AndreaBozzo/ceres-open-data-index huggingface dataset:
LABORATORY DETERMINATION OF LEACHING RATES FROM OIL SHALE RETORTED UNDER SIMULATED IN SITU RETORTING CONDITIONS

Preliminary experiments have been completed which measure the leaching rate of soluble salts from spent oil shale as planned in the original research proposal. Presence of the shale matrix caused the diffusion rates to be approximately 8 fold slower than in aqueous solutions alone. Greskovich and coworkers have reported only 1.6 to 3 fold reduction in potassium chloride diffusion rates due to the presence of various sands and noninteracting muds. These preliminary observations suggest that leaching of soluble materials from retorted oil shale will proceed at considerably slower rates than would be predicted from leaching rate data observed in an inert matrix.

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WATER POLLUTION POTENTIAL OF SNOWFALL ON SPENT OIL SHALE RESIDUES

The purpose of this project was to investigate the effects of snowfall on oil shale reside from the TOSCO process and the subsequent effects on water quality. This project consisted of determining the concentration and composition of runoff from a spent oil shale pile during a period of snow melt and the properties of the shale before the application of snow and after its disappearance.

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OPTIMIZED LOW-NOX PULVERIZED COAL COMBUSTION BY ZONE CONTROL

Zone control method is one of the most effective technologies to minimize the NOx formation in the pulverized coal combustion furnace. In order to get the fundamental and general concept for the optimization of low-NOx pulverized coal combustion by zone control, first, separated influence of various basic factors affecting No formation behaviors have been derived by use of a one-dimensional combustion furnace. And next, an optimal condition for zone control method were investigated by the experiments of one-dimensional multi-stage combustion.

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TAR SAND 5-YEAR ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH PLAN PRELIMINARY OUTLINE

This report contains a restatement that will be given of the DOE tar sand program goals and objectives for environmental research and development. Previous DOE environmental research and development accomplishments will be reviewed briefly. Additionally, the research and development results from private enterprise and Canadian experiences pertaining to US tar sand will be included. Also, a summary of WRI's proposed tar sand environmental research program for the US Department of Energy will be given. WRI's approach towards addressing DOE's needs will be outlined as will the direction for future research based on results to date and expected results. The long-term goal of the research is to thoroughly characterize the resource, the products, and the byproducts in order to define chemical partitioning.

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COST ANALYSIS OF WATER POLLUTION CONTROL DURING RECOVERY OF BITUMEN FROM TAR SAND

"The development of tar sand resources in the arid western United States will require large amounts of water for most proposed production processes. Due to the scarcity of available water and because nearly all river basins in the western US are presently overappropriated, the recycling and reuse of wastewaters from the production process will be necessary. The recycling and reuse of this wastewater will be dependent on the cost of treating the wastewater to raise its quality to an acceptable level for its intended use.  Research efforts at the Western Research Institute and elsewhere have completed much of the basic laboratory evaluation necessary to establish whether tar sand wastewater produced from in situ recovery processes can be treated. Additionally, standard industrial treatment practices exist for in situ steam drive tar sand production and surface hot water separation processes. These practices have been developed for the commercial production facilities located in northern Alberta, Canada, which first began operation in 1967."

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7. ECOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS 8. VEGETATION STUDIES PRELIMINARY FINDINGS 7B01

"The focal concept underlying the design of the biological baseline studies on the research site is that of carrying capacity. Carrying capacity is an ecosystem component that brings together those elements which are structurally and functionally related to the system's overall operation. Understanding the interface between various ecosystem components that comprise carrying capacity provides the greatest basis for defining potential impacts, their ramifications to the functioning system, and the mitigation of those impacts.  The objective of the vegetation studies conducted on the research site is to produce a descriptive data base that can be applied to determinations of carrying capacity of the site and surrounding area. Vegetation, the primary producer in the ecosystem, is the fundamental unit of carrying capacity. Identification of extent, internal composition, and productivity of major vegetation groupings provides information on the amount and kinds of vegetation potentially available to herbivores. Additional information obtained about parameters that influence vegetation growth and maintenance of soil nutrients, and moisture and temperature regimes help define dynamic relationships that must be understood to effect successful revegetation and habitat rehabilitation."

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PRELIMINARY DESIGN CRITERIA AND COST EVALUATION FOR GROUNDWATER TREATMENT IN ASSOCIATION WITH  UNDERGROUND COAL GASIFICATION PROJECTS FINAL REPORT

The purpose of our review of groundwater chemistry in conjunction with development work performed at Hoe Creek is twofold. Our first concern has been to address the application of known treatment technologies to Hoe Creek groundwater restoration if in situ restoration process inadequate. Secondly, we have attempted to present alternate treatment processes, which could be combined to reduce contaminants in future commercial applications. In fact most alternatives appear to have greater utility for future commercial applications of underground coal gasification where greater capital costs can be justified based on longer project life and reduced operating costs. All treatment alternatives have been developed on the basis that the system must be portable and all process modules included in estimates are based on skid mounted units which would be transportable on lowbed trailers.

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RESULTS OF THE GROUNDWATER TREATMENT DEMONSTRATION AT THE HOE CREEK UNDERGROUND COAL GASIFICATION SITE

A groundwater treatment system was tested at the Hoe Creek underground coal gasification site from August to October 1986. The treatment system consisted of filter vessels, granular activated carbon adsorbers, and ancillary equipment. Hydrological data from stepdrawdown pumping tests adequately fit the Hantush-Jacob model for leaky aquifers. Significant amounts of phenols and total organic carbon were removed from the groundwater by the treatment system, although concentrations of phenols in wells generally did not decrease.

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HYDROLOHIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL FINDINGS:  SAN JUAN UCG SITE

In 1978, field and laboratory studies were initiated to assess the technical feasibility of underground coal gasification in the Fruitland coal field located in northwest New Mexico. Participants in the project include University of New Mexico, Public Service Company of New Mexico, Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory and Science Applications, Inc. A site has been selected and preliminary characterization has begun. Field activities include coring, logging, hydrologic testing and water sampling. Laboratory studies have been initiated to measure the distribution overburden, underburden and coal ion exchange constants for selected ions. The results from these activities are reported along with the laboratory analysis of water samples from both the underground coal conversion site and throughout the region. Extensive hydrologic studies of the entire region are being performed by the Bureau of Land Management and the US Geological Survey to assess the nature and availability of water in this region to aid energy development. These regional findings will also be discussed and their impact on underground coal conversion assessed.

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EFFECTS OF AQUEOUS EFFLUENTS FROM INSITU FOSSIL FUEL PROCESSING TECHNOLOGIES ON AQUATIC SYSTEMS: ANNUAL PROGRESS REPORT 1; JAN 31 - DEC. 1979

This is the third annual progress report for a continuing EPA-DOE jointly funded project to evaluate the effects of aqueous effluents from in situ fossil-fuel processing technologies on aquatic biota. The project is organized into four project tasks: 1) literature review, 2) process water screening, 3) methods development and 4) recommendations. Accomplishments in the four project tasks during 1979 are summarized.

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SELECTING PLANTS TO REHABILITATE DISTURBED REAS

A wide array of plants is needed to revegetate disturbed areas in the western United States. Recent developments in selection and propagation have provided useful plants for improving wild lands and rangelands characterized by adverse climatic or edaphic conditions. Disturbances due to logging, grazing, fire, road construction, power lines, water developments, and recreation activities can be improved if specific plants ad treatment practices are utilized. Through the development of nursery stock and seed orchards, may native shrubs and herbs are being produced for wild land plantings. The selection and breeding  of specific ecotypes provide improved strains for revegatation. Similar improvements can be expected as present research programs are expanded.

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GUIDELINES FOR GROUNDWATER MONITORING AT UNDERGROUND COAL GASIFICATION SITES - DRAFT

"With vast coal resources located at depths below economically  feasible limits using conventional surface mining techniques.  underground coal gasification (UCG) appears to be a viable method of  energy extraction. Although UCG field tests have shown the process to be technically achievable, the environmental concerns of UCG have not been  fully addressed. particularly with respect to groundwater  contamination. As the questions of the environmental impact (If UCG are  answered by incorporating environmental control techniques into UCG  operations, the accurate monitoring of groundwater quality at a UCG site  will serve as an important indicator of the problem."

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ANALYSIS, SCREENING AND EVALUATION OF CONTROL TECHNOLOGY FOR WASTEWATER GENERATED IN OIL SHALE DEVELOPMENT

Large-scale production of pipeline quality shale oil will involve the management of substantial quantities of water and wastewater. It has been estimated that 2200 to 9200 acre-feet of water will be required annually for a 50,000 barrel per day production complex. The quantity of water required depends on a number of factors but principally on the type of extraction process used, inclusion of a shale oil upgrading facility, and the need for irrigation water for revegetation of spent shale dumps.

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WATER POLLUTION FROM SPENT OIL SHALE

Physical properties, including porosity, permeability, particle size distribution, and density of spent oil shale from three different retorting operations, The Oil Shale Corporation, U. S. Bureau of Mines and Union Oil Company have been determined. Slurry experiments were conducted on each of the spent oil shale residues and the slurry analyzed for leachable dissolved solids. Percolation experiments were conducted on the TOSCO spent shale residue and the quantities of dissolved solids leachable determined. The major constituents SO4 and Na, were present in concentrations of 90,000 and 35,000 mg/1 respectively in the initial leachate; however, the succeeding concentrations dropped markedly during the course of the experiment. A computer program was developed and utilized to predict equilibrium concentration in the leachate from the percolation experiment.

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EVALUATION OF PROCESSED OIL SHALE AND SEDIMENTS AS SORBENTS FOR WASTE ORGANIC SOLUTES, PRODUCED BY IN SITU SHALE RETORTING - FINAL TECHNICAL REPORT

To assess the potential of processed oil shale as a soil for revegatation, and as a sorbent for waste water, anion and cation exchange capacities and pH of zero point of charge were determined for spent shale form the TOSCO-II process. Standard methods for ion exchange capacitates were not applicable to the highly calcareous spent shale. Modified procedures which avoided a washing step were more successful, though high precision was difficult to obtain due to the nature of the samples. The cation exchange capacity of the spent shale with a value of less than 3 meg/100 gms was found to be significantly lower than that of most soils. The values obtained for anion exchange capacity were less reproducible, but indicate an anion exchange capacity of about 1 meg/100 gms, comparable to that of soils. Determination of pH of zero point of charge indicated the net electrical charge on the processed shale is zero at a pH of approximately 8.5.

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ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES OF LLL'S NOE CREEK II UNDERGROUND COAL GASIFICATION EXPERIMENT

The Lawrence Livermore Laboratory has conducted two underground coal gasification experiments at its Hoe Creek site in northeastern Wyoming during the Hoe Creek 2 experiment, roof collapse and the inadvertent gasification experiments at its Hoe Creek site in northeastern Wyoming During the Hoe Creek 2 experiment, roof collapse and the inadvertent gasification of an overlying coal seam resulted in the interconnection of three aquifers, including the two gasified coal seams. This situation has lead to changes in the local hydrology and in the dispersal of reaction-product contaminants.

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ECOLOGICAL ANALYSES OF POTENTIAL SHALE OIL PRODUCTS PIPELINE CORRIDORS IN COLORADO AND UTAH

This study of the ecology of potential utility corridors in central and western Colorado and adjacent Utah was conducted for Colony Development Operation in connection with their developmental planning of a commercial facility to extract and distribute oil from the immense oil shale deposits of the Piceance Basin, a segment of the Colorado Plateau. The focus was on corridors leading southwestward to Aneth, Utah, and northeastward to Merino, Colorado.

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VEGETATION SURVEY, ANVIL POINTS OIL SHALE FACILITY, GARFIELD COUNTY, COLORADO - FINAL REPORT

The Anvil Points Oil Shale Facility is a 4720 acre tract located within the Naval Oil Shale Reserve in Garfield County, Colorado. The facility occurs along the Roan Cliffs with approximately one-half occurring on the Roan Plateau and the remainder along the escarpment and in the Valley of the Colorado River. The location is shown relative to these and other regional features in Figure 1. Elevations ranges from approximately 5200 feet above mean sea level along the southern boundary of the site to 9200 feet on hilltops of the plateau area, north of the escarpment.

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LOFRECO 2, UINTAH COUNTY, UTAH ENVIRONMENTAL REPORT 8. SOCIOCULTURALINVESTIGATIONS  A. HISTORICAL RESOURCE STUDIES; ARCHAEOLOGICAL, PALEONTOLOGICAL AND HISTORICAL RESOURCES INVENTORY 8A01

Historical resources have been identified by the citizens of the States of Utah and of the United States to be valuable and irreplaceable cultural assets that deserve preservation in many instances. Historical resources studies carried out by the Geokinetics Shale Group for its field research site in Uintah county, Utah, have four components:

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NITROGEN OXIDES FROM COAL COMBUSTION - ABATEMENT AND CONTROL

The recent literature relating to the abatement and control of NOx from coal fired utility boilers is reviewed. The formation and decomposition of NO during coal combustion are assessed and operational factors, such as air preheat, excess air, furnace size and load, burner design, burner interaction and firing pattern and coal composition, which influence the concentration of NO in the flue gas are discussed. Typical NO emissions from coal fired utility boilers currently in operation are included. The main body of the report is divided into NOx abatement and NOx control. The section on abatement considers combustion modifications such as burner design, two stage combustion, low excess firing, flue gas recirculation and furnace design. The section on NOx control covers post combustion flue gas treatment. The dry NOx removal processes discussed include selective catalytic reduction processes, selective noncatalytic reduction processes, nonselective catalytic reduction processes, adsorption processes and a radiation process. 'Wet'NOx removal processes are sub classified as oxidation absorption reduction processes, absorption reduction processes, absorption-oxidation processes and oxidation absorption processes. It is concluded that combustion modification will reduce NOx emissions from new coal fired utility boilers to less than 200 ppm by the mid 1980s. If even lower emissions are required by law, as is increasingly likely in some countries, the more expansive option of NOx control will be required.

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UTILITY STEAM GENERATOR NOX CONTROL UPDATE - 1985

Babcock and Wilcox continues to expand its NOx control experience and technology along several fronts. The Dual Register Burner/Compartmented Wind box system is successful performing on 35,200 megawatts of capacity in a wide range of coal/boiler applications. In addition, there are several new low NOx systems described in this paper. The Enhanced Ignition Dual Register Burner and the Hitachi-NR burners offer improvement for difficult-to-burn fuels and for further NOx reduction, respectively. In-Furnace NOx Reduction utilizes returning technology to achieve extremely low NOx emissions for gas, oil, or PC and can be applied in new or retrofit situations. Also, the Low NOx cell is being developed for direct retrofit for the unique cell burner design. Circulating fluidized beds with low NOx emissions are being sold for a variety of application. Finally, Furnace Sorbent Injection combined with low NOx burners is providing a means of simultaneous NOx/SO2 reduction for PC units.

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CURRENT DEVELOPMENTS IN LOW NOX COMBUSTION SYSTEMS

The current status of low combustion controls for wall fired and turbo fired furnaces is discussed. Pilot scale combustion tests have been conducted on burner systems for both furnace configurations. Second generation low combustion controls have been installed on two new industrial size from wall and Turbo fired boilers. An advanced Turbo furnace control system has been developed which integrates low Nox burners with air standing at multiple levels within the furnace. Preliminary field test results have demonstrated that Nox levels significantly below currently required emission limits can be achieved with this control systems.

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STEAM STRIPPIN OF OCCIDENTAL PETROLEUM RETORT NO. 6 GAS (PROCESS) CONDENSATE - PRELIMINARY REPORT/REVISED

During completion of Phases 1 and 2 of the subject contract, it became apparent that little, if any, research on the treatability of retort gas condensate wastewaters had been completed. Since this process stream must be handled as an important component in the overall water balance for a retorting operation, it is desirable to know which treatment technologies are capable of improving the quality of this wastewater such that it can be applied to a given end use. Knowledge of treatability is especially useful in this case, since the ultimate objective of MRC's contract with EPA-IERL/Ci is to have available for field testing pilot-scale treatment units designed specifically for application to retorting associated wastewater streams.

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ASSESSMENT OF OIL SHALE RETORT WASTEWATER TREATMENT AND CONTROL TECHNOLOGY - PHASES I AND II

Oil shale retorting is a synthetic fuel production technology on the verge of commercialization in the United States. In order to ensure that the emerging oil shale industry will have minimal adverse effects upon surface and/or groundwater where recoverable reserves of oil shale are found, demonstrated technologies to upgrade oil shale and found, demonstrated technologies to upgrade oil shale wastewaters must be available to developers. To this end, the U. S. Environmental Protection Agency has contracted with Monsanto Research Corporation to conduct a three year, five phased study to: summarize known information concerning oil shale retort wastewater sources and characteristics; identify potentially applicable control technologies capable to treating to treating the identified wastewater streams; and design, construct, and operate pilot plat facilities to evaluate the selected technologies. This report presents results of Phases 1 and 2, in which literature and other information sources were surveyed to obtain relevant data about oil shale retorting technologies, wastewater sources and characteristics, potential wastewater uses, and potentially applicable treatment technologies. As a result of the study, data gaps were identified, and recommendations for bench scale treatability studies were made.

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ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH PLAN

Talley-Frac will employ a "true" in situ processing  technique to effect recovery of shale oil. Briefly, this process involves fracturing the oil shale using chemical explosives and in-place combustion retorting. Under controlled conditions , a minimum amount of residue kerogen is used in the combustion process - the majority of the recoverable oil will be transported to t be production well region located ahead of the flame front. To sustain and control the combustion process , air (and possibly,  a portion of the product gases) will be continuously injected into the retort zone. Since the technique employs no conventional mining and minimal surface perturbation , the degree of environmental impact is less than with other oil shale processing methods.

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AN EVALUATION OF THE PERFORMANCE OF FIVE GAUSSIAN DISPERSION MODELS IN A COMPLEX TERRAIN ENVIRONMENT

"TRC Environmental Consultants, Inc; under contract to Occidental Oil Shale, Inc ., has conducted an evaluation of the performance of five Gaussian complex terrain models . The purpose of this effort is to satisfy a permit condition required by the Colorado Air Pollution Control  Division to utilize meteorological and air quality data measured at Occidental's Logan Wash oil shale processing facility in a comparative assessment of model predictions .  The five models tested were MPTER, COMPLEX I, COMPLEX II, COMPLEX I with modified terrain correction factors, and COMPLEX I employing an alternate plume height option.  Both long-term (about 7 . 5 months) and  short-term (hourly) average concentrations of hydrogen sulfide (H 2S) were computed by each of the models, the results from which were compared to actual  measurements collected at Logan Wash during 1982 . Several statistical tests were utilized to facilitate the evaluation of the performance of these models. The results from these analyses indicate that these models are poor predictors of H 2 S concentrations at Logan Wash . The models demonstrated limited skill in predicting the magnitude, time, location, or frequency of peak pollutant impacts. This is not surprising because many of the  assumptions that are implicit in these models are of  questionable validity in complex terrain environments, so the results t hat they provide in such situations are , at best, of dubious value."

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HANNA IV PRODUCT GAS MONITORING MANAGEMENT PLAN

Radian Corporation has been contracted by the U. S. Department of Energy Laramie Energy Research Center to monitor trace components in the product gas during the projected six-month duration of the Hanna IV in-situ coal gasification test. The objective of this monitoring is to determine the concentrations of specific components and their variation as a function of time. The components of interest include:

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