AndreaBozzo/ceres-open-data-index huggingface dataset:
Analysis of the Devonian shales in the Appalachian Basin. Volume II. Appendices

Thirty-three wells were core drilled from 1975 through 1981 for the Eastern Gas Shales Project in the Appalachian Basin. The following appendices are a compilation by well of all the fracture data, mechanical characterization tests, stratigraphic projections, geologic structural interpretations, and gas production information available through the Unconventional Gas Resources Library at DOE/METC, Morgantown, West Virginia. The well summary charts that are located as the last figure for each well description contain the detailed fracture distributions and mechanical test results for the stratigraphic members cored. The gamma ray log and density log are reproduced on each chart to show the correlation to stratigraphic members of the Devonian Shale sequence. A large quantity of data was collected in the early stages of the program to define the relationship of radioactivity to the individual shale members. The relationship serves as a useful tool in correlating the radioactive organic shales across the entire Appalachian Basin. Temperature and noise logs were included, when they were available, to show zones of gas emanation in the well bore. The mechanical test results columns include pretest fractures in the samples, maximum ultrasonic velocity directions, orientation of cracks from point load tests, weakest tensile strength directions from directional tests, and crack orientations from hydrofracture tests when available. All of this information has also been plotted by stratigraphic member and summarized at the bottom of each column for comparison with the other physical properties of the shales.

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Dynamic simulation of entrained coal gasification

A multistage dynamic computer model has been developed for the simulation of the performance of entrainment coal gasification. The model provides for the calculation of such pertinent factors as reaction rates, physical properties of solids and gases, transport coefficients, devolatilization, effect of the type of reactor, etc. The profiles of rate-variables such as gas mixture and particle temperatures, carbon conversion, and gas composition, were tracked against time of operation by numerical integration. After a great deal of time has been consumed to assure the stability of the program, efforts were spent to compare the simulated results with experimental data both from Homer City, Pennsylvania for the Bigas reactor and from Mountain Fuels, Utah. 13 refs., 16 figs., 15 tabs.

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Bibliography: technology transfer reports for the IEA Grimethorpe Pressurized Fluidized-Bed Project

The International Energy Agency Grimethorpe Pressurized Fluidized-Bed (PFB) Project provided extensive information on the performance of a large-scale (25MWe) PFB when combusting numerous coals. Although the facility did not include a gas turbine, information regarding deposition and corrosion was also obtained as a result of turbine blade cascade testing. Utilizing an extensive staff of engineers, the test results were extensively analyzed and the results documented. The resulting reports have been reviewed by the sponsoring countries and published. An overview of the project and background information are provided in the report Overall Project Review, September 1985, NTIS DE85013705. In the United States, these reports were published through the US Department of Energy's Office of Scientific and Technical Information. This bibliography contains a listing of those reports issued by the Grimethorpe Pressurized Fluidized-Bed Project and published by the US Department of Energy. It also contains abstracts of each report as a guide to the information contained therein. It is provided as a reference to enable interested parties to access further details on this project. Copies of the reports and this document are available from the National Technical Information Service (NTIS), US Department of Commerce, Springfield, VA 22161.

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Analysis and interpretation of laboratory coal gasification simulation data

The Morgantown Energy Research Center (MERC) is conducting a combined program of field tests, laboratory experiments and mathematical modeling on the subject of underground coal gasification. An Underground Coal Conversion Simulation Laboratory was constructed and a total of nineteen tests have been conducted to investigate, qualitatively and quantitatively, ignition, carbonization, and gasification phenomena of the Longwall Generator (LWG) concept. The LWG concept is specifically designed for use in thin seams of eastern bituminous coals. This report describes the analyses and interpretations of the experimental data collected in the Underground Coal Gasification Simulation Laboratory at the Morgantown Energy Research Center. The objective of this study is to identify and quantify parametric relationships in the test results through a well-organized effort of modeling and correlation to help guide field tests and plan future laboratory simulation experiments.

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Hydrogasification gas processing studies

Three methods of separating hydrogen from methane and carbon monoxide were evaluated: use of a moving bed of activated carbon (hypersorption), use of cryogenics, and use of an ''absorbing oil''to absorb the methane. The feed gas stream studied was the make-gas from a hydrogasifier. This separation was necessary to permit: (a) recycle of the hydrogen to the hydrogasifier, and (b) production of a pipeline gas quality methane stream that would meet the low carbon monoxide specification for pipeline gas. Hypersorption (moving bed of activated carbon) was the method of gas separation chosen. Its advantages are competitive economics and recovery of each of the components with nil quantities of the others at nearly system pressure. This makes is possible to eliminate methanation facilities, thereby simplifying the process. The opportunity for simplification of the process was made possible by the higher conversion gained in the single-stage flash hydropyrolysis unit compared to the first stage of the Hydrane process. By holding the total conversion during the flash hydropyrolysis at about 46%, a ''balance''is struck between the conversion of coal to hydrocarbons and the production of sufficient char to make the needed hydrogen for the hydrogasifier. Processing of the gas from the hydrogasifier into a product gas stream containing less than 0.1% CO and a recycle hydrogen stream results in the desired simplification by eliminating the need for methanation of the product gas stream.

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Hydroliquefaction of coal by a two-step procedure using different first-step reactor packings

Laboratory-scale hydroliquefaction experiments were conducted to determine the effects of several different types of nominally noncatalytic packing on the reactions of a coal/hydrogenated vehicle oil slurry in a first-step hydropyrolytic reactor, and the subsequent behavior of the catalyst in a second-step hydrocatalytic reactor, using the first-step product, with or without the mineral residues as feed to the second step. Twelve runs were made in a stirred batch autoclave, and another 12 runs were made in a flow reactor system. In addition to first-step runs without any packing, vitrified ceramic spheres, alpha-quartz (silica) spheres, alpha-alumina cylinders from Girdler, and alpha-alumina spheres from Carborundum, were tested. A commercial cobalt molybdate on silica-promoted alumina was used in the second-step runs and to prepare the hydrogenated coal tar oil used as vehicle oil. The yields of hydrocarbon gas, amount of conversion to benzene solubles, the yields of oil, the yields of asphaltenes, the atomic H/C of products and the reactivities of hydrogen donors in the vehicle oil are all sensitive to the presence of packing, and to the nature of the packing, in a first-step hydropyrolytic reactor. The products from these first-step reactors behave differently in a subsequent second-step hydrocatalytic reactor, indicating, among other things, different degrees of resulting activity of the catalyst. Some feed property which effects activity, such as propensity for carbon deposition, must have been changed in the first step. Other factors are the temperature of the first-step reactor over the narrow but critical range of 806 to 842/sup 0/F, and the amount of coal minerals in both the first- and second-step reactors.

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Dunn-Nokota Methanol Project, Dunn County, North Dakota. Volume II. Preliminary plant design and cost estimate. [Proposed methanol project near Dunn Center, North Dakota]

This section summarizes the significant results of Fluor's work in the Dunn-Nokota Methanol Project Feasibility Study: (1) preliminary design of the process plant and supporting facilities; cost estimates for the facilities and health and safety assessments related to the process plant. In addition to the base case methanol plant design and cost estimates, several alternative cases were investigated in less detail. The plant is designed to convert North Dakota lignite coal into chemical grade A methanol and other marketable by-products. The plant will receive run-of-mine coal at the plant site and will generate sufficient electrical power to meet normal plant and mine requirements. The plant has been designed with sufficient multiple trains, spare equipment and intermediate storage to provide an overall on-steam factor of 95%. In addition, the plant has been designed to be constructed in two phases with each phase having facilities to produce 50% of the total plant capacity. The lignite is crushed and screened and the sized coal is fed to Lurgi gasifiers where it is gasified under pressure in the presence of steam and oxygen to produce a raw synthesis gas. The raw gas is cooled and cleaned in downstream units to remove water, heavy hydrocarbons, sulfur compounds, and carbon dioxide. The purified gas, containing primarily carbon monoxide and hydrogen, is compressed and converted into methanol in the presence of a catalyst. The crude methanol is purified by distillation, producing chemical grade A product. Methane produced in the gasification process is converted into additional synthesis gas and subsequently into methanol. Condensed hydrocarbon and chemical liquids are separated and upgraded into marketable by-products. Sulfur compounds removed from the raw gas are converted into an elemental sulfur by-product. Carbon dioxide removed from the raw gas is purified and compressed for sale.

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Dunn-Nokota methanol project, Dunn County, North Dakota. Volume V. Economic and financial analysis. [Proposed methanol project near Dunn Center, North Dakota]

The economic and financial feasibility studies comprised both a review of the general considerations involved in devising a financing plan for the Dunn-Nokato Project and quantitative analyses of project economics based on a computer model. Since The Nokota Company does not have the financial resources to provide the equity capital necessary to fund the Project, and since other equity sponsors have not yet been identified, a definitive financing plan cannot be determined at this time. However, an investigation of the characteristics necessary to any suitable financing plan for the Project was undertaken, included in: (1) a survey of possible sources of debt funds; (2) a discussion of the risks as perceived by lenders and the ways in which these can be addressed; (3) an analysis of the considerations involved in selecting a legal and financial structure; and (4) a review of available government support options under the Energy Security Act. The results of this work are summarized. The quantitative analysis developed pro forma financial statements over the life of the Project, calculated relevant rates of return for the Project, and generated various statistical measures of Project creditworthiness, based on information supplied by Nokota and Project consultants. These analyses indicate that, under the scenario judged to be most reasonable by Nokota and Project consultants, the Project is economically and financially viable. The economics of the Project under the base case design alternative were compared to the economics of other process design alternatives for which cost and output estimates had been prepared by Fluor. In addition, sensitivity analyses quantifying the effect of changes in key assumptions were performed.

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Paleoecology of the Devonian-Mississippian black-shale sequence in eastern Kentucky with an atlas of some common fossils

The Devonian-Mississippian black-shale sequence of eastern North America is a distinctive stratigraphic interval generally characterized by low clastic influx, high organic production in the water column, anaerobic bottom conditions, and the relative absence of fossil evidence for biologic activity. The laminated black shales which constitute most of the black-shale sequence are broken by two major sequences of interbedded greenish-gray, clayey shales which contain bioturbation and pyritized micromorph invertebrates. The black shales contain abundant evidence of life from upper parts of the water column such as fish fossils, conodonts, algae and other phytoplankton; however, there is a lack of evidence of benthic life. The rare brachiopods, crinoids, and mollusks that occur in the black shales were probably epiplanktic. A significant physical distinction between the environment in which the black sediments were deposited and that in which the greenish-gray sediments were deposited was the level of dissolved oxygen. The laminated black shales point to anaerobic conditions and the bioturbated greenish-gray shales suggest dysaerobic to marginally aerobic-dysaerobic conditions. A paleoenvironmental model in which quasi-estuarine circulation compliments and enhances the effect of a stratified water column can account for both depletion of dissolved oxygen in the bottom environments and the absence of oxygen replenishment during black-shale deposition. Periods of abundant clastic influx from fluvial environments to the east probably account for the abundance of clays in the greenish-gray shale as well as the small amounts of oxygen necessary to support the depauparate, opportunistic, benthic faunas found there. These pulses of greenish-gray clastics were short-lived and eventually were replaced by anaerobic conditions and low rates of clastic sedimentation which characterized most of black-shale deposition.

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Proceedings of the low-rank coal technology development workshop

The technology development needs of US low-rank coals were discussed in a two-day workshop attended by coal R and D experts from government research facilities; private sector research, engineering, and vendor firms; the utility industry; and academia. Six parallel workshop sessions, with 12 to 21 participants each, addressed six different technology areas: (1) preparation, handling, and storage, (2) conventional combustion, (3) environmental control technology, (4) fluidized bed combustion, (5) gasification, and (6) liquefaction. R and D recommendations were made by the workshop groups, emphasizing unresolved technical problems associated with the distinctive physical and chemical properties of lignite and subbituminous coals. Twenty-two articles have been entered individually into EDB and ERA.

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Utilization of coal-associated minerals. Final report

Under contract number DE-AS21-77ET10533 with the US-DOE several methods of utilizing coal associated by-products were examined for potential commercial use. Such use could transform a costly waste disposal situation into new materials for further use and could provide incentive for the adoption of new coal utilization processes. Several utilization processes appear to have merit and are recommended for further study. Each process is discussed separately in the text of this report. Common coal cleaning processes were also examined to determine the effect of such processes on the composition of by-products. Data obtained in this portion of the research effort are reported in the Appendix. Information of this type is required before utilization processes can be considered. A knowledge of the mineral composition of these materials is also required before even simple disposal methods can be considered.

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Surface gasification data system: feasibility studies overview report

The purpose of this report is to evaluate the final reports prepared for 19 proposed coal gasification plants funded under the Alternative Fuels legislation. These 19 studies represented the best set of publicly available information on commercial-scale coal gasification plants. They encompassed all areas that would be relevant in determining if any of the plants should be constructed: general information business considerations, process information, cost data, and environmental considerations. The performers of the studies were awarded US Department of Energy (DOE) contracts in 1980. Study results, in the form of final reports for the feasibility studies, were returned to the Morgantown Energy Technology Center (METC), the DOE center with lead responsibility for gasification research. Data from the studies were abstracted and entered into the Major Plants Data Base (MPDB), a system developed and used at METC to aid in the analysis of design and operating data from commercial- and demonstration-scale synfuels plants. The MPDB is designed to store and retrieve data in five broad categories: general project information, process and technical information, financial and business data, capital cost information, and EHSS (environmental health, safety, and socioeconomic) data. The MPDB system was used to retrieve data and aid data analysis for this report. The evaluation of the reports was twofold. First, each study was analyzed individually to determine whether the data expected to be in the report were indeed present, and whether they were of the quality expected. Secondly, studies were compared with one another to see what conclusions could be drawn from these data. The individual evaluation of the various studies showed that, in general, the data provided were of high quality. 24 refs., 13 figs., 46 tabs.

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Design, construction, operation, and evaluation of a prototype culm combustion boiler/heater unit

A process for utilizing anthracite culm in a fluidized bed combustion system was demonstrated by the design and construction of a prototype steam plant at Shamokin, PA, and operation of the plant for parametric tests and a nine month extended durability test. The parametric tests evaluated turndown capability of the plant and established turndown techniques to be used to achieve best performance. Throughout the test program the fluidized bed boiler durability was excellent, showing very high resistence to corrosion and erosion. A series of 39 parametric tests was performed in order to demonstrate turndown capabilities of the atmospheric fluidized bed boiler burning anthracite culm. Four tests were performed with bituminous coal waste (called gob) which contains 4.8 to 5.5% sulfur. Heating value of both fuels is approximately 3000 Btu/lb and ash content is approximately 70%. Combustion efficiency, boiler efficiency, and emissions of NO/sub x/ and SO/sub 2/ were also determined for the tests.

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Sulfur dioxide emission control by furnace injection of a dry sorbent

Furnace injection of dry calcium-based sorbents to reduce SO/sub 2/ emissions was evaluated on a 53.5 MW/sub e/ utility boiler firing North Dakota lignite. The objective of the evaluation was to determine the effects of sorbent injection on SO/sub 2/ reductions, boiler performance, and electrostatic precipitator performance. Testing was performed at the Otter Tail Power Company Hoot Lake Unit 2. The field evaluation was conducted over a 3-week period and consisted of a series of short-term tests lasting up to four hours to evaluate the effects of sorbent type, injection configurations, and sorbent feedrates. A long-term evaluation of 30 hours was performed to evaluate the effects of sorbent injection on boiler performance. The sorbents evaluated in this program were high-calcium and dolomitic pressure hydrated limes. Pressure hydrates have shown high reactivity in bench scale tests, and calcium utilizations of 40% have been obtained by the University of North Dakota Energy Research Center (UNDERC). Bulk quantities of high-calcium pressure hydrate are not normally available from the lime industry and a special production run was made for this program by the Western Lime and Cement Company. Sorbent was injected through existing access ports to minimize modifications to the boiler, and was fed to the boiler using a temporary sorbent handling and injection system. The results of this evaluation showed that furnace injection of dry sorbent can achieve SO/sub 2/ reductions of nearly 70% in a lignite boiler with minimal impacts on boiler performance, precipitator performance, or particulate emissions. Based on previous bench scale results, increased SO/sub 2/ reductions appear feasible by increasing sorbent reactivity through optimization of the commercial pressure hydration process. 16 refs., 59 figs., 14 tabs.

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Measurement of size distributions of a coagulating aerosol. [Calcium carbonate]

Measurements have been performed for the determination of the size distribution of a coagulating ultrafine aerosol over a time interval of up to about 30 min. The aerosol was contained in a balloon with an initial volume of 60 l subject to a temperature inversion for the purpose of quenching the free convection and thereby diminishing the aerosol loss to the balloon wall. The aerosol size distribution was measured with the TSI electrostatic aerosol classifier hooked up to a TSI aerosol electrometer. The initial aerosol had an average diameter of about 12 nm. Measurements were taken by computer at a rate of 1 measurement cycle every 3 s; 1 cycle consists of a measurement of time, and burst measurements of electrometer current, classifier rod voltage, 3 flow rates, and 5 temperatures, followed by the calculation of averages and standard deviations, and storage of the results in a data string. The TSI instruments have been modified to permit the automatic computer reading of the parameters mentioned above. A multiplexer has been built to allow the multiplet data to be measured by a single system voltmeter. Channel switching in the multiplexer can be done either automatically by using the ''delay''signal emitted by the system voltmeter every time it makes a reading or by software control through the 16-bit parallel interface of the computer.

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Kinetic behavior of solid particles in fluidized beds: Solid particle kinetic forces: Progress report for the period October 1-December 31, 1986. [Two-phase granules held together by surface tension]

The development of technique measuring kinetic forces of solid particles in fluidized beds has been achieved by using the tracer particle method. The measurement method using Piezotron sensor was also initiated. The information obtained by the various measuring techniques, including tracer particle, Piezotron, and strain gauge gives different physical meaning. Using the tracer particle technique, the correlations among the durable compressive strength, tensile strength, and durable impact energy were experimentally verified. The kinetic forces of solid particles (dp = 0.5, 1.0, 2.18 mm) in the 10.8 cm fluidized bed (H/D/sub t/ = 1, 2, 3) at various gas velocities were measured. The kinetic forces of solid particles (dp = 1.0 mm) in the 10.8 cm spouted fluidized bed were also measured and shown to be higher than those in the conventional fluidized bed. 3 refs., 8 figs.

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