AndreaBozzo/ceres-open-data-index huggingface dataset:
Gas Assisted Acidizing in Carbonated Reservoirs

Experiments carried out suggest that the volumes of acid required to propagate a wormhole in a carbonate rock after the injection of gas are less than the acid volumes required without any prior gas injection. It appears that the gas by reducing mobility in the rock surrounding the wormhole reduces fluid loss along the wormhole, leading to a more efficient transport of acid to the wormhole tip and faster wormhole propagation. To improve the matrix acidizing process in carbonate reservoirs, we have carried out injection of an inert gas (nitrogen), either prior to the injected acid or simultaneously with the acid. We think this injection of gas increases the penetration of wormholes and improve the acid coverage in carbonate reservoirs.

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Niper Lab WARDEN Volume 2 Descriptive Panels and Diagrams for Niper Lab WARDEN  Software

This report is the second volume of a two-volume series on the NIPER Lab WARDEN computer program, a modular laboratory or pilot plant automation software designed for data acquisition/control Analysis/presentation. Volume 1 of the series is the User Manual that serves all users, whereas this volume is the Reference Manual intended for advanced users examining the structure or modifying the program.

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Application and Needs for Advanced Multilateral Technologies and Strategies

Horizontal well, coiled tubing, multilateral, underbalanced drilling, extended reach technologies as well as other emerging technologies have and are providing new tools for engineers. Economics and risk must be considered on the implementation of such new technologies within companies and the industry. Both economic and risk analysis should help management in making capital decisions which will enhance results and make the company more profitable, while monitoring actual results during the company's learning curve. Too often a one-time, high risk project view is taken within the company's ranks versus establishing new technology within the company with a longer term commitment. This paper will look at new technology implementation and ties to multilateral technology. The paper will forward concepts that a total system approach must be uses in multilateral technology application. One of the problems which will be discussed will be management of the parent hole to multilaterals which may or may not be completed for isolation purposes.

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Determination of the nature and behavior of coal bed methane product upon exposure to atmospheric conditions, upon surface discharge, and upon discharge and mixing with non-receiving water resources

A 16-frame power point presentation detailing the chemical equilibrium reactions dictating the behavior of bicarbonate-carbonate within coalbed methane product water of the Powder River Basin when exposed to atmospheric conditions. Rapid increases in coalbed methane product water sodicity, SAR, and pH at wellhead discharge point.

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The Department of Energy's Environmental Research and Analysis Program: Strategies and Specifics

Environmental concerns have been commanding increased attention from the gas and oil industry as new requirements and restrictions raise the cost of exploration and production and limit access to new resources. The mission of the Department of Energy's Gas and Oil Environmental Research and Analysis Program is to maximize the production and ultimate recovery of domestic oil and gas resources by lowering the cost of effective environmental protection. The program does this by; 1) providing sound science to industry and regulators to serve as the basis for risk-based regulation and compliance, 2) providing tools to regulators for making risk-based decisions, 3) developing lower cost environmental compliance technologies, and 4) working with Federal and State agencies to streamline regulations.

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The Class 2 Project at West Welch

The Class 2 Project at West Welch was designed to demonstrate the use of advanced technologies to enhance the economics of improved oil recovery (lOR) projects in lower quality Shallow Shelf Carbonate (SSC) reservoirs, resulting in recovery of additional oil that would otherwise be left in the reservoir at project abandonment. Accurate reservoir description is critical to the effective evaluation and efficient design of lOR projects in the heterogeneous SSC reservoirs. Therefore, the majority of Budget Period 1 was devoted to reservoir characterization.

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Nitrogen Flooding

Nitrogen flooding can be a viable EOR method if the following conditions exist in the candidate reservoir: 1. The reservoir oil must be rich in ethane through hexane (C2-C6) or lighter hydrocarbons. These crudes are characterized as "light oils" having an API gravity higher than 35 degrees. 2. The oil should have a high formation-volume factor ? the capability of absorbing added gas under reservoir conditions. 3. The oil should be undersaturated or low in methane (C1). 4. The reservoir should be at least 5,000 feet deep to withstand the high injection pressure (in excess of 5,000 psi) necessary for the oil to attain miscibility with nitrogen without fracturing the producing formation.

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Nitrogen- CO2 Flooding

Nitrogen-CO2 flooding is actually a variation of CO2 flooding that is applied to reduce the cost of using CO2, which must be brought in by pipeline or tank truck, a relatively expensive operation. Because nitrogen can be manufactured on site at a greatly reduced cost, it is an attractive alternative. Nitrogen can be extracted from air by cryogenic separation, the source is unlimited, and it is an inert, noncorrosive gas. In applying the process, nitrogen is injected into the reservoir to displace the CO2 slug and its associated oil bank.

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Assessment of the potential for Utilization of selected plant species and communities for phytoremediation of coalbed methane product water where such practices and approaches might be appropriate

Comprehensive review of plant species identified as native and of cultural significance in the northern fringe of the Powder River Basin, with particular reference to culturally significant plants of the Northern Cheyenne tribe; a detailed listing and description of 31 species, including common and scientific name, rating and upper limit of tolerance to salinity, sodicity, flooding and inundation; known range in soil pH where species occur.

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POST WATERFLOOD C02 MISCIBLE FLOOD IN LIGHT OIL FLUVIAL - DOMINATED DELTAIC RESERVOIRS

Production resumed from the Port Neches CO2 project on December 6, 1993, after a 75 days shut in period. Since that date production is continuing to improve on various wells that responded to CO2 injection. Current production is averaging 325 BOPD from 3 wells. This represents 4 folds increase from the production level prior to commencing CO2 injection. Texaco continue to purchase an average of 4.3 MMCF/D of CO 2 from Cardox. The reservoir pressure increased with CO 2 injection from 2460 psi in September 1993 to 3328 psi in January 1994. However, the reservoir pressure declined slightly since then to 2730 psi in March of this year because of reservoir imbalance due to downtime at the CO2 source. Currently, CO 2 is being injected in 3 wells in the reservoir including the horizontal well drilled specifically for this purpose. The well, through its 250 ft horizontal section, is capable of taking all the available CO 2 volume. However, injection rate in the well is restricted in order to distribute the CO 2 evenly in the reservoir.

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Investigation of Storage-Well Damage Mechanisms

This research effort is targeted at producing a fundamental understanding of the formation-damage mechanisms responsible for deliverability loss and their cause-effect relationships to deliverability loss in a broad spectrum of gas-storage fields and reservoirs. This project will provide 1) definitions of the mechanisms responsible for loss of deliverability in storage wells, 2) an outline of testing procedures that operators can use to deduce the type of damage mechanism, and 3) the basis for identifying procedures to prevent or remove damage.

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Fracture Stimulation Field Demonstration Projects

In 1994 the U.S. Department of Energy, Morgantown Energy Technology Center (DOE/METC) initiated a field R&D project entitled "Field Verification of New and Novel Fracture Stimulation Technologies for the Revitalization of Existing Underground Gas Storage Wells". The purpose of the project is to demonstrate the application of various hydraulic and pulse fracturing technologies (including tip-screenout fracturing, hydraulic fracturing with liquid CO2 and proppant, extreme overbalance fracturing-EOB, and high energy gas fracturing) as techniques to enhance the deliverability of existing gas storage wells and fields. The impetus behind the initiative is to assist the gas storage industry maximize asset utilization via new deliverability-enhancing technologies that can mitigate the persistent 5% per annum deliverability decline in a cost-effective manner. Fracturing holds considerable promise in this regard, being a potentially more effective and sustainable stimulation approach than currently utilized well enhancement methods (e.g., reperforating, acidizing, mechanical scale removal, etc.), and also being more cost-effective than drilling replacement injection/withdrawal wells. Historically, however, the gas storage industry has been reluctant to utilize fracturing over concerns of caprock damage and bottom liquids encroachment.

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Microbial Sweetening of Low Quality Sour Natural Gas

About 25 % of natural gas produced in the United States is contaminated with hydrogen sulfide (H2S) and other contaminants which exceed pipeline specifications of 4 ppmv of sulfur content and the 1990 Clean Air Act Amendments also require its reduction. This paper describes the research effort to remove H2S from low quality sour natural gas by employing a liquid redox process. Aqueous solution of chelated ferric ions oxidize the hydrogen sulfide to elemental sulfur. The reduced chelated iron is then reoxidized by contact with air and recycled. This requires expensive equipment for regeneration, costly chemicals that degrade readily and the process is usually energy intensive.

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Sol-Gel Processing of Inorganic Membranes for Natural Gas Purification

This paper summarizes several sol-gel processes we have developed to prepare microporous silica membranes supported on commercial alumina supports for purification of natural gas. Based on single gas permeance measurements, our combined approaches have resulted in ideal separation factors (ratios of single gas permeances) in the range 30 to over 200 for CO /CH and in the range 15 to over 100 for N /CH . To our knowledge these preliminary results are the first to show feasibility of a membrane-based N /CH separation. Due to the higher  intrinsic permeabilities of porous inorganic membranes compared to dense organic polymer membranes and our ability to prepare inorganic membranes as ultra-thin supported films (< 100 nm), the separation power of our membranes is estimated to be 1000 times greater than 25-Fm thick polyimide membranes for CO /CH separation. We propose surfactant-templating as  a new approach to prepare inorganic membranes with potentially higher fluxes along with better control of pore size.

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Methane Conversion to Olefins, Higher Hydrocarbons and Oxygenates in Low Temperature Non-Equilibrium Plasmas

The goal of this project is the development of novel, economical, processes for the conversion of natural gas to more valuable projects such as methanol, ethylene and other organic oxygenates or higher hydrocarbons. The methodologies of the project are to investigate and develop low temperature electric discharges and electric field-enhanced catalysis for carrying out these conversions. In the case of low temperature discharges, the conversion is carried out at ambient temperature which in effect trades high temperature thermal energy for electric energy as the driving force for conversion. The low operating temperatures relax the thermodynamic constraints on the product distribution found at high temperature and also removes the requirements of large thermal masses required for current technologies. With the electric field-enhanced conversion, the operating temperatures are expected to be below those currently required for such processes as oxidative coupling, thereby allowing for a higher degree of catalytic selectivity while maintaining high activity. Results indicate both dielectric (barrier) and non-dielectric discharges can be advantages with different product selectivity. Catalytic materials of the mixed metal oxide and zeolitic classes have also been found to be effective. Current work is related to catalyst screening, understanding power utilization and its relationship to reactor configuration, oxygen utilization, hydrocarbon chain building and in-situ condensable product removal.

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Naturally Fractured Gas Reservoirs Detection Optimization: Wind River Basin

This project is in the third year of a three year contract. The study area is a gas field in Wyoming's Wind River Basin. The target is the Lower Fort Union formation (LFU), at 5,000-10,000 ft (1.6-3.0 km) depth, a non-marine sequence of thin layers of shales, silts, sands, and a few thin coal units. Commercial production rates are incommensurate with matrix permeability and matrix porosities. Fracture density is known to be a dominant factor in well productivity. Matrix porosities range from 2-7% (which are not perceived to contribute significantly to commerciality) to occasionally 8-16% (which if present will contribute to commerciality). Matrix permeability from repeat formation tester data in four wells range from 0.5 md to 10 md, in the LFU formation, with 3-5 md being the median matrix permeability. The physical phenomenon that we are exploiting is azimuthal anisotropy. Vertical aligned gas-filled fractures function as additional ordered compliant members in a host or matrix rock. The presence of additional ordered compliant members causes azimuthal anisotropy; that is, the properties of seismic wave propagation (velocity, amplitude, frequency content, attenuation, etc.) depend upon the azimuth of the source-receiver raypath. Our task is to acquire, process, and interpret 3D P-wave multiazimuth data in a manner that records and highlights the azimuth dependency of various measurements, so that a comparison with EUR (estimated ultimate recovery) can be made. After a correlation with EUR is made, maps showing the presence of the well-correlated seismic attributes are prepared.

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NATURALLY FRACTURED TIGHT GAS RESERVOIR DETECTION OPTIMIZATION

Two primary tasks have commenced:  1) Organize published and publically-available data on fractures, textures, sedimentology I and develop protocols for data management using Excel. Resulting data will be required for basin simulator input and comparison with our observations. 2)Further debugging and calibration of three-dimensional basin incremental stress simulator and its integration into CIRJ.B3, the 3-D general chemistry basin reaction transport-model.

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Results of 3-D Seismic Carbonate Project, West Texas Part 1: Overview, Reservoir Characteristics, and Geophysics; Part 2: Borehole Electrical Images from Microresistivity Logs of the Fractured, Karsted, and Brecciated Ellenburger Group - Part 1

A large cooperative field study began in January 1996 and is focused on Lower Paleozoic gas reservoirs in the Permian Basin, West Texas (Figure 1). The purpose is to evaluate development options for prolific, mature, carbonate gas reservoirs in a structurally-complex geologic province. New economic gas reserves likely exist in untapped fault blocks or poorly drained reservoir compartments within the Delaware and Val Verde Basins. Geologic structure and reservoir development is being evaluated utilizing 3-D seismic techniques and a multidisciplinary team approach. The cooperative research is supported by U.S. Department of Energy, GRI, Texas Bureau of Economic Geology, Shell Western E&P Inc., Mobil E&P U.S. Inc., Landmark Graphics, Schlumberger, Petroleum Information Inc., and Tobin Data Graphics. Part 2 Electrical images in boreholes are becoming increasingly important in  interpreting the rock record. In addition to identifying fractures and faults, borehole imaging tools are used for a variety of other applications such as horizontal drilling, environmental studies, stress orientation measurement studies, sequence stratigraphy, paleotransport, facies, and diagenetic analyses. These tools produce electrical microconductivity images of the wellbore, which are interpreted using an interactive graphics workstation. High-resolution (~ 2.5-mm) and nearly complete borehole coverage can greatly increase the detail and precision of geological interpretations. Yet, to be fully useful, borehole images should be calibrated with core. This study provides the first comprehensive comparison of carbonate features in cores with a suite of all currently available electrical imaging logs. The Lower Ordovician Ellenburger Group, West Texas, serves as a model for a dolomitized, fractured, karsted, and brecciated carbonate reservoir. Characteristic reservoir features, including fracture breccia, chaotic breccia, laminated mudstones, grainstones, and bioturbation are identified both on electrical imaging logs and in cores. Electrical images provide more complete information than cores in cavernous and highly fractured zones because cores commonly show no recovery or occur as rubble in these zones, which are the most productive zones in the Ellenburger reservoir. Borehole imaging, therefore, provides in-situ visualization of cavernous porosity, chaotic breccias or conglomerates, and highly fractured intervals, as well as other key insights into karst stratigraphy.

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SOLUTION GAS-DRIVE PROCESS IN HEAVY AND LIGHT OIL RESERVOIRS

Critical gas saturation and solution gas drive performance of a heavy oil (mo=17,000 cp) in a Berea core sample was measured. The critical gas saturation is less than 1.5 percent. But, the solution gas drive process for the heavy oil, unlike the light oil, is very efficient. While reducing the system pressure from a bubble point pressure of 445 psi to a pressure of 330 psi, 11 percent of the oil was produced from the core.

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Geological and Production Characteristics of Strandplain/Barrier Island Reservoirs in the United States

The Department of Energy's (DOE's) primary mission in the oil research program is to maximize the economically and environmentally sound recovery of oil from domestic reservoirs and to preserve access to this resource. The Oil Recovery Field Demonstration Program supports DOE's mission through cost-shared demonstrations of Improved Oil Recovery (lOR) processes and reservoir characterization methods. In the past 3 years, the DOE has issued Program Opportunity Notices (PONs) seeking cost-shared proposals for the three highest priority, geologically defined reservoir classes. The classes have been prioritized based on resource size and risk of abandonment. This document defines the geologic, reservoir, and production characteristics of the fourth reservoir class, strandplain/barrier islands, in preparation for issuing a solicitation for cost -shared proposals.

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FIELD APPLICATION OF IN SITU COMBUSTION - PAST PERFORMANCE/FUTURE APPLICATION

In situ combustion remains the most tantalizing enhanced oil recovery method. It bas been tested extensively-in over 150 field tests-in both heavy and light oil reservoirs. What we have learned from this experience is that in situ combustion works under most conditions, but the nature of the problems is such that it is seldom profitable. Also, looking at many previous in situ combustion tests, steam injection, and even waterflooding, would have been a better choice. Yet in situ combustion bas unique features not found in any other EOR method. These must be weighed against its shortcomings to evaluate a potential application. This paper discusses the redeeming features of in situ combustion, in particular the reservoir conditions under which in situ combustion may be superior to other EaR methods are outlined. All variations of in situ combustion-forward, reverse, wet, dry-as well as combinations with other EOR methods are considered. The conclusions is that in situ combustion still bas a place, and its future application would depend on research on certain crucial aspects of the process.

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Optimizing Technologies for Detecting Natural Fractures in the Tight Sands of the Rulison Field, Piceance Basin

Economically viable natural gas production from the low permeability Mesaverde Formation in the Piceance Basin, Colorado requires the presence of an intense set of open natural fractures . Establishing the regional presence and specific location of such natural fractures is the highest priority exploration goal in the Piceance and other western U.S. tight, gas-centered basins. Recently, Advanced Resources International, Inc. (ARI) completed a field program at Rulison Field, Piceance Basin, to test and demonstrate the use of advanced seismic methods to locate an a characterize natural fractures. This project, conducted jointly with Barrett Resources and supported by the USDOE/FETC, began with a comprehensive review of the tectonic history, state of stress and fracture genesis of the basin. A high resolution aeromagnetic survey, interpreted satellite and SLAR imagery, and 400 line miles of 2-D seismic provided the foundation for the structural interpretation. The central feature of the program was the 4.5 square mile multi-azimuth 3-D seismic P-wave survey to locate natural fracture anomalies. The interpreted seismic attributes are being tested against a control data set of 27 wells. Additional wells are currently being drilled at Rulison, on close 40 acre spacing's, to establish the productivity from the seismically observed fracture anomalies. A similar regional prospecting and seismic program is being considered for another part of the basin. IAD1953.wpd -2- The preliminary results indicate that detailed mapping of fault geometries and use of azimuthally defined seismic attributes exhibit close correlation with high productivity gas wells. The performance of the ten new wells, being drilled in the seismic grid in late 1996 and early 1997, will help demonstrate the reliability of this natural fracture detection and mapping technology.

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Lower-48 Oil and Gas Resource Characterization With the GASIS Database

The goal of the U.S. Department of Energy's GASIS (Gas Information System) project is to develop the first national public domain electronic database of reservoir property and ultimate recovery data for Lower-48 oil and gas reservoirs. GASIS is scheduled for publication on CDROM in 1997 and 1998. The final CD will include 19,000 to 20,000 oil and gas reservoir records with approximately 180 data elements per record. Included reservoirs will be those either meeting minimum cumulative gas production levels (5 or 10 Bcf through 1996) or those included in the GRI/DOE Gas Atlas projects. GASIS can be viewed as the national extension of the Gas Research Institute/ Department of Energy Gas Atlas project, which has produced six regional atlases and their corresponding reservoir property databases. Gas Atlas projects have included Texas, the Mid-Continent, the Central and Eastern Gulf Coast, the Rockies, the Appalachian Region, and the Gulf of Mexico. GASIS will combine selected Gas Atlas information (including the geological play classification) with information from Dwight's Energy data and other sources to produce a database with powerful capabilities in exploration, development, planning, economic analysis, and market assessment.

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