AndreaBozzo/ceres-open-data-index huggingface dataset:
OIL SHALE R, D & D PROGRAM MANAGEMENT PLAN (DRAFT)

"Oil shale is a fine grained marlstone sediment rich in hydrocarbon derivatives. The hydrocarbon material kerogen, produces a synthetic oil or gas upon pyrolysis or  retorting. This synthetic oil or gas is the largest untapped fossil fuel resource in the nation. The western resource, which is more than 80 percent federally owned, is estimated to be equivalent to more than two trillion barrels of crude oil. Commercial production of liquid fuels from oil shale began in France in 1838. In Canada and the United States, commercial shale oil production was originated in the mid-1850s. Commercial shale oil production has also existed at various times in Australia, U.S.S.R., Spain, Sweden, China, Germany, and the Republic of South  Africa. In each case, except the U.S.S.R. and China, the industry ended because of its inability to compete with abundant and inexpensive petroleum fuels. Although U.S. industry has been involved in oil shale R&D for many years, it is still reluctant to undertake full scale commercial development due to both institutional and technological barriers. The primary institutional barrier, as perceived by  industry, centers around the high degree of uncertainty concerning competing fuel costs. Technological barriers, which are inhibiting commercial oil shale operations,  include process economics, process performance and reliability , materials availability, and environmental constraints. There is little question that the commercial  application of oil shale technologies will be dependent upon the resolution of these barriers. This plan describes the Department of Energy (DOE) research, development, and  demonstration program that is being implemented to support commercial oil shale operations. This plan describes the oil shale RD&D activities for a multiyear time  frame with emphasis placed upon developing an activity baseline which establishes project direction, resource requirements, and expected activity accomplishments.  The plan will al so serve as the basis for developing and justifying upcoming budget requests."

Tags: kmd
FLUID BED COMBUSTION OF COAL-OIL SHALE MIXTURE

"There are two major needs in regards to expanding our nation's energy supply. One is to find new fuel sources and the second is to convert fuel to thermal energy while minimizing any negative effects on the environment. In an effort to develop new processes that satisfy both of these basic needs, a new concept of combining oil shale and high sulfur coal in a fluid bed combustor is suggested. This concept offers several unique advantages. The heat content of oil shale can be directly converted to thermal energy by taking the as-mined material, crushing it, and burning it in a fluid bed combustor. Coal can then be mixed with the oil shale to further increase the energy released during combustion. In addition, the oil shale contains a relatively large quantity of calcium carbonate . This portion of the oil shale provides a relatively high alkaline bed material which reacts with and reduces the sulfur dioxide generated when burning a high sulfur  coal to an acceptable level. This concept has been tested in a small fluid bed test unit at The Babcock & Wilcox Company's Alliance Research Center. The initial test results are presented in this paper."

Tags: kmd
DATA SUMMARY OF ANVIL POINTS RAW SHALE WASTE PILE COMBUSTION (Draft)

"During the summer of 1979 the Department of Energy instructed Paraho Development to mitigate the contamination of Colorado River waters by retorting products seeping from their Anvil Points raw shale pile. Prior to implementation of the mitigating measures, however, Tosco was asked to monitor the combusting pile  both before, during, and after attempts at  extinguishment. Although certain steps were taken to begin eliminating selected burning areas within the pile, the onset of winter forced a halt to the program.  This report is an interim report prepared at the request of  the Bureau of Mines on the current status of monitoring at the Anvil Points raw shale pile. Work on this study was requested by the Department of Energy through this Bureau contract and was strictly limited to gathering of combustion data in the raw shale pile and health and safety monitoring of product gases."

Tags: kmd
LAWRENCE LIVERMORE LABORATORY OIL SHALE PROJECT - QUARTERLY REPORT - APRIL-JUNE 1979

The principal objective of this experiment was to control peak temperature, especially during and after a change in oil shale grade in the retort. This was done by varying the air rate at constant steam rate. As outlined in the previous quarterly report, the shale charge for Run L-3 consisted of -25   0.001 cm shale from C-a tract.

Tags: kmd
LAWRENCE LIVERMORE LABORATORY, OIL SHALE PROJECT QUARTERLY REPORT - JANUARY-MARCH 1979

The retort model was used to investigate procedures for controlling maximum retort temperature. Of particular concern is the excessive temperature which may be obtained as the combustion zone progresses from a region of medium grade to regions of high grade. Changes in inlet gas flow rate and/or composition can be made to maintain the maximum retort temperature at an acceptable level.

Tags: kmd
LAWRENCE LIVERMORE LABORATORY OIL SHALE PROJECT QUARTERLY REPORT - JANUARY-MARCH 1977

"Run S-11 in the 125 kg retort was completed. Run characteristics are shown with those from some previous runs, all made in the same equipment on the same master batch of raw oil shale. Thus, differences in results are attributable to changes in operating parameters. Doubling oxygen flux (S-10 to S-11) more than doubled the retorting rate and boosted retort temperatures. Oil yield was only slightly decreased by the rapid burn in S-11 and was accurately predicted by the computer model. Results from Run S-11 confirm the observation made in the previous quarterly (UCID- 16986-76-4) that liquid product recovery (as contrasted to mist or condensable  vapor) appears sensitive to retorting conditions."

Tags: kmd
LLL OIL SHALE PROJECT QUARTERLY REPORT - OCTOBER-DECEMBER 1976

Run S-10, on our small retort was completed. It provides comparisons with previous runs on 1) the effect of heat retention in the shale bed and 2) liquid product recovery. Comparisons demonstrate that the dynamics of retorting are clearly affected by heat loss in experimental retorts and that liquid product recovery may be sensitive to conditions within the retort.

Tags: kmd
QUARTERLY REPORT - LLL OIL SHALE PROGRAM; APRIL - JUNE 1976

"Joint experiments with LERC showing errors in temperature measurements during retorting in their 150 ton retort have led us to a study of our own thermocouple (TC) assemblies. A sheathed TC assembly with an exposed junction was examined metallographically after exposure to a severe combustion retorting environment. The sheath material was carburized both internally and externally. The TC wires also showed deterioration but to a lesser extent. Ultimately, wire deterioration would influence the EMF output  of the couple. Carbonaceous retorting products had penetrated the TC insulation from the open end. This confirmed our decisions to use closed end TC's and to evaluate sheath materials in the retort environment."

Tags: kmd
QUARTERLY REPORT - LLL OIL SHALE PROGRAM; JANUARY-MARCH 1976

A review of the successful initial operation of the large retort suggested several modifications to improve performance. Modifications to the retort vessel include: 1) installation of thermocouples for better monitoring of sidewall heater performance, 2) installation of high temperature electrical heater feedthroughs, and 3) installation of a new type bulkhead for thermocouple feedthrough to allow for thermal expansion.

Tags: kmd
COMMERCIAL FEASIBILITY EVALUATION OF SELECTED OIL SHALE RECOVERY SYSTEMS

"The Western Oil Shales could play a major role in the U.S energy future, providing economic recovery techniques are developed. The Laramie Energy Technology Center (LETC) has the lead responsibility within DOE to assist the  commercialization of oil shale. LETC directs R&D programs to identify promising oil shale recovery technologies and to reduce the uncertainties in oil shale recovery, leading to commercial development by industry. The Energy Systems Development Operation (ESDO) of Science Applications, Inc. (SAl) has provided support to LETC in the evaluation of an accelerated oil shale technology program which considered aboveground oil shale retorting  and vertical modified in situ (VMIS) oil shale development (Reference 1 included as Appendix A) . The purpose of this study is to apply the SAl commercialization  methodology to several other oil shale recovery concepts  under investigation by LETC for application to marginal oil shale areas. The basic characteristics of each of the following concepts is sketched in Figure 1:  Horizontal(Modified In Situ) (HMIS)  Big Hole(Modified In Situ)  Springing and Flushing(Modified In Situ)  Hydrofracture(True In Situ)  Geokinetics(Modified In Situ)  Equity(Modified In Situ)  Specifically the objectives of this study are:  (1) to conduct & comparative engineering/economic analysis of the advanced oil shale concepts to identify which ones have the greatest potential for successful commercialization;  (ii) to identify key technical features to be addressed in R&D programs for potentially viable concepts;  (iii) to conduct sensitivity studies of potentially viable concepts to assess technical and institutional uncertainties."

Tags: kmd
CHEMISTRY THAT FORMED GREEN RIVER FORMATION OIL SHALE

The Green River Formation with its energy rich oil shales and its remarkable collection of huge amounts of novel minerals is the product of a gigantic chemical process system which established itself in ancient lakes surrounding Utah's Uinta Mountains. Once established the chemical process system stabilized and maintained itself, repeating the same chemical processes continuously for millions of years on the raw material entering the lake. This chemistry produced uniform hydrogen-rich organic matte, a simple antigenic mineral suite, and massive deposits of sodium carbonate minerals like nahcolite, dawsonite, shortlite, and trona. The probable character of these chemical processes and their origin are reviewed.

Tags: kmd
CHARACTERISTICS OF GREEN RIVER OIL SHALE

Oil shale of the Green River formation lie beneath an estimated area of 16,500 square miles in Wyoming, Utah, and Colorado. According to geologic studies these sedimentary deposits were formed on the floors of two ancient lakes, Uintah Lake in Utah and Colorado and Gosiute Lake in Wyoming. These lakes were shallow, slightly brackish, and abundant in nutrients for maintenance of vigorous organism growth. Bacterial life and the brackish water apparently digested the organic debris so that the deposited organic matter is relatively uniform, resistant to most natural attacks and intimately mixed with mineral matter, this method of deposition indicates that a degree of uniformity should exist for oil shale over the entire formation.

Tags: kmd
COMPARISON OF SIMULATED IN SITU RETORTING RESULTS FOR MICHIGAN BASIN ANTRIM AND COLORADO GREEN RIVER FORMATION OIL SHALE

Underlying the eastern United States are extensive Devonian oil shale deposits of which the Antrim deposit in Michigan is representative. Because of the lower oil content and the greater overburden than that routinely seen in western oil shale deposits, in-situ processing offers the best economic approach for commercial exploitation of this resource. This paper presents data obtained through the use of two simulated in-situ retorts and compares the Antrim shale results with known results for Colorado Green River Shales.

Tags: kmd
ANALYSIS OF THE EFFECTS OF CONCURRENT STEAM AND AIR INJECTION DURING OIL SHALE RETORTING

The effects of concurrent steam and air injection during oil shale retorting were experimentally investigated. The oil yield increased as the steam concentration of inlet gas increased, and reached the maximum when the steam concentration was in the range of 30 to 40 %. Results indicate that the steam increased the combustion rate of residual carbon in the spent shale, the thermal decomposition rate of inorganic carbonates, and the reaction rate of residual carbon with the carbon dioxide inside the spent shale when the steam concentration of inlet gas was higher that oxygen concentration. It was also found that the steam reduced the oil loss by thermal cracking and coking as well as the oil loss during the revaporization at the raw shale surface. The steam increased the advancing rates of the peak temperature and retorting zone as well as hydrogen production per ton of oil shale by reacting with the carbon monoxide rather than with the residual carbon inside the spent shale.

Tags: kmd
INVESTIGATIONS FOR PRODUCTION OF OIL SHALE ON A COMMERCIAL SCALE

The US Department of the Interior, through the Bureau of Mines, has developed an underground mine near Rifle, Colorado, to demonstrate mining methods and procedures and to establish costs for producing oil shale on a commercial scale. This project is part of the program being carried on by the Government to demonstrate methods for producing substitute liquid fuels to augment the nations supply from natural petroleum.

Tags: kmd
GEOHYDROLOGY AND SURFACE HYDROLOGY PROGRAMS OF EQUITY/DOE BX IN SITU OIL SHALE PROJECT, RIO BLANCO COUNTY, COLORADO

The geohydrology and surface water hydrology programs are portions of the Environmental Research Plan of the Equity DOE BX In Situ Oil Shale Project. Rio Blanco County, Colorado. The ERP program includes a surface and ground water monitoring program and a geohydrologic testing program.

Tags: kmd
DOW TRUE IN SITU PROCESS FOR RECOVERY OF ENERGY FROM THE ANTRIM SHALE

The Dow Chemical Company, Inc. cooperation with the U. S. Department of Energy, is conducting a four-year, $12 million research program to test the feasibility of deep, in situ recovery of low-heat content gas from the Antrim shale of Michigan. This paper provides a progress report on several phases of that work.

Tags: kmd
IGNITION OF OIL SHALE BEDS WITH HOT AIR

"The ignition characteristics of oil shale beds using hot air have been investigated. The velocity and temperature of the air, and the particle size and grade of oil shale have been identified as the key parameters. The effects of these parameters on the time and energy required to attain a self-sustaining retorting front have been determined in this work. Gas-solid heat transfer, intraparticle thermal conduction, kerogen decomposition kinetics, or a combination of these control the ignition process. Depending on the conditions, the time required to attain self-sustained retorting ranged from 4.5 to 112 minutes. The energy input ranged from 0.17 to 7.97 kcal/cm2. The ignition time decreases with increasing flow rate and air temperature, increases with increasing size, and passes through a maximum with increasing shale grade. The energy input decreases with increasing air temperature and increases with increasing particle  size. It passes through a minimum for increasing flow rate and a maximum for increasing shale grade"

Tags: kmd
RF HEATING OF CARBONACEOUS DEPOSITS, VOLUME II. SUMMARY OF RF HEATING OF WESTERN OIL SHALE, FINAL REPORT FOR PERIOD 1 JULY 1979 TO 31 MARCH 1982

This volume summarizes the results developed on the IITRI RF shale-oil recovery process to date and provides a guide to the remaining material or oil shale in this report. The material in this volume is drawn from several sources: 1) the various work segments of the current cooperative program (documented in summary reports or appendixes,12095 ); 2) the previous laboratory feasibility study on the application of the IITRI in situ RF recovery process to Utah tar sand sponsored by the U.S. DOE; and 3) numerous papers published on the RF process. The documents associated with these sources are cited in this summary volume.

Tags: kmd
TRANSPORT OF GRANULAR OIL-SHALE INTO MULTIPLE FLUIDIZED BEDS

The utilization of fluidized solids techniques in a shale retort, which has a heat transfer surface separating a retorting zone and a combustion zone, offers one possible way to reduce the size of the two zone retort for a given throughput rate. A large heat transfer surface for separating the two zones can be formed conveniently by making a retort similar in style to a conventional vertical shell and tube heat exchanger, with the fluidized shale being retorted in one zone and the spent shale being burned in the other. Fluidization in multiple parallel tubes such as would be formed by such a unit is inherently nonuniform due to the falling pressure drop-flow characteristics of a fluidized bed with increasing fluidization gas velocity.

Tags: kmd
PRELIMINARY ANALYTICAL RESULTS FOR A NEW U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY DEVONIAN OHIO SHALE STANDARD SDO-1

Analytical data are presented here for the new USGS Devonian black shale standard SDO-1. The sample of Upper Devonian Ohio Shale was collected by Roy Kepferle, USGS, from a roadcut on Interstate 64 near Morehead in Rowan Co, Ky. The sample was crushed and split under the direction of F.J. Flanagan at a laboratory of the USGS in Reston. The sample, before it is ground, is an organic-rich, fissile, platy shale, brownish-black in color, containing flattened pyrite nodules up to 5 cm in diameter. Further information on the geology is available in Provo, Kepferle, and Potter (1977).

Tags: kmd
EXCERPTS FROM: CONCRETE MADE WITH EXPANDED WYOMING SHALE, SPENT OIL SHALE, AND SCORIA

The investigations reported in this thesis were made to obtain information regarding three materials that were thought to be possible sources of aggregates for light-weight concrete--expanded clay shale from Rock River, Wyoming; spent oil shale from Rifle, Colorado; and scoria from the vicinity of Gillette, Wyoming. Although the results obtained from these investigations do not indicate all of the specific properties of the aggregates and of the concrete made with these materials as aggregates, they may serve to point out promising fields for further investigations, and they may serve as a guide for further experiments.

Tags: kmd
COMPARISON OF FISCHER ASSAY DATA GENERATED BY FOUR LABORATORIES

"Inter- and intra-laboratory comparison of Fischer assay data and testing of these data by correlation analysis indicate good correlation but varied amounts of scatter in the data. The scatter seems to be due to both mechanical and analytical factors; it is possible that non-uniform sample preparation is a dominant fact; lf in causing scatter, but variable analytical results are also apparent. The range in precision of the Fischer assay data raises some questions about the accuracy of calculated shale-oil resources. It is highly desirable to have an accurate and uniform assay method to determine the oil yield of oil shales. If inter- or intra-laboratory  precision is to be maintained, it is imperative that sample preparation and analytical conditions are uniform  and closely supervised."

Tags: kmd
PROPERTIES OF PARAIBA SHALE

A critical evaluation has been made of existing knowledge of certain fundamental properties of oil shale from the Paraiba Valley, Brazil.  On the whole, the data from the various sources are reasonably consistent, although there are one or two important discrepancies as noted in the discussion. For convenience, the subject has been considered under the following headings:  Analyses of Paraiba Shale, Composition of Kerogen from Paraiba Shale,  Kerogen Content of Paraiba Shale,  Heating Value of Paraiba Shale and Composition of Mineral Matter.

Tags: kmd
FLASH HYDROPYROLYSIS OF EASTERN OIL SHALE

The Energy Systems Group of Rockwell International is investigating the application of its flash hydropyrolysis (FHP) technology to the hydroretorting of Eastern oil shale. This technology features the use of Rockwell's short-residence-time, entrained-flow reactor, derived from aerospace rocket injector technology, for quickly reacting pulverized carbonaceous solids with a hot, hydrogen-rich pyrolysis gas. Shale particle heat-up rates are extremely rapid (~50,000supO F/s), and devolatilization of the kerogen occurs in milliseconds.

Tags: kmd
THERMAL DECOMPOSITION OF KEROGEN UNDER ELEVATED PRESSURES QUARTERLY REPORTS:  OCT 1-DEC 1, 1978, JAN 1-MAR 31, 1979, APR 1-JUN 30, 1979, NOV, 1979-JAN, 1980, FEB, 1980 - APR, 1980

Multiple quarterly reports are grouped in this report.  They are listed in the title.

Tags: kmd
EVALUATION OF RETORT PERFORMANCE VIA OFFGAS AND PRODUCT OIL ANALYSIS: GEOKINETICS TRUE IN-SITU OIL SHALE RETORT EXPERIMENT 17

We analyze the performance of Geokinetic's oil shale retort 17 from offgas data. Retort 17 is a true in-situ combustion retort. The results predict that about 12100 metric tons of shale were processed in the retort. Using a total yield loss estimate of ~52% Fischer assay (based on gas chromatographic analysis of the oil), we predict a total oil production of 6.54 x 10sup5 litre (4115 bbl). This agrees to within 10% of the reported value of 6.00 x 10sup5 litre (3775 bbl). Based on the amount of oil loss due to combustion, we estimate that nearly all of the inlet oxygen (as air) must have been consumed in oil burning. This implies that the amount of char consumption by oxidation was small for this particular true in-situ retort.

Tags: kmd
DESIGN BASIS FOR A PROPOSED COMMERCIAL - SCALE SINGLE PARAHO RETORT FACILITY TOPICAL REPORT - TASK 2 FOR THE PERIOD: 15 JUNE 1980 TO 30 SEPT. 1980

This Design Basis report covers the performance objectives and goals of a proposed commercial-scale single retort module. General criteria on plant site, capacity and sub-system  sizing are outlined. Technical criteria for feed requirements, equipment design and selection requirements and system design requirements are also specified.

Tags: kmd
IN-SITU OF HIGH FREQUENCY CONDUCTIVITY AND PERMITTIVITY OF OIL SHALE

The in situ electrical conductivity and permittivity of Colorado oil shale were recently measured. The measurements were made by transmitting a high frequency electromagnetic signal from one borehole to adjacent boreholes arranged in line. The in situ electrical conductivity and permittivity were then calculated from transmission measurements from the transmitter borehole to two receiver boreholes spaced in a line away from the transmitter borehole. The differential signals between the two receiver boreholes were used in our calculations.

Tags: kmd
ISOTHERMAL OIL SHALE PYROLYSIS. 2. KINETICS OF PRODUCT FORMATION AND COMPOSITION AT VARIOUS PRESSURES

A rich (250 l eI ) Green River oil shale was retorted in a helium atmosphere. Isothermal. isobaric retort runs were conducted over a temperature range of 648-773 K (375-500'C) and a pressure range of 78- 765 kPa (11 .3- 111 psia). Oil was collected as a function of time. A  deasphaltened, dry whole oil product (DDWO) was then separated into five fractions: polars (P), 'weak'polars (WP). saturates (5), aromatics (A), and olefins (0). One objective of this work was to determine the effect of pressure on the kinetic rate expressions for product oil and oil fraction formation. As the system pressure increased the kinetic rate constants, and, consequently, the product yield decreased. A second objective of the experimental programmed was to determine kinetic rate constants for the five oil fractions. A first-order kinetic rate  expression was utilized and kinetic parameters were determined for the product oil and oil fractions at  each temperature and pressure studied. The kinetic rate constants flow an Arrhenius temperature dependence in the region 688-773 K (415-500"C) ; at lower  temperatures a change in the activation energy is observed.

Tags: kmd