AndreaBozzo/ceres-open-data-index huggingface dataset:
Regeneration of FGD dry-sorbent materials. Phase I. Final report

Sodium-based sorbent injection directly into the flue gas duct of a coal-burning power plant has been investigated since 1975 by GFETC (using laboratory and pilot plant apparatus) as an SO/sub 2/ control technology. Regeneration of sorbent from spent sorbent material is highly desirable to reduce the sorbent cost, and to alleviate the leaching and potential pollution problems of soluble sodium compounds when disposing of spent sorbent materials in landfills. The work reported herein was initiated to develop a continuous, aqueous-based process for regeneration of sodium carbonate-type sorbents from spent sodium-base sorbent/flyash materials. Specific project objectives are to: (1) retain process simplicity and to avoid difficult process conditions; (2) maximize recovery of sodium from spent sorbents; (3) minimize process costs and energy requirements; (4) maximize reactivity of the regenerated sodium bicarbonate sorbent; and (5) produce process waste materials that may be disposed of in an environmental acceptable manner. The sorbent regeneration process which has been developed during the laboratory investigation (Phase I) of this project may be divided into three parts: (1) leaching of the spent sodium-based sorbent; (2) conversion of the leachate to a NaCl brine; and (3) production of NaHCO/sub 3/ (regenerated sorbent) using commercially-proven Solvay (ammonia-soda) process technology. Significant results from the laboratory study are as given.

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Economic assessment of advanced flue gas desulfurization processes. Final report

This report presents the results of a project sponsored by the Morgantown Energy Technology Center (METC). The purpose of the study was to perform an economic and market assessment of advanced flue gas desulfurization (FGD) processes for application to coal-fired electric utility plants. The time period considered in the study is 1981 through 1990, and costs are reported in 1980 dollars. The task was divided into the following four subtasks: (1) determine the factors affecting FGD cost evaluations; (2) select FGD processes to be cost-analyzed; (3) define the future electric utility FGD system market; and (4) perform cost analyses for the selected FGD processes. The study was initiated in September 1979, and separate reports were prepared for the first two subtasks. The results of the latter two subtasks appear only in this final report, since the end-date of those subtasks coincided with the end-date of the overall task. The Subtask 1 report, Criteria and Methods for Performing FGD Cost Evaluations, was completed in October 1980. A slightly modified and condensed version of that report appears as appendix B to this report. The Subtask 2 report, FGD Candidate Process Selection, was completed in January 1981, and the principal outputs of that subtask appear in Appendices C and D to this report.

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Fundamental approach to characterization and processing of coal-derived liquid  (CDL): Final report

Adsorption of molecular species found on catalyst surfaces is a necessary condition for catalytic hydroprocessing of coal-derived liquids (CDL). The adsorption thermodynamics are a function of the molecular structure of the adsorbing species, surface structure of the catalyst, and the mobile phase composition. A quantitative understanding of the adsorption process may prove useful in understanding the reaction kinetics and kinetic inhibition generally observed when hydroprocessing CDL. A novel technique for rapidly measuring the equilibrium adsorption constant on a catalyst surface has been developed. The equilibrium adsorption constant can be determined at differing temperatures and the thermodynamic properties of the adsorption can be determined. The adsorption enthalpy and entropy of nearly 50 compounds were measured for the gas phase interaction with Co-Mo/Al/sub 2/O/sub 3/ hydrotreating catalyst. Results show that enthalpy, which is a measure of the electronic interaction, increases in negativity with increasing molecular weight, electron donating capability, aromaticity, and molecular polarity. For aromatic compounds, a good correlation is found between the enthalpy of adsorption and ionization potential. Entropy, which is a measure of geometric and spacial factors, was found to decrease (become more negative) with increasing molecular weight. Molecular symmetry also affects the entropy; the greater the symmetry, the more negative the entropy change. Empirical equations correlating the thermodynamic data with structural data have been developed. They have been used to predict the adsorption and possible catalytic process behavior of compounds which are present in CDL. 92 refs., 21 figs., 16 tabs.

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Carbon dioxide for the recovery of crude oil:  a literature search to June 30, 1979. Final reportp

Individual summaries and pertinent commentaries on each of the groups of references into which the literature on carbon dioxide for the recovery of crude oil has been classified are presented in this report. The major classifications are: physical models, laboratory studies, field tests, modelling, patents, and miscellaneous. A special summary that reviews and comments on field operations, fluid handling, and corrosion problems is also included. User's guide and subject categories for the CO/sub 2/ literature survey are given, followed by abstracts of the citations. It is concluded from this survey that the most significant deficiency in research on carbon dioxide flooding for the recovery  crude oil is the paucity of well controlled and interpreted field tests.

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Methane recovery from horizontal holes in advance of mining. Project status report, January 1, 1981-October 31, 1981

This methane drainage report covers work performed for the US Department of Energy under their contract DE-AC21-81MC16373 by Occidental Research Corporation during the period January 1, 1981 through October 31, 1981. The primary objective of the production drilling was to drain enough gas from the seam in advance of mining for utilization in the coal dryers at Virginia Pocahontas Division No. 5 Mine. The objective of exploration drilling was to determine the gas drainage potential in other V.P. Division Mines. During the reporting period 8830 feet of production drilling and 3204 feet of exploration drilling was completed. The production holes have drained 151 MMCF of gas during the same period. Grand total drilling done to date was over 21,000 feet of horizontal holes. Gas drained through such holes since inception was over 622 MMCF. Daily gas production at the end of the period was 1.2 MMCFD. During the period of the present contract it has been shown that commercial quantities of gas could be drained through horizontal holes in advance of mining in V.P. No. 5 Mine and that such quantities can be sustained for long periods of time. It has also been proven that both V.P. No. 6 Mine and Beatrice Mine contain significant gas reserves comparable to V.P. No. 5 Mine and such reserves are drainable through horizontal holes drilled in advance of mining.

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Development program to support industrial coal gasification. Quarterly report 1

The Development Program to Support Industrial Coal Gasification is on schedule. The efforts have centered on collecting background information and data, planning, and getting the experimental program underway. The three principal objectives in Task I-A were accomplished. The technical literature was reviewed, the coals and binders to be employed were selected, and tests and testing equipment to be used in evaluating agglomerates were developed. The entire Erie Mining facility design was reviewed and a large portion of the fluidized-bed coal gasification plant design was completed. Much of the work in Task I will be experimental. Wafer-briquette and roll-briquette screening tests will be performed. In Task II, work on the fluidized-bed gasification plant design will be completed and work on a plant design involving entrained-flow gasifiers will be initiated.

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Investigation of the devolatilization of coal under combustion conditions

The thermal decomposition of coal was investigated in two reactor configurations - a heated grid apparatus and an isothermal furnace. The heated grid apparatus was operated in vacuo for the thermal decomposition experiments. Apparent heating rates of 10/sup 2/ /sup 0/C/sec to 10/sup 3/ /sup 0/C/sec were utilized while final temperatures varied from 500/sup 0/ to 1780/sup 0/C. A Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometer (FTIR) was operated in the rapid scan model to follow the evolution of light gases from the coal during the devolatilization process. Structural characteristics of the parent coal and the tar and char products were also determined by use of the FTIR in conjunction with an elemental analysis system. Particular concern was given to the fate of fuel nitrogen during the thermal decomposition process. In addition to the study of the nitrogen evolution during the thermal decomposition process, the conversion of fuel nitrogen to NO during the initial stage of combustion was investigated by heating coal samples in the grid apparatus in the presence of oxygen. NO was measured by use of an UV resonance absorption technique. The isothermal furnace was operated at one atmosphere of pressure and at operating temperatures of 500 to 1000/sup 0/C. The FTIR was again utilized in the rapid scan mode to follow the evolution of light gases and to determine the relative amounts of light gas species evolved. The data from these reactors was utilized to formulate an operational understanding of rapid coal pyrolysis and a semi-quantitative model of the decomposition process. The FTIR was also utilized to examine the effect of various pretreatment processes upon the sulfur contents of the coal.

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Performance of gas-atomized spray scrubbers at high pressure. [Venturi scrubber]

A large number of coal gasification processes being developed propose to use Venturi scrubbers for particulate removal at high pressures. Theoretical predictions based on existing Venturi models indicate that Venturi scrubber performance will deteriorate severely in these high gas pressure applications. An exploratory theoretical and experimental program was performed to study the effect of gas pressure on Venturi scrubber performance. Experiments were done on a 0.47 m/sup 3//s (1000 acfm) pilot scale Venturi scrubber operating at pressures up to 10 atm. Efficiency-pressure drop relationships were established for the Venturi at different gas pressures. Experimental results confirmed that the performance of the Venturi scrubber deteriorates with increasing pressure. An engineering design model was developed. The model predicted a pressure drop which is close to that measured and a penetration higher than measured. More data are required to further refine and develop a reliable engineering design model for high pressure Venturi scrubbers.

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Coal gasification reactions with on-line in-situ FT-IR analysis. Fifteenth quarterly report, March 3-June 3, 1985

During the fifteenth quarter, the particle-temperature and Functional Group Models were used to simulate results of pyrolysis of Illinois No. 6 coal in the heated tube reactor with good results. Pyrolysis studies were done with  North Dakota lignite and Montana Rosebud coals at 30 K/min in a combined TGA/EGA instrument developed at AFR. We optimized the set of kinetic rates and coal composition parameters to fit both the low heating rate data from this system (0.5 K/s) and high heating data from the heated tube reactor (20,000 K/s), with reasonable success. The procedures for char reactivity, active site density, and surface area measurements were established and a set of chars was selected. Chars were analyzed for sulfur forms from pyrolysis of Kentucky No. 9 coal in the entrained flow reactor at 1100/sup 0/C and 1600/sup 0/C. A test plan was completed for pyrolysis experiments in the high pressure reactor. Data collection was begun with North Dakota lignite, which shows only modest pressure effects. Work proceeded on the application of the FT-IR emission/transmission spectroscopy in two areas: (1) the measurement of the spectral emittance for coal and char and (2) the measurement of temperature in the Entrained Flow Reactor (EFR). We have begun work on integrating a version of the hydrocarbon cracking model into the Functional Group (FG) Model for coal pyrolysis. This will allow us to make better predictions of olefin and acetylene yields and will add the ability to predict soot formation. We have also begun work in integrating the DRC (depolymerization, repolymerization, crosslinking) model into the FG model. This will allow prediction of the amount and molecular weight distribution of tar, along with pressure effects on tar yields. 13 refs., 21 figs.

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Safety issues related to synthetic fuels facilities

The design, sitting, construction, operation, and decommissioning of coal gasification, coal liquefaction, and oil shale facilities could present safety risks both to synfuels workers and to the environmental system unless careful controls are exercised. Many of these hazards are expected to be similar to those associated with conventional mining, mineral processing, coking operations, and refining of petroleum. However, because of the chemical and physical properties of coal and shale and their products, the types of technologies to be employed, and the scales of their operations, it has been suggested that unconventional hazards may occur. Issues which summarize the deliberations and work of the Committee on Synthetic Fuels Facilities Safety in evaluating the various technologies and their potentials for unconventional safety hazards are described in Chapters 2 and 3 of the report. Suggestions for research and development to further improve the safety and reliability of future synfuels plants (Chapter 4) and the mechanisms that might aid in the generation and gathering of such data (Chapter 5) are presented.

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Oxidation and explosive limits of low-rank coal. Quarterly technical progress report No. 1, January 1-March 31, 1986

The principal objective of this study is to determine oxidation rates, flammability (explosive) limits and flame propagation rates of finely divided, low-rank coal from the Decker, Montana mine. The four basic tasks of the study are: (1) coal collection and preparation, (2) coal characterization, (3) rapid oxidation and flammability measurements and (4) data reduction and reporting. Task 1 is underway with the acquisition of some 3000 lbs of coal from the Decker mine. The coal obtained was fresh at the mine-face and quickly bagged in nitrogen-purged, sealed containers, ready for size reduction. Construction of a glove cabinet for size reduction in a nitrogen atmosphere is nearly complete. The equipment necessary for task 2 has been set up and checked out, and characterization test plans have been identified. Design modifications to the steady flame burner are also underway. The closed container (bomb) test subcontract at Safety Consultants, Inc. has been accepted and negotiations are in progress for coal delivery and test times. 3 refs.

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Study to determine feasibility of developing a mechanically operated, surface-controlled deviation device for directional drilling. Final report

The state-of-art in the field of surface-controlled, downhole-adjustable well deviation tools is examined for both rotating and non-rotating drillstrings. This investigation is based on a literature survey and both domestic and foreign patent searches. Pertinent patents and devices found in the literature are reviewed for applicability, practicality, capability and possible improvements. A reasonable potential for improvement exists both for bent sub devices for non-rotating drillstrings and for expandable blade stabilizers for rotating strings. A new design is shown for one of each type of tool. Both new tools use the same trigger device and are controlled by varying drillstring circulation pressure, so use of pump-down or wireline or electric controls is avoided. The general design features of both tools appear to have avoided most problem areas reasonably well and seem to offer sufficient improvement over existing or disclosed hardware to justify development. Valid, fairly strong patents can probably be obtained on both tools. 40 figures.

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Tertiary oil recovery by carbon dioxide injection:  Granny's Creek Field, West Virginia. Annual report, July 1977-June 1978

The year's activity can best be described as disappointing. With the conclusion of CO/sub 2/ injection in June 1977, the fifth phase of the project, water injection, began. While the required injection rate of 50 barrels per well per day was not reached, we were able to maintain a reasonable rate due to the many changes made in the injection system during the summer of 1977. Total injection for the period was 64,535 barrels or 44.2 barrels per well per day. In addition to mechanical changes in the injection system, it was also necessary to treat the injection wells to relieve the high reservoir pressures encountered. While injection was about as expected, production was another story. Peak oil production was reached in June 1977 at 2440 barrels. When water injection was resumed during the month, oil production began a decline that continued throughout the period. By June 1978, production had declined to 1340 barrels. Water production throughout the period continued to increase. During the winter and spring of 1978, discussions were held with DOE to determine what steps could be taken to obtain further data to evaluate the project. As of June the problem had not been resolved. Through June 30, 1978, approximately 8560 barrels of oil had been produced as a result of CO/sub 2/ injection.

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Adsorption from flooding solutions in porous media:  a study of interactions of surfactants and polymers with reservoir minerals. Annual report

Past studies on the interactions of sulfonates with dissolved inorganics showed that sulfonates precipitated by multivalent ions can undergo redissolution upon increasing either the sulfonate or NaCl concentration. At higher sulfonate and NaCl levels the surfactant reprecipitated. These studies also showed redissolution to occur only in the presence of micelles. The role of mechanisms involving such factors as complexation seems to be minimal under the conditions studied. Since the phenomenon of redissolution can be beneficially used for minimizing the surfactant loss due to precipitation, investigation of this phenomenon was continued during the current year. The objectives of this study were to develop a quantitative understanding of the molecular mechanisms involved and to formulate a model with predictive capabilities for the precipitation behavior of surfactant/inorganic ions systems. Towards this purpose, precipitation/redissolution/reprecipitation behavior of sulfonates was studied as a function of relevant variables including surfactant and salt concentration, surfactant chain length, alcohol and oil concentration and temperature.

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Advanced coal gasification system for electric power generation. Quarterly progress report, fourth quarter - fiscal year 1981, July 1-September 30, 1981

Data obtained from operation of the secondary fines collection and recycle system during tests TP-028-1, -2 and -3 show that the overall cyclone efficiencies and carbon conversions have significantly improved with the addition of the second cyclone. Carbon conversion of greater than 90 % was demonstrated utilizing the collection and recycle system incorporating two series cyclones. In systems integration and control work, the automatic gasifier bed level and ash withdrawal control techniques were developed, and the ability to automatically adjust for variations in feedstock properties was demonstrated. In the area of deposit control, to date, analysis of cyclone deposits indicates that the stickiness is caused by partial melting of mineral matter constituents this is not a carbon deposition problem. Of two deposit control methods tested, the cyclone cold wall insert was verified. However, the particle through-trap yielded inconsistent results. The Cold Flow Scale-up Facility (CFSF) continued in the operating/testing mode. More than 150 hours of operating, data collection and high speed film production time were logged on the unit. An early assessment was made of the fluid dynamic interactions and separation characteristics of sand and acrylic particles injected in the cold flow scale-up model. In this test, two set points were accomplished, during which additional performance evaluation data were obtained on jet penetration, bubble diameter and frequency and solids samples. Various other projects are described.

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Investigations of enhanced oil recovery through use of carbon dioxide. First annual report, October 1, 1980-September 30, 1981

Extensive modifications during the past year in both physical facilities and experimental equipment have greatly extended our capabilities in the area of low flow rate and gravity stable displacements. Consolidated core floods may now be made at high water saturations in 6 foot Berea sandstone cores to permit the study of carbon dioxide injection as a tertiary recovery process. All displacements during the period have involved reconstituted crude from the Brookhaven Field (Mississippi). These consisted of two runs in 6 foot Berea cores and 15 runs in 20 foot sand packs. Based upon these data we tentatively conclude that (a) a second (presumed liquid) phase develops at 109/sup 0/F which consists of CO/sub 2/ and C/sub 17/-C/sub 28/ hydrocarbons and is not miscibly displaced, (b) CO/sub 2/ can bank up discontinuous residual oil in a watered-out system, (c) an increase in displacement temperature causes a significant increase in minimum miscibility pressure, and (d) definitive interpretation of compositional data can be made only when such data are taken during gravity stable displacements. 7 figures, 2 tables.

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Coal-fueled diesel systems research

The overall objective of this program was to investigate the economic and technical features for a coal-fueled diesel locomotive system. Commercialization merits of coal-fueled locomotives were examined. Bench scale screening tests and full scale verification tests were conducted to determine the effects of selected coal fuels on fuel specification, handling, injection, ignition/combustion, and engine wear. Technology deficits would be noted for recommended future evaluation. 22 refs., 81 figs., 14 tabs.

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Chemical analyses and syntheses of alkylarylsulfonates. Final report for the period 1 October 1980-30 November 1981. [6 mono- or dialkylbenzene sulfonates and sulfonate of 5-(p-ethylphenyl)dodecane]

The synthesis of 6 mono- or dialkylbenzene sulfonates related to and including the sulfonate of 5-(p-ethylphenyl) dodecane (Texas 2 or 8a) have been accomplished. Methyl esters of 5 of these sulfonates have been prepared. Sandstone core tests (Table 1) indicated that the sulfonate of 6-(p-ethylphenyl) dodecane (8c) has similar enhanced oil recovery (EOR) activity to that of Texas 2. Witco Pyronate 40 which has some EOR activity has been separated into fractions. The fraction with the largest EOR activity was less active than Texas 2. Desulfonation studies have been done on known alkylarylsulfonates to yield parent hydrocarbons. This was done to establish a method to determine the parent alkylbenzenes of alkylarylsulfonates with EOR activity and unknown structures. Several spectral studies (IR and /sup 1/H NMR) were completed on samples submitted by the Technical Project Officer.

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