wyoming, underground coal gasification site using the best proven practicable technology. Six alternative remediation methods are evaluated in this project: (1) excavation, (2) three variations of groundwater plume containment, (3) in situ vacuum extraction, (4) pump and treat using a defined pattern of pumping wells to obtain an effective matrix sweep, (5) in situ flushing using a surfactant, and (6) in situ bioremediation. Available site characterization data is insufficient to accurately project the cost of remediation. Several alternative hypothetical examples and associated costs are described in the text and in the appendices. However, not enough information is available to use these examples as a basis for comparison purposes. Before a cleanup method is selected, core borings should be taken to define the areal extent and depth of contaminated matrix material. Segments of these core borings should be analyzed for organic contaminants in the soil (e.g., benzene) and their relationship to the groundwater contamination. These analyses and subsequent treatability studies will show whether or not the contaminants can be effectively removed by surface on in situ volatilization, leached from the matrix using washing solutions, or removed by bioremediation. After this information is obtained, each technology should be evaluated with respect to cost and probability of success. A decision tree for implementing remediation cleanup at the Hoe Creek site is presented in this report. 26 refs., 11 figs., 3 tabs.

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An inventory of the peat resources of the State of Wisconsin: Final report

The goals of this project were to inventory and assess the quality of Wisconsin peat deposits for fuel and other uses, and to estimate the quantity of commercial fuel-grade peat in the state. For the inventory, Wisconsin was divided into provinces/subprovinces based on physiographic and geomorphic characteristics. Within these areas, representative deposits were selected for sampling. Bogs were transected, depth measurements taken, and samples taken where the histic materials were thought to be deepest. 1120 samples from 220 pedons were collected and analyzed for moisture and ash content, bulk density and pH (in H/sub 2/O and CaCl/sub 2/). Proximate, ultimate, and Btu analyses were done on 200 subsamples of representative pedons. Data from previous research on 550 samples, representing an additional 130 pedons, were added to the data set. Percentages of peat deposits greater than 127 cm (50 in.) were determined for each province/subprovince and estimates of fuel-grade peat were developed.

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Western Gas Sands Project. Status report, 1 August-31 August, 1979

This status report summarizes progress of government-sponsored projects directed toward increasing gas production from the low-permeability gas sands of the western United States. Work on fracture conductivity, rock-fluid interaction, and log evaluation and interpretation techniques continued at Bartlesville. Work commenced on completing, testing and possible hydraulic fracturing of the Rio Blanco Natural Gas Company well No. 397-19-1 and on the evaluation of seismic data for stratigraphic studies of lenticular sands. LLL continued experimental and theoretical work on hydraulic fracturing mechanics and analysis of well test data. LASL worked on developing NMR methods to define fluid saturation, porosity, and permeability of western gas sands at in situ conditions. M.D. Wood, Inc. was involved in design and site preparation for two hydraulic fracture mapping jobs in the Cotton Valley Trend in Texas. Testing and analyses of the borehole seismic system and borehole hydrophone system continued at Sandia. Field tests and related activities for the WGSP progressed as scheduled in August. Cyclic injection of dehydrated natural gas and production in Colorado Interstate Gas Company's Miller No. 1 and Sprague No. 1 wells continued. The Gas Producing Enterprises, Inc. wells, Natural Buttes Units 9, 14, 18 and 20 flowed to sales. The Mitchell Energy Corporation Muse-Duke No. 1 was shut-in for a 15-day pressure buildup test. Hydraulic fracture containment experiments and activities in the multi-frac test series continued at the Nevada Test Site for Sandia Laboratories'mineback program.

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