AndreaBozzo/ceres-open-data-index huggingface dataset:
A 32-month gasifier mechanistic study and downstream unit process development program for the pressurized ash-agglomerating fluidized bed gasification system: Quarterly report, April 1-June 30, 1986

The scope of work at KRW Energy Systems, Inc. (KRW) under the current contract consists, in part, of designing and installing an external hot gas cleanup system for testing in the Process Development Unit (PDU) at Waltz Mill, PA. This system comprises an external fixed-bed desulfurizer of zinc ferrite sorbent with a sintered metal filter system and associated hot piping and instrumentation. Document FE-21063-40 reports progress on PDU modifications completed on the external hot gas cleanup system (HGCU), and it specifically discusses the safety reviews and safety issues completed for this system. Zinc ferrite sorbent was procured, received and loaded into the fixed-bed desulfurizer. The sintered metal filter was successfully tested in the PDU for 230 hours with no operational upsets during in-bed desulfurization test, TP-036-5. These test results are reported herein, along with metallographic analyses from the Argonne National Laboratory on the failed filter elements retrieved from PDU test TP-036-4. PDU modifications, a test summary, test accomplishments, and set point data for test TP-036-5 are reported as part of the Advanced In-Bed Gas Cleanup Program under the contract. Process analyses continued on analyzing existing data for inclusion in the mechanistic gasifier model to enable improved prediction of gasifier performance. Fines recycle analyses also continued to better understand fines loss and fines elutriation and enable evaluation of cyclone performance. Advanced system design work was completed on regenerated sulfur dioxide, external sulfation, and advanced instrumentation for the External Hot Gas Cleanup Program.

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Development of BEACON technology. Topical report: engineering analysis of SELOX process

Catalysts developed for the BEACON reactions were also found to be highly effective for a reverse type of reaction, conversion of methane to synthesis gas. At thermodynamically favorable conditions, methane can be partially oxidized to form hydrogen and carbon monoxide in the ratio of 2/1. This is the preferred ratio for the production of methanol. A preliminary engineering analysis of this process, called SELOX, when used in conjunction with conventional methanol synthesis, results in a 25% reduction in the capital cost of the total system. This reduction is relative to a conventional steam reformer source of synthesis gas. There does not appear to be a significant difference in capital cost for SELOX reactor pressures in the range of 150 to 500 psia. Optimization of the methanol synthesis by adjusting for the unique synthesis gas available from the SELOX unit could further improve the system design. 8 figs. 8 tabs.

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The effects of fly ash and flue-gas desulfurization wastes on groundwater quality in a reclaimed lignite strip mine disposal site: Volume 2, Appendices: Final report

Data on a disposal site for flyash waste and lue-gas desulfurization wastes are presented. Included are data on hydraulic conductivity, groundwater quality analyses from piezometers and lysimeters, stratigraphic position of the piezometers and lysimeters, interstitial water chemical analyses, hydrographs of the piezometer water levels, and water level data. (CBS)

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Experimental investigation of a staggered array magnetic filter, July 17-September 16, 1981

This report describes an experimental investigation of the performance of a staggered array of parallel ferromagnetic fibers in capturing small paramagnetic particles. These test results are intended to be compared with (W.H. Simons and R.P. Treat, J. Appl. Phys., 51, 578 (1980)), the theoretical predictions of Simons and Treat for such a magnetic filter. Although those comparisons were not made under this contract, it should be noted that the comparisons are favorable within experimental error. The magnetic filter was designed, built, and its performance tested. The actual performance results are discussed under results. The filter design and construction details are provided for in the Experimental Design and Procedure section. 3 references, 2 figures.

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Thermal dewatering of coal. Progress report, July 1-September 30, 1984

Pore structure of a porous material can be studied by adsorption measurements, density measurements, mercury porosimetry and small angle x-ray scattering techniques. In our previous report, we indicated that pore structure of selected coals would be determined by the mercury porosimetry technique followed by adsorption measurements in order to understand the pore size distribution of low rank coals, and to see how this is affected by moisture retention in the coals. At a later stage of the project, the results of these techniques will be compared with small angle x-ray scattering data as indicated in our proposal. The methods for the determination of surface area, pore size distribution and density of the samples are briefly described followed by the experimental procedure adopted. 14 refs., 5 figs., 2 tabs.

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Gas stream cleanup: Technology status report

The contaminants that are of major concern to the Gas Stream Cleanup (GSC) program are sulfur, particulates, alkalis, and traces of other species. Sulfur is detrimental to new energy conversion processes and is an environmental pollutant when oxidized to sulfur dioxide during combustion. Particulates play a major role in the erosion, corrosion, and deposition phenomena in energy conversion systems. Alkalis such as sodium and potassium are present in coal in quantities of up to 1 percent. These alkali contaminants are highly corrosive to the metals used in turbines that extract energy from hot gas streams in combined-cycle power generating systems. Other trace contaminants such as arsenic, lead, chlorine, and selenium are present in coal and degrade the performance of new energy technologies, specifically molten-carbonate fuel-cell (MCFC)'s. These contaminants may also present environmental hazards. The GSC Program seeks to establish technologies to remove contaminants in hot, pressurized gas streams that evolve from advanced coal-combustion and gasification processes. By reducing the contaminant loading to very low levels, the gas can be used directly in a gas turbine or MCFC to produce electricity without damaging the energy conversion unit. 5 refs., 19 figs., 3 tabs.

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Acclimation of a mixed culture of microorganisms to treat wastewaters from the KRW energy systems gasifier process development unit

This report describes the activities that resulted in the development of an acclimated mixed culture of microorganisms for the biooxidation of waste components in wastewaters from the KRW Energy Systems Inc. (KRW) process development unit (PDU). The KRW process is an agglomerating-ash fluidized-bed coal gasification technology that has been the subject of extensive environmental, health, and safety evaluations.

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Computer-assisted analysis of energy-related complex mixtures by retention-index gas chromatography

This report describes a computer-assisted method of rapidly analyzing - qualitatively and quantitatively - a series of qualitatively similar complex organic mixtures. Mixtures analyzed include the by-product oils and tars obtained during gasification of coal. A combination of computer-controlled, capillary-column gas chromatrography (GC) and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) is used to identify and quantify the chromatographable organic components in coal-gasification samples. The analytical procedure consists, essentially, of the following parts: (1) GC/MS analysis of a representative raw sample to identify the chemical components of interest; (2) GC analysis of a standard mixture, qualitatively and quantitatively similar to the raw sample and that includes the standard chemicals used for computing retention indices; (3) GC analysis of the representative raw sample, under the same conditions as were present in Steps 1 and 2 above, to assign a retention index (RI) to each peak identified by GC/MS in Step 1; (4) GC analysis of the unknown samples; and (5) application of custom software to each GC analytical report generated in Step 4 to obtain a list of the compounds and their concentrations in the unknown samples. The software in Step 5 calculates, among other parameters, response factors of the components in the standard mixture, the concentration of each sample component, aromatic retention indices, and peak elution temperatures, and then prints reports that contain all of these parameters.

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Development of molten carbonate fuel cell power plant. Quarterly progress report, February 1, 1982-April 30, 1982

Work proceeded this quarter mainly under three program tasks. Under Task 1.0, work was started on preparing a description of the reference Steam Injection System. It is planned to lay out the plant in power unit trains rated at a nominal 100 MW(e). Under Task 2.0, work continued on anode, cathode, current collector, and electrolyte tile development and stack design and analysis. Corrosion test results of various current collector materials after 3500 hours exposure are reported. Sintering data at 6000 hours were obtained on twelve different material samples tested to evaluate the effects of chromium and ceramic addition to state-of-the-art and in-house fabricated electrodes. The 6000 hour data showed no change in porosity or pore distribution from the 5000 hour data. The electrolysis-plated ceramic plaques demonstrated good stability and porosities. Two cells containing dual porosity anodes using all metal-plated-ceramic material, were tested. Although testing was terminated due to cracked tiles, the cell results are encouraging for the experimental anodes. Under Task 4.0, work continued on installation and debugging of the atmospheric bench scale single cell test facility, and operation of a cell started on April 20, 1982. Progress is detailed. (WHK)

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Effects of H/sub 2/S on molten carbonate fuel cells. Progress report, June 22-September 30, 1983

The program objective is to identify the poisoning mechanism(s) responsible for performance losses of molten carbonate fuel cells (MCFC) when operating on sulfur-containing gases. The mechanisms will be identified by focusing out-of-cell and in-cell experiments on single mechanistic issues, followed by incorporating the results into a model that correlates cell potential decline to contaminant(s) concentration. When coupled with gas cleanup cost projections, the model can be used to conduct trade-off studies leading to the selection of optimum feed-gas compositions for MCFC power plants. During the first quarter we began a literature survey of catalysis work and prior fuel cell work to establish a basis for determining the extent of poisoning of the electrochemical oxidation of hydrogen by sulfur species. Experimentally, we began assembling the test apparatus for studying these effects on single-wire electrodes, and we operated two 4-in. x 4-in. (94 cm/sup 2/) bench-scale cells on a 10% hydrogen/90% helium fuel mixture. This fuel mixture was chosen to mitigate the impact of the water gas shift reaction on cell performance. The results from the two bench-scale tests indicate a strong poisoning effect when hydrogen sulfide contaminates the fuel. This poisoning, which is manifested by high polarization losses, is not reversible when clean uncontaminated hydrogen/helium fuel is reintroduced into the cell under the conditions tested. (WHK)

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In-service performance results for a 10-inch CVD-tungsten coated lockhopper valve seat

This report deals with in-service performance results of one 10-inch CVD-tungsten coated lockhopper valve seat produced by the Rolla Metallurgy Research Center of the US Bureau of Mines, Rolla, Missouri. This valve trim was produced under an interagency agreement between the Department of Energy and the US Bureau of Mines. The purpose of this agreement was to investigate the feasibility of hardfacing the critical sealing surfaces of solids handling valves and other devices by Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD) in order to increase the wear resistance of these components for use in the severe service applications found in advanced coal conversion and utilization processes. Specifically, the results of in-service testing and evaluation of one 10-inch CVD-tungsten coated valve seat on the Morgantown Energy Technology Center, 42-inch stirred fixed-bed gasifier are presented. The use of CVD-tungsten as a seal surface in lockhopper valve applications was determined to be feasible under the process conditions to which it was subjected. Little or no significant wear other than a lapping effect was noted on the seal surface after 1,230 cycles of operation in a coal gasifier application.

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Characterization and analysis of metal wastage in coal-fired fluidized-bed combustors

As an integral part of its program in fluidized-bed combustion technology development, the US Department of Energy/Morgantown Energy Technology Center (DOE/METC) supports a number of projects directed toward providing both theoretical and experimental results which will guide solutions to the metal loss problem. As a part of this effort, METC and the MITRE Corporation have undertaken a project to compile and analyze metal loss data obtained from a variety of FBC systems ranging from small-scale experimental units to industrial-size facilities and to establish a functional relationship between metal loss for several alloy types and various FBC design and operating parameters. To date, metal loss and operating information have been categorized for forty-four alloys in twenty separate FBC systems worldwide. Review of the tabulated data indicate the following trends: metal temperatures above 1200/sup 0/F significantly increase rates of metal loss; system operation with high excess air reduces metal loss, but does not eliminate it; use of coals with high ash sintering temperatures does not significantly reduce metal loss; degree of metal loss is much lower for surfaces exposed in the freeboard than for in-bed surfaces; the rate of metal loss decreases with time of exposure; iron-based stainless steels are relatively resistant to conditions which cause metal loss; cobalt-based alloys and high-chromium steels show significant resistance to metal loss; nickel-based alloys are most susceptible to metal loss; sulfidation/oxidation attack on metals within fluidized beds are more likely to occur if sorbent is present; and metal attack will occur irrespective of coal and sorbent type. 25 refs., 14 figs., 12 tabs.

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Sorbate characteristics of fly ash. Volume II, appendix. Final report

The objective of this investigation is to correlate the sorbate and leaching characteristics of fly ash with coal properties and monitored combustion conditions in order to design a system for the inexpensive treatment of industrial wastes and leachate from industrial landfills using mixtures of fly ash as inexpensive sorbents. Such a low-cost treatment system could also treat ash pond effluent for water reuse by powerplants as cooling tower makeup. Twelve unblended coals from 10 different mines were burned under monitored conditions in three different types of coal fired boilers in order to determine the influence of coal composition, ash fusion temperatures, boiler additives, combustion conditions and co-firing of natural gas or oil with the coal, on the leaching and sorbate characteristics of the fly ash produced. This included the determination of: (1) SiO/sub 2/, Al/sub 2/O/sub 3/, Fe/sub 2/O/sub 3/, CaO, K/sub 2/O, Na/sub 2/O, MgO, sulfur, ash fusion temperatures Ti, Cd, Sn, Ni, Pb, Mo, Cu, Cr, n, Mn, Ba and V in the coals and their respective fly ashes and bottom ashes; (2) Moessbauer spectra of a number of coals and their fly ashes, and (3) surface analysis of the fly ashes using ESCA. The leaching exhibited by the fly ashes with regard to pH, Cd, B, Sn, Ni, Pb, Mo, Cu, Cr, Mn and Fe was examined. In addition, the removal of Cd, B, Sn, Ni, Pb, Mo, Cu, Cr, Fe, As and organics by fly ash was evaluated, using from actual ash pond samples to model realistic inlet concentrations. The results show that fly ash can be used for the treatment of Cadmium, Boron, Tin, Molybdenum, Nickel, Lead, Copper, Chromium, Zinc, Manganese, Iron, Arsenic and organics in actual ash pond effluents. This volume contains data on leaching and treatment of Cd, B, Sn, Mb, Ni, Pb, Cu, Cr, Zn, Mn, Fe and As from coal fly ash. 349 figures.

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Geology of the Hanna Formation, Hanna Underground Coal Gasification Site, Hanna, Wyoming

The Hanna Underground Coal Gasification (UCG) study area consists of the SW1/4 of Section 29 and the E1/2SE1/4 of Section 30 in Township 22 North, Range 81 West, Wyoming. Regionally, this is located in the coal-bearing Hanna Syncline of the Hanna Basin in southeast Wyoming. The structure of the site is characterized by beds dipping gently to the northeast. An east-west fault graben complex interrupts this basic trend in the center of the area. The target coal bed of the UCG experiments was the Hanna No. 1 coal in the Hanna Formation. Sedimentary rocks comprising the Hanna Formation consist of a sequence of nonmarine shales, sandstones, coals and conglomerates. The overburden of the Hanna No. 1 coal bed at the Hanna UCG site was divided into four broad local stratigraphic units. Analytical studies were made on overburden and coal samples taken from cores to determine their mineralogical composition. Textural and mineralogical characteristics of sandstones from local stratigraphic units A, B, and C were analyzed and compared. Petrographic analyses were done on the coal including oxides, forms of sulfur, pyrite types, maceral composition, and coal rank. Semi-quantitative spectrographic and analytic geochemical analyses were done on the overburden and coal and relative element concentrations were compared. Trends within each stratigraphic unit were also presented and related to depositional environments. The spectrographic analysis was also done by lithotype. 34 references, 60 figures, 18 tables.

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Advanced staged combustion configurations for pulverized coal. Final report

A 2 kg/h downflow combustor was used to investigate mechanisms governing the emissions of both nitrogen oxides and submicron aerosols during the staged combustions of pulverized coal. Three pulverized coals were examined, namely: Utah bituminous, Beulah (North Dakota) lignite and Texas lignite. Time resolved major and minor species measurements made inside the first fuel rich stage of a staged combustion configuration shed new light on how coal composition, particle size and cooling, affect the post flame reactions involving ammonia, hydrogen cyanide and nitric oxide. Experiments completed for stoichiometric ratios (SR) of 0.6 and 0.8 for all three coals, with an without cooling, showed that homogenous kinetics were adequate to describe the post-flame concentrations of nitrogenous species. These experiments extend the applicable temperature range (via cooling) of work previously reported and facilitate generalizations about the effects of different coals. Homogeneous rate constants are presented and are consistent with published values. The effect of staging on submicron aerosols was determined by additional measurements of aerosol size distribution at various positions within the convection section in the fuel lean second stage. The evolution of the submicron particle size distribution within the convection section for the three coals was similar, although the location of the initial particle mode at the convection section inlet varied with coal type. While staged combustion of Utah bituminous coal had a variable effect on the volume of submicron aerosol produced, staged combustion of the lignites caused a definite increase in the submicron aerosol volume. Vapor enhancement due to a localized atmosphere, which would effect coals of higher ash volatility, is thought to explain this behavior.

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Corrosion resistant materials in MCFC environment. Technical quarterly progress report No. 3, April-June 1985

Corrosion behavior of several alloys has been studied under MCFC exposure conditions. Corrosion tests indicate that the selected higher alloys show protective oxidation and oxide adherence during the thermal cyclic tests, whereas lower alloy steels show localized corrosion and oxide spalling. The oxide formed on high chromium steels containing nickel and rare earth additives shows a uniform growth and uneven metal-scale interface development, whereas a smooth interface has been observed for lower alloy steels. Tests on single alloy materials during the dual atmosphere test indicate that oxides formed in the fuel gas atmosphere act as a barrier against hydrogen corrosion of the metal in the oxidant gas atmosphere. Low temperature conductivity measurements indicate a purely resistive nature of the oxide, demonstrating a dense, uniform oxide layer. Further high temperature measurements are in progress. 75 refs., 13 figs., 3 tabs.

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Enhanced oil recovery by improved waterflooding. Second annual report

Energy Resources Co. Inc. is currently operating a pilot polymer improved waterflood of the Storms Pool, a sandstone reservoir in the Illinois basin. During the second year of the project, progress was made in the laboratory work, field preparation, and computer simulation. Tasks II, VII, and IX, polymer selection, workovers, and model building were completed during 1979. The polymer selected is a xanthan type polysaccharide polymer. Other laboratory work included preliminary testing of biocides and oxygen scavengers. Development of the pilot area continued with the completion of the well workovers and the design and initiation of construction of the injection facility. Preliminary simulation was begun.

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Measurement of gas phase velocity vectors with two-dimensional, ''X''array thermal anemometry sensors. [Measurements of velocity (speed and direction) in an air flow field by two-dimensional thermal anemometry]

A method has been developed for determining the magnitude and direction of an unknown velocity vector utilizing two-dimensional thermal anemometry. Unlike most thermal anemometry procedures, the analysis accounts for the velocity component parallel to the sensing element. The method requires determination or calibration of the flow constants at only two flow orientations: perpendicular to each sensing element. A comparison of the analysis to calibrated nozzle flow data showed good agreement for both the flow angle and velocity magnitude within the range of applicability. This type of thermal anemometry will be used to help characterize flows in and around optical access ports. 2 refs., 1 fig., 1 tab.

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Handbook of gas hydrate properties and occurrence

This handbook provides data on the resource potential of naturally occurring hydrates, the properties that are needed to evaluate their recovery, and their production potential. The first two chapters give data on the naturally occurring hydrate potential by reviewing published resource estimates and the known and inferred occurrences. The third and fourth chapters review the physical and thermodynamic properties of hydrates, respectively. The thermodynamic properties of hydrates that are discussed include dissociation energies and a simplified method to calculate them; phase diagrams for simple and multi-component gases; the thermal conductivity; and the kinetics of hydrate dissociation. The final chapter evaluates the net energy balance of recovering hydrates and shows that a substantial positive energy balance can theoretically be achieved. The Appendices of the Handbook summarize physical and thermodynamic properties of gases, liquids and solids that can be used in designing and evaluating recovery processes of hydrates. 158 references, 67 figures, 47 tables.

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