AndreaBozzo/ceres-open-data-index huggingface dataset:
Analysis of the parameters of structural geology that affect gas production from the Devonian shale

This report summarizes the results of five years'effort directed toward understanding the importance of geologic structure to Devonian gas production in eastern Kentucky and West Virginia. This study was designed to: (1) collect, compile, and analyze geologic data to construct regional structural maps of eastern Kentucky and West Virginia; (2) determine if structural types and styles affect production, and determine if minor structures, as mapped in outcrop, could influence production characteristics; (3) determine if shallow seismic surveys can detect near-surface faults and fracture zones, and if such structures can be detected, to further determine how fractures relate to both production from the shale and to lineations observed on remotely sensed data; (4) determine if a relationship exists between ground water movement and shale gas productivity. The report is composed of four sections: organization of final report; summary of results; overview of project; and project bibliography.

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Stratigraphy and production of the tertiary formations in the Sand Wash and Washakie basins

In general, 2 prerequisites are necessary for commercial Tertiary production in the Sand Wash and Washakie basins. First, favorable structure must be present with little or no faulting. Second, an advantageous facies must occur over the structural feature. One of the problems confronting workers in regional studies of the productive Tertiary formations in the Sand Wash and Washakie basins is the uncertainty of formation boundaries. Other problems which must be recognized are the different sources of clastic material involving similar or different rock types, mixed environments of deposition, and the role of unconformities. Detailed stratigraphic field studies supported by palynology have delineated the Tertiary formation boundaries in the Hiawatha and Powder Wash areas. Once the limits of the formation boundaries were established and correlated between Hiawatha and Powder Wash, certain trends related to facies were noted. These trends were extended to establish Tertiary correlations between other parts of the Sand Wash Basin and the Washakie Basin.

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Project Wagon Wheel

The Pinedale Unit is located in the NE. portion of the Bridger Basin. Ten wells have been drilled within the unit area. Strata of Paleocene and Upper Cretaceous ages, to the depths penetrated, have thus far resisted commercial stimulation by conventional methods. An eleventh well, the Wagon Wheel No. 1, is being drilled to obtain additional data from the Paleocene and Upper Cretaceous strata, and to penetrate, and to test the littoral zone of the basal Mesaverde. Under an agreement with the Atomic Energy Commission, El Paso Natural Gas Co. is to evaluate the Pinedale area as a site for the application of nuclear stimulation to as yet an undetermined depth. The project has been designated Wagon Wheel. A figure illustrates the general reservoir characteristics attributed to strata of the Fort Union, Lance, Lewis, and Almond beneath the Pinedale Unit. Analyses are from approx. 2% of the sandstone reservoirs penetrated. Reservoir data derived from sonic log analyses are included within the average.

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Stimulation model for lenticular sands: Volume 2, Users manual

This User's Manual contains information for four fracture/proppant models. TUPROP1 contains a Geertsma and de Klerk type fracture model. The section of the program utilizing the proppant fracture geometry data from the pseudo three-dimensional highly elongated fracture model is called TUPROPC. The analogous proppant section of the program that was modified to accept fracture shape data from SA3DFRAC is called TUPROPS. TUPROPS also includes fracture closure. Finally there is the penny fracture and its proppant model, PENNPROP. In the first three chapters, the proppant sections are based on the same theory for determining the proppant distribution but have modifications to support variable height fractures and modifications to accept fracture geometry from three different fracture models. Thus, information about each proppant model in the User's Manual builds on information supplied in the previous chapter. The exception to the development of combined treatment models is the penny fracture and its proppant model. In this case, a completely new proppant model was developed. A description of how to use the combined treatment model for the penny fracture is contained in Chapter 4. 2 refs.

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Soil attenuation of leachates from low-rank coal combustion wastes:  a literature survey. [116 references]

In parallel with pursuing the goal of increased utilization of low-rank solid fuels, the US Department of Energy is investigating various aspects associated with the disposal of coal-combustion solid wastes. Concern has been expressed relative to the potential hazards presented by leachates from fly ash, bottom ash and scrubber wastes. This is of particular interest in some regions where disposal areas overlap aquifer recharge regions. The western regions of the United States are characterized by relatively dry alkaline soils which may effect substantial attenuation of contaminants in the leachates thereby reducing the pollution potential. A project has been initiated to study the contaminant uptake of western soils. This effort consists of two phases: (1) preparation of a state-of-the-art document on soil attenuation; and (2) laboratory experimental studies to characterize attenuation of a western soil. The state-of-the-art document, represented herein, presents the results of studies on the characteristics of selected wastes, reviews the suggested models which account for the uptake, discusses the specialized columnar laboratory studies on the interaction of leachates and soils, and gives an overview of characteristics of Texas and Wyoming soils. 116 references, 10 figures, 29 tables.

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Rheological and heat transfer characteristics of flowing coal-water mixtures

This research program was designed to develop a consistent data base and to derive engineering correlations for the prediction of pressure drop and heat transfer rate of CWM flows under various heating conditions. The test program was carried out using a heated extrusion rheometer. Pressure drops and heat transfer rate were measured simultaneously under convective heating and then boiling conditions. Parametric tests were carried out to examine the effect of various operating parameters such as mass flow, bulk temperature, heat flux, CWM type, tube size, and steam quality. 15 refs., 40 figs., 5 tabs.

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Groundwater studies at Rio Blanco Oil Shale Company's retort 1 at Tract C-a

Western Research Institute has continued to assess groundwater at the site of the 1981 modified in situ oil shale retorting tests at Federal Prototype Lease Trace C-a near Rifle, Colorado. The organic constituents, the toxicology, and the microorganisms associated with the groundwater are discussed in this report. 22 refs., 17 figs., 15 tabs.

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Management of coal waste by energy recovery: mild gasification/flash pyrolysis of coal preparation wastes. Quarterly report, April-June, 1985

The topical report, which summarized the literature survey on waste and its management, was issued and approved by the Department of Energy; this completed Task 1. In consideration of favorable information received from several sources, it was previously recommended that the original high pressure gasification system be changed to a larger low pressure unit. The proposed new system required a contract modification, which, after several reports and meetings, was achieved. A new management plan reflecting the increased costs and 20-month time frame for the contract change was prepared and issued. Industrial Machine Company was approved as the subcontractor for the erection and construction of the mild gasification development unit. Several modifications were made in the system drawings. Structural steel was fabricated and erected. The foundation and concrete pad were completed as were gas and water lines to the unit. Most of the feedstocks to be tested in the mild gasification system were selected.

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Advancement of flash hydrogasification. Quarterly technical progress report, April-June 1984

Task VII involves the fabrication of test hardware and the modification of an existing 1-ton/h hydroliquefaction PDU at Rockwell's facilities for use as a hydrogasifier test facility. Fabrication of the test hardware has been completed and work on modifications to the PDU was continued. The completed test hardware fabrication and PDU modifications will allow conducting short duration (1 to 2 h) hydrogasification tests along with preburner assembly performance evaluation tests to fulfill the objectives of the test program. Separate supplies of coal, hydrogen, oxygen, methane, carbon monoxide, and water (for steam generation) are provided for this purpose. The modified facility is designed to accommodate both 10- and 20-ft-long hydrogasifier reactors so that residence times will be in the range of 2 to 6 s when coal is fed at a nominal 1/2 ton/h into reactors at 1000 psia pressure. Provisions are being made for real-time analysis of the product gases using an on-line gas chromatograph system. Test planning activities were continued and activation of completed PDU test systems was initiated during this report period. A test program plan and schedule have been submitted to DOE for review and approval, a data analysis plan has been prepared, and the programming of data reduction programs is nearly complete. 8 refs., 9 tabs.

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Hot gas cleanup using solid supported molten salt for integrated coal gasification/molten carbonate fuel cell power plants. Topical report, October 1982-December 1983

Battelle, Pacific Northwest Laboratories is developing a solid supported molten salt (SSMS) hot gas cleanup process for integrated coal gasification/molten carbonate fuel cell (MCFC) power plants. Exploratory and demonstration experiments have been completed to select a salt composition and evaluate its potential for simultaneous hydrogen sulfide (H/sub 2/S) and hydrogen chloride (HCl) removal under the conditions projected for the MCFC plants. Results to date indicate that equilibrium capacity and removal efficiencies may be adequate for one step H/sub 2/S and HCl removal. Regeneration produced a lower H/sub 2/S concentration than expected, but one from which sulfur could be recovered. Bench scale experiments will be designed to confirm laboratory results, check carbonyl sulfide removal, refine dual cycle (sulfide-chloride) regeneration techniques and obtain data for engineering/economic evaluation and scale-up. 8 references, 24 figures, 7 tables.

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Low-Btu coal gasification in the United States:  company topical. [Brick producers]

Hazelton and other brick producers have proved the reliability of the commercial size Wellman-Galusha gasifier. For this energy intensive business, gas cost is the major portion of the product cost. Costs required Webster/Hazelton to go back to the old, reliable alternative energy of low Btu gasification when the natural gas supply started to be curtailed and prices escalated. Although anthracite coal prices have skyrocketed from $34/ton (1979) to over $71.50/ton (1981) because of high demand (local as well as export) and rising labor costs, the delivered natural gas cost, which reached $3.90 to 4.20/million Btu in the Hazelton area during 1981, has allowed the producer gas from the gasifier at Webster Brick to remain competitive. The low Btu gas cost (at the escalated coal price) is estimated to be $4/million Btu. In addition to producing gas that is cost competitive with natural gas at the Webster Brick Hazelton plant, Webster has the security of knowing that its gas supply will be constant. Improvements in brick business and projected deregulation of the natural gas price may yield additional, attractive cost benefits to Webster Brick through the use of low Btu gas from these gasifiers. Also, use of hot raw gas (that requires no tar or sulfur removal) keeps the overall process efficiency high. 25 references, 47 figures, 14 tables.

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Western gas sands project. Status report, 1 June-30 June 1980

Progress of the government-sponsored projects during June 1980, that are directed towards increasing gas production from the low permeability gas sands of the western United States, is summarized. Northwest Exploration declined use of their site for the multi-well experiment; additional sites are being contemplated. Experiments began at Bartlesville Energy Technology Center designed to examine fracture closure and crushing strength of bauxite. At Lawrence Livermore Laboratory, work is progressing on the code to calculate fluid motion in an expanding propagation crack.

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Improvement of drilling capabilities of PDC cutters in hard formation. Final report

Fifteen bits were designed, fabricated, and field tested in an effort to improve Polycrystalline Diamond Compact (PDC) bits for hard formations. Some conclusions are presented regarding design of hard formation bits. The performance is described for the 15 bits tested. Some bit design layouts and photographs are shown. The work is considered to be successful and some excellent results were obtained. Bit No. 9 drilled 5949 feet averaging 33 ft/h and Bit No. 16 drilled 1100 feet of hard rock averaging 8.7 ft/h. Problems that were encountered early were resolved and coring penetration rates ranging from two to six times faster than conventional diamond core bits were achieved. The full-face PDC drill bits showed improved penetration over roller cone bits when drilling medium and hard formations but breakage of the nose cutters occurred when extremely hard formations were encountered. 18 figures.

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Environment, safety, and health. Annual report, fiscal year 1984

The Environmental Program's key accomplishments during FY 84 included improvement of industrial wastewater treatment effluents and the design and initiation of construction of a wastewater pretreatment facility. In addition, 28,000 gallons of hazardous and potentially hazardous waste were removed from METC and the waste materials from the Laramie North Site were removed. The Safety Program progressed in several areas including safety procedure revisions, safety inspections, and personnel training. Reviews of site safety practices were made with regard to use of safety glasses, hard hats, and safety shoes. Several process safety reviews of Research and Development projects were made by the Safety Office. Industrial Hygiene Program activities included work place health hazard reviews, exposure risk analyses, employee exposure monitoring, employee training, operational procedure development, and emergency protective equipment inspection and maintenance. The Occupational Medicine Program continued its efforts in physical exams, first aid administration, injury and illness investigations, and other routine programs. Significant accomplishments included METC's epidemiology study and the progress made on the medical module of the ES and H data base project.

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Advanced coal-gasification system for electric-power generation. Final report, March 20, 1980-January 15, 1982

Westinghouse Electric Corporation is engaged in the development of a pressurized, fluidized bed gasification process at its Waltz Mill site, near Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. With the sponsorship of the Department of Energy, its precursor agencies, and the Gas Research Institute, Westinghouse has conducted this development program from 1972 to March 1980 under Contract EF-77-C-01-1514 and from March 1980 to January 1982 under Contract DE-AC21-80ET14752. The overall objective of the program is to demonstrate the viability of the Westinghouse process for the production of low- and intermediate-Btu fuel gas for electric power generation, synthetic natural gas, chemical feedstocks, and industrial fuels. This report presents the development and technology activities performed, as well as the PDU test results obtained, during the 18-month period of Contract DE-AC21-80ET14752.

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Coal-feeder development program. Morgantown Energy Technology Center topical report

As this development program progressed, it became obvious that none of the coal feeders could meet all of the goals demanded by the original specifications. However, all the feeders now under development may be applied to one or more advanced coal process technology system. The most common shortcoming is the condition that the feeding action be continuous. All concepts, except the kinetic-extruder, are batch or intermittent feeder systems. A desirable goal for any feeder is that the feed rate be independent of the coal characteristics, coal additives, moisture, etc. All feeders, except the kinetic-extruder, employ a positive displacement action to force a volume of coal into a high-pressure region. Although most of the remaining program goals have not yet been achieved, there appears to be no inherent conceptual flaws which are insurmountable. Thus, the effort in this program is progressing towards solutions to the critical problem of feeding coal into advanced coal process systems. In order to completely establish the need for continuing this coal feed system development program, a study of potential applications for each feeder was performed. The results of this study are shown in Figures 10-14. Each figure shows the application of a specific concept, although the actual design details will vary from facility to facility. In order to ensure that the capital costs (or first costs) for the developing coal feed systems were within goals of this program, cost data for the lockhopper and slurry-pumping systems were gathered from the available literature.

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Fundamental mechanisms of coal gasification. Quarterly technical progress report

The objectives of this project are (1) to determine the effects of intraparticle secondary reactions and coal type on coal devolatilization behavior under conditions pertinent to coal gasification and (2) to develop a mathematical model of devolatilization applicable to gasification. Our approach will include measurements of the effects of total external pressure and particle size on product yields and evolution kinetics, and systematic study of the devolatilization behavior of six different coals. Our modeling strategy will be to assemble models of various contributing phenomena (primary and secondary chemical reactions, softening and swelling, heat and mass transfer, and coal type) into a unified and tractable mathematical description of coal devolatilization. Emphasis during this period has been on modifying one of our screen heater reactors to expedite devolatilization products collection, while retaining good material balances. Progress has also been made on procurement of a micro computer system. 4 refs., 2 figs., 3 tabs.

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Small-Scale Experiments with an Analysis to Evaluate the Effect of Tailored Pulse Loading on Fracture and Permeability

SRI International is taking part in a combined experimental and computational program with Science Applications, Inc., Sandia Laboratories, and the University of Maryland to examine methods for increasing the production of natural gas from marginal reserves by using well stimulation techniques. The method being examined is tailored pulse loading, i.e., shaping the borehole input pressure-time history to produce a specified fracture pattern. The program consists of three major tasks: (1) field experiments consisting of well bore shooting at less than full-scale using several different, available sources and with mineback to examine fracture patterns; minishots to derive in-situ fracture parameters for use in the calculations of fracture distributions, (2) laboratory experiments to determine material and fracture properties, (3) theoretical and computational work to improve the fracture modeling. Although it was originally proposed that the small-scale experiments be in Devonian shale, there were no sites readily available in the Devonian shale where it was possible to mineback around the explosive cavity to map the fracture produced in the experiments. Consequently METC decided to use Sandia Laboratory's facilities at the Nevada Test Site and perform the experiments in ashfall tuff. SRI International is performing laboratory and calculation efforts, Science Applications, Inc. (SAI) is performing fracture calculations, Sandia Laboratories is performing the small-scale field experiments, and the University of Maryland is performing additional laboratory experiments to provide information about explosive gas penetration into fractures. This report deals primarily with the status of the SRI program.

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Stimulation rationale for shale gas wells:  a state-of-the-art report

Despite the large quantities of gas contained in the Devonian Shales, only a small percentage can be produced commercially by current production methods. This limited production derives both from the unique reservoir properties of the Devonian Shales and the lack of stimulation technologies specifically designed for a shale reservoir. Since October 1978 Science Applications, Inc. has been conducting a review and evaluation of various shale well stimulation techniques with the objective of defining a rationale for selecting certain treatments given certain reservoir conditions. Although this review and evaluation is ongoing and much more data will be required before a definitive rationale can be presented, the studies to date do allow for many preliminary observations and recommendations. For the hydraulic type treatments the use of low-residual-fluid treatments is highly recommended. The excellent shale well production which is frequently observed with only moderate wellbore enlargement treatments indicates that attempts to extend fractures to greater distances with massive hydraulic treatments are not warranted. Immediate research efforts should be concentrated upon limiting production damage by fracturing fluids retained in the formation, and upon improving proppant transport and placement so as to maximize fracture conductivity. Recent laboratory, numerical modeling and field studies all indicate that the gas fracturing effects of explosive/propellant type treatments are the predominate production enhancement mechanism and that these effects can be controlled and optimized with properly designed charges. Future research efforts should be focused upon the understanding, prediction and control of wellbore fracturing with tailored-pulse-loading charges. 36 references, 7 figures, 2 tables.

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Drilling/coring/logging, Naval Oil Shale Reserve No. 1. Final report

This report represents the completion of the drilling/coring/logging program conducted on Naval Oil Shale Reserve No. 1 between August 1 and October 30, 1978. Three holes were drilled, cored, and logged with the objective being the collection of oil shale resource data, geological data, and hydrological data. This report is a presentation of the procedures used, the equipment utilized, and the data produced by this program. Core hole NOSR-TRW 41X-13 (Hole 18) is located in Section 13, T5S, R95W. The ground level evaluation is 8528.2 feet above sea level. Core hole NOSR-TRW 34X-32 (Hole 24) is located in Section 32, T5S, R94W. The ground level elevation is 8743.0 feet. Core hole NOSR-TRW 12X-3 (Hole 19-4) represents the fourth attempt at coring at the location. This hole was labelled hole 19-2 and is summarized as follows. Hole 19-2 is located in Section 3, T5S, R94W, 9 feet northeast and at approximately the same elevation as the surveyed hole No. 19 site which has an elevation of 8715.7 feet above sea level. Core hole NOSR-TRW 12X-3 (the fourth ad final attempt at Hole Location 19) is in Section 3, R5S, T94W, 30 feet northeast and at approximately the same elevation as the surveyed Hole 19 site which has an elevation of 8715.7 feet above sea level.

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