AndreaBozzo/ceres-open-data-index huggingface dataset:
Hydrogasifier development:  conceptual design of single-stage commercial scale and process development scale hydrogasifiers

An evaluation of the process requirements resulting from changing the Hydrane process from a two-stage hydrogenation to a single-stage hydrogasification process was undertaken by the Dravo Corporation for the Morgantown Energy Research Center, US Department of Energy, Morgantown, West Virginia. Hydrogenation is the reaction of coal with hydrogen to produce gaseous and/or liquid products. Hydrogasification is the gasification of coal by direct reaction with hydrogen to produce gaseous products only. The present single-stage process scheme has further developed hydrogasification to incorporate rapid heating of fine coal particles (70%, -200 mesh) to the reaction temperature (1600 to 2000/sup 0/F). The heating rate has been estimated to be in excess of 1 x 10/sup 60/K per second. The combination of the two foregoing operations, i.e., rapid heating of the particle in an atmosphere of hydrogen, results in devolatilization of the coal particles and rapid reaction of devolatilized hydrocarbons with hydrogen. This process has also been termed flash hydropyrolysis. The advantages which accrue to this process are: increased throughput, high methane yield, single pass and simple design.

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Industrial application fluidized bed combustion:  indirect fired process heaters. Final program report

A study has been completed to assess the potential application of coal-fired fluidized-bed combustion technology to petroleum plant process heaters. The study concentrated on those issues peculiar to process heaters which were not being investigated by the many boiler oriented programs being pursued by others. Experimental phases of the program investigated heat transfer and fluidization characteristics when an array of large diameter tubes (up to 6'') were immersed in a fluidized bed of limestone. A range of tube configurations and bed compositions were evaluated. Other tests investigated the process variables affecting hydrocarbon coking in tubes exposed to the high heat flux environment of a fluidized bed. Program generated data were tested and validated in a 12 MBtu/hr coal fired FBC test combustor where both heat transfer data and unit response to process changes were demonstrated. An assessment was made of potential application opportunities in typical petroleum refineries. Finally, a matrix of commercial sized heater designs was prepared to evaluate the impact of changes in size and service requirements on heater costs and physical configuration. The study results fully support the technical feasibility of FBC process heaters but suggest that nontechnical issues such as sitting and logistics problems associated with handling solid fuels and wastes within widely dispersed and normally congested process areas may limit near term applications. Alternatives that would directionally improve application opportunities are identified.

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Effects of H/sub 2/S on molten carbonate fuel cells

This report summarizes the results of a literature survey conducted by the Institute of Gas Technology (IGT) under Phase I of a multi-phase program to investigate and identify the mechanism(s) responsible for molten carbonate fuel cell (MCFC) performance losses when operating on sulfur-containing gases. The objective of this literature survey was twofold: (1) to review the reported data on the interaction of H/sub 2/S with nickel-containing materials; and (2) to review reported investigations on the specific effects of H/sub 2/S on the electrochemical oxidation of H/sub 2/ in MCFC. The ultimate goal of this literature review is to determine the poisoning mechanism. 21 references.

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Plant to produce 20,000 barrels per day of gasoline from coal. Executive summary

This Executive Summary presents results of Hampshire Energy's evaluation of the technical and economic feasibility of a plant to produce approximately 21,000 barrels per day of gasoline from coal. Located near Gillette, Wyoming, the plant would produce this gasoline and other marketable by-products by indirect liquefaction of 15,450 tons of Powder River Basin sub-bituminous coal. The results of the evaluation are summarized: resource assessment has confirmed the availability of the necessary coal, water, electricity and natural gas supply; a suitable plant site is available; applications have been fired for all major permits required to construct and operate the plant; only commercially proven or commercially ready technologies have been included in the plant; process licenses are available for all units requiring licensing; the Hampshire configuration of process units is technically sound regarding operability, availability, controllability and maintainability; detailed process design and preliminary basic engineering designs have been developed from which the plant's investment and operating costs have been estimated; a project execution plan and schedule for engineering, procurement and construction have been developed; plant costs have been estimated as $1790 million in 4th Quarter 1981 dollars; commercial feasibility depends on support by the US Synthetic Fuels Corporation in the form of loan and price guarantees.

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Design considerations for a steam-injection pilot with in-situ foaming

This report reviews the necessary aspects of the planning, operation, evaluation, environmental impact and cost to implement a field pilot of steam injection with in-situ foaming. The Stanford University Petroleum Research Institute (SUPRI) is planning to implement such a pilot in Kern County, California. The cost of the pilot will be shared by the US Department of Energy and an oil company. Some important aspects of drilling and completion programs and their specifications, permits from regulatory bodies, and downhole tools to improve steam stimulation are discussed. The essential surface facilities which include water treatment plant, steam generator, demulsifier and dehydrator are considered. The necessary laboratory research in support of the pilot has been recommended. The formation evaluation and reservoir engineering effort for the pilot has been divided into three phases: reservoir definition, reservoir monitoring and post-pilot study. Appropriate techniques applicable to each phase of the test have been discussed. The environmental impact regulations as related to the steam injection process have been considered. In particular, the environmental problems associated with the burning of crude oil and desulfurization of flue gas have been discussed. Other environmental considerations such as solid and liquid waste disposal, health and safety are also discussed. An estimate of the cost of this field test is presented. Three scenarii (for pilots with high, medium, and low investment potentials, respectively) are presented. Since this report was prepared, a specific site for the supri pilot has been chosen. Appendices G and H present the details on this site.

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Effects of effluents of coal combustion and gasification upon lung structure and function. Annual report

The overall objective of the proposed research is to correlate both structural and functional alterations in cells and tissues of the lung brought about by exposure to fluidized bed combustion and fixed bed gasification effluents and reagent grade oxides of metals known to be associated with coal combustion gasification. Projected milestones are described. Progress during the first year in setting up aerosol exposure facilities, intratracheal instillations, pulmonary mechanics, and morphometric examinations is reported. (DMC)

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Coal-fueled heat engines: Technology status report

The Department of Energy, Office of Fossil Energy, through the Morgantown Energy Technology Center, is sponsoring activities to extend the technology base for coal-fueled heat engines. The heat engines of primary interest are the gas turbine and the diesel engine. The overall objective is the development of the technology base necessary for private-sector commercialization of complete and integrated heat engine systems that produce power from coal in an economically competitive and an environmentally sound manner. The objective will be attained through technical advances in four interactive program phases: feasibility validation, engineering development, advanced engineering development, and system integration. Efforts through FY 1985 have been concentrated in the feasibility validation and engineering development phases. These program phases are directed towards the identification of the most critical performance-limiting problems associated with the direct combustion of coal or minimally-cleaned, coal-derived gas in heat engines. Technology status and accomplishments in the areas of fuels technology, component development, contaminant control, and systems integration are presented in this report. 9 refs., 34 figs., 12 tabs.

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A review of models for the analysis of the injection of densely loaded flows into entrained flow gasifiers

An analysis of turbulent gas-particle flow has been conducted for which dilute and dense flows were considered. This study showed that, although, there are a variety of models postulated for the analysis of dilute-phase particulate transport, there exists limited information on dense-phase flow. Several derivations of multi-phase flow equations have appeared in the literature. The differences between these equations are in the momentum source terms, the pressure gradient terms and in the convection terms of the dispersed phase momentum equation. In most of the studies on dilute two-phase flow, the effects of the dispersed phase on fluid turbulence have not been considered at all or considered only in an ad hoc fashion. In the few studies where such effects have been incorporated properly, many simplifying assumptions and various empirical constants were introduced. Evaluation of the constants was made via a comparison between model predictions and experimental data. Among these studies the work of Elghobashi and his co-workers, in general, and of Rizk (1985), in particular, provides a foundation for the extension to densely loaded gas/solid flows. Based on this approach, a new mathematical model has been formulated to analyze densely loaded gas/solid flows taking into account particle-particle interactions and gas-particle interactions. 136 refs., 2 figs., 2 tabs.

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Modeling hydrodynamic mixing in process design and development of fluidized bed gasifiers

The computer codes CHEMFLUB used for the modeling of hydrodynamic mixing of fluidized bed gasifiers, is described. Included in the report is an example, data files or input, and the following algorithms: plotting of positions, linear regression analysis and graphical display of jet penetration data, entrainment of particles in jets, bubble velocity, and elutriation rate constant and entrainment flux above the TDH. (CBS)

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Limestone to remove hydrogen sulfide from hot producer gas

Under a cooperative agreement with the Environmental Protection Agency the Bureau of Mines tested two limestone materials for their ability to remove H/sub 2/S from hot producer gas (1,000 to 1,600/sup 0/F). One limestone was an essentially pure CaCO/sub 3/ particulate, while the other was an Illinois dolomitic limestone. The behavior of these absorbents in a bench-scale apparatus, passing simulated producer gas upward through a fixed bed of limestone, is described and the effects of operating variables (absorbent temperature, bed depth, gas velocity, and steam concentration) are discussed. The pure limestone showed little absorption capacity for H/sub 2/S until heated above its calcination temperature. The effects of operating variables (bed temperature, bed depth, gas flow, and steam concentration) in 3 psig simulated producer gas were interacting as shown by a model equation. Highest absorption capacity was favored at conditions of high bed temperature, gas flow, and bed depth and by low steam concentration. The dolomite in half-calcinated condition showed limited absorption capacity at 1,100/sup 0/F in 100 psig simulated producer gas, increasing to about 10 percent of the initial dolomite weight at 1,500/sup 0/F then decreasing sharply at 1,550 and 1,600/sup 0/F. Under comparable conditions of gas flow, steam concentration, and bed depth, but in 3 psig simulated producer gas, the limestone in fully calcinated condition at 1,400 and 1,600/sup 0/F showed an H/sub 2/S absorptive capacity of about 34 percent of the initial limestone weight. Had the limestone been tested in 100 psig simulated producer gas, bed temperatures above 1,550/sup 0/F would have been required to maintain it in fully calcinated condition. (auth)

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An overview of literature data on sulfur evolution during coal devolatilization

This paper represents an overview of the chemistry of sulfur found in coal, and the important results derived from previous studies that investigated how these species evolve during coal conversion processes. Over 50 papers were reviewed, computer searches of various data bases were performed, and the abstracts of an additional 8 papers were examined. This review of the literature data covers the majority of the available data in this area. This report briefly discusses the influences of temperature, heating rate, atmosphere, additives and coal properties on coal conversion, and the fate of coal sulfur during heat treatment and combustion. Several important conclusions and recommendations are discussed. 49 refs., 49 figs., 36 tabs.

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Development of potential uses for the residue from fluidized bed combustion processes. Quarterly technical progress report, June-August 1980

The following conclusions are recorded: The road base mixes in which quartz silica was substituted for the pulverized coal fly ash gave compressive strengths similar to those using the pulverized coal fly ash. The compressive strengths of road base mixes using recently produced AFB residue were of the same order of magnitude as those obtained in 1977, although the data covers a broad range of test results. Briquettes, produced from a number of trial mixes, show promise as a synthetic aggregate. Expansive grout mixes of slurry consistency achieve satisfactory compressive strengths in seven days. Sections of the test strips in Canton, Ohio show minimal expansion.

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High temperature interaction of SO sub 2  with oxide sorbents

The primary objective of this project was to carry out a thorough investigation of the kinetics of the interaction of SO{sub 2} gas with CaO particles at temperatures between 25{degree}C and 1000{degree}C. Our goal was to develop the new technique of FTIR (Fourier Transform Infra Red) spectroscopy for studies of the SO{sub 2}--CaO interaction so as to determine not only the kinetics but also the nature of the chemical products of the reaction for temperatures to 1000{degree}C. Further, our goal was to determine the effect of oxygen on the kinetics and products of the reaction. In addition, techniques of ESR (Electron Spin Resonance) spectroscopy and TGA (Thermogravimetric Analysis) were to be employed to support these studies. It was hoped that results of these studies would clear many of the inconsistencies reported in literature on the sulfation of CaO. Results of these studies as well as results on the interaction of SO{sub 2} with calcined CaCO{sub 3} and MgCO{sub 3} (calcined at 700{degree}C), for temperatures up to 700{degree}C, are given in this report. 44 refs., 23 figs., 9 tabs.

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Experimental evaluation of the steady state and dynamic performance characteristics of the interactive units of a coal gasification process. Quarterly report, 4 April 1983-3 July 1983

During this reporting period, the 1983 Experimental Program was completed in a series of three test runs. The first run focused on the continued evaluation of system effluents, both gaseous and liquid. Data were developed to permit the finalization of system mass balances. The second test run included transient tests designed to permit verification of the component and system dynamic models which were developed as part of this program. One of the transient tests evaluated the thermal and steam condensation response of several lengths of pipe in the facility. A series of transient tests were performed to correlate the resaturator dynamic model was the basis of the correlation technique. Also during the second test run, the combustion characteristics of the clean fuel gas from the process were measured over a wide range of conditions. The third test run focused on operation of the Process Evaluation Facility (PEF) system as if it were the fuel plant for a full-size, Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle (IGCC) power plant operating on a utility grid. These tests demonstrated the viability of operating an IGCC power plant under the changing load condition imposed by the utility environment. The systems performed smoothly with no adverse situations. This test series confirms not only the outstanding dynamic performance of IGCC plants, but also provides an excellent demonstration of the applicability of the dynamic analytical models to specific advanced control logic for this type of power plants. 6 figures, 6 tables.

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Development of BEACON technology. Quarterly report, October-December 1982

The BEACON process involves the catalytic deposition of a highly reactive form of carbon from a gas stream which contains carbon monoxide. The carbon-depleted gas is combusted with air to produce power, and the carbon is reacted with steam to produce methane or hydrogen. During the quarter both SOHIO and TRW worked on catalysts which would suppress methane formation during steaming thus increasing the amount of hydrogen formed. At SOHIO a C77-K2 catalyst promoted with a Class II compound showed promise in laboratory tests for suppressing methane. At TRW a K-1 unsupported catalyst promoted with 10% of Additive F maintained methane suppression over 30 cycles in laboratory scale tests. Shakedown of the Tandem Reactor Apparatus was completed and testing was initiated under quasi-continuous transfer of solids between reactors. Nine short term tests were performed with K-1 based BEACON solids. The data from these tests indicate that the Tandem Reactor concept is valid and BEACON solids can be transferred efficiently in the fluidized state between the deposition and gasification reactors. A preliminary analysis of the potential of a BEACON combined cycle/hydrogen system with a hydrogen fuel cell has been performed. The BEACON process can be used to coproduce hydrogen and electric power, and the efficiency of the overall system is quite high when the electricity is produced by a combined cycle power system. If fuel cells are used to convert the hydrogen to electricity then a system for making only electricity results, and such a system gives an overall efficiency of 54%. 7 figures, 14 tables.

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Development of BEACON technology. Quarterly report, July-September 1982

The BEACON process involves the catalytic deposition of a highly reactive form of carbon from a gas stream which contains carbon monoxide. The carbon-depleted gas is combusted with air to produce power, and the carbon is reacted with steam to produce methane or hydrogen. Catalyst development at SOHIO showed that larger quantities (4 kg) of satisfactory C77-K2 catalyst could be prepared. Several preparation modifications were studied, and, although some showed satisfactory results, none were sufficiently attractive to be adopted. Studies were conducted at SOHIO on promoters for the C77 type catalyst that would increase hydrogen production and suppress methane. Several were found, one of which operates at 550/sup 0/C. The C77-K1 catalyst was found not to be satisfactory for converting oil shale retort off-gas to hydrogen. The C77-K2 catalyst does perform this conversion under economically attractive conditions. Physical characteristics for sieve fractions of a C77-K2 catalyst were determined. A new catalyst support was evaluated and found to be unsatisfactory. Tandem Reactor development proceeded at TRW with completion of construction and the test readiness review and the initiation of shakedown testing. Good fluidization with a C77-K2 catalyst was achieved with the installation of a stirrer in a 1.5-inch reactor at SOHIO. Good steady state carbon deposition and steaming rates were achieved over a 10 cycle test. 6 figures, 11 tables.

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Counter-Rotating Tandem Motor Drilling System

Gas Technology Institute (GTI), in partnership with Dennis Tool Company (DTC), has worked to develop an advanced drill bit system to be used with microhole drilling assemblies. One of the main objectives of this project was to utilize new and existing coiled tubing and slimhole drilling technologies to develop Microhole Technology (MHT) so as to make significant reductions in the cost of E&amp;P down to 5000 feet in wellbores as small as 3.5 inches in diameter. This new technology was developed to work toward the DOE's goal of enabling domestic shallow oil and gas wells to be drilled inexpensively compared to wells drilled utilizing conventional drilling practices. Overall drilling costs can be lowered by drilling a well as quickly as possible. For this reason, a high drilling rate of penetration is always desired. In general, high drilling rates of penetration (ROP) can be achieved by increasing the weight on bit and increasing the rotary speed of the bit. As the weight on bit is increased, the cutting inserts penetrate deeper into the rock, resulting in a deeper depth of cut. As the depth of cut increases, the amount of torque required to turn the bit also increases. The Counter-Rotating Tandem Motor Drilling System (CRTMDS) was planned to achieve high rate of penetration (ROP) resulting in the reduction of the drilling cost. The system includes two counter-rotating cutter systems to reduce or eliminate the reactive torque the drillpipe or coiled tubing must resist. This would allow the application of maximum weight-on-bit and rotational velocities that a coiled tubing drilling unit is capable of delivering. Several variations of the CRTDMS were designed, manufactured and tested. The original tests failed leading to design modifications. Two versions of the modified system were tested and showed that the concept is both positive and practical; however, the tests showed that for the system to be robust and durable, borehole diameter should be substantially larger than that of slim holes. As a result, the research team decided to complete the project, document the tested designs and seek further support for the concept outside of the DOE.

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