AndreaBozzo/ceres-open-data-index huggingface dataset:
Analysis of fracturing mechanisms in naturally fractured rocks. Third quarterly report. [Hydrostone, hydrocal, ceramical, hydrostone plus 60-mesh sand, hydrocal plus 60-mesh sand, hydrocal plus 90-mesh sand, ceramical plus 60-mesh sand]

Contract Tasks: Accomplishments are presented for Tasks 1 and 3. Task 1 - Hydraulic/Natural Fracture Interaction. Task 1 milestones for this reporting period were: (1B) material characterization and selection, (1D) completion of initial test series, and (1E) determination of additional tests needed. Milestone 1B was met during this quarter. The material whose properties scaled best to those of Devonian shale was found to be hydrostone with a water to plaster ratio of 33.3/100. Milestone 1D was only partially met. The four endmembers of the test matrix were completed, but the five tests at intermediate conditions remain to be run. This delay is due primarily to the untimely loss of a set of flatjacks. This loss was anticipated at some time during the project. Unfortunately it happened right before a quarterly report was due. Milestone 1E can be completed immediately after milestone 1D. Task 3 - Natural Fracture Flow Characteristics. Milestone 3A was also met during this reporting period. Over 150 feet of core from various parts of the Appalachian Basin have been logged and shipped to the rock mechanics lab to begin testing. 1 reference, 3 tables.

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Investigation of the Geokinetics horizontal in situ oil shale retorting process. Quarterly report, April, May, June 1984

Retorts No. 27 and No. 28 continued to burn through April. Combined oil production rates for the two retorts averaged as high as 330 barrels per day. Modifications were made to the off gas system between the demister tanks. As a result, the pressure drop through the system on the vacuum side was reduced, and gas flow through the gas processing plant was increased. Retort operations through June were normal except when affected from time to time by conditions in the off gas processing facility. During March, the hydrogen sulfide absorber column in the ARI Technologies Inc. (ARI) plant became plugged with elemental sulfur. Repairs and cleaning began immediately. The plugging problem continued intermittently through June. A study was made to see if the plugging could be stopped through process changes. Methods to remove the sulfur plug without emptying the column were also tested during May and June. A venture pre-contactor was installed in the ARI Lo-Cat hydrogen sulfide removal plant. The compliance test for the Utah State Bureau of Air Quality approval order began on May 10, 1984. The last data for the test was collected during the second week of June.

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Measurement of formation characteristics of western tight sands:  Project 61031 special core analysis report

This report describes the Institute of Gas Technology's (IGT) research on tight sandstone cores from four wells. Samples from the Dakota Formation of the San Juan Basin well, Canyon Largo No. 256, were selected for comparison with the unpublished measurements by R.D. Thomas of the Bartlesville Energy Technology Center. The second well is the Mobil PCU F31-13G Well in the Piceance Basin, which is being tested under a Mobil Oil Company Department of Energy (DOE) program. The third well is the Natural Buttes Well (sec. 15, T 10S, R. 24 E.) Uinta Basin. The fourth well is the C-K Geoenergy Well DOE-GC1 (sec. 16, T 17 S., R. 24 E.) Uinta Basin. Permeability to gas was measured as a function of pore pressure, confining pressure, and partial water saturation in an attempt to estimate in-situ permeability of tight sandstones. Permeability to liquid was also measured as a function of net confining pressure, and mercury injection tests were conducted on samples to obtain capillary pressure curves. The permeability of tight sandstones was found to be strongly dependent upon net confining pressure and partial water saturation. Brine permeabilities were found to be lower than gas permeabilities extrapolated to infinite mean pore pressure for the cores studied. Under no confining stress, pore size distributions, measured by mercury injection tests, indicate that the majority of pore entry diameters range from 0.1 to 5 microns. 13 figures, 3 tables.

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Quantitative analysis of the economically recoverable resource

The objective of this study is to obtain estimates of the economically recoverable gas in the Appalachian Basin. The estimates were obtained in terms of a probability distribution, which quantifies the inherent uncertainty associated with estimates where geologic and production uncertainties prevail. It is established that well productivity on a county and regional basis is lognormally distributed, and the total recoverable gas is Normally distributed. The expected (mean), total economically recoverable gas is 20.2 trillion cubic feet (TCF) with a standard deviation of 1.6 TCF, conditional on the use of shooting technology on 160-acre well-spacing. From properties of the Normal distribution, it is seen that a 95 percent probability exists for the total recoverable gas to lie between 17.06 and 23.34 TCF. The estimates are sensitive to well spacings and the technology applied to a particular geologic environment. It is observed that with smaller well spacings - for example, at 80 acres - the estimate is substantially increased, and that advanced technology, such as foam fracturing, has the potential of significantly increasing gas recovery. However, the threshold and optimum conditions governing advanced exploitation technology, based on well spacing and other parameters, were not analyzed in this study. Their technological impact on gas recovery is mentioned in the text where relevant; and on the basis of a rough projection an additional 10 TCF could be expected with the use of foam fracturing on wells with initial open flows lower than 300 MCFD. From the exploration point of view, the lognormal distribution of well productivity suggests that even in smaller areas, such as a county basis, intense exploration might be appropriate. This is evident from the small tail probabilities of the lognormal distribution, which represent the small number of wells with relatively very high productivity.

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Failure mode analysis for lime/limestone FGD systems. Volume III. Plant profiles, Part 3

Profiles are presented for the FGD (flue gas desulfurization) systems of the following plants: Sherburne 1, 2; Bruce Mansfield 1, 2, 3; Coronado 1, 2; Winyah 2, 3; R.D. Morrow, Sr. 1, 2; Southwest 1; Dallman 3; Widows Creek 8; Martin Lake 1, 2, 3; Monticello 3; Hunter 1,2; and Huntington 1. (DLC)

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Mathematical modeling of METC flash carbonization data. Final report

In this study, the flash carbonization data obtained from reactor at Morgantown Energy Technology Center (METC) are analyzed to develop rate expressions. The heat transfer characteristics and hydrodynamics of the carbonizer have been simulated. The result indicates that the solid particle temperature is controlled by the radiation during the period immediately after coal particles are fed into the reactor. The temperature of the gas at the region subsequent to the entry region is controlled by the convection between the solids and the gas. Both the solid temperature and the gas temperature seem to increase rapidly due to the radiation from the reactor wall which has high temperature. In regard to the rate expression for coal carbonization, the rate equation based on Wen et al. fit the data better than that based on Badzioch and Hawksley. However, neither expression predicts the effect of pressure since both of them are derived based on the atmospheric condition. In addition two rate expressions were formulated to account for the pressure effect and were tested against the data from METC as well as against two other sets of published data. The results indicated that these expressions could predict the trends of the data, but there were still discrepancies from the experimental data. Hence more accurate data taken under better controlled operating conditions are necessary in order to develop a better rate expression for flash carbonization of coal. 16 references, 18 figures, 7 tables.

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Coal Gasification Research Studies. Project 61063 quarterly report, August 20-November 19, 1983

The Coal Gasification Research Studies program consists of three tasks: (1) coal ash behavior studies; (2) high-pressure fluidization studies; and (3) high-temperature fluidization studies. During this quarter, four gasification runs were made in the 2-inch fluidized-bed gasifier at 1800/sup 0/F and 2000/sup 0/F using gas mixtures of both high (5%) and low (0.2%) oxygen content. The carbon conversion of these runs ranged from 25 to 70%. Rounded ash particles typical of ash agglomerates were observed in the reactor residue of the high-oxygen (5%) run at 1800/sup 0/F and the low-oxygen (0.32%) run at 2000/sup 0/F. The low-oxygen runs at 1800/sup 0/F did not produce these rounded agglomerates. In the high-pressure fluidization studies, a series of tests was conducted this quarter to determine the best gas distributor configuration (number of orifices and orifice diameter) to use for the bubble characteristics study. In view of the signal quality and bubble frequency results, the best gas distributor configuration was determined to be a 10-orifice distributor with 3/16-inch-diameter orifices distributed in three concentric rings. In the high-temperature fluidization studies, two heat-up tests at 900/sup 0/ and 1500/sup 0/F were conducted this quarter in the 6-inch-diameter, Schedule 10, Type 316 stainless steel high-temperature reactor. 2 references, 17 figures, 4 tables.

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Reaction kinetics and simulation models for novel high-temperature desulfurization sorbents: Final report

A kinetic study of two mixed-metal oxide sorbents (zinc ferrite and zinc titanate) was conducted to obtain kinetic data at the temperatures and pressures typically encountered in coal gasifiers. These sorbents are used to remove H/sub 2/S from the hot coal- derived gases and can be subsequently regenerated for use in a cyclical operation. The qualitative behavior of zinc titanate was found to be quite similar. Sulfidation kinetic rate increased with H/sub 2/S concentration, slightly increased with temperature, increased with pressure at a constant H/sub 2/S mol fraction with pressure at a constant H/sub 2/S partial pressure, and increased with decreasing pellet diameter. The regeneration rates of both zinc ferrite and zinc titanate increased with temperature, O/sub 2/ concentration, and pressure at a constant O/sub 2/ mole fraction. The formation of zinc sulfate was found to be significant during regeneration of zinc ferrite at sufficiently low temperatures, high pressures, and high O/sub 2/ concentrations. Reducing gas concentrations of 65-75% (H/sub 2/   CO) simulating the output from the Texaco gasifier operated in the oxygen-blown mode were used to assess the impact on sorbent performance. The shrinking core kinetic model was found to fit the experimental data very well. Correlations were made using a priori estimates of all parameters including diffusivity and mass transfer coefficients. Quantitative agreement was best obtained by treating the diffusivity term and/or the mass transfer term as best fit parameters. 22 refs., 69 figs., 18 tabs.

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An evaluation of the Weeks Island ''S''Sand Reservoir B gravity stable CO/sub 2/ displacement project, Iberia Parish, Louisiana

The objectives of this study were: (1) to make a third party review of the Weeks Island CO/sub 2//Gravity Drainage Project, a cost-shared project by Shell Oil Company and the US Department of Energy (DOE,6602 ); and (2) to identify critical design parameters and determine the feasibility of using gravity stable gas displacement processes in other similar reservoirs. A gravity stable, CO/sub 2/ pilot was implemented in the ''S''Sand Reservoir B Weeks Island Field, Iberia Parish, Louisiana. Purpose of the pilot was to demonstrate that this displacement process can significantly reduce oil saturation below waterflood residual in high permeability steeply dipping reservoirs. The Weeks Island ''S''Sand was an excellent site for the pilot because it is similar to many Gulf Coast reservoirs and over 70 percent of the original oil-in-place (OOIP) was recovered by downdip water injection. Results are discussed. 12 refs., 41 figs., 7 tabs.

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Tar removal in a hot gas desulfurization process. Topical report, October 1984-June 1985

Results of studies during the first nine months of a project sponsored by the Department of Energy (DOE), Morgantown Energy Technology Center (METC), are reported. The primary objective of these studies is to develop a catalyst which will convert sulfur in coal tars to a form (such as H/sub 2/S) which can be removed by a hot gas desulfurization process being developed by DOE/METC and will also convert the tars to compounds that cannot crack and deposit coke on the electrodes of a molten carbonate fuel cell (MCFC). The system for tar destruction will operate in conjunction with the desulfurization process. Results of a literature search and initial catalyst screening tests are presented. Nine different catalysts were selected and tested in the completed screening tests. The effects of temperature, pressure, and residence time on tar conversion were also evaluated. A low-sodium type Y-zeolite and catalysts made by impregnating CoMo, NiMo, and Pt on this zeolite were superior to other catalysts tested. In four hour screening tests, average tar conversions with these catalysts for two different tar samples ranged from 60 to 80% based on total tar. Sulfur conversion ranged from 80 to 90%. All catalysts lost activity with time. Tar conversion with the Y-zeolite catalysts decreased from about 90% in the first hour to about 50% after 4 hours. The effects of temperature, pressure, and residence (contact) time on catalyst activity are discussed. 28 refs. 7 figs., 13 tabs.

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Analysis of the Gas Research Institute data/Staged Field Experiment No. 1 in the Travis Peak Formation, East Texas

This report presents the results of analyses of the SFE No. 1 stress and stimulation treatment data using the models available at METC. Information is provided on the analyses of the three fractures created in the Travis Peak Formation, Howell Well No. 5, Waskon Field, East Texas Basin. The analyses were performed to predict the minimum in situ horizontal stress in the penetrated strata, to calculate the extent of induced fracture geometries from three stimulation treatments, and to evaluate possible treatment schedules that might improve future stimulation of the Travis Peak Formation. 7 refs., 24 figs., 3 tabs.

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Valve development for coal gasification plants. Final report, June 1976-March 1983

This final report summarizes the activities performed by Faichild Control Systems Company in developing a prototype lock hopper valve suitable for application in coal conversion processes. Included are a brief history of the program, design requirements, description of valve design, results of thermal and stress analyses, results of component and development testing, significant problem areas encountered during assembly, recommended future design changes and areas for additional investigation. Because of limited test facilities, all operational and environmental tests will be conducted by, and results reported by, the Department of Energy, Morgantown Energy Technology Center. 26 figs., 3 tabs.

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Development of an advanced, continuous mild gasification process for the production of co-products technical evaluation

The University of North Dakota Energy and Environmental Research Center (EERC) and the AMAX Research and Development Center are cooperating in the development of a Mild Gasification process that will rapidly devolatilize coals of all ranks at relatively low temperatures between 930[degree] and 1470[degree]F (500[degree]and 800[degree]C) and near atmospheric pressure to produce primary products that include a reactive char, a hydrocarbon condensate, and a low-Btu gas. These will be upgraded in a   coal refinery''system having the flexibility to optimize products based on market demand. Task 2 of the four-task development sequence primarily covered bench-scale testing on a 10-gram thermogravimetric analyzer (TGA) and a 1 to 4-lb/hr continuous fluidized-bed reactor (CFBR). Tests were performed to determine product yields and qualities for the two major test coals-one a high-sulfur bituminous coal from the Illinois Basin (Indiana No. 3) and the other a low-sulfur subbituminous coal from the Powder River Basin (Wyodak). Results from Task 3, on product upgrading tests performed by AMAX Research and Development (R D), are also reported. Task 4 included the construction, operation of a Process Research Unit (PRU), and the upgrading of the products. An economic evaluation of a commercial facility was made, based on the data produced in the PRU, CFBR, and the physical cleaning steps.

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An introduction to computerized x-ray tomography for petroleum research

This report summarizes the state of the art in the application of medical tomography (CT) to petroleum recovery problems. A brief review of the basic principles of x-ray computerized tomography is followed by a discussion of the governing equations of the method. Calculation techniques and appropriate correlations for continued testing are described and discussed. A review of existing medical software is done. Consideration of the specific software needed for petroleum engineering as well as applications of new technologies such as image processing and computer networking are described. Criteria for the choice of a machine suitable for most petroleum-related applications are given. Emphasis is placed on flexibility, reliability, accuracy and price of the scanner. Two separate sections discuss positioning of the core and design of the core holders. Examples of possible applications of CT scanning to problems of geology, core analysis, EOR as well as operational process problems are discussed. 9 refs., 8 figs., 1 tab.

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Peat resources of Maine. Volume 2. Penobscot County

In July 1979, the Maine Office of Energy Resources, in conjunction with the Maine Geological Survey, began the Maine Peat Resource Evaluation Program. The Program, which was funded by the US Department of Energy (DOE), was undertaken to determine the amount and location of fuel-grade peat in Maine. Two hundred thirty-three areas containing peat deposits were evaluated under the Program. A total of 47 deposits covering 21,666 acres and containing 40,923,000 short tons (dry weight) of peat in Penobscot County have been evaluated under the Maine Peat Resource Evaluation Program. These deposits range in size from 35 to 3301 acres and in estimated resources from 45,000 to 6,994,000 short tons. Maps of individual deposits showing the distribution and depth of peat, core sites, and the surficial geology of the area adjacent to the deposits are shown in Figures 4 to 46. Cores showing the vertical distribution of peat and sediment as well as sample locations, and the results of laboratory analyses are also included. 22 references, 46 figures, 3 tables.

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Assessment of fuel-gas-cleanup systems. Final report

This report presents the results of a study to evaluate the performance, economics and emission characteristics of low-, medium-, and high-temperature fuel gas cleanup processes for use in coal gasification combined-cycle power plants based on high-temperature gas turbines. Processes considered were the Allied Chemical low-temperature Selexol process, METC medium-temperature iron oxide process and Conoco high-temperature half-calcined dolomite process. Process evaluations were carried out for twenty-four combinations of gasifiers and cleanup processes. Based upon the process evaluations, five combinations of gasifiers and cleanup process were selected for integration with an advanced, 2600 F gas turbine into an overall power system. Heat and mass balances and process schematics for these plants were prepared and the cost of electricity estimated. The results of the study indicate that medium- or high-temperature cleanup systems in combined-cycle power plants could meet or exceed EPA New Source Performance Standards. Performance and cost of the systems studied can be improved by high- and intermediate-temperature cleanup systems or by integration of developmental hot gas heat exchangers with suitable commercially available low-temperature cleanup systems. Unresolved problems in the use of medium- and high-temperature cleanup are efficient regeneration of iron oxide, particulate removal at high temperature and the fate of fuel bound nitrogen and trace metals that may appear in the hot fuel gas.

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Black shale studies in Kentucky. Quarterly report

Work during the quarter was devoted to final interpretation, integration, and compilation of surface stratigraphic and petrologic data into deliverable documents for DOE, MERC. As of September, two such documents have been prepared. A thesis on black-shale outcrop stratigraphy from the two eastern Kentucky outcrop belts has been completed and will be included with the annual report and a thesis on the thin-section petrology of three eastern Kentucky cores has also been completed and will be included with the annual report. Also during this quarter the transition to two new parts of the project was started including map compilation and a paleontological--paleoecological study. Compilation of isopach, lithofacies, and structural contour maps depends largely on completion of the well-log inventory from which all the data are generated. At present, well-log inventories for 37 of the 41 eastern Kentucky counties (90%) have been completed. Work has begun, however, on compiling data from the completed county inventories. Work has also begun on the paleontological--paleoecological portion of the project. A research assistant has been found to complete a thesis study on this part of the project and he is currently engaged in preliminary research.

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Reaction kinetics and transport properties of the CaO-SO sub 2 -O sub 2 system in absence of intra-particle diffusion

This work examines the CaO-SO{sub 2}-O{sub 2} chemical reaction system, with emphasis on gas diffusivity through the CaSO{sub 4} product layer. A mathematical model was developed to obtain intrinsic chemical kinetics, such as, order of reaction, reaction rate constants and SO{sub 2} gas diffusion coefficient through the CaSO{sub 2} product layer. To obtain the experimental data, equipment and procedures were developed using thermal gravimetric analysis for recording weight changes of a single CaO crystal during the reaction. For three different origins of CaO single crystals, kinetic data for the CaO-SO{sub 2}-O{sub 2} reaction system, such as reaction order, rate constant, and SO{sub 2} diffusion coefficients through the product layer, were obtained experimentally without any numerical fitting technique. 17 refs., 12 figs., 2 tabs.

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