AndreaBozzo/ceres-open-data-index huggingface dataset:
Construction and utilization of a large-scale coal-fired pressurized fluidized-bed facility

New York University (NYU), has designed and constructed a sub-pilot scale pressurized fluidized-bed combustor (PFBC) at the Antonio Ferri Laboratories, Westbury, Long Island, NY. The basic feature of this experimental research facility is a well-instrumented, 30-inch diameter coal combustor capable of operating up to 10 atm, and is provided with a liberal number of ports, making it a versatile unit for the study of fundamental in-bed phenomena, and for component and instrumentation development. Additionally, the overall design features make it a flexible facility for solving a variety of industrial research problems. Lignite combustion studies showed the amenability of the fuel for efficient combustion in the PFBC system. Combustion efficiencies over 99% were obtained in tests with dolomite, alumina, and sand bed materials under operating conditions of 7 atm pressure, 1500 to 1600/sup 0/F bed temperature, 4 to 5.5 ft/s fluidizing velocity, and 15 to 30% excess air. The study of physical and chemical changes of bed materials vs. running time showed that replenishment of bed material may be necessary to maintain desired particle size in the bed. The sand bed agglomeration problem faced in AFBC's seemed to have been contained at least during the 40-hr test at 7 atm pressure. Attempts were made to quantify the alkali vapor emission in exhaust flue gases. The measurements indicated alkali emissions of around 3000 ppB though suggested limits for gas turbines is only 20 ppB. The alkali earth compounds (Na, Ca, Mg) inherent in lignite ash appear to effectively limit the SO/sub 2/ emissions into the atmosphere to 400 ppM compared to an EPA limit of about 600 ppM. The gas composition and temperature profiles obtained along the coal feed axis indicate significant thermochemical changes within a very short coal stream flow distance inside the bed. 15 refs., 40 figs., 64 tabs.

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Development of an advanced, continuous mild gasification process for the production of co-products (Task 4. 7), Volume 3

The focus of this task is the preparation of (1) preliminary piping and instrument diagrams (P IDs) and single line electrical diagrams for a site-specific conceptual design and (2) a factored cost estimate for a 24 ton/day (tpd) capacity mild gasification process development unit (PDU) and an associated form coke preparation PDU. The intended site for this facility is the Illinois Coal Development Park at Carterville, Illinois, which is operated by Southern Illinois University at Carbondale. (VC)

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Development of an advanced continuous mild gasification process for the production of coproducts

This report is a final brief summary of development of a mild-gasification and char conversion process. Morgantown Energy Technology Center developed a concept called mild gasification. In this concept, devolatilization of coal under nonoxidizing and relatively mild temperature and pressure conditions can yield three marketable products: (1) a high-heating-value gas, (2) a high-aromatic coal liquid, and (3) a high-carbon char. The objective of this program is to develop an advanced, continuous, mild-gasification process to produce products that will make the concept economically and environmentally viable. (VC)

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Development of an advanced continuous mild gasification process for the production of coproducts: Task 4. 6, Technical and economic evaluation

Morgantown Energy Technology Center (METC) of DOE has sponsored, and continues to sponsor, programs for the development of technology and market strategies which will lead to the commercialization of processes for the production of coproducts from mild gasification of coal. It has been recognized by DOE and industry that mild gasification is a promising technology with potential to economically convert coal into marketable products, thereby increasing domestic coal utilization. In this process, coal is devolatilized under non- oxidizing conditions at mild temperature (900--1100{degrees}F) and pressure (1--15psig). Condensation of the vapor will yield a liquid product that can be upgraded to a petroleum substitute, and the remaining gas can provide the fuel for the process. The residual char can be burned in a power plant. Thus, in a long-term national scenario, implementation of this process will result in significant decrease of imported oil and increase in coal utilization.

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Molten carbonate fuel cell technology improvement

The overall objective of this program is to define a competitive CG/MCFC power plant and the associated technology development requirements and to develop an improved cell configuration for molten carbonate fuel cells which has improved performance, has reduced cell creep and electrolyte management consistent with 40,000 hour projected life, reduces existing cell cost, and is adaptable to a range of power plant applications. Component design specifications for the end-cells of the alternative cell configuration were completed. Testing to evaluate new components was performed on 14 cells during this reporting period with eight tests started and terminated, and six tests continuing into the next reporting period. A test and performance summary of all the single cell tests conducted to date on this program is presented in Table 1. A single cell test to qualify new matrix materials and matrix reinforcement was successfully completed. Integrated cell testing of new anode- and cathode-side components was completed. Single cell tests were conducted to identify the electrolyte fill procedure for the new cell configuration. Methods of fabricating manifold seals from the new candidate materials are being developed. Preparation of construction drawings for the 1-ft{sup 2} short stack was continued. Fabrication of repeating cell components for the 1-ft{sup 2} short stack was initiated. Trials to tape cast electrodes and matrices were initiated, tooling to form current collectors is being fabricated, and existing tooling to form separator plates is being modified. Non-repeat components from the previous 1-ft{sup 2} short stack that are acceptable for re-use were identified. New non-repeat components that are required have been ordered. Preparation of the test stand for the 1-ft{sup 2} short stack test was initiated. 2 figs., 3 tabs.

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Effects of coal-derived trace species on the performance of molten carbonate fuel cells

The primary objective of this study is to assess the overall combined effect of coal-derived gas-phase trace contaminants. The species will be simultaneously present in fuel gas at concentrations near the single contaminant tolerance level found for the MCFC. The species will include, but are not limited to mercury, tin lead, selenium, arsenic, and zinc in the presence of ammonia (NH{sub 3}), hydrogen sulfide (H{sub 2}S) and halide (HCl). To accomplish this, the contractor will provide: (1) comprehensive reports of the data obtained and briefings presenting our current understanding of the interaction mechanisms and various products formed, (2) an updated list of MCFC tolerances for trace species when tested in combination in coal-gas mixtures of at least seven contaminants such as might exist in fuel from a typical entrained- or fluidized-bed gasifier, and (3) a mathematical model capable of predicting the effects of combinations of trace species on performance and endurance of the MCFC. 39 refs., 1 fig., 3 tabs.

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National Institute for Petroleum and Energy Research 1990 annual report, October 1, 1989--September 30, 1990

Research programs at NIPER cover a wide spectrum of specific technical tasks, all of which relate to three broad technology areas: (1) Enhanced oil recovery and all of the associated technical activities such as reservoir characterization and imaging techniques; (2) Alternative fuels evaluation and testing, including the supporting technologies of thermodynamics research and fuels characterization; (3) Environmentally technology related to production, transportation, and utilization of oil and gas.

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Subsidence due to fluid withdrawal: a survey of analytical capabilities. [1225 citations]

An extensive review of the literature was conducted in the area of land subsidence due to the withdrawal of fluids. A method of categorizing the citations was developed to facilitate identification of references relating to specific fields of interest. A brief review of the materials represented by the bibliography indicates the state-of-the-art within this area. The bibliography (containing 1225 citations) is presented in its categorized form. 5 figs., 3 tabs.

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FY 1984 USGS annual report

The purpose of this report is to provide geologic data and interpretations in these Rocky Mountain basins that will ultimately lead to an improved understanding of the nature and distribution of tight gas-bearing reservoirs and aid recovery technology. The report is in two parts; the first is a discussion of the geologic characterization of low-permeability gas reservoirs in selected wells from the Greater Green River Basin; the second is a summary report of investigations conducted during FY-1984 in the Piceance Creek Basin, including the MWX site. Both parts have been processed separately for inclusion in the Energy Data Base.

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VOLUMETRIC HEATING OF OILSHALES BY ELECTROMAGNETIC METHODS Volume 6: Heat Conduction in Heterogeneous Media and Volumetric Heating of Oilshales by Electromagnetic Methods

The problem of volumetric heating of oil shales by electromagnetic methods and the effects of layering on heat conduction in oil shales are studied theoretically. This study includes both a detailed examination of heat conduction in composite media, and the development of a numerical model to describe the heating process. A new solution to a heat conduction equation in heterogenous materials is developed which includes both the effects of inclusions and contact resistance. The solution is presented in terms of the associated Green function and numerical results are displayed. A new solution to the heat conduction equation is presented for materials which consist of constituents whose thermal properties vary in a discontinuous manner. This solution is also presented in terms of a Green function and an iteration technique is developed to solve the related eigenfunction problem. Numerical results are exhibited for heat flow in layered materials. A two dimensional numerical model which describes electromagnetic heating of oil shales is developed which includes equations for temperature, pressure, saturations, chemical reactions, mass conservation, and source terms. The gases are all assumed to form one bulk species and the oil is assumed to remain in liquid form. The chemical reactions include pyrolysis of kerogen and char, release of bound water, coking, and decomposition of carbonates. Porosity and permeability are dynamic functions of the organic materials. Calibration of the model is accomplished by comparison of the model results with experimental data obtained by IITRI. Nonlinear relationships for viscosity, thermal properties, and source terms are used as inputs to the model. A finite difference approximation to the differential equations is derived and solved using Newton's iteration technique. Numerical results are included and a preliminary study of the optimization of the heating process is presented. 44 refs., 63 figs.

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Fluidized bed boiler convective zone tube replacement

A major problem with the Georgetown University Atmospheric-Pressure, Fluidized-Bed Combustor-Boiler (GU AFBC) experienced during the first six years of operation was tube erosion. Previous corrective measures for in-bed tube erosion appeared to be effective, but excessive wear of the convective zone tubes was still occurring, and the entire heat transfer tube bundle in the boiler required replacement. In the planned project, the eroded tubes would be replaced, and the convective zone modified to eliminate the problem. Progress is discussed.

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Advanced coal-fueled gas turbine systems reference system definition update

The objective of the Direct Coal-Fueled 80 MW Combustion Turbine Program is to establish the technology required for private sector use of an advanced coal-fueled combustion turbine power system. Under this program the technology for a direct coal-fueled 80 MW combustion turbine is to be developed. This unit would be an element in a 207 MW direct coal-fueled combustion turbine combined cycle which includes two combustion turbines, two heat recovery steam generators and a steam turbine. Key to meeting the program objectives is the development of a successful high pressure slagging combustor that burns coal, while removing sulfur, particulates, and corrosive alkali matter from the combustion products. Westinghouse and Textron (formerly AVCO Research Laboratory/Textron) have designed and fabricated a subscale slagging combustor. This slagging combustor, under test since September 1988, has been yielding important experimental data, while having undergone several design iterations.

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Coal-fueled diesel systems research

The overall objective of this program was to investigate the economic and technical features for a coal-fueled diesel locomotive system. Commercialization merits of coal-fueled locomotives were examined. Bench scale screening tests and full scale verification tests were conducted to determine the effects of selected coal fuels on fuel specification, handling, injection, ignition/combustion, and engine wear. Technology deficits would be noted for recommended future evaluation. 113 refs., 71 figs., 30 tabs.

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Reduction of erosion in elbows due to flow modifications

The objective of this project was the reduction of erosion in elbows (bends), in pneumatic transport systems, due to flow field modification. Air was to be injected into a bend, thus modifying the flow so that the eroding particles are kept from the surfaces. The goal of this effort was to achieve erosion rates less than those of blind-tees. A fluidized blind-tee and two different air injection bends were selected for detailed investigation. The detailed investigation demonstrated that the air injection bends significantly reduced erosion rates, but never developed an erosion rate less than that for a blind-tee. Although the air injection bends'erosion rates approached those for a blind-tee; technically the blind-tee represents a simpler system and consequently will probably remain the choice of engineers concerned with erosion of bends. 20 figs., 8 tabs.

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Novel sorbents for high temperature regenerative H/sub 2/S removal. Topical report, October 1983-July 1984

The overall objective of this project is to develop regenerable sorbents for fuel gas desulfurization at an operating temperature of 550 to 750/sup 0/C. Two classes of sorbents are being investigated for removal of H/sub 2/S from about 1 vol % to sub-ppM levels. The main characteristics of these sorbents are rapid kinetics of absorption and good regenerability. The rapid absorption kinetics are realized by eliminating or minimizing the resistance associated with solid state diffusion. With these properties, the sorbents would be suitable for coal gasification/molten carbonate fuel cell (MCFC) applications, but could also be applied to combined cycle power generation and the purification of synthesis gas. Work in Phase I was divided into two major tasks. The first task was to synthesize and test sorbents consisting of supported melts of binary oxides, particularly ZnO-V/sub 2/O/sub 5/ on high surface area supports. The second task involved the synthesis, characterization and testing of unsupported binary oxides such as ZnO-Fe/sub 2/O/sub 3/ in the form of porous solid compounds or solid solutions of relatively high surface area. In general, the results from Phase I of this project have demonstrated the importance of the physical properties of sorbents for improved stable performance, and have identified new materials with superior sorbent properties both at lower (538/sup 0/C) and higher (700/sup 0/C) operating temperatures. Among the several H/sub 2/S sorbent systems that were tested, the novel copper and zinc ferrite materials from class B and the CuMoO/sub 4/-MoO/sub 3//alumina from class A have shown the most promising performance. These will be studied in more detail during Phase II of this work. 16 refs., 17 figs., 8 tabs.

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Studies in tar formation and separation in coal gasification systems. Final technical report

Devolatilization behavior of a subbituminous and a bituminous coal in relation to tars evolution was studied in a laboratory simulated devolatilization section of an air-blown Lurgi-type gasifier. The temperature range studied was 350/sup 0/ to 550/sup 0/C, at pressures of 30, 300 and 375 psig. The feed gas was a synthetic mixture of composition similar to that leaving the gasification zone of a fixed bed gasifier and contained 30% by volume of steam. The tar samples collected were analyzed on a capillary GC for individual components and thirty such components were quantified; these included aromatic and aliphatic homologues, and also sulphur and nitrogen substituted structures. The molecular weights of tar samples showed a maximum between 300 and 500. The tar yields were higher for the mixed gas stream (reactive gas) than for the helium blank runs case. In the case of the bituminous coal, the devolatilization resulted in more than double the amount of tar as compared to that from the subbituminous coal, for both types of gas streams. A typical set of runs were carried out in order to evaluate the catalytic and thermal cracking of the tars present in the gasifier off-gas stream; the cracking referred to here is essentially hydrocracking, in view of the considerable amount of hydrogen present in the gas stream. The catalyst evaluated for tar cracking was a commercial cobalt-molybdenum catalyst, supported on ..gamma..-Al/sub 2/O/sub 3//sup -/. In the presence of the cracking unit, the rates of evolution of methane and propylene showed a small increase; there was a decrease in the amount of tar obtained; and the concentrations of the higher-ringed structures appeared to be lowered, thus, cracking could become beneficial in downstream processing. Finally, scrubbing experiments were carried out on the hot gas/tar stream evolved from the simulated devolatilization section.

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Development of Mobility Control Methods to Improve Oil Recovery by CO2

In certain reservoir situations, highly compressed carbon dioxide has a great advantage over more common fluids as a displacement agent to force crude oil from the porous rock in which it's found. The advantage is that a much higher microscopic efficiency can be attained in the displacement process - at least in the laboratory. This research aims to relieve a major difficulty that has so far prevented this high efficiency from being reached in field applications. The difficulty is that because CO/sub 2/ is much less viscous than oil or water, the injected fluid does not displace the oil uniformly. Instead, the CO/sub 2/ moves faster in some regions and directions than others, and viscous fingers are formed, through which most of the injected fluid flows. Some of these breakthrough into the production wells, lowering the effectivenesss of both the injected CO/sub 2/ and of the production pumping capacity. The aims of this project has been to develop ways to thicken the injected CO/sub 2/, so as to forestall the growth of these parasitic flow patterns and the premature breakthrough that results from them. Two ways of thickening CO/sub 2/ have been investigated. Substantial progress has been made in both developments and both are promising. The first of the methods studied considers the use of polymer dissolved in the dense CO/sub 2/ to increase its viscosity by the needed extent. The second method to thicken the injected CO/sub 2/ is to combine it with aqueous surfactant solution in a CO/sub 2/ foam. The second of these methods is much nearer to field use than the other, particularly in lower temperature reservoirs. Work in this project has covered many details of the development of these thickening methods and has also considered the means by which they might be applied in the oilfield.

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Literature review of sampling probes. Topical report of Phase V:  probe inlet design. [57 references]

A comprehensive review of particulate sampling is presented. The previous work is categorized as: (1) sampling from a flowing process stream, (2) atmospheric sampling, and (3) filter modeling. Empirical and theoretical studies are treated separately. An assessment is presented from which problem areas are identified. Recommendations are given for future work in particulate sampling in flowing process streams.

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Computer simulation of sulfur gas removal prior to molten carbonate fuel cells. Final report, October 1, 1979-January 3, 1981. [Hot carbonate computer code diethanolamine computer code]

A two-step acid gas treatment system has been selected for removal of sulfur gases from coal gasifier off-gas prior to use in a molten carbonate fuel cell. The system employs an absorber and regenerator for hot potassium carbonate scrubbing, an absorber and regenerator for diethanolamine scrubbing, and an impregnated activated carbon or zinc oxide adsorption column. Fortran computer programs have been developed to simulate the design of the hot potassium carbonate and diethanolamine systems. An example design is presented for a gasifier off-gas with the following characteristics: 22,284 lb moles per hour flow rate, 248/sup 0/F temperature, 214.7 psia pressure, and mole fractional compositions of CO/sub 2/ and H/sub 2/S of 0.1941 and 0.0104, respectively. Off-gas from the diethanolamine absorber has mole fractional compositions of CO/sub 2/ and H/sub 2/S of 0.0040 and 0.00001, respectively. Column dimensions for the hot potassium carbonate system are 9.69 feet in diameter by 87.13 feet in height for the absorber and 17.94 feet in diameter by 61.87 feet in height for the regenerator. Column dimensions for the diethanolamine system are 8.29 feet in diameter by 87.49 feet in height for the absorber and 10.33 feet in diameter by 73.79 feet in height for the regenerator. The dimensions for the carbonate system correspond to columns in two parallel treatment trains, each of which has an absorber and a regenerator, while dimensions for the amine system are for a single treatment train. Optimization of the computer code is recommended in order to further improve the utility of the design simulation.

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