AndreaBozzo/ceres-open-data-index huggingface dataset:
Chemistry of lignite liquefaction. Quarterly report, April-June 1981. [Asphaltenes, preasphaltenes, N,N-dimethylaniline]

Progress reports are presented for the following four tasks: structural studies of lignite-derived asphaltene and preasphaltenes; ether cleavage studies; studies of denitrogenation caused by CO and water reactions; and electron transfer catalysis studies. Some of the observations are: major differences between asphaltenes and preasphaltenes is that the molecular weight maximizes near 1500 g/mol for the preasphaltenes compared to 400 g/mol for the asphaltenes; asphaltenes have little or no aliphatic or aryl aliphatic ethers whereas preasphaltenes have significant amounts; asphaltenes have major amounts of diaryl ethers and smaller amounts of dibenzofurans while the reverse is true for preasphaltenes; there is a general decrease in diaryl ethers as the temperature of preparation is increased for both the asphaltenes and the preasphaltenes; for asphaltenes a corresponding increase in dibenzofurans is seen but for preasphaltenes these ethers are roughly constant with temperature; lack of cleavage of up to 54% of the ether originally present remains a critical problem; the observed increase in molecular weight particularly with asphaltenes is inconsistent with the model structure and must be examined further; under reducing conditions at liquefaction temperatures, N,N-dimethylaniline gives the products: benzene, toluene, N-methylbenzylamine, N-methylaniline and aniline, H/sub 2/ is superior to CO-H/sub 2/O for the denitrogenation ofN,N-dimethylaniline into benzene; only the combined effect of the additives H/sub 2/S and HCO/sub 2/H can increase the yield of benzene and its reduction products; no electronic effect of the Ni/support catalyst on MgO was noted for hydrogenation, dealkylation, hydrogenolysis, dehydrogenation, except in the case of methanation.

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Laboratory observations of the effect of geological discontinuities on hydrofracture propagation

We have performed a series of laboratory tests to study the propagation of a hydrofracture into and through an interface between two rock-like materials. Test specimens were prepared by embedding sandstone tablets (lenses) in blocks of gypsum cement. These blocks were hydrofractured under true triaxial loading conditions, at a constant fluid injection rate. The injection path and applied state of stress were designed so that we obtained a single-wing fracture, propagating in a place perpendicular to the interface. Fracture growth was tracked via extension failure of fine tungsten wires embedded in the gypsum. After testing, the blocks were dissected and the extent of fracturing and fluids leakoff were recorded. In each test, the hydrofracture propagated into and through the discontinuity. Pressure-time and fracture tracking data were consistent for all tests. Distinct step increases on the pressure-time record were also noted in all tests, and are related to the interaction of the hydrofracture with the sandstone lens. All the fracture showed step-crack behavior upon entering or exiting the sandstone tablet. In addition, a finite element model was used to simulate the experiments. Pressure-time records from the model and the experiments compare favorably. 8 refs., 9 figs.

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Great Plains ASPEN Model Development:  ASPEN physical property evaluation. Final topical report

This report documents the steps taken to evaluate pure component properties in the ASPEN data bank for those compounds required to simulate the Great Plains Coal Gasification Plant where the compounds are also available in the DIPPR (Design Institute for Physical Property Data) data bank. DIPPR is a cooperative effort of industry, institutes, and federal agencies interested in the compilation, measurement, and evaluation of physical property data for industrially important compounds. It has been found that the ASPEN data bank is reliable, for the most part, the main problem being lack of documentation. In the few instances where values either were found to be missing or to be unacceptable, recommended constants or equation parameters are presented in this report, along with associated literature citations. In the cases where temperature dependent data were subjected to regression analysis to obtain new equation parameters, the detailed methods employed are presented also. 32 references.

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Production of low-cost hydrogen

This fourth Quarterly Technical Progress Report presents the results of work accomplished during the period June 25, 1990 through September 30, 1990. The overall objective of this program is to verify the ability of the MTCI indirectly heated fluid-bed gasifier to produce a hydrogen-rich product gas from liquefaction by-product streams and from char produced in mild gasification processes. A shakedown test for mild gasification was done during this period. During this test, Eagle Butte Coal was fed at 100 lb/hr with steam fluidization. The start-up was limestone. After about 2{1/2} hours of testing, the test was terminated to make some system modifications to the lock hopper seals and the purge line. It was also discovered that the heat exchanger tubes were partially plugged with lime from the previous shakedown tests. Finally, a char production test was run for 40 hours continuously using the Black Thunder coal at an average feed rate of about 90 lbs/hr (ranging from 60 to 120 lbs/hr). Detailed elemental analysis will be performed after liquid analyses from AMOCO and DOE are obtained. 10 figs., 7 tabs.

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Proceedings of the tenth annual gasification and gas stream cleanup systems contractors review meeting

The Tenth Annual Gasification and Gas Stream Cleanup Systems Contractors Review Meeting was held August 28--30, 1990 at the Lakview Resort and Conference Center in Morgantown, West Virginia. This meeting was sponsored and hosted by the Morgantown Energy Technology Center of the US Department of Energy. The purpose of the meeting was threefold: to review the technical progress and current status of the gasification and gas stream cleanup projects sponsored by the Department of Energy. To foster technology exchange among participating researchers and other technical communities. To facilitate interactive dialogue which would identify novel concepts that would make coal-based gasification and hot gas cleanup systems more attractive economically and environmentally. Two hundred thirty representatives of government, academia, industry, and foreign energy research organizations attended the three-day meeting. Thirty papers and thirty-three poster displays were resented summarizing recent developments in the gasification and gas stream cleanup programs. Scientists, engineers, and administrators discussed many of the issues facing those engaged in the research and development activities that constitute these programs. This document records the Volume 2 of the proceedings of that meeting, and summarizes the gasification and gas stream of cleanup programs. Individual papers have been catalogued separately.

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Characterization and development of a new ceramic electrolyte for fuel cell applications

This work consisted of research directed toward characterization and development of new solid electrolyte materials that are potentially superior to other solid electrolyte materials currently under development (such as yttria-stabilized zirconia). The solid electrolyte technology described herein is based on new ceramic materials generally described as Bismuth Oxide doped with Niobium or Yyyrium oxides that were exclusively licensed to Solid-State Fuel Cells, Inc. by CeramPhysics, Inc. The technology is also based on further material, cell and stack technology concepts and manufacturing methods that were earlier reduced to practice by Solid- State Fuel Cells, Inc., and which are therefore proprietary to the Company. In this report a presentation of the overall program background is provided in Section 2.0. This includes a technical discussion of the technology in the context of the current state of the art. The task work description for the applicable portion of Phase 1 is presented in Section 3.0. Specifically, Phase 1-A comprises the following elements: Electrolyte materials development; testing of electrolyte stability under a reducing environment; development of cell electrodes; test fixtures design and facility erection; and preliminary coupon cell tests. 24 figs., 6 tabs.

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Study of explosive stimulation in Devonian-shale gas wells

A comparison of explosive treatments in eight Devonian shale wells in Union District, Putnam County, WV is presented. Intervals of about 600 ft were shot with (1) 5-inch-diameter gelatin dynamite (6000 lb in 6-1/4 inch hole), (2) EL836 aluminized water gel explosive (12,000 lb in 6-1/4 inch hole) and (3) EL836 in an under reamed hole (37,500 lb in a 12-inch hole). Final open-flow data after treatment indicate substantially larger gas flows from the heavier charge-per-foot treatments. 2 figures, 2 tables.

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Combustion engineering two-stage, atmospheric-pressure, entrained-flow coal-gasification process-development-unit program. Final report

A program was conducted to design, construct and operate a two-stage, atmospheric-pressure, entrained-flow, low-Btu coal-gasification process-development unit (PDU) having a capacity of 5 tons/h of coal. The program was jointly sponsored by the US Department of Energy, the Electric Power Research Institute, and Combustion Engineering, Inc. The objectives of the program were: (1) to demonstrate the capability and suitability of the process and equipment to produce a clean, low-Btu gas from coal, and (2) to provide design information for scale-up to commercial-size plants. During the 3-y PDU test program, beginning in June 1978, a series of 12 runs was conducted. Pittsburgh seam coal was fired for 5085 h and clean fuel gas was produced for 3746 h. Also, coal was fired for 250 h during shakedown, which began in December 1977. Product-gas higher heating values above 100 Btu/scf were observed during initial testing when gasifier thick-wall refractory was intact. However, refractory thickness decreased, causing higher vessel heat absorption and hence lower gas temperatures. Lower-than-design gasification kinetics for Pittsburgh-seam-coal char and higher-than-design vessel heat absorption resulted in lower char-gasification rates and decreased gas-heating values. As a result, when the gasifier was operated at the design feed rate of 10,000 lb/h, char inventory was not in balance and gas-heating values were generally less than 100 Btu/scf. Several equipment and operating problems were identified, including refractory durability, char-feed-system limitations and slag tap blockage. A mathematical model was developed to provide a basis for scale-up to commercial-size gasifiers. The model was calibrated using experimental data from the PDU tests and bench-scale support studies. The major process concepts and gasifier design features were demonstrated in tests at reduced coal feed rates. 66 figures, 55 tables.

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Reaction kinetics and physical mechanisms of ash agglomeration. Progress report, May 24-August 23, 1985

The research program addresses the key issues of ash particle contact, conditions and rates of reaction of mineral matter, and agglomeration conditions in fluidized-bed gasification. The 4-inch diameter devolatilizer was constructed and three batches of char were prepared from Kentucky No. 9 coal. This devolatilizer allows the preparation of much larger and more uniform batches of char than in the past in a shorter time. The hot-stage screening studies of coal mineral matter at atmospheric pressure also were completed this quarter. Results were used to determine that the study reactor must operate in the time frame of approximately 10 seconds at temperatures between 2100 and 2400F. The high-pressure hot-stage studies were begun in this period and will be completed early in the next quarter.

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Integrated gasification combined-cycle power plant at Sears Island, Maine:  feasibility study. Final report. Volume II. [Sears Island, Maine]

Volume 2 contains a discussion of US coal supplies within a reasonable distance, their cost, and transportation method, depending somewhat on the mine location. Also, included are technical and environmental evaluations and comparison with those of a coal-fired plant equipped with a scrubber. Site selection considerations, baseline ecology, permit applications, emissions and air and water pollution control, air and water quality impacts, socio-economic factors, and engineering cost data. The potential for improvements of the combined-cycle plant is considered: increase in temperature on efficiency, advanced gas turbine cycle, acid gas removal (Rectisol II).

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Evaluation of heavy-oil mining. Final report. Volume 2

One of the technologies being advanced on an experimental basis for recovering heavy oil reserves is oil mining. So far, little has been done in this field, particularly in the United States. Because of this situation the US Department of Energy commissioned this study to determine the technical and economic feasibility of recovering heavy oil by mining or mining-assisted methods. The project consisted of the following three tasks: (1) evaluate the heavy oil resource amenable to mine production; (2) evaluate mine technology; and (3) develop preliminary mining concepts for heavy oil resources. Volume II contains Task II and Task III. Task II presents a historical review of heavy oil projects through current and planned projects. It also details various mining methods applicable to heavy oil mining. Task III describes the development of two site-specific heavy oil mining operations. 27 figures, 49 tables.

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Evaluation of heavy-oil mining. Final report. Volume 1

One of the technologies being advanced on an experimental basis for recovering heavy oil reserves is oil mining. So far, little has been done in this field, particularly in the United States. Because of this situation the US Department of Energy commissioned this study to determine the technical and economic feasibility of recovering heavy oil by mining or mining-assisted methods. The project consisted of the following three tasks: (1) evaluate the heavy oil resource amenable to mine production; (2) evaluate mine technology; and (3) developed preliminary mining concepts for heavy oil resources. the first section of Volume I summarizes the work of the tasks and presents conclusions. Task I, which represents the bulk of Volume I, describes the selection process for determing the heavy oil reservoirs amenable to mining technology. Various screening processes are described along with target reservoirs. 44 figures, 13 tables.

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In-situ combustion project at Bartlett, Kansas. Final report

As part of an ongoing research program for enhanced oil recovery, the Bartlesville Energy Technology Center, US Department of Energy, is in the process of developing petroleum-recovery techcniques for shallow, low-productivity, heavy-oil deposits in southeastern Kansas, southwestern Missouri and northeastern Oklahoma. Personnel at BETC designed and conducted an in-situ combustion experiment on the Link Lease in Labette County, near Bartlett, Kansas. The Nelson-McNeil calculation method was used to calculate oil recovery and predict production time for a 1.25 acre inverted five-spot. Two attempts to ignite the formation are described. The well completion methods, hydraulic fracturing, injection of air, workovers, production techniques, and well-monitoring methods of the process are described. Production results are shown for both combustion attempts. The progression of the burn and the final extent of the burn front were evaluated by the following methods: (1) controlled source audio-frequency magnetotelluric technique (CSAMT), (2) thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), (3) burn-front model, (4)geophysical log analysis, and (5) computer model study. 26 figures, 8 tables.

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Aspen simulation of the METC Gasifier and Gas Cleanup System

The Advanced System for Process Engineering (ASPEN) was used to simulate the Morgantown Energy Technology Center (METC) fixed-bed gasifier and 2 portion of the gas cleanup system. Simulations were carried out for each of eleven sets of steady-state or quasi-steady-state data from Run numbers 101, 102, and 104, and the results were compared with experimental data. Four of the datasets were for air-blown gasification of bituminous coal, three were for oxygen-blown gasification of bituminous coal, three were for oxygen-blown gasification of lignite, and one was for air-blown gasification of lignite. Components of the process that were simulated include the gasifier, a cyclone for removing entrained dust from the gas, a dry-quench humidifier for cooling the gas and condensing heavy tars, a cyclone for removing entrained tar particles, a venturi scrubber and decanter for removing low-molecular-weight tars, and direct/indirect coolers and decanter for cooling the gas and removing light oils. Components of the process that were not simulated include an electrostatic precipitator for removing hydrocarbon aerosols from the cooled gas, a Holmes-Stretford system for removing sulfur species, and water scrub columns for washing alkali metals from the product gas. Conclusions and recommendations for future work are also presented. 13 refs., 28 figs., 3 tabs.

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Fluidized-bed combustion development: Volume 3, Evaluation of FBC technology improvement options: Final report

The objective of this phase of the study is to evaluate the benefit of various technology improvements for AFBC industrial steam generation. The technology improvements were identified by a previous phase of the study: Shop Assembly and Modular Construction of Boilers; Use of Delivery Vehicles as Storage Feed Vehicles; Reduction of Fan Power; Use of Natural Fluid Circulation in Lieu of Pumped Circulation; Minimize Bed Drain; and Off-Site Premix of Fuel and Sorbent. The evaluations determined the range of benefits that may be possible from each of the improvements and calculated the present value of the future benefits. The range of present worth (1990) of the benefits were: Reduction of Fan Power - $162-$303 million; Shop Assembly and Modularization - $118-$216 million; Minimum Bed Drain - $19-$37 million; Off-Site Premix of Fuel and Sorbent - $13-$24 million; Natural Circulation - $0.5-$0.9 million; and Use of Delivery Vehicles for Storage - Negative. The study determined evaluation factors for Auxiliary Power, Boiler Efficiency, Capital Cost, Availability and Construction Duration. The recommended priority of research is: (1) Shop Assembly and Modularization; (2) Reduction of Fan Power; (3) Minimum Bed Drain; (4) Off-Site Premix of Fuel and Sorbent; and (5) Natural Circulation. The recommendation is based on a combination of greater benefit and least risk that might result from the research.

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Advanced atmospheric fluidized-bed combustion design:  internally circulating AFBC. Final report

This report defines and characterizes an advanced, industrial, fluidized-bed combustion concept - the internally circulating AFBC - having superior performance and cost characteristics. The internally circulating AFBC incorporates four major innovative features (single fuel feed; jet-attrition-controlled sulfur removal; multiple air staging; and high-velocity, single vessel integral design using draft tube circulation) to achieve: high boiler thermal efficiency (approaching 90% through integral design, high combustion efficiency, and low sorbent consumption,6146 ); fuel flexibility (single coal feed point, coal size up to nominal 2 in, flexible air distribution, capability of feeding and combusting gaseous and liquid fuels,6146 ); high reliability (simplified fuel feed and solids handling,6146 ); turndown flexibility (degree and ease of turndown achieved by integral segmented bed, staged air distribution,6146 ); low sorbent requirements for high SO/sub 2/ control (Ca/S <2 for greater than 90% removal using jet-attrition-controlled sulfur removal,6146 ); low NO/sub x/ emissions (0.1 lb/10/sup 6/ Btu through multiple stages of air injection and capability of maintaining high carbon content,6146 ); compact design (single, shop-fabricated, rail-shippable units with capacity up to 150 x 10/sup 6/ Btu/hr for high-velocity operation,6146 ); and low cost (simplified, integral function design with high efficiency). Westinghouse concludes that the internally circulating AFBC concept has great potential for industrial market acceptance because of its effective performance and high reliability at low steam generation costs. The concept merits further development to evolve its innovative features further and to determine its commercial design configuration and operating conditions.

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Pacific Transmission Supply Company, Sand Ridge II Mesaverde massive hydraulic fracture project, Unitah County, Utah. Final report

The Mesaverde Formation in the Northeast portion of the Uintah Basin is being evaluated to demonstrate the ability of the low permeability reservoirs to economically produce gas after massive hydraulic stimulation. Precontract conditions stated that stimulation would be conducted only upon confirmation of minimum reservoir conditions as determined by reservoir evaluation. The evaluation was done by a combination of drillstem testing, logging, coring, mini-fracturing to determine the in-situ stress field and fracture direction as well as the lab tests on cores. The hydraulic fracturing would be performed only if gas bearing sandstone could be shown to aggregate gas transmissibility of 0.5 millidarcy-feet in the lower Mesaverde and 1.0 millidarcy-feet in the upper zones. The test well was drilled to a total depth of 9282 feet. Production casing was run, and subsequently eight sandstone zones were perforated to test for feasibility of gas production. These zones were selected from critical analyses of drillstem tests, gas logs and open-hole logs. Although all zones showed gas production in small amounts, each zone produced water in varying amounts. Analysis of flow test data indicated that none of the zones met the minimum transmissibility requirements and therefore no massive hydraulic fracturing was performed in the Mesaverde.

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Penn Grade Micellar Displacement Project. Third annual report, June 1977--June 1978. [Lawry project in Bradford field]

During third year operations of the jointly funded Penn Grade Micellar Displacement Project, the plant facilities were completed for the 24-acre test designated Phase II. The transient testing program and the pre-flush brine and micellar slug injection stages were all completed. Biopolymer injection was initiated. This report details the development, testing, and operations of Phase II, as well as plans for continuing the test.

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Status of Multiwell Stimulation Modeling Analysis and Western Gas Sands Hydraulic Fracture Model Development

Hydraulic fracture model development and Multiwell Experiment (MWX) test data are being analyzed at the Morgantown Energy Technology Center (METC) as a part of the Department of Energy's (DOE's) western gas sands research. Hydraulic fracture models have been developed at the University of Tulsa and Oral Roberts University. The purpose of these models is to predict the results of stimulation treatments in tight lenticular sandstone formations. In order to evaluate their predictive capabilities for hydraulic fracturing in lenticular sandstones, these models are being analyzed using actual data from the DOE MWX stimulation tests. Preliminary results included in this report pertain to the pre-stimulation analysis of fracture treatments scheduled for the MWX Coastal zone. The report provides guidelines for western gas sands (WGS) hydraulic fracture model usage (not available in the manuals written by the model developers), results of the models'Coastal interval pre-stimulation predictions, and recommendations for future data analysis and model development. 11 refs., 6 figs., 14 tabs.

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