AndreaBozzo/ceres-open-data-index huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of acoustic agglomerator for high temperature, high pressure particulate control

This technical report gives a description of the high temperature, high pressure acoustic agglomerator (HPHT AA) project at Penn State University's High Intensity Acoustic Laboratory. The basic purpose of Task Order 13 was to demonstrate the effectiveness of an acoustic agglomerator at high temperatures and high pressures. The HPHT acoustic agglomerator can be used as a pretreatment device in series with the HPHT cyclones that are used in coal fired pressurized, fluidized bed combustion (PFBC) combined cycle electric power generating plants. Pretreatment of the particle laden combustion gas improves the net particle collection efficiency of the cyclone. A conventional system uses cyclones for turbine erosion and deposition protection, followed by post turbine particle collectors (i.e. baghouses or electrostatic precipitators) to meet the New Source Performance Standards (NSPS) of 25 ppm by weight. The ultimate success of the HPHT AA process will be measured by the ability of gases leaving the cyclone trains to meet the NSPS. The experimental results show that: (1) the HPHT system works satisfactorily at various operating conditions; (2) high chamber pressures depress acoustic agglomeration due to the low amplitude of acoustic velocity; (3) the sound dissipation in the agglomeration chamber is much smaller at high temperatures than at room temperatures and about more than 10 dB in sound pressure level is recovered from high temperature; (4) the agglomeration of particles is more significant at high temperatures than at room temperatures; and (5) more than 30 percent of particle mass was transferred from smaller particle sizes to larger ones due to acoustic agglomeration at high temperatures and high pressures. 33 figs., 6 tabs.

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Imaging techniques applied to the study of fluids in porous media

A detailed understanding of rock structure and its influence on fluid entrapment, storage capacity, and flow behavior can improve the effective utilization and design of methods to increase the recovery of oil and gas from petroleum reservoirs. The dynamics of fluid flow and trapping phenomena in porous media was investigated. Miscible and immiscible displacement experiments in heterogeneous Berea and Shannon sandstone samples were monitored using X-ray computed tomography (CT scanning) to determine the effect of heterogeneities on fluid flow and trapping. The statistical analysis of pore and pore throat sizes in thin sections cut from these sandstone samples enabled the delineation of small-scale spatial distributions of porosity and permeability. Multiphase displacement experiments were conducted with micromodels constructed using thin slabs of the sandstones. The combination of the CT scanning, thin section, and micromodel techniques enables the investigation of how variations in pore characteristics influence fluid front advancement, fluid distributions, and fluid trapping. Plugs cut from the sandstone samples were investigated using high resolution nuclear magnetic resonance imaging permitting the visualization of oil, water or both within individual pores. The application of these insights will aid in the proper interpretation of relative permeability, capillary pressure, and electrical resistivity data obtained from whole core studies. 7 refs., 14 figs., 2 tabs.

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Fixed-bed gasification

Since the completion of construction in 1967, the METC Gasifier Pilot Plant has produced data and demonstrated operation on all major ranks of US coals. In 1976, METC began an expansion program to include a novel gas-cleanup facility to evaluate the environmental problems associated with gasification plants and also to develop improved cleanup systems. The construction and checkout of this full-scale cleanup system was completed within the past year and the pilot-plant facility now has the capability of gasifying all US coals and producing a relatively tar-, oil-, particulate-, and sulfur-free fuel gas. The Department of Energy's (DOE) fixed-bed gasification development program includes other facilities that provide DOE with a broad capability to address alternative- and advanced-gasification technologies. In addition to utilizing these facilities to evaluate and improve gasification/cleanup-system configurations, the pilot plants are also being used to support a number of related projects.

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Fluidized-bed combustion development: Volume 1, Industrial steam generation: Final report

In 1986 Stearns Catalytic performed a study for the US Department of Energy to investigate methodology for improving the economics of atmospheric fluidized bed combustion (AFBC). This report is a result of Phase 1 of this program. The scope of this work involved reviewing the four unit sizes listed: 10,000, 50,000, 100,000, and 200,000 lbs/h. The design conditions and plant application were established at 350 psig saturated steam, with no electric power generation. The approach of the study was to first review AFBC concepts and to compare the various options available. A complete plant description was developed using a system by system breakdown. This Phase 1 report includes a review of the basic technology of fluidized bed combustion and discusses the various regimes of fluidization. There are generally two accepted types of fluidized bed boilers for burning solid fuels, namely, the Bubbling Fluidized Bed (BFB) and the Circulating Fluidized Bed (CFB). Both of these technologies have found popular use for industrial steam generation. This report includes information on design, cost, and economics throughout the size range for both of these technologies. The results of the study, including the performance and cost of an industrial fluidized bed combustion steam generator along with support data and information, are presented in fourteen sections. The costs developed are not absolute due to the budgetary approach manufacturers used for their pricing development. However, they are within a plus or minus 20% range and should be useful for comparisons. Numerous trend curves as well as sensitivity analyses have been used to compare technology and fuel variations. 160 refs., 53 figs., 64 tabs.

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(Design and operation of a portable ethanol plant). Final report. [Small-scale (5-10 gal/h)]

A portable distillation plant with a packed reflux column was designed and built that is capable of producing 10 to 15 gallons of 190 proof ethanol per hour. Several kinds of feedstocks were used to produce ethanol. Corn served as a good feedstock and was easily processed in the still. However, because of the present high prices of corn and the manual labor for operation it cannot be used to produce ethanol commercially as a fuel at prices competitive with petroleum fuels. Cellulosic feedstocks such as paper, sawdust and grasses and leaves were enzymatically degraded to sugars and fermented to ethanol. Because of the manual labor required and small capacity of the still total operation costs would preclude competitive fuel prices. However, such a plant could be used on a farm for production of a supplementary fuel or for independence from petroleum fuels. The trials with cellulosic materials did give evidence that such feedstocks are plausible sources for ethanol when produced on a large scale in an automated production plant. On a large scale basis ethanol could be produced competitively as an alternative fuel for gasoline.

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Instrumentation and diagnostics

This Technology Status Report describes research and accomplishments for the Instrumentation and Diagnostics (I D) Projects within the Advanced Research and Technology Development (AR TD) Program of the United States Department of Energy (DOE) Office of Fossil Energy (FE). Process understanding and control can be improved through the development of advanced instrumentation and diagnostics. The thrust of the I D Projects is to further develop existing measurement and control techniques for application to advanced coal-based technologies. Project highlights are: an inductively coupled plasma (ICP) instrument has been developed to analyze trace elements in gasification and combustion process streams. An in situ two-color Mie scattering technique with LSS can simultaneously measure the size, velocity, and elemental composition of coal particles during combustion. A high-temperature, fluorescence thermometry technique has accurately measured gas temperatures during field testing in combustion and gasification environments. Expert systems have been developed to improve the control of advanced coal-based processes. Capacitance flowmeters were developed to determine the mass flowrate, solid volume fraction, and particle velocities of coal slurries. 32 refs., 9 figs.

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Study of deposition control using transpiration. Technical progress report, February 1985

The purpose of this project is to determine the conditions under which transpiration may be actually used to avoid the deposition of small particles. The application of this work is the control of the deposition of small particles over a surface kept at a temperature below the melting point of compounds likely to exist in the combustion products. A combined experimental and theoretical research program will be carried out to evaluate the concept of transpiration as a deposition control strategy. A first order theory will be refined by introducing an appropriate turbulence model. The experimental program is designed to evaluate and refine the theoretical model under conditions which provide the correct Reynolds and Stokes numbers. The experimental setup consists of a wind tunnel with a test section containing a flat porous transpired section. The measurements will determine the distribution of velocity and of particle concentration in the boundary layer. The experiments will be conducted for different particle sizes under conditions simulating gas turbine conditions.

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Potential use of wood and agriculture wastes as steam generator fuel for thermal enhanced oil recovery. Final report

Enhanced oil recovery by steam injection methods produces over 200,000 barrels per day of crude oil in California. A sizeable portion of the produced crude, up to 40% for some projects, may be burned to generate steam for injection into the reservoir. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the potential to use wood and agriculture wastes to replace crude oil as steam generator fuel. The Bakersfield area of California's San Joaquin Valley is the focus for this paper. Production from thermal EOR methods centers around Bakersfield and agriculture and wood wastes are available from the San Joaquin Valley and the nearby Sierra Nevada mountains. This paper documents the production of waste materials by county, estimated energy value of each material, and estimated transportation cost for each material. Both agriculture and wood wastes were found to be available in sizeable quantities and could become attractive steam generation fuels. However, some qualifications need to be made on the use of these materials. Transportation costs will probably limit the range of shipping these materials to perhaps 50 to 100 miles. Availability is subject to competition from existing and developing uses of these materials, such as energy sources in their immediate production area. Existing steam generators probably cannot be retrofitted to burn these materials. Fluidized bed combustion, or low Btu gasification, may be a good technology for utilization. FBC or FBG could accept a variety of waste materials. This will be important because the amount of any single waste may not be large enough to support the energy requirements of a good size thermal f a good size thermal EOR operation.

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Steam conditioning of coal for synfuels production: First quarterly report, January 1 to March 31, 1987

Conditioning of coal in steam is being explored for the purpose of improving the yield and quality of condensable product obtainable in the mild gasification of coal. Test plans for both Tasks 1 and 2 were prepared. The first was accepted by DOE, the second is being revised. A new steam conditioning reactor system was constructed using a fluid bed heater to improve temperature control and uniformity. This unit has been put into routine operation, and the test program to determine the effect of operating pressure on steam conditioning has been initiated. The semicontinuous pyrolysis reactor has been modified for steam operation at elevated pressure. Operation has proven satisfactory in runs at pressures up to 500 psia. A preliminary design for a fluidized-bed mild gasification test facility has been drawn up. 7 figs., 1 tab.

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Injection of densely loaded flows into entrained-flow gasifiers: Seventh quarterly report, April 1, 1987-June 30, 1987

The overall objective of this project is to develop improved understanding of the injection and mixing of densely loaded gas/solid mixtures into gas streams. The ultimate application of the results will be the development of improved injection and mixing configurations for entrained-flow coal gasifiers. During this past quarter, theoretical investigations were mainly directed towards model calculations on laminar jet flows for comparison with experimental results and on turbulent jet flows characterized by strong dampening of the turbulent kinetic energy due to high particle loadings. Experimental investigations concentrated on taking velocity and concentration measurements of laminar jet flows under varying loading conditions. 3 figs.

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Injection of densely loaded flows into entrained-flow gasifiers: Sixth quarterly report, January 1, 1987-March 31, 1987

The overall objective of this project is to develop improved understanding of the injection and mixing of densely loaded gas/solid mixtures into gas streams. The ultimate application of the results will be the development of improved injection and mixing configurations for entrained-flow coal gasifiers. During the past quarter, theoretical investigations were mainly directed towards improving the multi-phase flow model for dense loadings and implementing these improvements in the computer code. The treatment of the particle-particle interactions and of the collision frequency was completed. Preliminary calculations were performed for inlet conditions outlined in the proposed test matrix for laminar jet flows. Experimental investigations concentrated on interfacing the LDV system to Sandia's data acquisition computers. This involved establishing the capability of discriminating between the signals received from the gas seed material and the signals from the particles of the dispersed phase. 1 ref., 3 figs.

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CNG acid gas removal process: Final report

The CNG process removes sulfur compounds, residual trace contaminants, and carbon dioxide from synthesis gas mixtures at temperatures near the carbon dioxide triple-point, and is especially suited for medium to high pressure (300 to 1000 psia) gas streams containing substantial amounts of carbon dioxide. Hydrogen sulfide, other sulfur compounds, and trace contaminants are removed by absorption in liquid carbon dioxide. Pure liquid carbon dioxide absorbent is regenerated, and sulfur compounds and trace contaminants are concentrated, by triple-point crystallization. Carbon dioxide is absorbed from contaminant-free crude gas with a refrigerant slurry of solid carbon dioxide in an organic carrier liquid. The first two CNG process features, hydrogen sulfide absorption with liquid carbon dioxide and carbon dioxide regeneration by triple-point crystallization, were further developed by the work reported here. DOE Contract AC21-83MC20230 comprised three tasks designed to advance development of the CNG acid gas removal process: Task 1 - modification and operation of a carbon dioxide triple-point crystallizer;  Task 2 - design, construction, and operation of a sulfur compound absorber using liquid carbon dioxide absorbent; and Task 3 - integration of the crystallizer and the absorber. 11 refs., 40 figs., 74 tabs.

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Comprehensive report to Congress Clean Coal Technology Program: UCG/clean fuels proof-of-concept project: A project proposed by Energy International, Inc

One of the selected projects of the Clean Coal Technology (CCT) Program was an underground coal gasification (UCG) demonstration project proposed by Energy International, Inc. (EI). The in situ, or underground, gasification of coal promises several advantages over the conventional process of mining the coal and transporting it to a surface gasification facility: (1) the ability to recover coal resources which are nonrecoverable using current mining technology, (2) the elimination of the high capital costs associated with a conventional mining and surface gasification facility, and (3) the ability to bring a plant on stream faster because a long construction period is not required. If the demonstration project is successful, EI plans to continue operations at the demonstration site, resulting in immediate commercial utilization of the demonstrated technology. The work to be performed under the Cooperative Agreement covers the design, construction, and operation of the demonstration plant. This project is estimated to cost $70,115,454 with the government share being $11,792,362. The Participant has agreed to absorb any cost overruns and has agreed to a plan to repay the government's contribution. The cooperative agreement period is approximately 36 months long, with a 12-month operating and performance monitoring period. Construction is scheduled to commence by the spring of 1988, with the operational phase of the project starting in the fall of 1989. 7 figs., 2 tabs.

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Low emission combustion technology program. Final report. [Micronized coal-water slurry]

The purpose of this program was to demonstrate the combustion of a coal-water slurry fuel in a Rich/Quench/Lean (RQL) combustion system at typical gas turbine operating conditions. The fuel chosen for this project was a clean micronized coal-water slurry (CWS) with a loading of coal/water of 51.5:48.5% by weight. The RQL combustor was originally designed for use with high fuel bound nitrogen liquid fuels and has three variable geometry stages that permit the use of a wide range of fuels including CWS and low Btu gas. A fuel nozzle specially designed for use with CWS fuels was purchased and adapted for use with the RQL combustor. Three fuels were tested: distillate No. 2, methanol, and CWS. A range of methanol/CWS mixtures were also run. Methanol was used for startup and data was taken before and during the changeover to CWS fuel. As a first attempt at burning CWS fuel, the program may be considered as successful, with combustion efficiencies being in the range of 92% to 98%. Some further development of this system is required before exhaust emissions and combustion efficiency reach acceptable levels for practical applications. No significant technical barriers were identified in this program that would prevent this goal from being reached.

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Development of a hot gas cleanup system for integrated coal gasification/molten carbonate fuel cell power plants. Monthly project status report No. 21, November 1-November 30, 1984

The overall objective of this project is to conduct research and development to demonstrate the Solid-Supported Molten Salt (SSMS) Process for removing HCl and sulfur compounds from hot, pressurized fuel gas. Specific objectives are to: (1) demonstrate at the bench scale that the SSMS Process can remove H/sub 2/S, COS, and HCl to less than 1 ppM; (2) provide performance data in sufficient detail to allow scale-up and economic evaluation of the process; (3) design a scaled-up test absorber suitable for use with a pressurized fluidized-bed gasifier with 150 lb/h of coal throughput; and (4) complete a conceptual design and capital and operating cost estimate for a commercial-scale absorber system. Progress is reported.

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Low Emission Combustor Technology Program. Final report, October 1, 1982-October 31, 1984. [Multiannular Swirl Burner]

Purpose is to evaluate coal water mixture (CWM) in a low emissions staged rich-lean combustor for stationary combustion turbines. This evaluation was made with the Multiannular Swirl Burner (MASB). The MASB configuration was scaled up from the 5-inch diameter previously tested to a 10-inch diameter and modified for the combustion of CWM and for testing at 3 to 10 atmospheres pressure and 2000/sup 0/F (1094/sup 0/C) turbine inlet temperature. This testing was performed in the Westinghouse Advanced Combustor Development Rig at Concordville, Pa. Testing was done with CWM and No. 2 fuel oil for comparison. In addition, No. 2 fuel oil doped with pyridine was used to simulate the effect of fuel bound nitrogen on NO/sub x/ production. The design of the MASB for CWM combustion has encompassed several subtasks which provided valuable design data. These include numerical combustor flow field calculations by the computer code CORA 2-83, nozzle spray tests on CWM to select the proper nozzle, and the selection of the appropriate CWM. Test results to date on the MASB operating in both the rich-lean mode and lean-lean mode indicate that CWM combustion in a metal walled combustor such as the MASB is feasible. The NO/sub x/ results for oil show an increase in the NO/sub x/ from the 5-inch MASB obtained previously. Combustion efficiencies greater than 99.9% were obtained on oil. CWM combustion with a methane gas pilot has shown combustion efficiencies up to 99.5%. However, combustion to date of CWM alone has only shown combustion efficiencies up to 53%.

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Mechanical properties of Mesaverde sandstone and shale at high pressures. [Colorado and Wyoming]

This report covers the mechanical properties of Mesaverde rock (shale and sandstone) core samples from various depths in five wells in Colorado and Wyoming. The properties studied were tensile strength, compressive strength, hydrostatic compressibility, shear stress under one-dimensional strain compression, and static elastic moduli. With respect to these properties, the sandstones are virtually isotropic. The shales, on the other hand, are definitely anisotropic. The nature and degree of anisotropy of the shales vary with the depth of sample origin. In addition, the relative values of these mechanical properties between the shale and the sandstone also vary with depth.

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Low Emission Combustor Technology Program. Comprehensive data report, October 1, 1982-October 31, 1984

Westinghouse has carried out a program to evaluate coal water mixture (CWM) in a low emission staged rich-lean combustor for stationary combustion turbines. A fuel-flexible combustor that met low emission objectives in previous work, the Multiannular Swirl Burner (MASB) was selected for the tests. A 10 inch diameter MASB combustor configuration was designed for CWM combustion, fabricated, and tested in the Advanced Combustor Development Rig at CTSD Development Center (Concordville, PA). Tests have been performed burning a petroleum distillate, distillate with pyridine to simulate fuel bound nitrogen, methane, and CWM. This Topical Report contains the MASB design, analytical combustor flow field calculations, and the test data summary and observations for each test. Appendix A contains the detailed results of the combustor flow field calculations in graphic form. Appendices B and C contain data summaries and temperature plots for each test.

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