AndreaBozzo/ceres-open-data-index huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of the field demonstration of the conventional steam drive process with ancillary materials at North Kern Front

The primary goal of the operator in this field demonstration project was to evaluate the economic merits of use of ancillary materials in a conventional steam drive to improve sweep efficiencies by reducing injection into ''steam channels,''thus forcing the steam to enter alternate flow paths. This review was based upon the information published in Department of Energy reports, with supplementary information provided by the operator. The test was conducted on two different leases consisting of three contiguous 9-spot patterns on each lease. All of the wells in the test had been cyclically steamed, and continuous steam injection had begun about a year before the test began. Steam injection continued with one of the three paterns on each lease used as a control pattern with no chemical being injected. On the second pattern, a small volume of concentrated surfactant foaming agent, COR-180 and concentrated CMC polymer was injected into the steam line every week. Data and analyses are presented in this report suggesting that the ancillary material in the steam drive at North Kern Front did not affect the project oil recovery. This was a surprising result, since other laboratory and field tests indicate ancillary materials can divert steam flow and contribute to increased oil recovery. Further study revealed the reason for lack of success: the test area was overwhelmingly influenced by influx of water and oil from outside. A critique is given of the several evaluation methods attempted in this project to aid in the interpretation of future tests. 21 refs., 50 figs., 2 tabs.

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Gas miscible displacement enhanced oil recovery. Technology status report

Poor reservoir volumetric sweep efficiency is the major problem associated with gas flooding and all miscible displacements. This problem results from the channeling and viscous fingering that occur due to the large differences between viscosity or density of the displacing and displaced fluids. Simple modeling and core flooding studies indicate that breakthrough can occur at just 30% pore volume injection of gas, while field tests have shown breakthrough occurring much earlier. The differences in fluid densities lead to gravity segregation. The lower density carbon dioxide tends to override the residual fluids in the reservoir. The process would be considerably more efficient if a larger area of the reservoir could be contacted by the gas. Current research has focused on the mobility control problems of carbon dioxide in enhanced oil recovery (EOR) applications. Two mobility control methods have been investigated recently. These are the use of polymers for direct thickening of high-density carbon dioxide and mobile ''foam-like dispersions''of carbon dioxide and aqueous surfactant. Success in the search for carbon dioxide soluble polymers has been limited. Polymers that dissolve into high-density carbon dioxide have been found, but the increase in viscosity has been far less than that required for mobility control. Further work is needed to determine if adequate polymers can be synthesized for successful direct thickening of carbon dioxide. Mobile foam-like dispersions of carbon dioxide have been investigated. This concept involves altering the flowing viscosity of the gas so that viscous fingers are suppressed, and displacement is sustained in a piston-like manner. Previously unswept regions should be contacted as well as the watered-out regions of the reservoir. Both direct and indirect research concerning mobility control are discussed in Section 3.0 of this report. 10 refs. 1 tab.

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Novel concept development of an internal recirculation catalyst for mild gasification: Progress report, March 1-May 31, 1987

This report presents the results of work on DOE Contract AC21-86MC23057, ''Novel Concept Development of Internal Recirculation Catalysts for Mild Gasification.''The objective of the program is to provide an overall evaluation of a novel process concept for mild coal gasification by completing work in three major tasks: (1) Laboratory-Scale Experiments, (2) Bench-Scale Tests, and (3) Proof-of-Concept Tests and Evaluation (optional). All work in this quarter was performed on Task 1, Laboratory-Scale Experiments. Results from 63 experiments included devolatilization of Illinois No. 6 coal in helium and a helium-hydrogen mixture and Wyodak coal in helium. Experiments included on-line product analysis by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS). Product analysis by GC extended the upper boiling point limit of detectable products to compounds 15 carbon atoms larger than could be analyzed with the GC/MS method and substantially increased the recovery of the condensable product fraction. The presence of CsOH caused several changes in the nature of the chemical composition of the condensable devolatilization products. These included increases in the degree of aliphatic character of the product at more severe thermal conditions, an increase in the phenolic content at all thermal conditions and decreases in organosulfur compounds with accompanying increases in hydrogen sulfide. CsOH also caused large increases in the yield of carbon dioxide and slight increases in the sums of char and a heavy tar which was of insufficient volatility to leave the reaction zone. Experiments with pure n-C/sub 44/H/sub 90/ indicated that this non-volatile tar must have had a mean boiling point substantially above 1000/sup 0/F.

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Fundamental research on mild gasification char fuel development: Quarterly report for the period March-May 1987

Great Lakes Research Corporation (GLRC) has presented a conceptual design for the bench-scale, fluidized-bed char chlorination unit. The estimated costs for the unit are substantially more than the amount originally allocated for constructing the unit. Ways to reduce the cost of the bench-scale unit are being investigated at this time. An existing rotating ''graphitizer''at GLRC has been modified for the preliminary char chlorination tests. The results of the first test (2500/sup 0/F, 2 cfh chlorine gas for 1 hour) showed that the ash content of the char was reduced to 6.9% from 12.8%, and the sulfur content was reduced to 0.50% from 1.10%. Additional tests with longer durations and higher reaction temperatures are scheduled.

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GSA Cincinnati '81 field trip guidebooks. Volume II. Economic geology, structure

The thin, epicontinental black-shale sequence of Devonian age in the southern Appalachian basin will be viewed in classic and recent exposures along the western edge of the Valley and Ridge province, across the Appalachian Plateau to the eastern flank of the Cincinnati arch, and through the Cumberland saddle to the southeastern part of the Illinois basin. The stratigraphy and paleontology that help define the depositional environment and that serve as a guide to the resource potential of the shale will be emphasized in the outcrop descriptions and in the included papers. In addition to the field descriptions of 34 localities there are articles on the regional stratigraphy, the areal extent of application of nomenclature, geochemistry, and a depositional model.

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Geological evolution and analysis of confirmed or suspected gas hydrate localities. Volume 3. Basin analysis, formation and stability of gas hydrates in the western Gulf of Mexico

This document is Volume 3 of a series of reports entitled ''Geological Evolution and Analysis of Confirmed or Suspected Gas Hydrate Localities.''Volume 3 is an analysis of the ''Formation and Stability of Gas Hydrates in the Western Gulf of Mexico.''This report presents a geological description of the western Gulf of Mexico, including regional and local structural settings, geomorphology, geological history, stratigraphy, and physical properties. It provides the necessary regional and geological background for more in-depth research of the area. Detailed discussion of bottom simulating acoustic reflectors, sediment acoustic properties, and distribution of hydrates within sediments is also included. The formation and stabilization of gas hydrates in sediments are considered in terms of phase relations, nucleation, and crystallization constraints, gas solubility, pore fluid chemistry, inorganic diagenesis, and sediment organic content. Together with a depositional analysis of the area, this report is a better understanding of the thermal evolution of the locality. It should lead to an assessment of the potential for thermogenic hydrocarbon generation. 271 refs., 75 figs., 7 tabs.

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Computer modeling of coal-gasification reactors. Volume III. Users'manual for CHEMFLUB:  a numerical model for fluidized bed gasifiers (planar and axisymmetric versions). Final report, June 1975-November 1980. [CHEMFLUB code]

The CHEMFLUB code was designed to provide predictions of the transient, two-phase, reactive flow fields occurring in a fluidized bed coal gasification reactor. CHEMFLUB can be operated in either two-dimensional Cartesian (planar) or axisymmetric geometry. The solid particle phase is treated in a Lagrangian manner in order to maintain sharp interfaces around bubbles and at the freeboard while the gas phase is treated using an Eulerian approach. A detailed chemistry model, encompassing both heterogeneous and homogeneous reactions of both combustion and gasification, is included in the model. Thus, the computer model CHEMFLUB incorporates the coupled dynamic effects of the hydrodynamic, thermodynamic and chemical phenomena which dominate flow in most fluidized bed coal gasifiers. Detailed discussions of the governing equations are given in Volume II of this report. This volume contains a summary of the governing differential and constitutive equations; a brief description of the code, including a flow chart, subroutine structure and dimension parameters; as well as a detailed input sequence are presented. A sample of input and output is provided in the Appendix.

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Assessment of advanced coal-gasification processes. [AVCO high throughput gasification in process; Bell High Mass Flux process; CS-R process; and Exxon Gasification process]

This report represents a technical assessment of the following advanced coal gasification processes: AVCO High Throughput Gasification (HTG) Process, Bell Single - Stage High Mass Flux (HMF) Process, Cities Service/Rockwell (CS/R) Hydrogasification Process, and the Exxon Catalytic Coal Gasification (CCG) Process. Each process is evaluated for its potential to produce SNG from a bituminous coal. In addition to identifying the new technology these processes represent, key similarities/differences, strengths/weaknesses, and potential improvements to each process are identified. The AVCO HTG and the Bell HMF gasifiers share similarities with respect to: short residence time (SRT), high throughput rate, slagging and syngas as the initial raw product gas. The CS/R Hydrogasifier is also SRT but is non-slagging and produces a raw gas high in methane content. The Exxon CCG gasifier is a long residence time, catalytic fluidbed reactor producing all of the raw product methane in the gasifier.

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Investigation of coal-gasification catalysis-reaction mechanisms. Quarterly technical progress report, January-March 1981

This is the second quarterly report on the research program entitled Investigations of Coal Gasification Reaction Mechanisms. Coal char, with and without catalysts consisting of alkali metal carbonates and alkali and alkaline earth hydroxides, will be gasified with H/sub 2/O, H/sub 2/, CO/sub 2/, and mixtures of gases. Physical measurements including NMR, IR, ESR, and XPS will be conducted on the char residues following varying degrees of gasification. These measurements will be used to define reaction mechanisms consistent with the experimental data and provide a basis for developing mathematical models of the reaction kinetics. This report describes the essential completion of Task 1 and the initiation of experimental measurements of coal char gasification rate. Task 1 involved the installation of a thermogravimetric analysis balance in a pressure enclosure capable of operation at up to 3.4 MPa with a char sample temperature of 850/sup 0/C and the calibration of the balance and associated components. The system has been placed in satisfactory operation, and essential calibration procedures have been carried out. Procedures for preparation of catalyzed and noncatalyzed char from Illinois No. 6 coal obtained from the Pennsylvania State University Coal Data Bank have been finalized, and char is being produced on a routine basis. To expedite checkout of the balance system, experimental gasification of char with carbon dioxide, originally scheduled for Task 4, has been carried out to date. The equipment needed for gasification of char with steam under Task 2 is more complex mechanically, and these experiments will not be started until familiarization with all aspects of system operation using CO/sub 2/ is complete. Initial gasification tests with CO/sub 2/ have shown good reproducibility, and no operational problems have been encountered.

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Target Reservoirs for CO2 Miscible Flooding Task Two: Summary of Available Reservoir and Geological Data

The stated objective of this study is to build a solid engineering foundation to serve as the basis for field mini- and pilot tests in both high and low oil saturation carbonate reservoirs for the purpose of extending the technology base in carbon dioxide miscible flooding. The six tasks in this study are as follows: summary of available CO/sub 2/ field test data: summary of existing reservoir and geological data; selection of target reservoirs; selection of specific reservoirs for CO/sub 2/ injection tests; selection of specific sites for test wells in carbonate reservoirs; and drilling and coring activities. The report for Task Two summarizes existing reservoir and geological data on carbonate reservoirs located in west Texas, southeast New Mexico, and the Rocky Mountain states. It is contained in two volumes, each with several parts. The present volume, in four parts, is a summary of reservoir data for fields in the Permian basin of west Texas and southeast New Mexico.

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Great Plains ASPEN model development:  gasifier model. Final topical report

A rigorous model of a moving-bed, dry-bottom gasifier, RGAS, has been incorporated into ASPEN. The model is designed to calculate the variables which characterize gasifier performance: (1) the composition of the outlet gas; (2) the flow of the outlet gas; (3) the temperature of the outlet gas; (4) the temperature profile of the solids (especially important in dry bottom gasifiers because of the necessity of maintaining the maximum temperature of the bed below the ash softening temperature,5742 ); and (5) the rate of steam generation in the jacket (if applicable). The option of using alternative kinetic expressions has been incorporated into the model structure. Presently, RGAS can be used to simulate gasifier performance using the kinetic expressions for gasification established at West Virginia University and the University of Delaware. The models of both West Virginia University and the University of Delaware were tuned to agree with the Great Plains gasifier flowsheet. Then, several case studies were run to determine the sensitivity of each model to changes in such inputs as: (1) feed rates; (2) feed temperatures; (3) reaction parameters; and (4) heat transfer coefficient. The data from these case studies have been compared with experimental findings. For example, increasing the oxygen feed rate or increasing the temperature of the inlet gas feed both serve to increase the reactor temperature which, in turn, increases the carbon conversion and steam generation rate. On the other hand, increasing the steam feed rate does the opposite. These results agree with trends observed experimentally. 5 references.

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Mild gasification technology development process: Task 3, Bench-scale char upgrading study, February 1988--November 1990

The overall objective of this program is to develop mild gasification technology and co-product utilization. The objective of Task 3 was to investigate the necessary steps for upgrading the mild gasification char into potential high-market-value solid products. Recommendations of the Task 1 market survey section formed the basis for selecting three value-added solid products from mild gasification char: form coke, smokeless fuel, and activated adsorbent char. The formation and testing for the form coke co-product involved an evaluation of its briquette strength and reactivity. The measured tensile strength and reactivity of the form coke sample briquettes were in the range of commercial coke, and development tests on a larger scale are recommended. The reaction rate of the form coke carbon with carbon dioxide at 1825{degree}F was measured using a standard procedure. A smokeless fuel briquette with limestone added to control sulfur can be made from mild gasification char in a simple manner. Test results have shown that briquettes with limestone have a heating value comparable to other solid fuels and the limestone can retain up to 88% of the sulfur during combustion in a simple bench-scale combustion test, almost all of it as a stable calcium sulfate. Adsorbent chars were prepared with a standard steam activation procedure and tested for a variety of pertinent property and performance values. Such adsorbents may be better suited for use in some areas, such as the adsorption of low-molecular-weight substances, because of the smaller pore sizes measured in the char. 5 refs., 17 figs., 6 tabs.

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Measurement and modeling of advanced coal conversion processes

The objectives of this proposed study are to establish the mechanisms and rates of basic steps in coal conversion processes, to integrate and incorporate this information into comprehensive computer models for coal conversion processes, To evaluate these models and to apply them to gasification, mild gasification and combustion in heat engines. This report describes progress during the third year of the project. Specifically, the paper discusses progress in three task areas: (1) Submodel development and evaluation: coal to char chemistry submodel; fundamental high-pressure reaction rate data; secondary reaction of pyrolysis product and burnout submodels; ash physics and chemistry submodel; large particle submodels; large char particle oxidation at high pressures; and SO{sub x}-NO{sub x} submodel development and evaluation; (2) Comprehensive model development and evaluation: integration of advanced submodels into entrained-flow code, with evaluation and documentation; comprehensive fixed-bed modeling review, development evaluation and implementation; and generalized fuels feedstock submodel; and (3) Application of integrated codes: application of generalized pulverized coal comprehensive code and application of fixed-bed code. Individual reports have been prepared on these three tasks for inclusion on the data base.

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Measurement and modeling of advanced coal conversion processes

The objectives of this proposed study are to establish the mechanisms and rates of basic steps in coal conversion processes, to integrate and incorporate this information into comprehensive computer models for coal conversion processes, to evaluate these models and to apply them to gasification, mild gasification and combustion in heat engines. Progress is described during the fourth year of the study on the following tasks and subtasks: (1) Submodel development and evaluation: coal to char chemistry submodel; fundamental high-pressure reaction rate data; secondary reaction of pyrolysis product and burnout submodels; ash physics and chemistry submodel; large particle submodels; large char particle oxidation at high pressures; and SO{sub x}-NO{sub x} submodel development; (2) Comprehensive model development and evaluation: integration of advanced submodels into entrained-flow code, with evaluation and documentation; comprehensive fixed-bed modeling review, development evaluation and implementation; and generalized fuels feedstock submodel; and (3) Application of integrated codes: application of generalized pulverized coal comprehensive code; and application of fixed-bed code. Separate reports have been prepared for these three tasks for inclusion on the data base.

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Chemical coal cleaning process and costs refinement for coal-water slurry manufacture. Semi-annual progress report

The Department of Energy, through the Morgantown Energy Technology Center (METC), has initiated a program to determine the feasibility and potential applications for direct firing of coal and coal-derived fuels in heat engines, specifically gas turbines and diesel engines. AMAX Extractive Research and Development, Inc. supplied METC with two lots of highly beneficiated coal slurry fuel for use in the Heat Engines programs. One of the lots was of ultra-clean coal-water slurry fuel (UCCSF) for which a two-stage caustic and acid leaching procedure was developed to chemically clean the coal. As a part of the contract, AMAX R and D developed a conceptual design and preliminary cost estimate for a commercial-scale process for UCCSF manufacture. The contract was extended to include the following objectives: define chemical cleaning and slurry preparation process conditions and costs more precisely; investigate methods to reduce the product cost; and determine the relationship, in dollars per million Btu, between product cost and fuel quality. Laboratory investigations have been carried out to define the chemical cleaning process conditions required to generate fuels containing from 0.17 to 1.0% ash. Capital and operating cost refinements are to be performed on the basis of the preferred process operating conditions identified during the laboratory investigations. Several such areas for cost reductions have been identified. Caustic strengths from 2 to 7% NaOH are currently anticipated while 25% NaOH was used as the basis for the preliminary cost estimate. In addition, leaching times for each of the process steps have been reduced to half or less of the times used for the preliminary cost estimate. Improvement of fuel quality has been achieved by use of a proprietary hot-water leaching step to reduce the residual alkali content to less than 250 ppM (Na/sub 2/O plus K/sub 2/O) on a dry coal basis. 2 refs., 3 figs., 24 tabs.

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