AndreaBozzo/ceres-open-data-index huggingface dataset:
University of Wyoming Research Corporation Annual Research Plan

"The general areas of the UWYRC research are:  - Obtain chemistry, kinetics, and physics of the oil shale conversion and pollutant formation reactions as a function of process variables; and develop models of the conversion and pollutant formation process.  - Persue novel concepts evolving from the oil shale technology base to the proof of hypothesis stage.  - Identify significant operating parameters that control retort performance in the uniform rubble and fracture conditions at low void volumes; and develop experimental relationships between flow distribution and oil yield losses in nonuniform rubble beds."

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Symposium on Resource Recovery

The papers presented herein indicate the success that the symposium committee had in achieving its objective. In Part I, general topics on resource recovery are presented. In Part II on mining and excavation, emphasis is placed on the problems associated with more rapid recovery of our coal resources. Part III concentrates on in situ fossil fuel recovery. Part IV contains contributed abstracts of current research, and Part V summarizes recent advances in biomechanics. These papers are topical, interesting, and emphasize prompt and feasible solutions to the problems we meet as we face shortages in our natural resources.

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Particulate Measurements on Oil Shale Off Gas Generated at the WRI North Site

"Feasibility studies for measuring size distributions of aerosols and particulates in the off gas from an oil shale retort have been conducted.  A transmissiometer to measure extinction of a laser beam has been constructed. The extinction of the beam was measured after it passed through oil shale off gas. This extinction data combined with analysis using Andersen impactor samples yielded useful information on the size and mass distribution of aerosols and particulates in off gas. Recommendations for further studies using optical electronic instruments are outlined."

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Research and Development Plan for Chemistry and Physics of Oil Shale Retorting FY 1983-1987

Process chemistry spans a broad range of research topics, each of which is essential to an understanding of oil shale retorting processes and of the way which these processes may impact the environment. Oil shale retorts of various types and sizes, from above ground to modified in situ, have been operated for several years. Yet the fundamental chemical reactions that take place when shale is retorted, the formation and destiny of heteroatoms of nitrogen, sulfur, arsenic and heavy metals, the effects of process parameters on the chemical and physical properties of the product oil, and the relationships between process parameters and downstream contaminants in the water and the spent shale are but marginally understood. Much additional effort is needed, moreover, to establish a capability for modeling the reaction kinetics that govern various retorting processes.

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Seeding Plan Anvil Points Oil Shale Facility Garfield County, Colorado

The objective of the seeding plan for the Anvil Points Oil Shale Facility is to restore currently disturbed areas to a diverse and effective vegetative cover that is capable of regeneration. The seeding plan is designed to establish rangeland as the post mining land use because the predominant land use in the vicinity of the disturbed areas is presently rangeland.

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Refinery Cracking Plant Operations Reforming Run No. 32

The main objectives of the operation were twofold: (1) to determine a range of conditions which would be practical from the operating standpoint, and (2) to prepare a stock of reformed naphtha with reasonably high octane number. The first objective was not met since severe coking difficulties were encountered during the entire operation. Octane number increases, in the order of seven to twelve numbers, from charge to product were realized.

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REFINERY CRACKING OPERATIONS THERMAL REFORMING RUNS NO. 34 AND 34A

Cracking plant runs No 34 and 34A were conducted between July 10 and July 19, 1951. Run 34 was an atmospheric distillation operation to remove an accumulation of gum and other contaminants from a stock of mixed coker and visbroken naptha, some of which had been stored for a long as twenty months. The relatively clean naphtha product from run No 34 was reformed thermally during cracking plant run No 34A. This sequence of processing steps was designed to minimize the coking difficulties which had been experienced during previous thermal reforming operations.

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REFINERY CRACKING OPERATIONS CRACKING PLANT RUNS NOS. 20 AND 21

Two delayed coking operations, designated as cracking plant run No 20 and 21, were completed during the period covered by this report. The raw charge stock used was N-T-U crude shale oil and the operating procedures for both runs were similar. The procedures used differed, however, from those employed previously in crude shale oil coking operations at the Oil Shale Demonstration Plant refinery.

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Refinery Cracking Plant Operations Cracking Plant Run No 51

Cracking plant No51, a modified atmospheric distillation operation, was conducted from July 21 to 23, 1952 for several purposes. It was desired to prepare a supply of fresh heavy gas oil for charging to a future Suspensoid cracking operation, and also to prepare certain quantities of asphalt and road oil cutter stock for blending several MC-grade road oils. The latter materials were for use in a station road surfacing project.

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RECOVERABLE PETROLEUM RESERVES IN UMIAT STRUCTURE, NAVAL PETROLEUM RESERVE NO 4, ALASKA (REVISED 1/22/52)

From information available as of June 1, 1951, when seven wells had been drilled on the Umiat structure, it can be concluded that a minimum of 100 acres have been proved productive of oil and that from those 100 acres 3-3/4 million barrels of oil could be recovered.

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EVALUATION OF A COMMERCIAL DYE AS THE LIQUID PHASE IN THE GAS CHROMATOGRAPHIC SEPARATION OF NITROGEN COMPOUNDS

The separation and identification of the nonbasic nitrogen compounds from petroleum is one of the problems of the American Petroleum Institute Research Project 52b. Concentrates of nitrogen compounds are prepared by distillation, adsorption, and extraction- methods that leave the nitrogen compounds in association with sulfur and oxygen compounds as well as with aromatic hydrocarbons. Gas liquid chromatographic procedures, using presently known substrates, have failed to separate these complex mixtures.

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MODELING GRANULAR BED FILTERS INCLUDING EFFECTS OF CAPTURED DUST AND RE-ENTRAINMENT

Steady state equations are written for a one dimensional moving granular bed filter. These equations contain three terms that must be related to the operating conditions such as gas velocity, grain size, particle size, local loading of suspended and captured dust, etc. The three terms are J, the rate of particle deposition onto a single grain including the adhering dust particles, F, the drag force on a single grain including its adhering dust particles, and R, the rate of re-entrainment of previously captured dust from a single grain. Methods of estimating J and F are briefly reviewed; at present we are unable to estimate R and take this rate to be proportional to the concentration of captured dust. Solutions to the equations are given for a mono disperse size dust. The solutions show the favorable influence of dust deposit on particle capture rate and the negative influence of re-entrainment which becomes “catastrophic” if the re-entrainment becomes too large. Predictions of the model are compared with Combustion Power Company’s cold flow filter tests. The model underestimates the observed pressure drop, but this is probably largely due to added pressure losses at the inlet to the filter and to the non-one dimensional nature of the real filter, factors not taken into account in the calculations. The predicted penetrations for particles 1.56 um in diameter are compared with the measured penetrations of particles in the 1 to 2 um size range in a manner found useful by Combustion Power Company for correlating overall penetration. The theoretical predictions are found to reproduce the trends and to be semi quantitative if reasonable values of the re=entrainment rate are adopted.

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DEVELOPMENT OF ANALYTICAL TECHNIQUES FOR HEAVY HYDROCARBONS AND RELATED COMPOUNDS

Modern petroleum processing operations require improved methods for the characterization of the heavy ends with regard to the types of hydrocarbons and nonhydrocarbons. The development of investigational tools for this characterization is one of the objectives of API Research Project 60. The project has developed a scheme for separating the highest boiling cuts of crude oil into acids, bases, neutral nitrogen compounds, saturates, and aromatic fractions. This scheme has been successfully tested on high boiling cuts of five widely varying crude oils, and the results of these tests are presented. Results of additional characterization of the acid, saturate and aromatic fractions are reported. Tests are underway of a modified separation procedure that will subdivide the aromatic fraction and allow more discrete characterization. Progress has also been made in the separation, classification, and understanding of the metallo-organic compounds.

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EXTENSION OF THE U.S. BUREAU OF MINES-API SCHEME FOR THE CHARACTERIZATION OF HEAVY OILS

A separation and characterization scheme developed by the US Bureau of Mines in cooperation with the American Petroleum Institute is designed to characterize high boiling petroleum fractions according to type. The scheme involves initial separation to divide the sample into seven artifact free fractions: acids, bases, neutral nitrogen compounds, saturates, monoaromatics, diaromatics, and polyaromatics. The acids and bases are separated by chromatography over anion and cation exchange resins, respectively. The neutral nitrogen compounds are removed by complexing with ferric chloride. The remaining hydrocarbons are divided into four fractions by chromatography on a dual silica gel alumina column.

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INSTRUMENTATION, HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE FOR THE TAR SANDS 2C EXPERIMENT

This paper deals with the instrumentation, hardware, and software used for data acquisition for the second in situ tar sands recovery field experiment conducted by the Laramie Energy Technology Center. The body o this paper will be descriptive of the instrumentation and computer system used in the field. Appendices are included to provide details of the computer programs and some instruments. The remainder of this introduction will be a brief discussion on the experiment itself, its goals, and the needs and uses of the data acquisition system.

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FLUID BED RECOVERY OF SYNTHETIC CRUDE FROM BITUMINOUS SANDS OF UTAH

The bituminous sand deposits of Utah are estimated to contain 25-29 billion barrels of oil in place and are the largest petroleum resource of this type in the United States. There are six major deposits of commercial importance, some of them potentially amenable to surface mining techniques. In this investigation an experimental program was conducted to determine the feasibility of an aboveground fluidized bed thermal process for the recovery of a synthetic crude from the minable bituminous sand deposits of Utah.

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THERMAL RECOVERY OF A SYNTHETIC CRUDE FROM THE BITUMINOUS SANDS OF THE SUNNYSIDE (UTAH) DEPOSIT

The bituminous sand deposits of Utah are estimated to contain 25 billion barrels of oil in place and are the largest known petroleum resource of this type in the US. The Sunnyside deposit, amenable to surface mining techniques, is estimated to contain 3.5-4.0 billion barrels of bitumen in place with an average bitumen content of approximately eight to nine percent by weight. An aboveground fluidized bed thermal recovery process, specific to the Sunnyside sand, for the production of a synthetic crude has been investigated and bench scale unit, operating at atmospheric pressure with a design throughput capacity of 2.25 kg/hr developed. The experimental data were obtained in the temperature range 700 K to 800 K at solids retention times of 20.4, 27.2, and 31.4 minutes.

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TRAPPER CANYON TAR SAND DEPOSIT; BIG HORN COUNTY, WYOMING: AN EXHUMED STRATIGRAPHIC OIL TRAP

In addition to a detailed geologic map of the Trapper Canyon Tar Sand Deposit, this report provides descriptions of the tar zone and the adjacent barren zones. Samples collected in the field were analyzed for porosity, permeability, oil saturation, and characteristics of the oil. Thin sections of material from both the tar zone and barren zones were examined to determine textural characteristics and kinds of pore-filling cements. Samples were examined using the scanning electron microscope to gain insight into the diagenesis of the reservoir rock and the trapping mechanism.

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FLUIDIZED-BED PROCESSING OF UTAH TAR SANDS

An indirect thermal method for recovering bitumen from oil impregnated rock or tar sand using a two stage, fluidized bed reactor is developed. Ground tar sand is fed into a coking bed with a screw conveyor, where the bitumen is cracked, releasing volatile hydrocarbons and coating the sand particles with a carbon residue. The coked particles flow into a combustion bed, located directly below the coking bed, through a solids control valve, where they are combusted with air to provide heat for the process.

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COUPLED THERMO-MECHANICAL AND PORO-MECHANICAL RESPONSE EVALUATIONS ASSOCIATED WITH UCC

This report is for the period June 16, 1982 to September 15, 1982. The development of a comprehensive 2D thermo-elastic code has been completed. Work on the poro-thermo-elastic code is in progress. Also, research on thermo-plastic and thermo-viscoelastic constitutive property model incorporation is being conducted. The research phase was moved ahead of schedule so that preliminary results for the Rawlins T-1 experiments could be presented at the 8th UCC Symposium.

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COUPLED THERMO-MECHANICAL AND PORO-MECHANICAL RESPONSE EVALUATIONS ASSOCIATED WITH UCC

This report is for the period June 16, 1982 to June 15, 1983. This report presents the status of the research performed on UCC thermo-mechanical and poro-mechanical response evaluations during the first year of a three year effort. Pertinent model formulations and numerical results are presented in the text with supporting information in the appendices.

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COUPLED THERMO-MECHANICAL AND PORO-MECHANICAL RESPONSE EVALUATIONS ASSOCIATED WITH UCC

This report is for the period June 16, 1983 to June 15, 1984. This report presents the status of the research performed on UCC thermo-mechanical and poro-mechanical response evaluations during the second of a three year effort. Pertinent model formulations and numerical results are presented in the text with supporting information in the appendices.

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OIL SHALE DEVELOPMENT ON A SMALL SCALE

The purpose of this paper is to show that oil shale is an energy resource which can be developed on a small scale. This will be done by enumerating the occurrences of small oil shale deposits, worldwide, and the petroleum reserves they represent. It then details a retorting process which is designed to utilize the low grade shales that are typical of small deposits. Finally it will be shown that the economic environment is now favorable for small scale oil shale development.

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HYDROCARBON AND URANIUM ASSESSMENT OF THE CHATTANOOGA (DEVONIAN) SHALE IN NORTH ALABAMA, NORTHWEST GEORGIA AND SOUTH TENNESSEE A SUMMARY REPORT DRAFT COPY

During this investigation, 9 core holes were drilled and the recovered shale cores were also analyzed for oil and uranium. Maps of the study area have been compiled which show the location and thickness of individual outcrops, subsurface thickness penetrated in drill holes, the structural configuration of the top of the Chattanooga Shale, and the thickness of the overburden above the Chattanooga shale.

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RETORTING AND REFINING OF OIL SHALE

The Union Oil Company of California tackled the retorting of petroleum as the major step in development of our shale resources. Costs exceeding $2.00 per barrel had been frequently estimated for the retorting operation by the existing methods, and it was imperative that the cost of retorting be reduced to a fraction of this if the hugo resources of Colorado shale were to be utilized in the near future. An entirely new shale retorting unit was developed employing a kiln with a bottom food of solids and countercurrent flow of shale and air. The ash and clinkors are removed overhead and the oil drains out the bottom of the unit. The oil is distilled by a downward flow of heat furnished by the combustion of the residual carbon on the shale clinker at top of the kiln.

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EASTERN SHALE HYDRORETORTING

Development of the HYTORT Process has evolved through several successive programs funded by the American Gas Association, the Gas Research Institute, the US Department of Energy, and private industry. Most recently, a feasibility study was conducted. The study encompassed two major areas of experimental effort: a large scale Cold Flow model test program and a Bench Scale Unit test program. This paper describes the BSU test program, which was designed to study the chemistry of hydroretorting of an Indiana New Albany shale.

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SELECTION OF A COMMERCIAL PLANT DESIGN FOR THE HYTORT PROCESS

The HYTORT process utilizes elevated pressure hydroretorting for the production of synthetic crude oil from oil shales. The process is capable of producing oil yields from the Devonian oil shales of the Eastern US in the area of 200% of Fischer Assay depending on the specific rock unit. These promising results led to the initiation of the current HYTORT feasibility study to provide the basis for a preliminary commercial plant design and cost estimate. The feasibility study is a joint effort by HYCRUDE Corporation, the Institute of Gas with Phillips Petroleum Company providing the funding for the feasibility study. The preliminary results have demonstrated the commercial feasibility of the process.

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THE INFLUENCE OF IRON PYRITES ON THE PYROLYSIS OF OIL SHALE

One distinct difference between Western oil shale and Michigan oil shale is the mineral content of these two shales. A much higher concentration of iron pyrites is found in the Michigan shale than is found in Western shale. Thermogravimetric analyses show that the presence of this mineral in oil shale inhibits the rate of oil and gas generation during the pyrolysis reaction.

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ACID DISSOLUTION OF MINERAL MATRIX IN GREEN RIVER OIL SHALE

The mineral matrix in Green River oil shale as partially removed by treatment with dilute HCl. The major ionic species in the solution from acid treatment were identified. The ion yields expected from reaction stochiometry, gravimetric analyses and comparison of calculated carbon dioxide yields with measured levels were consistent with the fact the sodium and aluminum originated primarily from analcite, iron and magnesium from dolomitic ankerite and calcium from both dolomitic ankerite and calcite. Temperature and a decrease in particle size increased the rate of mineral dissolution. Iron showed an anomalous trend in that the rate initially declined with increasing temperature after which is showed the usual increase with temperature. The kinetics of ion build up in the solution from AT were analyzed in detail for the case of aluminum. The Arrhenius expression was found to be valid only for fine particle sizes. A simple model is finally presented to account for the combined effect of temperature and shale particle size on mineral dissolution rates.

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OIL SHALES OF INDIANA

In this paper are included all the data and information which have been determined and collected since the oil shale investigations were begun in 1920. Considerable more work of a technical nature remains yet to be done which lies particularly in the field of the petroleum chemist. This report stands as a source for those seeking information about the New Albany shale of Indiana, especially that information concerning the distribution of the shale, the amount of shale, the value of the shale, the value of the shale in comparison with other oil shales, and the possibilities of its utilization.

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BENEFICATION-HYDRORETORT PROCESSING OF U.S. OIL SHALES TECHNOLOGY STATUS REPORT

The overall objectives of this three year research program have been to investigate and evaluate the technical, environmental, and economic feasibility of the combined beneficiation-hydroretort processing scheme to obtain minimum cost oil products from US oil shales. The specific objectives of the research were to 1) asses the response of US oil shales to combined beneficiation-hydroretorting; 2) optimize the beneficiation and hydroretorting process variables in tests of several selected shales and to study the environmental impacts of the two processes; 3) develop the engineering data required for design of conceptual commercial plant flowsheets for the beneficiation and hydroretorting process, and make an economic evaluation of the combined beneficiation-hydroretort process.

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A COMPARISON OF HYDRORETORTING AND THERMAL RETORTING FACILITIES FOR THE PROCESSING OF EASTERN OIL SHALES

Expansion of the hydroretorting data base to include six eastern oil shales is being conducted by HYCRUDE corporation under a three year cooperative agreement with the US DOE initiated in October, 1985. One of the shales examined during the first program year consisted of the Gassaway members of the Chattanooga formation located in central Tennessee. Results of experimental work on the Chattanooga shale conducted at the Institute of Gas Technology have been scaled up to commercial size operation by HYCRUDE to provide the basis for a conceptual commercial plant design. Tennessee Technological University has utilized this design to generate an assessment of the environmental impact of an eastern oil shale hydroretorting facility located in Tennessee. Subsequently, the Tennessee Technological University study was used in a comparison of the hydroretorting facility with a conventional thermal retorting facility in Tennessee.

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APPLICATION OF NUCLEAR EXPLOSIONS TO OIL-SHALE UTILIZATION

The use of nuclear explosives offers a new approach to the utilization of oil shale resources. This development is of mutual interest to the Bureau of Mines, the Atomic Energy Commission, and the Fuels and Chemicals Industries. An experiment to investigate the feasibility of using nuclear explosives in oil shale might be a cooperative one among these groups so the Bureau of Mines, on behalf of the federal government, has arranged a meeting to discuss the possibilities.

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OIL SHALE R, D AND D PROGRAM MANAGEMENT PLAN

This resource management plan describes the Fossil Fuel Extraction technology development program that is being implemented to support commercial oil shale operations. Although this plan describes the oil shale R&D activities for a multi-year time frame, emphasis has been placed upon developing an activity baseline which establishes project direction, resource requirements, and expected activity accomplishments for the current fiscal year. This plan will also serve as the basis for developing and justifying upcoming budget requests.

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