AndreaBozzo/ceres-open-data-index huggingface dataset:
Techno-economic evaluation of the ROPE copyright  process

Western Research Institute (WRI) is developing the Recycle Oil Pyrolysis and Extraction (ROPE) process for recovering oil from tar sand and for coprocessing heavy crude oil with tar sand. WRI has constructed and operated a 2-inch-diameter process development unit with a throughput of 5 to 10 lb/hr and a 6-inch-diameter bench-scale unit with a throughput of 50 to 100 lb/hr to develop the ROPE process. Based on experimental results to date, a preliminary commercial design has been performed for a 2500-ton/day Asphalt Ridge, Utah, tar sand plant. Major equipment items and their sizes were determined from the process flow diagram and heat and material balance results. No major technical uncertainties were discovered during the design of the 2500-ton/day plant. The total capital investment for the 2500-ton/day Asphalt Ridge tar sand plant was estimated at $53,336,000 in mid-1989 dollars including 16% contingency. This is equivalent to 27,240 dollars per barrel of daily oil production. The annual operating cost is estimated at $9,683,000 in mid-1989 dollars or $14.28/bbl including 5% contingency. Tar sand mining cost (27.1%) is the highest, followed by maintenance cost (23.1%), and plant operating labor (18.5%). Tax and insurance cost is 17.5% of total operating expenses. From an economic perspective, the best market for the ROPE product oil will be realized if the ROPE process facility is located near sites where there are already commercially developed heavy oil and bitumen extraction/processing facilities and existing pipelines for transporting the blend to distant refineries. These sites would be located in the countries of Canada and Venezuela and possibly the states of Utah, Wyoming, and California. 27 refs., 20 figs., 14 tabs.

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Vaporization of trace element species from coal under gasification and combustion conditions: Final report

The objective of this project was to establish the chemical forms and relative abundance of trace inorganic vapor species in coal during combustion and gasification. A joint experimental and calculational program to observe the vaporization of Illinois No. 6 bituminous and Wyodak subbituminous was performed. Experimental studies were performed by Knudsen cell mass spectroscopy on samples of each coal that were ashed at low temperature by an oxygen plasma. To simulate actual coal more closely, some samples were only partially ashed to retain more of the original organic components. Vapor species were identified and their abundances measured over the temperature range 300-1700 K. In the first year of the program, vaporization from the coal ash alone was studied. Dynamic partial pressures were measured against temperature and time. Vapor species of 32 major or trace elements were identified. During the second year of the program, mass spectrometry experiments addressed the effects of added gases (O/sub 2/, CO/sub 2/, and H/sub 2/O) on the identities and abundances of trace element vapor species. Coincident with experimental studies, trace element vaporization behavior was evaluated by Gibbs energy minimization calculations. A data base including both solution and pure condensed and gaseous components was compiled. The behavior of Wyodak coal at 1 atm total pressure was evaluated over the temperature range 300--1800 K and the oxygen partial pressure range from 10/sup /minus/1/ to 10/sup /minus/25/ atm. Results were used to evaluate the effects on trace element volatility of several proposed strategies for containment removal. 13 refs., 23 figs., 23 tabs.

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A 32-month gasifier mechanistic study and downstream unit process development program for the pressurized ash-agglomerating fluidized-bed gasification system: Quarterly technical progress report, July--September 1987

The external hot gas cleanup system at the PDU was commissioned in July 1986. From July 1986 to September 1987, six tests were completed to develop the zinc ferrite desulfurization process. In this quarter, the integrated coal gasification hot gas cleanup systems at the PDU were operated to complete tests plans TP-037-5 and TP-037-6. An evaluation was completed of all previous external hot gas cleanup tests during the reporting period, and the findings were used to develop a PDU test program to improve external hot gas cleanup system performance in the polishing mode (a product gas velocity <2000 hr/sup /minus/1/ and an H/sub 2/S/COS desulfurizer inlet concentration <600 ppM). A variety of test conditions (from tests TP-037-1 through TP-037-5) were studied. The results showed that the hot gas cleanup potential of zinc ferrite in the PDU has been demonstrated, achieving near equilibrium concentrations of H/sub 2/S/COS (<10 ppM) in the product gas exiting the desulfurizer. Six additional laboratory tests were conducted to study tracer gas concentration profiles in a jetting fluidized bed. These data were analyzed along with previous data from the Westinghouse R D 30-cm unit and the KRW 3-meter Cold Flow Scaleup Facility to obtain dimensionless concentration profiles in a fluidized bed as a function of the jet velocity, the bed density, and the injection location of two materials representing two modes of gasifier operation. These data were input to the PDU mechanistic model to predict gasifier performance. 80 figs., 30 tabs.

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Devonian paleocurrents of the Appalachian basin

The paleocurrent system of the Devonian clastics of the central and northern Appalachian basin is uniformly oriented to the west judging by the orientation of sole marks on interbedded siltstones and sandstones and by the available directional data from interbedded black and gray shales. Paleocurrent indicators are at right angles to isopach of total Devonian thickness, which decreases westward from 12,000 ft. in eastern Pennsylvania to a few hundred feet in west-central Ohio. This clastic wedge is largely of Upper Devonian age and includes alluvial and delta plain environments (in the east) as well as shelf (east-central), turbidite slope, and basin plain environments (west-central and west), the latter representing most of the black shales. Lithologies within the wedge are more continuous north-south parallel to depositional strike than east-west. The gradient of carbon isotopes, which shows more marine than terrestrial carbon in the western part of the basin, closely parallels the average paleocurrent direction of the basin. The methodology of paleocurrent studies in shaly basins based on both outcrops and oriented cores, is set forth as is the relationship between paleocurrents and gas potential.

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Kinetic model development for low-rank coal liquefaction. Quarterly technical progress report, July 1-September 30, 1985

Significant accomplishment this quarter have been demonstration that: the procedures that we are using in the tubing bomb experiments yield results comparable to data published by Rindt et al. from North Dakota Energy Research Center (UNDERC,5935 ); showing that the ZAP-2 recycle solvent was a very poor donor solvent; and presentation of the automation of the size exclusion chromatograph-gas chromatograph at the Fall American Chemical Society meeting. We also present data on a mixing study conducted with ZAP-2 recycle solvent and ZAP-2 lignite. Even though the yields are poor, the same yields within experimental error are obtained at 400, 600 and 700 cpm. These data substantiate data published by Gallakota and guin, that shakers speeds equal to or greater than 400 cpm are sufficient and necessary to obtain good mixing. We also present data with anthracene oil and ZAP-2 lignite in which high yields are obtained. The high yields with anthracene oil and ZAP-2 lignite as compared to the low yields with ZAP-2 recycle solvent indicate that the ZAP-2 recycle solvent supplied by UNDERC was in exceeding poor hydrogen donor. In this quarterly, data for Big Brown-2 lignite with anthracene oil (A04) that are comparable to data published by Rindt et al. are presented. Data presented in this quarterly also seem to suggest that temperature greater than 400 C and pressures of 27 to 30 MPa are needed to obtain good distillable yields. Other accomplishments for the year have been the installation and commissioning of the Finnigan Ion Trap Mass Spectrometer Detector, the development of a Reactor and Kinetic Model for the Up Flow Tubular Reactor at UNDERC by using data generated by that unit. 4 refs., 7 figs., 14 tabs.

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Biological gasification coals

This report describes the work performed on the project entitled   Biological Gasification of Coal''under DOE/METC Contract No. AC21-87MC23285. The goal of this project was to develop a novel approach of utilizing microorganisms to convert low-rank coals into methane gas. Two approaches for biological conversion of coals to methane were evaluated. In the first approach, indirect bioconversion, coal is first depolymerized into low molecular weight compounds (chemical or aerobic biological treatment) followed by anaerobic conversion of these compounds to methane. The second approach, direct bioconversion, the coal was treated under anaerobic conditions to produce methane. This report presents the details of experimental procedures and the results obtained from these studies. Preliminary economic analysis of a potential biological gasification scheme was also performed to establish major cost components and recommendations for future research to develop an economical biological gasification process are presented. 8 refs., 20 figs., 53 tabs.

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Conceptual design of coal-fueled diesel system for stationary power applications

A preliminary conceptual design of a coal-fueled diesel system was prepared as part of a previous systems study. Since then, our team has accumulated extensive results from testing coal-water slurry on the 13-inch bore JS engine (400 rpm) in 1987 and 1988. These results provided new insights into preferred design concepts for engine components. One objective, therefore, was to revise the preliminary design to incorporate these preferred design concepts. In addition there were certain areas where additional, more detailed analysis was required as a result of the previous conceptual design. Another objective, therefore was to perform additional detailed design efforts, such as: (1) market applications and engine sizes, (2) coal-water slurry cleaning and grinding processes, (3) emission controls and hot gas contaminant controls, (4) component durability, (5) cost and performance assessments. (VC)

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Pollution control in coal gasification. Final report, June 24, 1981-April 24, 1983

Two methods of controlling byproducts of coal gasification processes were studied in laboratory-scale apparatus. Vapor phase cracking (VPC) was investigated as a means of eliminating heavy organics from the hot gasifier exit stream by catalytic cracking. Wet oxidation was investigated as a means of eliminating phenolic compounds from the quench water used to cool the gasifier exit stream by catalytic oxidation in the aqueous phase at elevated temperature and pressure. In the VPC studies the activities of various coal-derived materials and commercial catalysts towards cracking model coal pyrolysates (such as phenol, naphthalene, and phenanthrene) were measured in the presence of simulated coal gasifier gas at 3.35 MPa and 600 to 1073 K. The most promising catalyst was a presulfided cobalt-molybdate, which almost completely eliminated phenol at 450/sup 0/C in a space time of approximately 11 seconds. Steam present in large amounts in the simulated coal gas strongly inhibited the cracking activity of many catalysts evaluated. In the wet-oxidation studies, gasifier chars, supported metal-oxide catalysts, and homogeneous catalysts were tested at 3.55 MPa and 473 to 498 K. The supported copper-oxide catalysts were the best materials found for oxidation of phenol in water and in actual gasification wastewater. In the presence of 25 g/L of copper oxide on alumina catalysts, 92 percent of the phenolics, 64 percent of the chemical oxygen demand, and 58 percent of the total organic carbon were removed from slagging fixed-bed-gasifier wastewater 34-minute residence time.

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Coal-gasification support studies. Volume III, Task 3. Studies to improve the processing techniques of product and waste streams in coal-gasification processes. Final report, November 19, 1981-August 15, 1982

This report summarizes research conducted on several prospective gas- and effluent-handling systems for future coal-gasification plants. Included in the report are results on the resistance of a cobalt-molybdenum water-gas shift catalyst to hydrogen cyanide (HCN) and hydrogen chloride (HC1), which are found in raw fuel gases. HCN was found to have no measurable effect on the catalyst; HCl was found to cause irreversible poisoning. Also presented are data on the vapor-liquid equilibrium behavior of synthesis gas-benzene mixtures and of synthesis gas-water mixtures, including a few ammonia-carbon dioxide-water mixtures that are useful for quench system design. Studies that used a novel, air-regenerable sorbent to remove sulfur compounds from coal-drived fuel gases at elevated temperatures are discussed. In addition, this report discusses exploratory studies that were made on the catalytic properties of silica-supported Group IIA metal oxides toward the hydrolysis of carbonyl sulfide (COS) and HCN. The results suggest that magnesium- and strontium-based catalysts might be competitive with commercial COS hydrolysis catalysts. The ammonia decomposition activities of several materials at temperatures between 1000/sup 0/ and 1200/sup 0/F in the presence of hydrogen sulfide (H/sub 2/S) were examined. Although previous studies conducted at 1400/sup 0/F indicated good catalytic activity, these studies at the lower temperatures indicated that H/sub 2/S has an inhibitory effect on ammonia decomposition. Finally, experimental studies were made on the separation characteristics of several commercial microfiltration, ultrafiltration, and reverse osmosis membrane systems as applied to raw process condensates. The results suggest that membrane separation is a viable option when used in combination with other conventional treatment techniques and that it may offer significant economic benefits. 68 figures, 59 tables.

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Surface features associated with lineaments, EGSP area (Cottageville Field, West Virginia)

The lineaments with discernable surface expressions are relatively small features. These features can be best seen on low altitude (large scale) imagery or on large scale (about 1:24000) topographic maps. Lineaments of this size have been positively correlated with EGSP well productivity in both the Cottageville (Jones and Ranch 1978-1) and the Big Sandy (Howard) Fields. There is little consistency in selection of lineaments from small scale imagery. In several areas above the Cottageville gas field water was found flowing from fracture zones that correlated with small lineaments expressed by drainage. One spring was found on the surface above the Brown Shale Zone II in the deviated well in alignment with a drainage lineament. Additional detailed studies of surface features including lineaments found on 1:2400 topographic maps and their correlation with productivity in the Cottageville Field Area is suggested. 21 figures.

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Report on national workshop on gas hydrates

In a few carefully selected locations, hydrates should be studied intensively: (1) to identify precisely the amounts and distribution of gas hydrates, (2) to identify the large-scale chemical and geological factors that control hydrate emplacement and to determine how these may influence gain and loss of methane from the hydrate reservoir, (3) to determine the rates of formation and decomposition and factors influencing these rates, (4) to consider the nature of formation of hydrates within the sediments as grains, nodules, or veins, how this relates to such sedimentary parameters as pore space and grain size, and how it controls other parameters, such as acoustic velocity and shear strength, and (5) to propose possible cause for large-scale gains and losses of methane from the hydrate reservoir. These goals imply a need for both field and laboratory studies. Worldwide estimates of abundance, which presently show extreme variations, probably cannot be improved until we create new remote sensing approaches for identifying hydrates, gain ground truth for these approaches, and obtain a more comprehensive understanding of the processes that control gas-hydrate dynamics. It has become apparent that, although gas hydrate has been identified in marine sediments for many years, the research on the subject has been disjointed -- focused on isolated manifestations. Thus, we have not acquired a broad understanding of processes that affect hydrate development and are ignorant of the chemical and geological controls on those processes. Because of the immense amount of methane that is held in the hydrate, there are very major potential climate and resource implications. It is now time to intensify our study of this subject.

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TECHNICALLY RECOVERABLE DEVONIAN SHALE GAS IN WEST VIRGINIA

This report evaluates the natural gas potential of the Devonian Age shales of West Virginia. For this, the study: (1) compiles the latest geological and reservoir data to establish the gas in-place; (2) analyzes and models the dominant gas production mechanisms; and (3) examines alternative well stimulation and production strategies for most efficiently recovering the in-place gas. The major findings of the study include the following: (1) The technically recoverable gas from Devonian shale (Huron, Rhinestreet, and Marcellus intervals) in West Virginia is estimated to range from 11 to 44 trillion cubic feet. (2) The Devonian shales in this state entail great geological diversity; the highly fractured, permeable shales in the southwest respond well to traditional development practices while the deep, tight shales in the eastern and northern parts of the state will require new, larger scale well stimulation technology. (3) Beyond the currently developed Huron and Rhinestreet shale intervals, the Marcellus shale offers a third attractive gas zone, particularly in the north central portion of the state. 21 references, 53 figures, 27 tables.

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Predictability of formation damage: An assessment study and generalized models

The project objective is to develop improved generalized predictive models to be used for investigation of reservoir formation damage and control for various fluid and rock conditions and to account for these effects in reservoir simulation. To accomplish its objective the proposed study will first critically study and evaluate the previous modeling efforts and the experimental studies reported in the literature. Then, generalized predictive models will be formulated by combining the previous attempts and by improving and generalizing the modeling approaches to accommodate for a wide variety of conditions encountered in actual field applications. A critical review of the previous work addressing their theoretical basis, assumptions and limitations, and the generalized and improved model developed in this study will be presented in a systematic manner in terms of a standardized definition and nomenclature for direct comparison. Case studies with the generalized model will be presented to demonstrate its capacity and validity. User friendly computer programs implementing the improved modeling approaches will also be supplied. This study will form an assessment of the presently available models and methods for evaluating and predicting formation damage and present improved models. Therefore, it will be an important reference for the petroleum industry.

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Enhanced Oil Recovery by CO2 Foam Flooding

The objective is to identify commercially available additives which are effective in reducing the mobility of carbon dioxide, CO/sub 2/, thereby improving its efficiency in the recovery of tertiary oil, and which are low enough in cost to be economically attractive. During the past year significant progress has been made in developing a commercial method of reducing the mobility of carbon dioxide in enhanced oil recovery processes. Interest in the industry is high and several companies have agreed to underwrite a portion of funding necessary to continue the research over the next two years. Experiments on gas mobility control, conducted in linear sand-pack models, show only a general correlation with the static foam test. In general, all surfactants that produce reasonable quantities of foam in the blender test also impart some degree of mobility control to gas during two-phase flow. The best mobility control additives however, are only modest foam volume producers. In addition, the best additives spontaneously produce a viscous foam under flow conditions present in a petroleum reservoir. Three basic chemical structures listed below appear to show most promise for gas mobility control: (1) ethoxylated adducts of C/sub 8/-C/sub 14/ linear alcohols, (2) sulfate esters of ethoxylated C/sub 9/-C/sub 16/ linear alcohols, (3) low molecular weight co-polymers of ethylene oxide and propylene oxide. Each of the above types are compatible with normal oil field brines, unaffected by the presence of crude oil and stable under conditions common in a petroleum reservoir. Additive stability is of real concern. Limited experimentation suggests that only the sulfate esters might degrade at an unacceptable rate. This could limit their application to lower temperature reservoirs. No degradation was noted for structures 1 and 3 in aging tests lasting 2 weeks at 125/sup 0/F. 15 figures, 4 tables.

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Literature survey results: Topical report

This report reviews mild gasification processes with respect to processing conditions and configurations. Special emphasis was placed on processes which could be commercialized within five years. Detailed market information was provided by J.E. Sinor concerning markets and economic considerations of the various processing steps. Processing areas studied include coal cleaning; mild gasification; and upgrading of the char, condensables, and hydrocarbon gases. Pros and cons in the different processing areas as well as ''gaps''in pertinent data were identified and integrated into a detailed process development program. The report begins with a summary of the market assessment and an evaluation of the co-product. The impacts of feed materials and operating parameters--including coal rank, heating rate,  pressure, agglomeration, temperature, and feed gas composition--on the co- products and processes were evaluated through a literature survey. Recommendations were made as to the preferred product specifications and operating parameters for a commercial plant. A literature review of mild gasification processes was conducted and evaluated with regard to product specification and operating parameters. Two candidate processes were chosen and discussed in detail with respect to scale-up feasibility. Recommendations were then made to process development needs to further consideration of the two processes. 129 refs., 33 figs., 16 tabs.

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