AndreaBozzo/ceres-open-data-index huggingface dataset:
Geological evolution and analysis of confirmed or suspected gas hydrate localities: Volume 6, Basin analysis, formation and stability of gas hydrates in the Panama Basin

This report presents a geological description of the Panama Basin, including regional and local structural settings, geomorphology, geological history, stratigraphy, and physical properties. It provides the necessary regional and geological background for more in-depth research of the area. Detailed discussion of bottom simulating acoustic reflectors, sediment acoustic properties, distribution of hydrates within the sediments, and the relation of hydrate distribution to other features such as salt diapirism are also included. The formation and stabilization of gas hydrates in sediments are considered in terms of phase relations, nucleation, and crystallization constraints, gas solubility, pore fluid chemistry, inorganic diagenesis, and sediment organic content. Together with a depositional analysis of the area, this report is a better understanding of the thermal evolution of the locality. It should lead to an assessment of the potential for both biogenic and thermogenic hydrocarbon generation. 63 refs., 38 figs., 7 tabs.

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Gas hydrates: Technology status report

In 1983, the US Department of Energy (DOE) assumed the responsibility for expanding the knowledge base and for developing methods to recover gas from hydrates. These are ice-like mixtures of gas and water where gas molecules are trapped within a framework of water molecules. This research is part of the Unconventional Gas Recovery (UGR) program, a multidisciplinary effort that focuses on developing the technology to produce natural gas from resources that have been classified as unconventional because of their unique geologies and production mechanisms. Current work on gas hydrates emphasizes geological studies; characterization of the resource; and generic research, including modeling of reservoir conditions, production concepts, and predictive strategies for stimulated wells. Complementing this work is research on in situ detection of hydrates and field tests to verify extraction methods. Thus, current research will provide a comprehensive technology base from which estimates of reserve potential can be made, and from which industry can develop recovery strategies. 7 refs., 3 figs., 6 tabs.

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Morgantown Energy Technology Center technology status report: Eastern gas shales. [Illinois and Michigan Basins]

Eastern gas shales research has been successful in characterizing the geology, geochemistry, and resource magnitude of the Appalachian Basin, and in defining the gas-producing mechanism and drainage pattern in an established area of production near the middle of the basin. In addition, an offset well test (two wells offset to a producing well) established reservoir flow behavior and identified the potential for infill drilling of existing shale gas fields. Infill drilling may be a cost-effective strategy to exploit gas resources within known producing areas. In areas of established production (eastern Kentucky, southern and western West Virginia, and southern Ohio), the 3 trillion cubic feet (Tcf) produced to date could be increased thirtyfold without further exploration. Currently, research focuses on fundamental reservoir properties from wells of opportunity, and on the installation of a second offset well test site for understanding reservoir flow behavior. This research entails gathering reservoir property data from 10 sites that have favorable geology and geochemistry in areas of nonestablished production. This information will quantify the magnitude of matrix and fracture porosity and permeability and reservoir anisotropy, and will improve the ability to quantify technically recoverable resources for these areas of unknown potential. Also under study are methods to increase recovery efficiency from a directionally drilled well in an area of historical production, wherein less than 10% of the available gas-in-place is typically produced by stimulated vertical wells. 6 refs., 4 figs., 2 tabs.

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Study of the combustion of low rank coal in a fluidized bed

This report describes the results of preliminary combustion tests performed with Eagle Butte Coal in a bubbling, fluidized-bed combustion system. The system was designed for the combustion of low-rank coals and industrial wastes. The work, as proposed, was aimed at not only the evaluation of co-firing of waste material with coal, but also at developing modifications to first generation bubbling bed designs to improve the combustion performance during co-firing. However, the funding for the work was redirected and the combustion tests were suspended soon after the shakedown testing was completed. Consequently, this report describes the results of the tests completed prior to the redirection of the effort and funding. A total of 33 combustion tests were performed in a 6-inch diameter fluidized-bed combustor. Oxygen concentrations were measured at two points in the system; the vent line and at the interface between the fluid bed and the freeboard. These measurements provided a measure of the amount of conversion of coal within the fluidized bed compared to the conversion in the freeboard region. Typically, 75 to 80% of the conversion occurred within the bed. Several experiments were performed in which special bed internals were placed in the bed. The internals were designed to reduce bubble size in the bed thus increasing the surface area of the bubbles and hence promoting oxygen diffusion into the emulsion phase.

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Selected Elemental Distributions as Determined by Reference Retorting of Oil Shale

In an effort to determine potential hindrances to the commercial development of the oil shale industry mass balance Fischer assay was used as a reference retorting method to examine the distribution of selected elements generally considered as contaminants in the final retort products. The elements examined were nitrogen, sulfur, silver, arsenic, barium, cadmium, chromium, copper, mercury, lead, selenium, and zinc. The shales used in this study were an eastern (New Albany) interim reference shale, a western (Green River Formation) interim reference shale, and a series of stratigraphically differentiated shales from Colorado corehole No. 1 in the Piceance Creek Basin. Analysis of the raw shale and retort products was accomplished using instrumental elemental methods including inductively coupled argon plasma spectroscopy and graphite furnace atomic absorption. Carbon balances indicated a high potential for achieving good mass closures existed. However, instrumental limitations combined with a high potential for contamination and/or representative sampling problems resulted in poor closures for many of the trace elements. Consistent closures were obtained for arsenic, barium, copper, and zinc. Given the operating conditions of the retort all elements under consideration remained primarily in the spent shale. Elements verified in the oil product included nitrogen and sulfur compounds and arsenic and selenium. The water product was also contaminated by nitrogen and sulfur compounds and arsenic and selenium. Evidence suggests the sulfur occurs primarily as organic sulfur. Quantitative results for the gas product were poor. However, sulfur and mercury were determined to be present at significant levels in the gas stream. The data presented here concurs with previously reported data that suggests the existence of several potential problem areas in the development of an oil shale industry. 42 refs., 1 fig., 42 tabs.

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Vanadium and nickel complexes in petroleum resid acid, base, and neutral fractions

Acid and base fractions from petroleum vacuum resids with no detectable (by visible spectrophotometry) quantities of porphyrinic Ni or V complexes were hydrotreated under various conditions to determine if significant amounts of porphyrinic metals were released, via disassociation or other means, upon hydrotreating. No significant quantities were observed, thereby indicating that nonporphyrinic metals were not simply associated, complexed or otherwise masked (in terms of visible spectrophotometric response) porphyrinic metal complexes. However, it is possible that hydrotreating was simply not effective in breaking up these associates and/or that some porphyrinic forms of metal were in fact released but were rapidly destroyed by hydrotreating. In addition, three liquid chromatographic (LC) separation methods were sequentially applied to Cerro Negro (Orinoco belt Venezuelan heavy crude) >700[degree]C resid in an effort to separate and concentrate the metal complexes present. Nonaqueous ion exchange chromatography was used initially to separate the resid into acid, base and neutral types. Two concentrates containing 19,500 and 13,500 ppm total V, or an estimated 19 and 13 wt % V-containing compounds respectively, were obtained. The degree of enrichment of Ni compounds obtained was significantly lower. By visible spectrophotometry, using vanadyl etioporphyrin as a standard, each of the concentrates contained near a 1:1 ratio of porphyrinic:nonporphyrinic V complexes. Analogous separation behavior for porphyrinic versus nonporphyrinic metal forms was observed throughout much of the work, thereby suggesting that a comparable diversity of structures existed within each general class of metal compounds. The generally wide dispersion of both Ni and V over the LC separation scheme suggests a structural variety of metal complexes that is comparable to that observed for other heteroatoms (N, S, O) in petroleum.

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Adsorption of aniline and toluidines on montmorillonite: Implications for the disposal of shale oil production wastes

Bentonite clay liners are commonly employed to mitigate the movement of contaminants from waste disposal sites. Solid and liquid waste materials that arise from the production of shale oil contain a vast array of organic compounds. Common among these compounds are the aromatic amines. in order to assess the ability of clay liner material to restrict organic compound mobility, the adsorption of aniline and o-, m-, and p-toluidine on Ca[sup 2 ] - and K[sup  ]-saturated Wyoming bentonite was investigated. Adsorption experiments were performed under conditions of varied pH, ionic strength, and dominate electrolyte cation and anion. organic adsorption on Ca[sup 2 ] - and K[sup  ]-saturated montmorillonite is pH dependent. For any given organic compound, maximum adsorption increases with decreasing ionic strength. organic compound adsorption is inhibited in the presence of sulfate and is greater in the Ca[sup 2 ] systems than in the K[sup  ] systems at any given ionic strength. High salt content and K[sup  ] collapse the bentonite layers and limit access to and compete for adsorption sites. The K[sup  ] ion is also more difficult to displace than Ca[sup 2 ] from interlayer positions. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopic data show that the aniline compounds are adsorbed on bentonite through the hydrogen bonding of an amine hydrogen to a surface silica oxygen. Sulfate reduces amine adsorption by removing positively charged anilinium species from solution to form negatively charge sulfate complexes. Although adsorption of the substituted amines on bentonite is observed, aniline and toluidine adsorption is minimal in saline systems and not detected in alkaline systems. Thus, in shale oil process waste disposal sites, the mobility of the anilines through bentonite liners will not be mitigated by sorption processes, as spent oil shale leachates are both highly alkaline and saline.

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Proceedings of the seventh annual coal-fueled heat engines and gas stream cleanup systems contractors review meeting

The seventh Annual Coal-Fueled Heat Engines and Gas Stream Cleanup Systems Contractors Review Meeting was held March 26--28, 1990, at the Lakeview Resort and Conference Center in Morgantown, West Virginia. This meeting was sponsored and hosted by the Morgantown Energy Technology Center of the US Department of Energy. The purpose of this annual meeting is to provide an opportunity for scientists and engineers working in heat engines and gas stream cleanup technologies to present their research results, exchange ideas, and discuss their future plans. About 300 attendees from industry, academia, and Government participated in this 3-day meeting. Almost 60 papers and poster presentations were given on the following topics: proof of concept, systems assessment; advanced coal-fueled gas turbine systems; gas stream cleanup, two sessions; panel discussion: turbine emissions; panel discussion: diesel emissions; panel discussion: low cost fuels; and poster presentations. Individual projects were processed separately for the data bases.

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Biological conversion of synthesis gas

Mass transfer and kinetic studies were carried out for the Rhodospirillum rubrum and Chlorobium thiosulfatophilum bacterial systems. R. rubrum is a photosynthetic anaerobic bacterium which catalyzes the biological water gas shift reaction: CO   H[sub 2]0 [yields] CO[sub 2]   H[sub 2]. C. thiosulfatophilum is also a H[sub 2]S and COS to elemental sulfur. The growth of R. rubrum may be satisfactorily carried out at 25[degree] and 30[degree]C, while CO uptake and thus the conversion of CO best occurs at temperatures of either 30[degree], 32[degree] or 34[degree]C. The rate of conversion of COs and H[sub 2]O to CO[sub 2] and H[sub 2]S may be modeled by a first order rate expression. The rate constant at 30[degree]C was found to be 0.243 h[sup [minus]1]. The growth of C. thiosulfatophilum may be modeled in terms of incoming light intensity using a Monod equation: [mu] = [sub 351]   I[sub o]/[sup 0.152]I[sub o]. Comparisons of the growth of R. rubrum and C. thiosulfatophilum shows that the specific growth rate of C. thiosulfatophilum is much higher at a given light intensity.

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Measurement and prediction of aromatic solute distribution coefficients for aqueous-organic solvent systems. Final report

Experimental and modeling activities were performed to assess techniques for measurement and prediction of distribution coefficients for aromatic solutes between water and immiscible organic solvents. Experiments were performed to measure distribution coefficients in both clean water and wastewater systems, and to assess treatment of a wastewater by solvent extraction. The theoretical portions of this investigation were directed towards development of techniques for prediction of solute-solvent/water distribution coefficients. Experiments were performed to assess treatment of a phenolic-laden coal conversion wastewater by solvent extraction. The results showed that solvent extraction for recovery of phenolic material offered several wastewater processing advantages. Distribution coefficients were measured in clean water and wastewater systems for aromatic solutes of varying functionality with different solvent types. It was found that distribution coefficients for these compounds in clean water systems were not statistically different from distribution coefficients determined in a complex coal conversion process wastewater. These and other aromatic solute distribution coefficient data were employed for evaluation of modeling techniques for prediction of solute-solvent/water distribution coefficients. Eight solvents were selected in order to represent various chemical classes: toluene and benzene (aromatics), hexane and heptane (alkanes), n-octanol (alcohols), n-butyl acetate (esters), diisopropyl ether (ethers), and methylisobutyl ketone (ketones). The aromatic solutes included: nonpolar compounds such as benzene, toluene and naphthalene, phenolic compounds such as phenol, cresol and catechol, nitrogenous aromatics such as aniline, pyridine and aminonaphthalene, and other aromatic solutes such as naphthol, quinolinol and halogenated compounds. 100 references, 20 figures, 34 tables.

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Western Gas Sands Project:  status report

Progress of the major government sponsored projects undertaken to increase gas production from low permeability gas sands of the western United States during March 1978 is summarized. The Bartlesville Energy Research Center (BERC) and participating National Laboratories, funded by DOE, are continuing their work in the area of research and development. The emphasis is on the development of new tools and instrumentation systems, rock mechanics, mathematical modeling and data analysis. Field Tests and demonstrations active in the Uinta and Piceance Basins include: Gas Producing Enterprises (GPE) Natural Buttes Unit Wells No. 9, 14, 18, 19, 20, 21 and 22, Mobil Research and Development Corporation, Well No. F-31-13G, and Rio Blanco Natural Gas Company, Well No. 498-4-1. Gas Producing Enterprises Natural Buttes Unit Well No. 9 was fractured on March 27, 1978. The treatment consisted of 554,000 pounds of sand and 349,000 gallons of gel. Mitchell Energy Corporation of Houston, Texas was awarded Department of Energy Contract EF-78-C-08-1547 on March 15, 1978. Field work under this contract is scheduled to begin on June 15, 1978, with the drilling of a new well.

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Black shale studies in Kentucky. Quarterly report, October--December 1977

During this quarter, most efforts were devoted to completing collection of field data from black-shale sections in order to meet a scheduled milestone at the end of December. Fourteen sections were described and measured, 12 from the outcrop belt on the eastern flank of the Cincinnati and two from the Pine Mountain outcrop belt. Five of Linda Provo's seven radioactive units were traced along the outcrop belts where possible. At the southern end of each outcrop belt, the units became increasingly difficult to differentiate, due to marked thinning on approaching the Cincinnati Arch. This thinning is evident from north to south in that successive basal units drop out southward. In northern parts of the outcrop belt, the basal unit in the black shale is unit 5, but in the southernmost section, unit 3 is the basal unit. Both units 5 and 4 have pinched out in the intervening distance. Work is also continuing on the petrographic study of core material and on the well-log inventory. Initial examination and point counting is nearly complete. Microfacies are being identified in the core, but all interpretations are preliminary. The well-log inventory for two more counties, Powell and Wolfe, were completed and the inventory for Magoffin has been started. An isopach map of unit 1 (Cleveland Shale Mbr.) from the northeastern part of the state, where the inventory is complete, has also been started. A study of the clay-mineral stratigraphy from selected cores and outcrops has also been started in conjunction with the geochemical group. Abstracts of reports containing project data and information on new techniques are included. (JRD)

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Methane gas from coalbeds:  development, production, and utilization

A symposium on ''Methane Gas from Coalbeds: Development, Production and Utilization''was sponsored by Region III and the Morgantown Energy Research Center, Morgantown, WV, of the US Department of Energy and held at the Ramada Inn, Pittsburgh Airport, Coraopolis, PA on January 18, 1978. Twelve papers have been entered individually into EDB and ERA. (LTN)

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Pretreatment techniques for coal gasification. Eighth quarterly report, July 1-September 30, 1986. [Pretreatment of coal in steam to increase light liquid yields]

Pretreatment of coal in steam is being explored with the goal of improving the economic attractiveness of coal gasification by cogeneration of light liquid fuels. Steam pyrolysis of raw Illinois No. 6 coal at atmospheric pressure was tested in ten runs. A maximum liquid yield of 30% is obtained at 550/sup 0/C. Nine runs were conducted with pretreated Illinois No. 6 coal. A pronounced pretreatment effect is observed. The maximum liquid yield is raised to 39 wt % (an increase of 30% over that for raw coal) at a pyrolysis temperature of 550/sup 0/C. 2 figs., 3 tabs.

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Kinetics and modeling of the oxidative pretreatment of coal. Final report

The object of the program was to investigate the rates at which a variety of coals change their properties when subjected to drying and mild gas-phase oxidation, and to correlate the effective uses of such treatment on the agglomerative properties of the coals. Seven coals from different sources were oxidized at various temperatures and pressures, in fixed-bed reactors under a range of flow rates and for various particle sizes. The coals pretreated in this manner were evaluated by a thermo-mechanical expansion test for correlation to the oxidative changes. Interpretative models were developed that can be used to explain, predict, and interpret kinetic results for a wide range of coals. The rates at which a variety of coals undergo mild gas phase oxidation were measured in a fixed-bed reactor for various reaction temperatures (150 to 300/sup 0/C), coal particle sizes (-6 5 US mesh), and oxygen concentrations (16 to 35 mol percent). Total oxygen consumption, CO/sub 2/, CO, and H/sub 2/O production, and oxygen deposition rates were determined from gas chromatographic analysis of reactor effluent gases. The experiments identify conditions under which oxidation rate is determined by the rate of gaseous diffusion within the coal particle, or the intrinsic rate of chemical reaction. Model equations were developed for both regimes. The rate at which gasses are evolved during coal drying under an inert atmosphere were also measured in a fixed bed reactor. The effects of drying severity on subsequent oxidation rates were also measured.

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Twelfth biennial lignite symposium:  technology and utilization of low-rank coals proceedings. Volume 2

The twelfth biennial lignite symposium: technology and utilization of low-rank coals was held May 18-19, 1983. It was sponsored by the US Department of Energy, (Office of Fossil Energy; Morgantown Energy Technology Center; and the Grand Forks Project Office, Grand Forks, North Dakota 58202,7251 ); the University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, North Dakota 58202 and the Texas Energy and Natural Resources Advisory Council, Austin, Texas 78701. Seventeen papers have been entered individually into EDB and ERA; 4 papers had been entered previously from other sources. (LTN)

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