AndreaBozzo/ceres-open-data-index huggingface dataset:
Displacement of Oil by Carbon Dioxide. Annual report

Reports from 1981 and 1982
Results of a comprehensive research effort to investigate and quantify factors which affect the performance of CO/sub 2/ flood processes in reservoir rocks are presented. An apparatus is described in which displacement of oil from pore networks etched in glass by CO/sub 2/ at high pressure can be observed visually. Results of a series of secondary and tertiary, first contact and multiple contact miscible displacements are reported. Equipment for on-line measurements of mixing in one- and two-phase displacements is described. A new device designed to separate oil and water continuously in a chamber of very low dead volume is also described. Results of one- and two-phase displacements which validate the experimental techniques are reported. Results of a series of PVT experiments to study the effects of changing both the amount of dissolved gas in a crude oil and the system temperature are given. Those results suggest strongly that the extrapolated vapor pressure of CO/sub 2/ is a good estimate of the minimum miscibility pressure if the temperature is below about 140/sup 0/F. Modifications and improvements to the design of the continuous multiple contact apparatus are described, as are preliminary tests of the use of an oscillating quartz crystal to measure viscosities. Results of a series of phase composition measurements to study effects of oil composition on component partitioning in CO/sub 2/-crude oil systems are reported.The theory of the effect of CO/sub 2/-crude oil phase behavior on displacements in an ideal porous medium is tested by predicting the performance of slim tube displacements from independently measured phase behavior and fluid property data obtained with the continuous multiple contact experiment. The quantitative agreement between prediction and experiment is good enough to suggest that the essentials of CO2-crude oil phase behavior can be modeled with a small number of pseudo-components.

Tags: CO2, Carbon dioxide storage, Oil, Resource, enhanced oil recovery
University of Utah - Sample Analysis

The files available under this heading are comprised on data taken from a series of bench-scale separations tests. 

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Tags: Bottom Ash, Class, Coal, Density, Feed, Fixed Carbon, Flotation, Fly Ash, Mag, Magnetic Separation, Mass, NonMag, Particle, Processing, REE, Refuse, Report, Resource, Resource Production, Sample, Size, Stream, Tails, University of Utah, Utilization, Washability
Storage stability of high temperature fuels. Part III.

The Bureau of Mines investigated the contribution of selected components and additives of high-temperature aircraft fuels to thermally induced deposits before and after 52 weeks of storage at 130/sup 0/F. Of particular concern was the influence of fuel constituents on thermal stability quality of jet fuels during storage. A microfuel coker test apparatus was used to measure the thermal stability of test fuels and blends. The contribution of selected fuel components, labeled with carbon-14, to deposit-forming mechanisms was determined by radioactive-counting techniques. Twenty-eight blends of the five test fuels with carbon-14-labeled fuel additives or components reached the final stage of storage at 130/sup 0/F and received final analyses for deposit forming tendency. These additives included an amine-type antioxidant, a metal deactivator, and a corrosion inhibitor. Also included in this study group were oleic acid and 1,5-hexadiene. All three additives showed a marked tendency to degrade and react during storage and thermal stress. Oleic acid was found to interact with cadmium present in aircraft fuel systems and produce deleterious effects upon the thermal stability quality of the fuel. Sixteen blends of the five test fuels with nonradioactive components were prepared as part of a special study. Six of these blends contained 1% of selected aromatic compounds, five blends contained an anti-icing additive, and five blends contained an organic sulfur compound. Results showed changes in thermal stability quality of many of the blends containing sulfur compounds. Four additional special studies were performed as preliminary investigations to continued research of jet fuel stability characteristics. Both were designed to improve producers or develop new, improved procedures for thermal stability tests. 

Tags: Material Engineering Data, aircraft fuels, storage
Geophysical and transport properties of reservoir rocks. Final report for task 4

The principal objective of research on the seismic properties of reservoir rocks is to develop a basic understanding of the effects of rock microstructure and its contained pore fluids on seismic velocities and attenuation. Ultimately, this knowledge would be used to extract reservoir properties information such as the porosity, permeability, clay content, fluid saturation, and fluid type from borehole, cross-borehole, and surface seismic measurements to improve the planning and control of oil and gas recovery. This thesis presents laboratory ultrasonic measurements for three granular materials and attempts to relate the microstructural properties and the properties of the pore fluids to P- and S-wave velocities and attenuation. These experimental results show that artificial porous materials with sintered grains and a sandstone with partially cemented grains exhibit complexities in P- and S-wave attenuation that cannot be adequately explained by existing micromechanical theories. It is likely that some of the complexity observed in the seismic attenuation is controlled by details of the rock microstructure, such as the grain contact area and grain shape, and by the arrangement of the grain packing. To examine these effects, a numerical method was developed for analyzing wave propagation in a grain packing. The method is based on a dynamic boundary integral equation and incorporates generalized stiffness boundary conditions between individual grains to account for viscous losses and grain contact scattering. 

Tags: Geology, induced seismicity, microstructure, pore fluid
Fatigue studies of drill pipe immersed in drilling mud with H2S and CO2. Final report

This report contains results of a test program concerning corrosion fatigue studies of drill pipe immersed in circulating drilling mud containing hydrogen sulfide. The work was performed under controlled conditions in a laboratory at The University of Tulsa, using a test cell specifically designed and built for this program. The facility used real drilling mud circulating, in a closed airtight system, over dynamically-stressed drill pipe specimens. A laboratory computer was used to automatically collect data during the tests, which lasted up to 18 days. No significant difference was found in the performance of normalized-and-tempered vs quenched-and-tempered Grade E drill pipe, but quenched-and-tempered Grade X pipe showed exceptionally desirable qualities. Higher-strength pipe proved to be susceptible to rapid failure via hydrogen embrittlement, as expected. But chemical control of the drilling mud resulted in significant improvement in performance. Corrosion coupons made from five different grades of pipe gave nearly identical corrosion rates under a given set of conditions, but in all cases there was a significant dependence of corrosion rate on temperature. No significant degradation of performance was found when a simple water-based non-dispersed mud was replaced by a dispersed water-based mud containing lignosulfonate. Two precursor effects were found which identify poisoning of steel by hydrogen sulfide. Parameters affected were the stiffness of the steel, and its bulk electrical resistance. The second of these two effects shows some promise for use in the field as a test to identify bad pipe, possibly before cracks begin to grow. 17 references, 53 figures, 32 tables. 

Tags: Experimental, fatigue crack growth rate, h2s corrosion
Target reservoirs for CO2miscible flooding. Vol 2: pt 2

This report describes work performed by Gruy Federal, Inc., as the second of six tasks under contract with the US Department of Energy. The stated objective of this study is to build a solid engineering foundation to serve as the basis for field mini- and pilot tests in both high and low oil saturation carbonate reservoirs for the purpose of extending the technology base in carbon dioxide miscible flooding. The six tasks in this study are: (1) summary of available CO/sub 2/ field test data; (2) summary of existing reservoir and geological data; (3) selection of target reservoirs; (4) selection of specific reservoirs for CO/sub 2/ injection tests; (5) selection of specific sites for test wells in carbonate reservoirs; and (6) drilling and coring activities. The report for Task Two consists of a summary of existing reservoir and geological data on carbonate reservoirs located in west Texas, southeast New Mexico, and the Rocky Mountain states. It is contained in two volumes, each with several parts. The present volume, in four parts, is a summary of reservoir data for fields in the Rocky Mountain states. Volume One contains data for Permian basin fields in west Texas and southeast New Mexico. While a serious effort was made to obtain all publicly available data for the fields considered, sufficiently reliable data on important reservoir parameters were not always available for every field.The data in Volume II show 143 carbonate reservoirs in the study area may be suitable for CO/sub 2/ miscible flooding. Using a general estimate of enhanced oil recovery by CO/sub 2/ flooding of 10% of original oil in place, some 619 million barrels of oil could be recovered by widespread application of CO/sub 2/ flooding in the study area. Mississippian and Ordovician reservoirs appear to be the most promising targets for the process. 

Tags: CO2, Oil, Resource, enhanced oil recovery
LOW INTERFACIAL TENSION AND MISCIBILITY STUDIES FOR. SURFACTANT TERTIARY ENHANCED OIL

The effects of temperature and of divalent ion concentration on the structure of aqueous surfactant solutions have been determined. As temperature increases, the salinity range where liquid crystalline phases exist is narrowed. At sufficiently high temperatures the liquid crystal "melts" and only isotropic phases are observed. These are an aqueous phase and, when partial immiscibility of alcohol and brine occurs, an alcohol rich phase as well. The effect of divalent ions on aqueous solution structure is basically the same as that of monovalent ions, but smaller quantities of divalent ions are needed to bring about the same phase changes. In the particular system studied addition of one mole of Ca+ was equivalent to addition of about 11.5 moles of Na+. We have extended our model of drop size in microemulsions to include the effect of drop dispersion. A hard sphere model was used to describe dispersion effects. With dispersion, drop size is slightly smaller for both oil-continuous and water-continuous microemulsions than predicted by the previous analysis which considered film properties alone.

Tags: Fluids, Geochemistry, enhanced oil recovery, miscibility, surfactant
EGSP Completion and stimulation of five NY Wells Allegany and Cattaraugus Counties, New York

In order to evaluate the potential of the Devonian Shales as a source of natural gas, DOE/METC in Morgantown, West Virginia, has undertaken the Eastern Gas Shale Program (EGSP); not only to characterize and identify the resource, but also to enhance and improve the productivity of wells completed in the shale. One of the methods used to achieve improved productivity is hydraulic fracturing and, more specifically, foam fracturing. The efforts by DOE/METC included completion and stimulation of five New York State Energy Research and Development Authority (NYSERDA) wells; located in western Allegany County and southwestern Cattaraugus County, New York. The five wells were drilled on high shcool and college properties during the months of June and July 1981. DOE/METC's contribution to the program funded the stimulation and completion of the wells. This work was done under the engineering and field supervision of Gruy Federal, Inc. as contractor to DOE. The completion work took place in the months of July and August 1981. This consisted of running a cement bond log in each well. All logs showed good bonding. This was followed by perforating the Marcellus Shale through the 4-1/2-inch casing. During the next phase, the formation was broken down with 1500 gallons of regular HF acid and, then, foam fractured using 50,000 gallons of foam consisting of water and nitrogen; the fractures were propped with 60,000 pounds of sand. After the cleanout operations, open flow potentials and rock pressures were measured in each well. None of the wells had a gas show before fracturing but, after fracturing, open flow ranged from a low of 19 Mcf/D to a high of 73 Mcf/D. 1 reference, 6 figures, 1 table.

Tags: EGSP, METC, Marcellus Formation, Natural Gas, Resource, Shale Gas
Re-refining of Waste Oil Solvent Is Used in Treatment/Distillation Process

TECHNICAL INFORMATION. The following
describes the complete process in terms of a
hypothetical 10-million-gal/yr plant. Used lubricating
oil entering the re-refinery is sampled to test for
moisture content and processibility (waste oil with a
high moisture content or certain industrial contaminants
may not be able to be processed by the
plant). Acceptable oil is transferred to a used-oil inventory
tank

Tags: Oil, Resource, Waste energy, refining, waste oil
Enhanced recovery of oil from subsurface reservoirs with carbon dioxide. Final report

This report details the studies made of the displacement of crude oil by carbon dioxide (CO/sub 2/) from consolidated sandpacks. The sandpacks were 20, 60, and 240 inches long and the diameter was 5/8 inch. With the sandpack in a vertical position, the CO/sub 2/ was always injected into the top. The objectives of the research were to determine procedures for predicting the pressure at which CO/sub 2/ displaces crude miscibly and the influence of rate on the displacement of crude with CO/sub 2/. The determination of the miscibility pressure appeared to be the same with the 20 inch long sandpack as with the 60 or 240 inch long sandpack. The total recovery at each pressure was higher with the longer sandpacks. The oil recovery was higher at low rates with the sandpack column in a vertical position. The oil recovery at low rates was lower with the sandpack column in a horizontal position. The optimum CO/sub 2/ slug size was found to be 30% of the hydrocarbon pore volume. Water was found to be more efficient than nitrogen at driving the CO/sub 2/ to displace crude oil. Measurements of the crude oil viscosity from the Foster field decreased as CO/sub 2/ miscibility pressure was increased. On the other hand, the viscosity of the SACROC crude oil from West Texas was found to have a minimum value at a CO/sub 2/ miscibility pressure of approximately 1600 psig. As the pressure increased, the viscosity of the oil with CO/sub 2/ increased. Values of the permeability of dolomite cores were found to increase when flooded with CO/sub 2/ at a high pressure. When the effluent from a core with CO/sub 2/ at a high pressure was flowed through a second dolomite core as the pressure was decreased, the permeability of the second core was decreased. Photographs showed that some of the dolomite core was dissolved by the CO/sub 2/ at high pressures, and that crystal precipitates were formed in the second core as the CO/sub 2/ miscibility pressure was reduced.

Tags: CO2, Carbon Dioxide Injection, Enhanced oil recovery, Resource
Stable Isotope Data for TRS Report: 2H, 13C, 18O, 226Ra, and 228Ra Isotope Concentrations in the Appalachian Basin: A Review

Data used to produce the TRS Report: 2H, 13C, 18O, 226Ra, and 228Ra Isotope Concentrations in the Appalachian Basin: A Review

Tags: Appalachian Basin, Drilling Fluid (mud), Fluids, Formation Water, Gases, Geochemistry, NETL, Stable Isotope, Surface Water, TRS, Well Data
Use of multi-drain wells to more effectively extract natural gas from lenticular sand reservoirs: a feasibility study

The purpose of this study was to determine the feasibility of the multi-drain well method in tight, lenticular formations. Although directional drilling is more costly than conventional vertical drilling, this practice could triple well production. The proposed drilling plan may be more cost efficient than drilling three separate wells with less than 320-acre spacing because it would save the costs of site surveys, rig setup, purchase of the surface lease area, and gas pipeline hookups for two additional well sites. This feasibility study was conducted on the Piceance Basin area, mainly because of the availability of geological information. The results of this study will generally apply to other regions with tight, lenticular sand, depending upon the similarity in the total percentage of sand lenses in the area and the lens dimensions and orientations. Appendix A discusses the geology of the eastern Uinta Basin in eastern Utah, and the applicability of this study to the area. Appendix B provides calculation of expected production increase due to angle of drilling. 

Tags: Geology, Utah, WGS, lenticular formation
Simulator for unconventional gas resources multi-dimensional model SUGAR-MD. Volume I. Reservoir model analysis and validation

The Department of Energy, Morgantown Energy Technology Center, has been supporting the development of flow models for Devonian shale gas reservoirs. The broad objectives of this modeling program are: (1) To develop and validate a mathematical model which describes gas flow through Devonian shales. (2) To determine the sensitive parameters that affect deliverability and recovery of gas from Devonian shales. (3) To recommend laboratory and field measurements for determination of those parameters critical to the productivity and timely recovery of gas from the Devonian shales. (4) To analyze pressure and rate transient data from observation and production gas wells to determine reservoir parameters and well performance. (5) To study and determine the overall performance of Devonian shale reservoirs in terms of well stimulation, well spacing, and resource recovery as a function of gross reservoir properties such as anisotropy, porosity and thickness variations, and boundary effects. The flow equations that are the mathematical basis of the two-dimensional model are presented. It is assumed that gas transport to producing wells in Devonian shale reservoirs occurs through a natural fracture system into which matrix blocks of contrasting physical properties deliver contained gas. That is, the matrix acts as a uniformly distributed gas source in a fracture medium. Gas desorption from pore walls is treated as a uniformly distributed source within the matrix blocks. 24 references.

Tags: Modeling, Natural Gas, Resource, Unconventional Natural Gas, unconventional gas recovery
Quantitative analysis of the economically recoverable resource

The objective of this study is to obtain estimates of the economically recoverable gas in the Appalachian Basin. The estimates were obtained in terms of a probability distribution, which quantifies the inherent uncertainty associated with estimates where geologic and production uncertainties prevail. It is established that well productivity on a county and regional basis is lognormally distributed, and the total recoverable gas is Normally distributed. The expected (mean), total economically recoverable gas is 20.2 trillion cubic feet (TCF) with a standard deviation of 1.6 TCF, conditional on the use of shooting technology on 160-acre well-spacing. From properties of the Normal distribution, it is seen that a 95 percent probability exists for the total recoverable gas to lie between 17.06 and 23.34 TCF. The estimates are sensitive to well spacings and the technology applied to a particular geologic environment. It is observed that with smaller well spacings - for example, at 80 acres - the estimate is substantially increased, and that advanced technology, such as foam fracturing, has the potential of significantly increasing gas recovery. However, the threshold and optimum conditions governing advanced exploitation technology, based on well spacing and other parameters, were not analyzed in this study. Their technological impact on gas recovery is mentioned in the text where relevant; and on the basis of a rough projection an additional 10 TCF could be expected with the use of foam fracturing on wells with initial open flows lower than 300 MCFD. From the exploration point of view, the lognormal distribution of well productivity suggests that even in smaller areas, such as a county basis, intense exploration might be appropriate. This is evident from the small tail probabilities of the lognormal distribution, which represent the small number of wells with relatively very high productivity. 

Tags: Natural Gas, Resource, Shale Gas, appalachian basin, quantitative analysis
An Evaluation of the Carbon Sequestration Potential of the Cambro Ordovician Strata of the Illinois and Michigan Basins

University of Illinois ARRA(American Recovery and Reinvestment Act) Field Project Data

Tags: API, ARRA, CO2, Data, Depths, Geology, Identifiers, NATCARB, Petrophysical, Resource, Types, University of Illinois, Well Data, Well log, las
Oil recovery by carbon dioxide injection. Annual report, July 1978-June 1979

This is the 47th report on the Rock Creek carbon dioxide project in Roane County, West Virginia. The reservoir response to waterflood has been evaluated, several problems resolved, and carbon dioxide injection initiated. Carbon dioxide production through the Big Lime thief zone in Shaffer No. 1 is a problem, but it should not affect the overall results of the project. Currently, the major difficulty is keeping an adequate carbon dioxide supply. When this supply is maintained, the project should proceed successfully. There is no evidence to indicate that carbon dioxide injection will fail to provide a profitable method of oil recovery.

Tags: CO2, CO2 Injection, Oil, Resource, enhanced oil recovery
Rare Earth Elements (REE) from Coal and Coal Byproducts

Rare Earth Elements (REE) from Coal and Coal Byproducts portfolio site

Tags: Analyses, Ash, Bench-scale, Bottom, Bottom Ash, Byproduct, Centrifugal Force Oil Agglomeration, Clean, Co-mining, Coal, Coal Raw, Coarse, Concentrations, Concentrations Magnetic Separation, Disposed Material, Eagle, Elements, Energy Conversion, Excel, Facilities, Feed, Fine, Fines, Fire Clay, Float, Float Samples, Fly, Fly Ash, HREE, Input, LREE, Magnetic Separation, Middling, Mining, Multi-gravity, Opportunity, Output, Particle, Partings, Partitioning, Pit Cleaning, Pittsburgh, Plants, Process, Processes, Processing, Processing Washability, Pulverizer, REE, Raw, Recovery, Refuse, Reject, Reserves, Resource, Resource Production, Results, Riffle, Separation, Separations, Sink, Size Fractions, Specific Gravities, Specific Gravity, Specific gravities, Streams, Texas Lignite, University of Kentucky Riffle, University of Kentucky Samples, University of Kentucky University of Alaska, University of Kentucky Washability, Utilization, Washability, Waste, Water Resources, in situ, specific gravities, specific gravity