AndreaBozzo/ceres-open-data-index huggingface dataset:
Ion exchange and soil attenuation of Gulf Coast and Great Plains soils: Final report

There are many trace elements, including arsenic, selenium, and molybdenum, which can occur in significant concentrations in ash from low-rank coals. These elements have the potential to be leached from disposed ash and returned to the environment. As coal-waste leachates from disposal sites come into contact with surrounding sediments, these sediments can have a pronounced effect on concentrations of dissolved trace elements in the leachate. This project was designed to measure and characterize the trace element attenuation properties of overburden sediments from Texas, Montana, and Wyoming. The project began with a previous study of pH buffering and trace element attenuation properties of North Dakota sediments. The initial study provided much essential information and insight into possible mechanisms of trace element attenuation. In addition, this initial research provided us with an established experimental protocol with which to conduct studies on pH buffering and trace element attenuation properties of near surface overburden sediments. The samples used in this study were obtained from test holes drilled to a maximum depth of 100 feet. The resulting samples were evaluated with respect to their ability to buffer pH and attenuate trace elements using the techniques developed during the North Dakota phase of the project. 37 refs., 18 figs., 24 tabs.

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Rapid sulfur capture studies at high temperatures

Determine conditions that would reproduce optimum sulfur capture (  super-equilibrium'') behavior. No attempt was made to extract kinetic data for calcination or sulfur capture, as might be done in a comprehensive study of sorbent behavior. While some interesting anomalies are present in the calcination data and in the limited surface area data, no attempt was made to pursue those issues. Since little sulfur capture was observed at operating conditions where   super-equilibrium''might be expected to occur, tests were stopped when the wide range of parameters that were studied failed to produce significant sulfur capture via the super-equilibrium mechanism. Considerable space in this report is devoted to a description of the experiment, including details of the GTRC construction. This description is included because we have received requests for a detailed description of the GTRC itself, as well as the pressurized dry powder feed system. In addition, many questions about accurately sampling the sulfur species from a high-temperature, high-pressure reactor were raised during the course of this investigation. A full account of the development of the gas and particulate sampling train in thus provided. 8 refs., 17 figs., 2 tabs.

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The evaluation of processes for the utilization of eastern shale oil as a feedstock for the production of high-density aviation turbine fuel

In this study, we evaluated five processes their ability to produce intermediates from eastern shale oil for the production of high-density turbine fuel. These processes include acid-base extraction to reduce the heteroatom content of the middle distillate and the atmospheric and vacuum gas oils, solvent dewaxing to reduce the paraffin (alkane) content of the atmospheric and vacuum gas oils, Attapulgus clay treatment to reduce the heteroatom content of the middle distillate, coking to reduce the distillate range of the vacuum gas oil, and hydrogenation to remove heteroatoms and to saturate aromatic rings in the middle distillate and atmospheric gas oil.

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Tube Bank C - metal wastage:  status report, August 1983

The Experimental Pressurized Fluidized Bed Combustion Facility at Grimethorpe, South Yorkshire, UK incorporates an in-bed tube bank. During the operation of the facility between June and September 1982, an unexpectedly high degree of metal wastage occurred from the external surfaces of this tube bank. Measures were taken to reduce the rate of metal wastage and extend the life of the tube bank, which was subsequently replaced in July 1983 after a total operating period of 1222 hours of coal burning. Using small-scale fluidized bed cold models, experimental investigations were carried out to determine measures to reduce the metal wastage. The results indicated that metal wastage would be reduced by the following changes: a reduction in the fluidizing velocity; the attachment of studs or axial fins to the tubes; a reduction in the height of the space between the distributor plate and the bottom of the tube bank; and the elimination, where possible of any large gaps within the tube bank. Such changes have been incorporated into the design of the replacement tube bank. This has now been installed and has experienced significantly less metal wastage. 9 references, 6 tables, 34 figures.

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Coal flow meter development. Phase A:  feasibility study

The analysis of the coals performed from both NMR and ESR data revealed several interesting results. First, adequate signal levels for flow metering can be obtained from all coals with either the hydrogen nuclear magnetic resonance or the electron spin resonance. However, the higher signal/noise ratio of ESR makes it more advantageous than the NMR for use in measuring the flow rate, although either or both could be used. Second, the ESR amplitude is highly correlated with the amount of carbon in the coal and with the ratio of the carbon to volatiles. Third, hydrogen NMR can be used to separately measure both the volatiles and the water content of the coal. In summary, the conceptual design of the flowmeter is as originally proposed based on the use of a spin filter oscillator, which derives ESR signals from the free radicals in coal. The results of the ESR and NMR measurements and information from the literature as well as on the prior experience of SwRI in the development of applied magnetic resonance devices confirmed the basic feasibility of this approach. These signals were found to be of useful intensity throughout the entire set of domestic coals. In the proposed configuration, the flowmeter will measure the flow velocity by sensing the frequency shift in the spin filter oscillator. The concentration of the coal (and the carbon) in the flow stream will be sensed as a function of the ESR amplitude. NMR techniques will be used to simultaneously measure the moisture and volatiles contents of the coal. The heating value of the coal will be estimated by use of both ESR and NMR measurements.

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X-radiograph atlas of lithotypes and other structures in the Devonian shale sequence of West Virginia and Virginia

X-radiographs of 525 samples from cored wells and outcrops serve as the basis for a study of fabric elements in the Upper Devonian shale sequence of West Virginia and Virginia. Four shale lithotypes have been identified from X-radiographs: (1) thinly-laminated shale, (2) lenticularly-laminated shale, (3) sharply-banded shale, and (4) non-banded shale. The order from 1 to 4 follows decreasing lateral fabric continuity. Two non-shale lithotypes, siltstones and concretions are also recognized. Gas production from this shale section is associated with lithotypes possessing high lateral fabric continuity. Thus, a classification based on fabric elements appears useful both for interpretation of depositional environments and for interpretation of reservoir properties. Forty-nine illustrations of lithotypes, other sedimentary structures, and tectonic features are given.

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Western Gas Sands Project. Status report, 1 June--30 June 1979

This edition of the WGSP status report summarizes June 1979 progress of government-sponsored projects directed toward increasing gas production from the low-permeability gas sands of the western United States. Background information is provided in the September 1977, status report, NVO/0655-100. Work by the USGS toward resource assessment in the four primary study areas continued. CK GeoEnergy started a core hole in Grand County, Utah. During June, projects of the National Laboratories and Energy Technology Centers continued. Bartlesville Energy Technology Center continued work on fracture conductivity, rock-fluid interaction, and log evaluation and interpretation techniques. Experimental and theoretical work on hydraulic fracturing mechanics and analysis of well test data continued at Lawrence Livermore Laboratory. The CER Corporation RB-MHF 3 final report has been distributed. Cyclic gas injection began again on CIG's Sprague No. 1 well. The DOE well test facility was transported to Vernal, Utah for minor repairs and storage. The GPE wells, Natural Buttes Units 9, 14 and 18 flowed to sales. The Mitchell Energy Muse-Duke No. 1 well flowed 3,000 MCFD in June. Attempts to kill the Mobil PCU F31-13G well failed. Exploratory coring of the Sandia Hole No. 6 Formation Interface Fracture Experiment resumed in June.

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Reduction of nitric oxide in a fluidized bed. Final report

Reduction of nitric oxide (NO) by two kinds of char, coke, carbon monoxide, and methane was investigated in a bed (I.D. 9.6 cm) of glass sand (static bed depth, 10 cm) fluidized by nitrogen containing a small amount of nitric oxide. The bed was heated externally by an electric heater and the effect of char loading on NO reduction was studied over a wide range of temperatures. It was found that the reactivities of different chars and coke depend strongly upon their physical properties (such as surface area and porosity), upon the type of char, and to a lesser extent upon their carbon content. The reduction of NO with carbon monoxide was also investigated in the fluidized bed and the result showed that the stainless steel wall exerted a significant catalytic effect on this reaction. In order to obtain information for design and operation of fluidized-bed combustors, kinetic evaluation of the reaction of NO with Char 1 was performed. Based on the two-phase bubble model with both bubble phase and emulsion phase in plug flow, the data were analyzed to formulate the reaction rate expression. The activation energy and frequency factor were 31,700 cal/mol and 9.66 x 10/sup 8/ 1/sec respectively.

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Third Annual Western Gas Sands Program Review

The Western Gas Sands research project is a part of the Department of Energy's Unconventional Gas Recovery Program, managed by the Morgantown Energy Technology Center. The goal of the research is to build the scientific and engineering knowledge base for the production of natural gas from unconventional resources found in complex geologic environments and representing high technical risk. Research is currently focused on resolving the technical uncertainties in order to encourage development of these resources by the private industry sector. The Third Annual Western Gas Sands Program Review was held in Morgantown, West Virginia, on November 7 an 8, 1984. The objectives of the conference were: To review the technical performance and current status of Western Gas Sands research in Fiscal Year 1984. To foster interdisciplinary technical information exchange between researchers from the geological, generic, and production research elements of the project. To provide planning information for advancement of Western Gas Sands research. Fifty-three individuals from academia, government, and national laboratories participated in the review. Twenty-two presentations which were made during the one and one-half day conference, are included in this proceedings. All of these papers have been processed for inclusion in the Energy Data Base.

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Engineering support services for the DOE/GRI Coal Gasification Research Program. Quarterly technical status report, September 25-December 31, 1983

The scope of work under this contract consists of technical assistance in the following areas: advancing the development of coal gasification processes and related technologies to their maximum potential; gathering, compiling, and presenting essential data necessary to delineate the advantages and disadvantages of each competing process; determining and identifying the specific process and/or combination of component processing steps that offer the greatest economic potential for commercial application; performing evaluations to determine the areas of development necessary to provide all technical data, including equipment and material specifications, required for the design and construction of a commercial coal gasification facility; making recommendations and assisting in the compiling of sufficient data to complete conceptual commercial designs and prepare associated factored estimates; evaluating progress reports for consistency, compliance with contract requirements, and adequacy in providing data necessary for process evaluation; and conducting additional studies that could enhance the technical and economic assessment of coal gasification technologies. Foster Wheeler provides the required support services in accordance with task orders approved by the DOE/GRI Operating Committee. During the present quarterly period, these support efforts were primarily directed to Task No. 1, monitoring and evaluation of the following projects: Westinghouse PDU and Cold Flow Scale-Up Facility (CPSF), Mountain Fuels Resources PDU; Bell Aerospace PDU; and Metals Properties Council. In mid-December, 1983, Foster Wheeler was authorized to start work on two additional tasks; Task No. 2, Lurgi Baseline Study, and Task No. 3, Coal Fines Consolidation Study.

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VARIATION IN THE QUANTITY OF METHANE ADSORBED BY SELECTED COALS AS A FUNCTION OF COAL PETROLOGY AND COAL CHEMISTRY

The overall objective of this study was to evaluate the methane adsorption capacity of coals (as determined by equilibrium methane adsorption isotherms) in relation to their chemical and petrological parameter using a multivariate statistical strategy. A knowledge of the relationships among methane adsorption, coal chemistry, coal petrology and coal rank is necessary understanding how methane is contained in coal and the processes by which it is released. On the basis of this investigation the following conclusions can be stated concerning the variations in the quantity of methane adsorbed by coals. (1) Two coals that are very similar but have slightly different carbon contents can adsorb very different quantities of methane. (2) The experimental methane adsorption data of the coal samples investigated appear to fit more closely the theoretical adsorption model of Freundlich rather than the Langmuir model. (3) The quantity of methane adsorbed by the coals first decreases with coal rank and then increases with a minimum in adsorption at about 85% total carbon (daf). (4) The quantity of methane adsorbed by the coals does not vary in any systematic manner relative to coal petrology or coal chemistry. (5) It appears reasonable to propose that the observed variations in methane adsorption are very closely related to the distribution of <12A pores and that these pores are very possibly a reflection of cage like structures in the complex molecules of the coals. 13 tables.

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Investigation of the coal devolatilization:  kinetics and product characterization

The objectives of this program are to develop an operational understanding and model of coal devolatization with respect to the relative influence of the following parameters: chemical characteristics of the parent coal, ambient pressure, applied heating rate, and final temperature achieved by the coal particles. Tar formation and release is given particular attention since previous investigations (DOE Contract ET-78-C-01-3167) indicated tar evolution to be an important aspect of coal devolatilization that is often given insufficient attention. This investigation indicated that the tar formation phase of coal devolatilization occurs very early in the transient heating phase of coal devolatilization. For mvBit and lower rank coals, tar formation can occur at temperatures as low as 450/sup 0/C. Under the ambient pressure conditions, tar evolution precedes light gas evolution for bituminous coals. In these conditions the tar evolution rate appears to heat transfer controlled. As ambient pressure is increased the tar yields are significantly decreased, indicating a transition to mass transfer control of tar evolution. Tar yields and thermal stability of tar species are highly dependent on the chemical characteristics of the parent coal. Coals of the same ASTM rank but of varying aromaticity have different tar yields and tars of varying degrees of thermal stability. In this connection, infrared characteristics of the parent coal are of immediate assistance in predicting the tar evolution behavior of a coal. Char and light gas yields are coupled to the fate of primary tars in the tar evolution process. A first approximation model of coal devolatilization is presented with the stated reservations that more detailed studies of heat and mass transfer effects on tar evolution are needed.

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Evaluation of the WEN II and DENN-1D steady-state, fixed-bed gasifier models

In this study, the steady-state, one-dimensional WEN II and DENN-1D fixed-bed gasifier models were compared theoretically and with experimental data to determine their advantages and disadvantages in predicting the operating characteristics of fixed-bed gasification. Initially, the models were compared in terms of their major assumptions, limitations, and unique characteristics. Many of the major assumptions in the models are similar. The main differences occur in the way the models handle drying of coal, predict devolatilization, and represent the kinetics of gasification and combustion reactions. To test the predictive capabilities of the model, each was run with Pittsburgh No. 8 and Illinois No. 6 bituminous coals, Montana Rosebud subbituminous coal, and North Dakota Indianhead lignite. Both air- and oxygen-blow cases were tested as well as both dry-ash and slagging operation. The dry-ash cases utilized data from the METC, General Electric (GE), and British Gas Corporation (BGC)/Lurgi dry-ash gasifiers. Data from the BGC/Lurgi slagging gasifier and the former Grand Forks Energy Technology Center (GFETC) gasifier were used for the slagging gasification cases. In all, 12 cases were tested, 10 dry-ash and 2 slagging cases. Results are discussed. 14 refs., 38 figs., 14 tabs.

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Primary heater module, Phase II. Volume V. Final report, February 1980-November 1983

Research was conducted on components and subassemblies of coal-fired heaters suitable to supply the heat input to closed-cycle gas turbine-based cogeneration systems of 25 to 50 MWe electrical output. Three concepts are researched. The program results indicate that each of the three heater concepts is technically feasible. The fluidized bed concepts are judged most likely to be both technically and commercially feasible. Their continued development is recommended. Vol. 5 consists of Appendix A, which consists of 44 engineering drawings and Appendix B. Appendix B provides a discussion of CCGT-based cogeneration cycle performance. Comparisons are made with OCGT and stream turbine-based cogeneration. The thermodynamic efficiency effects and the effects on the fired heater of variations in cycle operating parameters are discussed. These considerations underlie the conceptual commercial design concepts which, in turn, were used as the basis for identifying the technical issues researched in the AC21-80-ET15020 program. A subsection presents comparisons of steam turbine-based, open-cycle gas turbine (OCGT), and closed-cycle gas turbine (CCGT) based cogeneration systems and discusses the power to heat load ranges and profiles most economically served by each of the three systems. Controllability and operability of each system in conjunction with an AFB combustor also are discussed.

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Kinetic study of NO/sub x/ formation and removal processes in combustion streams. Final report. [CH radicals]

The production of nitric oxide from combustion of hydrocarbon fuels with air has been recognized to be a serious potential health hazard. In dirtier fuels such as coal and oil shale, a major source of nitric oxide occurs due to the reactions of small hydrocarbon fragments with the nitrogen in the air. These reactions take place in the rich part of the combustion flame and are termed the Prompt-NO mechanism. However, the detailed reaction sequence and rates of these reactions are not well known. The purpose of this work was to measure key reaction rates of the CH radical which form the basis for Prompt-NO production, and to use these rates in a chemical model in order to elucidate the important mechanisms which lead to NO formation. Problems arose in developing a viable source of CH for rate measurements. The original CH formation mechanism, titration of CH/sub 4/ by atomic fluorine, did not produce CH cleanly. An alternate technique, which uses the reaction of potassium atoms with bromoform does appear to work. Due to the difficulties associated with this source, no new rate measurements were completed. However, CH A/sup 2/..delta.. lifetime and quenching rates were determined. The modeling was very successful. The results confirm that CH   N/sub 2/ is the pivotal reaction leading to prompt-NO formation, in that it directly supplies atomic nitrogen to the Zeldovich mechanism, in addition to forming NO via a mechanism involving HCN, CN, NCO, and NH/sub i/ species. The details of this mechanism and how it changes under varied combustion conditions are discussed. 86 references, 12 figures, 4 tables.

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Evaluation of the eastern gas shales in Pennsylvania

To evaluate the potential of the Devonian shale as a source of natural gas, the US Department of Energy (DOE) has undertaken the Eastern Gas Shales Project (EGSP). The EGSP is designed not only to identify the resource, but also to test improved methods of inducing permeability to facilitate gas drainage, collection, and production. The ultimate goal of this project is to increase the production of gas from the eastern shales through advanced exploration and exploitation techniques. The purpose of this report is to inform the general public and interested oil and gas operators about EGSP results as they pertain to the Devonian gas shales of the Appalachian basin in Pennsylvania. Geologic data and interpretations are summarized and areas where the accumulation of gas may be large enough to justify commercial production are outlined. Because the data presented in this report are generalized and not suitable for evaluation of specific sites for exploration, the reader should consult the various reports cited for more detail and discussion of the data, concepts, and interpretations presented.

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Industrial application of fluidized-bed combustion:  phase I. Quarterly technical progress report, January 1-March 31, 1979

In March, 1979, ground was broken for the Fluidized Bed Industrial Boiler Demonstration Plant at the US Navy Training Station, Great Lakes, Illinois. EPA approval of the Prevention of Significant Deterioration report fulfilled the final prerequisite to the start of construction. Sub-Scale Unit (SSU) testing provided significant information for the final design of the Demonstration Plant. Design work for the Demo continued space, along with planning and preparation for operation and testing. SSU shakedown was completed, and about 60% of the planned test matrix was accomplished. Based on the test results, Demo Plant design values were developed for: combustion efficiency, free-board heat release, in-bed heat transfer coefficients, and elutriation rates. Indications for the Demo Plant are that the natural circulation rate will be satisfactory, and SO/sub 2/ and NO/sub x/ emissions will be well within required limits. Several phases of the Demo Plant design were reviewed or updated, and a number of features were finalized. Heat and mass Balance, Process Flow Diagrams, and performance design criteria were revised to reflect SSU test results. Bed surface requirements of the boiler were recalculated. Plant systems were simplified by deletion of the combustion air system bypass and acid wash line.

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