AndreaBozzo/ceres-open-data-index huggingface dataset:
HYDROCARBON TYPE ANALYSIS OF EASTERN AND WESTERN SHALE OILS PRODUCED BY THE IGT HYTORT AND FISCHER ASSAY PROCESSES

Shale oils produced from Eastern and Western oil shales by the Fischer assay and IGT hytort processes have been investigated by both H and C high resolution NMR techniques, as were hydrotreated Eastern shale oils obtained by the IGT Hytort process. From the NMR data of the shale oils, the average molecular structure parameters were calculated as well as mole percents of aromatics, olefins and alkanes. Although it is recognized that the parameters have little exact meaning, the values do represent quantitatively the compositional differences observed in the NMR spectra of the shale oils resulting from the two retorting processes. Differences in chemical composition are discussed for the Eastern and Western shale oils. Also discussed are the solid state carbon-13 NMR spectra of Eastern and Western oil shales before and after retorting by the Fischer assay and IGT Hytort processes.

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NMR AND ESR CHARACTERIZATION OF OIL SHALES

NMR and ESR have proven to be very useful methods for studying various properties of fossil fuels. Although most studies have been applied to coals, in recent years an increasing emphasis has been placed on using magnetic resonance to study oil shales. One of the most important recent developments involves the use of C-13 NMR. Using cross-polarization and magic-angle spinning, separate aliphatic and aromatic C-13 peaks can be resolved. It has been shown for oil shales that the Fischer assay determination of oil yield is strongly correlated with the aliphatic signal.

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RIO BLANCO OIL SHALE COMPANY - TRACT C-A ANNUAL PROGRESS REPORT - JANUARY 1980-DECEMBER 1980

The requirement to submit an Annual Progress Report (APR) on each anniversary date of the lease following approval of a development plan is contained in Section 1(c)(4) of the Environmental Stipulations to the Federal Oil Shale Lease (Serial No. C-20046) under which the Rio Blanco Oil Shale Company (hereinafter "RBOSC") under which the Rio Blanco Oil Shale Company (India) formed RBOSC as a general partnership to develop Tract C-a with the intention of engaging in the commercial production of oil shale. The legal description of Tract C-a, as defined in the Lease is:

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WHITE RIVER SHALE PROJECT FINANCIAL IMPACT STATEMENT AND ALLEVIATION PLAN

The late 1970's and early 1980's have seen a number of resource development projects announced for rural areas throughout Utah. Several of these proposed projects would employ large numbers of people in both the construction and operation phases. The labor requirements announced for these projects in turn have generated great concern that the quality of like in Utah's rural communities not be sacrificed in the name of economic growth.

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STRAIN-RATE EFFECTS ON THE MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF OIL SHALE

In situ retorting of oil shale requires explosive loading, hydrofracturing and so on, to produce the increase in bed porosity necessary for a self-sustaining burn. Fundamental to this are the compressive properties of oil shale. Uniaxial testing of oil shale from the Green River formation in Wyoming indicates that the compressive strength is strongly dependent on organic content and strain rate. Data from stress and strain measurements together with Combustion Analysis data were used in multiple regression computer programs to obtain correlation between ultimate compressive stresses, strain rates, and oil shale composition. The influence of organic volume and strain rate upon the ultimate strain and Young's modulus were also investigated.

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COBALT MOLYBDATE HYDROGENATION OF COKER DISTILLATE AND SHALE NAPHTHAS--INTERIM REPORT

Hydrogenation offers one means of upgrading shale oil or shale-oil fractions for use in motor fuel production. Of particular interest in this field is the hydrogenation of coker distillates and shale naphthas produced by thermal cracking. The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of variations in operating conditions upon yield, hydrogen consumption and product quality.  Based on the results of these surveys, optimum ranges of operating conditions were determined for each charge stock and catalyst life and heat of hydrogenation determined within these ranges.

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PROPERTIES OF OIL SHALE FROM WELL NO. 7 SITE 9, NORTH OF ROCK SPRINGS, WYOMING

Oriented recovery core from Bureau of Mines test site 9 north of Rock Springs, Wyoming was tested to determine the physical properties of the oil shale section of the basin for depths of from 124 to 174 feet. This core was of a known in situ orientation. Physical property tests were made to determine if vertical fractures created by point loading discs of oil shale have a preferred orientation of fracture; other tests were made to describe the behavior of the shale under various stress regimes.

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REPORT ON COKING GAS-COMBUSTION CRUDE SHALE OIL FOR MAXIMUM PRODUCTION OF GAS OIL

This report describes three operations at the Bureau of Mines Oil-Shale Mine and Engineering Experiment Station in which crude shale oil was coked for the production of distillates having 650, 750, and 850 degrees F end points. These distillates were produced in quantities large enough to serve as charge stocks to small scale experimental work in such processes as hydrogenation and catalytic cracking.

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TECHNICAL CONCEPT FOR PROJECT BRONCO

This Technical Concept describes the proposed Project Bronco in enough detail that time and cost estimates can be made. The Concept is also intended to serve as a technical basis for discussions among the participants in the experiment. However, it should be emphasized that the experimental design will change somewhat as more technical information becomes available and as better methods for achieving the experiments objective become apparent. It is expected that future modifications of the design will result in costs which are not appreciably different than those projected here.

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PROCESS AND ENGINEERING DESIGN, INDUSTRY-SCALE OIL-SHALE PROCESSING FACILITIES

A study is being made by the National Petroleum Council Committee on Synthetic Fuels from oil shale. The committee has prepared designs and estimates for facilities to produce gasoline and middle distillates using processes developed by the Union Oil Co. of California. This report presents the design of alternative methods for processing oil shale and shale oil. The oil shale retorting method is a recent development which shows considerable promise. The approach to shale-oil refining is basically different in that residual fuels are produced in about the same proportion to distillates as are currently marketed on the Pacific Coast whereas the proposal already evaluated converts shale oil to gasoline, middle distillates, and coke. Residual fuels are and will continue to be an important factor in the petroleum market. Since shale oil, being a heavy crude, is particularly adapted to residual fuel production, a refining plan such as is presented n this report likely will find a place in the future shale-oil industry.

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A SECTION THROUGH THE NEW ALBANY SHALE

During the summer of 1921 the Louisville Cement Company bored through the New Albany shale with a core drill. This boring was done in the northeast corner of Grant 102, Silver Creek Township, Clark County, Indiana.  The shale formation was struck at a depth of 4 feet 11 inches and was found to have a total thickness of 98 feet 5 inches, which is about normal.  The cement company had the core sliced and a proximate analysis made on the material representing each 1 foot  and 6 inch section of it.  The remainder of the core and a copy of the analyses were then sent to the oil shale experiment laboratory of the Department of Geology, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana where additional experimental work leading to the publication of this paper was done.

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THERMOPHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF DEVONIAN SHALES

"A detailed study of the thermophysical properties of Devonian shales from the central and eastern United  States has been carried out. The properties encompass  a wide spectrum of material properties such as thermal  conductivity , thermal diffusivity, specific heat, dielectric constant and sonic velocities . The importance of such measurements in on-field applications in oil shale technology is highlighted. Comparison of the trends in the various properties observed for Devonian shales as a function of temperature with data obtained previously for Green River oil shales is presented. Similarities and differences in the thermophysical behavior of the two types of shales are discussed."

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NITROGEN TYPE ANALYSIS OF HYDROGENATED SHALE GAS OILS

"Hydrogenated shale gas oil products from catalyzed and noncatalyzed runs were analyzed using nonaqueous potentiometric titration and infrared analysis, following an analytical scheme proposed by Koros. Results indicate that the shale gas oil denitrification reaction is limited by a hydrogenation step. Dealkylation of pyridine type nitrogen  was found to be an important reaction. In all cases the net rate of conversion of the more stable pyridine type nitrogen was greater than that of the less stable pyrrole type nitrogen. It appears that polymeric compounds  break down into pyrrole type compounds more rapidly than intopyridine type compounds."

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ANALYSIS OF MASS TRANSFER MODELING AND VAPOR-LIQUID EQUILIBRIUM IN SCRUBBING RETORT OFF-GAS

"Previous experiments at the Laramie Energy Technology Center indicated that a significant fraction of ammonia (NH3) present in retort off-gas was removed while operating a venturi scrubbing device for particulate  removal. Such results plus the commercial history of using ammonia-water solutions for removing hydrogen sulfide (H2S) from coal-gas streams suggests the possibility of using scrubbers for mass transfer as well as particulate removal. This report addresses mass transfer  considerations related to scrubbing retort off-gas. It examines approaches for calculating mass transfer in venturi and sieve tray scrubbers and for determining  vapor-liquid equilibrium."

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RETORTING OIL SHALE IN AN OXIDIZING ATMOSPHERE

Although many retorts for processing oil shale have been in operation at one time or another, few have been economical from the standpoint of heat requirements.  Since a large portion of the heat required to retort oil shale is used in bringing the shale up to retorting temperature, preheating the shale would materially decrease the amount of heat that must be supplied by the retort and also make use of what would be possibly wasted heat. In order for such preheating to be feasible, it should not adversely affect either the yield or quality of oil.  This study was undertaken to determine the effects of preheating an oil yield, and was very preliminary in nature.  The method used in the investigation consisted of comparing the oil yield obtained by retorting oil shale in an oxidizing atmosphere with that obtained by retorting a similar shale in an inert atmosphere.

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SOME EXAMPLES OF 13C NMR APPLICATIONS TO OIL SHALES

Some examples are given of the use of solid state 13C NMR techniques to study oil shales. These include the use of 13C NMR for oil shale resource evaluation and for oil shale thermal decomposition. In addition, the use of 13C NMR for evaluating petroleum source rock potential illustrated. NMR measurements of the fraction of aliphatic carbon in an oil shale are shown to correlate with the fraction of carbon converted to oil upon Fischer assay. Similar measurements on oil shales as a function of depth of burial can be used to assess the thermal maturation of the source rock. Interrupted decoupling experiments have been conducted on oil shales heated to various temperatures. The results of these measurements are discussed.

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NMR STUDIES OF OIL SHALES AND RELATED MATERIALS

In this paper some applications of pulsed NMR to the study of fossil fuels will be discussed. Emphases will be on oil shales and to a lesser extent, tar sands and coals. Topics to be discussed are NMR methods for assaying oil shales, temperature dependence of relaxation times in oil shales, and proton-enhanced nuclear induction spectra of oil shales. The first is related to resource evaluation, the second to processing, and the third to characterization studies. Throughout the discussion emphasis will be on the practical utility of such measurements. Hopefully the topics chosen for discussion will show the broad applicability of NMR techniques to fossil energy research.

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NMR CORRELATIONS OF SIGNIFICANCE IN OIL SHALE RESOURCE EVALUATION AND PROCESSING

NMR derived correlations for oil shale resource evaluation and processing are discussed. The basis NMR measurements employed are the cross polarization, magic angle spinning 13 C NMR techniques. The information obtained by using such techniques is basically a measurement of the organic carbon distribution in raw, partially retorted, and fully retorted oil shales. Using this information, correlations between Fisher assay oil yields versus weight percent aliphatic carbon, the genetic potential versus fraction of aliphatic carbon, and residual carbon versus aromatic carbon have been obtained for oil shales. In addition the use of NMR line widths is suggested to obtain additional information about the types of organic matter is oil shales.

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CURRENT METHODS OF OIL SHALE ANALYSIS AND NEW DEVELOPMENTS (NMR)

This paper reviews some methods of analysis of oil shales that are currently used by the Laramie Energy Technology Center, and describes new developments in magnetic resonance for the analysis of oil shales. Analytical methods that are discussed include the determination of the elemental composition of oil shales, and assay methods to determine potential oil yields. Cross polarization, magic angle spinning carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance spectra and results are presented to illustrate the type of information that is obtainable for oil shales with the new magnetic resonance techniques.

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ON THE ULTIMATE COMPOSITION OF ORGANIC COMPONENTS OF OIL SHALE, Laboratory Unit Report No. 2

Some insight into the composition and the pyrolytic behavior of the organic matter of oil shale may be obtained through a study of ultimate organic analyses and quantitative balances of materials involved in retorting. For any single retorting process these data are incomplete. However, a judicious selection of available data from various retorting processes can be made to describe a material and element composition balance around what may be termed a "hypothetical retort." For example, the ultimate analysis of the oil recovered in the "hypothetical retort" is that of an N-T-U crude, the gas analysis is the average composition of Fischer assay gas, and the yields of oil, gas, and organic carbon in the spent shale are average Fischer assay data. The overall ultimate analysis of the organic matter in raw shale from any bed may be considered representative since the variations from bed to bed appear to be insignificant.

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A TENTATIVE METHOD FOR THE DETERMINATION OF SHALE-OIL MIST IN RETORT GAS STREAMS, Laboratory Unit Report No. 3

A method for determining the shale oil mist content in retort gas is described here. The studies necessary to develop the method were made on the pilot plant gas combustion retort at Rifle, Colo. All oil mist sampling was done at the inlet and outlet gas lines of the electrostatic precipitator, the last unit in the oil recovery train of the retort. It is proposed that this method of determining oil mist may be used with some minor modification of the mist collecting equipment at any point in the oil recovery and gas handling system of this type of oil shale retort.

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CHEMICALS FROM OIL SHALE PROGRESS REPORT

The purpose of this is to report the results from a series of shale retorting experiments performed in the Physical Research Laboratory. The results that the Bureau of Mines obtained with their radiant retort have been essentially substantiated. Oil shale is shown to be a raw material source for chemicals such as ethylene, propylene, butadiene benzene, toluene, and naphthalene.

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MODELLING OF OIL SHALE RETORTS FOR ELECTROMAGNETIC SENSING TECHNIQUES

We report here some work on the modeling of oil shale retorts for electromagnetic sensing techniques. The aim is to obtain useful information about the contents of the retort by means of electromagnetic probes. In this work, the retort is modeled by a spheroid with an average dielectric constant which depends on the void ratio. The near field due to a radiating dipole source in the vicinity of a spheroidal retort is computed using the Extended Boundary Condition Method due to Waterman, Barber and Yeh. Numerical results are given at 4 MHz for a retort with major axis 45.7 m, minor axis 25.1 m, bulk dielectric constant 3.8   3.7 j, and various void ratios. The results indicate feasibility of determining the void ratio by remote electromagnetic measurements. It is also believed that this work may be of interest beyond the immediate context of oil shale retort modeling.

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AN NMR SURVEY OF UNITED STATES OIL SHALES

Solid state nuclear magnetic resonance techniques were used to measure the fraction of aliphatic carbon in oil shales from US deposits, ranging in age from Ordovician to Tertiary. The aliphatic carbon fraction was shown to correlate with the fraction of organic matter converted to oil during Fischer assay. The fraction of organic matter convertible to oil is a primary factor in evaluating the developability of an oil shale resource. Nuclear magnetic resonance determines this in a nondestructive, easily interpreted bulk analysis of the whole rock.

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RELATIONSHIPS OF OIL CONTENT AND ROCK DENSITY FOR NEW ALBANY REFERENCE OIL SHALE AND SOUND VELOCITY MEASUREMENTS

The chemistry, oil yields, and geology of eastern oil shales are quite different from western ones, so are the mechanical properties. A primary variable of the mechanical properties is the specific gravity of the rock which is related to oil yield. Saturation, buoyancy and other techniques are used to accurately determine the specific gravity. Fischer assay is used to establish the oil yield. Based on 30 samples tested, with specific gravity ranges from 2.14 to 2.27 and oil yield from 18 to 12 gallons/ton respectively, a reliable liner equation is derived with high correlation coefficient (about 0.9).

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ULTIMATE TENSILE STRENGTHS AND STRAIN-RATE DEPENDENT MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF NEW ALBANY OIL SHALE

Ultimate tensile strength is a mechanical property parameter important to predict how oil shales will break. Split cylinder testing is used to measure this parameter under static loading conditions. Correlation between the ultimate tensile strengths and specific gravity of rock is presented based on 200 tests. Oil shales used in this paper are described in the previous paper of the proceedings by Chong, Miknis and Leskinen.

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APPLICABILITY OF THE PETROSIX PROCESS TO KENTUCKY OIL SHALE

This paper presents the results of the feasibility of applying Petrobras-Petrosix Process for retorting Kentucky oil shales. Material and energy balances were calculated based on Petrobras experience with Irati Shales, from Brazil, and on the results of technological characterization of one sample of oil shale from Kentucky supplied by American Syncrude Corp. Cost estimates as well as other considerations on economics of the project were adapted to the conditions valid for the American situation.

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"OIL SHALE RESEARCH - (EXCERPT) A Mathematical Model for Leaching of  Organic Carbon from In-Situ Retorted Oil Shale"

The rich oil shale deposits in Colorado's Piceance Creek basin are being considered for early commercialization by vertical modified in situ retorting. In this process, large underground chambers of oil shale, several hundred feet in cross section and up to 700 feet high, are pyrolyzed in place. This type of processing may result in environmental problems, including the disruption of groundwater aquifers, leaching of retorted shale, and subsidence described by Persoff and Fox.

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SAMPLING AND ANALYSIS RESEARCH PROGRAM AT THE PARAHO SHALE OIL DEMONSTRATION PLANT

A sampling and analysis research program was conducted at the Paraho oil shale retorting demonstration site at Anvil Points, Colorado. The work was carried out by TRW and the Denver Research Institute. The overall objective of the test program was to obtain preliminary quantitative and qualitative measurement of air, water, and solid compositions, and to gain experience which would lead to improved sampling procedures and the determination of priorities for sampling and analysis of shale oil recovery operations.

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NBS*QUANT84: A SYSTEM FOR QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS BY AUTOMATED X-RAY POWDER DIFFRACTION

"The programs in the NBS*QUANT82 package were released in 1982 and were accompanied by documentation in draft form . Since that initial release the  authors have used the program for various analyses. Based on this use several changes have been made:  (1) Addition of program AMORPHOUS  (2) Option for use of weighted or unweighted averages  (3) Correction of the estimated standard deviation of lines with I rel = 100.  (4) Option for limiting the listing of data file headings and data summary for each measured line.  Hopefully, additional analysis routines will be added in the future."

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INVESTIGATION OF ASPHALT-AGGREGATE ADHESION BY MEASUREMENTS OF HEATS OF IMMERSION

This paper discusses the problems in studying asphalt-aggregate adhesion and the relation between adhesion and heats of immersion.  The construction of a microcalorimeter and its application in measuring the energy of interaction between road asphalts and aggregates are described.  Experimental heat of immersion curves are presented on quartz, calcite, a phosphate sing and 4 Montana aggregates used with a ;commercial asphalt.  The effect of an antistripping agent on heats of immersion was evaluated.

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HANNA IV PRODUCT GAS MONITORING

Product gas from Underground Coal Gasification was monitored during the Hanna IV UCG test conducted by the Laramie Energy Technology Center. The monitoring was designed to provide both process development and environmental data to define the requirements for product gas clean up prior to end use. During two series of test runs, one in the spring of 1978 and the other in late summer of 1979, the product gas was monitored on a weekly basis for particulate loading and size distribution, trace nitrogen and sulfur components, major components, moisture, alkali metals, and seven trace elements.

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THE TRW REVOVERY SYSTEM FOR THE SALT-CAPPED OIL SHALE DEPOSIT

The oil shale deposit which is subject of this report is in the depositional center of the Piceance Creek Basin in Rio Blanco County, Colorado. It lies under 22000 feet of overburden and is 850 feet thick. It is capped by two salt zones, each more than 100 feet thick, encompassing an area of 50 square miles. Groundwater is present in the overburden; the deposit is free of aquifers, and is gas tight. Twenty-five percent by weight of the material in the deposit is nahcolite which occurs disseminated in bedded layers and as nodules from pebble to large boulder size surrounded by the shale matrix.

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PERMEABILITY CHARACTERISTICS OF COAL SEAMS

"Values of absolute permeability to gas and porosity for Pittsburgh, Hanna, and Gillette coals are presented. Effective and relative permeability's to gas as functions of water saturation and flow orientation are also calculated  from steady-state Darcian flow experiments. The rate of increase in permeability to gas past the critical gas saturation is significantly greater as the rank of the coal decreases. Similarly values of absolute permeability, shrinkage, and porosity are inverse functions of rank. Values of the former range over three orders of magnitude. The critical gas saturation does not appear to be a function of rank."

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