AndreaBozzo/ceres-open-data-index huggingface dataset:
KINETIC PARAMETERS FOR THE HIGH TEMPERATURE OXIDATION OF INSITU  COMBUSTION COKE

"Coke combustion plays a vital role in many thermal recovery methods, whether in-situ or otherwise. Due to this importance, much research has been done into high-temperature coke oxidation.  Notwithstanding the extensive studies undertaken to determine the high-temperature coke oxidation model and its kinetic parameters, almost all have used differential-analysis in the parameter estimation procedure. In addition, the adequacy of the commonly accepted model has never been statistically tested.  Because differential-analysis requires subjective data manipulation and because a statistical evaluation was sought, an integral-analysis method was developed and applied, with multi-response parameter estimation techniques, to differential reactor data.  Kinetic parameters were found for the coke oxidation model using two types of petroleum cokes. It was determined that the commonly accepted coke oxidation model was statistically adequate and that the objective integral-analysis method was superior to the differential-analysis technique."

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MINING METHODS AND PRACTICES, HURRICANE CREEK BAUXITE MINE, RENOLDS MINING CORP., SALINE COUNTY, ARK.

"This paper, which describes mining methods and practices at the Hurricane Creek bauxite mine of Reynolds Mining Corp. in central Arkansas, is one of a series being prepared by the Bureau of Mines on mining methods, practices, and costs in various mining districts of the United States.  The Hurricane Creek mine is in sec. 12, T. 2 S., R. 14 W., and secs. 7 and 18, T. 2 S., R. 13 W., Saline County, Ark., about 4 miles east of Bauxite. (See fig. 1.)  Bauxite has been mined underground at the Hurricane Creek property since 1942. The operation is notable for relatively high recovery of bauxite under the adverse conditions of unconsolidated water-bearing overburden and unstable clay floor. Controlled caving, timbered stope walls, and efficient drainage systems on the surface and underground have minimized the problems and raised ore recovery about 25 percent above that formerly obtained."

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REFINING AND UP GRADING OF SYNFUELS FROM COAL AND OIL SHALES BY ADVANCED CATALYTIC PROCESSES, ANNUAL SUMMARY FOR THE PERIOD OF 1 JULY 1976 - 30 JUNE 1977

"The objective of this program is to determine the feasibility and estimate the economics of hydro processing shale oil and three coal-derived synthetic fuels to distillate fuels, including high octane gasoline, using presently available technology.  The feasibility of hydro processing each of the synthetic liquids will be compared through tests of proprietary commercial catalysts developed by Chevron Research Company. From pilot plant evaluations using these catalysts, yields, hydrogen consumption, product distribution, and product inspections for commercial plants will be estimated. The necessary tests and evaluations for each feedstock will be done to support “process comparison”-type estimates for each major refining step.  The results will provide the basis for an overall refining plan, plant cost estimates, utility and hydrogen requirements, etc. Tests will be conducted to the extent needed to enable making reasonable estimates of commercial plant performances using presently existing technology."

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PRAGMENTATION MODELING SUMMARY REPORT ROCK FRAGMENTATION RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT PROJECT

"The overall program goal is to develop techniques that will lead to predictable and economical recovery of oil from oil shale by a modified in situ process. To achieve this goal, the Phase I project was directed to specific research efforts defined to develop an understanding of and to develop a predictive capability for in situ oil shale fragmentation. These research efforts include: stress wave propagation characteristics of oil shale; oil shale characteristics which control fracture and fragmentation; explosive characteristics which control fracture and fragmentation;  geometric characteristics which control fracture and fragmentation;  and predictive capabilities of preretort fragmentation design given local geological features and material behavior.  To accomplish these objectives, a fully integrated project was required consisting of laboratory testing to define the shale material behavior, numerical modeling to test and to evaluate the constitutive models describing this behavior, and a field demonstration activity to establish a data base under in situ conditions."

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A UNIFIED DATA MANAGEMENT SYSTEM FOR PROCESS ANALYSIS, SIMULATION AND SYNTHESIS - PASS

A unique data management system has been developed to store or retrieve the process engineering information from its database. This information is transformed into the desired process engineering data by means of efficient computer-aided procedures. This, in turn, gives rise to the estimated physical properties and thermodynamic functions of material species involved in the process system to be analyzed, stimulated and eventually synthesized. The features of the present data management system are that (a) its database is vast, (b) it is capable of storing and retrieving information with extreme rapidity and reliability, (c) it is highly user friendly, and (d) it can be installed on a personal computer as well as on a mainframe computer. Hitherto, to the performance of such tasks by an individual process designer has been considered as nearly impossible because of the inherent complexities of a process system. These complexities stem mainly from three factors. First, the number of material species involved in the process is almost always large; second, these material species, more often than not, interact nonlinearly; and third, the structure of the process network is usually highly complicated. The present data management system is illustrated with several examples.

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THE EFFECT OF INTERNALLY-GENERATED BULK FLOW ON THE RATES OF GAS-SOLID REACTIONS:  PART I. DEVELOPMENT OF AN APPROXIMATE SOLUTION

The rate of reaction between a solid and a gas can be substantially slowed when accompanied by an outward bulk flow of a nonreacting gas. Such gas may be generated by an independent decomposition reaction involving a second solid. The effect of the latter is analyzed theoretically. We have developed a useful approximate method of solution that makes the numerical solution of a second-order differential equation unnecessary. The approximate solution is especially useful in the analysis of multiparticle systems with a wide size distribution.

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INSTITUTIONAL PLAN, LARAMIE ENERGY RESEARCH CENTER

The Laramie Energy Research Center (LERC) is an element of the United States Department of Energy (DOE) conducting field demonstrations and research and development activities, both basic and supportive, to advance the development of in situ technologies as they relate to three DOE designated resource areas:  oil shales, coal, and tar sands. The Center provides government with a competent staff of practicing engineers and scientists who direct the LERC resources to address the problems associated with in situ technology development, who perform as expert government advisors and representatives, and who manage the designated fossil energy programs. The Center’s approach is to extend these LERC efforts into the DOE energy program arena through undertaking comprehensive and mission oriented technical project management in DOE fossil energy research, pilot and demonstration programs. This approach provides a basis for a complementary and integrated relationship among research, engineering and management, and ensures a unified development of the designated DOE/LERC programs.

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SIMULTANEOUS FLUID-SOLID REACTIONS IN POROUS SOLIDS: PART 2, REACTIONS BETWEEN ONE FLUID AND TWO SOLID REACTANTS

"A general model describing simultaneous independent reactions between one fluid reactant and two solid reactants is presented. Such reaction systems are attracting much attention in the areas of oil shale retorting, reduction of mixed metal oxides with a reducing gas, leaching of mixed minerals, and roasting of mixed sulfides.  The model has been formulated in general terms so as to allow the incorporation of specific details of an actual system. The law of additive reaction times previously developed for single fluid-solid reactions and found useful for the analysis of the reaction between one solid and two fluid reactants has been applied to the reaction system under consideration. It has yielded a useful approximate solution, which obviates the necessity for repeated numerical solution of a second-order differential equation with split boundary conditions and removes the possibility of encountering the numerical stiffness problem."

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SIZE DISTRIBUTION OF OIL MISTS FORMED BY CONDENSATION

Organic vapors generated by retorting a bed of oil shale undergo rapid cooling and condense as a mist and also on rock surfaces. Experiments were carried out simulating the conditions found in in-situ retorts, and the droplet size distribution of the mist was characterized. Various vapor concentrations were studied, as well as different gas velocities. Di-octyl Phthalate (DOP) was used to simulate the organic oil, along with Di-(2-ethylhexyl) Sebacate (DEHS) to examine the effects of a different volatility. A mixture of the two compounds was used to study the effect of pre-existing aerosol on the resultant size distribution. Volume average droplet diameters ranged from 1 to 10 microns. A self-preserving, or shape invariant distribution is shown to exist for this system. Wall deposition losses range from 15 to 45% of the original vapor. The results for DOP agree very well with a computer model developed for this study.

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BARTLESVILLE - LARAMIE - RIFLE MEETING CHEMISTRY OF HYDROCARBONS

"The meeting convened at 9:00 a.m., March 3 and Cecil Ward introduced the following visitors: John Ball, Jerry Dinneen, Joe Horno, F.J. Lorenzi, Walter Murphy, and Jim Smith from Laramie; Carlos Ellis from Rifle; and Richard Gooding from Washington. Bach member of the Bartlesville group then introduced himself.  Mr. Bard discussed briefly the purpose of the conference and then asked Mr. Ball if he would preside Thursday afternoon, Mr. Shwartz Friday morning, and Mr. Ellis Friday afternoon. Each of the men agreed to this assignment.  The program given in the appendix was followed without change.  At the close of the meeting it was decided that the next Tri-Station meeting should be held in Laramie in about six months. Ball and Murphy will decide upon who will organize this meeting and this organizer will query the other stations regarding the subject and papers."

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ESTIMATING TUNNELING COSTS USING AN INTERACTIVE COMPUTER MODEL

"Cost of mechanical tunneling requires the knowledge of many machine/rock parameters such as rock types, machine power, penetration rate, cutter life, maintenance schedule, etc. Capital investment, labor requirements, and project scheduling will all play an important role in defining the economics of the overall project.  Knowledge of the cost sensitivity of different project parameters will improve the overall success of any particular tunneling project if this information is incorporated into an effective management plan. Through the use of an interactive graphic computer program written for a microcomputer, one has the ability to quickly evaluate relative costs for a variety of parameters for either an existing project or for a proposed site."

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EFFECT OF POTASSIUM ETHYLXANTHATE DEGRADATION ON FLOATATION OF CHALCOPYRITE AND MOLYBDENITE

The Bureau of Mines conducted research to determine the effects of potassium trithiocarbonate (KTTC), a degradation product of potassium ethylxanthate (KEX), on flotation of chalcopyrite and molybdenite. Small amounts of KTTC were identified in fresh and aged solutions of KEX using thin-layer chromotograhy. Hallimond tube flotation tests on pure minerals showed that KTTC acts as a weak collector for chalcopyrite. Both KEX and KTTC tend to depress molybdenite, but the depression effect is easily overcome by addition of a small quantity of fuel oil. The results of the Hallimond tube tests were confirmed in batch flotation tests using a porphyry copper ore.

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AN EVALUATION OF ALUMINUM SMELTER POTLINING AS A SUBSTITUTE FOR FLUORSPAR IN CUPOLA IRONMELTING AND IN BASIC OXYGEN STEELMAKING

"The Bureau of Mines has studied slags associated with ferrous melting, to evaluate substitutes for the auxiliary flux mineral, fluorspar. A waste material recovered from alumina reduction cells, “used potlining,” was tested in an 18-in-ID basic-lined cupola and in a ¼-ton, pilot-scale, basic oxygen furnace (BOF). One potlining fraction, No. 1 cut, is a carbonaceous (graphitic) material and represents the bulk of the entire cell lining. The other fraction, No. 2 cut, is a refractory backup. These materials contain significant quantities of fluorine, and other elements in various compounds.  The potlining fractions were blended in ratios believed representative of available materials. Both lump and pelletized forms provided extremely fluid slag. No adverse effects were found on furnace performance, chemistry or strength of the metals produced, or the environment. Fluorine recovery in the slag and fluorine losses to the scrubber water and solids were about the same as when fluorspar was used. There was apparently no lining loss from the cupola, but there was lining attack in the BOF. Since the fluidizing ability of potlining is due in part to sodium and other elements such as aluminum and silicon, less fluorine is needed in the slags when potlining is used."

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ELECTROCHEMICAL DETERMINATION OF THERMODYNAMIC CADMIUM OXYSULPHATE

The Bureau of Mines investigated thermodynamic properties of MnSO4 and 2CdO CdSO4 to obtain basic thermodynamic data applicable to the treatment of mineral concentrates during roasting and sintering processes. Standard Gibbs energies of formation were determined with high-temperature galvanic cells using stabilized ZrO2 as the electrolyte. Potential measurements were obtained from the cells (measurements included in report along with the reactions).

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CL2-O2 LEACHING OF MASSIVE SULPHIDE SAMPLES FROM THE SOUTHERN JUAN DE FUCA RIDGE, NORTH PACIFIC OCEAN

Aqueous Cl2-O2 leaching procedures developed by the Bureau of Mines to produce zinc chloride from zinc sulfide bulk concentrates were effective in extracting 99 pct of the zinc and 97 pct of the silver contained in samples of massive seafloor sulfides from the southern Juan de Fuca Ridge. Zinc sulfide (sphalerite and wurtzite) mineralization comprised 55 and 88 pct of two specimens provided by the U.S. Geological Survey for this study. Minor occurrences of galena, chalcopyrite, and other minerals in the sulfides permitted the recovery of pregnant liquors that were low in metal values other than zinc, which were successfully purified by a two-step cementation procedure using zinc dust.

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NITROGEN ANALYSIS BY CHEMILUMINESCENCE

With high overall accuracy, a chemiluminescent detector can easily measure low ppm nitrogen levels in model mixtures and shale-derived jet fuel distillates. Forty model mixtures were analyzed using an Antek Model 720C chemiluminescent detector to demonstrate the absolute accuracy and precision of the instrument. A severely hydro treated shale JP-4 jet fuel was blended with selected model mixtures to obtain six fuels ranging from less than 1 to approximately 150 parts-per-million added nitrogen. Total nitrogen analysis was then accomplished by two different chemiluminescent detection systems, as well as by the microkjeldahl and microcombustion methods. Results clearly point out the ability of the chemiluminescent method to measure the nitrogen level of low ppm shale-derived aviation turbine fuel.

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COMPUTER SIMULATION OF PRODUCTION FROM GEOPRESSURED-GEOTHERMAL AQUIFERS-PROJECT 61025

"In the Department of Energy test of the Edna Delcambre No. 1 well for recovery of natural gas from geopressured-geothermal brine, part of the test produced gas in excess of the amount that could be dissolved in the brine. Where this excess gas originated was unknown and several theories were proposed to explain the source. This annual report describes IGT’s work to match the observed gas/water production with computer simulation. Two different theoretical models were calculated in detail using available reservoir simulators. One model considered the excess gas to be dispersed as small bubbles in pores. The other model considered the excess gas as a nearby free gas cap above the aquifer. Reservoir engineering analysis of the flow test data was used to determine the basic reservoir characteristics.  The computer studies revealed that the dispersed gas model gave characteristically the wrong shape for plots of gas/water ratio, and no reasonable match of the calculated values could be made to the experimental results. The free gas cap model gave characteristically better shapes to the gas/water ratio plots if the initial edge of the free gas was only about 400 feet from the well. Because there were two other wells at approximately this distance (Delcambre No. 4 and No. 4A wells) which had a history of down-hole blowouts and mechanical problems, it appears that the source of the excess free gas is from a separate horizon which connected to the Delcambre No. 1 sand via these nearby wells. This conclusion is corroborated by the changes in gas composition when the excess gas occurs and the geological studies which indicate the nearest free gas can to be several thousand feet away. The occurrence of this excess free gas can thus be explained by known reservoir characteristics, and no new model for gas entrapment or production is needed."

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PRODUCTION OF CONCRETE USING FLUIDIZED BED COMBUSTION WASTE AND POWER PLANT FLY ASH

"The Phase II research involved the following four objectives: optimize a preconditioning (hydration) step to control heat release problems encountered with the use of SB material; optimize the PFA:SB blend in order to maximize compressive strength, while maintaining an acceptable workability; optimize the coarse aggregate content to provide maximum strength gains and acceptable workability; and test the optimum mix for heat release and expansion characteristics, compressive strength, modulus of elasticity, permeability, and setting time.  Each of these objectives was addressed by means of an experimental study or task. These include Preconditioning Studies, PFA/Spent Bed Optimization Studies, Coarse Aggregate Optimization Studies, and Characteristics of Optimum Mix."

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CROSS-BOREHOLE FRACTURE MAPPING USING ELECTROMAGNETIC GEOTOMOGRAPHY

"The Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory is evaluating high resolution geophysical techniques for characterization of nuclear waste repository sites. This report presents the results of the first phase of this project. We describe the evaluation of a new geophysical technique used to map fractures remotely between boreholes: electromagnetic geotomography used in conjunction with water tracers.  Salt water is forced into the fractured rock mass. This attenuates the high frequency electromagnetic waves used for probing. The locations in the rock where the salt water has induced signal losses are then mapped by geotomography. An experiment using this technique has been performed near Oracle, Arizona. A granitic rock mass was probed. The data obtained were reduced to gray level images, which show the calculated signal transmission properties of the rock mass. We analyzed these images and compared them with borehole geophysical data: neutron logs, acoustic velocity logs, caliper logs, and acoustic televiewer logs.  Comparisons between the images and the borehole geophysical data suggest that geotomography has merit when used to map fractures in granite. Image anomalies, which can be indicative of fracturing along the borehole walls, usually coincide with geophysical log anomalies. Under the conditions of the Oracle experiment, available data indicate that clusters of fracture zones were detected. Single fractures were not detected. The thickness of the smallest recognizable fractured zone was 0.6 m (2 ft)."

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THE EFFECTS OF MOISTURE ON THE ASPHALT-AGGREGATE BOND IN PAVING MIXTURES

For the purpose of this presentation, moisture-induced damage is defined as the deterioration or loss of the adhesive bond between the asphalt and the aggregate resulting from the action of water. The asphalt may actually be displaced from the aggregate leaving bare, exposed rock and commonly called stripping. A more subtle and probably more common form of moisture damage results where the bond is only weakened or partially detached by water, but not actually displaced. This may manifest itself in the pavement as a loss of stability and tensile strength, but may not always be diagnosed as moisture damage.

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LIME TREATMENT ASPHALT TO REDUCE AGE HARDENING AND IMPROVE FLOW PROPERTIES

Rheological measurements at 60 C on untreated and lime-treated asphalts before and after laboratory aging showed that hydrated lime significantly reduced asphalt age-hardening. Asphalts from four different sources having different composition were used in the study. High-calcium hydrated lime at three concentrations and dolomitic hydrated lime at one concentration were evaluated. In addition to reducing age hardening, which should increase asphalt durability, lime also increased the initial stiffness of the asphalt. Increased initial stiffness should improve resistance to permanent deformation in asphalt pavements. Finally, tensile-elongation measurements at very low elongation rates and near the brittle temperature of the asphalts showed that lime significantly increased the percent elongation-to-break. Improved ductile-flow properties at low temperatures should significantly reduce low-temperature transverse cracking in aged pavements. The response to lime treatment of all performance-related properties cited above varied with both asphalt source and the concentration of lime. Although minor variations were apparent, the response of asphalt to dolomitic lime was similar to that of high-calcium lime. Pulverized high-calcium limestone prepared to match the physical fineness of the hydrated lime did not improve the age-hardening characteristics and low-temperature flow properties of the asphalts as did hydrated lime.

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BENEFICATION OF WESTERN MESABI NONMAGNETIC TACONITE AFTER REDUCTION ROASTING WITH LIGNITE

The Bureau of Mines has been developing and evaluating methods for beneficiating the large deposits of nonmagnetic (oxidized) taconite located on the western Mesabi Range. In this segment of the research, a sample representing about 0.5 billion tons of nonmagnetic taconite from near Grand Rapids, Minn., was beneficiated using a reduction roasting, magnetic separation, flotation process. The sample contained 32.1 pct iron and 49.1 pct silica. Tests were conducted both on a bench scale and with a 1,000-lb/h pilot plant. In the bench-scale research a concentrate containing 69.0 pct iron and 4.5 pct silica was produced with an iron recovery of 82.1 pct. In the pilot plant, reduction roasting was conducted in a 35-ft kiln using lignite as the reductant and major source of fuel. Dust from the kiln exhaust was pelletized and recycled to the kiln. The roasted taconite was beneficiated by magnetic separation and flotation to produce a product containing 67.9 pct iron, 5.5 pct silica, and 69.7 pct of the iron in the kiln feed. The cyclone separation in the grinding circuit was sharpened by demagnetizing the cyclone feed in a 400-Hz, 1,000-0e magnetic field.

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