AndreaBozzo/ceres-open-data-index huggingface dataset:
Chemical effect of entrained particles in coal conversion streams. Sixth quarterly technical progress report, November 1, 1982-January 31, 1983

A major objective of the US Department of Energy is to increase coal utilization through the development of combustion stream cleanup technologies. Many of the existing cleanup devices as well as advanced concepts rely on heterogeneous processes (i.e., gas-solid interactions) to achieve efficient stream removal. Examples of such devices include particle injection and granular bed filters for alkali removal, limestone injection for SO/sub x/ removal in fluid bed combustors, dry injection for SO/sub x/removal in entrained combustion, and trace metal adsorption and removal on fly ash. Recent studies indicate that the successful use of turbines in combined cycle processes may depend on understanding the interaction between the gas phase alkali and particles in the combustion stream to substantially reduce turbine corrosion. This report documents progress in efforts to model the heterogeneous chemistry of coal combustion streams as well as laboratory studies to obtain critical input data for the report. 5 references, 15 figures.

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Flow in porous media, phase and ultralow interfacial tensions: Mechanisms of enhanced petroleum recovery

A major program of university research, longer-ranged and more fundamental in approach than industrial research, into basic mechanisms of enhancing petroleum recovery and into underlying physics, chemistry, geology, applied mathematics, computation, and engineering science has been built at Minnesota. The original focus was surfactant-based chemical flooding, but the approach taken was sufficiently fundamental that the research, longer-ranged than industrial efforts, has become quite multidirectional. Topics discussed are volume controlled porosimetry; fluid distribution and transport in porous media at low wetting phase saturation; molecular dynamics of fluids in ultranarrow pores; molecular dynamics and molecular theory of wetting and adsorption; new numerical methods to handle initial and boundary conditions in immiscible displacement; electron microscopy of surfactant fluid microstructure; low cost system for animating liquid crystallites viewed with polarized light; surfaces of constant mean curvature with prescribed contact angle.

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Adsorption from flooding solutions in porous media:  a study of interactions of surfactants and polymers with flooding reservoir minerals. Annual report

Accomplishments for the year are presented for the following three tasks: (1) adsorption of surfactants on reservoir minerals; (2) polymer-surfactant interactions; and (3) observations of oil displacement by computed tomography. Under Task 1 the following are covered: materials and methods; adsorption of isomerically pure n-decylbenzensulfonate on reservoir minerals; role of surfactant structure on adsorption; desorption and pH effects; and effect of salinity on adsorption of dodecylsulfonate on alumina. Task 2 covers: experimental results and discussion on adsorption kinetics, adsorption isotherms and desorption, and conclusions. Task 3 includes: methods; discussion on residual oil saturation in uniform cores and stability analysis; and conclusions. 39 references, 54 figures, 12 tables.

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Coal processing for fuel cell utilization:  Task IX one-dimensional (streamtube) model for entrained-flow gasifier analysis

This report contains general instructions for use of OMEGA, One-dimensional (Streamtube) Model for Entrained-flow Gasifier Analysis. It is intended as a companion to Volume I, which describes in detail the equations employed by the code. These instructions will familiarize the user with the input/output aspects of the code. Appendix A contains a full listing of the computer code as utilized at Physical Sciences Inc. The program, written in FORTRAN, has been fully tested on a Prime 400 Computer. Results of the code are presented in Volume I.

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Study to determine the feasibility of obtaining true samples of oil and gas reservoirs. Final report

The study concludes that a feasible solution is possible which would provide up to about 90 percent information accuracy under many operating conditions, well within the economic range for most oil and gas operations. The study also concludes that there is potential feasibility for the development of systems to approach 100 percent information accuracy under many operating situations. However, the cost of such a system is far beyond those considered practical within the economics of the competitive oil and gas industry. The justification of such a system has been likened to that of a ''moon shot''approach and would take several years of development before true feasibility and probability of success could be assessed.

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Sulfur dioxide emission control by furnace injection of a dry sorbent. Phase III. Economic assessment. Final report

An economic analysis evaluating furnace injection of dry calcium-based sorbent to reduce SO/sub 2/ emissions from lignite-fired utility boilers indicates economic advantage for purchase of lime with on-site pressure hydration. This sorbent processing option requires capital expenditure for on-site hydration equipment, but those costs are more than offset by the lower unit cost of lime (relative to purchased pressure-hydrate). On-site calcination is economically viable only for retrofits requiring greater than 500 tons per day of lime. The economic advantage for purchase of lime with on-site hydration exists for both easy and difficult retrofit situations and for retrofits designed to achieve either 50 or 70% SO/sub 2/ removal. The study also includes an economic sensitivity analysis evaluating several system parameters. Included are boiler size, boiler capacity factor, coal sulfur content, sorbent unit cost and calcium utilization efficiency. The final portion of the study provides a comparison of sorbent injection SO/sub 2/ removal costs with the cost of SO/sub 2/ control by wet flue gas desulfurization (FGD). For 1.2% sulfur, lignite-fired boilers retrofit of furnace sorbent injection to obtain SO/sub 2/ control equivalent to EPA's New Source Performance Standard will cost at least $600 per ton SO/sub 2/ less than FGD.

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Pulsating gasification of low-rank coals. Quarterly technical progress report, January 1-March 31, 1985

Work done during the second quarter of this contract is presented. The coal reaction models developed during the first quarter have been coupled with the fluid mechanics of the gasifier to formulate the conservation equations that describe the performance of the gasifier. This completes the set of equations needed for continued development of the computer programs. These equations are all presented in this report; they include: (1) gas and particle species mass conservation; (2) gas and particle momentum conservation; (3) gas and particle energy conservation; (4) mass source due to coal devolatilization; (5) mass source due to char reactions; (6) species mass source due to gas phase reactions; (7) equations describing momentum and energy interactions; and (8) equations describing gas phase properties. Work has continued on the development of the pulsating coal gasifier computer code by modifying the Baum-Levine solid rocket combustion instability program. The gas and particle conservation equations were normalized and expressed in a vector form suitable for numerical integration. Modifications of all of the subroutines necessary to perform the numerical solution using the Lax-Wendroff method have been completed. Subroutines needed to compute the various mass source terms due to coal reactions, as well as boundary routines, input/output routines, etc. will be completed during the third quarter of this contract. 17 refs., 1 fig., 3 tabs.

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Hydrodynamical basis for scaling fluidization data on jet penetration and mixing relevant to fluidized bed coal gasifiers. Final report, August 14, 1981-December 31, 1984

The objective of this research is to develop, using hydrodynamic theories of fluidization, correlations of existing data that will be useful for the scaleup of fluidized bed coal gasifiers. A specific emphasis is upon the jet penetration and the associated mixing produced by gas injection into a fluidized bed. The research has demonstrated that the basic objective of this project, namely, the use of hydrodynamical theories of fluidization to correlate fluidization data on jet penetration and mixing, is realistic and can be achieved. A review and compilation of published data relating to jet penetration and mixing has been completed. This review has included experiments on jet penetration and bubble formation, bubble motion, gas transport and entrainment by jets, and particles transport and entrainment by jets. The continuum multiphase theory of fluidization is proposed as a mathematical description of fluidization. We use spatial averaging techniques and derive continuum (hydrodynamic) equations for the balance of mass, momentum and energy for the gas and solid phases in the fluidized bed. This continuum multiphase theory embodies as a special case the concepts associated with the two phase theory of fluidization. The continuum multiphase theory of fluidization is used to provide the analytic frame for correlating data on jet penetration and mixing. Specifically, we develop new correlations for two categories of data: jet penetration and bubble motion. The equations are also used to provide a description of minimum fluidization, and in particular, of the minimum fluidizing velocity. Finally, the present analysis and the associated correlations suggests the importance of the Stokes number in correlating fluidization data. 99 refs.

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Evaluation and modification of ASPEN fixed-bed gasifier models for inclusion in an integrated gasification combined-cycle power plant simulation

Several Advanced System for Process Engineering (ASPEN) fixed-bed gasifier models have been evaluated to determine which is the most suitable model for use in an integrated gasification combined-cycle (IGCC) power plant simulation. Four existing ASPEN models were considered: RGAS, a dry ash gasifier model developed by Halcon/Scientific Design Company; USRWEN, the WEN II dry ash gasifier model originally developed by C.Y. Wen at West Virginia University; the slagging gasifier model developed by Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and based on Continental Oil Company's (CONOCO) design study for the proposed Pipeline Demonstration Plant; and the ORNL dry ash gasifier model developed by Oak Ridge National Laboratory for the simulation of the Tri-States Indirect Liquefaction Process. Because none of the models studied were suitable in their present form for inclusion in an IGCC power plant simulation, the SLAGGER model was developed by making significant modifications to the MIT model. The major problems with the existing ASPEN models were most often inaccurate material and energy balances, limitations of coal type, or long run times. The SLAGGER model includes simplifications and improvements over the MIT model, runs quickly (less than 30 seconds of computer time on a VAX-11/780), and gives more accurate mass and energy balances.

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Coal gasification reactions with on-line in-situ FT-IR analysis. Tenth quarterly report, December 3, 1983-March 3, 1984

During the tenth quarter, work continued on the measurement of coal particle temperature during pyrolysis using FT-IR transmission and emission spectroscopy. The transmission spectra were used to normalize the emission spectra for particles which cover only a fraction of the viewing area. These normalized emission spectra were then compared to theoretical black-body curves at the furnace wall temperatures. At particle temperatures much lower than the wall temperatures it was previously reported that the phenomenon whereby the coal spectrum is chewed out of the emission spectrum was explained by a ''hot core''model of the particle, i.e., the surface temperature was colder than the interior. It has now been determined that this effect is due to scattering of radiation from the furnace walls. The magnitude of the scattering contribution can be determined by comparing results from the entrained flow reactor (with scattering) to the heated tube reactor (no scattering). Work was also done on demonstrating the relationship between the extent of pyrolysis and the functional group composition. This involved a set of experiments in which bituminous coal was heated at a constant rate of 30/sup 0/C/min starting at 150/sup 0/C and ending at a series of temperatures between 350 and 950/sup 0/C. Quantitative FT-IR spectra were taken of the product chars. In addition, work has continued on analysis of tar evolution using the Field Ionization Mass Spectrometry (FIMS) technique. A comparison was made of tars produced from lignite coal by slow and fast heating. Significant differences were observed in the spectra which have been explained based on cross-linking during primary pyrolysis. There did not appear to be evidence for appreciable cross-linking in analogous experiments with bituminous coals. 12 refs., 15 figs.

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Cooling tower simulation with coal gasification wastewater. Final report

This study was an investigation into the feasibility of utilizing a coal gasification wastewater as makeup to an evaporative cooling tower. A bench scale cooling tower and heat exchanger were constructed and four experimental test runs were performed. Two of the test runs were made with wastewater as the makeup source. The makeup water for the first cooling tower run utilizing wastewater was a combination of tap water and coal gasification wastewater which had been processed through solvent extraction and ammonia stripping treatment units. Significant reductions (on the order of 30%) in the heat transfer capability of the heat exchanger were observed during a 28 day test. The fouling of the heat exchanger appeared to be the result of organic deposition. The efficiency of the cooling tower was also adversely affected when compared with cooling tower efficiencies obtained with clean water. The makeup water in the second cooling tower run which utilized wastewater was a combination of tap water and coal gasification wastewater which had been processed through solvent extraction, ammonia stripping and biological oxidation treatment units. The heat transfer capability of the heat exchanger was reduced to approximately half of the original value over the 26 days of the test. Biological fouling was identified as one cause of the reduction in the overall heat transfer coefficient. No deleterious effects on the performance of the cooling tower were noted. It was concluded that further pretreatment and/or chemical treatment of the recirculating water will be necessary before wastewater of this type can be viewed as an acceptable source of makeup water for a recirculating cooling system. 34 refs., 10 figs., 59 tabs.

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Pulsating gasification of low-rank coals. Quarterly technical progress report, April 1-June 30, 1985

Work done during the third quarter of this contract is presented. Several new subroutines were developed for calculating quantities such as the mass sources due to gas phase and heterogeneous reactions, the transport properties and thermodynamic properties of gaseous mixtures, and heat transfer through the reactor walls. Also, several subroutines in the Baum-Levine program have been modified for use in the pulsating coal gasification program. Several of the newly developed and modified subroutines have also been checked out for their proper operation. This testing will continue into the fourth quarter at the completion of which parametric studies will begin. Considerable progress has also been accomplished during this quarter in the development of the boundary routines. This work involves: (1) the development of the characteristic equations; (2) the determination of the gasifier boundary conditions; and (3) the development of the boundary routines for solving the characteristic equations subject to the specified boundary conditions. The first part of this development has been completed. The second part of the problem has turned out to be more difficult than anticipated and work is currently underway to resolve it. It is expected that this problem will be resolved and the boundary routines developed within the fourth quarter of the research program. 10 refs., 3 figs.

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Feasibility of mild gasification of coal: research needs

This report is an outcome of a series of activities in ''mild gasification,''defined as a coal devolatilization process that emphasizes production of low-cost condensates (hydrocarbons) from coal. The first part of this report reviews previous work, presents an appraisal of the effects of process conditions on coal devolatilization, and describes advantages and limitations of these pyrolysis processes. It is recognized that a viable (economic) mild gasification process may have attributes such as little or no H/sub 2/ consumption, inexpensive and recyclable reactant usage (if applicable), low-cost or regenerable catalysts'application, efficient operation, and effective end usage of all generated products (solid, liquid, and gases). These attributes served as guidelines in the assessment of the existing literature, and in the identification of technical gaps. The essence of this study is the identification of a number of key research areas, some of which are listed. The investigations regarding the effects of potentially reactive gas atmospheres and vacuum configurations, and the assessment of low yield/high quality processes, can be considered as the highest priority work. A parallel effort should concentrate on evaluating process economics and sensitivities to process variables. The investigation of low-cost catalysts for coal conversion should be addressed next. Finally, the combustion characteristics of char and char/tar slurries and the potential application of high-energy fields should be investigated. It is believed that the findings in the above areas may provide the groundwork for efficient processes that produce clean fuels from coal economically. 73 refs., 8 figs., 29 tabs.

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H-donor studies. Final technical progress report, March-September 1983

Various model compounds, representative of aromatic structures found in coal liquefaction, were synthesized and tested for their stability and reactivity with hydrogen donor molecules at typical liquefaction conditions. Dibenzophenanthrene was found too difficult to synthesize but led to the finding that dihydrodibenzophenanthrene, a high yield co-product, is an attractive candidate for ranking hydrogen donors. Reactions of o-terphenyl with hydrogen donors were analyzed kinetically and found to be pseudo-first order. Biphenyl in the cleavage products was used as a measure of hydrogen donor effectiveness, although the reactive form of the donor is apparently a radical, present in low steady state concentrations. Binaphthyl reacted with various hydrogen donors to yield the completed product, perylene. The simplicity of the product slate indicated a minimum of free radical species, and allowed potential coal-derived H-donors to be ranked for their efficiency in promoting reactions. Several model biaromatic compounds with the potential of coupling into new exceptionally stable six-membered aromatic rings were shown to do so in significant yields at the 400 to 470/sup 0/C. The use of added 1,1'-binaphthyl to a potential coal-derived H-donor was shown as a way to analyze the potential H-donor for its relative ability to donate hydrogen. The order was found to be quite similar to results with the same H-donors used in actual liquefaction, showing this method to be an effective way to quantitatively compare H-donor solvents. The resulting molecules had much lower solubility and higher melting points, making them more difficult to analyze than their precursors. The implications to coal liquefaction are enormous if there are biaromatic linkages in any of the coal fragments as they degrade to lower molecular weight species. 7 refs.

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ASPEN simulations of fluidized-bed and entrained-flow integrated gasification combined-cycle power plants. [KRW and Texaco]

A fluidized-bed, integrated gasification combined-cycle (IGCC) power plant simulation was developed by METC using the Advanced System for Process Engineering (ASPEN) process simulator. The ASPEN simulation is based on a conceptual design of a 570 megawatt (MW) IGCC plant using Kellogg-Rust-Westinghouse (KRW) ash agglomerating pressurized fluid-bed gasifiers and conventional cold gas cleanup processes. The conceptual design was completed by Bechtel as part of the Design of Advanced Fossil Fuel Systems (DAFFS) study (Bechtel 1983). In this process, Illinois No. 6 coal is converted into a medium-Btu gas to fuel a combined-cycle power generation system. The system employs advanced gas turbines having a firing temperature of 2150/sup 0/F. Heat recovery steam generators (HRSGs) produce high pressure steam for expansion through steam turbines. ASPEN performs a steady-state computer simulation of this process. The simulation flowsheet contains 83 unit operation blocks (models of unit operations, such as pumps, reactors, and compressors), plus user routines to calculate ash enthalpy and to decompose coal. The KRW-IGCC simulation was developed to provide accurate mass and energy balances and to track major environmental species (SOx, NOx, and particulates). This level of detail is appropriate for scoping, sensitivity, and trade-off studies. Operating conditions for any of the unit operation blocks can be modified to conduct sensitivity studies. Simulation results agree well with the Bechtel study. A study was carried out to determine how the overall plant efficiency would be affected by changes in the gas turbine firing temperature. 6 refs., 19 figs., 4 tabs.

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Modeling and assessment of advanced processes for integrated environmental control of coal-fired power plants. Final report

An integrated systems modeling approach is described which allows advanced control concepts to be compared systematically to conventional environmental control systems designs using site-specific characteristics. The computerized modeling framework includes the ability to explicitly characterize and propagate the effects of uncertainties in various technical and economic parameters of interest, so that performance and cost results may be described probabilistically as well as deterministically. A series of analytical models for individual control technology components is developed with emphasis on processes removing sulfur oxides, nitrogen oxides and particulate matter. Conventional technologies include physical coal cleaning (three levels), flue gas desulfurization and gentrification (selective catalytic reduction) and dry flyash collection (electrostatic precipitators and fabric filtration). Advanced technologies include two coal beneficiation processes (high gradient magnetic separation and 2-stage froth flotation), plus three flue gas treatment processes for the combined removal of sulfur and nitrogen oxides (electron beam process, fluidized bed copper oxide process and NOXSO process). Case studies are presented. Results show the potential for achieving more cost-effective control of air pollutant emissions through combined SO/sub x//NO/sub x/ removal, and the integration of pre-combustion and post-combustion removal methods. In the most favorable cases, savings of approximately 30% relative to a baseline plant using currently available technology were achieved, with probabilities of higher or lower savings dependent upon detailed technical and economic assumptions. The use of probabilistic cost analysis as a tool for effective research planning is discussed in the context of case study results.

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