AndreaBozzo/ceres-open-data-index huggingface dataset:
Scale-up of mild gasification to a process development unit. Quarterly report, February--May 1993

The overall objective of this project is to develop the IGT Mild-Gasification (MILDGAS) process for near-term commercialization. The specific objectives of the program are to: design, construct, and operate a 24-tons/day adiabatic process development unit (PDU) to obtain process performance data suitable for further design scaleup; obtain large batches of coal-derived co-products for industrial evaluation; prepare a detailed design of a demonstration unit; and develop technical and economic plans for commercialization of the MILDGAS Process. The MILDGAS process is a continuous closed system for producing liquid and solid (char) co-products at mild operating conditions up to 50 psig and 1300 F. It is capable of processing a wide range of both eastern caking and western noncaking coals. The 1 ton/hr PDU facility that is to be constructed is comprised of a 2.5-ft ID adiabatic gasifier for the production of gases, coal liquids, and char; a thermal cracker for upgrading of the coal liquids; a three-stage condensation train to condense and store the liquid; a three-stage condensation train to condense and store the liquid products; and coal feeding and char handling equipment. The facility will also incorporate support equipment for environmentally acceptable disposal of process waste. This quarter the authors continued to assist DOE in the preparation of the Environmental Assessment documentation for the NEPA application. Also this quarter, they obtain permission from DOE to pursue the permitting needed to construct the PDU and they have started the preparation of the application document for the Illinois EPA Air Emissions permit.

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Thermochemical cycles for energy storage: Thermal decomposition of ZnCO{sub 4} systems. Final topical report, January 1, 1982--December 31, 1984

The overall objective of our research has been to develop thermochemical cycles that can be used for energy storage. A specific cycle involving ammonium hydrogen sulfate (NH{sub 4}HSO{sub 4}) has been proposed. Each reaction in the proposed cycle has been examined experimentally. Emphasis has been placed on the basic chemistry of these reactions. In the concluding phase of this research, reported herein, we have shown that when NH{sub 4}HSO{sub 4} is mixed with ZnO and decomposed, the resulting products can be released stepwise (H{sub 2}A{sub (g)} at {approximately}163{degrees}C, NH{sub 3(g)} at 365--418{degrees}C, and a mixture of SO{sub 2(g)} and SO{sub 3(g)} at {approximately}900{degrees}C) and separated by controlling the reaction temperature. Side reactions do not appear to be significant and the respective yields are high as would be required for the successful use of this energy storage reaction in the proposed cycle. Thermodynamic, kinetic, and other reaction parameters have been measured for the various steps of the reaction. Finally we have completed a detailed investigation of one particular reaction: the thermal decomposition of zinc sulfate (ZnSO{sub 4}). We have demonstrated that this reaction can be accelerated and the temperature required reduced by the addition of excess ZnO, V{sub 2}A{sub 5} and possibly other metal oxides.

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Scale-up of miscible flood processes. Annual report

Results of a wide-ranging investigation of the scaling of the physical mechanisms of miscible floods are reported. Advanced techniques for analysis of crude oils are considered in Chapter 2. Application of supercritical fluid chromatography is demonstrated for characterization of crude oils for equation-of-state calculations of phase equilibrium. Results of measurements of crude oil and phase compositions by gas chromatography and mass spectrometry are also reported. The theory of development of miscibility is considered in detail in Chapter 3. The theory is extended to four components, and sample solutions for a variety of gas injection systems are presented. The analytical theory shows that miscibility can develop even though standard tie-line extension criteria developed for ternary systems are not satisfied. In addition, the theory includes the first analytical solutions for condensing/vaporizing gas drives. In Chapter 4, methods for simulation of viscous fingering are considered. The scaling of the growth of transition zones in linear viscous fingering is considered. In addition, extension of the models developed previously to three dimensions is described, as is the inclusion of effects of equilibrium phase behavior. In Chapter 5, the combined effects of capillary and gravity-driven crossflow are considered. The experimental results presented show that very high recovery can be achieved by gravity segregation when interfacial tensions are moderately low. We argue that such crossflow mechanisms are important in multicontact miscible floods in heterogeneous reservoirs. In addition, results of flow visualization experiments are presented that illustrate the interplay of crossflow driven by gravity with that driven by viscous forces.

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MFIX documentation theory guide

This report describes the MFIX (Multiphase Flow with Interphase exchanges) computer model. MFIX is a general-purpose hydrodynamic model that describes chemical reactions and heat transfer in dense or dilute fluid-solids flows, flows typically occurring in energy conversion and chemical processing reactors. MFIX calculations give detailed information on pressure, temperature, composition, and velocity distributions in the reactors. With such information, the engineer can visualize the conditions in the reactor, conduct parametric studies and what-if experiments, and, thereby, assist in the design process. The MFIX model, developed at the Morgantown Energy Technology Center (METC), has the following capabilities: mass and momentum balance equations for gas and multiple solids phases; a gas phase and two solids phase energy equations; an arbitrary number of species balance equations for each of the phases; granular stress equations based on kinetic theory and frictional flow theory; a user-defined chemistry subroutine; three-dimensional Cartesian or cylindrical coordinate systems; nonuniform mesh size; impermeable and semi-permeable internal surfaces; user-friendly input data file; multiple, single-precision, binary, direct-access, output files that minimize disk storage and accelerate data retrieval; and extensive error reporting. This report, which is Volume 1 of the code documentation, describes the hydrodynamic theory used in the model: the conservation equations, constitutive relations, and the initial and boundary conditions. The literature on the hydrodynamic theory is briefly surveyed, and the bases for the different parts of the model are highlighted.

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Toms Creek Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle Demonstration Project. Annual report, [January 1, 1993--December 31, 1993]

The first Annual Technical Progress Report for the period ending December 31, 1993, summarizes the work done to date by Tampella Power Corporation and Enviropower Inc. Enviropower Inc.`s efforts were concentrated on the Toms Creek PDS (Preliminary Design and Studies). The PDS was based on a Gasification Island size providing coal gas to General Electric`s frame 6(B) gas turbine. During the course of the project, the scope of the PDS was expanded to include heat and material balances and selected equipment sizing for an IGCC plant size incorporating General Electric`s newly introduced 6(FA) gas turbine. The reasons for this revision were improved plant economics and performance. Tampella Power Corporation`s efforts were also concentrated on Toms Creek design. Information provided by Enviropower Inc. was used to generate more detailed heat and material balances; P&IDs; equipment and system design; and economic evaluation data. Tampella Power Corporation also performed several site specific heat and material balance calculations and economic analyses to provide the basis for evaluating alternate locations for the Project.

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Steam foam studies in the presence of residual oil

The lack of understanding regarding foam flow in porous media necessitates further research. This paper reports on going work at Stanford University aimed at increasing our understanding in the particular area of steam foams. The behavior of steam foam is investigated with a one dimensional (6 ft. {times} 2.15 in.) sandpack under residual oil conditions of approximately 12 percent. The strength of the in-situ generated foam, indicated by pressure drops, is significantly affected by injection procedure, slug size, and steam quality. The surfactant concentration effect is minor in the range studied. In the presence of residual oil the simultaneous injection of steam and surfactant fails to generate foam in the model even though the same procedure generates a strong foam in the absence of oil. Nevertheless when surfactant is injected as a slug ahead of the steam using a surfactant alternating (SAG) procedure, foam is generated. The suggested reason for the success of SAG is the increased phase mixing that results from steam continually having to reestablish a path through a slug of surfactant solution.

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Scale-up of mild gasification to a process development unit. Quarterly report, May--August 1993

The overall objective of this project is to develop the IGT Mild-Gasification (MILDGAS) process for near-term commercialization. The specific objectives of the program are to: design, construct, and operate a 24-tons/day adiabatic process development unit (PDU) to obtain process performance data suitable for further design scaleup; obtain large batches of coal-derived co-products for industrial evaluation; prepare a detailed design of a demonstration unit; and develop technical and economic plans for commercialization of the MILDGAS process. The MILDGAS process is a continuous closed system for producing liquid and solid (char) co-products at mild operating conditions up to 50 psig and 1300 F. It is capable of processing a wide range of both eastern caking and western noncaking coals. The 1 ton/hr PDU facility that is to be constructed is comprised of a 2.5-ft ID adiabatic gasifier for the production of gases, coal liquids, and char; a thermal cracker for upgrading of the coal liquids; a three-stage condensation train to condense and store the liquid products; and coal feeding and char handling equipment. The facility will also incorporate support equipment for environmentally acceptable disposal of process waste. This quarter, the authors completed preparation of the draft of the permitting documentation that will be required by the Illinois EPA for the permit to construct the PDU and it is planned to submit it to the State of Illinois early in the next quarter. Also this quarter, a presentation of the project aims and status were presented during a site visit on August 11, 1993 by DOE personnel and Robert Kripowicz, the Staff Assistant, Subcommittee on the Interior, of the US House Committee on Appropriations.

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Development of an advanced, continuous mild gasification process for the production of co-products. Quarterly report, October--December 1993

Formed coke experiments to select suitable binder coals were completed. Of five different candidates, a metallurgical coal blend from Koppers and a Sewell Seam coal were found to be good binder coals. Petrographic analysis of the binder coals were used in making the sections. Design of a 1000 pounds per hour continuous formed coke pilot plant is under way. Used equipment will be used wherever possible to lower the cost. Six pyrolyzer test runs were completed. Plugging of the shell and tube light oils condenser occurred for long test runs. A new spray contact condenser is being installed on the pyrolyzer using the original tar trap. Circulating coal liquids should dissolve tars and prevent plugging.

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Development of a natural Gas Systems Analysis Model (GSAM). Annual report

Lacking a detailed characterization of the resource base and a comprehensive borehole-to-burnertip evaluation model of the North American natural gas system, past R&D, tax and regulatory policies have been formulated without a full understanding of their likely direct and indirect impacts on future gas supply and demand. The recent disappearance of the deliverability surplus, pipeline deregulation, and current policy debates about regulatory initiatives in taxation, environmental compliance and leasing make the need for a comprehensive gas evaluation system critical. Traditional econometric or highly aggregated energy models are increasingly regarded as unable to incorporate available geologic detail and explicit technology performance and costing algorithms necessary to evaluate resource-technology-economic interactions in a market context. The objective of this research is to create a comprehensive, non-proprietary, microcomputer model of the North American natural gas system. GSAM explicitly evaluates the key components of the natural gas system, including resource base, exploration and development, extraction technology performance and costs, transportation and storage and end use. The primary focus is the detailed characterization of the resource base at the reservoir and sub-reservoir level and the impact of alternative extraction technologies on well productivity and economics. GSAM evaluates the complex interactions of current and alternative future technology and policy initiatives in the context of the evolving gas markets. Scheduled for completion in 1995, a prototype is planned for early 1994. ICF Resources reviewed relevant natural gas upstream, downstream and market models to identify appropriate analytic capabilities to incorporate into GSAM. We have reviewed extraction technologies to better characterize performance and costs in terms of GSAM parameters.

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Evaluation of high-efficiency gas-liquid contactors for natural gas processing. Second semiannual technical progress report, April 1, 1993--September 30, 1993

The objective of this proposed program is to evaluate the potential of rotating gas-liquid contactors for natural gas processing by expanding the currently available database. This expansion will focus on application of this technology to environments representative of those typically encountered in natural gas processing plants. Operational and reliability concerns will be addressed while generating pertinent engineering data relating to the mass-transfer process. Work to be performed this reporting period are: complete all negotiations and processing of agreements; complete assembly, modifications, shakedown, and conduct fluid dynamic studies using the plastic rotary contactor unit; confirmation of project test matrix; and locate, and transport an amine plant and dehydration plant. Accomplishment for this period are presented.

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Development of fireside performance indices, Task 7.33, Development of methods to predict agglomeration and deposition in FBCS, Task 7.36, Enhanced air toxics control, Task 7.45

The Energy & Environmental Research Center (EERC) has been developing advanced indices that rank coals according to their fouling and slagging propensity in utility boilers. The indices are based on sophisticated analytical techniques for identifying and quantifying coal inorganics and are useful in predicting the effects of proposed operational changes on ash deposition in coal-fired boilers. These indices are intended to provide an economical way to reduce the amount of full-scale testing needed to determine the best means of minimizing ash-related problems. The successful design and operation of the fluidized-bed combustor requires the ability to control and mitigate ash-related problems. The major ash-related problems in FBC are agglomeration of bed material, ash deposition on heat-transfer surfaces, ash deposition on refractory and uncooled surfaces, corrosion, and erosion. The focus of the Development of Methods to Predict Agglomeration and Deposition in FBCs is on the agglomeration and deposition problems in atmospheric bubbling and circulating beds. The 1990 Clean Air Act Amendments require study of air toxic emissions from coal combustion systems. Since most of the toxic metals present in coal will be in particulate form, a high level of fine-particle control appears to be the best approach to achieving a high level of air toxics control. However, over 50% of mercury and a portion of selenium emissions are in vapor form and are not typically collected in particulate control devices. Therefore, the goal of this project is to develop methods that capture the vapor-phase metals while simultaneously achieving ultrahigh collection efficiency of particulate air toxics.

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Tidd PFBC demonstration project. Quarterly report, October--December 1993

This is the 27th Technical Progress Report submitted to the Department of Energy in connection with the Cooperative Agreement between the DOE and the Ohio Power Company for the Tidd PFBC Demonstration Plant. This report covers the period from October 1, 1993 to December 31, 1993. Major activities during this period involve: (1) The unit operated for 720 hours on coal. (2) There were five gas turbine starts, five bed preheater starts, and three operating periods on coal fire. (3) During the quarter, total gross generation was 36,672 MWH, the peak unit output for one hour was 64 MWH, and the coal consumption was 17,251 tons. (4) Six performance tests were run during this quarter. (5) The unit was tested with four sorbent feed points. (6) The gas turbine low pressure compressor was disassembled to repair cracks in the stationary guide vanes; and (7) a request was sent to the DOE requesting funding for an additional year of operation. Major items planned for the next period include: (a) Continuation of sorbent utilization tests at various bed levels and sulfur retention values and with different coals and adsorbents; and (b) operation at full load.

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Heat engines. Technology status report

For the past decade, the Department of Energy (DOE) has sponsored projects to develop diesel and gas turbine engines capable of operating on low-cost, coal-based fuels. The Heat Engines Program began as exploratory and has grown into a proof-of-concept (POC) program that includes major US manufacturers of both diesels and turbines. Much of the current work on diesels addresses the use of coal-water fuel (CWF). Contractors are working on firing both CWF and dry pulverized coal (PC) in gas turbines. Potential applications for these engines range from transportation (locomotive and marine uses) to industrial, cogeneration, and utility systems. Both the diesel and gas turbine portions of the program include support and POC projects: support projects address specific barriers to technology readiness and the POC projects operate systems at full commercial scale for short periods. Diesel and gas turbine contractors have made significant progress toward showing the technical feasibility of these systems. Economic evaluations show that the technologies have realistic promise for commercialization.

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Safer blasting agents and procedures for blasting in gassy non-coal mines. Final report, September 9, 1990--December 31, 1993

Hundreds of tests have been conducted in the Bureau`s Lake Lynn Laboratory Cannon Gallery to evaluate the incendivity characteristics of both commercially available and experimental explosive products. The cannon gallery test results have clearly identified several lower incendive explosives that can and have significantly reduced the gas and/or dust ignition hazards associated with blasting in non-coal mines. Several of the lower incendive explosive formulations have undergone full-scale field evaluations and, to date, had been very successful in preventing ignitions in base metal mines with high sulphur-bearing ore. Tests in the cannon gallery have shown that an inert gelled water material outperforms most other stemming agents in preventing the ignition of flammable gases and/or combustible dusts outside of the bore. A new water stemming plug was evaluated in the cannon gallery and shown to be a very effective stemming device. As a means to better evaluate explosive incendivity, the initial development of two instrument sensors are underway. A fiber optic rate probe has been redesigned to accurately measure the detonation velocity of explosives in the cannon bore. A photometric sensor is also under development to measure the peak temperatures of the detonation products exiting the bore. This report discusses the results of the research program including the test apparatus and procedures and summarizes the incendivity data obtained from the various explosives. Results from the full-scale field testing of the lower incendive products in an operating mine are then presented.

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Intelligent mobile sensor system for drum inspection and monitoring: Phase 1. Topical report, October 1, 1992--June 8, 1993

The objective of this project was to develop an operational system for monitoring and inspection activities for waste storage facility operations at several DOE sites. Specifically, the product of this effort is a robotic device with enhanced intelligence and maneuverability capable of conducting routine inspection of stored waste drums. The device is capable of operating in narrow aisles and interpolating the free aisle space between rows of stacked drums. The system has an integrated sensor suite for leak detection, and is interfaced with a site database both for inspection planning and for data correlation, updating, and report generation. The system is capable of departing on an assigned mission, collecting required data, recording which positions of its mission had to be aborted or modified due to environmental constraints, and reporting back when the mission is complete. Successful identification of more than 90% of all drum defects has been demonstrated in a high fidelity waste storage facility mockup. Identified anomalies included rust spots, rust streaks, areas of corrosion, dents, and tilted drums. All drums were positively identified and correlated with the site database. This development effort is separated into three phases of which phase one is now complete. The first phase has demonstrated an integrated system for monitoring and inspection activities for waste storage facility operations. This demonstration system was quickly fielded and evaluated by leveraging technologies developed from previous NASA and DARPA contracts and internal research. The second phase will demonstrate a prototype system appropriate for operational use in an actual storage facility. The prototype provides an integrated design that considers operational requirements, hardware costs, maintenance, safety, and robustness. The final phase will demonstrate commercial viability using the prototype vehicle in a pilot waste operations and inspection project.

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