AndreaBozzo/ceres-open-data-index huggingface dataset:
N-T-U PROCESS DESCRIPTION AND PRELIMINARY OPERATIONS, Retorting Unit Report No. 1

"Soon after the Oil-Shale Demonstration Plant was established at Rifle, it was decided to construct two N-T-U type oil-shale retorts as the first large-scale units. A cost-plus-fixed-fee contract for the design, fabrication, and erection of the two 40-ton N-T-U retorts was awarded to the Southwestern Engineering Company of Los Angeles, California on September 25, 1945 , The contractor was furnished the basic flow diagrams, conditions of service, and Bureau engineers worked with the company's  engineering staff to prepare the detailed design,  fabrication and erection drawings.  Excavation of the site was done by Bureau crews beginning on April 15, 1946 , and foundation work was completed July 17, 1946.  The  contractor's crews began construction of the equipment immediately following completion of the foundation work and the retorts were ready for operation in May 1947. Another cost-plus-fixed-fee contract was awarded to the  same company for the design, fabrication, and erection of the crushing conveying-storage plant and it was erected concurrently with the retorts. The first retort was fired on May 8 , 1947, a few days before the dedication of the Oil-Shale Demonstration Plant. This report  describes the N-T-U process, the related crushing-  conveying-storage plant, and reviews the operations from May 8,1947, to May 11, 1948. During this period the retorts were  operated to establish operating techniques , to train personnel., to determine the shortcomings of  the equipment and make the necessary alterations to calibrate the equipment and instruments, and to establish the operating variables and thereby prepare a program of experimental work to evaluate each of the variables."

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SHALE FLOW MEASUREMENTS IN THE GAS-COMBUSTION PILOT PLANT NO. 2, Report of Experiment No. 23

The discharge characteristics of the roll feeder on the gas combustion pilot plant No. 2 were determined and found to be a linear function of the rate of rotation.  The shale flow characteristics were also determined.  These tests indicated that the shale moved slowest in the corners in the upper portion on the shale bed and fastest in the corners in the area just above the rolls.  The shale flow and discharge characteristics appear comparable to those in the No. 1 and No. 3 plants.

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RETORTING OF OIL SHALE IN THE HAYES LOW TEMPERATURE COAL CARBONIZER

"Negotiations with the Colorado Fuel and Iron Corporation were begun April 17, 1946, for using their Hayes low temperature coal carbonization pilot plant for retorting of oil shale. The unit was located in the C. F. & I. coke plant at minnequa, Colorado, a suburb of Pueblo, Colorado.  An agreement was reached April 27, 1946, whereby the Hayes pilot plant was made available to the Bureau tor limited experimental operation. Under the agreement, the Oil-Shale Demonstration Plant was to supply and crush the oil shale needed for the operation as well as furnish technical personnel and operating crews to conduct the experiments. Operation of the Hayes process was desirable in order to determine the difficulties encountered because of oil shale caking. In addition, shale oil was needed for preliminary shale oil refining studies at the  Bureau of Mines Petroleum and Oil-Shale Experiment Station, Laramie, Wyoming. Such operations would also furnish operating experience  to Bureau personnel subsequently to be engaged in oil-shale retorting.  Five samples of oil shale possessing caking characteristics ranging from non-caking to moderate caking were charged to the Hayes unit in five separate runs."

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MASS SHALE RATE A RETORT DESIGN CONSIDERATION Planning and Evaluation Section Report No. 2

"The study of various proposals for retorting oil shale has  resulted in the recognition of the existence of certain fundamental relationships which must be considered when evaluation oil-shale retorting processes. Retorting-plant designs frequently are predicated on heat transfer  considerations alone. Examination for a limiting mass shale  rate, expressed as pounds per hour per square foot, is often overlooked. Such a limitation on the allowable mass shale rate appears to exist for the internal-combustion type of retort. Based on factors to be discussed  later, a much higher mass shale rate should be permissible for retorts operating on the carrier-gas recirculation principle. Oil-shale retorting processes may be classified into five broad categories according to the nature of the method used for the introduction of heat to the Shale:  Class I - Retorting by heat transfer through a wall to  the shale.  Class II - Retorting by heat transfer from flue gas generated by combustion of shale within the retorting  vessel.  Class III - Retorting by heat transfer from as externally heated carrier fluid (gas or liquid) recycled through  the retorting bed.  Class IV - Retorting by heat transfer from externally heated solids, recycled through the retorting bed.  Class V - Retorting by electrical methods such as induction,  radiant, or resonant heating. The emphasis of engineering research to date has been directed toward the development of gas-to-solids shale-retorting processes. The two possibilities for gas-to-solids heating are by internal combustion (Class II) and by a heat-carrying medium (Class III wherein recalculated carrier gas is heated through the use of auxiliary equipment outside the  retort itself. The first part of this report will be concerned with internal combustion retorting, while the second will touch upon the carrier-gas retorting principle."

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REPORT ANVIL POINTS FACILITY

"The Anvil Points Fact Finding Committee was established  at the request of the Deputy Assistant Secretary, Resource Development and Operations in June 1980 by a Memorandum from the Director, Naval Petroleum and Oil Shale Reserves , (Appendix A). The purpose of the Committee was to investigate all facets of the operation of the mine and facilities at Anvil Points on Naval Oil Shale Reserve Number Three near Rifle, Colorado. This was to include review of the existing lease, inspection of the structures and the mine, investigation of the availability of water rights for the facility, determination of the status of the fire in the shale fines pile near the crusher, and review of the relationship of the lessee with local and state jurisdictional agencies. The Committee was tasked to report the present status as it relates to possible future development and provide options and recommendations for future development with estimated costs of accomplishment."

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BIBLIOGRAPHY UNDERGROUND COAL GASIFICATION 1973-1980

"Publications listed in this bibliography result from oil-shale research conducted under a continuous train of federal oil-shale programs. The U.S. Bureau of Mines began investigation of shale-oil production during World War I, generating the oil-shale portion of this bibliography's  first entry. With passage of the Synthetic Liquid Fuels Act in 1944, two major Bureau of Mines oil-shale research installations were established --production research at the Oil-Shale demonstration Plant near Rifle, Colorado. and the oil-shale research and testing at the Laramie Petroleum and Oil-Shale Experiment Station in Laramie, Wyoming. Published research reports from both of these stations are cited in this bibliography. With completion of the Synthetic Liquid Fuels Act program in 1956, the Oil-Shale Demonstration Plant was closed. This left the Bureau of Mines Laramie Station, which eventually became the Laramie Energy Technology Center (LETC), as the sole site of federally sponsored oil-shale and shale-oil research although a few peripheral projects were conducted at  other Bureau of Mines installations. For a long period LETC was the only western world laboratory conducting continuing research on oil shale and production of energy from it. Oil-shale publications by LETC were the major additions to oil-shale literature thru this period. Recognition of the United States energy dilemma. reawakened interest in oil. shale and eventually led to the establishment of the Energy Research and Development Administration (ERDA) and then the Department of Energy (DOE). The Laramie Energy Technology Center is designated as DOE's oil-shale  lead laboratory. Field projects and oil-shale laboratory's research continued at LETC although the Center's role broadened. This bibliography lists the oil-shale work at and sponsored by LETC extending the period covered thru 1979. Compilation of this bibliography was initially the work of M. P. Rogers. Extension to 1976 was compiled by Marjorie Rinehart with listings prepared by Donna Forster. Charlotte Miller compiled and prepared this edition"

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SYNTHETIC LIQUID FUELS PRODUCTION COSTS BY HYDROGENATION OF COAL AT HIGH TEMPERATURE, PLANNING AND EVALUATION REPORT NO. 22

Motor gasoline cost from a complete 30,000 barrels per stream day high-temperature coal-hydrogenation plant located at Rock Springs, Wyoming and using Rock Springs bed coal is 33.5 cents per gallon based on January 1951 prices and NPC economics.  Total plant investment on the same basis is 410,900,000.  An approximated price for March 1954 is 38.4 cents per gallon.  The comparable January 1951 price and investment for a Bergius modernized coal-hydrogenation plant are 37.4 cents per gallon and 464,490,000. The independent economic effect is presented in graphical form in figures 10 through 15 for the following variables:  1. Cost of hydrogenation convertors.   2. Quantity of recycle gas used.  3.  Percent of coal that remains unconverted to gasoline plus gas.  4. Percent of coal converted of gasoline at a constant level of carbon conversion to gasoline plus gas.  5. Quantity of ammonium molybate catalyst used.  The gasoline conversion is the most important variable from an economic standpoint.  An increase in gas production not only reduces the yield of the premium  product, gasoline, but increases appreciably the quantity of hydrogen consumed.  The combined economic effect is presented in nomograph form in figure 16 for four of the above variables.

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REVIEW PROGRAM FOR IN SITU RETORT BLASTING TECHNICAL AND COST PROPOSAL

Science Applications, Inc. (SAl) proposes, as a continuation of its investigation of in situ oil shale fragmentation, to conduct a comparative evaluation of the present concepts for in situ retort preparation. The sensitivity of the important oil shale rubblization  parameters for each concept evaluated would be examined in particular to establish the performance limits  that might affect the development of an affordable and reliable technique for in situ retort preparation. Additionally, an appraisal of the Phase I results, in conjunction with the sensitivity studies, would be made to provide an assessment of which of the limiting factors warrants further investigation. This effort would result in the development of the research field program necessary  for the "next step" in Phase II. Concurrent with this study, it is proposed that SAl act as a liaison for technical data transfer between the oil shale industry and the ongoing blasting research of the government laboratories, in particular Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL) and Sandia National Laboratory (SNL).

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GEOTECHNICAL AND RELATED STUDIES AND CONSULTATIONS FOR CONCEPTUAL DESIGN CRITERIA FOR A RETORTED SHALE DISPOSAL FACILITY FULL SCALE MODULE PLANT PHASE 1 appendix A

The Paraho Oil Shale Demonstration Project was carried  out at Anvil Points near Rifle, Colorado from late 1973 to  mid-1976. This project was undertaken to demonstrate the engineering, economic and environmental feasibility and desirability of the Paraho processes and hardware for  retorting oil shale. Retorting demonstrations were first  performed utilizing a pilot Plant and later by a Semi-Works  Plant. A final report consisting of six volumes has been  published. This report describes the research and development operations, engineering design and cost estimating and commercial evaluation studies. Volume 6 is entitled "Retorted Shale Management" and includes the research studies carried out in connection with retorted shale disposal. The next important step proposed by the Paraho Development Corporation (Paraho) is the construction and operation of a full-scale module of the size and design anticipated for commercial plants. Plans are being made for designing such a module. At the present time, Paraho is responding to the work described as Phase I in Program Opportunity Notice DE-PN03-79ET14103. It has been estimated that about 4,000,000 tons (3,300,000 cubic yards) of retorted shale would be produced during the proposed demonstration runs  of the module plant.

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SOIL RESOURCES ANVIL POINTS OIL SHALE FACILITY GARFIELD COUNTY, CO

"The available information on soil classification and  characteristics for the Anvil Points Oil Shale Facility was  assembled and interpreted to evaluate the conditions of the existing soils. A detailed soil phase map was prepared for the study area from the advance soil survey sheets provided by the U.S. Soil Conservation Service. The soils data were also interpreted in terms of the suitability of topsoil as a source of cover material for establishing and maintaining revegetation cover on disturbed areas."

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COMMERCIALIZATION OF EASTERN OIL SHALE

"Eastern oil shale presents a vast untapped resource  lying in the industrial heartland of the U.S. Here there exists ample human resources, and markets to begin full scale commercialization of these valuable resources. American Syn-Crude Corporation has at its disposal over 150,000 acres of prime oil shale land situated along the outcrop belt in Eastern Kentucky and South Central Ohio and is proceeding with the orderly development of a commercial facility for the extraction of oil, gas and elemental sulfur. The process technology selected for this first eastern shale oil plant is based upon the Petrosix retort. This technology has been under development by Petrobras in Brazil for the past ten years and has proven to be very efficient and reliable. This fact coupled with the similarity between Eastern Shale and Brazilian shale , and the ease of mining in the outcrop area makes it possible to develop economic small scale commercial retorting units."

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NET ENERGY RECOVERIES FOR THE IN SITU DIELECTRIC HEATING OF OIL SHALE

"Dielectric heating, either using shortwave or microwave frequencies, can volumetrically heat in situ oil shale to pyrolysis temperatures without being impeded by the very poor thermal conductivity or impermeable nature of the in place resource. A containment approach, along with use  of the total energy within the resource, and recycling of waste heat products are the keys to making the process energy efficient and thereby economical. Based on the assumed considerations (which include the ac and  RF generator efficiencies), the net energy recovery (ratio of the energy in the product produced to the process energy expended) ranges between 3.4 to 5.4 for 32 gal/ton shales. The cost of generating the ac and RF  power, including capital charges, is in the order of a few dollars per barrel."

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OIL SHALE STRATEGY

The existence of vast quantities of "oil shale" has been known in the area of what is now Colorado, Wyoming, and Utah as long as man has inhabited these areas. The local Indians discovered that certain types of rock would literally burn and make an adequate (albeit smoky)  campfire. In 1918, the National Geographic(1) waxed eloquent over the potential of oil locked in the rocks that, by this time, had been identified by geologists as the "Green River Formation." Recent estimates by the U.S. Geological Survey indicate that the Green River Formation  is the world's largest deposit of hydrocarbons, potentially exceeding the fields of the Middle East, the North Sea, and Alaska by several orders of magnitude. The Green River Formation, taken as an entity, is estimated to contain the equivalent of 1.8 trillion barrels of oil, in shale that contains 15 or more gallons of oil to the ton.  If only the higher quality components of the formation are considered, approximately 600 billion barrels of shale oil have been identified, using over 25 gallons of oil per ton of shale as a criterion for establishing high-grade occurrences. Oil shale occurs in many parts of the United States as shown in Figure 1-1. The estimated equivalent barrels of oil in place for the major shale formations are also shown in Figure I-I. The richer shales are located in the Green River Formation; details of this formation are  shown in Figure I-2.

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REVIEW OF DOE REPORT "OIL SHALE PROJECT, EXTINGUISHMENT AND STABILIZATION PLAN, ANVIL POINTS, COLORADO" - NVO-206

The Department of Energy (DOE) Anvil Points Experiment Station was established for the purpose of conducting demonstrations of the hot retorting process for the extraction of petroleum products from oil shale. Recently, the facility, which is under the jurisdiction of the Laramie Energy Technology Center (LETC), has been leased to Development Engineers, Inc. (DEI) who had been using two Paraho retorts to extract oil from the oil shale. The spent shale, as well as raw shale fines, which cannot be utilized in this particular extraction process, have  been disposed as waste products on the downhill side of the plant. A smoldering fire, of undetermined origin. has developed within the raw shale fines disposal pile. This fire is venting known toxic and flammable gases and is resulting in the seepage of a mixture of oil and water (kerogen) from the base of the disposal pile. These by-products of the disposal pile fire are presenting both an industrial safety and an environmental hazard.  An engineering report was prepared by Reynolds Electrical and Engineering Co., Inc., entitled "Oil Shale Projects, Extinguishment and Stabilization Plan, Anvil Points, Colorado." The report presents a plan to extinguish the oil shale fire and provide a stable storage area for the raw shale wastes.

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CONSIDERATIONS FOR RETORTING OIL SHALES WITH SUPERHEATED WATER VAPOR

"The use of superheated water vapor (steam)is not a new concept in oil shale retorting. However, careful evaluation of data presented in the literature , particularly that of  Wells, Gavin, and Bae, reveals that water is chemically reactive in oil shale retorting, producing larger than normal quantities of hydrogen gas and slightly higher oil yields of  improved quality oil. Investigation at Marathon Oil Company 's Research Center was initiated as the result of  these observations to reevaluate superheated water vapor processes for recovery of shale oil. Data obtained during these laboratory evaluations led to the conclusion that retorting in the presence of water vapor has unique advantages among which are: (1) increased yields of  oil and gas, (2) lower retorting temperatures,  (3) simplified oil recovery technology, (4) higher quality product gases with increased hydrogen content (5) more environmentally accepted retorted shales."

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PARAHO MODULE PROGRAM - ELECTRICAL TRANSMISSION FACILITY - TASK 9.1.7

"The Paraho Module Program is designed to be - demonstrated on Section 32,Township 9S, Range 2SE, Uintah County, Utah, which is under state lease.  The electrical power distribution system for the mine and its support facilities has been designed and sized. In addition, energy usage has been estimated. The electrical single-line drawing is shown in Plate No. 20"

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KINETICS OF OIL GENERATION FROM COLORADO OIL SHALE

"Isothermal and nonisothermal methods have been used to investigate the kinetics of oil generation during decomposition of 91.7 ml/kg (22 U.S. gal/short ton) Colorado oil shale. The result from the nonisothermal method gives an apparent activation energy of 219.4 kJ/mol and a frequency factor of 2.81 x 1013 s-1.  Furthermore, the process is found to be first-order to within experimental error. These results compare favorably with isothermal data reported here and in the literature. The results show the reliability and convenience of nonisothermal kinetic experiments in studying oil-shale  decomposition reactions. The principal advantages are short-term experiments and the lack of initial heat-up periods_ Moreover, nonisothermal experiments more accurately simulate actual conditions of above-ground and in situ oil-shale retorting. These kinetics are 'effective 'values and can only properly be used to describe the macroscopic oil-production process rather than the complex microchemistry."

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ESTIMATE OF LOCAL SERVICE EMPLOYMENT AND DIVERSIFICATION POTENTIAL RELATED TO DEVELOPMENT OF A SINGLE OIL SHALE PLANT IN GARFIELD COUNTY AND AN EIGHT PLANT REGIONAL COMPLEX

"This report estimates the potential economic effects expressed in incremental employment, of building and operating a single oil shale plant on Parachute Creek in Garfield County, Colorado. It also identifies some of the industries which might be candidates for diversification  programs designed to minimize the possible specialization  of the regional economy as it becomes overly dependent on an eventual multi plant industry--oil shale."

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THE USE Of LOW-BTU PRODUCT GASES IN OIL SHALE RETORT!NG

"The production of large quantities of low - BTU gas typical of direct retorting processes is described . Alternative methods to use the gas within the processes depends on whether the process is considered to be a continuous or a batch operation. Continuous processes produce a constant quantity and quality of low BTU gas, so  processing is not as difficult. The gas from batch  processes however, can vary both in quantity and quality, and is more difficult to use. This paper addresses the use of these gases to make batch processes more efficient.  Combustion characteristics and design considerations  for burning these gases are also presented."

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BX IN SITU OIL SHALE PROJECT - ANNUAL TECHNICAL PROGRESS REPORT FOR MARCH 1, 1981 - FEBRUARY 28, 1982 AND QUARTERLY TECHNICAL PROGRESS REPORT FOR DECEMBER 1, 1981 - FEBRUARY 28, 1982

"March 1, 1981 - February 28, 1982 is the fifth year of work on the BX In Situ Oil Shale Project and is the second year in which steam injection was continuous. During the year, 393,965 barrels of water as steam and 72,397 barrels of hot water were injected into Project injection wells at average wellhead injection temperatures of 737  F and 276oF, respectively and average wellhead injection pressures of 1359 PSIG and 745 PSIG. During the same period, 575,215 barrels of fluid were produced from the  Project production wells. The ratio of produced-to-injected  fluid for the year was 1.23 to 1.0. Oil Production during the  year totaled 776 barrels. Work accomplished during the year included the attempt to drill a core hole in the Project Pattern. Steam injection was suspended during the drilling of the core hole."

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BX IN SITU OIL SHALE PROJECT - QUARTERLY TECHNICAL PROGRESS REPORT FOR DECEMBER 1, 1977 - FEBRUARY 28, 1978

During the quarter December 1, 1977 to February 28, 19-8, work on the BX In Situ Oil Shale Project consisted of planning and design for the field and laboratory tasks of the Project. Delays in receiving drilling bids have caused a slippage in the projected start up of the field project from July 1, 1978, to an estimated time of mid-August, 1978.

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