AndreaBozzo/ceres-open-data-index huggingface dataset:
Fuel cells

This report documents the status of the US Department of Energy's Fuel Cells Program as of the end of FY 87. The report consists of (1) an overview of the Fuel Cells Program including a brief discussion of how fuel cells work; (2) a synopsis of the Phosphoric Acid Fuel Cell (PAFC), Molten Carbonate Fuel Cell (MCFC), and Solid Oxide Fuel Cell (SOFC) Programs and their 1987 projects; (3) a discussion of the Fuel Cells Advanced Research and Technology Development (AR and TD) Program and projects; and (4) a summary of the Fuel Cells Systems and Applications Program. A common direction of fuel cell development has been to combine individual cells into groups called   stacks''or   modules''in order to increase power output. AR and TD provided information on reaction mechanisms and materials for MCFC's, SOFC's, and PAFC's. Systems Analysis and Applications development provided engineering and economic guidelines for MCFC's, SOFC's, and PAFC's to be used in a variety of utility and industrial settings. Stack development and testing continued to be the major thrust for the Phosphoric Acid Fuel Cell Program in FY 87. The Molten Carbonate Fuel Cell Program focused on stack development with supporting technology base research. A shift toward stack integration with power generation systems was initiated. The Advanced Concepts Program continued development of the Solid Oxide Fuel Cell which primarily focused on continual refinement of fabrication processes and diagnostic cell analysis to insure increased performance and longevity. The development of Advanced Fuel Cell Concepts was also initiated. 31 refs., 23 figs., 2 tabs.

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Tertiary Oil Recovery by Carbon Dioxide Injection, Granny's Creek Field, West Virginia

During the period June 1976 through June 30, 1980, a field demonstration of oil recovery by CO/sub 2/ injection in Clay County, West Virginia was conducted. The objective of this test was to demonstrate and evaluate the effectiveness of using CO/sub 2/ injection to recover high gravity crude oil from shallow watered-out reservoirs. The project eventually developed into two distinct phases: the first being CO/sub 2/ injection into four corner wells in a conventional five-spot, with a central producing well and three interior test/observation wells. The second phase of the project consisted of a mini-flood within the original pattern. A total of 9800 tons of CO/sub 2/ was injected into the five-spot in several stages, alternating with water periodically for mobility control and better sweep efficiency. Injection of the CO/sub 2/ slug was completed on June 16, 1977. Water injection followed the CO/sub 2/ slug until the pattern was effectively watered-out. Oil production from the central producer peaked shortly after cessation of CO/sub 2/ injection and water production increased to about the same as before the project started. Since it was felt that the project lacked confinement as evidenced by extensive CO/sub 2/ migration outside the pattern and the low recoveries, a series of reservoir interference tests were run to help determine the best course of action to follow. The mini-test resulted. Approximately 1600 tons of CO/sub 2/ were injected during this phase. Oil production within the pattern during the first phase amounted to approximately 4000 bbls. while during the mini-flood an additional 1345 bbls. of oil was produced. It has been extremely difficult to evaluate this project due to the extremely complex heterogeneity of the reservoir. The problem has been compounded by the many workovers experienced by the wells over the years, and the resultant damage to the reservoir. 7 references, 12 figures, 13 tables.

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High Resolution Seismic Survey Rawling, Wyoming Underground Coal Gasification Area

In October 1982, a high resolution seismic survey was conducted at the Gulf Research and Development Company's underground coal gasification test site near Rawlins, Wyoming. The objectives of the survey were to utilize high resolution seismic technology to locate and characterize two underground coal burn zones. Seismic data acquisition and processing parameters were specifically designed to emphasize reflections at the shallow depths of interest. A three-dimensional grid of data was obtained over the Rawlins burn zones. Processing included time varying filters, trace composition, and two-dimensional areal stacking of the data in order to identify burn zone anomalies. An anomaly was discernable resulting from the rubble-collapse cavity associated with the burn zone which was studied in detail at the Rawlins 1 and 2 test sites. 21 refs., 20 figs.

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Use of treated gasification wastewater in a pilot cooling tower. Phase II final report for the period ending December 31, 1984

Phase I and II cooling tower reuse tests have been completed using wastewater produced in the University of North Dakota Energy Research Center (UNDERC) pilot slagging fixed-bed gasifier (SFBG). In the UNDERC Phase I test, using solvent extracted and steam stripped wastewater, problems such as high carbon steel corrosion rates, severe biological fouling, and substantial phenol and ammonia emissions, were encountered. Phase II testing was performed to determine if further treatment of this liquor would yield a suitable cooling tower makeup supply. Extracted and stripped wastewater, similar to that used for Phase I testing, was further treated by biological oxidation, granular activated carbon adsorption, and multimedia filtration before being fed to the cooling tower. Phase II results indicated that the aqueous effluent from SFBG, after treatment by solvent extraction, steam stripping, biological oxidation, granular activated carbon adsorption, and multimedia filtration, was not directly usable as cooling tower makeup. Without chemical addition, this water was highly corrosive to carbon steel; measured corrosion rates ranged from 20 to 65 mpy. Severe fouling of carbon steel was also encountered, resulting in high pressure losses across heat exchangers and decreased heat transfer coefficients. Based on these results, the use of this water as cooling tower makeup would require control of corrosion and the associated fouling and/or extensive use of stainless steel, or a substitute corrosion resistant material, in all areas where carbon steel has traditionally been used. This report provides a detailed presentation of results from the Phase II test, and also a comparison of these results to those obtained from the Phase I test. 26 refs., 29 figs., 39 tabs.

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Low-rank coal research: Volume 3, Combustion research: Final report. [Great Plains]

Volume III, Combustion Research, contains articles on fluidized bed combustion, advanced processes for low-rank coal slurry production, low-rank coal slurry combustion, heat engine utilization of low-rank coals, and Great Plains Gasification Plant. These articles have been entered individually into EDB and ERA. (LTN)

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Simulator for unconventional gas resources multi-dimensional model SUGAR-MD. Volume II. User's manual

SUGAR-MD is a general purpose, two-dimensional reservoir simulator for gas reservoirs. It is extremely versatile in that it can be used to study fractured reservoirs and will efficiently solve one- or two-dimensional problems in either cartesian or polar cylindrical coordinates. Although three-dimensional arrays are used in the code in its present form, all testing and debugging have been done using only two dimensions. Some changes would be necessary, such as the determination of bottomhole pressures and/or rate allocations for multi-node wells, to extend the model for complete three-dimensional capability. The model consists of 27 subroutines which are invoked as needed to perform the necessary I/O operations and specialized calculation procedures.

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Selection of Reservoirs Amenable to Micellar Flooding

A Chemical Flood Predictive Model (CFPM) for micellar-polymer processes is developed. It consists of a technical screen, oil rate and recovery algorithms and an economics model. The CFPM is based upon an analysis of all available laboratory and field data (circa 1980) which leads to three efficiencies: E/sub D/, the surfactant pore displacement efficiency; E/sub V/, the efficiency of moving the surfactant from the injector to the pore space; and E/sub MB/, the efficiency of moving mobilized oil from that pore space to the producer. Oil timing is estimated from oil-water fractions flow theory. The CFPM is applicable to waterflooded sandstone reservoirs, and the effects of heterogeneity, crossflow between layers, and surfactant adsorption are included. The CFPM can be used to designate the better micellar-polymer prospects in Mid-Continent and California regions and can be used to aid in the design and development of micellar-polymer floods. 38 references, 50 figures, 15 tables.

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Phase I, Volume II, Theoretical and bench scale research at TRCB (Texaco Research Center in Beacon, New York)

The objective of this work was to identify and characterize in-situ sulfur capture sorbents for use in coal gasification tests at the Montebello Research Laboratory. The work addressed two tasks: (1) theoretical studies of in-situ desulfurization and slag-sorbent interactions and (2) bench-scale testing to study the behavior of slag and slag/sorbent systems under slagging gasifier conditions. The theoretical studies included literature searches, thermodynamic equilibrium calculations, optical basicity calculations and predictions of ash/sorbent interactions utilizing published phase diagrams. Based on cost considerations and the results of the theoretical studies, compounds of iron, sodium and calcium were selected for bench scale testing. The bench-scale tests primarily consisted of exposing mixtures of coal ash and sulfur sorbents to simulated synthesis gas at temperatures within the range of those found in a Texaco gasifier for sufficient time to reach equilibrium. After rapid quenching, the resulting slags were extensively analyzed to determine the various phases that were formed. The viscosity of the slags was also measured to assess potential operating problems in the gasifier. 65 refs., 30 figs., 19 tabs.

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Effects of H/sub 2/S on molten carbonate fuel cells. Literature review on the impact of SO/sub 2/ in the oxidant supplied to molten carbonate fuel cells

The purpose of this topical report is to identify available information regarding the impact upon fuel cell performance of sulfur dioxide at ppM levels in oxidant gases supplied to molten carbonate fuel cells (MCFC). The general conclusions of this review are as follows: (1) The major source of sulfur dioxide in the oxidant is oxidized sulfur species coming from the fuel. (2) Sulfur dioxide in the oxidant can react with oxygen and carbonate to produce sulfate in the electrolyte. (3) Sulfate in the electrolyte is Faradaically transported to the anode where it is reduced to hydrogen sulfide. (4) The major and thus far only identifiable mechanism for performance loss in MCFC is caused by this hydrogen sulfide forming nickel sulfide on the anode. (5) There are a number of other chemical reactions in which sulfur dioxide may participate which have not been investigated. Included in this group are the oxidation to sulfur trioxide and the corrosion of nickel and nickel oxide. 14 refs., 3 figs., 2 tabs.

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Preliminary evaluation of an electromagnetic concept for simultaneous NO sub x /SO sub 2 removal

Western Research Institute is developing concepts to use radio frequency (RF) energy to remove NO and SO{sub 2} from combustion flue gas. Char produced from the mild gasification of coal can be heated with RF energy to react with sulfur oxides and nitric oxide at low temperatures and pressures using RF energy to form carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, elemental sulfur, and nitrogen.

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Advanced development of a pressurized ash agglomerating fluidized-bed coal gasification system. Third quarter progress report FY-1983, April 1-June 30, 1983

The overall objective of the Westinghouse coal gasification program is to demonstrate the viability of the Westinghouse pressurized, fluidized bed, gasification system for the production of medium-Btu fuel gas for syngas, electrical power generation, chemical feedstocks, or industrial fuels and to obtain performance and scaleup data for the process and hardware. Accomplishments for the past quarter are presented for the following tasks: process development unit test operations; process analysis; process and component engineering and design; cold flow scaleup facility; and laboratory support studies. 3 refs., 33 figs., 11 tabs.

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Physical gas stream cleanup. Technology status report

The overall goals of the Physical Gas Stream Cleanup Program (PGSCU) are to develop the necessary hot gas cleanup technologies and process modification techniques that will permit (1) the conversion of existing utility or industrial energy systems to coal use or (2) the sitting of new power-generating facilities. The research and technology development efforts in the PGSCU Program comprise four distinct elements: (1) pressurized fluid-bed combustion (PFBC), (2) gasification combined cycles, (3) instrumentation, and (4) direct coal-fueled turbines. Since virtually all fossil fuel utilization and power-generation processes generate particulates, the PGSCU Program coordinates closely with those DOE programs dealing with the development of fossil fuel conversion and utility technology. Principal among these other programs are: (1) Combustion Systems, (2) Heat Engines, (3) Fuel Cells, and (4) Coal Gasification. The PGSCU Program consolidates particulate cleanup efforts for these technology-specific DOE programs. In addition, close coordination with these programs is necessary to prevent duplication of work efforts and to keep abreast of technological developments in each specific program. Technological changes may dictate additional research needs or may emphasize other aspects of gas stream cleanup. 10 refs., 24 figs.

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Components development for fossil energy systems. Technology status report, October 1, 1981-September 30, 1984. [178 references]

This report describes the program that addresses the more crucial gaps existing in coal gasification component technology. Research and development programs have been conducted for many years to develop an advanced coal technology that can produce abundant, inexpensive fuel and energy for the future. Although many problems still remain to be solved, these efforts indicate that the new, advanced generation of coal conversion systems will likely operate under conditions of high pressure and temperature, and that these systems will be incorporated in large scale facilities. These harsh conditions go beyond established components technology for existing coal conversion systems. Thus, it is imperative that component systems be developed at the same rate as the new coal conversion processes to speed the commercialization of the advanced coal conversion technology. All the processes supporting a new coal conversion process must operate reliably and efficiently. These support processes include coal preparation, coal-feed systems, and instrumentation. All the potential components that may be used in a support process have been examined and the gaps in available component technology have been identified. These gaps may appear either as the lack of a reliable component, or as the lack of an economical or efficient component. 178 refs., 1 fig., 2 tabs.

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Use of treated gasification wastewater in a pilot cooling tower. Phase III. Final report for the period ending September 1985

The purpose of the Phase III test was to reevaluate the use of gas liquor treated as described for the Phase II test, with chemical corrosion inhibitor addition. Zinc, chromate, and phosphate additives were used to reduce corrosion rates. The behavior of the system, including heat transfer performance corrosion, scaling and fouling, and tower emissions, was monitored; the results were used to evaluate this treatment scheme for commercial cooling tower reuse applications.

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Investigation of the Geokinetics horizontal in-situ oil-shale retorting process. Quarterly report, April-June 1983

The objective is to develop an in situ process for recovering shale oil using a fire front moving in a horizontal direction. The project is being conducted at a field site, Kamp Kerogen, located 70 miles south of Vernal, Utah. There are no retort nor production data included in this report because no retort was burned nor oil produced during the second quarter. Reclamation work has begun on Retorts number 24, number 25, and number 26. Final preparations were made in May to ignite Retort number 27. Five post-blast packer tests on Retort number 28 have been finished and results should be available in July. Construction of the off gas processing plant for Retorts number 27 and number 28 began in April. To date, the oil storage tanks, demister tanks, air coolers, ammonia absorber and stripper, the afterburner stack, the H/sub 2/S absorber, the steam generator, the ammonia stripper reboiler, and a small heat exchanger have been installed. The gas piping including the by-pass system through the plant is complete; the installation of process piping in the ammonia plant is nearly complete. Process modifications have delayed the piping in the sulfur plant. The ignition, vacuum and spare blowers are all operational. 10 figures, 4 tables.

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Analysis of operating hazards for a high rate entrained flow coal gasification process. Technical report No. 82-1. [Mountain Fuel Resources, Inc]

The main objective of this study is to identify potentially hazardous operating conditions of an entrained flow gasification process that is currently under development, and to determine whether the equipment and instrumentation that are to be employed in a 30-ton per day process development unit (PDU) will assure personnel safety. The analysis of the components of the PDU showed that the greatest potential operational hazard is unforeseen reduction or complete interruption in coal feed to the gasification reactor without an adjustment of the oxygen feed rate prior to automatic activation of the Emergency Shut Down of the system. It is absolutely essential that adequate controls be incorporated into the system to rapidly terminate oxygen flow following any unscheduled reduction or interruption in the coal flow. Analysis of the response of the instruments and the critical oxygen control valve has resulted in the conclusion that interruption in the coal feed would be automatically sensed, the oxygen valve nearest the reactor closed, and purging of the reactor vessel with steam and nitrogen initiated less than two seconds after any coal flow blockage. 4 figures, 7 tables.

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A review of silicon carbide/metal interactions with relevance to silicon carbide joining

This report reviews the current understanding of elevated temperature interactions between metals and silicon carbide ceramics. For each of the metals examined, details available in the literature regarding wetting, reaction mechanisms, kinetics, and product phases are described, and these observations are discussed on the basis of phase equilibria considerations. The implications of these findings with respect to joining silicon carbide ceramics for elevated temperature applications are discussed. 22 refs.

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Effects of gasifier selection on overall plant costs for a large low-Btu gas application. [Two-stage fixed-bed gasifier; Winkler fluidized-bed gasifier; Rockwell molten-salt gasifier]

This report presents the results of a study comparing different gasifiers as a fuel gas source for an iron-ore pelletizing facility. The objective of this study was to develop and compare the technical and economic aspects of several systems. Systems involving three different gasifiers, the two-stage fixed-bed gasifier, the Winkler fluidized-bed gasifier, and the Rockwell molten-salt gasifier, were examined. In each case, the fuel gas product was a clean, low-Btu gas produced at approximately atmospheric pressure and supplied to the pelletizing facility at a rate of 20 billion Btu per day. The evaluations were based on installing the gasifiers at an existing Erie Mining Company iron-ore pelletizing plant at Hoyt Lakes, Minnesota. Thus, the designs that were developed incorporated existing facilities whenever possible. The designs presented were technically feasible. Estimated fuel gas costs ranged from $7.70 per million Btu (Winkler case) to $10.20 per million Btu (Rockwell case). In all cases, the fuel costs were higher than the current price of natural gas at Hoyt Lakes, $3.52 per million Btu. Not included in the study were considerations of intrinsic factors, such as the interruptible nature of the natural gas supplies and future anticipated changes in the prices of natural gas and coal.

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Effect of coal briquetting on overall plant costs for a large low-Btu gas application. Task II final topical report. Addendum. [Two-stage gasification plant with briquetting]

This report presents the results of a study to determine the technical and economic aspects of coal briquetting, when the coal briquettes are used as feed coal to a coal gasification facility. Gas from the coal gasification facility was used as the fuel source for an iron ore pelletizing facility. The gasifier for this plant was a two-stage, fixed-bed gasifier. The product gas was 20 x 10/sup 9/ Btu per day (833.3 x 10/sup 6/ Btu/hour), HHV, to be sent to an iron ore pelletizing facility. The product gas was a clean low-Btu gas produced at approximately atmospheric pressure. The evaluations were based on installing the gasifiers at the existing Erie Mining Company iron ore pelletizing plant at Hoyt Lakes, Minnesota. Thus, the designs use existing facilities where possible, and produce or purchase other needs. The briquetting/gasification design presented is technically feasible. The estimated fuel gas price is $10.00 per million Btu with a 12 percent DCF-ROR. The fuel cost is higher than the present price of natural gas at Hoyt Lakes, $3.52 per million Btu, and higher than the $7.70 per million Btu obtainable through substitution of Winkler fluidized-bed gasifiers for the two-stage fixed bed gasifiers. Not included in the study were considerations of intrinsic factors, such as the interruptible nature of natural gas supplies and future changes in the prices of natural gas and coal. 3 references, 16 figures, 16 tables.

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Houston area medium-Btu coal-gasification project feasibility study. Final report. Volume I. Executive summary and conclusions. [Production based on using Texaco gasifiers to process Illinois No. 6 coal]

The feasibility study for the Houston Coal Gasification Project was designed to identify and characterize all factors that could have a significant impact on the decision to proceed with the next phase of the project. Four factors - environmental, safety, health, and socioeconomic - are of special significance and in-depth analyses were performed for each. These analyses are site specific and design specific and, where applicable, findings were incorporated into the design and cost estimates. The results of these four independent analyses indicate that the proposed project will have only a negligible effect on the environment, will not cause undue risks to the safety and health of employees or the local population, and will have a beneficial impact on the socioeconomic structure of the area. 10 figures, 6 tables.

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