AndreaBozzo/ceres-open-data-index huggingface dataset:
Stratigraphy of Post-Mesaverde Cretaceous Rocks, Sand Wash Basin and Vicinity, Colorado and Wyoming

The interrelationship between the Upper Cretaceous Mesaverde, Lewis, Fox Hills, and Lance formations of Northwestern Colorado and south central Wyoming, and the position of the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary in this area, have been studied in detail for over 50 years. With the addition of considerable subsurface control in the past few years, it is now possible to present a more complete picture of the stratigraphy of this part of the section. Additional paleontological collections are needed and, in the deeper parts of the Sand Wash and Washakie basins, there are large gaps in the subsurface control. Detailed surface mapping of the intertonguing relationships of the Upper Cretaceous formations could add immeasurably to the stratigraphic knowledge of this area. The occurrence of gas, and possibly oil, in this part of the stratigraphic column, creates an economic reason for more precise knowledge of environments of deposition and paleogeography. The purpose of this paper is to review the origin of stratigraphic nomenclature now in use and to add new information regarding regional stratigraphy and its relationship to gas entrapment.

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Carbonization Properties and Petrographic Composition of Hernshaw Coal from Boone County, W.Va.

This paper is a report on the relationships between petrographic composition, chemical composition, physical properties, and thermal behavior of banded bituminous coal. It describes the relationships between petrographic composition, behavior in various laboratory tests, and carbonizing properties of different petrographic types of coal that occur in relatively thick benches in a single bed of high-volatile A bituminous coal- the Hernshaw bed of Boone County, W.V.

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Sedimentology and Mineralogical Differentiation of Sandstones in the Fort Union Formation (Paleocene), Wind River Basin, Wyoming

During Paleocene time, the Granite, Wind River, Washakie and Owl Creek Mountains were rising highlands that enclosed the Wind River Basin on the south, west, and north. Fluvial deltaic, lacustrine and paludal sediments of the Fort Union Formation accumulated in the subsiding basin. The streams flowed basinward, as evidenced by paleocurrent data for cross-bed sets in fluvial sandstones that crop out along the southern and western margins of the basin. The streams probably flowed across the southern margin of the present Powder River Basin to empty into the Cannonball Sea.

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CHARACTERIZATION OF FACIES AND PERMEABILITY PATTERNS IN CARBONATE RESERVOIRS BASED ON OUTCROP ANALOGS

More than 13 billion barrels (Bbbl) of mobile oil and 17 Bbbl of residual oil will remain in San Andres and Grayburg reservoir at abandonment under current development practices. Through development and application of new recovery technology a large part of this resource can be recovered. This report focuses on research for the development and testing of new techniques for improving recovery of this resource. Outcrop and subsurface geologic and engineering data are utilized to develop new methodologies through the integration of geologic observations and engineering data for improving numerical models that predict reservoir performance more accurately. Extensive regional mapping of the 14-mi by 1,200-ft San Andres outcrop, located on the Algerita Escarpment, Guadalupe Mountains, New Mexico, demonstrates that the San Andres carbonate-ramp complex is composed of multiple depositional sequences that have significant basinward shifts in reservoir-quality facies tracts occurring across sequence boundaries. Detailed geologic and petrophysical mapping of three reservoir-quality facies tracts demonstrates that the fundamental scale of geologic description for reservoir characterization is the parasequence and its component rock-fabric-based facies. Descriptions of cores from the Seminole San Andres Unit illustrate that the parasequence is also the fundamental geologic scale for reservoir mapping in the subsurface. Outcrop and subsurface petrophysical data show that the parasequence framework can be quantified in petrophysical terms through rock-fabric-based transforms. Three basic rock-fabric/ petrophysical classes, each having distinct porosity, permeability, and saturation characteristics, can be used to quantify both the outcrop and subsurface. In the outcrop, these relationships are used to convert permeability and rock-fabric data into porosity and saturation values. In the subsurface, these relationships together with relationships between rock-fabric, acoustic travel time, and resistivity are used to transform wireline log data into porosity, permeability, and saturation values.

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PALYNMORPH  ZONES IN EARLY TERTIARY FORMATIONS OF THE PIEANCE CREEK AND UNITA BASINS, COLORADO AND UTAH

This is a preliminary report on Palynmorph zones in early Tertiary strata of the Piceance Creek and Uinta basins of Colorado and Utah. Range zone data have been compounded and reference sections established for the Piceance Creek basin at Government Creek, for the Douglas Creek arch at Cathedral Creek, and for the western Uinta basin at Soldier Summit, Certain taxa appear to be regionally widespread and are used to construct an operational zone of Paleocene to middle Eocene rocks, using informal zones designated Pi through P3 and E1 through E5. Correlation by means of these zones demonstrates the time equivalence of Wasatch and Green River Formations in the Piceance Creek basin to upper North Horn, Flagstaff, Colton, and Green River Formations in the western Uinta basin. Thinning or absence of strata over the Douglas Creek arch is shown to be principally in the Paleocene and earliest Eocene E1 zones, and to a lesser degree in Eocene E2 and E3 zones. Early Paleocene rocks may be absent in the outcrop sections studied.

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MASSIVE HYDRAULIC FRACTURING PROJECT DEFINITION

A recent Federal Power Commission (FPC) feasibility study assessed the possibility of economically producing gas from three Rocky Mountain Basins; the Green River Basin, Wyoming; the Piceance Basin, Colorado; and the Uintah Basin, Utah.  These basins have potentially productive horizons 2, 000 to 4, 000 feet  thick containing an estimated total of 600 trillion cubic feet of gas in place. However, the producing sands are of such low permeability and heterogeneity that, in general, conventional methods have failed to develop these basins economically. The Natural Gas Technology (NGT) Task Force, responsible for preparing the referenced feasibility study for the FPC, indicates that if effective well stimulation methods for these basins can be developed, it might be possible to recover ultimately 40 to 50 percent of the gas in place.

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GEOLOGY OF PETROLEUM IN THE PIEANCE CREEK BASIN,NORTHWESTERN COLORADO

The Pieance Creek basin encompasses nearly 4,000 sq mi, including parts of Delta, Garfield, Gunnison, Mesa Moffat, Pitkin and Rio Blanco Counties. The basin is strongly  asymmetric, with moderately gentle west and southwest flanks and steeply dipping east and northeast flanks f()filled by the Grand Hog. back monoclime. The axis of the basin parallels the Grand Hogback in the central part of the basin and is bifurcated in the southern and northern parts by basinward-plunging anticlines. The basin contains a maximum of about 27;000 ft of sedimentary and this figure represents maximum structural relief on the Precambrian between the lowest point in the basin and the highest points on the White River and Uncompahgre uplifts.

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Massive Fracturing of Tight Gas Bearing Sandstone Reservoirs in the Pieance Creek Basin, Colorado

Nuclear and massive hydraulic fracturing (MHF) projects in the Pieance Creek basin, Colorado, are aimed at recovering appreciable fractions of the large volumes of gas in place in low-permeability, discontinuous sandstone units of the Mesaverde and Fort Union Formations. Most of the gas-bearing rock consists of lenticular channel-fill sandstones. Although an average individual lens exhibits 2 interconnections or interpenetrations along its length, only a fraction of the gas in place in a 640-ac area is even tenuously interconnected. Successful massive fracturing projects will connect larger amounts of the gas in place to the well bore, and will greatly increase the rate of production. Project Rio Blanco, a nuclear gas stimulation experiment, and the Rio Blanco MHF experiment, are in the evaluation and fielding stages, respectively. Project Rio Blanco involved the simultaneous detonation in May 1973 of three 30-kt nuclear explosives placed about 400 ft apart vertically in a single well bore. Current information indicated an unpredicted lack of communication among breccia chimneys produced by the detonation. Plans are underway to use a different reentry technique to obtain data from the lower chimneys. Until these data are available, no judgment can be made as to the success or failure of the experiment. The Rio Blanco MHF experiment is being fielded about 1 mi north of the Project Rio Blanco nuclear well. The MHF experiment is an attempt to stimulate a 1,300-ft section of Fort Union and Mesaverde gas-bearing sandstones equivalent to the section fractured in the Rio Blanco nuclear well. Results from Rio Blanco MHF experiment will not be available for about 18 months. At that time, a comparison will be made between the efficiencies of nuclear and massive hydraulic fracturing.

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Performance Characteristics of Coal-Washing Equipment: Hydrocyclones

The performance characteristics of five hydrocyclone coal washers were evaluated to determine the sharpness and efficiency of separation that might be anticipated in commercial operation. The hydrocyclone overflows contained generally good clean coal products that would require little re-treating to remove misplaced high-gravity material. The underflows, however, contained from 63.6 to 36.7 percent of misplaced low-gravity material, which would require secondary cleaning to provide acceptable clean coal yields.

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Stratigraphy of the Washakie Formation in the Washakie Basin, Wyoming

Since 1869 fluvial rocks of middle and late Eocene age in the Washakie Basin in southwest Wyoming have been variously assigned to the Bridger Formation, the undivided Bridger and Uinta Formations, or the Washakie Formation. In this report the name Washakie Formation is reintroduced for use in the Washakie Basin, and the names Bridger Formation and Uinta Formation are dropped in that basin.

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PROJECT RIO BLANCO DEFINITION PLAN VOLUME I PROJECT DESCRIPTION

CER Geonuclear, acting for itself and as operator for Equity Oil Company of Salt Lake City, has developed, in cooperation with the Atomic Energy Commission, a set of detailed plans utilizing nuclear explosives for an underground engineering experiment called Project Rio Blanco. The overall objective is to prove the commercial feasibility of using nuclear explosives to recover commercial quantities of tightly held natural gas in the Piceance Basin. The experiment is designed to fracture a 1, 300-foot vertical section of Fort Union and Mesaverde gas sands by using three spaced, 3D-kiloton (kt) nuclear explosives fired simultaneously in one wellbore. A few months after the detonation, the well will be reentered and the potential for gas production tested. The experiment will be conducted so as to allow a safe and timely economic assessment of field development plans. The gas sands between the depths of 5,530 and 6,830 feet included in the experiment are estimated to contain approximately 74 billion standard cubic feet (BSCF) of natural gas per section. ':'Reservoir calculations, based on the permeability, porosity, and sand thickness measured at the Emplacement Well (EW), RB-E -01, indicate that the stimulated well could produce natural gas at a rate of 8 million standard cubic feet per day (MMSCFD) for the first year, and then the rate would start to decline (Figure LA-I). After 25 years, the well could still produce gas at the rate of about 1 MMSCFD. The cumulative gas recovery from a single nuclear stimulated well per section is also shown in Figure IA-l. The expected recovery over the Z5-year period is calculated to be 17.5 BSCF of gas. Success with the first nuclear stimulation should lead to further development of the field (Ref. 1). This development would be continued through two larger demonstration phases (Phase II and Phase III) as outlined in CER GeonuclearTs proposal to the Atomic Energy Commission (AEC), the Department of the Interior, and the Office of Emergency Preparedness.

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Structure of the Northern Margin of the Green River Basin, Wyoming

The uplifts that bound the northern Greater Green River Basin are dominantly fold-thrust south and westward oiler the basin block. Basin deeps are immediately adjacent to or under the overhang of the adjacent fold-thrust, creating characteristic structural relief in the range of 20,000 feet to 40,000 feet. The Wind River structure has been geologically and geophysically interpreted by Berg, (1961) and Berg and Romber (1966), as a huge fold-thrust about 40,000 feet of structural relief and at least 65,000 feet of overhang of the range core over basin sediments; and, containing the characteristic sheared-out, overturned limb that has been penetrated in several wells in several other frontal structures. The overturned limb .of this structure is, however, everywhere buried and unavailable for direct geological survey.

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MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF ROCKS FROM THE SITE OF THE RIO BLANCO GAS STIMULATION EXPERIMENT

The pressure-volume relationship, strength, differential stress-strain, and acoustic velocities were studied as a function of pressure for several samples of graywacke sandstone from the emplacement hole at the site of the Rio Blanco gas stimulation experiment.  The results of these measurements are intended for use as input parameters in calculation codes which seek to predict the amount and extent of fracturing produced as a result of the detonation of an underground nuclear explosion. At laboratory strain rates (--10- 5 sec -1) the sandstones from the emplacement well are found to be rather compressible  at overburden pressures) but have the relatively high shear modulus  characteristic of other similar graywacke sandstones. As with these other sandstones, the simulated plane shock-loading path shows pronounced departure away from the failure envelope. Some of this departure may be the result of strain-rate dependent processes. Failure in uniaxial compression is characterized by brittle fracture at mean pressures below 5 kbar and by macroscopic ductile flow above this pressure. Strength properties and the brittle to ductile transition are midway between those found for similar rock-types from the Gasbuggy and Wagon Wheel gas stimulation experiments.

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Synthetic Liquid Fuels Part 1- Oil From Coal

For 11 years, under authorization of the Synthetic Liquid Fuels Act of April 5, 1944 (30 U.S.C. 321-325), and amendments, the Bureau of Mines has carried on an extensive research and development program to establish methods for producing oil from coal and from oil shale. This act was passed by the 78th Congress primarily because of the stress of wartime demands for liquid fuels to supply our armed forces during World War II. The act was progressively extended by the 80th and 81st Congresses, as later peacetime demand for oil and oil products continued to increase. When this program 'vas begun, domestic production of petroleum Has ahead of demand, and net exports were about 7 percent of the production. In the years since, although domestic demand has increased about 70 percent, production has not increased at the same rate. Imports of oil have increased since 1948, until net imports are about 10 percent of domestic production. Looking ahead, it is believed that the gap between demand and domestic production of petroleum will widen. Therefore, increased reliance must be placed on importation over long sea lanes, or liquid fuels must be supplied from such substances as coal and oil shale. New reserves of petroleum in the ground are being discovered only with increasing effort and expense. The present price differential in favor of natural products as compared with synthetic products is expected to become less as a result of the relatively diminishing natural supply and of continuing research that will increase efficiency in production and lower the final cost of synthetic fuels. The Congress authorized a total of $87,600,000 for this research program on synthetic liquid fuels between 1944 and 1955. During the 11-year period the Bureau of Mines obtained basic-research, engineering, and cost data in preparing for the time when such information will be needed by a synthetic-liquid-fuels industry. To carryon the research and development, the Bureau built and operated 3 laboratories and 2 engineering plants. Of the 3 Bureau laboratories, that at Laramie, Wyo., deals with oil-shale problems; the one at Bruceton, Fa., is studying coal-to-oil processing; and the third laboratory, at Morgantown, W. Va., is concerned with the conversion of coal to gas. In addition, gasification of coal underground is being studied in a cooperative project at Gorgas, Ala., on the property of the Alabama Power Co.

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FIELD APPLICATION OF FOAMS FOR OIL PRODUCTION SYMPOSIUM

The contents of this volume represent the collective presentation, entitled "Field Application of Foams for Oil Production," which was held in Bakersfield, California, February 11-12, 1993. This symposium was sponsored by the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) as part of its technology transfer mission and was organized by the National Institute for Petroleum and Energy Research (NIPER). The symposium was organized into two technical sessions devoted to "Thermal Foam Application" and "Gas Foam Application" and a panel session devoted to the assessment of the current state of the technology. In addition to the panel and technical sessions, a poster session devoted broadly to laboratory research on foams was held on the evening of February 11, 1993. A total of 73 participants from seven countries attended the conference and the evening poster and social hour session and made the symposium an overwhelming success. A list of attendees is appended at the end of the proceedings. A total of 13 technical papers and 8 poster abstracts were presented at the symposium and are included in these conference proceedings. These proceedings also include a summary of the panel presentation and discussions. For convenience, the  proceedings are assembled into four parts, each containing related materials. The first part includes the six papers presented at the "Thermal Foam Application" session, followed by the paper discussion section. The second part includes a summary of panel presentations and discussion. The third part includes the extended abstracts of the papers presented at the poster session. The final part includes the seven papers and summary discussion presented during the "Gas Foam Application" session. The papers are included in the order in which they were presented, and the discussion section includes selected questions posed by the audience to the authors and their response.

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GRI/DOE MULTI-SITE NO. 1 1993 TO 1995 PROJECT R&D PLAN

The objective of the Multi-Site No. 1 Project is to conduct experiments to definitively determine hydraulic fracture dimensions using remote well and treatment well diagnostic techniques. In addition, experiments will be conducted to provide data that will resolve significant unknowns with regard to hydraulic fracture modeling, fracture fluid rheology and fracture treatment design. These experiments will be supported by a well-characterized subsurface environment, as well as surface facilities and equipment that are conducive to acquiring high-quality data.

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Unconformities within the Frontier Formation, Northwestern Carbon County, Wyoming

The Upper Cretaceous Frontier in northwestern Carbon County, Wyoming consists of marine clastic rocks that are divided into three parts by two unconformitics. The parts are herein called, in ascending order, the Belle Fourche Shale Member, the Wlnamed member, and the Wall Creek Sandstone Member. This sequence is represented in the Black Hills region of northeastern Wyoming by the Belle Fourche Shale, Greenhorn Formation, and Carlile Shale. The lower hiatus is represented in the Black Hills by about 300 feet of strata in the Greenhorn Formation and the lower part of the Carlile Shale. The upper hiatus is equivalent to about 100 feet of beds in the middle of the Carlile Shale. At most outcrops, beds above and below the unconformities appear parallel; however, at one locality on the Rawlins uplift they seem to be slightly discordant. At this locality there is scanty evidence of local folding during deposition of the Frontier.

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PROJECT RIO BLANCO: PHASE I TECHNICAL STUDIES

Project Rio Blanco is the third experiment in the application of contained underground nuclear explosions to stimulate natural gas production. To support the formulation of a project definition document for this experiment, Lawrence Livermore Laboratory has conducted technical studies in several pertinent areas. Among these are the elucidation of rock properties at the detonation site, a prediction of explosion effects, a treatment of expected gas production from the stimulated well, and a study of radioactivity production and gas quality. Proposals are made for meaningful technical measurements and possible add-on programs.

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Thermal Degradation of Green River Kerogen at 150 to 350 degrees C

Green River oil shale previously extracted by benzene was heated at 150, 200, 250, 300, and 350 degrees C for 0.5 to 360 days to determine the rate at which kerogen degrades to thermal products, the types of thermal products formed, and the effect of prolonged ;pw-temperature heating upon subsequent assay yields. Thermal decomposition of kerogen at 150 to 350 degrees C is treated as a first order reaction. The specific reaction rate for kerogen decomposition increases from 2.2 x 10 -4 per day at 150 degrees C to 2.0 x 10 -1 per day at 350 degrees C. The calculated kerogen activation energy is 19 kcal. Variations in the rate of formation of individual type components of the pyrolytic products were found. Carbon balances show an increase in the amount of kerogen converted to bitumen and oil as the temperature of preheating increased from 150 to 350 degrees C. Total product from shale preheated at temperatures of 150 and 200 degrees C gave less than 100 percent of Fischer assay yields while the total products gave greater than 100 percent of Fischer assay yields.

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Performance Characteristics of Coal Washing Equipment: Dense-Medium Cyclones

The separations achieved by eight conventional cyclone washers have been evaluated to determine their performance when processing intermediate size coal of 28 mesh bottom size. The dense-medium cyclones provided efficient, sharp separations in treating feeds of up to 44 percent of near-gravity material at separating specific gravities ranging from 1.42 to 1.55 (one separation of a secondary feed was made at 1.63). Complete washablilty analyses are shown by sizes of the composite feed to these cyclones. The magnetite losses per ton of coal processed ranged from 0.6 to 2.0 pounds; however, of the eight plants reporting losses, seven indicated magnetite losses were 1.1 pounds or less per ton of coal processed.

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