AndreaBozzo/ceres-open-data-index huggingface dataset:
Measurement and analysis of fractures in vertical, slant, and horizontal core, with examples from the Mesaverde formation

Optimum analysis of natural fracture characteristics and distributions in reservoirs requires conscientious supervision of coring operations, on-site core processing, careful layout and marketing of the core, and detailed measurement of fracture characteristics. Natural fractures provide information on the in situ permeability system, and coring-induced fractures provide data on the in situ stresses. Fracture data derived from vertical core should include fracture height, type and location of fracture terminations with respect to lithologic heterogeneity, fracture planatary and roughness, and distribution with depth. Fractures in core from either a vertical or a deviated well will yield information on dip, dip azimuth, strike, mineralization, and the orientation of fractures relative to the in situ stresses. Only measurements of fractures in core from a deviated/horizontal well will provide estimates of fracture spacing and porosity. These data can be graphed and cross-plotted to yield semi-quantitative fracture characteristics for reservoir models. Data on the orientations of fractures relative to each other in unoriented core can be nearly as useful as the absolute orientations of fractures. A deviated pilot hole is recommended for fracture assessment prior to a drilling horizontal production well because it significantly enhances the chances of fracture intersection, and therefore of fracture characterization. 35 refs., 20 figs., 2 tabs.

Tags: kmd
Final report on the Rock Creek CO/sub 2/ injection project: Final report

The purpose of this report is to fulfill final contract requirements of the Rock Creek CO/sub 2/ injection project. The CO/sub 2/ project, located in Roane County, West Virginia, was operated from October, 1976 through October, 1985. This final report is intended to provide an executive summary for the project, the details of which are fully documented in previous contract reports and related technical papers. 9 figs., 6 tabs.

Tags: kmd
Adherence of ash particles from the combustion of micronized coal. [Dependence on velocity, particle temperature, and target temperature]

Experimental studies have addressed the adherence of residual particles resulting from the combustion of micronized coal under conditions approximating those found in combustion gas turbine hot gas pathways and components. The objectives of the studies are to understand the basic mechanisms responsible for the formation of the deposits and to develop a data base for the sticking coefficient (the fraction of particles adhering to a surface following collisions with the surface) of ash particles as a function of various parameters related to the hot gas stream, entrained particles, and subject surface. The tests utilize an entrained reactor which has been modified by the inclusion of an exhaust acceleration nozzle. Hot gas and entrained particles exit the nozzle at velocities up to 300 m/s and impinge on a target substrate whose surface can be controlled to temperatures as high as 1,350 K. All tests have been conducted with the target normal to the centerline of the nozzle. Measured values of the sticking coefficient have ranged from about 0.01 to 0.10 and are shown to be dependent upon target temperature, combustion temperature, and gas velocity. 16  refs., 6 figs., 1 tab.

Tags: kmd
Investigation of acoustic aerosol agglomeration mechanisms under traveling-wave condition

Acoustically induced turbulence and shock waves are experimentally studies using hot-film anemometer and the following results obtained. (a) Shock waves and turbulence in a resonance tube can occur only when the sound pressure level passes a certain threshold value. The critical SPL for turbulence is approx. 158 dB which is slightly lower than SPL approx. = 160 dB for the shock wave formation. (b) Shock waves are found to be insensitive to frequency variations in contrast to standing waves where shock waves appear only within a narrow band around the resonance frequencies. (c) Isotropy of turbulence is checked by plotting spectrum against dimensionless frequency f/sub t/ of turbulence. In the inertial subrange, it is found that PSD ..cap alpha.. f/sub t//sup ..cap alpha../ with an average ..cap alpha.. = 1.85 which is only 10% from the theoretical value of -5/3 (4). (d) The rms turbulent velocity u/sub */ has a functional dependence of I as u/sub */ ..cap alpha.. I/sup 1/2/ regardless of locations but insensitive to variations of frequency. (e) The Reynolds number R in the form given by Merkli is found to be between 60 and 150 at the onset of acoustically induced turbulence. (f) The combined effect of turbulence and shock waves may have a vast influence on the agglomeration rate of aerosol particles. (g) A superimposed laminar flow onto the acoustically induced turbulence would suppress the turbulence under both traveling and standing wave conditions.

Tags: kmd
Catalytic cracking of aromatic hydrocarbons. Final report, October 1984-March 1986

Iron containing minerals and chars were screened as cracking catalysts for aromatic hydrocarbons (AHC) in simulated gasifier effluents. Catalytic activities of six minerals and two chars were measured and used to infer fundamental heterogeneous rate constants using measured properties of the pore structure of the solids. Measurements were made for 200 ppM and 2000 ppM benzene cracking over the temperature range 400 to 1000/sup 0/C. The active catalyst under gasifier conditions was found to be FeO. The minerals have a higher reactivity per unit mass in chars than in a pure form. H/sub 2/S was found to reduce the catalytic activity to one third of the unpoisoned value, but the catalysts maintained this reduced activity. These minerals have the potential to be economically feasible, disposable catalysts in a fixed bed or fluidized bed process if they can survive for ten hours. 8 refs., 33 figs., 3 tabs.

Tags: kmd
Evaluation of alternate combustor concepts for gas turbine applications. Topical report, October 1984-October 1985

A program to determine the feasibility of applying a slagging coal-fired combustor to a gas turbine is reported. This program contains an evaluation of the potential for controlling the products of combustion from this type of combustor burning dry pulverized coal and coal water mixtures. This evaluation includes the design and fabrication of a refractory lined slagging combustor and the performance of combustion tests in the Westinghouse advanced combustor development rig. This Topical Report contains the description of the work preparation necessary to perform the combustion tests. It includes the combustor design, the test facility modifications, the emission instrumentation changes, and the coal fuel characteristics. 2 refs., 15 figs., 8 tabs.

Tags: kmd
Advanced gasification projects. Technology status report

This overview report, covering the period October 1, 1983, to September 30, 1984, prepared by Morgantown Energy Technology Center staff, describes the current status of advanced gasification projects with summary descriptions of individual projects. Furthermore, each project's influence on current emerging gasification programs is assessed. Program accomplishments are described under the following four headings: (1) novel gasification concepts, chemistries, and processes; (2) fundamental concepts; (3) gas stream processing; and (4) fluid dynamics/modeling. 59 refs., 4 tabs.

Tags: kmd
Low-rank coal research: a select bibliography of federal publications for 1980-1984. [336 items]

This bibliography is a listing of all technical publications and reports that have been prepared or sponsored by the University of North Dakota Energy Research Center (UNDERC), its predecessor, the Grand Forks Energy Technology Center (GFETC), or the Department of Energy Grand Forks Project Office (GFPO), and issued from 1980 through 1984. This listing updates Low-Rank Coal Publications Contributed by Grand Forks Energy Technology Center, United States Department of Energy, 1939-1979, compiled by Charles C. Boley in 1980.

Tags: kmd
Geological evolution and analysis of confirmed or suspected gas hydrate localities: Volume 13: Basin analysis, formation and stability of gas hydrates of the Nankai Trough: Topical report

Geological factors controlling the formation, stability, and distribution of gas hydrates were investigated by basin analysis of the Nankai Trough region. The Nankai Trough is located beneath the western Pacific, south of the Japanese islands Shikoku and central Kyushu. Geological, geophysical, and geochemical data from the region were assembled and critically evaluated to develop consistent interpretations of the relationships of geological environments and gas hydrates. This study was performed for the US Department of Energy Morgantown Energy Technology Center by Geoexplorers International, Inc., as part of a worldwide evaluation of 21 offshore sites where the presence of gas hydrates has been confirmed or inferred. 60 refs., 26 figs., 1 tab.

Tags: kmd
Rock matrix and fracture analysis of flow in western tight gas sands---Phase 4: 1988 Annual report

The objective of this project is to develop reliable methods of advanced core analysis for measuring the petrophysical properties of tight gas sands. Using advanced core analysis techniques we hope to define better the interrelationships between rock composition, pore structure and distribution, and flow properties. We also hope to determine the effects of water saturation and confining pressure on fluid flow through the low-permeability rock matrix, healed tectonic fractures, and fractures induced along preexisting planes of weakness. 19 refs., 34 figs., 9 tabs.

Tags: kmd
Coal processing for fuel cell utilization Task VIII, H/sub 2/ removal by calcium-based sorbents

Equilibrium calculations indicate an optimum thermodynamic limit of (H/sub 2/S)/(H/sub 2/O) approx. = 10/sup -3/ for a typical fluidized bed gasification process using limestone or dolomite at temperatures of 1000 to 1200/sup 0/K; thus, the minimum H/sub 2/S level which can be attained in the gasifier is probably near 100 ppM. Detailed kinetic investigations have shown that the kinetic rate constant for CaO with H/sub 2/S is of the same magnitude as that with SO/sub 2/ and that the activation energy for both reactions is less than 10/sup 0/K cal/mole. The late time reactivity of H/sub 2/S is higher than that of SO/sub 2/ because the formation of CaS does not completely obstruct the porous structure of CaO, as does the formation of CaSO/sub 4/. Empirical evidence of this is demonstrated by the increased CaO utilization with H/sub 2/S as opposed to SO/sub 2/. The CaO conversion with SO/sub 2/ is 40%, whereas that with H/sub 2/S is 90%. This offers clear evidence that the sulfur deposits play a role in the late time reactivity. Hence, the next step in the modeling of sulfur cleanup by limestone must include the effects of the sulfur deposits. Such a model would not only yield the late time reactivity, but it would indicate the operating conditions under which CaO utilization could be maximized. In addition to developing a model which includes the effects of sulfur deposits, we must determine the effects of the calcination temperature and CO/sub 2/ background on the pore structure. In particular, the work of Ruth et al. on the reaction of H/sub 2/S with CaCO/sub 3/ calcined in situ clearly shows the effects of these conditions on the transition from high reactivity at early times to lower reactivity at late times. These effects are important for CaO utilization and additional empirical work is required before a theoretical model can be constructed. 14 refs., 19 figs., 2 tabs.

Tags: kmd
Application of fractography to core and outcrop fracture investigations

Purpose of this paper is to introduce geologists to the principles of fractography, especially those principles that govern the formation of fracture surface structures commonly observed in rocks. A knowledge of the inception mechanics governing the formation of a fracture's tendential and transient structures should provide geologists with a method to distinguish natural from coring-induced and handling-induced fractures in oriented core samples, and show how coring-induced fractures may be assisted in their formation by stresses that can be attributed to the drilling process. 118 figures.

Tags: kmd
Physical beneficiation process and costs refinement for coal-water slurry manufacture. Final technical report, September 1984-December 1985

Under the sponsorship of DOE/METC, UCC Research completed a program in 1984 concerned with the development, testing, and manufacture of an ultra-clean coal-water mixture fuel using the UCC two-stage physical beneficiation and coal-water mixture preparation process. Several gallons of ultra-clean coal-water slurry produced at the UCC Research pilot facility was supplied to DOE/METC for combustion testing. The finalization of this project resulted in the presentation of a conceptual design and economic analysis of an ultra-clean coal-water mixture processing facility sufficient in size to continuously supply fuel to a 100 MW turbine power generation system. Upon completion of the above program, it became evident that substantial technological and economic improvement could be realized through further laboratory and engineering investigation of the UCC two-stage physical beneficiation process. Therefore, as an extension to the previous work, the purpose of the present program was to define the relationship between the controlling technical parameters as related to coal-water slurry quality and product price, and to determine the areas of improvement in the existing flow-scheme, associated cost savings, and the overall effect of these savings on final coal-water slurry price. Contents of this report include: (1) introduction; (2) process refinement (improvement of coal beneficiation process, different source coals and related cleanability, dispersants and other additives,5526 ); (3) coal beneficiation and cost parametrics summary; (4) revised conceptual design and economic analysis; (5) operating and capital cost reduction; (6) conclusion; and (7) appendices. 24 figs., 12 tabs.

Tags: kmd
Surfactant-enhanced alkaline flooding field project

The Tucker sand of Helper (KS) field is a candidate for surfactant-enhanced alkaline flooding. The geology of the Helper site is typical of many DOE Class I reservoirs. The Tucker sand of Helper field was deposited in a fluvial dominated deltaic environment. Helper oil can be mobilized with either chemical system 2 or chemical system 3, as described in this report. Oil fields in the Gulf Coast region are also good candidates for surfactant-enhanced alkaline flooding. The results from laboratory tests conducted in Berea sandstone cores with oil brine from Helper (KS) field are encouraging. The crude oil is viscous and non-acidic and, yet, was mobilized by the chemical formulations described in this report. Significant amounts of the oil were mobilized under simulated reservoir conditions. The results in Berea sandstone cores were encouraging and should be verified by tests with field core. Consumption of alkali, measured with field core, was very low. Surfactant loss appeared to be acceptable. Despite the good potential for mobilization of Helper oil, certain reservoir characteristics such as low permeability, compartmentalization, and shallow depth place constraints on applications of any chemical system in the Tucker sand. These constraints are typical of many DOE Class I reservoirs. Although Hepler field is not a perfect reservoir in which to apply surfactant- enhanced alkaline flooding, Hepler oil is particularly amenable to mobilization by surfactant-enhanced alkaline systems. A field test is recommended, dependent upon final evaluation of well logs and cores from the proposed pilot area. 14 refs., 21 figs., 10 tabs.

Tags: kmd
Thirteenth biennial lignite symposium: technology and utilization of low-rank coals proceedings. Volume 2

These proceedings are the collected manuscripts from the 1985 Lignite Symposium held at Bismarck, North Dakota on May 21-23, 1985. Sponsorship of the thirteenth biennial meeting was by the United States Department of Energy, the University of North Dakota Energy Research Center, and the Texas University Coal Research Consortium. Seven technical sessions plus two luncheons and a banquet were held during the two and a half day meeting. The final half day included tours of the Great Plains Gasification Plant; Basin Electric's Antelope Valley Power Station; and the Freedom Mine. Sessions covered diverse topics related to the technology and use of low-rank coals including coal development and public policy, combustion, gasification, environmental systems for low-rank coal utilization, liquefaction, beneficiation and coal mining and coal inorganics. All the papers have been entered individually into EDB and ERA.

Tags: kmd
Tar sand

Research on tar sand is briefly discussed. The research program supported by the US Department of Energy (DOE) includes a variety of surface extraction schemes. The University of Utah has process development units (PDU) employing fluidized bed, hot, water-assisted, and fluidized-bed/heat-pipe, coupled combustor technology. Considerable process variable test data have been gathered on these systems: (1) a rotary kiln unit has been built recently; (2) solvent extraction processing is being examined; and (3) an advanced hydrogenation upgrading scheme (hydropyrolysis) has been developed. The University of Arkansas, in collaboration with Diversified Petroleum, Inc., has been working on a fatty acid, solvent extraction process. Oleic acid is the solvent/surfactant. Solvent is recovered by adjusting processing fluid concentrations to separate without expensive operations. Western Research Institute has a PDU-scale scheme called the Recycle Oil Pyrolysis and Extraction (ROPE) process, which combines solvent (hot recycle bitumen) and pyrolytic extraction. 14 refs., 19 figs.

Tags: kmd
Second-generation pressurized fluidized bed combustion plant research and development needs, Phase 1, Task 2: Topical report

This report identifies, classifies, and ranks the research and development needs of coal-fired second-generation pressurized fluidized bed combustion plants. This type of plant can operate with a 45-percent efficiency (based on the higher heating value of the coal used as fuel) and can achieve a cost of electricity at least 20-percent lower than that of a conventional pulverized-coal-fired plant with wet-lime-stone flue gas desulfurization. The proposed plant concept integrates a coal pyrolyzer/carbonizer with a circulating pressurized fluidized bed combustor (CPFBC). Char produced in the carbonizer is burned in the CPFBC, and the low-Btu fuel gas produced in the carbonizer is burned in a topping combustor to heat the CPFBC exhaust gas to 2100/degree/F and higher before it enters a gas turbine. The carbonizer and CPFBC operate with lime-based sorbents for in-situ sulfur capture at /le/1600/degree/F. Components being developed for first-generation pressurized fluidized bed combustion plants (gas turbine inlet temperature /le/1600/degree/F) protect the gas turbine from corrosion, erosion, and deposition. 14 refs., 15 figs., 6 tabs.

Tags: kmd
Proceedings of the second annual methane recovery from coal beds symposium

Topics covered include methane recovery from coal seams by vertical drilling and by long horizontal drill holes in the seam. Preliminary degassing of the deeper seams may be necessary for safety and productivity in mining them. The recovery of the methane represents the conservation of a resource now largely wasted by venting in mine ventilation air and, in some cases, the economics are favorable. Resource assessment is being carried out and drilling equipment designed for coal seam degassing is described. Seventeen papers from the proceedings have been entered individually into EDB and ERA. (LTN)

Tags: kmd
Laboratory simulation studies of steady-state and potential catalytic effects in the ROPE trademark process

The Western Research Institute is currently developing a process for the recovery of distillable liquid products from alternate fossil fuel sources such as tar sand and oil shale. The processing concept is based on recycling a fraction of the produced oil back into the reactor with the raw resource. This concept is termed the recycle oil pyrolysis and extraction (ROPE{sup TM}) process. The conversion of the alternate resource to a liquid fuel is performed in two stages. The first recovery stage is performed at moderate temperatures (325--420{degrees}C (617--788{degrees}F)) in the presence of product oil recycle. The second stage is performed at higher temperatures (450--540{degrees}C (842--1004{degrees}F)) in the absence of product oil. The experiments reported here were performed Asphalt Ridge tar sand in the all-glass laboratory simulation reactor to simulate (1) the recycling of SAE 50 weight oil in the recycle oil pyrolysis zone and (2) to evaluate the potential catalytic effects of the sand matrix.

Tags: kmd
Hydrocarbon displacement by carbon dioxide dispersions

The US Department of Energy's (DOE) Morgantown Energy Technology Center (METC) is investigating methods to control the mobility of carbon dioxide for use in gas miscible displacements of hydrocarbons that are found in petroleum reservoirs. Carbon dioxide is an excellent hydrocarbon recovery agent, recovering nearly 100% of the oil that it contacts. Like other gases, carbon dioxide has a relatively low viscosity, even at elevated pressures, that contributes to its high fluid mobility. Thus, carbon dioxide channels through high permeability strata, bypasses much of the oil in place, and experiences premature breakthrough at producing wells. The use of foam (a dispersion or an emulsion) is one mobility control method that DOE/METC is investigating. Large-scale natural sandstone cores are being flooded with carbon dioxide dispersions to evaluate the dispersions'worth as displacing fluids. The following are specific objectives of the laboratory investigations: (1) evaluate displacement test results using analytical methods, (2) provide mathematical simulator input data, (3) verify mathematical compositional simulator results, and (4) further understand the viability of using foams as displacing fluids in crude oil reservoirs. A summary of literature concerning the properties of carbon dioxide, the application of carbon dioxide in enhanced oil recovery operations, and the fundamental flow behavior of dispersions is reported here. The literature review facilitated bench-scale displacement tests at DOE/METC that use carbon dioxide dispersions to improve the efficiency of gas miscible flooding. Additionally, preliminary two-dimensional carbon dioxide and carbon dioxide dispersion tests are reported. Results of the tests clearly show that the displacing fluid mobility was reduced when a dispersion was employed. 28 refs., 21 figs., 2 tabs.

Tags: kmd