AndreaBozzo/ceres-open-data-index huggingface dataset:
Two-Phase Flow Analysis-SFE NO.1 Core

Eleven Travis Peak sandstone core samples from the Holditch Howell No. 5 well, designated GRI Staged Field Experiment (SFE) Number 1, were analyzed in the laboratory at IGT for porosity, permeability, stress dependence of permeability, and the relationship of these to observable features in the pore geometry. Dry permeabilities of the SFE #1 core received by IGT ranged from about 20 ~d to about 30 d, and gas porosities ranged from 8% to 18%. Most of the permeabilities were too high for our apparatus to measure in the automated mode, and required time-consuming, manual flow rate timing with a stopwatch. Despite the difficulties inherent in manual flow measurements, we were able to collect enough data to assemble a number of observations on the relationships between the pore geometry of higher permeability tight sands and gas movement through the pores. Specifically, although the SFE III core contains "slot" pores, they are not the major flowpath for gas, which is able to make its way directly between solution pores and through relatively unobstructed primary porosity. Sands containing flowpaths of this nature showed a much lower stress-dependence of permeability than those dominated by slot pore flowpaths. Mercury porosimetry data indicate that the SFE #1 samples represent a transition zone in pore geometry between "slot pore" tight sands and Ilgrain-supported" pores found in conventional sandstones. We believe that recognition of the petrologic properties of transitional sands will help improve the ability to assess tight sandstone reservoir quality using low cost petrographic and porosimetry techniques.

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METHANE from COALBEDS COLLECTION and UTILIZATION SYSTEMS

During the period 12 December 1977 through 31 December 1980, the TRW Energy Engineering Division was the integrating contractor for the U.S. Department of Energy's Methane Recovery from Coal beds Project (MRCP) implemented by the Morgantown Energy Technology Center. As the MRCP integrating contractor, TRW directed the implementation on of two major technology test projects; conducted coring, logging and other field testing activities; performed and directed resource engineering research; developed specific test procedures and techniques and conducted drilling tests; performed technical and economic analyses; reviewed and reported on MRCP programs; conducted analyses o f R&D requirements and projects for inclusion in planning documents and conducted workshops, symposia, and other activities indirect support of the MRCP. This report, briefly summarizes the project activities, conclusions, and recommendations of TRW, based on the effort under Contract No. DE-AC21-78MC08089. Summaries of test projects and field tests are included along with a bibliography of the pertinent documents performed and directed resource engineering research; developed specific test procedures and techniques and conducted drilling tests; performed technical and economic analyses; reviewed and reported on MRCP programs; conducted analyses of R&D requirements and projects for inclusion in planning documents and conducted workshops, symposia, and other activities indirect support of the MRCP. This report, briefly summarizes the project activities, conclusions, and recommendations of TRW, based on the effort under Contract No. DE-AC21-78MC08089. Summaries of test projects and field tests are Included along with a bibliography of the pertinent documents.

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On the  Exploitation of Oil and Gas Deposits in Low Permeability Reservoirs

In the course of several years. the attention of specialists (1,2) has been attracted to a new method of stimulating reservoirs powerful explosions which experiment indicates will permit the achievement of high success in the opening up of the low permeability reservoirs. The zone of fractures created by the explosion surrounding the stimulation hole in which the explosion was carried out are able to reach out to significant distances. The effective radius of such hales is as large as several tens of meters, i.e. it exceeds the radius of a usual hole by over 100 times. In the paper the possibility of effectively utilizing powerful explosions for exploitation of low permeability oil and gas deposits is described as well as an analysis of several experiments involving its utilization. As is well known. an explosion forms a column of broken rack - a chimney (Figure 1) --filled with rack which has a radius of 10-20 m (dependi.ng on the yield and depth of the explosions and the properties of the rock), and its height Hc is equal to 4-5 times the radius, rp. The  permeability of the rubblized rock inside the chimney is very high - several orders of magnitudes greater than the preexisting permeability of the reservoir. Thus the effective radius of the stirrulation well is able to take an the value rp. However, in practice the effective radius of such a hole. r-e. is much larger as a result of the creation of fractures in the wall of the Chimney.

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CORING , LOGGING , STIMULATION AND COMPLETION OF EGSP PENNSYLVANIA NO. 5 WELL LAWRENCE COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA

The EGSP Pennsylvania No. 5 (Peoples Gas Sokevitz No. 1) well is located in New Wilmington Township, Lawrence County, Pennsylvania (New Castle North 7-1/2-minute quadrangle), 12,020 ft south of lat. 41?07'30"N. and 8,800 ft west of long. 80?15'00"W. Ground elevation at the well site is 1,070 ft.

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Propagation of Fluid-Driven Fractures in Jointed Rock. Part 1: Development and Validation of Methods of Analysis

We have developed a new method of analysis to describe the propagation of induced fluid-driven fractures in rock masses which contain pre-existing discontinuities such as joints, faults, bed interfaces, lens boundaries, etc. The analysis is based on a 2-dimensional model, with coupled solid mechanics, fracture mechanics, and fluid mechanics. The solid and fracture mechanics are solved by an implicit finite element approach which provides for mixed-mode (I and 11) fracture propagation in arbitrary stress fields. The fluid mechanics capability first was established for steady-state conditions, using a finite element formulation for flow between parallel surfaces. This initial coupling resulted in the version 1.0 of the FEFFLAP model (Finite Element Fracture and Flow Analysis Program). This version was verified against analytical solutions, and tested for validation against results of hydrofracturing in blocks of rock simulants containing an interface, under biaxial loading, as described in Part 2, the companion paper to this publication.

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On the Performance of Noncontinuous Tight Gas Sands

This paper discusses the development and application of a stochtistic three-dimensional reservoir model for gas-water flow, The model treats the occurrence of natural fractures and shales In the reservoir as random, and as such discontinuities be arbitrarily distributed among the reservoir grid blocks. A simple shale management scheme that does not require the formulation of a sand-shale permeability relationship is used. However, the developed model requires the estimation of effective flaw properties for the fractured reservoir nodes. By this, we attempt to simulate the effective permeability measured by the slope of a fractured reservoir build-up curve. The model may be used to compute the reservoir performance of a fractured, lenticular sand gas reservoir as well as that of a conventional blanket sand. Results of demonstration problems based on published data on Paludal zones 3 and 4 cf the Mesaverde formation In western Colorado suggest that the effects of sand lenticularity may not be as marked as have previously been calculated by modifying sand thickness by sand lens factor

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PRELMINARY RESULTS OF MINERALOGY AND PETROLOGY OF THE COASTAL INTERVAL (DEPTH 6345 - 6582 ft) DRILL CORE MWX-1

Sandia National Laboratories is conducting and directing the MultiWell Experiment (MWX) core analysis program as part of the Western Gas Sands Project for the Department of Energy's Unconventional Gas Sands Program. Bendix Field Engineering Corporation (BFEC), Grand Junction, Colorado is providing mineralogic and petrologic support for the MWX core analysis program. Sandia National Laboratories will carry out sample selection, sample distribution, prioritization of analyses, distribution of data, and coordination of interagency analyses. The U.S.G.S., along with Sandia, will provide interpretation of analytical results. The Petrology Laboratory of Bendix Field Engineering Corporation is providing routine mineralogic and petrologic analyses of MWX core samples and interpretations, as detailed in this report. These are preliminary results to be used primarily for characterization of the general mineralogy and textures of an interval so that variations in mineralogic trends can be delineated. This report is the first of fifteen which will present the results of petrologic analyses of the fifteen intervals to be submitted from drill holes MWX-l and 2. Included here are mineralogic and petrologic data from the Coastal Interval of drill hole MWX-l. A sedimentological model of the Mesa Verde Formation at the Multi-Well site will be published by J. C. Lorenze (Sandia).

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STRATIGRAPHY OF THE DEVONIAN HARRELL AND MILLBORO SHALES IN PARTS OF PENNSYLVANIA, MARYLAND, WEST VIRGINIA AND VIRGINIA

The regional stratigraphic relationship among the Devonian Harrell and Millboro Shales and part of the Mahantango Formation are summarized in a series of stratigraphic cross sections based on 162 outcrop and subsurface data points.

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EVALUATION OF GASIFICATION AND GAS CLEANUP PROCESSES FOR USE IN MOLTEN CARBONATE FUEL CELL POWER PLANTS

This report in satisfaction of the requirements for DOE Contract De-AC21-81MC16220, lists coal gasifiers and gas cleanup systems suitable for supplying fuel to molten carbonate fuel cells in industrial and utility power plants. It extensively characterizes those coal gas cleanup systems rejected by DOE's MCFC contractors for their power plant systems by virtue of the resources required for those systems to be commercially developed. It develops an analytical model to predict MCFC tolerance for particulates on the anode side of the MCFC and to predict MCFC anode side tolerance for chemical species, including sulfides, halogens, and travel heavy metals and selects from the candidate gasifier/cleanup systems those most suitable for MCFC-based power plants as well as a reference wet cleanup systems. Coal gasifiers and gas cleanup systems, when integrated into a power plant incorporating MCFC units with suitable gas expansion turbines, steam turbines, heat exchangers, and heat recovery steam generators, are analyzed parametrically using the Westinghouse proprietary AHEAD computer model. Systems are ranked by efficiency, investment, cost of electricity, operability, and environmental effect.

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PRELIMINARY RESULTS OF KINERALOGY AND PETROLOGY OF THE PALUDAL INTERVAL (DEPTH 7080-7390 f t ) DRILL CORE MJX-2

Sandia National Laboratories is conducting and directing the MultiWell Experiment (Ml{K) core analysis program as part of the Western Gas Sands Project for the Department of Energy's Unconventional Gas Sands Program. Sandia National Laboratories will carry out sample selection, sample distribution, prioritization of analyses, distribution of data, and coordination of interagency analyses. The U.S.G.S., along with Sandia, will provide interpretation of analytical results. A sedimentological model of the Mesaverde Group at the Multi-Well site will be published by J.C. Lorenze (Sandia). The Petrology Laboratory of Bendix Field Engineering Corporation is providing routine mineralogic arid petrologic analyses of HWX core samples and interpretations, as detailed in this report. These are preliminary results to be used primarily for characterization of the general  mineralogy and textures of an interval so that variations in mineralogic trends can be delineated. This report is the fifth of fifteen which will present the results of petrologic analyses of the fifteen intervals to be submitted from drill holes iK-I and 2. Included here are mineralogic and petrologic data from the Paludal Interval of drill hole MWX-2.

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An Evaluation of the Bell Creek Field Micellar- Polymer Pilot

A review of the performance of the Gary Energy Corporation micellar-polymer pilot in the Bell Creek Field has been completed. The ultimate recovery beyond waterflooding is projected to be 27,000 barrels of oil, compared to an anticipated level of 90,000 barrels from simulation studies. The projected incremental recovery is subject to uncertainties since significant secondary oil was being produced at the initiation of chemical injection. The predicted recover from simulation studies is considered to be optimistic, principally because the displaceable oil saturations were assumed too high. Although the anticipated recovery may have been optimistic, it is clear that the level of increased oil recovery has been disappointing and that the economics of a project if expanded would be unfavorable.

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Appraisal of Landstat Lineaments as Faults in Western Kentucky

Lineaments which resemble those produced by known, mapped geologic faults are found on Landsat images of a portion of Western Kentucky. Since fractures and faults are suspected to be necessary for gas production in the eastern gas shales, it would be valuable to evaluate such lineaments as faults. For this purpose surface geophysical measurements were made across the lineaments and also across mapped faults for control. Resistivity, gravity, and radiation measurements showed that the mapped faults produce geophysically measured anomalies, and also gave probable indication of faulting along two Landsat lineaments.

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Multi-Well Experiment No. 1 and 2 Wells Mesa Verde Foxnation Rulison Field Garfield County, Colorado

On August 25, during a telephone conversation with a representative of Core Laboratories W. Allan R. Sattler of Sandia National Laboratories requested that Klirikenberg Permeability (Gas-Slippage Con&) Determinations be performed on core material recovered from the subject wells . This work is part of the Western Gas Sands Project sponsored by the Department of Energy, Morgantown Energy Technology Center, Morgantown, West Virginia.

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PRELIMINARY RESULTS OF MINERALOGY AND PETROLOGY OF THE FRACTURE ZONE INTERVAL (DEPTH 5700-5870 it) DRILL CORE MWX-1

Sandia National Laboratories is conducting and directing the MultiWell Experiment (MWX) core analysis program as part of the Western Gas Sands Project for the Department of Energy's Unconventional Gas Sands Program. Sandia National Laboratories will carry out sample selection, sample distribution, prioritization of analyses, distribution of data, and coordination of interagency analyses. The U.S.G.S., along with Sandia, will provide interpretation of analytical results. A sedimentological model of the Mesaverde Group at the Multi-Well site will be published by J.G. Lorenze (Sandia). The Petrology Laboratory of Bendix Field Engineering Corporation is providing routine mineralogic and petrologic analyses of MWX core samples and interpretations, as detailed in this report. These are preliminary results to be used primarily for characterization of the general mineralogy and textures of an interval so that variations in mineralogic trends can be delineated. This report is the fourth of fifteen which will present the results of petrologic analyses of the fifteen intervals to be submitted from drill holes MWX-l and 2. Included here are mineralogic and petrologic data from the Fracture Zone Interval of drill hole MWX-l.

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PRELIMINARY RESULTS OF MINERALOGY AND PETROLOGY OF THE CORCORAN (8105-8128 f t ) AND COZZETTE (7832-7898 f t ) INTERVALS DRILL CORE MWX-2

Sandia National Laboratories is conducting and directing the MultiWell Experiment (MWX) core analysis program as part of the Western Gas Sands Project for the Department of Energy's Unconventional Gas Sands Program. Sandia National Laboratories will carry out sample selection, sample distribution, prioritization of analyses, distribution of data, and coordination of interagency analyses. The U.S.G.S., along with Sandia, will provide interpretation of analytical results. A sedimentological model of the Mesaverde~ Group at the Multi-Well site will be published by J.C. Lorenze (Sandia). The Petrology Laboratory of Bendix Field Engineering Corporation is providing routine mineralogic and petrologic analyses of MWX core samples and interpretations, as detailed in this report. These are preliminary results to be used primarily for characterization of the general mineralogy and textures of an interval so that variations in mineralogic trends can be delineated. This report is the third of fifteen which will present the results of petrologic analyses of the fifteen intervals to be submitted from drill holes MWX-1 and 2. Included here are mineralogic and petrologic data from the Corcoran and Cozzette Intervals of drill hole MWX-2.

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COMPATIBILITY OF TWO MEOR SYSTEMS WITH SULFATE-REDUCING BACTERIA

One of the objectives of the microbial research at NIPER has been to identify possible environmental hazards associated with applying microbial enhanced oil recovery (MEOR) processes in the field. Previous laboratory studies have involved the use of two microorganisms, Bacillus species and Clostridium species, which are used frequently for MEOR field projects. The ability of these two bacterial systems to coexist and perform the desired MEOR process in the presence of indigenous reservoir bacteria has been evaluated and reported earlier. This study focuses on the compatibility of Bacillus and Clostridium spp. with sulfate-reducing bacteria present in porous media. Experiments were performed in Berea sandstone cores to examine what effects the growth and survival of Desulfovibrio desulfuricans, a sulfate reducing bacterium, had on the survival and ability of Bacillus and Clostridium spp. to recover incremental residual crude oil. Results based on the core studies have shown that Bacillus species survive and overgrow the Desulfovibrio sp. more consistently than the Clostridium species. In addition, the ability of Bacillus to recover residual oil is less diminished by the Desulfovibrio than it is for the Clostridium species. Many of the core results indicated that the injected bacterial systems can overgrow and eliminate the growth of the sulfate-reducing bacteria. This finding is of importance to MEOR applications because the reduction of sulfate-reducing bacteria by the injection of microbial strains could aid in solving the problems of corrosion and well damage in oilfield operations.

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PRELIMINARY RESULTS OF MINERALOGY AND PETROLOGY OF THE COZZETTE INTERVAL (DEPTH 7871 - 7957 f t ) DRILL CORE MWX-1

Sandia National Laboratories is conducting and directing the MultiWell Experiment (MWX) core analysis program as part of the Western Gas Sands Project for the Department of Energy's Unconventional Gas Sands Program. Sandia National Laboratories will carry out sample selection, sample distribution, prioritization of analyses, distribution of data, and coordination of interagency analyses. The U.S.G.S., along with Sandia, will provide interpretation of analytical results. A sedimentological model of the Mesa Verde Group at the Multi-Well site will be published by J.C. Lorenze (Sandia). The Petrology Laboratory of Bendix Field Engineering Corporation is providing routine mineralogic and petrologic analyses of MWX core samples and interpretations, as detailed in this report. These are preliminary results to be used primarily for characterization of the general mineralogy and textures of an interval so that variations in mineralogic trends can be delineated. This report is the second of fifteen which will present the results of petrologic analyses of the fifteen intervals to be submitted from drill holes MWX-l and 2. Included here are mineralogic and petrologic data from the Cozzette Interval of drill hole MWX-l.

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GRI PROGRAM PLAN FOR TIGHT GAS SANDS RESERVOIRS

The Gas Research Institute (GRI) is developing technology for the economic recovery of natural gas from three sources not generally producible with current technology: tight gas sands, coalbed methane, and eastern Devonian shales. The GRI R&D program is focused on the development of the technology necessary to reduce risks that are inhibiting the exploitation of these resources by private industry. With the reduction of these risks, industry can develop these resources, increasing the gas supply with attendant benefits to the consumer.

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Scale-Up of Miscible Flood Processes

This report describes recent progress in a research effort to quantify the scaling of interactions of phase behavior of multicomponent mixtures with unstable flow in heterogeneous porous media. New results are presented in three areas: (1) Phase behavior, fluid properties and characterization of crude oils (2) Interactions of phase behavior and flow (3) Viscous fingering and reservoir heterogeneity.

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Analysis of seismic data from the Puget Lowlands area of Washington State

Vibroseis'reflection profiles and dynamite shot records collected in 1989 in the Puget Lowlands area of Washington State were analyzed and processed in this study.  The significance of events observed on one of the lines (speculated to be associated with a fossil subduction zone) were evaluated by migration and conversion-to-depth of a time model digitized from unmigrated seismic data. The choice of migration velocities was based on the analysis of sonic logs from the surrounding area. The results imply that, sufficient information is not present in the reflection data to resolve deeper structural relationships.  Two models (a deep basin model and a fossil subduction model) are possible within the constraints imposed by stack data collected prior to 1990.

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Opportunities to Improve Oil Productivity in Unstructured Deltaic Reservoirs

In August, 1990, Robert H. Gentile, The DOE's Assistant Secretary for Fossil Energy, appointed a Task Force, comprising technical and management expertise, to put into place the Department's new Oil Research Program Implementation Plan. This new plan grew out of DOE's continuing effort to formulate a National Energy Strategy. Research directed toward near- and mid-term results has been added to the previous program emphasis on long-term, high-risk research, in order to address the needs of current conditions in the petroleum industry. The 1986 price collapse, falling domestic production, and increased well abandonments that threaten future access to reservoirs containing a vast potential of recoverable oil were the major factors that led to this new direction.

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Analysis of Fracturing Mechanisms in Naturally Fractured Rocks

This project was motivated by a desire to reduce the gap between potential and actual gas production from Devonian Shales in the Appalachian Basin. Esti-pates are difficult to make, but the drillable resource is usually considered to be between thirty and fifty times the reserves that are recoverable using conventional methods. The magnitude of the gap becomes apparent only when one considers that most estimates of 'the drillable resource are in excess of one thousand TCF. (See e.g., Mound, 1982.).

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