AndreaBozzo/ceres-open-data-index huggingface dataset:
Gas Hydrate Research in the Gulf of Mexico, Phase II

The objectives of Phase 2 were to record low and medium energy seismic data in selected areas and determine if that data could be used to established signatures that might indicate hydrates. We met the objectives, good data were recorded in the survey areas and features were identified which further establish a gas hydrate signature near hydrate core sites. Additional locations where the same signatures occurred were recommended for coring on future surveys. Geophysical data were collected in five separate areas. Initial work was in a transition zone extending from the continental shelf down the slope. Here we demonstrated that the equipment could provide information needed to identify features that could be used to establish a signature for gas hydrates in deep water. Additional areas were surveyed where gas hydrates had been identified in cores taken by Texas A   M Oceanography Department. Isotopic analysis of these gas hydrate cores showed they were examples of two different types of origins, biogenic and thermogenic. Additional locations were identified where cores should be taken of future surveys to sample both types of gas hydrates. We also determined that high resolution sonar techniques employed on this survey could not resolve features on steep slopes in deep water. The paper describes the geological setting, equipment and instrumentation, methodology and results and a discussion of these results for the five areas. 6 refs., 18 figs.

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Simultaneous high-temperature removal of alkali and particulates in a pressurized gasification system. Final technical progress report, October 1978-October 1980

This final project report summarizes the results of extensive thermodynamic and preliminary experimental studies that have identified the use of aluminosilicate materials for simultaneously removing volatile alkali and particulate released during pressurized gasification of coal. The gettering capacity of three selected materials has been evaluated in a bench-scale reactor operating at 1114 kPa total pressure and 1123 to 1173 K in alkali-laden inert and simulated fuel gas environments. At 1123 K alkali gettering results through insoluble complexes, while at 1173 K saturation of the insoluble complex is completed, with gettering occurring mainly through soluble complexes. The gettering mechanism will be delineated through future thermogravimetric studies in a proposed program extension.

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An evaluation of co-planar lineament analysis and some thoughts on using surface geological data to predict sub-surface geology

A computerized method of detecting lineaments on the Earth's surface from digital topographic data was evaluated for its usefulness in exploration and development of natural gas from tight sandstones. The method, known as co-planar lineament analysis, was applied to the topography of the Douglas Creek Arch of northwestern Colorado, where significant amounts of natural gas have been produced from the Upper Cretaceous Mancos B sandstone. The locations of the co-planar lineaments detected correspond poorly with the locations of linear trends on contour maps of cumulative production and initial production. Because co-planar lineaments are reflections of surface features that are mostly the results of surface geology, it is not too surprising to see a lack of correlation with natural gas production, which depends upon aspects of sub-surface geology. The conclusion of this study is not that co-planar lineament analysis will never work in the search for tight gas. Rather it is that its application to natural gas exploration and development will not work everywhere. Areas where the technique would be best employed would probably be those where the reservoir is relatively shallow, the surface rocks and reservoir rocks are similar in age and lithology, and where the subsurface geology is relatively simple with no unconformities, thrust faults, or plastic layers such as salt or soft shale between the surface and gas reservoir. In addition, it must be demonstrated that straight stream segments within a given area are indeed caused by joints in the surface rocks and not some other geological phenomenon such as the strike of an easily eroded bed. 31 refs., 24 figs., 3 tabs.

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Preliminary investigation of the effects of coal-water slurry fuels on the combustion in GE coal fueled diesel engine (Task 1. 1. 2. 2. 1, Fuels)

In prior work with the coal fired diesel research engine, a necessity to determine the sensitivity of the engine to a wider range of fuels was resolved and included in the R and D Test Plan submitted on 2/9/89. In general, the economic viability and universal acceptance of the commercial engine will be a factor of its ability to tolerate the widest range of source fuels with minimal fuel beneficiation. As detailed in the R and D Test Plan, a preliminary investigation on the effects of coal-water slurry (CWS) fuels on the combustion in a GE single cylinder test engine was conducted. The following conclusions are obtained from this investigation. All the test CWS fuels were successfully burned in the GE engine combustion system. They include: 3 to 15 microns mean particle size; 0.7 to 2.8% ash level; KY Blue Gem and PA Mariana bituminous coal, WY Kemmer and Spring Creek Sub-Bituminous coal; coal beneficiated with physical and chemical processes; two kinds of additives for OTISCA CWS; and burnout is not effected by ash or particle size within the test range. For each kind of CWS fuel, the detail design parameters of the fuel injection system has to be compatible. With sufficiently high fuel injection pressure, the 3 micron mean particle size OTISCA fuel burns faster than the 5 micron ones. For OTISCA fuel, the burn rate using Ammonium Lignosulfonate as additive is faster than using Ammonium Condensed Naphthalene Sulfonate. Appendices contain data on heat release, fuel characterization reports from two laboratories, general engine test data, and particulate size distribution. 3 refs.

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Solvent extraction of Southern US tar sands

The Department of Chemical Engineering at the University of Arkansas, in association with Diversified Petroleum Recovery, Inc. (DPR) of Little Rock, Arkansas, has been developing a solvent extraction process for the recovery of bitumen from tar sands for the past five years. The unique feature of the process is that the bitumen is recovered from the solvent by contacting with a co-solvent, which causes the bitumen to precipitate. The overall purpose of this project is to study both the technical and economic feasibility of applying this technology for recovery of bitumen from tar sands by (1) investigating the socioeconmic factors which affect (a) plant siting and (b) the market value of recovered bitumen; (2) operating a process demonstration unit at the rate of 1 lb/hr recovered bitumen while producing clean sand and recyclable solvents; and (3) determine the economic conditions which will make a bitumen recovery project economical. DPR has analyzed the historical trends of domestic production, consumption, discoveries and reserves of crude oil. They have started an investigation of the volatility in the price of crude oil and of gasoline prices and of the differential between gasoline and crude oil. DPR continues to analyze the geographical movement and demand for asphalt products. Utah does not appear economically attractive as a site for a bitumen from tar sands asphalt plant. Oklahoma sites are now being studied. This report also contains the quarterly progress report from a University of Nevada study to determine bitumen composition, oxygen uptake rates, and viscosities of Alabama and Utah bitumens. Both reports have been indexed separately for inclusion on the data base.

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Proceedings of the annual heat engines and gas stream cleanup systems contractors review meeting

The Annual Heat Engines and Gas Stream Cleanup Systems Contractors Review Meeting was held on April 21-23, 1987, at the Sheraton Lakeview Conference Center in Morgantown, West Virginia, and was sponsored and hosted by the US Department of Energy (DOE), Office of Fossil Energy, Morgantown Energy Technology Center (METC). This annual meeting provided a forum for the exchange of information between DOE contractors and interested parties, and this year's meeting was attended by 235 individuals from industry, academia, national laboratories, and other Governmental agencies. The overall objective of these programs is the development of technology that is essential for private sector commercialization of integrated heat engine and gas stream cleanup systems which will produce power from coal in a cost competitive and environmentally acceptable manner. This document has been reproduced from camera-ready manuscripts furnished by the authors. The manuscripts have not been refereed, nor have they been extensively edited. Papers have been entered individually into EDB and ERA.

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Reactivity of iron oxide sorbents for hydrogen sulfide removal from hot syngas

Reactivity of an iron oxide pellet containing 45 wt % Fe/sub 2/O/sub 3/ with a hot gas containing H/sub 2/S, CO and H/sub 2/ was studied in a thermogravimetric analyzer (TGA) at temperatures between 600 to 900/sup 0/C. During the first period of the reaction, both the sulfurization (reaction with H/sub 2/S) and the reduction (reaction with H/sub 2/ and CO) take place simultaneously. Spongy metal iron formed as the result of the rapid reduction reaction is much more reactive with H/sub 2/S than the iron oxide itself. Therefore, reactivity studies were conducted for reduction (using iron oxide pellet) and for sulfurization (using completely reduced pellet) separately. The reduction experiment resulted in the following findings: (1) for sample pellets of size smaller than 0.2 mm, the chemical reaction rate controls the reduction rate. The activation energy obtained from the Arrehnius plot is 12.3 kcal/mol, (2) the effect of diffusion on the reduction rate becomes increasingly important as the pellet size increases beyond 0.2 mm. For the sample pellet of 6.4 mm in diameter, the rate is dominated by the diffusion rate. From the results of the sulfurization experiment, it has been observed that the reaction is approximately first order with respect to H/sub 2/S and that the final sulfurized iron has the composition range between FeS/sub 1/./sub 1/ to FeS/sub 1/./sub 2/. The sulfurization reaction rate observed showed nearly the same trends as that in the reduction rate as indicated in (1) and (2) above. The activation energy obtained for the sulfurization is 2.65 kcal/mol. 3 references, 35 figures.

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Injection monitoring with seismic arrays and adaptive noise cancellation

Although the application of seismic methods, active and passive, to monitor in-situ reservoir stimulation processes is not new, seismic arrays and array processing technology coupled with a new noise cancellation method has not been attempted. Successful application of seismic arrays to passively monitor in-situ reservoir stimulation processes depends on being able to sufficiently cancel the expected large amplitude background seismic noise typical of an oil or geothermal production environment so that small amplitude seismic signals occurring at depth can be detected and located. This report describes the results of a short field experiment conducted to test both the application of seismic arrays for in-situ reservoir stimulation monitoring and the active noise cancellation technique in a real reservoir production environment. Although successful application of these techniques to in-situ reservoir stimulation monitoring would have the greatest payoff in the oil industry, the proof-of-concept field experiment site was chosen to be the Geysers geothermal field in northern California. This site was chosen because of known high seismicity rates, a relatively shallow production depth, cooperation and some cost sharing the UNOCAL Oil Corporation, and the close proximity of the site to LLNL. The body of this report describes the Geysers field experimental configuration and then discusses the results of the seismic array processing and the results of the seismic noise cancellation followed by a brief conclusion. 2 refs., 11 figs.

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Industrial application of fluidized-bed combustion. Quarterly technical progress report, January-March 1981

In line with a determination by the federal government that a fluidized bed combustion process can efficiently convert the energy of coal to usable power in an environmentally acceptable manner, Georgetown University was awarded a contract to construct and operate a demonstration plant. This report reflects the progress made during the fifth full quarter of plant operation. The January through March 1981 period constituted the sixth full quarter of Task 4 Operations in which plant operations were essentially performed by the Georgetown University staff, with 2 contractor-supplied men on site to monitor and evaluate boiler operations and to assist the university staff in preventive and corrective maintenance procedures, evaluation of plant auxiliary systems equipment malfunctions, and to institute minor plant modifications. The boiler was operated for six different periods during the quarter for a total of 1041 h. Of the six shutdowns, three could have been averted by operator attentiveness, one resulted from rock buildup in the bed, one was due to over limits particulate emission due to leaking bags in the baghouse, and one was due to an external control circuit short which affected the Solids Removal Control Panel. Quarterly operations since startup are summarized. 90% of the quarter's operation was performed with both beds in operation. During much of this period, the AFBB plant was supplying all of the campus steam load. Boiler thermal efficiency remained low reportedly averaging only 61.4% for the quarter. Factors affecting efficiency are discussed. As the result of a boiler inspection the decision was reached to plan for a shutdown in the succeeding quarter during which all in-bed tubes would be replaced with new treated tubes.

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Peat resources of Maine. Volume 3. Piscataquis and Somerset Counties

In July 1979, the Maine Office of Energy Resources, in conjunction with the Maine Geological Survey, began the Maine Peat Resource Evaluation Program. The Program, which was funded by the US Department of Energy (DOE), was undertaken to determine the amount and location of fuel-grade peat in Maine. Two hundred thirty-three areas containing peat deposits were evaluated under the Program. A total of 49 deposits covering 12,952 acres and containing 22,683,000 short tone (dry weight) of peat in Piscataquis and Somerset Counties have been evaluated under the Maine Peat Resource Evaluation Program. These deposits range in size from 27 to 1344 acres and in estimated resources from 37,800 to 3,204,800 short tons. Maps of individual deposits showing the distribution and depth of peat, core sites, and the surficial geology of the area adjacent to the deposits are shown in Figures 4 to 52. Cores showing the vertical distribution of peat and sediment as well as sample locations, and the results of laboratory analyses are also included. 22 references, 52 figures, 3 tables.

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Peat resources of Maine. Volume 5. Washington County

In July 1979, the Maine Office of Energy Resources, in conjunction with the Maine Geological Survey, began the Maine Peat Resource Evaluation Program. The Program, which was funded by the US Department of Energy (DOE), was undertaken to determine the amount and location of fuel-grade peat in Maine. Similar DOE/State Peat Resource Evaluation Programs are also being carried out in thirteen other states, including Alaska, Michigan, Minnesota, North Carolina, and South Carolina, whose programs began in 1979. Two hundred thirty-three areas containing peat deposits were evaluated under the Program. A total of 48 deposits covering 14,988 acres and containing 32,114,800 short tons (dry weight) of peat in Washington County have been evaluated under the Maine Peat Resource Evaluation Program. These deposits range in size from 40 to 2645 acres and in estimated resources from 40,000 to 6,953,000 short tons. Maps of individual deposits showing the distribution and depth of peat, core sites, and the surficial geology of the area adjacent to the deposits are shown in Figures 4 to 50. Cores showing the vertical distribution of peat and sediment as well as sample locations, and the results of laboratory analyses are also included. 22 references, 50 figures, 3 tables.

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Occurrence of oil and gas in Devonian shales and equivalents in West Virginia

During the Devonian, an epicontinental sea was present in the Appalachian basin. The Catskill Clastic Wedge was formed in the eastern part of the basin by sediments derived from land along the margin of the continent. Three facies are recognized in the Catskill Clastic Wedge: (1) a red-bed facies deposited in terrestrial and nearshore marine environments; (2) a gray shale and sandstone facies deposited in a shallow- to moderately-deep marine environment; and (3) a dark-gray shale and siltstone facies deposited in the deepest part of the epicontinental sea. Oil and natural gas are being produced from Devonian shales in the western part of West Virginia and from upper Devonian sandstones and siltstones in the north-central part of the state. It is suggested that in addition to extending known areas of gas production, that drilling for natural gas be conducted in areas underlain by organic-rich shales and thick zones of interbedded siltstone and shale in the Devonian section in central, southern, and western West Virginia. The most promising areas for exploration are those areas where fractures are associated with folds, faults, and lineaments. 60 references.

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Rheological, physical and mineralogical properties of CWM (coal-water mixture)

This report constitutes part of Stage 5 of a Pressurized Fluidized Bed Combustion (PFBC) project carried out at Grimethorpe under the auspices of the International Energy Agency. Stage 5 is a programme of work on the use of coal-water mixtures as a means of feeding coal to a PFBC combustor. It commenced with the construction of a pipe viscometer in which controlled pumping trials were conducted to establish the rheology of the various solids/water slurries used. With the data thus obtained suitable equipment was designed and installed to manufacture coal-water mixtures and fire them into the Grimethorpe PFBC combustor. During both the pipe viscometer work and the firing trials it was observed that slurries made with UK coal appeared significantly more viscous than slurries made with US coal. It was, therefore, decided to carry out additional pipe viscometer trials to compare the rheological properties of slurries made from a selection of coals and coal/limestone mixtures with the physical and mineralogical characteristics of those coals. The present report describes the results from a series of experiments carried out during the period August 1988 to March 1989. 12 refs., 14 figs., 6 tabs.

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Molten carbonate fuel cell technology improvement. [25 kW]

This report summarizes the work performed under Department of Energy Contract AC21-87MC23270 during the period March 1, through May 30, 1990. The overall objective of this program is to define a competitive CG/MCFC power plant and the associated technology development requirements and to develop an improved cell configuration for molten carbonate fuel cells which has improved performance, has reduced cell creep and electrolyte management consistent with 40,000 hour projected life, reduces existing cell cost, and is adaptable to a range of power plant applications. The 8-ft{sup 2} 20-cell, 25-kW stack assembly and installation in the test facility were completed. Testing of the stack was started and 896 hours of test time were reached. Manifold seal development focused on a seal to reduce electrolyte transport and test rigs were initiated for shunt current and seal leakage evaluation. Development on sheet metal parts was initiated with focus on improved aluminization for separator plate corrosion protection and nickel clad stainless steel for the anode current collector. Development of porous parts was initiated with focus on an alternative binder for the electrodes. Design of a laboratory scale continuous debinding oven was completed. Development of an improved material blend for the matrix was also initiated. 19 figs., 2 tabs.

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Assessment of coal gasification/carbonate fuel cell power plants

Also, a part of this investigation, the present day as well as the emerging alternate coal-based power plant technologies, were compared with the CGCFC using identical design basis to assess their competitive position. The results of the detailed analysis indicated heat rates of 7246--7604 Btu/kWh (HHV), environmental impact well below stringent standards, and cost of electricity of the four systems within 10% of each other, making selection of a specific system dependent on site-specific and project-specific factors. It appears that attractive carbonate system configurations can be designed from a broad range of gasifiers, representing entrained bed, fluidized bed, and moving bed gasifiers, and utilizing both hot and cold cleanup systems. 10 refs., 10 figs., 14 tabs.

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Collaborative research on fluidization employing computer-aided particle tracking

This report covers the sixth quarter of the subject contract. The primary objective of this quarter was modifying the software and testing the hardware of the transportable computer-aided particle tracking apparatus to be used at the Morgantown Energy Technology Center. While the data acquisition programs have been described in the last report, the program names were changed and the method for input to these programs was modified for convenient use. The hardware settings and arrangement were checked in order to obtain the optimum operating condition. 4 figs.

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Atmospheric fluidized bed combustion advanced system concepts applicable to small industrial and commercial markets

Under a contract with Morgantown Energy Technology Center (METC), Riley Stoker Corporation (Riley) has developed designs and cost estimates for two coal-fired systems using Riley's Multi Solid Fluidized Bed (MSFB) concept. One is a package unit designed for commercial and institutional customers and the other is an advanced concept MSFB intended for small industrial customers. The nominal steam capacities selected for these two boilers are 30,000 lbs/hr and 110,000 lbs/hr, respectively. The objective of this three level project is to develop an efficient means of generating steam utilizing our vast reserves of coal and to do so in a cost effective and environmentally acceptable manner. This report describes the design, marketing and economic analyses of the two designs. An economic comparison between the conventional oil fired and the fluidized bed systems is presented. Discussions are included on design analysis; materials handling of coal, limestone, and ash; sorbent reactivity; economics; and pilot plant test plan. 30 refs., 87 figs., 67 tabs.

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