AndreaBozzo/ceres-open-data-index huggingface dataset:
Parametric evaluation of an electrostatic precipitator at simulated Pressurized Fluidized Bed Combustion (PFBC) conditions. Final report

The final results of a bench scale test program of an ESP operating at PFBC conditions are presented. The results include an evaluation of the performance of an ESP for three different electrodes at several corona power levels. In order to determine the optimum corona electrode for these tests, a series of electrode evaluation tests were performed. These tests were performed on three different corona electrodes operating at different power levels at a temperature of 900C (1650F), a pressure of 1 MPa (10 atm), and a gas velocity of 0.76 m/s (2.5 ft/s). Following the electrode evaluation tests, final parametric evaluations were made on the ESP utilizing the optimum electrode design. These parametric evaluations were performed for temperatures of 843C (1550F) and 900C (1650F), pressures of 640 kPa (6.4 atm) and 1 MPa (10 atm), velocities of 0.76 m/s (2.5 ft/s) and 1.37 m/s (4.5 ft/s), electrode voltages of 85 kV and 115 kV, and corona currents of 5 mA and 10 mA. The results of the electrode evaluation and parametric tests are given. In all cases, for a given electrode, the highest performance was obtained with the highest operating voltage. The test results indicated that the scalloped electrode provided the highest collection efficiency and lowest power consumption. Furthermore, hot gas cleanup by use of an ESP at 900C (1650F) and 1 MPa (10 atm) is shown to be technically and economically feasible. 3 refs., 27 figs., 39 tabs.

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Technology Transfer Program:  FY 84

The Morgantown Energy Technology Center (METC) Technology Transfer Program is envisioned as the last step in the fossil energy research and development (R and D) process. The intent of this Technology Transfer Program is to make the information on METC fossil energy technologies available to appropriate users for their consideration, adoption, and use. The concept on which this Technology Transfer Program is based centers around the lead laboratory R and D mission areas. The 13 fossil energy technology areas for which METC is responsible supply the technical information dissemination base for which the various technology transfer mechanisms function as information dissemination channels to users. Technology transfer is therefore the way of doing business for this Energy Technology Center. The 13 METC fossil energy R and D lead mission technologies are: coal gasification, fluidized-bed combustion, gas stream cleanup, heat engines, fuel cells, components, instrumentation and control, low-rank coals, unconventional gas recovery, oil shale, tar sands, underground coal gasification, and Arctic and offshore technologies.

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Calcium silicate cement sorbent for H/sub 2/S removal and improved gasification processes. Annual progress report, October 1, 1981-September 30, 1982

Commercial calcium silicate bearing Portland cement type III (PC III), in the form of agglomerated cement sorbent (ACS) pellets, is being investigated for in-situ desulfurization of fuel gases and for improved coal gasification. The preparation procedure and conditions for pelletizing agglomerated cement sorbent (ACS) by a low energy, low cost agglomeration technique have been modified using a two-stage pelletization procedure, which yields ACS pellets of greater mechanical strength. A 40 mm ID bench scale fluidized bed gasifier (FBG) was used to determine sulfur removal efficiency of ACS pellets as well as their attrition resistance, using a simulated gas mixture. These tests show that 90% or more of the sulfur removal from the gas is achieved until 35% of the ACS pellet is sulfidated and that it has excellent attrition resistance (less than 0.1% wt loss) during cyclic tests excluding the first conditioning cycle. The gasification of coal by partial oxidation with air to low Btu gas was conducted in a 1-inch bench scale FBG unit by our collaborator, the Foster Wheeler Corporation (FWC). At temperatures between 800/sup 0/C and 950/sup 0/C the efficiency of coal gasification is improved by as much as 40% when ACS pellets are used compared to the use of Greer limestone. At the same time the sulfur removal efficiency is increased from 50 to 65% with Greer limestone to over 95% with the ACS pellets. The test on sulfur fixation characteristics of the sorbent in the 1-inch FBG unit using a simulated gas also shows that the ACS pellet is much more reactive toward H/sub 2/S than Greer limestone. The ability of ACS pellets to simultaneously desulfurize and improve the gasification efficiency of coal in FBG justifies further investigation.

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Laboratory experiments simulating fire flooding through a fractured reservoir

Low-permeability heavy-oil reservoirs are considered to be poor prospects for in-situ-combustion recovery methods. The low-permeability, high-viscosity heavy oils, combined, make air injection through the formation insufficient to support combustion in the formation. The objective of this research is to show results obtained through burn tests on whole cores and fractured cores relating these results to heavy-oil reservoirs. These tests were performed to determine the technical feasibility of recovering heavy oil by the in-situ-combustion process from reservoirs which are shallow and contain no reservoir energy. These tests were conducted on cores obtained from a heavy-oil reservoir near Bartlett, Kansas. The tests were performed in a thin-walled core holder with a built-in heater to start combustion. Air was measured and injected through the heater and into the core. The produced fluids (oil and water) were obtained and measured and the resulting effluent gas was measured and analyzed on a chromatograph to determine the constituents of the produced gas. The injected air pressure was determined and temperature logs were plotted during the entire test. It was determined from the results of the tests on competent cores that 78 percent of the oil was removed from the cores as a result of the in-situ-combustion process on competent cores while 16 percent was used as fuel for combustion. The results from the tests on fractured cores show that 33 percent of the oil was removed from the cores as a result of the in-situ-combustion process while 45 percent was used as fuel for combustion. The results from the tests on fractured cores held apart by propping agents show that 16 percent of the oil was removed from the cores as a result of the in-situ-combustion process, while 38 percent was used as fuel to support combustion. 46 figures, 56 tables.

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Eastern Gas Shales Project (EGSP) data files:  a final report. Open-file report 81-598

The United States Geological Survey and Petroleum Information Corporation (PI) of Denver have created two large computerized files of data for the Eastern Gas Shales Project (EGSP) as part of a large responsibility to the Department of Energy (DOE), Morgantown Energy Technology Center (METC), in Morgantown, West Virginia. Computer-compatible well, outdrop, and sample data from EGSP contractors are being stored on digital tape and delivered to METC for subsequent data-base management. This report has been written to: (1) discuss data-file background and development, (2) address specific problems and solutions for future project use, and (3) present a general summary of well- and sample-data file content by state, county, well, contractor, and subject coverage. When looking at the EGSP data-gathering task in retrospect, modifications to project management would have made the data-gathering process more successful. Many problems resulted from having contractors perform their own data encoding. Some EGSP contractors had little knowledge of computer- and data-encoding techniques, and they often delegated encoding responsibilities to subordinates who were not properly informed about procedures. The overall lack of uniformity in analytical procedures and methods resulted in an apparent over-abundance of card classes. Nearly 40% of the available card classes were never used, and about 30% of those used contain fewer than 100 data records. The most serious problem encountered during data-file development has been the long delay in arranging for an efficient retrieval and mapping system. Sample-and well-data file management are now coordinated through METC, and Petroleum Information Corporation maintains an effective in-house data management system for data retrieval and analysis. The present system would have been very useful to retrieve data for contractor needs two years earlier, even though the files were incomplete.

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Physical and Numerical Modeling Results for Controlling Groundwater Contaminants Following Shutdown of Underground Coal Gasification Processes

Groundwater contamination has resulted from some of in-situ gasification field tests, and concern over groundwater contamination may hamper commercialization. When UCG recovery operations are terminated, energy remains stored as heat in the adjacent masses of rock and coal ash, and this energy is transferred into the coal seam. Coal continues to pyrolyze as a result of the transferred energy; the products of this coal pyrolysis are a source of groundwater contamination resulting from UCG. A laboratory simulator was developed, and six simulations of UCG postburn coal pyrolysis have been completed. The simulations show that the products of coal pyrolysis are the source of most contaminants associated with UCG operations. Injection of water directly into the UCG cavity can limit postburn coal pyrolysis and reduce the production of contaminants by cooling the masses of rubble and coal ash in the cavity. Water flow through the coal towards the cavity also limits postburn pyrolysis and subsequent contaminant generation; however, steam produced in the heated portions of the coal limits the rate of water flow. Simulation results indicate that UCG field tests should be operated so that the flow of pyrolysis liquids and gases into the formation is prevented and that the natural influx of water into the cavity is allowed. This can be accomplished by minimizing gas leakage to the formation during gasification, venting the cavity after the gasification process is complete, and maintaining low postburn cavity pressures. 11 refs., 17 figs., 17 tabs.

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Evaluation of EL836 explosive stimulation of Devonian gas shale

This report presents an evaluation of EL836, an explosive developed at E.I. duPont de Nemours and Company Laboratories, in stimulating gas shale. EL836 is a water gel type explosive with a high aluminum content. The computational evaluation of EL836 involved four one-dimensional cylindrical geometry calculations to assess the influence of two equation-of-state descriptions of EL836, the effect or rock yielding and the effect of internal crack pressurization. Results of a computational evaluation of the EL836 explosive in stimulating Devonian gas shale suggest the following: Extensive plastic yielding will occur in a region immediate to the borehole. Extensive tensile fracture will occur in a region that begins at the outer boundary of plastic deformation and terminates at more than 100 borehole radii. Without a mechanism of ;near-wellbore fracture, such as crushing or pre-cracking during drilling or intentional borehole grooving, the plastic flow that occurs adjacent to the wellbore causes stress redistributions which prohibit early-time (less than a millisecond) tensile fracture immediate to the wellbore and thus prohibits gas penetration from the wellbore into the crack system. The barrier that the near-wellbore plastic zone presents to gas flow from the wellbore is reduced in radial dimension as time increases. Natural fractures in the wellbore wall or cataclysmic deformation and fracture adjacent to the wellbore, as a result of the explosive detonation, will likely assist in breaking down the barrier to gas flow. Very significant enhancement is achieved in the EL836 stimulation treatment when gases penetrate the stress-wave induced radial cracks. Only minor differences were observed in the EL836 stimulation effects when comparison is made between two different explosive equations-of-state. 33 figures, 2 tables.

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Chip Desorption and Pore structure effects in methane release from coal: Final Report Volume 1

Engineering aspects of methane release from coal have been studied in order to define the mechanisms which are operative during the delineation of methane by the chip desorption technique and during gas generation prior to crack flow into a production well. In addition, characterization of the surface area and pore structure of the test coal (Fruitland coal, San Juan Basin) revealed a basic understanding of methane storage mechanisms and resource delination strategies. This report consists of a summary of the task required accomplishments and copies of the other written material as appendices. As a result of our work, we have been able to conclude that: the chip desorption technique and associated lost-gas correction factors are valid coalbed methane delineation techniques; basin wide coalbed methane delineation is very site specific and seems to defy normal trend expectations; coalbed methane content appears to be geologically influenced much more strongly than limited by equilibrium adsorption capacity; diffusion of methane through coal should be described by a two parameter model which properly gives gas evolution rates over both short and long times; surface properties of coal as measured at low pressures do not seem to relate to the high pressure measurements of the methane adsorption capacity. As a result of this study, and the considerable field work associated with it, the DOE has promulgated a delineation technique and stimulated commercial activity in the San Juan Basin of northern New Mexico and southern Colorado. Recommendations for further work call for studies related to the completion and production strategies for particular basins. 17 figures, 8 tables.

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Environmental evaluation and restoration plan of the Hoe Creek Underground Coal Gasification Site, Wyoming: Topical report

Three underground coal gasification (UCG) experiments were conducted by Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) at the Hoe Creek Site, Wyoming; the Hoe Creek I experiment was conducted in 1976, the Hoe Creek II experiment in 1977, and the Hoe Creek III experiment in 1979. These experiments have had an impact on the land and groundwater quality at the site, and the Department of Energy (DOE) has requested that Western Research Institute (WRI) develop and implement a site restoration plan. The purpose of the plan is to restore the site to conditions being negotiated with the Wyoming Department of Environmental Quality (WDEQ). To prepare for developing a plan, WRI compiled background information on the site. The geologic and hydrologic characteristics of the site were determined, and the water quality data were analyzed. Modelling the site was considered and possible restoration methods were examined. Samples were collected and laboratory tests were conducted. WRI then developed and began implementing a field-scale restoration test. 41 refs, 46 figs., 13 tabs.

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Characterization of high-temperature vapor-phase species and vapor-solid interactions of import to combustion and gasification processes in the energy technologies. Quarterly technical progress report No. 5, October 1, 1982-January 9, 1983

This report summarizes work completed during the fifth quarter of a two-year study focused on the determination of bond energies and spectra for the alkali hydroxides and oxides, the study of pronounced particulate matter formed in alkali oxidation, and the characterization of sodium cluster and sodium surface oxidation with various oxidants. We have developed and are continuing to improve experimental configurations for generating intense, stable, and long-lasting chemiluminescent emission from the alkali hydroxides NaOH and KOH and the alkali oxides NaO and KO. The first electronic emission spectra for these compounds have been generated and are being studied in our laboratory. Commensurate with this effort has been the study of extensive particulate formation which appears to be pathelogical to the alkali hydroxide and oxide systems. This particulate matter, formed in an extremely efficient manner in the oxidation process, is being studied employing mass spectrometry, EPR spectrometry, and, in the future, Raman Spectroscopy. The major emphasis in our sodium cluster oxidation studies over the past three month period has been the development of devices whereby the spectra obtained from the oxidation process can be relaxed to the point where ready analysis of spectral features is facilitated. 4 figures, 1 table.

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Characterization of high-temperature vapor-phase species and vapor-solid interactions of import to combustion and gasification processes in the energy technologies. Annual topical report No. 1, October 1, 1981-October 1, 1982

The alkali hydroxides, NaOH and KOH, and the alkali oxides, NaO and KO, have been studied. Emphasis has been on the determination of bond energies and spectra for these species. Sodium cluster oxidation with several oxidants including the halogens and SO/sub 2/ has been characterized. Several experimental configurations have been tested as a means for generating intense, stable, and long-lasting chemiluminescent emission from the alkali hydroxides NaOH and KOH and the alkali oxides NaO and KO. Thus far, from the chemiluminescent studies we have determined stringent lower bounds for the K-OH (88.6 kcal/mole) and NaOH (82.5 kcal/mole) bond energies. The NaO and KO bond energies have been determined to be 70 -5 and 75 -5 kcal/mole respectively. Preliminary molecular constants have been determined for K-OH and NaO. A major impetus of the present studies has been the attempt to develop oven systems which circumvent problems in flame formation and stability common to the alkali hydroxides and oxides but not present in typical chemiluminescent metal oxidation systems. Most pronounced among these is the extremely efficient formation of extensive particulate matter which appears to result from the formation of alkali hydroxide and alkali oxide polymers. The major emphasis in sodium cluster oxidation studies as they represent potential models for sodium surface oxidation has been: (1) the definition of the system through the characterization of highly exothermic chemiluminescent channels associated with sodium cluster - halogen atom oxidation and through mass spectrometry, (2) the characterization of highly exothermic channels for the oxidation of sodium clusters with SO/sub 2/, (3) the development of diagnostics for the detection of product ion formation in sodium cluster oxidation, and (4) the development of electron impact excitation techniques. 17 figures, 1 table.

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Characterization of high temperature vapor phase species and vapor-solid interactions of import to combustion and gasification processes in the energy technologies. Quarterly technical progress report No. 6, January 10-April 14, 1983

This report summarizes work completed during the sixth quarter of a two-year study focused primarily on the determination of bond energies and spectra for the alkali hydroxides and oxides, the study of pronounced particulate matter formed in alkali oxidation, and the characterization of sodium cluster and sodium surface oxidation with various oxidants. We have developed and are continuing to improve experimental configurations for generating intense, stable, and long-lasting chemiluminescent emission from the alkali hydroxides NaOH and KOH and the alkali oxides NaO and KO. The first electronic emission spectra for these compounds have been generated and are being studied in our laboratory. Commensurate with this effort has been the study of extensive particulate formation which appears to be pathological to the alkali hydroxide and oxide systems. This particulate matter, formed in an extremely efficient manner in the oxidation process, has been studied using low temperature mass spectrometry, EPR spectrometry, and, attempts have been made to observe a Raman spectrum. The possibility of obtaining an x-ray powder pattern is under consideration. The major emphasis in our sodium cluster oxidation studies over the past three month period has been the development of devices whereby the spectra obtained from the oxidation process can be relaxed to the point where ready analysis of spectral features is facilitated. In addition studies of silicon monoxide formation which complement previous studies under DOE sponsorship were carried out during this period. From these studies the bond energy of SiO was confirmed from a purely spectroscopic measurement thus complementing and confirming the mass spectrometric determinations. 3 figures, 1 table.

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An engineering evaluation of environmental data from the Mountain Fuel Resources Coal Gasification Process Development Unit: Topical report

As part of its surface coal gasification program, the US Department of Energy's Morgantown Energy Technology Center (DOE/METC) provided the major part of the funding to construct and operate a 30 ton-per-day coal gasification process development unit (PDU) gased on Mountain Fuel Resources'(MFR) entrained-bed gasification process. During November 1984, Radian Corporation conducted a sampling and analysis program at the MFR PDU under contract to DOE/METC. The purpose of this program was to characterize the hot, raw product gas and liquid and solid discharges. These data were to be used to evaluate performance and environmental aspects of the process and potential pollution control needs of a commercial-scale facility based on this process. The intent of the program was not to evaluate pollution control systems at the PDU, nor was it designed to provide comprehensive data to determine detailed material balances for the PDU. Testing was performed during MFR Test No. 50 at one process set point with relatively steady flow rates of major streams. The PDU was operating with a Utah bituminous coal during this time. The purpose of this Technology Status report is to present the results of an engineering evaluation based on the use of the data obtained during the sampling and analysis program.

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Western Gas Sands Project status report

The status of government sponsored projects undertaken to increase gas production from low-permeability gas sands of the western United States during August 1978 is summarized. Background information is given in the September 1977 Status Report, NVO/0655-100. One of the largest massive Hydraulic Fracture (MHF) treatment to date was performed on Gas Producing Enterprises Well No. CIGE 2-29. C.H. Atkinson, Western Gas Sands Project (WGSP) Manager and D.C. Bleakly, CER Corporation were observers. Oriented coring operations on the Mitchell Energy well, Muse-Duke No. 1 were observed by Atkinson and Bleakly near Mexia, Texas. The Fourth Annual Department of Energy Symposium on Enhanced Oil and Gas Recovery and Improved Drilling Methods was held on August 29-31, 1978 in Tulsa, Oklahoma. The USGS continued geological and geophysical studies in the four primary study areas. Low-level oblique photography of Tertiary and Cretaceous rocks exposed in the Rock Springs Uplift area was completed, and core from the J.C. Paine well in Montana was sampled for petrograhic analysis. Bartlesville Energy Technology Center continued work on the improved pressure coring system and anticipates completion of the project by September 30, 1978. Preliminary work began on the Parametric Analysis of MHF Test Data, an Engineering Study of Western Gas Sands, by Intercomp. The National Laboratories, funded by DOE are continuing their work in the area of research and development. The emphasis is on instrumentation systems, rock mechanics, mathematical modeling, and data analysis. The Mitchell Energy well, Muse Duke No. 1, has reached total depth and was logged on August 31, 1978. The DOE well test facility was moved from the RB-MHF 3 well in Colorado to Vernal, Utah for trailer modifications and checkout.

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