AndreaBozzo/ceres-open-data-index huggingface dataset:
ENGINEERING SUPPORT: RETORTING OF MIXTURES OF COAL AND OIL SHALE, TASK NO. 1: LITERATURE SURVEY

A review of the chemical literature for information concerning the coal/oil shale co-retorting process or similar processes has been completed. Relevant facts from previous work are presented and discussed. Unpublished laboratory data on the simultaneous pyrolysis of coal and oil shale that was obtained at LERC are analyzed and discussed. Finally, information on the processing technology of oil shale retorting, coal gasification and liquefaction, and catalytic hydrocracking that may be relevant to the co-retorting process is presented.

Tags: kmd
ANTRIM OIL SHALE - EXPLOSIVE FRACTURING

Two large cavities, one in each of two conventional well bores, were created in two wells at a depth of 1330 feet in Antrim oil shale on Dow's property in Sanilac County. Ten and one-half tons of a modified Dow MS-80 explosive were loaded in each well and detonated. The resulting blast created fractures cut at least two hundred feet from the center of the well system. Whether this fracturing is sufficient to be able to carry out in situ partial combustion is as yet unproven.

Tags: kmd
RETORTING OIL SHALE AT HIGH TEMPERATURES, 3. BENCH-SCALE ENTRAINED-SOLIDS RETORT

This series of investigations on retorting oil shale at high temperature is being carried out to determine satisfactory methods for the production of [ ] and other compounds from this raw material. The bench-scale studies should produce evidence as to the type of high-temperature retort which could most readily be erected on an industrial scale as well as specific [ ] of process variables which should be maintained for the most efficient retort operation.

Tags: kmd
ACCELERATED OIL SHALE TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM FOR PRODUCTION OF 300,000 BBLS/DAY BY 1985, VOL I, PART I, EXECUTIVE SUMMARY(Draft)

The western oil shale resource is estimated to be approximately 2,000 billion bbl (12,000 quads). Using present day technology, it is anticipated that approximately 600 billion bbl (3,480 quads or 82 years supply at current rate consumption) can be recovered economically. The purpose of this plan is to present a program for accelerating the commercial development of extracting oil from shale not only in a timely and economic fashion, but also in ways that will maximize resource recovery.

Tags: kmd
PRESSURE DROP, GAS COMPOSITION, AND GAS VELOCITY DISTRIBUTED IN SIMULATED, MODIFIED, VERTICAL RETORTING OF OIL SHALE

The effect of particle size distribution on pressure drop, gas composition, and gas velocity distribution was investigated in a series of four runs in the Laramie Energy Technology Center's (LETC) 10-ton oil shale retort and in a single run in the LETC 150-ton retort. Retort design and operation was such as to simulate vertical, forward combustion retorting in a modified, in situ oil shale retort.

Tags: kmd
EVALUATION OF ENTRAINED-SOLIDS RETORTING RUN NUMBER 10 (1100 DEGREES F.) WITH THE RAPID COST EVALUATION PROCEDURE

This evaluation was made according to the rapid cost evaluation method as applied to the evaluation of entrained solids retorting run number 8. A direct capacity ratio was used to convert basic utility, chemical, catalyst, and royalty costs to the capacities required for run 10. The "six-tenths" factor of Chilton was applied to the capacity ratios to adjust the investment costs. Labor costs were adjusted according to the individual cases.

Tags: kmd
OIL SHALE PROGRAMS-5TH QUARTERLY REPORT-JANUARY 1977 THROUGH MARCH 1977

"This is the fifth Quarterly Report for the Sandia Laboratories Oil Shale Programs and summarizes activities between January 1, 1977 and March 31, 1977 on three programs funded by the Oil, Gas and Shale Technology Division of the U. S. Energy Research and Development Administration. These programs are: 1. Diagnostics and Rock Mechanics Support for the Laramie Energy Research Center (LERC) In Situ Oil Shale Program,  2. Advanced Instrumentation and Field Projects for In  Situ Oil Shale Processing, and  3. In Situ Oil Shale Bed Preparat10n Study.  In the three sections of th1s report, these respective  programs will be treated ind1vidually. The scope and plans  necessary to meet the objectives l1sted in the respective  statements of work will be briefly stated. In this context,  then, the activit1es on each program over the past quarter w1ll be discussed."

Tags: kmd
EVALUATION OF ENTRAINED-SOLIDS RETORTING RUN NUMBER 13 (1200 DEGREES F.) WITH THE RAPID COST EVALUATION PROCEDURE

This evaluation was made according to the rapid cost evaluation method as applied to the evaluation of entrained solids retorting run number 8. A direct capacity ratio was used to convert basic utility, chemical, catalyst, and royalty costs to the capacities required for run 13. The "six-tenths" factor of Chilton was applied to the capacity ratios to adjust the investment costs. Labor costs were adjusted according to the individual cases.

Tags: kmd
EVALUATION OF ENTRAINED-SOLIDS RETORTING RUN NUMBER 20 (1225 DEGREES F.) WITH THE RAPID COST EVALUATION PROCEDURE

This evaluation was made according to the rapid cost evaluation method as applied to the evaluation of entrained solids retorting run number 8. A direct capacity ratio was used to convert basic utility, chemical, catalyst, and royalty costs to the capacities required for run 20. The "six-tenths" factor of Chilton was applied to the capacity ratios to adjust the investment costs. Labor costs were adjusted according to the individual cases.

Tags: kmd
ESTIMATED FUEL REQUIREMENTS FOR ENTRAINED-SOLIDS RETORTING

The estimated net retort fuel requirements for entrained-solids retorting of 19,200 tons of 30 g.p.t. oil shale with a 5:1, shale:steam, ratio were determined for use with the rapid cost evaluation method. The results have been summarized in table 1, and appear graphically in figure 1. Part II of this discussion shows in some detail the way these values were calculated. It should be stressed that these values represent an estimate only, based on available data, and are subject to change. Substituting petroleum crude oil heat data for crude shale oil, estimating 50 percent boiling points of shale-oil crudes, and obtaining heat data for higher retorting temperatures by extrapolation of lower temperature data, etc., introduce possible errors. However, in spite of these necessary expediencies, the results appear to be reasonable approximations, when compared with actual pilot plant fuel consumption data. The entrained-solids retort was designed to produce oil at various retorting temperatures. Heat recovery and minimum heat loss to the surroundings were not considered critical.

Tags: kmd
GAS EVOLUTION DURING PYROLYSIS OF VARIOUS COLORADO OIL SHALES

We have measured the rates of evolution of the gases CO2, CO, H2, CH4 and the C2 and C3 hydrocarbons during the pyrolysis of seven Colorado oil shales. These shales yield from 9 to 61 gallons of oil per ton raw shale and are from various depths at two different sites. We used linear heating at a rate of 2supO/C/min for the retorting of all samples. This study was done to reveal the variations in gas evolution from shales with varying organic content and from varying stratigraphic and areal locations. We show comparisons between shales from each site and list some correlations of our data with data from Fischer assays. For the sake of comparison we include a sample of kerogen concentrate (mineral fraction removed by HCl-HF treatment) and a sample of retorted shale from a Fischer assay. We also test the ability of an existing kinetic model to predict our gas evolution results. Although the rate expressions are quite good, it is necessary to slightly modify some of the stoichiometric coefficients to obtain good agreement. The resulting kinetic model should adequately describe the gas and oil evolution behavior of shale from the upper portion of the Green River formation.

Tags: kmd
WATER QUALITY CHANGES AT IN SITU OIL SHALE STUDY SITES 6 & 9

A major concern in the development of in situ oil shale production has been the potentially adverse effects on water quality. The Laramie Energy Research Center (LERC) has monitored water quality at its oil shale research sites for the past several years. A summary and preliminary analysis of these data were made by Smith and Weand in 1977. This report updates the earlier effort for Rock Springs Sites 6 and 9, with consideration of the additional information collected in the interim.

Tags: kmd
RIO BLANCO OIL SHALE COMPANY TRACT C-A ANNUAL PROGRESS REPORT, JANUARY 1979 - DECEMBER 1979

At the end of 1979, RBOSC was approximately two and one half years into a four and one half year development program designed to determine the technological, economical and environmental viability of its modified in situ (MIS) recovery process. In 1977, Gulf and Standard had authorized a five underground retort program costing $93 million. These retorts were to be built and operated during 1977-82. The retorts would be built and burned in sequence to gain operating experience, improve process efficiency, and confirm capital operating cost estimates. Retort 1 start-up was planned for 1980. This program was described in more detail in the previous APR.

Tags: kmd
RIO BLANCO OIL SHALE COMPANY TRACT C-A ANNUAL PROGRESS REPORT, JANUARY 1982 - DECEMBER 1982

This APR describes the operational programs on Federal Tract C-a from January 1, 1982 through December 31, 1982. An environmental monitoring report is being submitted separately for the calendar year for air quality, meteorology, biological, and hydrologic data. Since this APR is defined to include a report of the monitoring programs, Section VII of this report contains a concise summary of the environmental programs for 1982.

Tags: kmd
CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF SHALE OIL FROM MICROWAVE HEATING

"Shale oil and a fuel gas have been produced by microwave heating oil shale in a standard microwave oven in conjunction with experimentation in development of an in situ microwave retorting process. Various grades of oil shale have been subjected to high microwave  fields and the derived oil has been submitted to various testing procedures. Among these are specific gravity, pour point, % H20, % ash, % gas and losses, % coke, % of Fisher assay, and others including gas composition. These data are compared with parallel data obtained on  Fisher assay oil. Important differences in oil flow  properties and gas composition are discussed in view of microwave interactive theory."

Tags: kmd
A RESEARCH APPROACH TO DEMONSTRATE TECHNICAL AND ECONOMIC BENEFITS OF SECOND GENERATION OIL SHALE TECHNOLOGIES - A BREIFING PAPER (DRAFT 1b)

Shale oil is a leading contender as a synthetic fuel alternative to petroleum. Since 1815, U. S. oil shale development has gone through four boom-bust cycles that have been directly related to the availability and cost of petroleum. The latest bust period which began in 1982, once again has disrupted the orderly commercial development of oil shale technologies.

Tags: kmd
RAPID METHOD FOR THE DETERMINATION OF BENZENE, TOLUENE AND SEVEN-CARBON-ATOM NAPHTHENES IN CRUDE OILS AND NAPHTHAS

The amounts of benzene, toluene, and 7 carbon atom naphthenes in a crude oil or naphtha may be determined in 10 to 12 hours by fractionating a sample into wide boiling range fractions and determining the specific dispersion, density and refractivity intercept of each fraction. Benzene and toluene can be determined with an accuracy of 0.1 percent and 7 carbon atom naphthenes with a precision and probable accuracy of 0.4 percent. The method is suitable but less accurate for determining higher boiling aromatics and naphthenes in the gasoline range.

Tags: kmd
Remote Control of Tracer Gas Injection Using VLF Electromagnetic Waves

The remote control system described makes it possible to install tracer gas canisters at selected locations in a modified in situ oil shale retort during rubbling. After rubbling, the tracer gas is released on command from the surface. These gas canisters are installed from the surface through existing retort access holes. Coded transmission is used so that the canisters can be triggered individually. The battery operated receiver with each canister can stand by for several months and then release the tracer gas when the appropriate signal is received. The proposed system would provide an economical method for obtaining tracer information.

Tags: kmd
YEARLY ESTIMATES AND ASSUMPTIONS OF THE JANUARY 1986 TOTAL SYSTEM LIFE CYCLE COST ANALYSIS

This report presents the detailed results and assumptions for the January 1986 Total System Life Cycle Cost analysis. As such, it is a companion document to the report, Analysis of the Total System Life Cycle Cost for the Civilian Radioactive Waste Management Program, October 1985. The report is composed of three sections: Section A lists the costing assumptions which have been made about the principal waste management system parameters; Section B presents the yearly flows of waste material between system facilities for the 12 logistics case which were studies; and Section C presents the annual total system costs for each of the 40 TSLCC cases by major cost category.

Tags: kmd
PROJECT DECISION SCHEDULE

The Nuclear Waste Policy Act of 1982 requires that the Secretary of Energy prepare, in cooperation with affected federal agencies, a project Decision Schedule that portrays the optimum way to attain the operation of geologic repositories. The Project Decision Schedule portrays the major milestones of the Radioactive Waste Management System. It also depicts the set of activities for which Federal agencies have responsibility and the deadlines for taking the required action that are associated with the activities.

Tags: kmd
OCRWM ANNUAL REPORT TO CONGRESS, MARCH 1986

The major OCRWM planning objective during 1985 was to complete and issue the Mission Plan. The Mission Plan describes how OCDRWM will conduct the Civilian Radioactive Waste Management Program in implementing the NWPA. Therefore, the Mission Plan, addressed in some detail in this chapter, is now a key reference document that will be used in his and future Annual Reports to Congress as a basis for evaluating OCRWM's accomplishments. At the same time, OCRWM made significant progress in specific planning activities that deserve separate coverage. Subsequent sections of this chapter deal with activities relating to systems integration, development of cost and schedule baselines, the Project Decision Schedule, and acceptance of defense waste for disposal in commercial repositories.

Tags: kmd
10 CFR PART 960 GUIDELINES FOR RECOMMENDATION OF SITE FOR WASTE REPOSITORIES

These guidelines were developed in accordance with the requirements of Section 112 of the Nuclear Waste Policy Act of 1982 for use by the Secretary of Energy in evaluating the suitability of site for the development of repositories. The guidelines will be used for suitability evaluation and determinations made pursuant to Section 112 and any preliminary suitability determinations required by Section 114. The guidelines set forth in this Part are intended to complement the requirement set forth in the Act. 10 CFR Part 60. and 40 CFR Part 191. The DOE  recognized NRC jurisdiction for the resolution of differences between the guidelines and 10 CFR Part 60. The guidelines have received the concurrence of the NRC. The DOE contemplates revising the guidelines from time to time, as permitted by the Act. To take into account revisions made to the above regulations and to otherwise update the guidelines as necessary. The DOE will submit the revisions to the NRC and obtain its concurrence before Issuance.

Tags: kmd
UTILIZATION OF NAHCOLITE IN A DRY S02-NOX ABSORBER SYSTEM-FINAL REPORT (6/1/78-12/31/80)

The principal aim of this program was to evaluate chemical factors that affect the efficiency of sulfur dioxide uptake by nahcolite. Among the factors investigated were nahcolite particle size, carrier gas composition and reaction temperature. Following initial work leading to development of methods for identification and chemical analysis of reaction products, a reactor system was designed and constructed. The system was developed to simulate the reaction of sulfur dioxide with a layer of nahcolite on the surface of a bag house filter. The next section of this report describes the major results accomplished with this reaction system and is written in the form of a publication. Following sections describe the results obtained on the analysis of the reactor effluent gas for sulfur dioxide, the effect of nahcolite particle size on sulfur dioxide uptake, the effect of fly ash on nahcolite uptake of sulfur dioxide and the reaction of nahcolite with nitrogen oxides.

Tags: kmd
APPARATUS FOR DETERMINATION OF HYDROGEN SULPHIDE IN GASES

The study required a complete extraction of all the hydrogen sulfide from the gas stream after it left the water cooled distillate condensers and before the gas stream entered the charcoal absorber for removing the light naphtha. In devising the method it was necessary to take into account a constant variation of velocity, pressure, and percentage of sulfide in the total gas stream coming from the still.

Tags: kmd
OVERVIEW OF IN-SITU RECOVERY RESEARCH AT LARAMIE ENERGY TECHNOLOGY CENTER

The common goal of these in situ research programs on the three different commodities is to determine technical and economic feasibility and environmental acceptability of the various technologies. By reducing technical and economic uncertainties and by providing research opportunities to determine environmental effects of the processes, the desire of industries to produce these fuels could be stimulated. In situ processing may be the only method to recover energy values from deposits of fossil fuels that are too thin, too deeply buried, or otherwise unsuitable and unattractive for mining.

Tags: kmd
SELECTION OF COAL-BEARING DISTRICTS IN WASHINGTON STATE DESERVING FURTHER STUDY TO IDENTIFY SITES POTENTIALLY SUITABLE FOR UNDERGROUND COAL GASIFICATION

This report represents a summary of some of the work in Phase One of the DOE program. Specifically, it is a summary of work under Task 1- Literature Survey and Collection, and Task 4- Evaluation. Ultimately, the work under Task 2- Analysis of Gas Markets, will be included in the Phase One Evaluation.

Tags: kmd
Unique UCG Gas Cleanup Studies with Rawlins II as a Model

"Very little emphasis has been directed towards UCG product gas cleanup and upgrading because the greatest uncertainities have been and remain with the underground process. Although much applicable surface processing experience is avaliable from surface gasification and syngas conversion facilities, UCG gas cleanup has some uniqueness. The raw product gas from an underground coal gasification process will emerge from the product wells near 600 degrees F and contain particulates, trace metals, alkali, sulfur and nitrogen compounds, carbon dioxide, condensible hydrocarbons, and moisture. The by-products must be sufficiently removed to ensure reliable operation of the gas gathering and preparation train for the power generation equipment or the chemical conversion facility. The product gas and use will affect the severity and nature of the cleanup requirements.  Gas cleanup problems that are unique to UCG are addressed as related to the effort to develop cleanup technology, using the Rawlins site as a test bed, which will allow the marriage of UCG to conventional processing and syngas conversion technology."

Tags: kmd
ASSAYS OF OIL SHALE CUTTINGS AND CORES, P.R. SPRING AND HILL CREEK OIL-IMPREGNATED SANDSTONE DEPOSITS

In 1973 the Utah Geological and Mineral Survey drilled sixteen core holes in the P.R. Spring and Hill Creek oil-impregnated sandstone deposits in the southeast Uinta Basin, Uinta County, Utah (figures 1 & 2).  The holes were drilled in cooperation with the U.S. Bureau of Mines under a grant from that agency.  The purpose of the coring program was to obtain information on oil-impregnation on the sandstones of the upper Douglas Creek Member of the Green River Formation (figure 3).  All the core holes penetrated oil-impregnated sandstone.

Tags: kmd
PARTICULATE CONTROL AND EMISSION CHARACTERIZATION AT A PILOT-SCALE OIL SHALE RETORT

"In September 1980, an EPA-owned mobile venture scrubber was tested for control of particulate emissions from an in-situ oil shale retort operated by the  Department of Energy's Laramie Energy Technology Center (LETC) in Wyoming. The entire retort off-gas  flow of 15.4 m3 /min (545 acfm), saturated with moisture at a temperature of 58°C, was scrubbed with water at liquid-to-gas ratios of 1.5 to 2.4 L/m3 (11 to 18 gpm/l03 acfm), corresponding to pressure drops of 6.5 to 9.5 kPa (26 to 38 in. H2 0) . In order to quantify the effect of venturi scrubbing and to further characterize the overall air pollution potential of oil shale processing, sampling and analyses were conducted to measure not only particulate loading and size distribution, but also hydrocarbons  (total, low-molecular-weight fractions, polycyclic organic  matter), carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, carbonyl sulfide and hydrogen sulfide, ammonia, hydrogen cyanide, and trace elements. More than 50 weight percent of the particulate matter emitted by LETC's pilot oil shale retort was of a size less than four micrometers  in diameter, with ten percent being sub-micrometer-sized, as determined by cascade impactor sampling. Although particulate concentrations in the scrubber inlet varied from approximately 130 to 390 milligrams ms per dry norm 1 cubic meter, the mobile control device was consistently able to achieve outlet concentrations around 3S mg/dncm. Particulate control efficiencies up to 94 percent were observed."

Tags: kmd
STUDIES OF OIL SHALE PROCESSING FUNDAMENTALS

"The gas combustion process was described in a previous paper, for the purposes of this discussion it is desirable to do so again but in slightly different terms Figure 1 shows the retort proper as two gas - to- solids heat exchangers joined by a combustion zone. In the upper heat exchanger the shale is gradually heated to retorting  temperature, while at the same time the gas stream from the combustion zone is cooled and the oil vapors released in the retorting zone are condensed as a mist prior to leaving the shale bed at the top. In the  lower heat exchanger the flow of heat is from the retorted shale to the gas stream . Thus most of the heat content of the retorted shale is recovered . Enough heat is released in the combustion zone to supply  the net heat requirements of the process . The unique feature of the gas - combustion process is the manner in which the oil vapors are cooled and condensed in the product cooling zone of the upper heat exchanger . For such a process to operate properly, the oil vapors must be condensed preferentially in the gas stream as mist droplets ,which are small enough to travel through  the shale bed without being separated from the gas stream by impingement on the shale particles. The requirements for the formation of a suitable mist have been studied extensively and represent one of two  topics which are discussed in detail in this paper . The net heat requirements for a gas- combustion retorting  plant producing 10,000 barrels of shale oil per day would be 250 million B. t . U . Per hour . This is about equivalent to the heat released in the boilers of a 20,000 kw steam power plant. By releasing this heat within the retort proper, a substantial saving in investment cost would be achieved . The ether topic discussed concerns the method  of releasing the heat or maintaining a combustion zone in the retort."

Tags: kmd