AndreaBozzo/ceres-open-data-index huggingface dataset:
Beneficiation-hydroretort processing of US oil shales: Volume 2

This report has been divided into three volumes. Volume I describes the MRI beneficiation work. In addition, Volume I presents the results of joint beneficiation-hydroretorting studies and provides an economic analysis of the combined beneficiation-hydroretorting approach for processing Eastern oil shales. Volume II presents detailed results of hydroretorting tests made by HYCRUDE/IGT on raw and beneficiated oil shales prepared by MRI. Volume III comprises detailed engineering design drawings and supporting data developed by the Roberts and Schaefer Company, Engineers and Contractors, Salt Lake City, Utah, in support of the capital and operating costs for a conceptual beneficiation plant processing an Alabama oil shale.

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Review of fluid dynamics of multi-phase fluid flow. Final report - Task 5

In the United States there is considerable research activity related to the fluid dynamics of multi-phase fluid flow in pipes. This report has been developed primarily as a reference against which DOE may characterize new activity in order to prevent duplication, identify complementary work, etc. As such, the report is a state of activity review which summarizes in tabular form the activity topics and the available administrative identifiers. For each project, a brief description of work, goals and results is given in the appendix. In order to provide a useful document within budget limits, research in the areas of fluidized-bed technology and flow stream compositional changes as a result of chemical reactions were excluded; the former was excluded as a field which is generally separate from pipe flow and in which Morgantown Energy Technology Center (METC) already has substantial knowledge and expertise. The chemical effects were similarly excluded. The search procedure began with two independent computerized literature searches, using on-line materials available to DOE and outside consultants. Results of these searches were combined with a limited amount of other materials provided by the METC and Pittsburgh Energy Technology Center (PETC), to provide a starting data base. Supplementary information was then obtained through manual searches of the recent literature and through individual investigators. 2 tables.

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Multi-stage desulfurizing fluid-bed combustor for coal-fired hot gas generator systems. Topical report No. 2. Task 3. Burner-pyrolyzer interactions. Task 4. Pollution measurement. [COHOGG - Coal Hot Gas Generator; US Patent 4,051,791]

COHOGG is a Coal Hot Gas Generator designed to allow the replacement of an oil or gas burner with an environmentally acceptable coal burner. Fluid bed coal combustors cannot provide high enough temperatures for process burners or high temperature boilers because of the limiting temperatures for clinkering (approx. 2000/sup 0/F) and sulfur dioxide absorption (approx. 1600/sup 0/F). Wormser Engineering, Inc. is developing a unique line of coal FBC's known as Wormser Grates which have several notable advantages over the typical FBC. If a partially gasifying pyrolyzer is added to a Wormser Grate system, it is possible to generate high temperature, environmentally clean flame and therefore substitute for a gas or oil burner. Coal is fed to a pyrolyzer with a low percentage of stoichiometric air to provide the heat of pyrolysis and partially gasify the coal. The resultant gases are fed to an afterburner and the char is fed to a Wormser Grate, where it is burned with excess air to maintain the bed temperatures at the optima for combustion efficiency and SO/sub 2/ clean-up. The char burner combustion products with the excess air are fed to the afterburner where they burn the pyrolyzer gases to produce the approx. 3000/sup 0/F flame. The COHOGG system is highly efficient and low in cost. The high efficiency results from (a) no in-process gas clean-up requiring a large loss of sensible heat, and (b) high carbon utilization because only partial gasification occurs in the pyrolyzer and the upper bed in the Wormser Grate provides additional fines burn-up. The capital cost is low since the reactor sizes are similar to other gasification systems.

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Geologic remote sensing over the Cottageville, West Virginia, gas field. Final report, August 15, 1977-February 15, 1979

Remote sensing of geologic features was investigated for the purpose of exploration for gas reserves in the eastern Mississippian-Devonian Shales. The Cottageville gas field in Jackson and Mason Counties, West Virginia, was used as a test site for this purpose. Available photographic and multispectral (MSS) images from Landsat were obtained; also 4-channel synthetic aperture radar and 12-channel MSS in the range between ultraviolet and far infrared were gathered by the Environmental Research Institute of Michigan over the test site. The images were first interpreted visually for lineaments. Then the images were enhanced by many different digital computation techniques in addition to analysis and enhancement by optical techniques. Subtle, interpretative lineaments were found which could not be enhanced to an obvious level by the procedures used. Two new spatial enhancement procedures were developed.

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Phosphoric and electric utility fuel cell technology development. Technical progress report No. 14 for quarter ending June 1984

Over 1500 hours and 15 thermal cycles were accumulated on the first 10-ft/sup 2/, 29-cell stack at 120 psia and 450/sup 0/F. Assembly of the second 10-ft/sup 2/ short stack was completed and testing was initiated. Over 11,700 hours and 32 thermal cycles have been accumulated on the 3.7-ft/sup 2/, 30-cell stack at 120 psia and 405/sup 0/F. Catalyst selected for the current 10-ft/sup 2/ short stack performed at the E-line goal for over 5000 hours at 120 psia and 400/sup 0/F in a shop-made subscale cell. This test fulfills the 5000 hour catalyst endurance goal. Two subscale cells cut from 10-ft/sup 2/ electrodes from the same batch as used in the second 10-ft/sup 2/ short stack are performing above E-line after 1000 hours. The cross pressure evaluation of two 3.7-ft/sup 2/, seven cell ..delta..P rigs was completed. Automated equipment to increase processing rates and reduce manpower was used to conduct the substrate treating, catalyst deposition, matrix application and trimming operations of the 10-ft/sup 2/ electrodes for the next short stack. Work was initiated on improved edge seals. Initial trials with new powder transfer equipment indicate a 20 fold increase in powder transfer rate to the substrate forming machine. The fourth mold trial of separator plates was completed. Edge waves in separator plates were reduced with increased restraining loads. 33 figs., 10 tabs.

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Membrane separation processes in the petrochemical industry

This report provides an overview of a project with Allied-Signal which focused on developing new membrane technology with potential for energy conservation in the petrochemical industry. Three applications were investigated: (1) bulk removal of polar (sour) gases from natural gas using spiral-wound, cellulose acetate membranes; (2) recovery of solvent from solvent/heavy oil mixtures using polysulfone ultrafiltration membranes; and (3) separation of polar gases (e.g., H{sub 2}S and NH{sub 3} from H{sub 2}) using mixed-matrix, facilitated-transport membranes. This report summarizes laboratory research results performed in an earlier phase of this project and provides results from pilot-scale, field test studies and economic assessments.

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Keystone Project:  coal-to-methanol feasibility study. Volume II. Plant design. Final report. [Cairnbrook, Pennsylvania]

This volume describes and summarizes the technical/engineering aspects, efforts and results associated with the Keystone Project Feasibility Study. The Keystone Project coal-to-methanol synthetic fuel plant site is located near Cairnbrook, Pennsylvania, in Somerset County. A Westinghouse fluidized bed gasification system will process a locally available, high-sulfur, caking coal into a raw synthesis gas. The gas will then be cooled, shifted and purified prior to being converted to methanol via the Imperial Chemical Industries (ICI) process. The methanol is intended for use as described in the Marketing report (Volume IV). Elemental sulfur, dry ash, carbon dioxide and liquid anhydrous ammonia will be recovered as plant by-products. The project has been sized on an economical, single-module level, processing 2330 tons per day of coal into 13,343 barrels per day of methanol. However, the project can be expanded to a total of five modules with an overall production capacity of 66,500 barrels per day of methanol when market and economic conditions warrant. The technical portion of the feasibility study for the project is divided into several major areas, and the following tasks are reported in this volume: assessment of technology, comparison studies, preliminary plant process design, instrumentation and control systems, capital and operating cost estimates, and project schedule.

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Keystone Project:  coal-to-methanol feasibility study. Volume III. Environmental assessment. Final report. [Cairnbrook, Pennsylvania]

This volume provides the environmental assessment of the Keystone Project as the project was developed by the Keystone Project Coal-to-Methanol Feasibility Study, and establishes the environmental feasibility of the project. Environmental impacts are minimized through the use of a carefully selected site, proven control technologies for air emissions and solid waste disposal and wastewater treatment for zero discharge. Permittability of the plant was established through coordination with permitting agencies. Socioeconomic impacts from construction and operation will be beneficial because of the currently underutilized infrastructures in the area and a local labor force suffering high unemployment. Health and safety requirements can be met. Resources to support operation of the plant are available. This environmental assessment addresses the full five-module plant; and includes information about the first module, which is the basis for plant expansion. This volume and three contract-deliverable supplements comprise the seven major elements of the environmental analysis. Section 2.0, Site Selection, summarizes the selection of a suitable site on the basis of environmental and engineering-economic considerations. Details of the site selection process are given in Supplement KST-3, Keystone Project Site Selection Report. Section 3.0, Environmental Setting, provides a description of the physical, biological and socioeconomic/cultural aspects of the selected site. Air quality and meteorology in the site area were determined by monitoring.

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BI-GAS Illinois coal gasification program. Final technical report, September 1982-September 1983

The primary purpose of this report is to cover in detail activities at the BI-GAS Coal Gasification Pilot Plant from September 1982 through September 1983. Due to lack of funds for further testing, the facility underwent deactivation, or mothballing, procedures from September through November of 1982. In January of 1983, the decision was made to reactivate the plant and operate with Illinois No. 6 Seam coal. Four gasifier test runs were conducted from May through September. The main achievements of this test series were to demonstrate operation with a char inventory while feeding a caking coal as well as to collect heat and material balance data. The results, conclusions and recommendations from these tests are discussed at length in the report. In addition, background information on the BI-GAS process, pilot plant facilities and operations history has been included. The individual test reports as well as a summary of the deactivation procedures, plus a subcontractor report and a study on conversion of the BI-GAS gasifier to single-stage operation, are supplied as appendices. 12 figures, 8 tables.

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Finding order in coal pyrolysis kinetics

A number of experiments have suggested that the rate constants for the release of tar and for the thermal decomposition of the various functional groups in coal pyrolysis depend on the nature of the bridging bond or of the functional group, but appears relatively insensitive to coal rank for lignites, subbituminous and bituminous coals. The principal variation of pyrolysis behavior with rank is due to variations in the concentrations of functional groups and hence, the amount of each pyrolysis product. If the insensitivity of coal pyrolysis kinetics to coal rank can be generally demonstrated, it represents an important simplifying assumption in any general theory of coal pyrolysis. But the rank insensitivity of rate constants is controversial. There are two major questions. What species exhibit rank insensitive kinetics. Quantitatively, what does insensitivity mean, variations less than factors of two, ten, hundred, etc. This paper considers whether pyrolysis data in the literature support the hypothesis of rank insensitive kinetic rate constants. The experiments considered vary duration from 1.4 millisecond to 12 hours and in temperature from 350/sup 0/C to 1800/sup 0/C. Considering the available data, it appears that the decomposition of aliphatic and methyl functional groups, the loss of aromatic hydrogen and the evolution of tar and hydrocarbon species have rates which are relatively insensitive to rank variation. The rate varies by at most a factor of 5 between lignite and bituminous coals. Oxygen species are somewhat more rank sensitive. The factor of 5 variation in rate due to coal rank is substantially less than the factors of 100 to 10,000 in variation typical of reported rates. 56 references, 49 figures, 4 table.

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Preliminary engineering analysis of quench-station designs in large coal-gasification plants with primary emphasis on environmental-pollutant distribution

Preliminary engineering analyses of quench station designs in large-scale coal gasification plants were performed with a primary emphasis on environmental pollutant distribution (will be referred to as effluents for the purpose of this document). The need and rationale for process and environmental analysis of proposed quench stations in conceptual coal gasification plants is described. Two representative conceptual commercial-/demonstration-scale quench station designs are selected for detailed analysis (Hygas 500 psig, bituminous and CO/sub 2/-Acceptor, lignite). The methodology and computer tools used to aid in the analysis are described. These tools and methods are evaluated and/or validated. The main conclusions and observations resulting from this analysis are outlined: (1) quench stations play a significant role in the distribution of effluents present in coal gasification raw product gas; (2) absorption of species such as H/sub 2/S and (1O/sub 2/ into quench water is limited by resistances to mass transfer; whereas, NH/sub 3/ vapor/liquid separation essentially approaches equilibrium. These effects should be considered in future quench station analysis; and; (3) distribution of effluents can be controlled (within process constraints) by optimization of quench station operating variables such as temperature, recycle rate, pH, and quench residence time, as well as some gasifier variables, without jeopardizing primary process goals.

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Yttria-stabilized zirconia solid oxide electrolyte fuel cells--- monolithic solid oxide fuel cells

The monolithic solid oxide fuel cell (MSOFC) is currently under development for a variety of applications including coal-based power generation. The MSOFC is a design concept that places the thin components of a solid oxide fuel cell in lightweight, compact, corrugated structure, and so achieves high efficiency and excellent performance simultaneously with high power density. The MSOFC can be integrated with coal gasification plants and is expected to have high overall efficiency in the conversion of the chemical energy of coal to electrical energy. This report describes work aimed at (1) assessing manufacturing costs for the MSOFC and system costs for a coal-based plant; (2) modifying electrodes and electrode/electrolyte interfaces to improve the electrochemical performance of the MSOFC; and (3) testing the performance of the MSOFC on hydrogen and simulated coal gas. Manufacturing costs for both the coflow and crossflow MSOFC's were assessed based on the fabrication flow charts developed by direct scaleup of tape calendaring and other laboratory processes. Integrated coal-based MSOFC systems were investigated to determine capital costs and costs of electricity. Design criteria were established for a coal-fueled 200-Mw power plant. Four plant arrangements were evaluated, and plant performance was analyzed. Interfacial modification involved modification of electrodes and electrode/electrolyte interfaces to improve the MSOFC electrochemical performance. Work in the cathode and cathode/electrolyte interface was concentrated on modification of electrode porosity, electrode morphology, electrode material, and interfacial bonding. Modifications of the anode and anode/electrolyte interface included the use of additives and improvement of nickel distribution. Single cells have been tested for their electrochemical performance. Performance data were typically obtained with humidified H{sub 2} or simulated coal gas and air or oxygen. 68 figs., 29 tabs.

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Emulsified industrial oils recycling

The industrial lubricant market has been analyzed with emphasis on current and/or developing recycling and re-refining technologies. This task has been performed for the United States and other industrialized countries, specifically France, West Germany, Italy and Japan. Attention has been focused at emulsion-type fluids regardless of the industrial application involved. It was found that emulsion-type fluids in the United States represent a much higher percentage of the total fluids used than in other industrialized countries. While recycling is an active matter explored by the industry, re-refining is rather a result of other issues than the mere fact that oil can be regenerated from a used industrial emulsion. To extend the longevity of an emulsion is a logical step to keep expenses down by using the emulsion as long as possible. There is, however, another important factor influencing this issue: regulations governing the disposal of such fluids. The ecological question, the respect for nature and the natural balances, is often seen now as everybody's task. Regulations forbid dumping used emulsions in the environment without prior treatment of the water phase and separation of the oil phase. This is a costly procedure, so recycling is attractive since it postpones the problem. It is questionable whether re-refining of these emulsions - as a business - could stand on its own if these emulsions did not have to be taken apart for disposal purposes. Once the emulsion is separated into a water and an oil phase, however, re-refining of the oil does become economical.

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Sanitech circular-grate coal gasifier computer model. Topical final report

This report describes a computer model that simulates the operation of a Circular-Grate coal gasifier and describes the work that was performed in developing the model. The work was performed as part of a larger program involving the development and evaluation of the Circular-Grate coal-gasifier concept. The approach taken in developing the model was to select an existing fixed-bed computer model and to modify the model to make it suitable for the Circular-Grate gasifier. The Denn Model for a Lurgi gasifier was chosen as most suitable for this work. Conversion of the Denn Model, or any existing gasification model, to a suitable model for the Circular-Grate gasifier was found to be no easy task because the operation of the Circular-Grate gasifier is so different than the operation of other units. Both the Denn Model and the Circular-Grate Gasifier Model employ mass and energy balance to generate a simulation of a gasifier run. The chemical reactions occurring in the char bed are assumed to be independent and are modeled with user-inputted reaction rate and equilibrium parameters. Gas compositions are determined on the basis of intrinsic reaction rates, equilibrium driving forces, and diffusional effects. In simulated coal gasification runs with the developed model, temperature profiles, product gas quantities, and product gas compositions for predetermined subsections of the Circular-Grate gasifier and for the overall reactor are calculated and are presented to the user. Widescale validation of the new model is not possible at this time because there are no Circular-Grate coal gasifiers presently in commercial operation. However, comparison of simulation results with data from pilot-unit runs completed in other tasks of the research program showed reasonably good agreement. 22 refs., 14 figs., 4 tabs.

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Effect of operating and design parameters on fluidized-bed combustor in-bed tube metal wastage, literature review. Quarterly report

This review documents the current state-of-the-art in the three general areas of corrosion, erosion/corrosion. Both the corrosion and erosion studies identify certain relevant parameters for each process. The investigations into the combined erosion/corrosion process point and the complexity of this physical phenomenon even in simple flow fields under well known chemical environments. When applied to the problem of tube metal wastage in a fluidized bed, the issue becomes extremely difficult. The investigation of this complicated process in this extremely complex flow field with a chemical environment that is not well documented requires an extremely careful approach. In order to attack this problem, we propose a new mathematical framework for a model of the erosion/corrosion which is based on physically realistic concepts of the processes occurring, and includes the effects and interactions of the relevant parameters. The resulting ''model''is a modified corrosion model that treats erosion as an interrelated process that serves to thin the corrosive scale. Once this framework is completed and a range of values for each parameter is identified, a statistical analysis will provide a prioritized list of experiments required to investigate this complex process. This statistical test plan will then be used as guidance for developing design specifications for a test rig. The balance of the project will include the detailed design and fabrication of the rig and a year long test program. The resulting data will then be analyzed and incorporated into the model to gain insight into the process of tube metal wastage in fluidized-bed combustors. 83 refs., 20 figs., 5 tabs.

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