AndreaBozzo/ceres-open-data-index huggingface dataset:
A THEORETICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF THE COMPOSITION OF DEEP SOURCE GAS

As current natural gas supplies are consumed there will be increased pressure to explore in higher risk settings including areas much deeper than those routinely probed now. This raises the question of natural gas stability in the deep subsurface and a combined theoretical and experimental approach has been used to try and provide answers. A computer program has been developed for calculating the stabilities of natural gas components in reservoirs of various mineralogies. It finds the minimum free energy in multi-component (up to 70), multiphase (up to 20) systems for conditions corresponding to temperatures and pressures down to 40,000 ft. (12 km) and does not assume ideal gas behavior. These calculations show that methane has considerable stability in sandstone reservoirs even in the presence of feldspars and their clay breakdown products. However if there is appreciable calcite cement this tends to thermally decompose at high temperatures and the evolved carbon dioxde then dilutes the methane to give overall gas compositions that are unlikely to be economic. In carbonate systems the main factor influencing methane stability is the presence of sulfur-bearing phases such as anhydrite. The sulfur compounds lead to hydrogen sulfide production and methane is eliminated so that at 40,000 feet the predicted gas composition is CO/sub 2/-H/sub 2/S. If iron-bearing phases are present they can tie up some of the sulfur as sulfides and methane then survives. A computer-controlled, fast-scanning mass spectrometer system has been developed to analyze individual fluid inclusions in deep cements because these contain uncontaminated gas samples from the growth environment. Fluid inclusions are opened in vacuum by thermally-induced decrepitation. 50 refs., 21 figs., 8 tabs.

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Mobility Control for CO2 Floods a Literature Survey

Of all the Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) processes, flooding by carbon dioxide offers the brightest promise, both of significant increases to the Nation's oil supply, and of availability in the near term. A way must be found to control severe frontal instabilities which seriously degrade the efficiency of the displacement of crude oil through the pore space of the reservoir rock by the less viscous CO/sub 2/. Of currently operational EOR projects, CO/sub 2/ floods are second in number only to those heavy oil recovery projects which use steam. However because of frontal instability, CO/sub 2/ floods are liable to early CO/sub 2/ breakthrough, and to flooding inefficiency that will cause premature production decline. This Literature Survey is part of a laboratory research project which seeks practical methods of mobility control for CO/sub 2/ floods. The development of such methods should be very cost effective because the dissemination of information about them throughout the industry will persuade operators that enhance oil production from CO/sub 2/ floods can be sustained by increased displacement efficiency. 151 references.

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Theoretical and numerical studies of constitutive relations for frictional granular flow

The purpose of this report is to propose a suitable constitutive relationship for the three dimensional frictional flow of a cohesionless granular material and to incorporate at least a qualitatively similar constitutive relationship in the computer program TEACH. TEACH is a hydrodynamic code developed by Dr. A.D. Gosman at Imperial College, London, for the simulation of incompressible two dimensional steady duct flows. Simulations performed for this report assumed that the material was flowing under two dimensional plane strain conditions. The numerical algorithm implemented by TEACH is based upon the control volume finite difference principles developed by Spalding and Patankar (Patankar, 1980). TEACH's program structure facilitates the implementation of a non-Newtonian constitutive relationship of the type proposed below. 32 refs., 38 figs., 2 tabs.

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High-temperature solid oxide electrolyte fuel cell power generation system. Quarterly technical progress summary report, January 1-March 31, 1984

Support tube, air electrode, and cell fabrication techniques were improved. Air electrode characterization studies continued, both under simulated cell fabrication conditions and long-time operation at 1000/sup 0/C. Modifications to the EVD equipment have been made to improve halide delivery and interconnection deposit quality. Three-cell stack testing continues at 3400 test hours and 22 thermal cycles with stable performance. Cell component qualification tests continued to be developed and used. Reactivity and diffusion studies continued relative to long-time air electrode/electrolyte compatibility at elevated temperature. A dedicated five-cell test facility was assembled for simultaneous testing of four (4) single cells and one (1) multi-cell stack. The 24-cell submodule design was completed, and procurement of long lead time components was initiated. Tests for component checkout were designed. The computer program, modeling the solid oxide fuel cell behavior, continued to be developed.

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Fuel cells. Technology status report

This report documents the status of the US Department of Energy's Fuel Cells Program as of the end of FY 85. The report consists of (1) an overview of the Fuel Cells Program including a brief discussion of how fuel cells work; (2) a synopsis of the Phosphoric Acid Fuel Cell (PAFC), Molten Carbonate Fuel Cell (MCFC), and Solid Oxide Fuel Cell (SOFC) Programs and their 1985 projects; (3) a discussion of the Fuel Cells Advanced Research and Technology Development (AR and TD) Program and projects; and (4) a summary of the Fuel Cells Systems and Applications Program. A common direction of fuel cell development has been to combine individual cells into groups called ''stacks''or ''modules''in order to increase power output. In 1985, the scale-up of PAFC stacks to the 40-kW level continued, and a project involving the manufacturing of 46 power plants was completed. SOFC scale-up proceeded to the 24-cell submodule stage. An MCFC 1-ft/sup 2/ stack demonstrated effective management of electrolyte, control of end-cell shorting, and resistance of separator plates to corrosion during 4000 hours of operation. AR and TD provided information on reaction mechanisms and materials for MCFC's, SOFC's, and PAFC's. Systems and Applications development provided engineering and economic guidelines for MCFC's, SOFC's, and PAFC's, when used in a variety of utility and industrial settings. 3 refs., 32 figs., 4 tabs.

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Computer modeling of mixing and agglomeration in coal-conversion reactors. Volume I. Model formulation. Final report, September 15, 1978-February 28, 1982

The FLAG code consists of the following major modules: Gas Flow (including Gas Turbulence), Gas-Phase Chemistry, Particle Dynamics and Energetics (including Particle Dispersion), Particle Chemistry (including devolatilization and heterogeneous reactions), Particle Collisions, Agglomeration, and Heat Transfer (conduction and radiation). These physical-chemical modules are embodied in computer subprograms. The distinction between a module and a subprogram is that the former is a conceptual division of the significant phenomena, whereas the latter is based on the ease of manipulation within the structure of the computer code. The basic solution procedure is a step-by-step integration of all the governing equations with respect to time, using a semi-implicit, second-order accurate, finite-difference scheme. In this procedure, the field variables, such as pressure, temperature, gas species concentration, velocity, etc. are evaluated at a finite set of spatial locations inside the reactor, as the time goes through a sequence of small, but finite increments. Thus, the evolution of the flow field is analogous to a sequential display of movie frames. To advance the state of the flow field by one time step, a series of calculations must be performed, involving the various modules described above. Figure 2-1 shows the flow chart of the basic computational procedure. Detailed descriptions of each module are given.

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Particle trajectories in a lattice of parallel magnetized fibers. [Paramagnetic particles and parallel magnetized fibers; particles greater than a few microns in size]

Trajectories of paramagnetic particles in regular infinite rectangular and rhombic lattices of parallel magnetized fibers have been calculated. The mathematical model for this analysis accounts for both the collective magnetic and the collective fluid effects of all the fibers in the lattice in the potential flow regime. The viscous force on the particles is taken to be the Stokes force, and diffusion and particle inertia are assumed to be negligible. The particle capture cross section for a fiber in a lattice is found to be significantly different from the isolated fiber cross section for closely packed fibers. However, they become equal as the filter porosity approaches unity. It is seen that channels form, allowing particles to pass through the filter. These channels persist for arbitrarily large porosity, but can be made as narrow as desired by increasing the ratio of magnetic to viscous forces.

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Hot-gas cleanup system model development. Volume I. Final report

This two-volume report summarizes the state of the art in performance modeling of advanced high-temperature, high-pressure (HTHP) gas cleanup devices. Volume I contains the culmination of the research effort carried over the past 12 months and is a summary of research achievements. Volume II is the user's manual for the computer programs developed under the present research project. In this volume, Section 2 presents background information on pressurized, fluidized-bed combustion concepts, a description of the role of the advanced gas cleanup systems, and a list of advanced gas cleanup systems that are currently in development under DOE sponsorship. Section 3 describes the methodology for the software architecture that forms the basis of the well-disciplined and structured computer programs developed under the present project. Section 4 reviews the fundamental theories that are important in analyzing the cleanup performance of HTHP gas filters. Section 5 discusses the effect of alkali agents in HTHP gas cleanup. Section 6 evaluates the advanced HTHP gas cleanup models based on their mathematical integrity, availability of supporting data, and the likelihood of commercialization. As a result of the evaluation procedure detailed in Section 6, five performance models were chosen to be incorporated into the overall system simulation code, ASPEN. These five models (the electrocyclone, ceramic bag filter, moving granular bed filter, electrostatic granular bed filter, and electrostatic precipitator) are described in Section 7. The method of cost projection for these five models is discussed in Section 8. The supporting data and validation of the computer codes are presented in Section 9, and finally the conclusions and recommendations for the HTHP gas cleanup system model development are given in Section 10. 72 references, 19 figures, 25 tables.

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Stratigraphy of the Devonian Chattanooga and Ohio shales and equivalents in the Appalachian basin:  an example of long-range subsurface correlation using gamma-ray logs

The correlations discussed demonstrate the utility of the gamma-ray log for regional, basinwide stratigraphic studies. Through the use of these logs, suggested correlations based on paleontologic evidence (Hass, 1956) were confirmed and new correlations were established in the Appalachian basin across at least 700 miles. These logs used in conjunction with a few lithologic logs and gamma-ray profiles of surface sections (Ettensohn and others, 1979) have proven to be a useful tool for long-range stratigraphic studies.

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Investigation of low-invasion coring fluids. Annual report, October 1, 1978-September 30, 1979

A new pressure coring system has been developed which could significantly improve the measurement of in-situ oil and gas saturations in hydrocarbon reservoirs. This improved system incorporates a low-invasion fluid that is stored in the core retriever and is extruded to seal and protect the core. The low-invasion fluid consists of an extremely viscous, brine-based polymer system with sized calcium carbonate bridging particles to minimize invasion. This special coring fluid has been selected from several candidates that were laboratory tested at simulated downhole conditions. Both static and dynamic filtration characteristics were considered. Other important properties of this low-invasion pressure coring fluid are discussed, including freezing point, formation damage, clay stabilization, wettability changes, and pressure buildup in the core barrel. Preliminary results from actual coring operation are also presented.

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Development of techniques for optimizing selection and completion of western tight gas sands. Tight gas sandstone channel continuity study, Fort Union-through Mesaverde Rocks, Greater Green River and Wind River Basins, Wyoming. Phase IV report, 1 August 1979-31 May 1980

To help find solutions to problems in obtaining gas production from channel sandstones in the Greater Green River Basin in Wyoming, we studied outcrops of equivalent rocks in three areas: Rock Springs Uplift, Hoback Basin, and Cretaceous Mountain. Formations studied were: Paleocene (Ft. Union equivalent), Hoback, Lance, Mesaverde (Hoback Basin), Ericson, and Rock Springs. Besides a photographic survey of channels in the areas, detailed measurements were made on 25 channels. About 80 structural elements (parallel inclined and trough cross beds) in each channel were measured for height and dip orientation. The most comprehensive data was obtained on the Rock Springs Formation.

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Great Plains ASPEN Model Development. Technical progress report, 2/1/84-2/29/84

During the period 2/1/84 through 2/29/84 work was performed on the following tasks: Task No. 1 simplified models and Task No. 4 rigorous models (Area 1700-methanation, Area 4900-methanol synthesis,4376 ); and Task No. 2 review of existing gasifier models. The ASPEN simulation of the Methanation flowsheet, Section 1700 of the Great Plains'project, has been modified to use the physical property option set SYSOP4W in place of SYSOP3, which was originally used. The full component list was also added for overall consistency, which is necessary if this flowsheet is to be connected with Rectisol or Gas Compression. For the same conditions as in the original case presented in the referenced memo, this modification produced no significant changes in the results. The ASPEN simulation of the Methanol Synthesis flowsheet, Section 4900 of the Great Plains'project, has been modified to use the physical property option set SYSOP4W in place of SYSOP3, which was originally used. The full component list was also added for overall consistency, which is necessary if this flowsheet is to be connected with Rectisol of Methanation. For the same feed as in the original case presented in the referenced memo, this modification resulted in lower K-values for all components except methanol and water in the Methanol Condenser, EA-4903T (FLASH2). Consequently, more H/sub 2/, CO and CO/sub 2/ were dissolved in the methanol stream and more methanol was lost in the purge. The net effect was a 2.7 percent decrease in the amount of methanol returned to Rectisol. No other significant effects were produced.

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Coal gasification research studies. Project 61063 quarterly report, May 20-August 19, 1983

The Coal Gasification Research Studies program consists of three tasks: (1) coal ash behavior studies, (2) high-pressure fluidization studies, and (3) high-temperature fluidization studies. During this quarter, seven gasification runs were made in the 2-inch fluidized-bed gasifier at 1800/sup 0/F using gas mixtures of both high (5%) and low (0.2%) oxygen content. The carbon conversion of these runs ranged from 35% to 98%. Although corrosion products from the reactor walls presented problems in analysis, the reactor residue showed that iron silicates were formed in the high-oxygen runs, but very few were produced when a low-oxygen content gas was used. In the high-pressure fluidization studies, tests at ambient conditions in a 12-inch-diameter column with a multi-orifice distributor showed that the pressure probe signal was not clean due to the large number of bubbles produced by this type of distributor. Using five- and seven-nozzle distributors gave a much cleaner signal from the pressure probes. It was also found that a substantial number of the bubbles do not rise vertically, but move at an angle through the column. A new pressure probe configuration was designed to account for these bubbles. The test results indicate, however, that a much higher scanning rate will be needed to correctly measure their velocities. In the high-temperature fluidization studies, the modification of the existing unit continued. The preheater furnace was cleaned and repiped, and a computer room to maintain the proper temperature and humidity for the data acquisition hardware was constructed. 8 figures, 1 table.

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Performance evaluation of a ceramic cross-flow filter on a bench-scale coal gasifier

The ceramic cross-flow filter (CXF) system is a promising method to be used in advanced coal based power systems for high temperature, high pressure (HTHP) particle removal. Using a subpilot scale pressurized fluid-bed combustor (PFBC) at Argonne National Laboratory and various PFBC simulators, prior projects have indicated that CXF systems can be used in oxidizing environments at PFBC conditions. To extend the use of CXF systems, this project completed an economic analysis comparing the cost of various oxygen and air blown gasification systems with the CXF system incorporated, initiated the scaleup of the CXF element from development to commercial size, predicted the characteristics of gasifier dust cake, evaluated cleaning pulse characteristics in a large multielement simulation, upgraded pulse cleaning mathematical model, and completed additional testing of the CXF elements under gasification (reducing) and PFBC conditions. Coors Ceramic Company and GTE Products Corporation were integrally involved in this program through the development and fabrication of the CXF elements. 39 figs., 23 tabs.

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Development of molten carbonate fuel cell power plant technology. Quarterly technical progress report No. 18, January 1-March 31, 1984

This report summarizes the work performed to develop and verify the design of a prototype molten carbonate fuel cell stack which meets the requirements of a 1990's-competitive, coal-fired, electrical utility central station, or industrial cogeneration power plant. Fabrication of the cell components to be used in the 100-cell stack was completed successfully. Compressive creep of the anode to be used in the 100-cell stack was measured through 720 hours of testing at 1300/sup 0/F. The data continue to support the creep resistance of this component. Anode and bubble barrier pore spectra data obtained after aging at 1300/sup 0/F confirmed the sintering resistance of these components. A parametric study of candidate separator material data obtained from retort corrosion tests was completed. Based on the study, cell testing of treated INCO 825 was begun. A 1000 hour cell test of Ni-201/316SS at accelerated test conditions showed no failure of this separator plate material. Single cell tests to evaluate Co-based and Ti-based alternate cathode materials were conducted. The cell test performance data and post test chemical analysis show both materials are unstable. Cell testing of a doped Fe-based cathode showed a reaction with the matrix used. A repeat test using a different matrix material is planned. Testing of the 20-cell Subscale Stack was completed on schedule following 2000 hours of operation. A post test analysis was begun in order to correlate the diagnostic test data with the physical evidence of component stability, including electrolyte containment. 29 figs., 35 tabs.

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Development of molten carbonate fuel cell power plant technology. Quarterly technical progress report No. 20, July 1-September 30, 1984

This report summarizes the work performed July 1, 1984 through September 30, 1984. The overall objective of this program is to develop and verify the design of a prototype molten carbonate fuel cell stack which meets the requirements of a 1990's-competitive, coal-fired, electrical utility central station, or industrial cogeneration power plant. Compressive creep testing and evaluation of the anti-sintering stability of the anode continued with accrued 2180 hours of testing at 1300/sup 0/F. They continue to demonstrate a creep rate that is believed acceptable for stack use. The anti-sintering stability of the anode has been measured following 1700 hours of testing at 1300/sup 0/F. The thickness change of the anode speciments is believed acceptable for stack use. A single piece cathode current collector configuration was selected for evaluation in Subscale Stack No. 4. This configuration is functionally equivalent to the two-piece current collector design being tested in Subscale Stack No. 3. The lower cost configuration is being evaluated in single cell tests. The design of a lower cost separator plate was selected for Subscale Stack No. 4 and is also being evaluated in single cell tests. Single cell testing focused on evaluation of cell operating conditions on NiO dissolution. This program consists of three activities: measuring the effect of CO/sub 2/ partial pressure on cell performance, determining the allowable amount of nickel dissolution before excessive performance decay occurs, and verifying the dissolution rates obtained from accelerated testing. Testing of the 20-cell Subscale Stack No. 3 was initiated. The principle objectives of this stack are to evaluate electrolyte management and end cell short protection improvements. The test has been in progress for 980 hours and continues to demonstrate acceptable electrolyte management and end-cell short protection. 30 figs., 35 tabs.

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Phosphoric acid electric utility fuel cell technology development: Technical progress report No. 33, for quarter ending October 31, 1987

The Department of Energy has initiated this program to advance phosphoric acid electric utility cell stack technology and to reduce cell stack cost. The cell stack has a nominal 10-ft/sup 2/ active area and operates at 120 psia405/degree/F. The program comprises six parallel phases, which culminate in a full-height, 10-ft/sup 2/ stack verification test. The only active technical task under this program is Phase VI, Task 5---Operational Testing. The objective of this task is to conduct additional testing of the full-height 10-ft/sup 2/ stack with a goal of reaching 3500 hours.

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Development of BEACON technology. Volume I. Final report, April 1980-April 1983

The BEACON process is based on the catalytic deposition of a highly reactive carbon from low heating value gases, primarily by the carbon monoxide disproportionation reaction. This carbon is subsequently reacted with steam to produce predominantly methane or hydrogen, depending on the catalyst formulation and operating conditions. Commercial application envisions an air-blown coal gasification combined-cycle power plant with a coproduct of either methane or hydrogen. Significant cost reductions are anticipated relative to corresponding oxygen-blown coal gasification systems. Excellent fluid bed catalysts have been developed which have retained initial activity for over 400 hours of steady state operation. This stability was demonstrated in a tandem reactor system which provides for semi-continuous catalyst circulation between the carbon deposition and steam gasification fluid bed reactors.

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