AndreaBozzo/ceres-open-data-index huggingface dataset:
EPA, ASTM, and column leaching of processed oil shale: a comparative study

Four laboratory leaching methods (the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) extraction procedure, ASTM method D3987, and two column tests) were used to extract leachates from four low-void retorted oil shales to (1) compare the leaching procedures based on the chemical characterization of leachates derived from each leaching method and (2) establish the toxicity of each leachate relative to published EPA water quality criteria. The EPA extraction procedure extracted the greatest concentration of trace elements of the methods tested. None of the concentrations of the seven metals (arsenic, barium, cadmium, chromium, lead, selenium, and silver) selected from those listed in the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) exceeded the RCRA limits defining a hazardous waste. On that basis, the low-void retorted oil shales would not be classified as hazardous. 32 refs., 15 figs., 11 tabs.

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Survey of potential methods for resource recovery from black water of the Upper Green River Basin

Black water is found in the lean oil shales of the Upper Green River Basin of Wyoming. A variety of methods were examined for the separation of organic matter and salts from black water. Black water consists primarily of 5 to 8 percent organic acids and 4 to 6 percent sodium carbonate and bicarbonate dissolved in water. The solution has a pH of 10. Acidifying the black water solution to pH 3 precipitates the organic acids. The black water can be concentrated by evaporation of the water or by natural freezing. Both liquid--liquid extraction of the black water and leaching of the dehydrated black water with a wide range of polar and nonpolar solvents do not appear to be effective methods of separating the organic acids from the salts. Retorting the black water under a carbon monoxide atmosphere converts the black water to a sodium bicarbonate solution and 44 percent of the original organic acids to a benzene soluble oil.

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Mathematical modeling of oil mist formation, deposition, and drainage during oil shale retorting

A mathematical model of oil mist formation and deposition, and liquid oil drainage during retorting has been formulated. The model was incorporated into the one-dimensional model of oil shale retorting developed by Braun. In this report a description of the development of the model is given. Results of a simulation of a batch retort are presented and compared with results from Braun's original model. The model predicts the expected physical behavior of liquid oil in a retort: accumulation in the cooler sections of the retort by deposition of mist, downward flow by gravity after a residual saturation is reached, and evaporation of residual oil as the retort front moves through the retort. The model is applicable both to modified in situ retorts and to surface batch retorts. 15 refs., 9 figs., 1 tab.

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Oil shale program. Eighteenth quarterly report, April 1980-June 1980

Instrumentation and evaluation activities are in progress at two DOE-supported in situ oil shale field projects, namely, the Geokinetics Oil Shale Project near Vernal, Utah, and the Occidental Oil Shale Project near DeBeque, Colorado. In support of these projects, it is necessary to develop new and advanced instrumentation systems and associated deployment, recording and analysis techniques that are unique to the field project needs. A rock mechanics program provides material properties, material response models and computational methods for use in the design analysis, and evaluation functions. In addition, retorting studies are in progress on problems unique to the low void conditions encountered in field experiments.

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Palynology and environmental interpretations of the Antrim Shale of central Michigan

A palynological study of Late Devonian Traverse shale to Early Mississippian Sunbury shale was made to aid in stratigraphic correlation and interpretation of sources of sediments and environments of deposition of these strata. About 150 samples were prepared and studied. Nearly all samples studied were rock chips representing 10 to 20'stratigraphic intervals in five test holes. Samples were prepared to free entrapped plant entities by chemical disaggregation techniques. Thirty-seven plant spores, probably representing terrestrial plants, and 18 acritarchs, representing marine organisms, mostly algae, were differentiated and photographed. They were compared with known floras of comparable age from Ohio, western New York, Kentucky, Indiana, maritime Canada, Montana and western Europe. The Antrim-Berea contact and the Traverse Shale-Antrim contact are clearly discernible. Three tentative subdivisions of the Antrim are postulated, but additional work would be required to substantiate this interpretation elsewhere in the Basin. The nature of the environment of deposition is indicated by the extensive destruction of these fossils and by the types of marine algae present in the sample residues. All 5 wells are clearly located at some distance from the paleoshoreline of Devonian-Mississippian time, and below nearshore or surface-water energy conditions. Marine organisms probably contribute the bulk of organic material, cysts, some spores, and kerogen but some fusain and spores from land plants were transported by westward flowing rivers into the shallow eastern shelf area of this inland sea. There is some indication of a western source of clastics in samples from test holes toward the center of the basin. This western source of sediments may be present but masked by dilution by the greater volume of clastics deposited from the eastern sources in test hole samples further east.

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New Albany shale of Indiana. [Distribution, properties, products of distillation]

The principal oil shale in Indiana is known as the New Albany shale.  It is of Devonian age, and is usually correlated with, although nor certainly of the same age as, the Antrim shale of northern Michigan, the Ohio shale of Ohio, and the Chattanooga shale of Kentucky, Tennessee and Georgia.  The normal thickness of the formation in Indiana is about 100 feet, although in the region of its outcrop the full thickness is rarely exposed because of the general dip of the strata, which is about 30 feet per mile to the west.  With the exception of thin local phases, the entire thickness is oil shale.

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Oil shale mining cost analysis. Volume I. Surface retorting process. Final report

"This report documents the results of a study to adapt mining economic models to enable the estimation of mining cost for underground mining methods to be used in conjunction with the surface retorting of oil shale. Towards this end, an Oil Shale Mining Economic Model (OSMEM) was developed and executed for mining scenarios representative of commercially feasible mining operations. Mining systems were evaluated for candidate sites in the Piceance Creek Basin. Mining methods  selected included: 1) room-and-pillar; 2) chamber-and-pillar, with spent shale backfilling; 3) sublevel stopping;  and 4) sublevel stopping, with spent shale backfilling . Mines were designed to extract oil shale resources to support a 50,000 barrels per- day surface processing facility. Costs developed for each mining scenario included all capital and operating expenses associated with the underground mining methods. Parametric and sensitivity analyses were performed to determine the sensitivity of mining cost to changes in capital cost, operating cost,  return on investment, and cost escalation."

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Gas-liquid chromatography of basic nitrogen compounds

"Gas-liquid chromatography has been applied to separating basic nitrogen compounds , such as pyridines and amines. Close-boiling compounds have been separated by exploiting structural and polarity differences, using selective  liquid substrates dispersed on specially prepared solid supports. Development of these special supports was necessary in order to obtain symmetric peaks for basic nitrogen compounds; solution of this problem was important in applying gas-liquid chromatography to the analysis of basic nitrogen compounds found in shale oil."

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Adsorption of phenol and benzoic acid from dilute aqueous solution onto macroreticular resin

The adsorption of phenol and benzoic acid from dilute aqueous solution onto macroreticular resin was studied by a radiotracer technique for 0.4948-0.0003 mg/ml benzoic acid solutions at 25/sup 0/C and for similar concentrations of phenol at 0/sup 0/, 25/sup 0/, and 70/sup 0/C. Adsorption equilibrium with the Amberlite XAD-8 resin slurry was reached after 44 hr for benzoic acid and after 104 hr for phenol. The phenol isotherms were fitted with the Radke and Prausnitz three-parameter adsorption isotherm model within Vertical Bar3; 5Vertical Bar3< error. The maximum coverage of the resin with phenol at 25/sup 0/C was 144Vertical Bar3<; the phenol heat of adsorption was 11.9 kcal/mole, its Gibbs free energy was -0.53 kcal/mole, and its isothermal differential heat of adsorption was -2.88 kcal/mole at 25/sup 0/C. These results suggested very weak interaction at the surface. The equilibrium uptake of phenol on XAD-8 was about three times as high as the amount reported in the literature for active carbon.

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Design of underground mine openings, oil-shale mine, Rifle, Colo

"This report contains a summary of the various studies made to determine the structural design of the production mine area of the Oil-Shale mine, Rifle, Colo. Prior to this investigation, it had been determined from a study of the geology, the structure of the deposit, and mining costs that the deposit should be mined by open stoping. The problem remained to determine the maximum safe roof span, the optimal extraction ratio, and the size of the pillars. These factors were determined from a study of the geologic structure of the deposit, the physical  properties of the oil shale, and the magnitude and distribution of the stress around proposed underground openings. The latter was determined from both theoretical  calculations and model studies."

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Petroleum-refining industry in Wyoming

Wyoming refineries processed 34 million barrels of oil in 1955.  This was about one-third the 100 million barrels of petroleum produced in Wyoming that year.  Each of the twelve plants scattered throughout the state produce some or all the following products: Gasoline, Diesel fuel, fuel oil, asphalt and road oils, wax and lubricating oil.  In addition, the nearby refining centers of Denver, Scottabluff, Billings and Salt Lake City draw some of their crude oil from Wyoming.  The remainder of the Wyoming oil goes principally to the refining centers of Kansas City, St. Louis, Chicago and other Midwestern cities.

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Mass spectra of organic sulfur compounds

"Correlations between mass spectra and molecular structures of 186 organic sulfur compounds are discussed. The olefinic ions, the alkyl ions, the  CnH2 n 1 S  ions, the m/e 61 ions, and the m/e 35 ions in the spectra of thiols are related to molecular structure. In the spectra of sulfides, the olefinic ions, the m/e 61 ions, the m/e 35 ions, the C H2   SH  ions, and the   Cn H2n  1 SH2  ior's are correlated with molecular structure. For disulfides, the correlations relate HSSH  and RSSH  ions to molecular structure. Base peaks  of alkylthiophenes are correlated to their molecular structures. Some unimolecular reactions of sulfur compounds in the mass spectrometer are considered. A cyclic intermediate is suggested for the reaction which  produces m/e 47, CH3 S  , and m/e 48, CH4 S , ions in the spectra of sulfides. An expanded ring is suggested as a possible intermediate in the reactions of thiophenes.  Heats of formation of sulfur-containing ions and their appearance potentials are presented in tabular form. Ionization potentials for sulfur containing radicals and molecules are also given. Discussion of the spectra, tabulated in the appendixes, provides an insight into the relationship of the molecular structure of a compound to the mass-to-charge ratios and the intensities of the ions in its mass spectrum. Correlations of the mass spectra with molecular structures are empirically developed by observing regularities in the spectra of the reference compounds. Correlations extend the usefulness of mass spectra because they can be employed to determine the molecular structure of an unknown compound."

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Thermal reactions of shale-oil components:  methylpyrroles, butylpyrroles, and isopropylpyrroles. [In flow and static systems at 340 to 575/sup 0/C; information on pyrolysis products]

"Thermal reactions of 1-methylpyrrole, 1-butylpyrrole, and 1-isopropylpyrrole were investigated by a flow method in the temperature range of 450 to 575 C. Those of 1-butylpyrrole and 1-isopropylpyrrole were also investigated in the 340 to 400 C range in a static system. The 1-substituted pyrroles isomerize by an irreversible reaction to 2-substituted pyrroles. A reversible isomerization reaction shifted the alkyl group from the 2- to the 3-position on the pyrrole ring. All of the isomerization reactions are homogeneous, unimolecular, nonchain, first-order reactions having similar mechanisms and transition states. There is decomposition and cleavage of the longer alkyl side chain when it is in either the 2- or 3-position giving, as products, pyrrole, 2- and 3- methylpyrrole, 2- and 3-ethylpyrrole, pyridines, and hydrocarbons. The  decomposition reactions appear to be by free-radical mechanisms. Pyridine homologs are formed by the expansion of the alkylpyrrole: butylpyrrole produces  pyridine, and isopropylpyrrole produces 3-methylpyridine . Approximate Arrhenius equations are given for the formation of the decomposition products."

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Analytical method for study of thermal degradation of oil shale. [Analyses of oil, gas, water products and spent shale for C, H, N, S, CO/sub 2/, and gross heating value]

"The potential economic value of oil shale depends on the products from thermal degradation of the rock, because no other practical method for producing valuable material from oil shale has been found. Detailed study of thermal degradation behavior can aid in characterizing oil shales and their deposits and in evaluating oil-shale processing methods. Numerous publications describe various pyrolysis properties of oil shales (see surveys 1, 2,  11 and articles 1, 1, 4-8, 10, 11),4 but they do not describe a generally applicable analytical procedure for detailed evaluation of thermal degradation products. The analytical method presented here for such evaluations is  designed to provide for:  1. Control of retorting conditions--temperature, heating, rate, reaction atmosphere--plus some control over retort pressure and carrier-gas flow.  2. Precise direct gravimetric measurement of the thermal degradation products-·oil, water, gas, and spent charge (residue after thermal treatment of the charge).  3. Samples of all products.  4. Determination of the identities and amounts of gaseous compounds produced.  5. Elemental analysis and gross heating value of all products.  6. Determination of the distribution in the retorting products of the elements present in the original samples."

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Nuclear spin relaxation spectroscopy

From the time dependence of the nuclear spin relaxation phenomena, molecular structure, conformation, motions, interactions, diffusion, and adsorption can readily be studied. Aside from the studies at the molecular level, nuclear spin relaxation phenomena have been applied to qualitative and quantitative analysis in the areas of polymer research, agriculture and food research, petroleum research, and medical research. This article presents an introduction to the theory, techniques, and applications of nuclear spin spectroscopy.

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Reservoir oil characteristics, Greater Aneth area, Utah; unusual saturation-pressure variations. [Oil in place]

"Reservoir oil in the Greater Aneth area, Utah, part of the Paradox basin, was studied to detect variation in oil characteristics within the reservoir and to determine its relation to age of accumulation and fluid equilibrium.  At least three subsurface oil samples were obtained from each of the four largest of five field divisions comprising a producing area of 45,000 acres. Height of the oil column in the Pennsylvanian Desert Creek zone is about 250  ft. In general, the oil characteristics were found to be uniform across the area, and averages were developed for use in engineering applications. Average saturation pressure was 1,780 psia; the oil was undersaturated at the initial reservoir pressure, 2,200 psia. Variation in saturation pressure shows a lack of complete fluid equilibrium and continuing diffusion of solution gas from the main body of the reservoir to two extensions linked by narrow arms. By assuming early accumulation,  the time involved in this diffusion process was calculated to be about the same as the age of the reservoir formation. Cause of the concentration of gas in the main body is attributed to differential entrapment during  accumulation of oil and gas from an exterior source ."

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Supplemental bibliography on investment and operating costs for chemical and petroleum plants. [344 references]

"Bureau of Mines Information Circular 7516. Bibliography of Investment and Operating Costs for Chemical and Petroleum Plants was published in October 1949 to aid  in estimating investment and operating costs of processes for manufacturing synthetic liquid fuels. Development of such processes by the Bureau of Mines was authorized  by Public Law 290, 78th Congress. This bibliography included references to and abstracts of publications appearing from 1930 to September 1948 on all processes in general use in the petroleum refining and chemical industries."

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Petroleum refineries, including cracking plants, in the United States, January 1, 1960

"On January 1, 1960 there were 310 petroleum refineries in the United States, with a crude-oil capacity of 9,901,424 barrels daily, according to the Bureau of Mines'annual survey. Compared with a year ago, this represents  a net decrease of three in the number of refineries and an increase of 81,578 , barrels per day in crude-oil throughput capacity. Continuing the trend to fewer units with greater individual throughput , the capacity of the average refinery in the United States increased during  1959 from 31,373 barrels per day to 31,740 barrels per day. Compared with the previous year, total crude-oil capacity of refineries on January 1, 1960 was lower in the Appalachian No. 1, Other Rocky Mountain, and Texas  Gulf refinery districts. All other districts showed slight increases in capacity."

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Waterflooding of oilfields in Nebraska

This Bureau of Mines report provides information on the first 49 waterflood projects (or units ) in Nebraska. All injection was in the "D" or "J " Cretaceous sands of western Nebraska. Specific data presented include location,  map, discovery and development, water supply and injection, oil and water production, estimates of oil in place, primary and secondary recoveries. The 49 projects studied, including four dual-zone projects, should recover about 126 .5 million barrels of oil. Eighty- six percent of the estimated oil had been recovered by the end of 1966. Abundant water'was found near most projects.

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Oil Shale Programs. Thirteenth quarterly report, January 1979-March 1979

This document is the thirteenth in a counting series of quarterly reports, and describes the Sandia Laboratories'oil shale activites during the period between Junary 1 and March 31, 1979. This work is being performed under three seperately defined programs, all of which are funded by the United States Department of Energy (DOE) and administered through the Division of Fossil Fuel Extraction. The three programs are identified as follows:

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Oil shale programs. Fourteenth quarterly report, April-June, 1979

This document is the fourteenth in a continuing series of quarterly reports, and describes the Sandia Laboratories'oil shale activities during the period between March 1 and June 30, 1979. This work is being performed under three seperately define programs, all of which are funded by the United States Department of Energy (DOE) and administere through the Division of Fossil Fuel Extaction. The three programs are identified as follows:

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Oil shale programs. Fifteenth quarterly report, July 1979-September 1979

This document is the fifteenth in a continuing series of quarterly reports, and describes the Sandia Laboratories'oil shale activities during the period between July 1 and September 30, 1979. This work is being performed under three seperately define programs, all of which are funded by the United States Department of Energy (DOE) and administered through the Division of Fossil Fuel Extaction. The three programs are identified as follows:

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The future impact of oil shale and tar sands on world oil production

The current world glut of oil has, for the time being, alleviated the crisis situation of the early 1970's. However, in today's dynamic and rapidly changing world the picture could change at any time so that today's surplus could become tomorrow's shortage. One of the important factors in any future energy reckoning is the potential impact of the large domestic deposits of oil shale and tar sands. These North American resources will play a significant role in the energy patterns of the future. This paper considers scenarios involving these resources.

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Characteristics and possible roles of various waters significant to in situ oil shale processing

An in-situ oil shale development program requires consideration of water produced with oil in retorting oil shale and of natural waters significant to oil shale processing. These waters may be heavily laden with organic, inorganic, or both types of constituents and must be considered for feasibility of use, storage or disposal in environmentally acceptable ways. Analyses of such waters are presented. Compositions are shown for a variety of simulated in-situ retort-produced waters. Compositions of natural underground waters occurring in potential in-situ development areas in the Upper Green River Basin of southwestern Wyoming are presented. Retort-produced waters contain as much as 2 percent organic and 5 percent inorganic constituents and may be produced in volumes in excess of that of the oil. Natural waters of significance may contain over 5 percent inorganic and 5 percent organic components. (auth)

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Oil shale conversion process using carbon monoxide and water. [At 450/sup 0/C and elevated pressures]

A process is proposed for the conversion of oil-shale kerogen to soluble degradation products and for the removal of water-soluble minerals.  The kerogen is converted to soluble products by the carbon monoxide-water reaction at 450 C and at elevated pressures.  Because the reaction is performed in an aqueous medium, the process is compatibly with recovery of commercially valuable water-soluble minerals such as nahcolite.  The process offers environmental advantages and may prove to be a very efficient method of converting kerogen to a usable fuel source.  If desirable, techniques could be developed for removing aluminum from dawsonite oil shale in conjunction with the process.

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Oil yields of Green River oil shale from Colorado Corehole No. 1

"Oil-yield data are presented for core samples from Colorado Corehole No.1, drilled by the Bureau of Mines and the Atomic Energy Commission in a previously  untested oil-shale area near the northern edge of Colorado's Piceance Creek Basin. Continuous oil shale 2068 feet thick, averaging 18.41 gallons of oil per ton of shale and representing 1.8 billion barrels of oil per square mile, occurs at the core site."

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