AndreaBozzo/ceres-open-data-index huggingface dataset:
Landfill Gas Conversion to a Contaminant-Free Methane-Carbon Dioxide Reformer Feedstock for Methanol Synthesis

The principal research objective is development of a process to recover contaminant free reformer feedstock for methanol synthesis from raw landfill gas. Unlike currently available gas-cleaning technologies, one processing step can efficiently and simultaneously adjust the methane/carbon dioxide ratio for methanol synthesis and remove the broad and variable spectrum of trace contaminants present in raw LFG. Measurements taken in Phase I from a pilot scale absorber confirm the inherent ability of liquid carbon dioxide to remove all contaminants except for hydrogen sulfide. Hydrogen sulfide is reduced to levels sufficient for removal by standard guard beds which are an integral part of a methanol synthesis train. Construction of a LFG to methanol facility based on this process will provide: ? Immediate environmental and safety benefits at and adjacent to landfill sites, ? Secondary environmental benefits derived from vehicles using clean burning methanol or oxygenated gasoline (the MTBE in reformulated gasoline is made from methanol), ? Methanol fuels produced from landfill gas can reduce net greenhouse gases; the organic fraction of municipal solid waste consumes carbon dioxide during its formation which is released during methanol combustion, a ?mini carbon cycle,? ? Reliable local supplies of methanol fuel not subject to long distance transport costs, and which decrease dependence on foreign energy sources, ? Urban methanol produced from landfill gas can augment farm-belt ethanol derived from corn to help increase the supply of oxygenates for reformulated gasoline derived from renewable/recycled sources, ? Increased supplies of low cost methanol in major metropolitan areas for non-fuel uses, such as resin manufacture, which can increase job opportunities.

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A Review of Slope-Basin & Basin Clastic Reservoirs in the United States (Class III)

The U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) is preparing to announce that Slope-Basin & Basin clastic reservoirs have been selected as third in a series of reservoir classes on which to target its government funded, cost-share Research, Development, and Demonstration (RD&D) activities in a continuation of its effort to maximize the economic producibility of domestic oil resources. This report provides background information regarding the DOE's understanding of the reservoir and geologic characteristics of the Slope Basin & Basin clastic reservoirs and the principal impediments to increased production.

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Science-Based Methods to Assess Risks Attributable to Petroleum Residues Transferred from Soil to Vegetation

Human and ecological risk assessments of contaminated soils rely on models that link soil residue levels to exposure concentrations in edible plant parts. Currently, these models use empirical relationships developed from a relatively small number of plant species and chemicals. Uptake into vegetation is often assumed to follow a simple plant-soil partitioning relationship, which can miss the influence of transformation processes and variations among vegetation types. As a result, linking chemical residues in soil to exposure concentrations in food or feed is highly uncertainty and very little quantitative information is available for reducing this uncertainty. In the first year of this partnership we reviewed the literature to identify existing data and theory that could be used to develop a revised, semi-mechanistic plant uptake model. The revised model and existing data indicate that the most commonly used empirical models for plant uptake over-predict the amount of chemical that is likely to accumulate in vegetation from soil, particularly for chemicals that are relevant to the petroleum industry. Controlled exposure studies are underway to collect data to improve our understanding of the mechanistic basis of plant uptake. This poster describes progress made during fiscal year 02 and experiments currently underway or planned for FY03 and 04.

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Hydraulic Fracturing

In addition to the recovery processes featured in this series of drawings, hydraulic fracturing is included as an example of technologies that contribute to improvements in oil production. Hydraulic fracturing is used to create additional passageways in the oil reservoir that can facilitate the flow of oil to a producing well. ?Tight? reservoirs, those whose oil-containing rocks have restricted pore volume and connectivity that impede the flow of oil through the reservoir, are commonly fractured by injecting a fluid  containing sand or other "proppant" under sufficient pressure to create fractures in the rock through which the oil can more easily flow. Care is also taken to contain the fracturing within the oil reservoir to avoid intersecting adjoining aquifers that would introduce excess water into the oil-producing zone. DOE research has developed several alternative fracturing techniques designed to accomplish specific tasks: Tailored pulse fracturing is employed to control the extent and direction of the produced fractures. Precise quantities of solid rocket fuel-like propellants are ignited in the wellbore to create a controlled pressure "pulse" which creates fractures in a more predictable pattern; foam fracturing using foam under high pressure in gas reservoirs has the advantage over high-pressure water injection because it does not create as much damage to the formation, and well cleanup operations are less costly; and CO2/sand fracturing increases production by eliminating much of the inhibiting effects of pumped fluids such as plugging by solids, water retention, and chemical interactions.

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IMPROVED EFFICIENCY OF MISCIBLE CO2 FLOODS AND ENHANCED PROSPECTS FOR CO2 FLOODING HETEROGENEOUS RESERVOIRS

The objective of this experimental research is to improve the effectiveness of CO2 flooding in heterogeneous reservoirs. Activities are being conducted in three closely related areas: 1) exploring further the applicability of selective mobility reduction (SMR) in the use of foam flooding, 2) exploring the possibility of higher economic viability of floods at slightly reduced CO2 injection pressures, and 3) taking advantage of gravitational forces during low interfacial tension (IFT), CO2 flooding in tight, vertically fractured reservoirs.

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Coiled Tubing Drilling in Alaska

The operators in Prudhoe Bay, Alaska have over a decade of experience using coiled tubing units to reenter producing oil wells through the tubing to drill laterals up to 3,000 feet to substantially sustain production. To date, over 500 such laterals have been drilled; over 100 are slimhole out of 3 ? inch casing or liner in which a 2 3/8-inch liner is set. There have been a number of SPE papers documenting the CT drilling activities in Alaska. Selected papers on the drilling activities are listed below.

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ROAD MAP FOR A 5000-FT MICROBOREHOLE

In 1994, Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL) advanced a concept for drilling deep, small holes with diameters from 2-3/8-in. to 1-3/8-in., for exploration holes, for reservoir monitoring, and for production of shallow- and medium-depth low-productivity reservoirs. This concept for coiled-tubing-deployed microdrilling evolved from theoretical studies and lab tests, to field demonstrations in which 1-3/4- and 2-3/8-in.-diameter holes were drilled to 700-ft deep. This design, developed with input from industrial collaborators and subcontractors, derives primarily from technologies and practices that are both familiar and in some use for drilling larger  diameter wells. As a result of our experience, we believe that drilling microholes to depths of 5000 ft can be achieved with relatively modest modification of existing drilling equipment and coiled tubing technology. We prepared a draft Road Map. Industry input is now needed to add a commercial perspective and reality to this Road Map, and to bring potential users and providers into the process. The motivation for developing microhole technology is the potential for a significant reduction of both the cost and environmental impact of drilling. Industry evaluation and participation in a final draft of the Road Map is a prerequisite for moving this effort forward.

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Best Management Practices and Mitigation Strategies for Coal Bed Methane in the Montana Portion of the Powder River Basin

This handbook is intended to serve as a resource to industry, regulators, land managers, and concerned citizens. The handbook presents background information on CBM activity in the Montana portion of the Powder River Basin (Study Area) while also presenting a number of Best Management Practices and Mitigation Strategies specific to CBM that have been successfully used throughout the United States. The handbook is not intended to be a prescriptive document that specifies required practices. Rather, it should be recognized that actual practices and mitigation measures used for a particular site or area will be largely dependant upon land and mineral ownership, geologic and hydrologic conditions (including depth of coal seams), soil types, local and regional wildlife issues, and other unique conditions.

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Microhole Coiled Tubing Drilling Market Analysis

The premise behind microhole technology is to address those exploratory and monitoring opportunities that are lost because of the current high cost of milling and completing a well. By offering a lower-cost alternative to conventional drilling methods, operators may be more willing to risk the financial investment involved in drilling higher-risk or potentially lower-yield wells. This reduced cost of drilling, therefore, has the potential to stimulate drilling activity and increase reserves.

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FRONTIER DELTAS OF THE WESTERN GREEN RIVER BASIN,WYOMING

The Upper Cretatrous Frontier Formation in Western Wyoming is composed of siliceaus classic and coals deposited in a zone of transition from a western fluviatile to an eastern marine environment. An average shoreline position lies close to the present east edge of the, overthrust Belt. East of this shoreline are two deltaic sandstone complexes, here named LaBarge and Cumberland deltas.

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GENERAL STRATIGRAPHY AND DEPOSITIONAL HISTORY OFTHE FORT UNION, INDIAN MEADOWS, AND WIND RIVER FORMATIONS, WIND RIVER BASIN, WYOMING

The Fort Union, Indian Meadows, and Wind River Formations comprise a great wedge of fluviatile and lacustrine sediments, which accumulated in the Wind River Basin during Laramide deformation in Paleocene and early Eocene times.-A detailed knowledge of the stratigraphy, structure, and depositional history of these strata is fundamental to an understanding of the tectonic evolution of the basin and its surrounding uplifts. Such knowledge is also pertinent to many matters of economic interest, particularly exploration and development of oil and gas fields and uranium deposits.

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GREEN RIVER AND LOWER UINTA FORMATION SUBSURFACE STRATIGRAPHY IN WESTERN UINTA BASIN, UTAH

The western portion of the Uinta Bs.sin has been much less explored for oil and gas than other portions. Because of this, there ,is little published information on that part of it, and the subsurface stratigraphy of the Green River and lower Uinta Formations has been related only in a general manner (Picard, 1955, p. 85) to sections in the central and eastern parts of the Uinta Basin.

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PETROLEUM POTENTIAL OF DEEPER LEWIS AND MESAVERDE SANSTONES IN THE RED DESERT WASHAKE AND SAND WASH BASINS, WYOMING AND COLORADO

The Red Desert, Wasliakie and Sand Wash basins together comprise an overall basinal area approximately 120 miles long (north-south) and 80 miles wide (east-\vest). Outcrops of Mesaverde or older rocks bound this basinal area on all sides except for relatively small areas at the north and south ends of the Rock Springs uplift.

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Shallow Marine Deposits in the Upper Cretaceous Pierre Shale of the Northern Denver Basin and their Relation to Hydrocarbon Accumulation

Recent surface and subsurface study of the Upper Cretaceous Pierre Shale in the northern Denver basin has established a regional lithologic and time-stratigraphic framework for sandstone units within the Pierre Shale. Paleontologic information indicates that the "Shannon" and "Sussex" sandstones of informal subsurface usage of drillers in the Denver basin are entirely different in age and depositionally unrelated from the type Shannon and Sussex Sandstone Members of the Upper Cretaceous Steele Shale in Wyoming. Instead, stratigraphic  correlations indicate that the so-called "Shannon" and "Sussex" sandstones are approximately equivalent to the Parkman Sandstone Member and younger beds of the Upper Cretaceous Mesaverde Formation in the Powder River basin. For these reasons, the outcrop names - Hygiene and Terry Sandstone Members of the Pierre Shale - should be used in the place of "Shannon" and "Sussex" in the Denver basin.

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SCREENING OF MIXED SURFACTANT SYSTEMS: Phase Behavior Studies and CT Imaging of Surfactant-Enhanced Oil Recovery Experiments

A systematic chemical screening study was conducted on selected anionic-nonionic and nonionic-nonionic systems. The objective of the study was to evaluate and determine combinations of these surfactants that would exhibit favorable phase behavior and solubilization capacity. The effects of different parameters including (a) salinity, (b) temperature, (c) alkane carbon number, (c) HLB of nonionic component, and (d) type of surfactant on the behavior of the overall chemical system were evaluated. The current work was conducted using a series of ethoxylated nonionic surfactants in combinations of several anionic systems with various hydrocarbons.

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FEASIBILITY OF STEAM INJECTION PROCESS IN A THIN, LOW-PREMEABILITY HEAVY OIL RESERVOIR OF ARKANSAS-- NUMERICAL SIMULATION STUDY

This report details the findings of an in-depth study undertaken to assess the viability of the steam injection process in the heavy oil bearing Nacatoch sands of Arkansas. Published screening criteria and DOE's steamflood predictive models were utilized to screen and select reservoirs for further scrutiny. Although, several prospects satisfied the steam injection screening criteria, only a single candidate was selected for detailed simulation studies. The selection was based on the availability of needed data for simulation and the uniqueness of the reservoir. The reservoir investigated is a shallow, thin, low-permeability reservoir with low initial oil saturation and has an underlying water sand. The study showed that the reservoir will respond favorably to steamdrive, but not to cyclic steaming. Steam stimulation, however, is necessary to improve steam injectivity during subsequent steamdrive. Further, in such marginal heavy oil reservoirs (i.e., reservoir characterized by thin pay zone and low initial oil saturation) conventional steamdrive (i.e., steam injection using vertical wells) is unlikely to be economical, and nonconventional methods must be utilized. It was found that the use of horizontal injectors and horizontal producers significantly improved the recovery and oil-steam ratio and improved the economics. It is recommended that the applicability of horizontal steam injection technology in this reservoir be further investigated.

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CE IGCC Repowering Project Clean Coal II Project

The IGCC system will consist of CE's air-blown, entrained-flow, two-stage, pressurized coal gasifier; an advanced hot gas cleanup process; a combustion turbine adapted to use Low-Btu coal gas; and all necessary coal handling equipment. CWL&P's Lakeside Station (Figure 1) will be the site for this project. The result of repowering will be an IGCC power plant with low environmental emissions and high net plant efficiently. The repowering will increase plant output by 40 MWe through addition of the combustion turbine, thus providing a total IGCC capacity of a nominal 60 MWe. Nearly half of the project will be funded by the United States Department of Energy (DOE), under Round II of the Clean Coal Technology Program, while CWL&P, State of Illinois, and CE will fund the rest.

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HIGH STRENGTH PHOSPHATE CEMENT USING INDUSTRIAL BYPRODUCT ASHES

During our effort to stabilize contaminated ashes in the U. S. Department of Energy's (DOE's) complex by a novel chemically bonded phosphate ceramic, we formulated a high strength concrete made of benign ashes (such as fly ash and coal bottom ash) that may be useful for specialized applications in construction industry. It is formed by a room temperature process in which MgO is reacted with a solution of one of the soluble hydrophosphates to form a dense matrix. Any ash or slag may be incorporated during the reaction. The slurry formed by mixing these components for 15-30 minutes is a pourable, low viscosity paste. Once it is left undisturbed, it sets into a hard mass in ?45 minutes with a small amount of heat evolution. Its density ranges between 1.7 g/cc to 2.0 g/cc, open porosity is <5%. For a typical ash loading of 60 wt. %, it has a strength of ?12,000 psi. The micro structure of the concrete is glass-crystalline. This product is not very sensitive to the ash composition. Unlike in portland cement, it is unaffected by the unburnt carbon in the ash or to any Cl ions, and thus a wide variety of combustion products may be incorporated to develop this product. The material cost is generally 50% higher than portland cement, but processing advantages, such as faster setting, setting in cold environment, and self binding characteristics may off-set some of the costs, or improved properties may justify slightly higher costs for specialized product development.

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A Timeline of Federally Funded Oil R&D

1918: 1st petroleum research center in U.S. established at Bartlesville, OK, 1936: BPES established, 1948: Synfuels research begins, 1954: Morgantown site established, 1959: BPRC established, 1971: BERC established, 1977: BETC established, 1978: DOE, BPO created, 1985-1997:Reservoir characterization push; Best Practices, 1990s: Class Program; Reservoir Life Extension; Native American Initiative, 1997: NPTO established Microhole initiative, 2000: NETL/NPTO, 2001: AEO opens, 2004: NETL

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COMMERCIALIZATION OF WASTE GOB GAS AND METHANE PRODUCED IN CONJUNCTION WITH COAL MINING OPERATIONS

An immense gas resource is being vented to atmosphere from coal mines throughout the world which is a waste of an energy supply and may be deleterious to the environment. Resource Enterprises, Inc. (REI) has identified potential commercial applications for utilization of the "waste" gas, the obvious of which involved direct combustion processes. The Public Utility Regulatory Policies Act of 1978 created a favorable environment in the U.S. to develop independent electric power generation projects. This directed REl's initial focus toward power production. However, depressed economic conditions in industrialized areas (especially coal producing regions) caused a surplus of generating capacity and ultimately resulted in REl's investigation of non-electric alternatives for commercializing methane produced in conjunction with coal mining operations. This led to the subject project, co-sponsored by the U.S. Department of Energy, Morgantown Energy Technology Center (DOE) and REI.

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Potential Ordovician Hydrocarbon Plays in the Cumberland Plateau of Tennessee and Southern Kentucky: Finding a Needle in a Haystack?

Ordovician plays within the Cumberland Plateau has been explored for over a century with only moderate success... -Most developed fields are in Mississippian limestones -Knox, Stones River, and Nashville Groups have only been cursorily explored in the region -Hydrocarbon discoveries in the Rose Hill (SW VA) and Swan Creek fields (NE TN) indicate Ordovician rocks should be further explored -Source of the these hydrocarbons is the Ordovician rocks (gas chromatography by R. Burruss, USGS)

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METHOD FOR PROCESSING SEISMIC DATA TO IDENTIFY ANOMALOUS ABSORPTION ZONES

A method is disclosed for identifying zones anomalously absorptive of seismic energy. The method includes jointly time-frequency decomposing seismic traces, low frequency bandpass filtering the decomposed traces to determine a general trend of mean frequency and bandwidth of the seismic traces, and high frequency bandpass filtering the decomposed traces to determine local variations in the mean frequency and bandwidth of the seismic traces. Anomalous zones are determined where there is difference between the general trend and the local variations.

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METHOD FOR DETERMINING FORMATION QUALITY FACTOR FROM SEISMIC DATA

A method is disclosed for calculating the quality factor Q from a seismic data trace. The method includes calculating a first and a second minimum phase inverse wavelet at a first and a second time interval along the seismic data trace, synthetically dividing the first wavelet by the second wavelet, Fourier transforming the result of the synthetic division, calculating the logarithm of this quotient of Fourier transforms and determining the slope of a best fit line to the logarithm of the quotient.

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Soil Physical and Chemical Responses

42-frame power point presentation summarizing results of controlled laboratory studies assessing the effects of modestly saline-sodic water on soil chemical and physical properties of selected soil materia1s; overall goal of these studies was to determine the suitability of irrigating with modestly saline sodic waters (simulated coalbed methane product water), while still maintaining the sustainability of the soil. Presentation summarizes two laboratory experiments which subjected soils of varying clay content and clay type to diverse wetting/drying regimes using two water regimes simulating diverse salinty-sodicity combinations. Complete details provided in appendix document of same title, Appendix 6 - Completed Thesis.

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Kirchhoff-Born migration

The classical Kirchhoff migration method assumes an asymptotic ray theory form of the Green's function. To be consistent with ray theory assumptions, the ray slowness model that produces this function must be a smooth version of the true slowness model. However, the implied wavefield extrapolation through the smooth model introduces diffraction errors. These diffraction errors are predicted via a first order Born approximation that includes a surface and volume integral term. The surface integral represents the wavefield extrapolation through the smooth slowness model and the volume integral is the slowness perturbation contribution to the wavefield propagator.

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Wavefront Construction: A Differential Geometry Approach

A ray travel time wavefront represents a mathematical object called a manifold. In particular, paraxial ray theory contains elements that predict the Gaussian curvature of the wavefront surface. There are locations on this wavefront where the curvature is singular; in geometric optics terms, these are the ray caustic regions. These singular points or lines represent virtual sources. As such, the ray density in the neighborhood of these wavefront surface singularities must be large to model such sources. Conversely in regions of small curvature, the ray density can be low and still adequately represent the wavefront shape. These observations lead us to suggest new ray addition criteria for the wavefront construction algorithm: the distance between two neighboring rays must be less than the radius of wavefront curvature between these rays. This paraxial ray approximation insures that the angle between the neighboring ray slowness vectors is bounded and that the paraxial ray travel time estimate is valid for this interval. For velocity models where the projection of the wavefront upon the receiver plane is multi-valued, the paraxial ray method yields an elegant procedure to interpolate the resulting travel time and complex amplitude fields.

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