AndreaBozzo/ceres-open-data-index huggingface dataset:
Combustion and fuel bound contaminant control with a staged cyclone coal combustor for gas turbines: Topical report, July 1, 1985-March 31, 1986

The project objective is to evaluate operational parameters affecting contaminant control during staged, cyclone, coal combustion simulating direct coal firing into a gas turbine. A two stage, horizontal cyclone coal combustor has been operating at 5 and 7 MMBTu/hr thermal input. First stage carbon conversion was about 100% at stoichiometric air/fuel ratio, and it decreased with decreasing first stage air/fuel ratio. The bulk of the unburnt carbon particles were carried over into the second stage, where complete oxidation occurred as determined by gas analysis. With staged combustion, the measured NO/sub x/ measured at the second stage exit was reduced, for example, by 57% at a 65% stoichiometric air/fuel ratio. In addition, the benefits of staging for NO/sub x/ control were enhanced when second stage gas temperature was minimized, either through the use of high second stage dilution air, or by maximizing first stage carbon conversion, which reduced char particle carryover. Post test analysis of the slag indicates that most of the coal alkalies were retained in the slag. A high organic sulfur coal was used in these tests and over 90% of the coal sulfur was converted to SO/sub 2/ in the second stage, with no sorbent injection. With limestone injection into the second stage, nearly 100% SO/sub 2/ reduction was measured at economical Ca/S ratios. Second stage sorbent injection tests indicate that second stage temperature is a major factor in sulfur capture. With sorbent injection in the first stage, measured SO/sub 2/ in the first stage was reduced by up to 64% at about 70% stoichiometric ratio, at economical Ca/S ratios. The significance of these results are that they help identify combustor operating parameters, as well as their range of values for conditions applicable to gas turbine operation.

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Preliminary draft industrial siting administration permit application. Final technical report, November 1980-May 1982. [WyCoalGas project; forecasting]

The following items are considered with respect to the WyCoalGas project in Wyoming: wastewater (treatment and maximum recycling), emissions, solid wastes, construction workforce, environmental effects, and socio-economic factors. All of these are considered in great detail. (LTN)

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Heavy oil reservoirs recoverable by thermal technology. Annual report

This volume contains reservoir, production, and project data for target reservoirs thermally recoverable by steam drive which are equal to or greater than 2500 feet deep and contain heavy oil in the 8 to 25/sup 0/ API gravity range. Data were collected from three source types: hands-on (A), once-removed (B), and twice-removed (C). In all cases, data were sought depicting and characterizing individual reservoirs as opposed to data covering an entire field with more than one producing interval or reservoir. The data sources are listed at the end of each case. This volume also contains a complete listing of operators and projects, as well as a bibliography of source material.

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Development of staged cascade fluid-bed combustor. Final report

A cold test cell of a stage cascade fluidized bed combustor (SCFBC) was constructed and operated. This test cell was used to demonstrate some of the critical phenomena involved in the staged cascade fluid bed combustion of coal. Studies were made of the fluid mechanics, heat transfer and sulfur capture characteristics of a stage cascade fluidized bed combustor and a process design model was developed. The experimental apparatus used and results obtained are described. The completed experimental program demonstrated that the initial estimates of the performance of the staged fluid bed combustor are achievable. Further work is necessary to optimize the stage design of the SCFBC and to design and develop mechanisms for varying distributor plate pressure drop and bed height to respond to changes in fuel, acceptor and air flow as a result of changes in demand for steam.

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Investigation of formation of nitrogen compounds in coal combustion. Final report

This is the final report on DOE contract number DE-AC21-80MC14061. It concerns the formation of nitrogen oxide from fuel-bound nitrogen during coal combustion. The work reported was divided into three tasks. They addressed problems of time-resolving pyrolysis rates of coal under simulated combustion conditions, the combustion of the tar that results from such pyrolysis, and theoretical modeling of the pyrolysis process. In all of these tasks, special attention was devoted to the fate of coal nitrogen. The first two tasks were performed by Exxon Research and Engineering Company. 49 references.

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Fluid bed solids heater. Final technical report

A solids heater which operates at up to 2000 F was designed, fabricated, installed and operated through checkout at the Morgantown Energy Technology Center at Morgantown, West Virginia. The system, designated the 2000 F Fluid Bed Solids Heater (FBSH) uses a fluidized bed to heat limestone to 600 F and aluminum oxide or silicon carbide to 2000 F and discharges heated solids upon demand. The FBSH with added valve handling and pressurization equipment is known as the Valve Hot Solids Test Unit and is intended for use by the US Department of Energy for testing of valves for severe service applications in coal conversion and utilization processes. The FBSH as designed and supplied by Combustion Power Company includes process equipment, controls, the enclosing building and other associated equipment. In the 600 F range of operation it can circulate limestone through two valve test trains simultaneously on a continuous basis. Only one valve test train is used for 2000 F solids and operation in that range is also continuous. Limestone, crushed to minus 5/16 size, is heated, discharged, and recycled at a maximum average rate of 250 lb/min while aluminum oxide or silicon carbide, No. 8 grit, is circulated at rates up to 167 lb/min. The FBSH control system is designed for automatic operation, and capability is included for external computerized data acquisition and/or supervisory control. An operating and maintenance manual and as-built drawings have been submitted. This report describes the FBSH equipment, its design basis, and its operation. It has been prepared and submitted in fulfillment of Contract Number DIAC05-77ET10499.

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Postburn lithology and mineralogy at Rio Blanco Oil Shale Company's Tract C-a retort 1, Rio Blanco County, Colorado. [Core samples from near the in-situ retort]

An investigation was conducted to provide basic data on some of the characteristics of a modified in situ (MIS) oil shale retort after processing. Samples of retort contents and overburden were obtained from three core holes drilled into Rio Blanco's Tract C-a retort 1 in the western part of the Piceance Creek Basin, Colorado. The retort operation had been completed nearly four years before the coring, and the cavity and mine workings had been flooded by groundwater for almost one year. Cores were characterized by lithologic description, x-ray diffraction, and optical microscopy. Drilling and logging records indicate as much as 35 to 40 feet of roof rock has collapsed into the retort since the burn was terminated. A water-filled attic cavity 46 to 62 feet high exists at the top of the retort. One core hole penetrated 377 feet of rubble in the retort and floor rock with numerous fractures below the retort. Most of the material recovered from the retort consisted of highly altered, fused and vesicular rock. Lesser amounts of carbonized, oxidized and moderately heated-altered oil shale were recovered from the upper and lower parts. Raw shale roof fall at the top and unretorted oil shale rubble at the bottom are also present. Thermal alteration has produced high-temperature silicate minerals from the original mixtures of carbonate and silicate minerals in the raw oil shale. Adequate material was recovered from the retort contents to provide valuable data on the lithologic, mineralogic, and physical characteristics of the MIS retort. 19 refs., 12 figs., 17 tabs.

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Special core analyses and relative permeability measurement on Almond formation reservoir rocks

This report describes the results from special core analyses and relative permeability measurements conducted on samples of rock from the Almond Formation in Greater Green River Basin of southwestern Wyoming. The core was from Arch Unit Well 121 of Patrick Draw field. Samples were taken from the 4,950 to 4,965 ft depth interval. Thin section evaluation, X-ray diffraction, routine permeability and porosity, capillary pressure and wettability tests were performed to characterize the samples. Fluid flow capacity characteristics were measured during two-phase unsteady- and steady-state and three-phase steady-state relative permeability tests. Test results are presented in tables and graphs. Relative permeability results are compared with those of a 260-mD, fired Berea sandstone sample which was previously subjected to similar tests. Brine relative permeabilities were similar for the two samples, whereas oil and gas relative permeabilities for the Almond formation rock were higher at equivalent saturation conditions compared to Berea results. Most of the tests described in this report were conducted at 74[degrees]F laboratory temperature. Additional tests are planned at 150[degrees]F temperature. Equipment and procedural modifications to perform the elevated temperature tests are described.

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Effects of coal combustion and gasification upon lung structure and function. Quarterly progress report

The effects on lungs of emissions from fluidized-bed combustion and coal gasification on man are being studied by inhalation experiments and intratracheal administration of fly ash to hamsters. The hamsters are sacrificed at 1, 3, 6, 9 and 30 days and the lungs examined by methods which are described. (LTN)

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Advanced coal fueled gas turbine system definition: Topical report

The coal-fired gas turbine system definition and economic assessments are based on the Coal Burning Locomotive Study previously conducted by the GE Transportation Systems Business Operations with Burlington Northern and Norfolk Southern railroad sponsorship, and later with additional funding from the United States Department of Energy. The objectives of that study were to validate the feasibility of locomotive designs using coal as a fuel substitute for diesel oil. The objective of this report is to provide a preliminary definition of a coal fueled gas turbine locomotive system and a preliminary assessment of the system technical merits and economic boundaries. The system definition will be used to guide the technology development efforts in the Advanced Coal Fueled Gas Turbine System Program. The overall program objective is to develop the technological basis necessary for subsequent commercial development of direct coal fueled gas turbine power systems. The system definition will be updated as the technological bases mature through program component development and integrated system testing.

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Corrosion kinetics of selected materials for pressurized fluidized bed combustion: Final report

Fluidized bed combustion systems are attractive for energy production since they can burn different types of fuels. This report details work in identifying suitable materials for heat exchanger applications. Also, a first general corrosion model for deposit-enhanced pressurized fluidized bed combustion (PFBC) corrosion is described. A summary of the work performed in the program is as follows: (1) modified existing corrosion reactor to simulate deposit-enhanced PFBC corrosion environment; (2) completed test 1, a 500 h experiment to examine sample reproducibility; (3) completed test 2, a 1000 h experiment to examine the effect of deposit type and thickness; (4) completed test 3, a 4000 h experiment to examine the effect of time on the simulated deposit-enhanced PFBC corrosion on a number of different alloy chemistries; (5) completed optical examination of all the samples generated in this program and made a detailed analysis of selected samples; and (6) completed an initial hypothesis on a deposit-enhanced PFBC corrosion model, which needs further experimentation to confirm the key factors responsible for corrosion damage of metallic tubes in PFBC. 15 refs., 77 figs., 10 tabs.

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Hot gas cleanup for molten carbonate fuel cells. A zinc oxide reactor model, Final report

Utilization of coal gasifiers to power MCFC requires a cleanup system to remove sulfur and particulates. Of the two near term options available for desulfurization of gasifier effluent, namely low temperature cleanup utilizing absorber/stripper technology, and hot gas cleanup utilizing metal oxides, there is a clear advantage to using hot gas cleanup. Since the MCFC will operate at 1200/sup 0/F, and the gasifier effluent could be between 1200 to 1900/sup 0/F, a hot gas cleanup system will require little or no change in process gas temperature, thereby contributing to a high overall system efficiency. A hot gas cleanup system will consist of FeO for bulk H/sub 2/S removal and ZnO for reduction of H/sub 2/S to sub ppM levels. Hot gas cleanup systems at present are not available commercially, and therefore it is the objective of this project to model the components of the system in order to help bring this technology closer to commercialization, by providing simulated operating characteristics to aid in system design, and system simulations of gasifier/MCFC systems. The modeling of the ZnO reactor is presented.

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CNG acid gas removal provess. Technical progress report No. 11, May 1-July 26, 1983

Active development work on the CNG Acid Gas Removal Process under DOE Contract No. DE-AC21-80MC14399 ceased August 4, 1983. During the last quarter of the contract, one task was active. Subtask 2.1: crystallizer operation for extended periods of time. Within Subtask 2.1, a continuous crystallizer run of 22 hours duration was logged August 3-4, 1983. The crystallizer run was performed with the system hydrogen sulfide-carbon dioxide. Crystallizer modifications which permitted the extended run, and problems encountered which eventually terminated the extended run, are discussed. A complete data log of the extended crystallizer run is presented in Appendix A1. Independent batch experiments were performed to study the adherence to various surfaces of solid carbon dioxide formed by triple-point flashing. Solid carbon dioxide formed by flashing pure liquid carbon dioxide adhered, to a greater or lesser degree, to all surfaces studied. Non-volatile contaminants added to the flashing liquid carbon dioxide reduced the deposition of solid CO/sub 2/; at about 7 mol % contaminant concentration, no deposits of solid CO/sub 2/ formed. Several crystallizer modifications and improvements are recommended to prepare the crystallizer for integrated operation with the planned hydrogen sulfide absorber. 2 references, 3 figures, 1 table.

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CNG acid gas removal process. Technical progress report No. 5, November 1, 1981-January 31, 1982

Three tasks were active during the fifth quarter of the CNG Acid Gas Removal project: Subtask 1.3 design and construction of a bench-scale triple-point crystallizer; Subtask 2.4 slurry pumping; and Task 4 fate of trace components. Within Subtask 1.3, safety considerations for the present CNG triple-point crystallizer system are summarized. These include: (1) building safety features, (2) crystallizer safety features, and (3) personnel safety features. Within Subtask 2.4, the minimum net positive suction head required for a MicroPump gear pump to successfully pump slurries of solid carbon dioxide in an organic liquid carrier solvent has been determined. Task 4, determination of the fate of trace contaminants in the CNG acid gas removal process, is complete. Trace contaminants anticipated in the crude gas entering acid gas removal are removed to acceptably low levels by the CNG process and rejected with the acid gases. With the possible exception of benzene, no recycle loops or accumulation of contaminants occur in the CNG process. Combinations of feed gas pressure and benzene contamination which may cause deposition of solid benzene are defined. 21 references, 10 figures, 6 tables.

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Mechanism of catalytic gasification of coal char. Quarterly progress report No. 12, October 1-December 31, 1983

Experiments are being performed to optimize the conversion of NaCl in the presence of carbon to an active steam gasification catalyst. During the past quarter we examined the effect on conversion of a variety of methods for addition of the NaCl to the carbonaceous material. These methods included admixture, wet impregnation and vapor deposition on Illinois No. 6 coal char and on a mineral-free carbon black, Spheron-6. Using temperature programmed reaction (TPR), we found modest enhancement in reactivity with steam of the catalyzed materials. But the degree of conversion of the NaCl to an active catalytic species was small. To understand the chemistry of the conversion process, we are examining the gaseous species in equilibrium with the NaCl-carbon admixtures using Knudsen cell mass spectrometry. These studies reveal that hydrolysis of NaCl in the presence of carbon and steam at subgasification temperatures is accompanied by a decrease in the thermodynamic activity of the NaCl. 6 references, 3 tables.

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Applicability of Japanese NO/sub x/ control in the US

This report surveys the status of NO/sub x/ control for stationary sources in Japan and analyzes applicability of the technology in the US. The principal control methods used in Japan are combustion modification and catalytic reduction using ammonia as the reducing agent. Noncatalytic reduction with ammonia is used to a limited degree. Wet scrubbing methods have been tested but are so unpromising that the development work has practically stopped. The combustion modification developments are applicable in this country but may not be any more effective than methods already under development in the US. Catalytic reduction is fully applicable for oil firing but for coal-fired boilers much more development work is needed to answer the several remaining questions. The needed research is presented in some detail. 16 figures.

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Analysis of Devonian Shale gas-production mechanisms

Work was concentrated on the Devonian shales in 3 Ohio counties: Licking, Lawrence, and Meigs. The Devonian shale was determined to be a multi-porosity system, with a 1% matrix porosity and 10/sup -5/ to 10/sup -6/ md. There is a qualitative relation between the stress-ratio and the intensity of fracture spacing. Five well stimulation techniques were evaluated: conventional well-bore shooting (r/sub w/ = 1.8 ft), an extensive radial stimulation (k/sub w/ = 30 ft), a small hydraulic fracture of 300 ft half-length, a large hydraulic fracture of 1000 ft half-length, and a combined radial stimulation and hydraulic fracture. Three of the six partitioned areas could contain up to 3.6 TcF of Devonian shale gas reserves. 43 figures, 11 tables.

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Influence of changing particle structure on the rate of gas-solid gasification reactions. Final report, July 1981-March 1984

The objetive of this work is to determine the changes in the particle structure of coal as it undergoes the carbon/carbon dioxide reaction (C   CO/sub 2/ ..-->.. 2CO). Char was produced by heating the coal at a rate of 25/sup 0/C/min to the reaction temperatures of 800/sup 0/C, 900/sup 0/C, 1000/sup 0/C and 1100/sup 0/C. The changes in surface area and effective diffusivity as a result of devolitization were determined. Changes in effective diffusivity and surface area as a function of conversion have been measured for reactions conducted at 800, 900, 1000 and 1100/sup 0/C for Wyodak coal char. The surface areas exhibit a maximum as a function of conversion in all cases. For the reaction at 1000/sup 0/C the maximum in surface area is greater than the maxima determined at all other reaction temperatures. Thermogravimetric rate data were obtained for five coal chars; Wyodak, Wilcox, Cimmeron, Illinois number 6 and Pittsburgh number 6 over the temperature range 800-1100/sup 0/C. All coal chars exhibit a maximum in reaction rate. Five different models for gas-solid reactions were evaluated. The Bhatia/Perlmutter model seems to best represent the data. 129 references, 67 figures, 37 tables.

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Investigation of non-intrusive radiometer for entrained gasifier temperature measurement. First quarterly report, October 30, 1983-January 30, 1984

The emphasis during the first quarter has been directed toward evaluating radiometric approaches to find the optimum technique to measure temperature in an entrained gasifier environment. In this regard, it was concluded that while total radiation measurements were helpful in providing designers with total radiation loads to hardware, it was not acceptable as a means of measuring temperature for the gas/particle environment considered. To make the temperature measurements, one, two, and three line radiometers (pyrometers) were evaluated. It was found that a single (one) line pyrometer measurement of resonance radiation from a trace alkalai metal in the gas provides a very promising technique to provide spatially resolved temperature measurements. A detailed description of governing equations controlling this technique is given. During the next quarter, laboratory prototype probes will be assembled, tested and evaluated. 8 figures, 10 tables.

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Twelfth biennial lignite symposium:  technology and utilization of low-rank coals proceedings. Volume 1

The twelfth biennial lignite symposium: technology and utilization of low-rank coals was held May 18-19, 1983. The symposium was sponsored by the U.S Department of Energy, Office of Fossil Energy; the Morgantown Energy Technology Center; the Grand Forks Project Office, Grand Forks, North Dakota 58202; the University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, North Dakota 58202; and the Texas Energy and Natural Resources Advisory Council, Austin, Texas 78701. Sixteen papers have been entered individually into ERA and EDB; three had been entered previously from other sources. (LTN)

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Biological conversion of synthesis gas

Syngas is known to contain approximately 1 percent H[sub 2]S, along with CO[sub 2], C0[sub 2], H[sub 2] and CH[sub 4]. Similarly, the syngas may become contaminated with oxygen, particularly during reactor start-up and during maintenance. Previous studies with the water-gas shift bacterium Rhodospirillum rubrum have shown that the bacterium is tolerant of small quantities of oxygen, but the effects of oxygen on CO-consumption are unknown. Similarly, R. rubrum is known to be tolerant of H[sub 2]S, with high concentrations of H[sub 2]S negatively affecting CO-uptake. Batch experiments were thus carried out to determine the effects of H[sub 2]S and O[sub 2] on CO-uptake by R. rubrum. The results of these experiments were quantified by using Monod equations modified by adding terms for CO, H[sub 2]S and O[sub 2] inhibition. The techniques used in determining kinetic expressions previously shown for other gas-phase substrate bacterial systems including R. rubrum were utilized.

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Two-phase flow in tight sands: Final report

The objective of this project was the development of equipment and laboratory techniques for measuring properties of tight sands that are needed for two-phase computer simulation of production. As such, emphasis has been on equipment and techniques to determine, as a function of water saturation and under net stresses representative of in-situ stress levels, variations in capillary pressure, permeability to gas, and permeability to water. 20 refs., 18 figs., 8 tabs.

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