AndreaBozzo/ceres-open-data-index huggingface dataset:
Improved polymers for enhanced oil recovery:  synthesis and rheology. Fourth annual report, October 1980-September 1981

The goals of this project are to gain a more complete understanding of the structural/property/performance interrelationships of water-soluble polymers which can lead to commercial production of polymers for enhanced recovery projects. To do this synthesis, characterization, and rheological studies of random-and graft copolymers have been undertaken. The status of the following studies is presented in this report: macromolecular synthesis and characterization of model polymers (dextran-g-polyacrylamides, capolymers of acrylamide with sulfonated monomers,4875 ); dilute solution studies of model water-soluble copolymers (dextran-g-polyacrylamides,4875 ); dynamic light scattering studies; and aqueous size exclusion chromatography studies.

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Displacement of oil by carbon dioxide. Annual report, October 1980-September 1981

Progress of a comprehensive research program to quantify factors affecting CO/sub 2/ flood displacement efficiency is described. Experimental and theoretical investigations of the interactions of factors such as phase behavior and fluid properties of CO/sub 2/-crude oil mixtures, and heterogeneities in reservoir rocks are discussed. Literature on the interpretation of miscible displacements in one- and two-phase systems is reviewed. Simple displacement experiments to evaluate effects of core hteterogeneities and high mobile water saturations are described. Results of miscible displacement experiments with fluids of matched density and viscosity are presented and compared with results of a few displacements in which fluid properties were not matched. Those comparisons clearly indicate that control of viscous fingering is required if short core floods are to be interpreted with reasonable certainty. Detailed results of investigations of the phase behavior of CO/sub 2/-crude oil mixtures are presented. The volumetric behavior of mixtures of CO/sub 2/ with dead oils from the Wasson and Maljamar fields are compared with that of a Maljamar recombined reservoir fluid. The results provide the basis for a qualitative analysis of the effects of the presence of solution gas on CO/sub 2/ flood performance. Modifications to improve the continuous multiple contact experiment, which efficiently measures phase compositions and fluid properties, are described. An analysis of the operation of the apparatus is given for binary systems. The theory is compared with experimental results for CO/sub 2/-decane displacements, with excellent agreement. Extensive results of experiments to measure compositions and densities of phases present for CO/sub 2/-crude oil mixtures are reported. Finally, formulation of a mathematical model which considers the relative importance of factors such as phase behavior, fluid property variations, heterogeneity, and viscous and gravitational instabilities is discussed.

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Low-rank-coal research: Quarterly technical progress report for the period January 1, 1987-March 31, 1987

The parametric studies were continued to determine the effect of increasing the pulsation amplitude upon the production rates of CO and H/sub 2/ for the model gasifier. The physical mechanisms by which pulsations increase the CO and H/sub 2/ production rates were also investigated. The experimental pulsating gasifier and its safety systems were improved, and the ranges of air/fuel ratios and methane fuel flow rate for pulsating operation without coal feed were established. 7 figs.

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Shale characterization and resource appraisal of the Devonian black shale of the Appalachian Basin. Annual report for FY 1979, October 1, 1978-September 30, 1979. [Devonian shale categorization; resource appraisal]

Progress in the USGS Devonian Shale Characterization and Resource Appraisal Program covered the following: stratigraphy, geophysics, geochemistry (source bed and trace elements), structural studies, paleontology (conodont maturation), data system, clay mineralogy, and resource appraisal. (DLC)

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Oil shale, tar sands, and underground coal gasification. Quarterly progress report, July-September, 1983

Technical progress made for the second quarter, July 1, 1983 through September 30, 1983 are described for three areas, oil shale, tar sand and underground gasification of coal. The oil shale program is divided into the following tasks: chemistry and physics; retort bed analysis; novel processing methods; and environmental impact mitigation. The tar sand investigation covers: recovery processes; preparation; novel processing methods; and environmental impact mitigation. Underground coal gasification covers: recovery processes; field project evaluation; novel processing methods; and environmental impact mitigation. An executive summary is provided for the three programs. 19 figures, 23 tables.

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Development of an advanced, continuous mild gasification process for the production of co-products (Tasks 2, 3, and 4. 1 to 4. 6), Volume 2

Volume 2 contains information on the following topics: (1) Mild Gasification Technology Development: Process Research Unit Tests Using Slipstream Sampling; (2) Bench-Scale Char Upgrading Study; (3) Mild Gasification Technology Development: System Integration Studies. (VC)

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Adsorption and degradation of PAH compounds in soil. Progress report. [Acenaphthene, naphthalene]

Organic contaminant fate in soil/water systems can be affected by the biological characteristics of the soil and of the pollutant. This work investigates biodegradation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) in a soil environment under gentrification conditions. The objectives of the work over the past quarter were to compile and assess literature related to biological degradation of PAH under gentrification conditions, and to perform experiments to verify PAH degradation under gentrification conditions. Information from the literature is being utilized to develop a model to describe organic substrate usage when PAH is discharged into soil/water environments devoid of oxygen. An important concept which will be incorporated into the model is that PAH competes with other naturally occurring organic carbon sources as a substrate for biological metabolism in soil/water systems. Experiments were conducted to examine the degradation of naphthalene and acenaphthene under gentrification conditions. Several tests were also performed to examine gentrification without the presence of PAH to assess the contribution of available soil carbon as an organic carbon substrate. Results are discussed. 10 refs., 12 figs.

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Fixation of alkali and trace metals in high temperature co-current, entrained flow gasifiers and combustors: Quarterly technical progress report No. 2

This second Quarterly Report is concerned with experimental results on the cold flow prototype of the in-situ particle impactor, suitable for the trapping and classification of particles in the downflow combustor. The results suggest that the concept has merit and work is now in progress in constructing hot flow models, suitable for insertion into the combustor. 12 figs., 14 tabs.

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Fixation of alkali and trace metals in high temperature co-current, entrained flow gasifiers and combustors: Quarterly technical progress report No. 5

This report focuses on the results of bench-scale experiments conducted to evaluate the additives/alkali interactions (Task 6 of DOE Contract AC21-84MC21386). The purpose of this task was to investigate the kinetics of condensation and evaporation of alkali compounds on both coal ash and well-defined model compounds. 4 tabs.

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Review of the mechanics and occurrence of natural fractures in rock as applied to the development of the tight western gas sands

The tight gas sands in the Rocky Mountains are thin, discontinuous, and have low permeability. They are found in gently folded rocks and often have abnormally high pore pressure. In a relaxed tectonic setting, one principal stress is most often nearly vertical and the other two horizontal. Natural fractures usually approximate the same orientation to stresses as those produced experimentally. Increased pore pressure extends the depth to which extensional fractures can occur; these tend to form perpendicular to the direction of the least principal stress. Local stresses that control small features such as joints may be different from, although compatible with, regional stress. In folded rocks, sliding and bending forces appear to be most important in forming the smaller structures, such as joints. Fractures can be formed by flexing during downwarp and uplift; more intense folding or faulting is not necessary. Fractures are controlled by the physical environment, the stresses, and the nature of the rock. Changes in stress due to burial and uplift are also important. Jointing frequency is greater in weak and thinly bedded rocks and is directly related to intensity of folding. Two sets of both shear and extensional fractures may develop: one oriented parallel, the other normal, to axes of folding or downwarp. These relations may be used to extrapolate fracture patterns laterally or into the subsurface.

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Fixation of alkali and trace metals in high temperature co-current, entrained flow gasifiers and combustors: Quarterly technical progress report No. 10

This report follows on from Quarterly Report No. 9, in which the effects of temperature quench on the fate of sodium during the combustion of a high sodium Beulah Lignite were described. The current quarterly report focuses on the same problem for a low sodium Beulah Lignite, which has similarities to the previous coal, but has a lower sodium content and a slightly different composition. Results are somewhat unsettling, since they did not conform to those observed for the high sodium coal. Furthermore, this difference could not be explained by the lower sodium value alone. Clearly, the effect of temperature quench on alkali metals depends not only on combustion conditions, but also on the details of how the metal is initially bound in the mineral matter of the unburned coal. 12 figs., 5 tabs.

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Hot-gas cleanup for molten carbonate fuel cells:  dechlorination and soot formation. Quarterly report, December 16, 1982-March 15, 1983

The objective of the chloride cleanup part of this program was to screen and test potential hot gas chloride sorbents for possible use as part of a hot gas cleanup process in a combined MCFC/coal gasifier power plant. An effective sorbent can provide one stage of two or three fixed absorption beds between the gasifier and the MCFC for cleanup of sulfide species (primarily H/sub 2/S and COS), chlorides (essentially HCl) and trace contaminants (NH/sub 3/, AsH/sub 3/, H/sub 2/Se, H/sub 2/Te, Hg, Cd, Pb, etc.). We are aware of no investigations prior to this contract of candidates for chloride sorbents that will reduce total chloride concentrations to the ppMV range in gasifier effluent mixtures above 800 K. Progress is reported. (WHK)

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Contracts for field projects and supporting research in enhanced oil recovery: Progress review No. 50, quarter ending March 31, 1987

Research programs on various methods of enhanced recovery are described. Programs include work in carbon dioxide injection, caustic flooding, microemulsion flooding, in-situ combustion, fluid injection, the use of surfactants, adsorption measurements, oil saturation, thermal recovery, resource assessment technology, and microbial technology.

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Integrated system design report

The primary objective of the integrated system test phase is to demonstrate the commercial potential of a coal fueled diesel engine in its actual operating environment. The integrated system in this project is defined as a coal fueled diesel locomotive. This locomotive, shown on drawing 41D715542, is described in the separate Concept Design Report. The test locomotive will be converted from an existing oil fueled diesel locomotive in three stages, until it nearly emulates the concept locomotive. Design drawings of locomotive components (diesel engine, locomotive, flatcar, etc.) are included.

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Supply of carbon dioxide for enhanced oil recovery. Final report, October 15, 1976--September 1, 1977

Results are presented from a study of the carbon dioxide supply situation for miscible flooding operations to enhance oil recovery. Candidate oil reservoirs were identified, and the carbon dioxide requirements and the potential recoverable oil for some of these were estimated. A survey of carbon dioxide sources has been conducted within the geographic areas where candidate oil reservoirs exist. Sources considered were both high and low quality gases from combustion vents, chemical process stacks, and naturally occurring gas deposits. The survey shows more than enough carbon dioxide is available from above-ground sources alone to meet expected demands. Systems to purify and deliver the carbon dioxide were designed and the costs of the delivered carbon dioxide estimated. Lowest cost is carbon dioxide from natural source with credit for by-product methane. A more comprehensive survey of above-ground and natural sources is recommended.

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Deposition of aerosols in sampling tubes

The particulate loading in the process streams of coal conversion and gasification plants must be accurately determined for reasons of environmental health and safety and the protection of operating equipment such as gas turbines. A common method of obtaining these measurements is with aspiration probes. Deposition of particulate on the probe walls is a source of significant error in these measurements. This report reviews previous literature on deposition in sampling tubes for laminar and turbulent flows, the effects of the entrance region and bends in the sampling lines. A research plan is proposed for additional work in the analysis of deposition. Experimental work is also proposed to verify the analytical studies. The objectives of the research program are to develop methods to correct for the effects of deposition in sampling lines.

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Report on review of hot-gas-desulfurization simulation models

The removal of hydrogen sulfide and other sulfur gaseous compounds from the fuel gas of coal gasification plants using iron and zinc oxides has been accomplished with promising success. Associated with this desulfurization process is the problem of regeneration of the metal sulfides formed back to the oxide state for reuse. For the efficient design and optimum operation of process plants, it is imperative that the reaction mechanism for the gas-solid reactions be known as also the gas and solids dispersion and movement in the reactor. In recent years, four mechanistic models have been developed and proposed for this purpose. In section II, models intended for use in connection with the noncatalytic gas-solid reactions are briefly described. They are: shrinking core model, homogeneous model, grain model and pore model. All the four models have been employed to mechanistically describe the desulfurization process in a fixed bed of granular metal oxide. In the light of limited success of these models in their present form to represent the experimental data, a relative assessment of their appropriateness is given in the last section of this report along with some recommendations for future work.

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Molten salt coal gasification process development unit. Phase 2. Final report

This report summarizes Phase 2 of the Molten Salt Coal Gasification program. In this process, coal is gasified by contacting it with air in a turbulent pool of molten sodium carbonate at a nominal temperature of 1800/sup 0/F. Sulfur and ash are retained in the melt, and a small stream is continuously removed from the gasifier for removal of sulfur, disposal of the ash, and regeneration of sodium carbonate. The process can handle a wide variety of feed materials, including highly caking coals, and produces an environmentally clean gas, relatively free of sulfur, tars, heavy hydrocarbons, and NO/sub x/. The PDU was designed to produce low-Btu gas while processing 1 TPH of coal at pressures up to 20 atm. It is a completely integrated facility including systems for feeding solids to the gasifier, regenerating sodium carbonate for reuse, and removing sulfur as dry powdered sodium sulfate/sulfite salt and ash as a moist filter cake. During Phase I of the contract, the plant was designed and built and five test runs were made. Phase 2 was initiated for the purpose of demonstrating improved operation of the entire system over a range of gasifier pressures. Of primary interest was improving the reliability of melt overflow system and obtaining process data up to 20 atmospheres pressure. Four PDU runs, ranging in length from 83 to 170 hours of continuous gasifier operation, included operating periods at the design coal feed rate (1 TPH), design pressure (20 atm), and design ash concentration in the melt pool (20% ash). Excellent data were obtained on the gasification step which verified the model for predicting product gas composition. Performance data were also obtained on the ash removal, sulfur removal, and sodium carbonate regeneration systems of the PDU.

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Gasification technology data base

This report documents the background, philosophy, functions served, evolution process, specific results, and current status of the gasification technology data base activity at the Morgantown Energy Technology Center (METC). METC has lead responsibility for coal gasification within the US Department of Energy. This responsibility includes the identification, planning, and execution of coal gasification activities which offer potentially high pay-offs for the National energy future. A well-organized and quantified descriptions of the state of the art (SOA) is a valuable reference tool in carrying out this obligation. The Gasification Technology Data Base (GTDB) will serve as a reference tool and mechanism by which lessons learned during the course of research and development can be captured. The GTDB activity was a significant extension of previous data base activities at METC. It was initiated by the realization that the Alternative Fuels legislation (Public Law 96-126) had created a unique window of technical opportunity; specifically, approximately 20 unusually credible design studies for coal gasification based commercial plants were being performed, and there was a likelihood that some of them would evolve into actual plants. Consequently, a significant fraction of corporate wisdom was being documented in coal gasification studies that could serve as an extraordinarily good input source for the GTDB. The basic objective of the GTDB was to integrate the results of the various studies and the related METC work to define the SOA. Simultaneously, it was expected to provide a highly workable reference that would facilitate analyses to perform cross comparisons, to quantify the potential value of new approaches, to identify technology gaps, et cetera. In short, with proper integration, the value of the whole could readily exceed the sum of its parts. 5 figures, 8 tables.

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Design, construction, and operation of a process-development unit for the high-rate, entrained-flow coal-gasification process. Quarterly technical progress report No. 3, October-December 1981

Mountain Fuel Resources, Inc., a subsidiary of Mountain Fuel Supply Company, Salt Lake City, Utah, is under contract with the US Department of Energy for a program to design, construct and operate a high-rate, entrained flow coal gasification process development unit (PDU). The design of the coal gasification PDU is based on earlier DOE-supported work at the Eyring Research Institute, Provo, Utah. The PDU is to be located adjacent to a brick plant operated by Interstate Brick Company in West Jordan, Utah. Because of the developmental nature of the program, the PDU will contain only those components and features necessary to develop the gasifier and to operate it safely. Radiant heat exchanger, steam superheater, and transition pipe design work by Deutsche Babcock was started in mid-October and the first set of the drawings were delivered to MFR and FBDU in early December. The radiant heat exchanger design was revised and finalized. The gasifier injector head and reaction chamber design was completed. Purchase orders were issued for approximately 80 percent of the major equipment. Specifications were being prepared for the remaining equipment, i.e., coal conveyor, radiant heat exchanger and steam superheater and the transition pipe in-between. The site preparation work was started in late September and was completed in October. Most of the foundations, except the coal handling building and liquid oxygen and nitrogen area, were completed as of the end of December.

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Design, construction, and operation of a process-development unit for the high-rate entrained-flow coal-gasification process. Quarterly technical progress report No. 1, April-June 1981

The coal gasification process being developed is based on work done at the Eyring Research Institute, Provo, Utah. Pulverized coal is fed to an entrained flow reactor where it is gasified by reaction with steam and oxygen. The ash in the coal may be removed as an inert slag and the product gas may be cleaned to remove sulfur-containing compounds and carbon dioxide to yield a clean fuel gas with a heating value near 300 Btu/standard cubic foot. To develop the process, construction and testing of an experimental unit, the PDU, is planned. Because of the developmental nature of the program, the PDU will contain only those components and features necessary to develop the gasifier and operate it safely. The PDU will be operated intermittently, with test durations ranging from a few hours up to a maximum of four weeks. During most of the testing the product gas will not be used but will be simply burned in a flare. During later tests the gas will be used in firing the brick kilns in the brick plant. Most of the testing will be done with a low-sulfur, Utah bituminous coal. Near the end of the planned effort, several tests, up to 100 hours each, will be made with alternate coals: a high-sulfur bituminous coal, a low-sulfur subbituminous coal, a lignite and a coal char or residue. Current effort on the program is directed toward design and specification of the PDU. Flow diagrams and material balances have been developed. A request for environmental permits has been prepared and submitted. Piping and instrument diagrams (P and ID's) and most of the equipment specifications have been prepared and reviewed.

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Design, construction, and operation of a process-development unit for the high-rate, entrained-flow coal-gasification process. Quarterly technical progress report No. 2, July-September 1981

Mountain Fuel Resources, Inc., a subsidiary of Mountain Fuel Supply Company, Salt Lake City, Utah, is under contract with the US Department of Energy for a program to design, construct and operate a high-rate, entrained flow coal gasification process development unit. The design of the coal gasification PDU is based on earlier DOE-supported work at the Eyring Research Institute, Provo, Utah. The PDU is to be located adjacent to a brick plant operated by Interstate Brick Company in West Jordan, Utah. Work on equipment specifications was continued. The Gasifier Radiant Heat Exchanger Transition Pipe and Superheater Design Subcontract to Deutsche Babcock was approved in September. The Site Work Subcontract was approved and the work began in late September. The Site Fencing Subcontract was awarded and work is scheduled to start in October. Permits were obtained from the Utah Air Conservation Committee and the Utah Water Pollution Control Committee for the construction of the PDU in West Jordan, Utah. An equipment list (Attachment A) and a detailed project schedule (Attachment B) were prepared.

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