AndreaBozzo/ceres-open-data-index huggingface dataset:
Physics and chemistry of E-beam stack gas processing. Final report, 20 September 1982-14 January 1984

The purpose of this program is to investigate some of the basic physics and chemistry of the electron beam induced NO/sub x/ and SO/sub x/ removal process. The program involves both kinetic modeling and diagnostic development. The development of an adequate kinetic model is necessary in order to scale the laboratory results, which are currently available, to process conditions closer to those that will be encountered at full scale operation. It is also necessary in order to place the laboratory data on a firm theoretical foundation. The development of real time optical diagnostics is a necessary supporting task for these goals in order to obtain kinetic data on some of the myriad of species that are present in this hostile environment (X-rays present; hot, acidic gas) which is difficult to access by conventional methods. This particular NO/sub x//SO/sub x/ removal process involves the irradiation of combustion products t temperatures around 100/sup 0/C with a beam of high energy electrons. The current study expands upon the mechanistic studies. A detailed kinetic model is described which includes all the necessary assumptions that enter in order to take the very large number of possible processes that occur in e-beam irradiated mixtures and reduce them to some tractable number. Quantitative comparisons are then made between the kinetic model and experimental data. Another phase of this program is the development of laser diagnostics to probe various species in the irradiated flue gas. The experimental phase of program is first described including a discussion of our e-beam facility and the methods used to accurately measure energy deposition. A description of the laser diagnostics follows. 37 references, 22 figures, 7 tables.

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Adsorption of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon compounds onto soil and transport of naphthalene in unsaturated porous media

This study evaluated procedures for estimating adsorption of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) onto soil from knowledge of soil organic carbon content and physico-chemical properties or structural characteristics of PAH. The study also entailed an experimental investigation to observe the manner in which naphthalene moves through unsaturated soil. It was found that an approximate value for adsorption coefficients for PAH onto soil can be obtained from readily available physico-chemical properties or structural characteristics for PAH, and correlation with information on soil organic carbon content. A laboratory apparatus was assembled in order to observe organic solute transport through unsaturated porous media, and laboratory experiments were performed to evaluate transport of naphthalene in unsaturated soil. Two tests were performed of approximately fifty days duration each. The tests were configured to observe naphthalene adsorption and breakthrough, followed by observations on naphthalene desorption characteristics. Naphthalene breakthrough was observed in tests with sterilized soil, and approximately 60% of naphthalene applied to the column was eventually eluted during desorption. This value of retardation coefficient compared favorably to that which was predicted from determination of naphthalene adsorption coefficient. Hydrodynamic dispersion coefficients were determined for transport of both chloride ion and naphthalene under conditions of both step increase and step decrease in concentration. The experimental portion of this investigation evaluated transport through unsaturated soil because groundwater contamination problems often originate in the unsaturated zone, and because relatively little information exists regarding the manner in which organic solutes are transmitted through this zone to the water table. 115 references, 22 figures, 20 tables.

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Chip desorption and pore structure effects in methane release from coal. Volume 2. Final report

Volume two contains appendices for the following reports: (1) a new technique for determining the methane content of coal; (2) the methane content of San Juan Basin Coal - implications for coalbed methane resource assessments; (3) diffusional effects in recovery of methane from coalbeds; (4) diffusional models for gas production from coal - application to methane content determination; (5) diffusion models for gas production from coal - determination of diffusion parameters; (6) the direct method of determining the methane content of coal - a modification; (7) methane recovery from coalbeds - effect of monolayer capacity and pore structure on gas content; and (8) methane diffusion and desorption in coal.

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Low cost filter development and control of permeability in high temperature, high pressure ceramic filter elements

For over a decade GTE Chemical and Metallurgical Division has been manufacturing cordierite ceramic crossflow heat exchangers. The heat exchanger application calls for a ceramic body that can withstand thermal shock, has good compressive strength and is capable of being formed into a impermeable membrane. With this experience base, it was a logical technology extension to pursue the engineering of this type of structure into a ceramic crossflow filter. The majority of this effort involved improving the permeability of the ceramic membrane to an adequate level for use in the hot gas particle removal from coal derived gas streams. When the permeability is achieved then the area of interest could shift to improvements of strength. As in most engineering situations, creating porosity was known to decrease strength and some trade off was probably going to be required. In addition to incorporating permeability into the existing extrusion and lay up technology, a secondary task was developed to investigate the possibility of creating the crossflow shape by means of some type of casting technique. The casting technique was of interest because it held promise of lower manufacturing costs and elimination of the interlayer bonds used in the other process. 13 figs.

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Chemistry of hot gas cleanup in coal gasification and combustion. [143 references]

Hot gas contaminant control and cleanup in the gasification process or gasifier product stream holds the promise of mitigating materials problems which currently prevent combined-cycle application of low Btu gas, and of eliminating these problems in a manner which is directly thermally efficient and which does not generate subsidiary materials or disposal problems. The conception, development, and selection of hot gas cleanup techniques requires a detailed knowledge of the origin, chemical state, and levels of contaminants in process streams as a function of feed coal composition, process temperatures and residence times and other controlling parameters; levels to which the identified contaminants can be conditioned or removed along the process stream and the energy penalties for such control; and levels to which the contaminants must be controlled to meet mandated emission constraints or to prevent unacceptably rapid attrition of strategic process materials (e.g. turbine blades or boiler tubes). This report is a preliminary review of the chemistry of sulfur, nitrogen, alkali, halogen, and aluminosilicate compounds which can occur as vapors or associated with particulates in gasification and combustion atmospheres. Tars are briefly considered. Primary emphasis is given to equilibrium thermodynamic information regarding the formation, phases, chemical states, reactions, and disposition of these substances. Limited kinetics information is considered. Some selected conditioning or cleanup techniques are reviewed and new techniques recommended.

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Prediction and measurement of entrained flow coal gasification processes. Volume II. User's Manual for a computer program for 2-dimensional coal gasification or combustion (PCGC-2). Final report, 8 September 1983-28 February 1985

A two-dimensional, steady-state model for describing pulverized coal combustion and gasification is presented. The model is applicable to cylindrical axi-symmetric systems. Turbulence is accounted for in both the fluid mechanics equations and the combustion scheme. Radiation from gases, walls, and particles is taken into account using a flux method. The particle phase is modeled in a Lagrangian framework, so that individual paths of particles are followed. A two-step coal devolatilization scheme is used along with a heterogeneous reaction scheme that allows for both diffusion and chemical reaction. Gas-phase reactions are modeled assuming infinite rate kinetics, meaning that the reaction rates are limited by the turbulent rate of mixing. The gas phase is described by elliptic partial differential equations that are solved by an iterative line-by-line technique. Under-relaxation is used to achieve numerical stability. The generalized nature of the model allows for calculation of both coal combustion and coal gasification characteristics. User information is presented, along with a sample computation and a listing of the program. This version of the User's Manual includes revisions made specific to gasification applications. The code described in this User's Manual includes updated revisions on (1) incorporation of swirling flow capabilities, (2) improvement in the coal devolatilization model parameters to better cover a wide range of fuels, (3) improvements in the coal oxidation model including the most recent parameters for US coals, and (4) inclusion of an energy equation for non-adiabatic operation. 142 refs., 21 figs., 23 tabs.

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Granular Bed Filter Development Program, Phase II. Monthly technical progress report for April 1-30, 1980

The Department of Energy is sponsoring a multiphase program to investigate the filtration potential of the moving bed granular filter (GBF) for application in pressurized high temperature energy conversion systems. Phase I included the development of a mathematical model, a cold flow parametric test series in a 0.746 Nm/sup 3//s GBF, and investigations of potential dust plugging problems at the inlet screen. During the experimental program, collection efficiencies of 99% and filter outlet loadings less that 0.0074 g/m/sup 3/ were demonstrated. The objectives of Phase II are to investigate the effects of elevated temperature and coal combustion particulate on GBF filtration performance, to update the analytical model developed in Phase I to reflect high-temperature effects, to optimize filter internal configuration, to demonstrate long duration GBF performance relative to corrosion, deposition, erosion, filtration efficiency, reliability, controllability, and to design and construct a 0.879 Nm/sup 3//s, 660 kPa filter for delivery to DOE. Hot flow testing to date has confirmed that the GBF configured with inlet and outlet screens has exhibited a tendency for extensive and irreversible ash plugging. As an alternative, the potential advantages produced by a screenless configuration, having higher filtration efficiency, has been achieved during both cold flow and hot flow tests as previously reported. Feed and solid compositions from test P704, the 400-hour GBF test, are presented. A status report on the design of the high pressure GBF along with operation details for purging the GBF of corrosive gases upon shutdown and granular reserve sensing during its operation are detailed.

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Advanced staged combustion configurations for pulverized coal. Topical report No. 1. Fuel nitrogen conversion during fuel-rich combustion of pulverized coal and char

The relative importance of homogeneous and heterogeneous mechanisms governing the destruction of chemically bound nitrogen during the fuel rich combustion of a Utah bituminous pulverized coal and its char was determined. Pulverized fuels were burned in a self sustaining but well characterized mode in a 15 cm ID downflow combustor. Measurements included time resolved profiles of major species, minor nitrogenous species and char nitrogen concentrations as well as (thermocouple) gas and (optical) particle temperatures. Data from fuel-rich char combustion studies (SR=0.8,0.4) show that concentrations of HCN and NH/sub 3/ in the post flame gases were small compared to the concentration of NO. NO destruction was found to be controlled by an heterogeneous mechanism involving the char carbon surface and this mechanism, which is deactivated by oxygen, was modeled, yielding rates consistent with those in the literature. The fuel rich coal combustion studies yielded profiles of high concentrations of HC, NO and NH/sub 3/. The decay of NO in the post flame was not consistent with the heterogeneous rate determined from the char data. Rather, the data show that reactions in the gas phase dominate and the global homogeneous kinetics equations given describe (with one exception) the post-flame nitrogenous species concentrations. This is consistent with the gas phase kinetics of Fenmore.

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Advanced development of a pressurized ash agglomerating fluidized-bed coal gasification system. Fourth quarter progress report, July 1-September 30, 1982

The overall objective of the Westinghouse coal gasification program is to demonstrate the viability of the Westinghouse pressurized, fluidized bed, gasification system for the production of medium-Btu fuel gas for syngas, electrical power generation, chemical feedstocks, or industrial fuels and to obtain performance and scaleup data for the process and hardware. Technical progress summaries and reports are presented for the following tasks: (1) process development unit (PDU) test operations and results (gasifier test TP-033-1 and maintenance and modifications,4494 ); (2) process analysis (environmental characterization results, coal gas combustion results, and fines elutriation and consumption results,4494 ); (3) cold flow scaleup (modifications and maintenance, operations, and data analysis,4494 ); (4) process and component engineering and design (hot fines recycle modifications, and hot recycled fines,4494 ); (5) laboratory support studies (gas-solids flow modeling and coal/ash behavior). 23 figures, 23 tables.

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Advanced development of a pressurized ash agglomerating fluidized-bed coal gasification system. Quarterly progress report, October 1-December 31, 1982

The overall objective of the Westinghouse coal gasification program is to demonstrate the viability of the Westinghouse pressurized, fluidized bed, gasification system for the production of medium-Btu fuel gas for syngas, electrical power generation, chemical feedstocks, or industrial fuels and to obtain performance and scaleup data for the process and hardware. Progress reports are presented for the following tasks: (1) operation and maintenance of the process development unit (PDU,4493 ); (2) process analysis; (3) cold flow scaleup facility; (4) process component engineering and design; and (5) laboratory support studies involving gas solids flow modeling and coal/ash behavior. 9 figures, 19 tables.

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Surface coal gasification

Project history, project goals, process description, fiscal 82 accomplishments and current status and projected work are presented for each of the following: (1) Bi-Gas two stage entrained-flow gasification pilot plant; (2) Westinghouse ash-agglomerating fluidized bed gasification PDU; (3) Mountain Fuel Resources entrained-flow gasification PDU; (4) Morgantown Energy Technology Center dry-bottom fixed-bed gasification pilot plant; (5) Grand Forks Project Office slagging fixed-bed gasification pilot plant; (6) General Electric fixed-bed gasifier and performance evaluation facility; (7) Mining Industrial Fuel Group fixed-bed gasifier; and (8) Community Area New Development Organization fixed-bed gasifiers. In addition, a technology crosscut discussion, which highlights the technical problems and issues common to the operating plants is presented. 17 figures, 11 tables. (ATT)

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Steel initiative management plan

The Steel Initiative embraces the entire flow sheet associated with the production of primary steel products, from ore reduction to cold finishing inclusively. The broad objective of the research is the elimination or the reduction of costly unit processes, in order to significantly improve the productivity of steelmaking. This research is expected to be high risk; incremental improvements in existing processes are not being sought. Areas of possible research are described, as is the status of the Steel Initiative research. Issues, solutions and recommendations are discussed.

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Solvent and Supercritical Fluid Extraction of Oil Shale: A Literature Survey

The current technology or the recovery of oil from oil shale is based on pyrolysis (retorting) at a high temperature of about 500{degree}C. Although retorting is a relatively simple, well-studied method, it has certain limitations such as a high-energy requirement, low conversion of the organic matter to liquid, and the presence of heteroatoms and olefins in the product. The literature search was undertaken to determine the state-of-the-art methodology for subpyrolytic extraction of oil shale. Most of the studies reported in the literature are based on extraction by solvents or supercritical fluids in the temperature range of 300 to 400{degree}C under pressure. Kerogen, the insoluble organic matter in oil shale, needs to be thermally treated in order to solubilize it, and the above temperature range appears to be high enough to give satisfactory extract yields. Supercritical fluid extraction has definite separation advantage over solvent extraction for the recovery of shale oil. For the hydrogen-deficient eastern shale, the extraction needs to be carried out in the presence of hydrogen gas or a hydrogen-donor solvent. All the reported studies were conducted in laboratory-scale reactors, mostly batch-type and some semi-continuous. A complete process has not been reported, with the exception of a few patent disclosures. 77 refs., 1 fig., 2 tabs.

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Advanced staged combustion configurations for pulverized coal. Topical report No. 2. The effect of staged combustion on the emission of submicron aerosol from a laboratory pulverized coal furnace

Particle size distributions were measured near the inlet and at the outlet of the convective section of a laboratory pulverized coal combustor, during one- and two-stage combustion. A high velocity (non-isokinetic) dilution probe was developed to sample submicron aerosol from the convective section. Dilution was accomplished in two stages, providing samples for physical collection (50:1 dilution) and size distribution analysis (2000:1 dilution). The probe was used to sample at temperatures near 1000/sup 0/K without plugging. Staging, known to reduce NO/sub x/ emission, also reduced fine particle loading. The relationship between NO/sub x/ and fine aerosol concentration at the outlet was similar to that observed in full-scale boilers. Sulfur loading was measured at the outlet, and was also reduced by staging. The time-temperature profiles were nearly identical for the two combustion methods, but temperature near fuel burnout was considerably lower for staged combustion. This suggests that temperature near burnout is an important factor in fine particle formation. Theoretical analysis suggests that if particles nucleate at different times in the combustor under staged and unstaged conditions, then the observed ratio of staged to unstaged particle number concentration would vary with location in the convective section. Such a dependence on location was seen experimentally.

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Status report on the US DOE-sponsored coal-fired repowering projects

Among the several clean coal technologies that DOE is developing there are as repowering technologies. The repowering technologies can be grouped into two categories. One is based on coal gasification as a means to convert coal into clean products to power gas turbines to generate electricity, and the other is based on coal combustion where coal is combusted to produce steam to power steam turbines to generate electricity. The concept of repowering is based on an idea where old and inefficient coal conversion technology is replaced with either of the above two types, while keeping most of the infrastructure in place. From an environmental standpoint, repowering concepts provide a future of sustained reduction in nationwide emissions of CO{sub 2}, SO{sub 2}, oxides of nitrogen, particulate matter, and solid waste. Currently, DOE has five coal gasification-based and five coal combustion-based projects in various stages of demonstration. Attempts are made in this paper to discuss some of the environmental attributes of these projects.

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Kinetic model development for low-rank coal liquefaction. Quarterly technical progress report, October 1, 1985-December 31, 1985. [Size exclusion chromatography]

This quarter we obtained isothermal and non-isothermal kinetic data for the liquefaction of ZAP-2 lignite with anthracene oil; and for the liquefaction of Big Brown-2 with anthracene oil and with Big Brown-2 recycle solvent when using the reducing gas: hydrogen, carbon monoxide and hydrogen sulfide. The data show that non-distillable tetrahydrofuran solubles (NDTHFS) are intermediates in the sequence of liquefaction reactions. This of course has been shown by others. For the BB-2 lignite two concentrations of hydrogen sulfide were used in the experiments. The data show that a significant increase in the distillable yields, the IOM conversions, and the THF solubles yields. The maximum for the NDTHFS yield appears to shift to longer reaction times for the higher concentration of hydrogen sulfide. The net gas yield appeared to be the same for the two concentrations of hydrogen sulfide. However, the CO consumption was greater for the low concentration of hydrogen sulfide than for the higher concentration. The data also show that he BB-2 recycle solvent is a poor donor. The distillate yields were negative when using this solvent, whereas, with anthracene oil (A04) at the same operating conditions positive distillate yields were obtained. Data are also included in this report on the use of water as a supercritical solvent. At temperatures of 420C and pressures of 5000 psi, BB-2 lignite was reacted with water, hydrogen sulfide, hydrogen and carbon monoxide. The IOM conversions ranged from 60 to 88% and were similar to the conversions obtained with A04. The quantitative analysis of the lignite derived products by use of SEC-GC-MS has been more difficult than anticipated. Results are discussed. 6 refs., 42 figs., 10 tabs.

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