AndreaBozzo/ceres-open-data-index huggingface dataset:
High Resolution Seismic Survey of the Hanna, Wyoming Underground Coal Gasification Area

In November 1980 a high resolution seismic survey was conducted at the Department of Energy, Laramie Energy Technology Center's underground coal gasification test site near Hanna, Wyoming. The objectives of the survey were to determine the feasibility of utilizing high resolution seismic technology to locate and characterize underground coal burn zones and to identify shallow geologic faults at the test site. Seismic data acquisition and processing parameters were specifically designed to emphasize reflections at the shallow, 61 to 91 meter (200 to 300 foot) depths of interest. A three-dimensional grid of data was obtained over the Hanna II, Phases 2 and 3 burn zone. Processing included time varying filters, deconvolution, trace composition, and two-dimensional, areal stacking of the data in order to identify burn zone anomalies. An anomaly was clearly discernable resulting from the rubble-collapse void above the burn zone which was studied in detail and compared to synthetic models. It is felt, based on these results, that the seismic method can be used to define similar burns if great care is taken in both acquisition and processing phases of an investigation. The fault studies disclosed faults at the test site of hitherto unsuspected complexity. The fault system was found to be a graben complex with numerous antithetic faults. The antithetic faults also contain folded beds. One of the faults discovered may be responsible for the unexpected problems experienced in some of the early in-situ gasification tests at the site. A series of anomalies were discovered on the northeast end of one of the seismic lines, and these reflections have been identified as adits from the old Hanna No. 1 Coal Mine.

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Liquid-phase methanation/shift process development. Final technical report, September 1, 1980-November 30, 1981

This final technical report covers the work performed between September 1, 1980 and November 30, 1981 relating to Chem Systems'Liquid Phase Methanation/Shift Process. A total of 44 runs were completed covering testing of five commercially available catalysts at 900/sup 0/F, 1000 psig and 10,000 h/sup -1/ VHSV. The shifted methanation feed gas consisted of 63% H/sub 2/, 19% CO, 2% CO/sub 2/ and 16% CH/sub 4/. To determine the effects of steam, twenty of the scans had 15% steam injected into the feed gas. Each test ran for 100, 300, 600 or 1200 hours with continuous effluent sampling and temperature profile monitoring. At each of the termination points, a catalyst sample was taken from the hot spot section of the bed for analysis. Carbon was deposited on the catalyst under the methanation conditions studied. The rate of carbon deposition was primarily a function of catalyst properties and not of the thermodynamics of the methanation reaction system. In spite of heavy carbon deposition, the catalytic behavior for these systems generally remains unaffected. Physical plugging of the catalyst bed is the limiting condition of the process and not catalyst deactivation. In this respect, a controlled oxidation of the carbon deposits is a viable method of extending catalyst life. The hydrodynamics and design of a cold-flow test unit for a three-phase, liquid-fluidized bed for Liquid Phase Methanation/Shift was evaluated. The cold-flow unit process design, equipment take-off lists, construction cost and timing schedule are included. As a second potential application, the unit was designed for hydrodynamic studies of a liquid-entrained system for Liquid Phase Methanation/Shift.

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Assessment of underground coal gasification in bituminous coals. Final report. Phase 1

The bituminous coal resources of the contiguous 48 states are catalogued according to criteria which have, or may have, importance in determining the amenability of a coal resource, the efficiency of the UCG process, and the end use of the product gas. Coal seams thicker than five feet are emphasized. Catalogs are provided for two conditions: coal seams with dips less than thirty degrees and those with dips greater than thirty degrees in the portion of the United States east of the Mississippi River. The coal seams with shallow dips are evaluated to develop a catalog of coal seams, geographic areas, and coal quantities potentially amenable to the UCG process. A number of target areas potentially suitable for underground coal gasification projects have been identified and are described at length. These target areas are not the only ones potentially amenable to UCG technology: however, they have been identified from the literature, maps, and data reviewed for each of the coal-bearing states. The quantity of in-place coal resource required to fuel a 25 MW power generation station for 20 years is calculated as 3.5 million tons. The target areas identified contain far in excess of 3.5 million tons, since the level of detail of most published data is too gross to allow reliable delineation of such a small resource area. Based upon field observation, sites having greatest potential for a UCG project were delineated in the target areas not eliminated by the field reviews. Within each target area more than one UCG project can be sited, depending on availability of coal resource and results of detailed site evaluations. Detailed drilling programs will be necessary at all sites to confirm presence of the coal resource. The criteria used for site selection are listed.

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Assessment of underground coal gasification in bituminous coals:  catalog of bituminous coals and site selection. Appendix A. National coal resource data system:  Ecoal, Wcoal, and Bmalyt. Final report, Phase I. [Bituminous coal; by state; coal seam depth and thickness; identification]

Appendix A is a catalog of the bituminous coal in 29 states of the contiguous United States which contain identified bituminous coal resources.

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Transco medium-Btu coal-gasification project. Executive summary, final report

The feasibility study preliminary design demonstrates the ability to design a gasification facility capable of producing 125 MMMBtu/day of medium-Btu gas in central Texas adjacent to a lignite resource. The lignite resource selected is acceptable for the proposal with regard to geology, mine plan and lignite quality. The economic and financial analyses identified three key aspects of the project: (1) If the basic assumptions presented in the financial analysis are realized, product gas can be delivered at a minimum real price which is higher than current regulated prices for natural gas, the most logical alternatives for the proposed customer. (2) In order to raise the amount of debt required to finance the project, either a substantial consortium of partners or some type of loan guarantee, such as from the Synthetic Fuels Corporation, would be required. Project equity sponsors may also require some pricing provisions to reduce the number of years and level of negative income values projected by the DCF model. (3) Improvements in several key variables could enhance the project economics significantly: In particular, lowering feedstock costs or improving the expected service factors could make the project much more economically attractive. The economic feasibility of the project hinges on satisfactory resolution of the points listed above. By an increasing cost of natural gas and fuel oils, satisfactory financing and lower feedstock costs or improved service factor.

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Thermal measurements on structure 1 and structure 2 pure clathrate hydrates and on natural gas samples

This study was designed to give thermal property information about both synthetic and natural hydrates. The work on the synthetic hydrates was to precede work with the natural hydrates so that all necessary techniques would be developed and established as suitable. In this way, measurements on the natural sample would have the best possible chance for successful completion. This report describes measurements made on tetrahydrofuran hydrates and ethylene oxide hydrates. 20 refs., 7 figs.

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Investigation of coal devolatilization:  kinetics and product characterization. Third quarterly report, September 23-December 23, 1981

This report presents work performed under Contract DE-AC21-81MC16221 for an investigation of coal devolatilization. The objectives of this study are to determine the relationship between coal structure and devolatilization and the effects of heating rate, final temperature, ambient pressure and particle size on the devolatilization process. This report discusses infrared absorption characterization of coals and devolatilization product yields and characteristics.

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Pretreatment and biological digestion of METC stirred fixed-bed gas-producer wastewaters

Research was conduced on pretreatment and biological treatment of METC gas producer wastewaters. During this first year of effort, approximately 1500 gallons of gas producer wastewater was provided to the University of Pittsburgh. Wastewater was pretreated by a linkage of operations which included one stage cold or two stage hot ammonia stripping, judicious pH adjustment followed by chemical coagulation and flocculation, and aerobic biological processing at 1 day detention time. The overall objective of research was to document and demonstrate the capabilities of a properly designed aerobic biological system for the stable treatment of fixed bed gas producer wastewaters. A comprehensive flow sheet design based upon laboratory derived parameters is included for the treatment of METC gas producer wastewaters. The observations of difficulties which may accrue in the commercial scale operation of a wastewater treatment train are the result of approximately one year of continuous steady state operation of physical, chemical and biological systems for the treatment of such gasifier wastewater. Suggestions are made as to the capabilities and limits of such processing schemes for wastewater treatment. For tertiary treatment, preliminary data are presented on the ozonation of pretreated and biologically treated gasifier wastewaters both with and without the use of activated carbon. Preliminary chemical data are also presented from GC/Mass Spec determinations of acid and base extractable portions of wastewaters at various sampling locations within the pretreatment and biological treatment scheme.

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Methane recovery from horizontal holes in advance of mining

This methane drainage report covers work performed for the US Department of Energy under Contract DE-AC21-81MC16373 by Occidental Research Corporation during the period January 1, 1981 through March 31, 1982. The primary objective of the production drilling was to drain sufficient quantities of gas from the coal bed in advance of mining for utilization in the coal dryers at the Virginia Pocahontas Division No. 5 Mine. During the reporting period a total of 10,367 feet of production drilling was completed compared to the targeted aggregate depth of 5000 feet. In addition, exploration drilling was conducted in two mines totaling to 3750 feet. The production holes have drained 188 MMCF of gas during this period. Since inception of the methane drainage program a grand total of 23,000 feet of horizontal holes have been drilled and approximately 673 MMCF of commercial quality gas has been drained. Daily gas production at the end of the period was 1.5 MCFD.

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A 32-month gasifier mechanistic study and downstream unit process development program for the pressurized ash-agglomerating fluidized bed gasification system: Quarterly report, August 1-September 30, 1984

This progress report discusses activities performed during the first two months under the new contract, DE-AC21-84MC21063, which covers a 32-month gasifier mechanistic study and focuses on hot gas cleanup and combined cycle generation encompassing the development of two complementary and innovative technologies: in-bed desulfurization and external desulfurization. Detailed design of the hot gas cleanup system for external desulfurization was initiated this period, and an engineering assessment was completed which indicates in-bed desulfurization is feasible using the present PDU configuration. A test plan was prepared for the first in-bed desulfurization test, and modifications were begun to conduct this test in December 1984. PDU modifications and operations were implemented for the conduct of PDU test TP-035-4 in July and August, 1984. The first portion of this test was a cold flow test which was conducted July 19 and 20. Eleven set points were completed, varying the system pressure from 240 to 17 psig and collecting qualitative data using impact probe assemblies. The latter part of TP-035-4 was the fourth mechanistic study performed on the PDU, and it was conducted between July 24 and August 31. The fixed carbon content of the low-grade North Dakota lignite used was 26%, a value lower than any coal previously tested at the PDU. Also, during this test, a Pennsylvania anthracite coal was used to replace coke breeze which is normally used for PDU startup, idling, and shutdown operations. It was difficult to start the PDU with these unique feedstocks, and two premature shutdowns occurred before a successful startup strategy was reached. During this report period, the topical report covering test operations at KRW cold flow scaleup facility (CFSF) was completed and test data was prepared and submitted to DOE. A theoretical analysis was completed which focused on design procedures for a multiple-jet configuration for future testing at CFSF. 25 figs., 14 tabs.

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Evaluation of various air-swept coal classifiers

A twin cone classifier, an expansion chamber type classifier and a new centrifugal classifier recently developed by Hukki of Finland have been tested for coal grinding applications in a pilot scale air swept ball mill circuit. The centrifugal classifier was also tested in the stand alone mode using an open circuit air swept ball mill to prepare the classifier feed. Data from these were analyzed to give size selectivity information for each classifier and to determine the effect of classifier design on the specific energy requirements of the air swept ball mill circuit. Results of the evaluation indicate that the centrifugal classifier is capable of providing comparable (or superior) classification efficiency over a broader range of operating parameters than the other classifier designs. The specific energy requirements of the air swept ball mill circuit for producing a boiler grind were similar for all three classifier designs, however the centrifugal and twin cone classifier circuits produced a greater range of circuit product size distributions. For product sizes suitable for kiln firing, the centrifugal classifier circuit required lower specific energies than the twin cone classifier circuit when the circuit feed was a typical industrial-type 1-1/2''x 0 size distribution.

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Coal gasification reactions with on-line in-situ FTIR analysis. Third quarterly report, March 4-June 3, 1982

During the third quarter the major goal of the program was obtaining good material balances for products from the entrained flow reactor. A data set with good material balances has been obtained for a Beulah North Dakota Lignite. A major improvement has been made by weighing the particle feeder before and after a timed run to determine the total amount of coal fed and the feed rate. Two problems were encountered in obtaining complete balance. One is the presence of oxygen in the furnace which combines with the carbon to give greater than 100% yields. Additional care is being taken to insure good purging of the system to eliminate this problem. A second problem is quantitative collection of tar and soot. Experiments on collection of tar and soot will be undertaken in the fourth quarter. Gas temperatures in the furnace have been obtained by using the relative intensities of the CO rotational fine structure. The temperature measurements by this technique are in reasonable agreement with temperatures determined by suction pyrometer. The pyrolysis model was used to simulate the lignite data. Good agreement between experiment and theory has been obtained except for the oxygen containing species CO, CO/sub 2/ and H/sub 2/O. These species are experiencing secondary gasification reactions which will be the subject of further study. 4 refs., 8 figs., 21 tabs.

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Development of molten-carbonate fuel-cell power plant. Quarterly technical progress report, May 1, 1981-July 31, 1981

The major objective of the program for development of a coal-fired molten carbonate fuel cell power plant is to establish and demonstrate readiness for fabrication and test of full-scale prototype stacks. Progress is reported on three program tasks. Under Task 1.0, cost estimates of the four candidate power plant designs were completed by the program participants. Under Task 2.0, the examination of electrode reaction mechanisms has identified a limiting current on gold and nickel wires in a stagnant melt which is a linear function of the concentration of available hydrogen to the wires. Evaluation of corrosion-resistant materials has identified a new alloy, IN 690, which has shown significant corrosion resistance in both the anode and the cathode gas environment. In addition, chromium-coated stainless steel shows superior corrosion resistance in an anode gas atmosphere; however, it does not appear to offer corresponding protection on the cathode side. In advanced component development, a layer of SrTiO/sub 3/ powder plated with Ni has been sintered to a layer of Ni-10Cr to form a bubble pressure barrier anode. Also, curling and cracking problems of 4 in. x 4 in. cathodes formed out-of-cell were solved. In another area, the spray-drying processing conditions and raw materials were varied in an effort to improve LiA10/sub 2/ morphology and phase distributions. Only partial success was achieved in that high ..beta..-phase content LiA10/sub 2/ was produced but with lower than desired surface areas. Temperature mapping studies were performed on 4 in. x 4 in. bench-scale cells to identify performance sensitivity to temperature gradients. Lastly, in commercial-sized component work, temperature variations that caused density variations in the first 50 in. x 50 in. tile were eliminated by rearrangement of mold heaters. (WHK)

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Fuel processing for fuel cells:  a model for fuel conversion and carbon formation in the adiabatic steam reformer

In present fuel cell power plants the fuel processor is a catalytic steam reformer which is limited to the use of fuels such as naphtha and natural gas. The sulfur content of these feeds must be reduced to low levels by hydrotreatment before contacting the nickel catalyst in the reformer. However, future fuel cell power plants may be required to use coal-derived liquid fuel or heavy petroleum distillates which are more difficult to hydrotreat and reform. To meet this requirement, an adiabatic steam reformer is being developed by United Technologies Corporation with the support of the Electric Power Research Institute. In the adiabatic reformer, air is added to the process stream to provide, by combustion, the heat for endothermic reforming in a catalyst bed. In the inlet section of the reformer, air and fuel combust, and reforming is initiated on special catalysts whose primary function is to prevent formation and accumulation of carbon. Following the inlet section, catalysts with high activity for steam reforming complete the conversion of the remaining fuel, principally methane. The objective of the present program is to establish a reactor model for the adiabatic reformer which would predict process stream compositions and temperatures and include carbon formation processes. Progress is reported on the four tasks: (1) determine rate expressions for catalytic reactions occurring in the adiabatic reformer; (2) establish a reactor model to predict process stream compositions in the adiabatic reformer using data from Task 1 for catalytic reactions and data from the literature for homogeneous gas-phase reactions; (3) determine critical conditions for carbon formation on selected catalysts using microbalance experiments; and (4) establish a model to predict carbon formation by combination of the model for process stream composition from Task 2 and data for carbon formation from Task 3. (WHK)

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Evaluation of gasification and gas-cleanup processes for use in molten-carbonate fuel-cell power plants

This interim report satisfies the Task B requirement to define process configurations for systems suitable for supplying fuel to molten carbonate fuel cells (MCFC) in industrial and utility power plants. The configurations studied include entrained, fluidized-bed, gravitating-bed, and molten salt gasifiers, both air and oxygen blown. Desulfurization systems utilizing wet scrubbing processes, such as Selexol and Rectisol II, and dry sorbents, such as iron oxide and dolomite, were chosen for evaluation. Cleanup systems not chosen by DOE's MCFC contractors, General Electric and United Technologies, Inc., for their MCFC power plant work by virtue of the resource requirements of those systems for commercial development were chosen for detailed study in Tasks C and D of this contract. Such systems include Westinghouse fluidized-bed gasification, air and oxygen blown, Rockwell molten carbonate air-blown gasification, METC iron oxide desulfurization, and dolomitic desulfurization. In addition, for comparison, gasification systems such as the Texaco entrained and the British Gas/Lurgi slagging units, along with wet scrubbing by Rectisol II, have also been chosen for detailed study.

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Hot-gas cleanup for molten-carbonate fuel cells. Second quarterly report, 1 August 1981-31 October 1981

Progress is reported on task 2: soot control for molten carbonate fuel cell anode. Samples of both new and used nickel chrome anode material were tested in our flow reactor for catalytic activity and carbon deposition. The equilibrium carbon formation boundary was calculated for filamentary carbon formed on nickel. Comparison of experimental results with this curve shows that coke forms on Ni(Cr) anode material for compositions which would be carbon free at equilibrium. Initial conditions and carbon deposition results are presented for all runs done on stainless steel, nickel and Ni(Cr) anode material. (WHK)

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Kinetic model development for low-rank coal liquefaction. Quarterly technical progress report, January 1-March 31, 1986. [Recycled solvents]

This quarter's major accomplishment was the development of the detailed analysis technique size exclusion chromatography-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (SEC-GC-MS) for Wyokak recycle solvent in order to use the technique for both qualitative and quantitative analysis of various coal derived liquids. The analysis of Wyodak recycle solvent by SEC-GC-MS shows that a certain distribution order exists for species in coal liquids with respect to their size and degree of isomerization. The alkanes increase in chain length without any appreciable degree of isomerization, except for some biological markers such as pristane and phytane. Phenols and aromatics vary in size and extent of isomerization which causes the liquid to contain a large number of species. The data obtained from the above analysis procedure are used to develop distillable chemical lumps composed of alkanes, phenolics and aromatics. Simulated boiling point curves are developed from the gas chromatograms of each SEC cut. The non distillables are analyzed by SEC to obtain a continuous distribution of molecular sizes. Continuous distribution functions and reactions in continuous mixtures are being investigated for describing the kinetics of this complex reaction system. This report presents the analytical technique and procedure used with the SEC-GC-MS. 15 refs., 5 figs.

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