AndreaBozzo/ceres-open-data-index huggingface dataset:
DOE-FE TAR SAND PROGRAM QUARTERLY REPORT - 1ST QUARTER, FY80

"Progress was good on most tasks, but inability to complete parts of some tasks as scheduled have caused delay in completing preparation for TS-1S beyond February 1, 1980. Accomplishments this quarter on some tasks have included development of data and information on: performance characteristics of steam flood in tar sand and associated corrosion/erosion effects; characteristics of bitumens, product oils, and oil-water emulsions from steam flooding; performance of high-temperature packers, wellbore insulation and sand control problems; computer modeling and development of TS-1S test design; and acquisition of environmental permits for construction and operation of TS-1S.  Accomplishments on tasks with longer-range objectives included: development of plans for prioritizing and evaluating major tar sand deposits in Utah and other states; evaluation of downhole steam generator for use with tar sand; investigation of some new and novel concepts for tar sands oil recovery; and evaluation of various processes for upgrading products from tar sand oil recovery processes."

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AN IN SITU COAL QUALITY PREDICTION TECHNIQUE

The classic method of quantitatively evaluating coal still underground involves obtaining cores from boreholes and evaluating these cores in the laboratory. Since coring is time-consuming and costly, using quantitative log data to calculate coal quality information without complete dependence on cores is desirable. Quality information derived from such log data allows a more extensive evaluation of coal beds while decreasing coring costs and allows the information to be available as soon as the hole is logged.

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NINTH ANNUAL REPORT - ALBERTA OIL SANDS TECHNOLOGY AND RESEARCH AUTHORITY

This report summarizes the activities of the in situ oil sands recovery program, the underground access program, the enhanced recovery program, the produced water recycling program, the surface mining/extraction program, the upgrading research program, the university program, the AOSTRA/Alberta research council program, programs at other research institutes, the inventors grant assistance program, the international program, the training program, methods for acquiring AOSTRA technology, and patents.

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CHARACTERIZATION OF OIL SAND RESOURCES - REPORT ON THE ACTIVITIES CONCERNING ANNEX 1 OF THE US-CANADA COOPERATIVE AGREEMENT ON TAR SAND AND HEAVY OIL

"Information required for complete geological and engineering descriptions of tar sand and heavy oil deposits has been identified. Geological descriptions of the Athabasca and Asphalt Ridge deposits have been prepared. However, little information about many of the engineering properties, such as magnitude and direction of minimum ad maximum permeability's, is available in the literature. The data base will, in its early stages, contain little engineering data.   A computerized data base, developed at the Alberta Research Council, includes information on the visual examination of whole oil sand and determination of physical and chemical properties of whole oil and bitumen. Data from collaborative studies sponsored by the Alberta Committee on Oil Sands Analysis and the Phillips Petroleum Company were used to estimate the precision of data in the open literature that would be entered into the data base. These studies showed that systematic errors during analysis (i.e. lack of agreement between laboratories for properties of a single sample) will seriously diminish the significance of a single data point in the data base. This type of data can best be used to estimate the typical properties of a deposit."

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BITUMEN DEPOSITS OF NORTHWEST ALABAMA

"Bituminous rocks of Mississippian age crop out in northwest Alabama along a 70 mile long belt that extends from central Morgan County westward to n ear the Alabama-Mississippi boundary. Bitumen deposits have been confirmed by core-holes to be present in the subsurface for a distance of at least 10 to 15 miles south of the outcrop. Due to the lack of well control, the actual downdip limit of the deposits cannot be determined.  Saturations and thickness of the bitumen deposits vary widely throughout northwest Alabama. The highest measured saturations approach 10 percent by weight and exceed 60 percent of the pore space. Measured thickness in the outcrop range up to almost 20 feet; however, core-holes have encountered bitumen deposits up to 30 feet thick and multiple-impregnated zones are common. Estimates of the total reserves for the Hartselle Sandstone in both the outcrop and subsurface areas range up to 4.2 billion barrels, but future test-drilling to define the downdip limits could result in this estimate being increased to more than 5 billion barrels."

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TECHINICAL DESCRIPTION OF AN IMPROVED TAR SAND MODEL

"In this paper, a model is described which numerically simulates the thermal recovery processes in a tar sand reservoir. The primary focus is on the simulation of the combustion process, the process selected for further testing at Western Research Institute (WRI). Through the simulation the flow of water, oil, and gas are described when under the influence of capillary and pressure forces. Heat transfer by conduction, convection, and the vaporization and condensation of water and hydrocarbon components are addressed.   The fundamental nature of the simulation is obtained by using the partial differential equations (PDEs) describing the mass conservation of each component (oxygen, inert gas, a light hydrocarbon, a heavy hydrocarbon, water, and coke) and the conservation of energy. Vapor liquid equilibrium relationships describe vaporization and condensation. A minimum set of chemical kinetic reactions is used. These reactions represent the formation of coke from the heavy hydrocarbon component and the oxidation of coke and of both hydrocarbon components."

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MORGANTOWN ENERGY TECHNOLOGY CENTER - TOPICAL REPORT - THE DOE/METC TAR SAND RESEARCH PROGRAM - FY 84

The goal of the DOE Tar Sand Program is to develop and evaluate the technical and economic feasibilities of technologies for extraction of bitumen (crude oil) from tar sand in an efficient, cost effective and environmentally acceptable manner. Activities included in the pursuit of this program goal contribute to accomplishment of the Office of Fossil Energy's mission to conduct fossil energy research and development programs which will expand the knowledge base which in turn will enable industry to bring efficient, economically competitive and environmentally acceptable new fossil energy resources and related technologies into the market place.

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PYROLYSIS OF ARROYO GRANDE TAR SANDS AND TAR

Pyrolysis experiments have been performed on Arroyo Grande tar sand and on mixtures of tar sand and SAE 50 oil. Isothermal and nonisothermal tests were performed on a Du Pont model 950 thermogravimetric analyzer (TGA) and larger scale isothermal experiments were performed in a sandbath-heated reactor system. The sandbath reactor system allowed collection of condensable pyrolysis products and the analysis of the gaseous products. Residual material was extracted with toluene to obtain a toluene-soluble product fraction. After extraction all residual organic material was burned off the sand to obtain a measure of organic residue.

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CHEMICAL EVALUATION OF PRODUCT OILS FROM TWO IN SITU TAR SAND OIL RECOVERY PROJECTS

Tar sand deposits are widely distributed over the United States of America. These deposits vary from small to very large, and some of the latter may prove to be of economic significance. Virtually all of the largest known deposits occur in Utah, and this state is believed to possess reserves of bitumen totaling 27 billion barrels. However only a small portion of the Utah reserves are of sufficiently shallow depth to permit recovery by the techniques currently used in Alberta, Canada. Therefore, the majority of the Utah tar sands will have to be recovered by some in situ technique. Two techniques to accomplish this have been utilized by the Laramie Energy Technology Center (US DOE). These are fireflooding and steamflooding. So far, three recovery projects have been completed by the Laramie Energy Technology Center. All were conducted in the Rimrock Member of the Mesa Verde Formation of the Northwest Asphalt Ridge (Utah) tar sand deposit. Two of the recovery projects, the results of which were particularly significant, will be discussed in this paper.

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A FIVE-YEAR RESEARCH PLAN IDENTIFYING NEEDS IN THE AREA OF PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERITES EVALUATION FOR TAR SAND, 1987-1991

A research plan has been developed for the evaluation of the chemical and physical properties of tar sand that will aid in the development of a site-specific tar sand recovery process. Four broad research areas have been identified. The first is the continued evaluation of feedstocks and products from thermal recovery processes. Four broad research areas have been identified. The first is the continued evaluation of feedstocks and products from thermal recovery processes. this work is conducted to aid in evaluating process development and determining production mechanisms. the second area of research concerns the development of advanced nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) techniques. Currently, NMR techniques can be used to monitor the change in carbon types during processing and to determine average structural parameters necessary for mathematical model development. The extension of this technique to the identification, quantification, and tracking of the conversion of hereoatom-containing compounds during thermal recovery processing would add greater insight into the reaction mechanisms involved during processing. The third area involves a detailed investigation of the bonding interactions that are present between the bitumen and the mineral matrix in tar sand. in addition, an extensive survey of trace metals in tar sands is proposed because co-recovery of strategic and/or critical metals with the oil may improve economic viability of recovery processes and mitigate environmental effects. the fourth area concerns evaluating the appropriate end use of product oils from tar sands. the possible uses could be as asphalts, conventional transportation fuels, and/or advanced aviation turbine fuels.

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CORROSION AND EROSION RELATED TO THE IN SITU PROCESSING OF TAR SANDS REVISED FINAL REPORT

The purpose of this investigation is to produce a data base that will permit prediction of material behavior in a steam stimulation and recovery environment. The materials will be exposed to high pressure (temperature) flow of steam, corrosive product gases, and entrained silica particles. The damage therefore could result from corrosion, erosion, or a combination of the two processes.

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GUIDELINES FOR SELECTION OF TAR SAND RESOURCES SUITABLE FOR IN SITU THERMAL RECOVERY METHODS

The primary objective is to identify geologic influences on in situ thermal recovery processing of tar sands. These influences include structural, stratigraphic, and lithologic properties of each tar sand deposit and/or locality as a whole, as well as the specific target zone. These properties can affect process design and operation, including well spacing, well completion, gas and/or fluid mixture, and injection pressure. Identification of these characteristics can aid in the selection of appropriate recovery processes for various tar sand deposits. Various geophysical, analytical, microscopic, X-ray, and mechanical testing techniques are suggested to adequately characterize tar sand deposits.

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GEOPHYSICAL LOGGING AND EXPLORATION TECHNIQUES IN THE APPALACHIAN COAL FIELDS

The Appalachian Region, although developed heavily in the past 75 years, remains as a tremendous source of future coal reserves. However, with the thicker and more accessible coals now well developed, the coal industry is adjusting rapidly to new exploration techniques for defining new thin coal reserve potentials. Many of these techniques have been derived from the oil and gas exploration industry, while others rely on application of depositional modeling.

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OIL SHALE IN SPAIN

This paper presents data taken from published works of Spanish authorities dealing with the oil shale deposits in the Puertelleno basin. The data indicates that this area contains one of the most important of the known oil shale deposits in the world that has not been exploited adequately. The physical factors of mining, high assay value, and accessibility of markets are exceptionally favorable. The available evidence lends to the conclusion that more than 100,000,000 short tons of oil shale can be mined and that an average yield of 10 percent by weight of crude shale oil can be anticipated confidently. This quantity is equivalent to 1,600,00 barrels of crude oil a year or 4,500 barrels a day, for a period of 40 years, and would be a significant addition to the liquid fuel supply of Spain. Recently the total demand for all petroleum oils in Spain has been approximately 7,500,000 barrels a year.

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ANALYSES OF OIL SHALES FROM ISRAEL

Several samples of oil shale from the Um-Barek deposit on the west shore of the Dead Sea and from Galilee, Israel near the town of Safed, were submitted for analysis by Dr. Emanuel Gil-Av, who is visiting the Petroleum and Oil Shale Experiment Station and the Oil Shale Demonstration Plant under a Point IV training grand. The Israel samples submitted for analysis were designated as "bituminous limestones." This term, as used in this country, refers to a limestone impregnated with bitumen, for example, asphalt. Since the Israel samples did not contain bitumen but were either calcareous or dolomitic shales containing pyrobituminous organic matter (kerogen), they are designated in this report as oil shales.

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OIL SHALE IN BRAZIL

"This report is one of a series dealing with oil shale operations in foreign countries visited and studied by Bureau of Mines oil shale technologists within the past 4 years.  Data in this report show that Brazil lacks fuel supplies adequate for further industrialization and consequent economic advancement. Firewood and hydroelectric power are the largest sources of mechanical energy, and nearly half the coal burned in 1946 was imported. Exploration and drilling for petroleum and natural gas have been moderately successful, but the total estimated proved reserves of crude petroleum in 1948 were less than the annual consumption of imported petroleum and petroleum products in Brazil."

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ANALYSES OF FOREIGN OIL SHALES

The purpose of this paper is to prevent some of the analytical data on the foreign oil shales in a single report and thereby facilitate its use within the Bureau. The data consist of modified Fischer assays, properties of oil shales and their assay oils, chemical analyses of the shale ashes, and mass spectrometer analyses of some of the assay gases. Similar data on a composite sample of the 75 food Mahogany ledge in the bureau of Mines oil shale mine near Rifle, Colorado are included for comparison. Data on this composite and the mine samples from which it was prepared have been published in Bureau of Mines R.I. 4625. Petrographic analyses have been made on the foreign oil shales but those results will be described in a separate report.

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Surface Mining of Coal: A Discussion of Mining Methods, Reclamation Practices and Environmental Regulations of Foreign Countries

"Surface mining consists of removing the topsoil, rock and other strata that lie above mineral or solid fuel deposits to recover them. In practice, however, the process is considerably more complex.  When compared with underground methods, surface mining offers distinct advantages. It makes possible the recovery of deposits which, for physical reasons, cannot be mined underground; provides safer working conditions; and, most significantly it is generally cheaper in terms of cost-per-unit of production.   It is hoped that the following discussion on mining methods, reclamation practices, and environmental regulations of foreign countries will benefit the improvement of technology in a most important area, namely surface mining of coal, and bring about a better understanding of the problem."

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OIL SHALES IN EF'E AREA

"The dimensions and quality of the oil shale deposit in the Ghareb Formation of the Ef'e area were examined. The composition of 300 samples was determined, and their organic matter-kerogen-was analyzed.  The oil shales of the Ef'e deposit are superior to those of Ein Boqeq as regards mining conditions and proximity to planned industrial centers."

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PETROGRAPHIC EXAMINATION OF FOREIGN OIL SHALES

"This report discusses X-ray and petrographic examinations made on oil shale and torbanite samples from deposits in five foreign countries: Glen Davis and Coolaway Mountain, New South Wales, Australia; the Treinembe-Taubate, Sao Paulo, Brazil; the Ermelo, Transvaal, Union of South Africa; Orepuki, New Zealand; and Autun, France. The samples were collected by members of the Bureau of Mines Technical Missions who were sent to foreign countries having active oil shale operations to determine the technological development in this field.  Photographs of specimens, photomicrographs of thin sections, brief descriptions of deposits, oil yields, and discussion of samples are given. All yields of shale and oil are given in U.S. gallons and U.S. tons of 2,000 pounds each."

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ENVIRONMENT OF DEPOSITION OF THE EF'E OIL SHALE

In the course of the investigation of the Ef'e oil shale field, the inorganic chemistry of 33 composite samples from 10 boreholes was studied. Detailed analyses for organic matter content, P2O5 and U also were carried out. According to the results of these analyses, X-ray analyses and the examination of petrographic thin sections, the minerals which constitute the oil shale are: oaloite, organic matter (kerogen), kaolinite, montmorillonite, apatite, gypsun, dolomite, pyrite, and quartz.

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PRE-FEASIBILITY STUDY UNDERGROUND COAL GASIFICATION, LEIGH CREEK, SOUTH AUSTRALIA; VOLUME 1 OF 2

Shedden Pacific Pty. Limited, with the assistance of Professor I. McStewart and Golder Associates Pty. Ltd., was commissioned to undertake a technical and economic pre-feasibility study of Underground Coal Gasification (UCG) at Leigh Creek for the South Australian Department of Mines and Energy (DME) and the Electricity Trust of South Australia (ETSA). This study was funded by a grant from the National Energy Research, Development and Demonstration Council (NERDDC) as part of its program to promote more effective use of existing energy resources, particularly coal.

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PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL FUNDAMENTALS OF FUEL COMBUSTION AND GASIFICATION

This book gives a description of the physical and chemical processes that take place during the burning and gasification of fuels, lays out the theoretical fundamentals of fuel combustion and gasification, and presents the basic information on the dynamics of gas formation during gasification of a solid fuel. The book is intended for engineers and scientific researchers and is recommended as supplementary material for students in the metallurgical and power engineering institutions for higher education.

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PROBLEMS PRESENTED BY UNDERGROUND GASIFICATION OF COAL

On the economic plane, the extraction of coal renders this source of energy expensive. For this reason it has been necessary to exert great effort on mechanization and concentrated mining in the United States and the imposition of high taxes on petroleum products in France, in order for coal to compete with other fuels. On the human plane, the work of the coal miner is arduous and dangerous. Recruiting of hard work specialist becomes more and more difficult. Moreover, the thought of being able to utilize coal reserves without having to mine them is particularly attractive. It will only be necessary to start combustion in place "in situ" as is done in gas production and to pipe the combustible gas recovered to the surface.

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INVESTIGATION OF SUPERCRITICAL GAS EXTRACTION OF CHINESE COAL AND OIL SHALE

During the exploitation and processing of oil shales, there is almost 20% of shale fines produced, which has long been discarded without any suitable means of utilization. In view of this fact the supercritical gas extraction of shale fines has been investigated and high yield of the extracted oil was obtained. Taking Maoming oil shale as an example, using toluene as solvent it was found that the yield of extracted oil could be as high as 10.4% on dry basis under the conditions of 380C and 9.9Mpa, which is approximately 1.5 times that of the Fischer Assay. If solvents of higher critical temperature were used, yield of extracted oil might be further enhanced. In order to go into the depth of study of the process, results of the supercritical gas extraction of brown coal and candle coal were taken for comparison.

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EXPERIENCE AND PLANS OF BRITAIN IN UNDERGROUND COAL GASIFCATION

The study is being undertaken by a small team from the NCB's own Operational Research group. It is specifically a paper study based on the known technology and available results and draws heavily on US, USSR and UK experience. In evaluating UCG as a process on a commercial level, we will also need to take a critical view as to whether it is technically capable of supplying gas at a steady rate in the quantities required. If the process appears to be favorable on these and economic grounds, the NCB may proceed to a pilot plant with the supporting laboratory work and mathematical modeling.

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"Report of Experiment. No. 12  Gas-Combustion Pilot Plant. No.1"

As part of a program to investigate several different retorting processes for possible application in the production of shale oil from Brazil's Paraiba Valley oil shale deposits, the CIXB negotiated a cooperative agreement with the Bureau of Mines, U.S. Department of the Interior, to make exploratory tests in the Bureau's 6 ton per day Gas Combustion process pilot plant at Rifle, Colorado. The gas combustion process is a development of the oil shale mine and engineering experiment station of the Bureau of Mines. While the process has been operated only on a pilot plant scale, it shows considerable promise as a method for producing shale oil from Colorado oil shale and conceivably could also be applicable to the processing of Brazilian shales.

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PROCESS FOR UNDERGROUND GASIFICATION OF COAL

In the known processes for underground gasification of coal on one side the gasification agent is led to the zone to be gasified and on the other side the gas produced is taken to the surface. Between the introduction of the gasification agent and the removal of the gas there is either a section prepared by mining or a channel which can be formed in various ways, from which a combustion section is formed during the progress of gasification, in which the gasification reactions take place.

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OIL SHALE TOTAL ENERGY RECOVERY-PETROSIX AND FLUIDIZED-BED COMBUSTION

Oil Shale is an alternative primary energy which is plenty in Brazil, a country heavily dependent on imported energy. Petrobras, the state owned oil company, is the sole organism that has exploited shale to the present: PETROSIX, a pyrolysis process developed by this company to produce oil, LPG and sulfur, gives off spent shale and screened out fines whose energy contents are sufficient to supply all the energy needs of PETROSIX. Fluidized bed combustion is proposed to utilize these materials, increasing the energy efficiency of the whole process, thereby recovering practically all the energy contained in the shale. As large industrial plants are planned for the future, PETROSIX-FBC appears as a perfect couple as an energy technology.

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