AndreaBozzo/ceres-open-data-index huggingface dataset:
Upgrading of raw oil into advanced fuel

The overall objective of the research effort is the determination of the minimum processing requirements to produce high energy density fuels (HEDF) having acceptable fuel specifications. The program encompasses assessing current technology capability; selecting acceptable processing and refining schemes; and generating samples of advanced test fuels. The Phase I Baseline Program is intended to explore the processing alternatives for producing advanced HEDF from two raw synfuel feedstocks, one from Mild Coal Gasification as exemplified by the COALITE process and one from Colorado shale oil. Eight key tasks have been identified as follows: (1) Planning and Environmental Permitting; (2) Transporting and Storage of Raw Fuel Sources and Products; (3) Screening of Processing and Upgrading Schemes; (4) Proposed Upgrading Schemes for Advanced Fuel; (5) Upgrading of Raw Oil into Advanced Fuel (6) Packaging and Shipment of Advanced Fuels; (7) Updated Technical and Economic Assessment; and, (8) Final Report of Phase I Efforts. This topical report summarizes the operations and results of the Phase I Task 5 sample preparation program. The specific objectives of Task 5 were to: Perform laboratory characterization tests on the raw COALITE feed, the intermediate liquids to the required hydroprocessing units and final advanced fuels and byproducts; and produce a minimum of 25-gal of Category I test fuel for evaluation by DOE and its contractors.

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Ground Movements Associated with Gas Hydrate Production in Geologic Media

This report deals with an investigation on the potential strata movements and subsidence associated with hydrate production. The investigation involved the determination of mechanical properties experimentally and numerical modeling of ground movements resulting from reservoir compaction. The objective was to investigate the influence of reservoir compaction on ground movements based the theories of continuum mechanics and principles of geomechanics. Here, the Finite Element Method was used in modeling the ground movements. This is a powerful computer-based technique which has been widely used in many areas of geomechanics. Parametric studies were performed to establish possible variation in the expected ground movements for different reservoir conditions and material characteristics. The results from this investigation can be useful in estimating the magnitude of ground movement problems associated with hydrate production from geological materials. 45 refs., 17 figs., 13 tabs.

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Effects of H/sub 2/S on molten carbonate fuel cells. Progress report, October 1-December 31, 1983

The overall program objective is to identify the poisoning mechanism(s) responsible for performance losses of molten carbonate fuel cells (MCFC) when operating on sulfur-containing gases. This objective is being addressed by focusing out-of-cell and in-cell experiments on single mechanistic issues, followed by incorporation of the results into a model that correlates cell potential decline to contaminant(s) concentration. When coupled with gas cleanup cost projections, the model can be used to conduct trade-off studies leading to the selection of optimum feed-gas compositions for MCFC power plants. The importance of this program is that the degree to which H/sub 2/S and other contaminants must be removed from typical MCFC fuels can have a profound effect on the cost of cleaning the fuel gas, especially when contaminant levels lower than 0.1 ppM are required. The anticipated product from the overall program is a justifiable specification for gas cleanup requirements for MCFC power plants. During the second quarter, considerable progress was made in understanding the relationship between gas composition and the poisoning phenomenon. Three bench-scale fuel cells have been operated on the 10% hydrogen/90% helium fuel mixtures this quarter, bringing to four the total number of cells which have operated on this gas. Results reinforce the hypothesis put forth in the last quarterly report that the carbon dioxide and water vapor partial pressures also influence the extent of the poisoning of the fuel cell, not simply the hydrogen sulfide to hydrogen ratio. (WHK)

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Atmospheric fluidized bed combustion advanced concept system

DONLEE Technologies Inc. is developing with support of the US Department of Energy an advanced circulating fluidized bed technology known as the Vortex{trademark} Fluidized Bed Combustor (VFBC). The unique feature of the VFBC is the injection of a significant portion of the combustion air into the cyclone. Since as much as one-half of the total combustion air is injected into the cyclone, the cross-sectional area of the circulating fluidized bed is considerably smaller than typical circulating fluidized beds. The technology is being developed for two applications: Industrial-scale boilers ranging from 20,000 to 100,000 pounds per hour steam generating capacity; and two-stage combustion in which a substoichiometric Vortex Fluidized Bed Combustor (2VFBC) or precombustor is used to generate a combustible gas for use primarily in boiler retrofit applications. This Level II analysis of these two applications indicates that both have merit. An industrial-scale VFBC boiler (60,000 lb/hr of steam) is projected to be economically attractive with coal prices as high as $40 per ton and gas prices between $4 and $5 per thousand cubic feet. The payback time is between 3 and 4 years. The 2VFBC system was evaluated at three capacities of application: 20,000; 60,000 and 100,000 lb/hr of steam. The payback times for these three capacities are 4.5, 2.1 and 1.55 years, respectively. The 2VFBC has potential applications for retrofit of existing pulverized coal-fired boilers or as a new large (utility) boiler. Pressurized operation of the 2VFBC has considerable potential for combined cycle power generation applications. Experimental development of both applications is presented here to demonstrate the potential of these two technologies.

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Ammonia removal in coal gasification processes by adsorption on zeolites: Final report

The objective of this research project was to evaluate NH/sub 3/ removal from hot coal-derived gases by adsorption on zeolites. Zeolites, because of their properties as solid acids, can adsorb certain compounds by chemical bonding on the acids sites. Chemisorption is slower than physical adsorption but can take place at higher temperatures. Ammonia is one of the many compound known to chemisorb on zeolites. Studies were conducted in a 100-cc, fixed-bed, continuous-flow, catalytic reactor. A simulated coal gas containing 5000 ppM NH/sub 3/ (0.5 vol%) was used. A gas chromatograph equipped with a photoionization detector was used to analyze for NH/sub 3/ in the inlet and outlet gases. The study showed that NH/sub 3/ will adsorb on zeolites at high temperatures. Hydrogen mordenite was the most effective zeolite for adsorbing NH/sub 3/ at 550/degree/C and 10 atm. With a dry feed gas a H-mordenite zeolite removed over 95% of the NH/sub 3/ from the gas until the NH/sub 3/ loading on the zeolite reached about 1 wt% at breakthrough. 15 refs., 10 figs., 8 tabs.

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Fluidized-bed combustion: Technology status report

This report describes the activities and accomplishments of the Morgantown Energy Technology Center (METC) research and development program in fluidized-bed combustion (FBC) from October 1, 1985, to September 30, 1987. The Department of Energy program involves two types of systems: atmospheric (AFBC) and pressurized (PFBC). This is the latest in a series of periodic reports that have described the AFBC (METC 1981, 1982a and b, 1984a), PFBC (METC 1980, 1982c, 1984b), and combined (METC 1985a and 1985b) programs. This is the second report to discuss both programs in a single report. The scope of this report is limited to projects that are supported by the Department of Energy and does not cover all projects in the public and private sectors (Byam 1982). 40 refs., 22 figs., 2 tabs.

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Natural gas conversion to higher hydrocarbons using plasma interactions with surfaces. Final report

Experiments are reported in which a methane plasma is created, and the methyl ions and hydrogen ions are accelerated within a microchannel array so that they interact with neutral methane molecules on the inside surfaces of the microchannels. No catalysts are used, and the device operates at room temperature. Impact energies of the ions are in the range of 10 eV to greater than 100 eV, and the energy delivered in the interaction at the surfaces causes the production of larger hydrocarbon molecules, such as C{sub 2}H{sub 2}, C{sub 2}H{sub 4}, and C{sub 2}H{sub 6}, along with C{sub 3}, C{sub 4}, C{sub 5}m C{sub 6}, C{sub 7}m and C{sub 8} molecules. There is a decreasing percentage of larger molecules produced, in comparison with the C{sub 2} and C{sub 3} types. Conversion effectiveness is greater at higher pressure, due to the increased ionic activity. The yield of the higher hydrocarbons depends upon the external voltage used, and voltage can be used as a control parameter to adjust the output mixture proportions. A conversion energy of 2.59 kilowatt hours/killogram of output has been demonstrated, and a reduction of this by a factor of 10 is possible using known techniques. In batch experiments, the selectivity for C{sub 2} has varied from 47% to 88%, and selectivity for C{sub 6} has ranged from 0% to 12.8%. Other hydrocarbon selectivities also span a wide and useful range. The estimated costs for hydrocarbons produced with this technology are in the range of $200 per tonne, in production quantities, depending upon natural gas costs. Pilot production experiments are recommended to make these estimates more precise, and to address strategies for scaling the technology up to production levels. Applications are discussed.

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Novel concept development of an internal recirculation catalyst for mild gasification: Progress report, September 1-November 30, 1987

Although pure cesium hydroxide volatilizes rapidly in steam at temperatures suitable for mild gasification it also interacts with coal mineral matter under these conditions. This results in a lowering of the cesium hydroxide volatility to the point of its being rendered unsuitable for use as a recirculating catalyst. Alternative inorganic compounds were considered and a number were selected as worthy of further investigation. DOE's guidance was sought and zinc chloride was selected for testing under a no-cost time extension of this contract. Zinc chloride has a vapor pressure that varies from less than 0.053 to greater than 1.0 atmosphere in the 1000/degree/F to 1300/degree/F temperature range. This meets the volatility requirements for internal recirculation under mild gasification conditions. Seventeen pyrolysis-gas chromatography tests were conducted in helium. Four tests used Illinois No.6 coal to provide a baseline comparison with earlier work and the rest used North Dakota lignite. Cesium hydroxide catalyzed lignite was tested to complete observations of the CsOH behavior with coals of three different ranks. Zinc chloride catalyzed lignite was tested to study any effects that it may have on the mild gasification/devolatilization products. The results from CsOH-North Dakota lignite tests were similar to those previously observed with other coals. The effect of ZnC1/sub 2/ on North Dakota lignite devolatilization include an increase in overall conversion as reflected by a 10 weight percent decrease (relative) in char residue, an increased production of water and carbon dioxide, decreased production of hydrogen sulfide, and a shift in boiling point distribution of recovered condensable organics in the C/sub 6/ to C/sub 44/ boiling point range. 3 refs., 1 fig., 4 tabs.

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Proceedings of the thirteenth annual underground coal gasification symposium

The Thirteenth Annual Underground Coal Gasification Symposium was cosponsored by the Morgantown Energy Technology Center's Laramie Projects Office and Gas Research Institute of Chicago, Illinois, and hosted by the Western Research Institute of Laramie, Wyoming. The symposium was held in Laramie, Wyoming, during the period, August 24 to 26, 1987. Papers printed in these Proceedings were reproduced from camera-ready manuscripts furnished by the authors. They have not been refereed nor have they been edited after receipt for publishing. The purpose for this annual meeting is to provide an opportunity for scientists working in the technology to present their research results, exchange ideas, and discuss their future plans. Nearly 100 attendees from industry, academia, Government, and eight countries, including Belgium, Brazil, France, the Netherlands, Japan, West Germany, India, and Yugoslavia participated. Forty-seven papers were presented in five formal sessions covering Technology, International, Environmental, and General Topics and one informal poster session dominantly covering laboratory and modeling studies. Industrial papers have been processed for inclusion in the Energy Data Base.

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Selection of area and specific site for drilling a horizontal well in Calhoun County, West Virginia

This report discusses the data collection and analysis procedures used to establish criteria for geologic and engineering studies conducted by BDM to select a general area for more detailed study and a specific site for the drilling of a cooperative well with an industry partner, the Consolidated Natural Gas Development Company (CNGD). The results of detailed geologic studies are presented for two areas in Calhoun County, West Virginia, and one area along the Logan-Boone County line in West Virginia. The effects of Appalachian Basin tectonics and the Rome Trough Rift system were identified on seismic lines made available by (CNGD). These helped to identify and define the trapping mechanisms which had been effective in each area. Engineering analyses of past production histories provided data to support selection of target areas and then to select a specific site that met the project requirements for production, reservoir pressure, and risk. A final site was selected in Lee District at the southwestern margin of the Sand Ridge gas field based on the combination of a geologic trapping mechanism and reservoir pressures which were projected as 580 psi with a stress ratio of 0.53.

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Pulsed atmospheric fluidized bed combustion

In order to verify the technical feasibility of the MTCI Pulsed Atmospheric Fluidized Bed Combustor technology, a laboratory-scale system was designed, built and tested. Important aspects of the operational and performance parameters of the system were established experimentally. A considerable amount of the effort was invested in the initial task of constructing an AFBC that would represent a reasonable baseline against which the performance of the PAFBC could be compared. A summary comparison of the performance and emissions data from the MTCI 2 ft {times} 2 ft facility (AFBC and PAFBC modes) with those from conventional BFBC (taller freeboard and recycle operation) and circulating fluidized bed combustion (CFBC) units is given in Table ES-1. The comparison is for typical high-volatile bituminous coals and sorbents of average reactivity. The values indicated for BFBC and CFBC were based on published information. The AFBC unit that was designed to act as a baseline for the comparison was indeed representative of the larger units even at the smaller scale for which it was designed. The PAFBC mode exhibited superior performance in relation to the AFBC mode. The higher combustion efficiency translates into reduced coal consumption and lower system operating cost; the improvement in sulfur capture implies less sorbent requirement and waste generation and in turn lower operating cost; lower NO{sub x} and CO emissions mean ease of site permitting; and greater steam-generation rate translates into less heat exchange surface area and reduced capital cost. Also, the PAFBC performance generally surpasses those of conventional BFBC, is comparable to CFBC in combustion and NO{sub x} emissions, and is better than CFBC in sulfur capture and CO emissions even at the scaled-down size used for the experimental feasibility tests.

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Characterization of oil and gas reservoir heterogeneity. Final report

Research described In this report addresses the internal architecture of two specific reservoir types: restricted-platform carbonates and fluvial-deltaic sandstones. Together, these two reservoir types contain more than two-thirds of the unrecovered mobile oil remaining ill Texas. The approach followed in this study was to develop a strong understanding of the styles of heterogeneity of these reservoir types based on a detailed outcrop description and a translation of these findings into optimized recovery strategies in select subsurface analogs. Research targeted Grayburg Formation restricted-platform carbonate outcrops along the Algerita Escarpment and In Stone Canyon In southeastern New Mexico and Ferron deltaic sandstones in central Utah as analogs for the North Foster (Grayburg) and Lake Creek (Wilcox) units, respectively. In both settings, sequence-stratigraphic style profoundly influenced between-well architectural fabric and permeability structure. It is concluded that reservoirs of different depositional origins can therefore be categorized Into a ``heterogeneity matrix`` based on varying intensity of vertical and lateral heterogeneity. The utility of the matrix is that it allows prediction of the nature and location of remaining mobile oil. Highly stratified reservoirs such as the Grayburg, for example, will contain a large proportion of vertically bypassed oil; thus, an appropriate recovery strategy will be waterflood optimization and profile modification. Laterally heterogeneous reservoirs such as deltaic distributary systems would benefit from targeted infill drilling (possibly with horizontal wells) and improved areal sweep efficiency. Potential for advanced recovery of remaining mobile oil through heterogeneity-based advanced secondary recovery strategies In Texas is projected to be an Incremental 16 Bbbl. In the Lower 48 States this target may be as much as 45 Bbbl at low to moderate oil prices over the near- to mid-term.

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Decontamination Systems Information and Research Program. Quarterly technical progress report, January 1--March 31, 1994

West Virginia University (WVU) and the US DOE Morgantown Energy Technology Center (METC) entered into a Cooperative Agreement on August 29, 1992 entitled ``Decontamination Systems Information and Research Programs.`` Stipulated within the Agreement is the requirement that WVU submit to METC a series of Technical Progress Reports on a quarterly basis. This report comprises the first Quarterly Technical Progress Report for Year 2 of the Agreement. This report reflects the progress and/or efforts performed on the sixteen (16) technical projects encompassed by the Year 2 Agreement for the period of January 1 through March 31, 1994. In situ bioremediation of chlorinated organic solvents; Microbial enrichment for enhancing in-situ biodegradation of hazardous organic wastes; Treatment of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) using biofilters; Drain-enhanced soil flushing (DESF) for organic contaminants removal; Chemical destruction of chlorinated organic compounds; Remediation of hazardous sites with steam reforming; Soil decontamination with a packed flotation column; Use of granular activated carbon columns for the simultaneous removal of organics, heavy metals, and radionuclides; Monolayer and multilayer self-assembled polyion films for gas-phase chemical sensors; Compact mercuric iodide detector technology development; Evaluation of IR and mass spectrometric techniques for on-site monitoring of volatile organic compounds; A systematic database of the state of hazardous waste clean-up technologies; Dust control methods for insitu nuclear and hazardous waste handling; Winfield Lock and Dam remediation; and Socio-economic assessment of alternative environmental restoration technologies.

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Validation of inorganic chemical speciation for geochemical models

This report reviews general approaches for determining the chemical species of ionic materials and outlines a feasible approach to the analytical speciation of Cr(III) and (VI), and Fe(II) and (III) in an aqueous solution. The results of the speciation are related to existing models through redox electrode potential measurements. An ion chromatographic technique based on the separation of anionic species was selected for the speciation. Nonspecific (conductivity) and specific (electronic absorption spectrometry) detection alternatives are discussed, and detection limits are projected into the low parts per billion range. The results of the present work suggest a technique for the quantitative characterization of certain elemental species in an aqueous phase. The significance of the results with respect to geochemical meodeling will depend upon the application of the methodology in a variety of geochemical environments. 57 refs., 5 figs., 2 tabs.

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Engineering support services for the DOE/GRI Coal Gasification Research Program. Quarterly technical status report, March 25-June 24, 1984

The scope of work under this contract consists of technical assistance in the following areas: advancing the development of coal gasification processes and related technologies to their maximum potential; gathering, compiling, and presenting essential data necessary to delineate the advantages and disadvantages of each competing process; determining and identifying the specific process and/or combination of component processing steps that offer the greatest economic potential for commercial application; performing evaluations to determine the areas of development necessary to provide all technical data, including equipment and material specifications, required for the design and construction of a commercial coal gasification facility; making recommendations and assisting in the compiling of sufficient data to complete conceptual commercial designs and prepare associated factored estimates; evaluating progress reports for consistency, compliance with contract requirements, and adequacy in providing data necessary for process evaluation; and conducting additional studies that could enhance the technical and economic assessment of coal gasification technologies. During the second calendar quarter of 1984, Foster Wheeler continued work on three task assignments which were initiated in 1983; Task No. 1 - monitoring and evaluation of Westinghouse PDU and Cold Flow Scale-up Facility, Mountain Fuels Resources PDU, Bell Aerospace, CNG acid gas removal process, and Metals Properties Council; Task No. 2 - Lurgi Baseline Study; and Task No. 3 - coal fines consolidation study. 8 refs.

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Rapid pyrolysis with steam stabilization. Quarterly report, December 1985-February 1986

The modification to the experimental equipment required to achieve full mass-balance closure as described in the Quarterly Report for September 1985-November 1985 has been completed. All hardware and equipment has been received and assembled. The instrumentation and controls for the new system configuration were designed, purchased where necessary, and installed. A new main controller program has been written and programmed into the controller. The gas sampling system has been modified to allow for six gas samples to be taken from the pyrolyzer section and gas and soot samples to be taken from the venturi scrubber exit pipe. The construction of the char sampling system has been completed. Details of the final system configuration, including controls and instrumentation, are described.

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