AndreaBozzo/ceres-open-data-index huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of NIPER thermal EOR research, state-of-the-art and research needs

The Thermal Oil Production Research Group at NIPER has conducted research on behalf of the US Department of Energy on thermal methods of oil production (steam and for 1 year, in situ combustion) since 1983. Research projects performed by this group have attempted to adapt to the needs and direction of the DOE`s oil research program and that of industry. This report summarizes the research that has been conducted, analyses the contributions of the research, describes how the technology was transferred to potential users, analyzes current trends in thermal research and thermal oil production, and makes suggestions for future research where NIPER could contribute to advances in thermal oil production.

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Predicted optimal well geometries for a carbon dioxide flood in a West Texas field unit

Production from a reservoir which is thin and exhibits high vertical permeability, or contains vertical fractures, or has gas and water conning problems may be improved by using horizontal wells. The implementation of horizontal wells can improve injectivity and oil recovery. The productivity (or injectivity) index of a horizontal well can be greater than that of a vertical well by a factor of approximately 5 to 10. This study was conducted to determine whether horizontal wells could significantly improve predicted oil recovery for a CO{sub 2} miscible flood. A representative 240-acre (1-km{sup 2}) pattern of a west Texas field unit was selected for the simulation study. Predictions of the amount of oil recovered using various horizontal well geometries were compared to the recovery corresponding to vertical injectors and producers. 12 refs., 8 figs., 11 tabs.

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Thermal and chemical degradation of inorganic membrane materials. Topical report

This report describes the results of a literature review to evaluate the long-term thermal and chemical degradation of inorganic membranes that are being developed to separate gaseous products produced by the gasification or combustion of coal in fixed-, fluidized-, and entrained-bed gasifiers, direct coal-fired turbines, and pressurized-fluidized-bed combustors. Several impurities, such as H{sub 2}S, NH{sub 3}, SO{sub 2}, NO{sub x}, and trace metal compounds are generated during coal conversion, and they must be removed from the coal gas or the combustor flue gas to meet environmental standards. The use of membranes to separate these noxious gases is an attractive alternative to their removal by sorbents such as zinc titanate or calcium oxide. Inorganic membranes that have a high separation efficiency and exhibit both thermal and chemical stability would improve the economics of power generation from coal. The U.S. Department of Energy is supporting investigations to develop inorganic membranes for separating hydrogen from coal gas streams and noxious impurities from hot coal- and flue-gas streams. Membrane materials that have been investigated in the past include glass (silica), alumina, zirconia, carbon, and metals (Pd and Pt).

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Moving granular-bed filter development program. Topical report

Advanced, coal-based, power plants, such as IGCC and Advanced-PFBC, are currently nearing commercial demonstration. These power plant technologies require hot gas filtration as part of their gas cleaning trains. Ceramic barrier filters are the major filter candidates being developed for these hot gas cleaning applications. While ceramic barrier filters achieve high levels of particle removal, concerns exist for their reliability and operability in these applications. An alternative hot gas filtration technology is the moving granular bed filter. An advanced, moving granular bed filter has been conceived, and early development activities performed by the Westinghouse Electric Corporation, Science and Technology Center. This document reports on the Base Contract tasks performed to resolve the barrier technical issues for this technology. The concept, the Standleg Moving Granular Bed Filter (SMGBF) has a concurrent downward, gas and bed media flow configuration that results in simplified features and improved scaleup feasibility compared to alternative designs. Two modes of bed media operation were assessed in the program: once-through using pelletized power plant waste as bed media, and recycle of bed media via standleg and pneumatic transport techniques. Cold Model testing; high-temperature, high-pressure testing; and pelletization testing using advanced power plant wastes, have been conducted in the program. A commercial, economic assessment of the SMGBF technology was performed for IGCC and Advanced-PFBC applications. The evaluation shows that the barrier technical issues can be resolved, and that the technology is potentially competitive with ceramic barrier filters.

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Development of a near bit MWD system. Quarterly report, October--December 1993

The project objective is to develop a measurements-while-drilling module that can reliably provide real-time reports of drilling conditions at the bit. The module is to support multiple types of sensors and to sample and encode their outputs in digital form under microprocessor control. The assembled message will then be electromagnetically transmitted along the drill string back to a standard mud-pulse or EM MWD tool for data integration and relay to the surface. The development effort will consist of reconfiguring the AccuNav EM MWD Directional System manufactured and marketed by Guided Boring Systems, Inc. of Houston, Texas for near-bit use followed by the inclusion of additional sensor types in Phase 2. To maintain focus and provide the desired level of project control, work is divided into two phases. The current Phase 1 goal is to define system specifications followed by design, fabrication and testing of a functioning prototype. To minimize costs, the Phase 1 prototype will be configured with accelerometers, temperature and pressure. Phase 2 will consist of incorporating a selected data suite (adding other sensors such as gamma ray) and performing a series of field experiments. Before proceeding to the field test stage, a series of vibration cycle and shock tests will be performed to identify areas to strengthen through redesign and packaging modifications. Pending success of the field tests, final design modifications would be implemented and the system commercialized.

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The Coal Tech Advanced Cyclone Combustor Demonstration Project: A DOE assessment

The objective of this project was to demonstrate a technology for retrofitting oil/gas designed boilers, and conventional pulverized coal-fired boilers, by using the patented air-cooled slagging coal combustor in place of oil/gas/coal burners. The project aimed to utilize coals with a wide range of sulfur contents and to achieve efficient combustion under fuel-rich conditions. The three performance goals of the combustor were to limit emissions of SO{sub 2} and NO{sub x}, while maintaining maximum sulfur retention in the slag removed from the combustor. A slagging cyclone combustor is a high-temperature device in which a high-velocity swirling gas is used to burn crushed or pulverized coal. The key novel feature of this combustor is the use of air cooling. This is accomplished by using a ceramic liner which is cooled by secondary air and maintained at a temperature high enough to keep the slag in a liquid, free-flowing state. The arrangement also promotes slag retention in the combustor, an important feature for retrofitting in boilers designed for oil/gas.

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The development of an integrated multistage fluid bed retorting process. Quarterly report, October--December 1993

It is now well accepted that fluidized bed pyrolysis of oil shale at near-zero hydrogen partial pressure will generate higher than Fischer assay oil yields. This enhancement varies according to shale type, but for most shales, it can be significant. It has been shown that fluidized bed pyrolysis of eastern and western US oil shales can enhance oil yields by 50% and 10% above Fischer assay, respectively. In addition, fluidized bed technology offers the advantages of rapid pyrolysis kinetics (short solid residence time), total use of mined shale, and thermal efficiency. The Center for Applied Energy Research (CAER) has developed a commercial retorting concept, KENTORT 2, which is based on fluidized bed technology. This process has been successfully demonstrated in a 3-inch diameter, 5-lb/hr system at the CAER using eastern US oil shale. This report summarizes the progress made on the development of an integrated multistage fluidized bed retorting process during the period of October 1, 1993 through December 31, 1993. The KENTORT 2 process includes integral fluidized bed zones for pyrolysis, gasification, and combustion of the oil shale. The purpose of this program is to design and test the KENTORT 2 process at the 50-lb/hr scale. Retort shake-down tests were performed this quarter, and during one of these tests, oil was generated for the first time in the 50-lb/hr system. Minor equipment problems were also identified and a remediation plan was implemented.

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Rocky Mountain 1 Underground Coal Gasification Project. Annual progress report, 1991

The Rocky Mountain 1 Underground Coal Gasification Test or Burn was conducted from approximately mid-November, 1987 through February, 1988. After the burn the project began proceeding with the following overall tasks: venting, flushing and cooling of the cavities; subsurface or groundwater cleanup; post-burn coring and drilling; groundwater monitoring, and site restoration/reclamation. By the beginning of 1991 field activities associated with venting, flushing and cooling of the cavities and post-burn coring and drilling had been completed. However, data analysis continued including the University of North Dakota analyzing drilling and coring data, and the US Department of Energy (DOE)/EG&G developing a chronological listing of project events.

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Toxicity studies of mild gasification products. Quarterly report, October--December 1993

The major hypothesis of carcinogenesis is that malignancy is due to an alteration (mutation) of the genetic material in a somatic cell. Reactive electrophilic metabolites are generated from many chemicals by the action of endogenous mixed-function oxidases. These reactive metabolites may bind to cellular macromolecules, such as DNA, and can, therefore, initiate a mutagenic or carcinogenic event. Prokaryotes and non-mammalian eukaryotes are used in mutation assays, while cultured mammalian cells are generally used for mutagenic as well as clastogenic tests examining alterations and damage to the DNA and/or chromosomes of somatic cells. One of the first mammalian cell lines used in genotoxicity studies is V79, which was derived from Chinese hamster lung cells. According to the test plan on toxicity studies of mild gasification products, mammalian cell in vitro assays are to be performed on selected samples displaying mutagenic activity in the Ames assay. The results of the Ames testing of the mild gasification sample Shell Oil PSIS{number_sign}330331 were negative. However, fractionation of the sample and Ames testing of the subfractions were performed per DOE request. None of the subfractions was mutagenic in the Ames assay, as has been previously reported. Assays for the induction of gene mutation, sister chromatid exchange and micronucleus formation in V79 cells have also been carried out for the sample. This paper reports the results of the mammalian cell assay.

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The extraction of bitumen from western oil sands. Quarterly report, July--September, 1993

This report cites task number followed by a brief statement of each task and the action taken this quarter. The tasks are: NEPA environmental information statement; coupled fluidized-bed bitumen recovery and coked sand combustion; water-based recovery of bitumen; rotary kiln process for recovery of bitumen and combustion of coke sand; recovery of bitumen from oil sands using fluidized bed reactors and combustion of spent sands in transport reactors; recovery of bitumen from oil sand and upgrading of bitumen by solvent extraction; catalytic and thermal upgrading of bitumens and bitumen-derived liquids; evaluation of Utah`s major oil sand deposits for the production of asphalt, high energy jet fuels, and other specialty products; development of mathematical models for bitumen recovery and processing; completion of the cost estimation study of the pilot plant restoration; development studies of equipment for three-product gravity separation of bitumen and sand; development studies of disposal of sand by conveying or pumping of high solids concentration sand-water slurries; and environmental studies of the North Salt Lake pilot plant rehabilitation and eventual operation and those environmental problems associated with eventual commercial products.

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Use of supercritical carbon dioxide fluid as a solvent for the purification of pet radiotracers

We have identified superfluid chromatography (SFC) as a promising method which could offer advantages in radiotracer purification through rapid separation, as well as, improved recovery and purity of labeled product. Using SF CO{sub 2} as the mobile phase for chromatographic separation of labeled product would eliminate the need for solvent removal from product prior to delivery.

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Coal-fueled diesel technology development Emissions Control

GEESI Emissions Control program activity ranged from control concept testing of 10 CFM slipstream from a CWS fuel single cylinder research diesel engine to the design, installation, and operation of a full-size Emissions Control system for a full-size CWS fuel diesel engine designed for locomotive operation.Early 10 CFM slipstream testing program activity was performed to determine Emissions Characteristics and to evaluate Emissions Control concepts such a Barrier filtration, Granular bed filtration, and Cyclone particulate collection for reduction of particulate and gaseous emissions. Use of sorbent injection into the engine exhaust gas upstream of the barrier filter or use of sorbent media in the granular bed filter were found to provide reduction of exhaust gas SO{sub 2} and NO{sub x} in addition to collection of ash particulate. Emergence of the use of barrier filtration as a most practical Emissions Control concept disclosed a need to improve cleanability of the filter media in order to avoid reduction of turbocharger performance by excessive barrier filter pressure drop. The next progression of program activity, after the slipstream feasibility state, was 500 CFM cold flow testing of control system concepts. The successful completion of 500 CFM cold flow testing of the Envelope Filter led to a subsequent progression to a similar configuration Envelope Filter designed to operate at 500 CFM hot gas flow from the CWS fuel research diesel engine in the GETS engine test laboratory. This Envelope Filter included the design aspect proven by cold flow testing as well as optimization of the selection of the installed filter media.

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York County Energy Partners CFB Cogeneration Project. Annual report, [September 30, 1992--September 30, 1993]

The Department of Energy, under the Clean Coal Technology program, proposes to provide cost-shared financial assistance for the construction of a utility-scale circulating fluidized bed technology cogeneration facility by York County Energy Partners, L.P (YCEP). YCEP, a project company of ir Products and Chemicals, Inc., would design, construct and operate a 250 megawatt (gross) coal-fired cogeneration facility on a 38-acre parcel in North Codorus Township, York County, Pennsylvania. The facility would be located adjacent to the P. H. Glatfelter Company paper mill, the proposed steam host. Electricity would be delivered to Metropolitan Edison Company. The facility would demonstrate new technology designed to greatly increase energy efficiency and reduce air pollutant emissions over current generally available commercial technology which utilizes coal fuel. The facility would include a single train circulating fluidized bed boiler, a pollution control train consisting of limestone injection for reducing emissions of sulfur dioxide by greater than 92 percent, selective non-catalytic reduction for reducing emissions of nitrogen oxides, and a fabric filter (baghouse) for reducing emissions of particulates. Section II of this report provides a general description of the facility. Section III describes the site specifics associated with the facility when it was proposed to be located in West Manchester Township. After the Cooperative Agreement was signed, YCEP decided to move the proposed site to North Codorus Township. The reasons for the move and the site specifics of that site are detailed in Section IV. This section of the report also provides detailed descriptions of several key pieces of equipment. The circulating fluidized bed boiler (CFB), its design scale-up and testing is given particular emphasis.

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ENCOAL mild coal gasification project. Annual report

This document is the combination of the fourth quarter report (July--September 1993) and the 1993 annual report for the ENCOAL project. The following pages include the background and process description for the project, brief summaries of the accomplishments for the first three quarters, and a detailed fourth quarter report. Its purpose is to convey the accomplishments and current progress of the project. ENCOAL Corporation, has completed the construction of a mild gasification demonstration plant at Triton Coal Company`s Buckskin Mine near Gillette, Wyoming. The process, using Liquids From Coal (LFC) technology developed by SMC and SGI International, utilizes low-sulfur Powder River Basin coal to produce two new fuels, Process Derived Fuel (PDF) and Coal Derived Liquids (CDL). ENCOAL submitted an application to the US Department of Energy (DOE) in August 1989, soliciting joint funding of the project in the third round of the Clean Coal Technology Program. The project was selected by DOE in December, 1989 and the Cooperative Agreement approved in September, 1990. Construction, commissioning, and start-up of the ENCOAL mild coal gasification facility was completed in June of 1992, and the project is currently in the operations phase. Some plant modifications have been required and are discussed in this report.

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Report on variation of electrical conductivity during steam injection in unconsolidated sand saturated with a salt solution

Geophysical electrical methods are useful in evaluating the performance of certain classes of enhanced oil recovery (EOR) operations and also remediation operations for contaminant spills. Electrical resistivity is sensitive to the concentration of ionic species in solution in fluids present in the subsurface zone. Such fluids are displaced during oil recovery operations and contaminant remediation. If the resistivity of the displacing fluid differs from the in situ fluid, then a geophysical method for detecting resistivity variations may be capable of tracking the advance of the displacing fluid. This report presents the results of experiments designed to determine the variations in resistivity that occur when steam is injected into a homogeneous, fully-saturated sand. These experiments were simple, one-dimensional laboratory steam injection experiments. They were performed using a glass tube filled with a tightly-packed sand and fitted with an injection port at one end and an exit port at the other In each experiment, the sand pack was initially saturated with a brine and then steam was introduced at one end of the tube. Analytic solutions for the steam front velocity, steam temperature, steam distribution, salt concentration profile, and liquid saturation are presented and are used with appropriate correlations of electrical conductivity to describe the observed behavior. The results of these experiments should provide experimental justification for the electrical conductivity variations that are calculated from the analytic solutions. In addition, the experiments may yield new information regarding features of the data that may not result from the analytical modelling.

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Hot coal gas desulfurization with manganese-based sorbents. Quarterly report, October--December 1993

The focus of work being performed on Hot Coal Gas Desulfurization at the Morgantown Energy Technology Center is primarily in the use of zinc ferrite and zinc titanate sorbents; however, prior studies indicated that an alternate sorbent, manganese dioxide-containing ore in mixture with alumina (75 wt% ore   25 wt% Al{sub 2}O{sub 3}) may be a viable alternative to zinc-based sorbents. Manganese, for example, has a lower vapor pressure in the elemental state than zinc hence it is not as likely to undergo depletion from the sorbent surface upon loading and regeneration cycles. Also manganese oxide is less readily reduced to the elemental state than iron hence the range of reduction potentials for oxygen is somewhat greater than for zinc ferrite. In addition, thermodynamic analysis of the manganese-oxygen-sulfur system shows it to be less amenable to sulfation than zinc ferrite. Potential also exists for utilization of manganese at higher temperatures than zinc ferrite or zinc titanate. This Fifth Quarterly Report documents progress in pellet testing via thermogravimetric analysis of pellet formulation FORM4-A of a manganese ore/alumina combination. This formulation, described more fully in the Quarterly Technical Progress Report of October 15, 1993, consists of manganese carbonate combined with alundum. A 2-inch fixed-bed reactor has been fabricated and is now ready for subjecting pellets to cyclic loading and regeneration; however, a minor problem has arisen during the regeneration cycle in that sulfur tends to form and plug the exit tube during the early stage of regeneration. This problem is about to be overcome by increasing the flow rate of air during the regeneration cycle resulting in more oxidizing conditions and hence less tendency for sulfide sulfur (S{sup =}) to oxidize to the intermediate elemental form (S{sup o}) rather than to 4-valent (S{sup  4}).

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Assessment of strength limiting flaws in ceramic heat exchanger components: Phase 2 midcontract summary report, December 4, 1986-November 30, 1987

Advanced ceramic materials are attractive for use in environments that are too hostile for metals. Unfortunately, acceptance of ceramics in these applications has been limited because ceramics are subject to sudden failure by brittle fracture. The goal of this program is to produce acceptance criteria and appropriate verification tests for one specific component: ceramic heat exchanger tubes. The program has three major parts; NonDestructive Examination (NDE), Linear Elastic Fracture Mechanics (LEFM), and Destructive Testing (DT). Because ceramics are subject to brittle fracture, the assessment of materials for conditions that could lead to failure is vital. This is the task of NDE. Acceptance criteria must be based on a model that can predict tube lifetime, given operating conditions, material characteristics, and possible flaws present. This is the task of LEFM. NDE examination results need to be compared to failure test results, and LEFM requires test data to create and verify the fracture model. This is the task of DT.

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