AndreaBozzo/ceres-open-data-index huggingface dataset:
Determination of compound types in complex mixtures using subtraction and gas chromatographic readout. [Technique applied to hydrocarbon types and polar materials in shale oil]

"The need for improved compound-type analyses of shale-oil fractions resulting from the lack of specificity of chromatographic adsorbents or from the poor precision of the methods of quantitation is discussed.  A subtractive analytical technique using a gas chromatographic (g.c.) readout step is illustrated for several compound types found in shale oils. This method consists of adding an appropriate internal standard to the sample, applying a specific subtractive technique, and determining the amount of a compound type from comparison of the before and after gas chromatograms. The method is applied to hydrocarbon types (alkane-alkene-aromatic) and polar materials including acids and bases. The presence of an internal standard throughout the material handling steps eliminates such precision-degrading operations as quantitative separation of phases and solvent removal so that a wide variety of chemical characterization methods become feasible. In many cases a test that is more definitive for a given purpose may be devised because of the flexibility added by gas chromatographic readout. Oil samples of 0.1 ml are readily handled with the method.  The precision and detection limits are set by the precision of the gas chromatographic readout at about plus or minus 1%, which is a great improvement over presently used routine methods. Although the subtractive technique with g.c. readout is not useful for trace analyses, the greater reliability of the data for compound types present in shale oil at the few percent level allows use of the method for more detailed characterization of polar materials by comparing results from use of a multiplicity of polar-subtractive agents as well as correlation with independent methods such as nonaqueous potentiometric titration."

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Analyzing heavy ends of crude

"To OBTAIN compositional information on both hydrocarbon  and nonhydrocarbon components of crude oil and  to develop suitable analytical methods applicable to any  crude oil, the Bureau of Mines, through American Petroleum Institute Research Project 60 (API RP 60 ), is  studying in some detail the higher boiling fraction of five  crude oils of different chemical composition and geological  origin. The oils include :  • Gach Saran, Iran  • Swan Hills, Alta., Canada  • Recluse , Wyo.  • Wilmington, Calif."

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Tertiary nitrogen heterocyclic material to reduce moisture-induced damage in asphalt-aggregate mixtures

Asphalt-aggregate roads crack when subjected to freezing and thawing cycles. Herein, the useful life of asphalts are substantially improved by a minor amount of a moisture damage inhibiting agent selected from compounds having a pyridine moiety, including acid salts of such compounds. A shale oil fraction may serve as the source of the improving agent and may simply be blended with conventional petroleum asphalts.

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Storage stability of gasoline. Development of a stability prediction method and studies of gasoline composition and component reactivity

"A cooperative research program concerned with the fundamentals of motor gasoline storage stability was undertaken by the Bureau of Mines to increase and accumulate fundamental information relating to fuel stability.    A rapid and precise method was developed for predicting motor gasoline storage stability through a comprehensive program of investigation of fuel composition, component reactivity, lead alkyl reactions and application of these data to the ultimate design of the prediction test. This new method allows the estimation of useful life, with considerable accuracy, of gasoline stored for long periods under adverse conditions.    A significant bibliography of related literature is included in the report."

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Synthetic liquid fuels in the United States

"The disappearance of the reserve capacity to produce natural crude oil in the United States is the most important difference between the country’s prewar and postwar economic and security situation. Prior to the war, a reserve of 20 to 21 billion barrels would have permitted domestic production of about 5 million barrels daily at the maximum efficient rate, while actual production was less than 4 million barrels. In essence, there was cushion of 1 million barrels a day to soak up the heavy war demand and to provide time in which the civilian consumption could be curtailed to provide still greater supplies for military uses.    Now a domestic crude production near 5,100,000 barrels daily is barely sufficient to meet the country’s needs. It is also most probable that demand will continue to rise, for over 90 per cent of the locomotives on order are Diesel engines, domestic-oil-burner sales are at the highest rate in the history of the industry, fewer automobiles are burning more gasoline than before the war with an estimated 4.5 million new ones produced this year, and a developing passenger and freight traffic in the air is requiring larger volumes of high-octane gasoline. A predicted consumption requiring 6 million barrels of petroleum products a day by 1951 may err on the low side.    Today the country is still meeting its oil demands from a known reserve of 21 billion barrels plus a small net import of crude oil and petroleum products, but it is evident that domestic reserves must soon be increased or new sources of supply found. The prospects for increasing reserves in the United States are not bright, and the maintenance of the 21 billion barrel reserve has only been possible though extensions and revisions of previous estimates on known fields.    The reserve and exploration picture has become increasingly disquieting because discoveries of new oil pools have now failed to match consumption for 8 or 9 years while at the same time consumption is mounting rapidly.    On the other hand, the question is not; can the United States find new sources of oil? But rather, what sources should be used?"

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Office of Geologic Respositories issues hierarchy for a Mined Geologic Disposal System (OGR/B-10)

The Office of Geologic Repositories has adopted an issue hierarchy for use by all Project Offices. The issues hierarchy provides a framework for representing issues related to regulatory requirements for siting and licensing a mined geologic disposal system and for describing the work that needs to be completed during site characterizations to resolve these issues. The issues in the issues hierarchy are defined as the questions relating to the performance of the MGDS that must be resolved to demonstrated compliance with the applicable Federal regulations.

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Near-term public information products program, FY 86-87

In 1982, Congress passed the Nuclear Waste Policy Act of 1982, and in January 1983, it was singed by the President. The NWPA requires the U.S. Department of Energy to provide for the development of geologic repositories for the disposal of high-level radioactive waste, to submit a proposal to Congress on the need for r and feasibility of monitored retrievable storage, and to establish a program of research, development, and demonstration. It sets a timetable for repository development and provides for unprecedented interaction between the Federal Government, the States, Indian Tribes, and the public throughout the development of the waste management system.

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Office of Geologic Repositories program baseline procedures notebook (OGR/B-1)

As the office responsible for managing the development of the MGDS, ORG must apply effective management expertise and techniques to broad, complex program which poses many technical and administrative issues. The OGR MGDS development program encompasses concurrent activities by the four projects involving site characterization, design, licensing, and construction of a repository, and the development of supporting data and technology. This program poses unique challenges to the OGR and its ability to control and coordinate these activities.

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Office of Civilian Radioactive Waste Management annual report to Congress

Fiscal 1984 was the first full year during which the Civilian Radioactive Waste Management Program was conducted by OCRWM. The program's 1984 manpower ceiling was 206 full-time equivalents. This provided for the establishment of 100 full-time positions each at OCRWM Headquarters and OCRWM project offices, plus a modest allocation of FTEs to other DOE organizations rendering support to OCRWM. By the end of the year, 92 of the 100 Headquarters positions and 96 of the 100 field positions had been filled.

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Quality assurance management policies and requirements

As managers of a major national program designed to protect the environment, safety, and health of our citizens, it is essential that we assure the achievement of quality in fulfilling our responsibilities under the Nuclear Waste Policy Act of 1982. To plans and procedural control and take the necessary actions which demonstrate to the public our ability to safely and efficiently handle and dispose of spent nuclear fuel and high level radioactive waste. At the same time we must also demonstrate compliance with legislative, regulatory and departmental requirements for quality.

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Nuclear waste fund fee adequacy: an assessment. Revision

This is the fourth annual report in a series 1, 2, 3 that evaluates the adequacy of the fees assessed to cover the federal governments cost for that disposal of high-level radioactive wastes. As with past reports, the fees for commercial spent nuclear fuel are covered. These fees were established under the Nuclear Waste Policy At of 1982. The fees assessed on the commercial nuclear-electric generating industry consist of a one-time fee for waste existing on April 7, 1983 an ongoing fee assessed on subsequent nuclear powered generation. Based on a December 1985 court decision, the contracts covering spent nuclear fuel are interpreted as specifying that the ongoing fee will be assessed on net generation, rather than gross generation. Accordingly, the excess of past ongoing fees based on gross generation over fees based on  net generation is assumed to be credited to the utilities during 1986. A presidential decision made on April 30, 1985, directed that a common repository system be used for the permanent disposal of high- level wastes resulting from both atomic energy defense and civilian activities. Thus this report incorporates, for the first time, an assessment of fee adequacy that included the estimated long-term impact of the costs and fees associate with disposal of defense high-level wastes in the Office of Civilian Radioactive Waste Management repository system. In addition, this analysis includes, as a set of alternative cases, an Improved Performance System, a major component of which is Monitored Retrievable Storage facility. Since the cost implications of these features are still being investigate, the conclusions in this report should be regarded as tentative.

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TWO AND THREE DIMENSIONAL THERMO-MECHANICAL MODELS ASSOCIATED WITH UNDERGROUND COAL CONVERSION

Two and three dimensional models pertaining to the thermo-structural responses associated with underground coal conversion are formulated. Numerical results and comparisons for various cases are presented. The applicability of finite element techniques for the solution of the energy equation governing the temperature field is demonstrated along with presentation of the stress responses. In addition, the effects of convection and related numerical problems are discussed in the context of the temperature profile and coal fracture response determination.

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Transportation Institutional Plan

The Department of Energy recognizes that the success of its program to develop and implement a national system for nuclear waste management and disposal, as directed by the Nuclear Waste policy Act of 1982, depends not only on safety, but on broad-based public understanding of and confidence in program activities and objectives. While each program element has its particular sensitivity, the transportation of the waste to facilities developed under the NEPA may be the most visible element nationwide. Therefore, the DOE's Office of Civilian Radioactive Waste Management has developed this Transportation Institutional Plan to lay the foundation for interaction among all interested parties for the purpose of productive cooperation and resolution of issues related to establishment and operation of the NWPA transportation system. The information contained in this document is an extension and elaboration of the transportation information in the Mission Plan.

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Transportation Business Plan

The Nuclear Waste Policy Act of 1982 authorized the U.S. Department of Energy to establish a national system for the disposal of spent fuel and high-level radioactive waste and established the Office of Civilian Radioactive Waste Management to carry out these duties. A primary element of the Civilian Radioactive Waste Management Program is the development of the transportation system required to support the waste management system. The act also directs the DOE to "utilize by contract private industry to the fullest extent possible in each aspect of such transportation"

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Transporting spent nuclear fuel: an overview. [Contains glossary]

Since the first nuclear power plant began generating electricity, nuclear planners have recognized the necessity to provide a safe method of storing and eventually disposing of the radioactive used or "spent" fuel after it is removed from the reactor. Over the years, a umber of studies have examined alternative methods of high-level waste and spent fuel disposal, After systematic evaluation of several options, the U.S. Department of Energy determined that isolation in deep geologic formations offered the safest and most effective method of disposal.

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Analysis of the total system life cycle cost for the Civilian Radioactive Waste Management Program: Volume 2, Supporting information. [Civilian Radioactive Waste Management Program]

This report presents the detailed results and assumptions for the January 1986 Total System Life Cycle Cost analysis. The report is composed of three sections: Section A lists the costing assumptions which have been made about the principal waste management system parameters; Section B presents the yearly flows of waste material between system facilities for the 8 logistics cases which were studies; and Section C presents the annual total system costs for each of the 32 TSLCC cases by major cost category.

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Analysis of the total system life cycle cost for the Civilian Radioactive Waste Management Program. Volume 1. The analysis and its results

The total-system life-cycle cost analysis for the Department of Energy's Civilian Radioactive Waste Management Program is an ongoing activity that helps determine whether the revenue-producing mechanism established by the Nuclear Waste Policy Act of 1982-- a fee levied on the producers of nuclear power - is sufficient to cover the cost of the program. This report provides cost estimates for the fourth evaluation of the adequacy of the fee. The total-system cost for the reference authorized-system cost for the reference improved performance system s estimated to be 26 to 34 billion dollars, or about 2 billion dollars more than that of the authorized system.

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A multiattribute utility analysis of sites nominated for characterization for the first radioactive-waste repository: A decision-aiding methodology

The Department of Energy, pursuant to the Atomic Energy Act of 1954 as amended, the Energy Reorganization Act of 1974, the Department of Energy Organization Act of 1977, and the Nuclear Waste Policy Act of 1982, has the responsibility to provide for the disposal of high-level radioactive waste and spent nuclear fuel. The DOE selected mined geologic repositories as the preferred means or the disposal of commercially generated high-level radioactive waste and spent fuel, Vol. 46, p. 26677, May 14, after evaluating various means for the disposal of these materials and issuing an environmental impact statement. To carry out this decision, the DOE has been conducting research and development and performing siting studies.

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Implementation guide. Cost and Schedule Control Systems Criteria for Contract Performance Measurement

This guide describes the DOE Cost and Schedule Control System Criteria (CSCSC) for Contract Performance Measurement and provides DOE and its contractors and other participants with uniform guidance for CSSCSC implementation in compliance with DOE Order 2250.1b. Implementation refers to the application of the CSCSC to specific contracts, the assessment of contractor's management control systems for compliance with the requirement, subsequent DOE systems validation or acceptance verifying the contractor's compliance, and systems surveillance to ensure continued compliance. Any supplemental instructions by individual DOE organizations will be consistent with the DOE Order and with this and other CSCSC guidance documents. A list of related DOE reference is provided in Attachment 2.

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Public Comments on the draft Mission Plan for Civilian Radioactive Waste Management Program. Volume III

This volume reproduces the comments received by the Department of Energy on the draft Mission Plan of April 1984. A number that identifies the person or the organization submitting the comments is shown at the top of the first page of each set of comments; numbers identifying specific comments are shown n the left margin. These two numbers were combined in the synopses of comments in part III of Volume II to identify both the commenter and the specific comment.

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Record of Responses to public comments on the draft Mission Plan for the Civilian Radioactive Waste Management Program. Volume II

The Nuclear Waste Policy Act of 1982 assigned to the U.S. Department of Energy the responsibility and the authority for the supposal of spent nuclear fuel and high-level radioactive water. Amount other provisions, Section 301 of the Act requires the Secretary of Energy to "prepare a comprehensive report, to be known as the mission plan, which shall provide an informational basis sufficient to permit informed decisions to be made in carrying out the repository program and the research, development, and demonstration programs required under this Act."

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Mission Plan for the Civilian Radioactive Waste Management Program. Volume I. Part I. Overview and current program plans; Part II. Information required by the Nuclear Waste Policy Act of 1982

The United States has no facilities for the permanent disposal of the highly radioactive waste generated during the production of electricity in nuclear power plants and during the production of nuclear materials for national defense. As more commercial nuclear power plants have come on line in recent years, the rate at which the resulting highly radioactive wastes have been accumulating has been increasing.

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Environmental assessment overview: Richton Dome site, Mississippi

The Nuclear Waste Policy Act of 1982 established a process for the selection of sites for the disposal of spent nuclear fuel and high-level radioactive waste in geologic repositories. The first steps in this process were the identification of potentially acceptable sites and the development of general guidelines for siting repositories. In February 1983, the DOE identified nine sites in six states as potentially acceptable for the first repository. The Yucca Mountain site in Nye County, Nevada, was identified as one of those sites. The general guidelines were issued in November 1984 as Title 10 of the Code of Federal Regulations, Part 960. The DOE is now proceeding with the next step in the site selection process for the first repository: the nomination of at least five of the nine potentially acceptable sites as suitable for site characterization, which is a program detailed studies.

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Environmental assessment, Richton Dome site, Mississippi

The Nuclear Waste Policy Act of 1982 requires the environmental assessment to include a detailed statement of the basis for nominating a site as suitable for characterization. This detailed statement is to be an evaluation of site suitability under the U.S. Department of Energy siting guidelines; the evaluation will be the basis for the comparisons of sites reported in Chapter 7. Such an evaluation for the Yucca Mountain site is presented in sections 6.2, 6.3, and 6.4 of this chapter. A brief explanation of the siting guidelines their format, structure, and implementation is given in Section 6.1.

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Environmental assessment: Richton Dome site, Mississippi

"In February 1983, the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) identified the Richton Dome site in Mississippi as one of the nine potentially acceptable sites for a mined geologic repository for spent nuclear fuel and high-level radioactive waste. To determine their suitability, the Richton Dome site and the eight other potentially acceptable sites have been evaluated in accordance with the DOE's General Guidelines for the Recommendation of Sites for the Nuclear Waste Repositories. These evaluations were reported in draft environmental assessments (EAs), which were issued for public review and comment. After considering the comments received on the draft EAs, the DOE prepared final EAs.  The site is in the Gulf interior region, which is one of five distinct geohydrologic settings considered for the first repository. This setting contains two other potentially acceptable sites--the Cypress Creek Dome site in Mississippi and the Vacherie Dome sites are suitable for site characterization, the DOE has concluded that the Richton Dome site is the preferred site in the Gulf interior region. On the basis of the evaluations reported in this EA, the DOE has found that the Richton Dome site is not disqualified under the guidelines.  Furthermore, the DOE has found that the site is suitable for site characterization because the evidence does not support a conclusion that the site will not be able to meet each of the qualifying conditions specified in the guidelines. On the basis of these findings, the DOE is nominating the Richton Dome site as one of five sites suitable for characterization."

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Program Management System manual

The Office of Civilian Radioactive Waste Management, U.S. Department of Energy, had developed a Program Management System to assist in planning and controlling the Civilian Radioactive Waste Management Program. The Program is complex and requires strong, effective management. In particular, the Nuclear Waste Policy Act of 1982 mandate f full cost recovery and OCRWM's commitment to controlling costs and minimizing adjustments to the waste disposal fee require centralized direction and control. Furthermore, the various elements of the Program must be managed as parts of an integrated waste management system, and the individual repository projects are parallel efforts that must be closely coordinated with each other and with the transportation and storage activities. The primary purpose of the PMS is to provide the Director, OCRWM, and his staff with a set of policies and procedures that can be used in managing for quality and in integrating the various elements and projects into a cohesive, cost-effective program. The OCRWM MS is structured on the foundation provided by DOE's Project Management System, which has been and will continue to be used for the management of contractor activities by the Project Offices.

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