AndreaBozzo/ceres-open-data-index huggingface dataset:
Hot gas cleanup for electric power generating systems. [113 references]

The US Department of Energy (DOE), Morgantown Energy Technology Center (METC) is sponsoring research on advanced methods for removing contaminants from the hot, fuel gas streams of coal-fired combustion or gasification plants. Contaminants present in all coals such as ash particles, compounds of sulfur and nitrogen, and alkali metals must be controlled because they are environmental problems, are detrimental to advanced generation power equipment, or both. Significant advances have been made in the high-temperature control of these contaminants. One of the most promising advanced power-generating systems uses hot gas cleanup in an integrated, gasification combined-cycle (IGCC) concept to control coal contaminants. This report discusses the status and significant accomplishments of hot gas cleanup research in support of this advanced power generation system. The objective of the DOE hot gas cleanup program is to develop the technology to economically remove hot gas-stream contaminants. The projects that comprise the program are mainly aimed at gas streams generated at pressures greater than 6 atmospheres and temperatures greater than 1000/sup 0/F. These elevated pressures and temperatures are typical of emerging technologies such as IGCC and gasifier/molten-carbonate fuel-cell (MCFC) power plants, direct-fired coal turbines, and pressurized fluidized-bed combustors. Control and removal of the contaminants is either a technical limitation or a major cost associated with these advanced systems. 113 refs., 18 figs., 4 tabs.

Tags: kmd
Electrostatic granular bed filter development program. Quarterly technical report, July-September 1981

This contract provides for laboratory experiments and analyses to develop electrostatic granular bed (EGB) filtration for pressurized fluidized bed (PFB) combined cycle application. These experiments will provide the data necessary to design a hot test model and to perform systems integration and economic evaluation studies. Based on the laboratory results, preliminary engineering estimates of the capital and operating costs will be provided for the selected approach. In parallel with the electrostatic granular bed filter testing, laboratory scale experiments and engineering assessments will be performed for two concepts for removing corrosive alkali metal vapor from the combustion gases. During this report period an instrumentation plan was developed for the AFB model filter test at Morgantown, W.Va., a filter was delivered and installed in the AFB facility, and testing began with molochite, limestone, sandy gravel, and coal. During attempted 100-hr tests, dust loadings of baghouses downstream of the EGB filter were measured. To date the tests show: elutriation of AFBC bed material exceeds filter capacity and leads to filter plugging; media fracture leads to filter plugging; acceptable media not yet identified; erosion of hardware by media is not evident with sandy gravel or molochite; and the media recirculation system is effective. (LLL)

Tags: kmd
ASPEN sensitivity study for the Great Plains Gasification Plant gasifier model, documentation and experimental verification

A previously developed ASPEN model of a coal gasifier, RGAS, has been used to simulate the operation of the Morgantown Energy Technology Center (METC) 42 inch gasifier under actual test conditions. The preliminary METC test data provided to Halcon for this study was for two coals, Arkwright coal and Indian Head lignite. Either air or oxygen was used as the oxygen source. RGAS was designed to calculate the variables which characterize gasifier performance. The kinetic expressions employed for this study were the Ash Segregation equations of the University of Delaware model. A full discussion and description of the differential equations used in the gasifier model (including the devolatilization model) was provided in a previous topical report (Rinard 1985). The structure of the ASPEN model and previous simulation results were described in another topical report (Benjamin 1985). For completeness, the model structure information contained in these topical reports has been carried over to this study. Thus, this report can be used as a stand-alone guide to RGAS. The model and software generated in the previous study were not changed in this effort. This investigation was directed towards applying the RGAS model to the simulation of actual plant operation by tuning the appropriate kinetic parameters. The period of METC operation which appeared to be the most stable and which had the best material balance closure for each type of coal was selected as the most suitable candidate for tuning. The kinetic constants of the selected kinetic model were adjusted to yield an outlet gas composition close to that reported by METC. The method of tuning is explained in the report.

Tags: kmd
Low-rank coal liquefaction mechanisms. Final report for the period ending March 31, 1986

The study of high-severity liquefaction carried out at UNDERC using Big Brown Texas lignite demonstrated the viability of natural abundance /sup 2/H NMR spectroscopy for the study of coal conversion reactions, particularly H-transfer chemistry. Several observations were made that indicated that further investigations in this area would be fruitful. They are: (1) differences in natural abundance /sup 2/H NMR distributions resulted from differences in the processing history of the samples; and (2) the addition of small amounts of H-donor to a liquefaction reaction changed the natural abundance /sup 2/H NMR distribution with respect to an identical run without added donor. The /sup 1/H and /sup 13/C distribution were unchanged. These observations mean that the history of a sample could be compared with that of another sample and that the H-donor history may be deduced from the comparative data. Some mechanistic and kinetic information was obtained from high-severity liquefaction reactions with labeled syngas (/sup 2/H/sub 2//CO and H/sub 2///sup 13/CO). Tests made with /sup 2/H/sub 2//CO showed product incorporation of /sup 2/H to be greater than 270 times the natural abundance level as determined by standard addition /sup 2/H NMR spectroscopy and the /sup 2/H distribution was not the same as in the unlabeled test. /sup 2/H entered all fractions of the product during the test including the distillate alkanes, phenols and polars, H/sub 2/O, and soluble vacuum bottoms. Polars and H/sub 2/O were the most enriched fractions, due to relatively easy H-exchange. There was a distinct isotope effect on the yield as processing with /sup 2/H/sub 2//CO resulted in decreased conversion to THF solubles when compared with the identical test with /sup 1/H/sub 2//CO. 22 refs., 2 figs., 7 tabs.

Tags: kmd
ChemCoal Process CPU recycle development program with Indian Head lignite. Final report for the period ending March 31, 1986

The ChemCoal Process uses a chemical method to separate ash and sulfur compounds from the organic matrix of coal. The chemical method is an ionic reaction between the phenolic solvent, alkali, coal, and a reductant such as carbon monoxide. The combination of phenolics and alkali act as a good physical solvation medium for the organics in the coal. When heated to between 325/sup 0/ to 340/sup 0/C at pressures below 12.4 MPa (1800 psig), the organic matrix of the coal is broken down by the reactions of the phenolics and alkali and carbon monoxide to produce lower molecular weight material which is dissolved in the organic solvent. The ash and mineral matter from the coal remain as suspended solids in the aqueous phase. These solid inorganic impurities are removed by centrifugation and filtration, leaving an organic liquid low in ash and sulfur. Distillation is used to recover recycle solvent, a light chemical fraction, and to produce the solid ChemCoal fuel product. This recycle test was primarily aimed at resolving potential process flaws identified in a 1985 report by Bechtel Group, Inc., ''ChemCoal Process Evaluation Study.''The recycle results showed: excess solvent (113%) was generated under all conditions; no loss in conversion as process derived solvent replaced startup solvent in multiple recycles; reductant consumption was below 2.0 wt % of the maf coal as hydrogen gas; conversion remained relatively constant; ChemCoal process conversion averaged over 80% of maf coal; alkali recovery using the partitioning solvent was greater than 62 wt %; and processing energy requirements were reduced. Based on the successful completion of this program and the elimination of identified potential flaws, UNDERC supports a recommendation for the further development of the ChemCoal Process. 5 refs., 70 figs., 19 tabs.

Tags: kmd
Modeling of nitrogen pollutants in turbulent pulverized-coal flames. Final report, July 1, 1980-June 30, 1983. [NO pollutant model]

This volume summarizes a three-year theoretical study of pollutant formation in pulverized-coal systems, with an emphasis on nitrogen pollutants. A NO pollutant model has been formulated to be consistent with the assumptions made in current comprehensive models for fuel-rich turbulent pulverized-coal flames. The model accounts for the effects of turbulent fluctuations on the pollutant formation process. The pollutant species equations are decoupled from the overall velocity, temperature and major species field equations. The fuel nitrogen is assumed to evolve from the coal at a rate proportional to coal weight loss, and to react quickly to HCN in the gas phase. The homogeneous rate of decay of HCN to NO or N/sub 2/ includes the effects of turbulent fluctuations to obtain a time-mean reaction rate. Heterogeneous reduction of the NO is modeled by a slow (non-fluctuating) rate. Thermal and prompt NO are considered to be insignificant in these fuel-rich coal flames, and only fuel nitrogen formation is considered. The time-mean reaction rates are obtained by assuming that the species mass fractions are linear functions of stoichiometry, and then integrating the resulting kinetic expression over the probability density functions for the appropriate mixture fractions. Computations are presented to demonstrate the applicability of the theory to practical coal combustion chambers. An analysis of the NO model was performed to determine the effect of various physical and inlet parameters on model predictions. Model evaluation has consisted of detailed local comparisons of model predictions with experimental data, and comparison of predicted and observed trends related to pollutant formation in coal systems. Additional applications of the NO model were also illustrated. 116 references, 57 figures, 12 tables.

Tags: kmd
Plasticity, agglomeration and volatiles secondary reactions in coal pyrolysis. Final technical progress report

Initial softening of the coal is by physical melting of an estimated 25% by weight of the coal. Up to 40% by weight of the coal is further converted to liquids by pyrolytic bond breaking. These liquids can condense or polymerize to give higher molecular weight liquids and solids, and crack to give gas and coke, or escape from the coal particle to give tar. The result is that the liquid weight averaged molecular weight can increase from 570 to above 800, and then decrease to around 600. Experimental viscosity and intraparticle liquid formation/depletion data are described by a global model that accounts for melting, generation and depletion of the liquid, and volatiles formation. The kinetic parameters find quantitative application in modeling coal particle agglomeration and swelling behavior under rapid heating conditions. Predictions of models here developed are in qualitative accord with literature data on swelling. The homogeneous secondary reactions of tar appear to be well-described by a model which includes three ''lumps''of high, medium, and low reactivity. These lumps imply the existence in tar of three broad classes of bond strengths. Analysis of the data on tar and other products allowed identification of many of the bonds in each group. In general, the homogeneous secondary reactions involve cracking at the periphery of aromatic rings, which remain largely intact, leading to lower molecular weight tars and light products (gases, light oils). The conversion of aromatic rings results in a direct relationship between the fractions of aromatic carbon or aromatic hydrogen and the tar conversion, allowing the determination of kinetic parameters from analytical measurements on surviving tar. 40 refs., 54 figs., 4 tabs.

Tags: kmd
Distribution of inorganics. Final report for the period ending March 31, 1986

The objectives of the Distribution of Inorganics project were basically threefold. One objective was to develop methods for quantifying the inorganic associations within a coal sample. A second objective was to determine the distribution and variability of the inorganic matter within coal seams. The third objective was to develop a means to describe and quantify the macroscopic and microscopic organic (petrographic) components within a low-rank coal seam so that subsequent work could build on the methods developed in relating associations of inorganics and their variability to the petrographic components of coal. Two principal methods were developed to quantify the inorganic elements in coals according to association. One method, termed chemical fractionation, uses extractions with mild reagents to quantify the inorganic elements according to several modes of occurrence, i.e., ion exchangeable, organically complexed, acid soluble minerals, and acid insoluble minerals. A second method of quantifying coal inorganic matter (according to mineral phase) uses a Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) point-counting method to quantify the individual minerals in the coal. The variations in the elemental content within coal seams were determined by analyzing samples taken along stratigraphic sequences within coal seams by neutron activation analysis. The elements were classified according to their concentrations in the margins of the seams, center of the seams, or having no discernible pattern in their variations. Finally, a method was developed for classifying the petrographic components of low-rank coals according to component morphology, reflectance, and fluorescence. 100 refs., 9 figs., 12 tabs.

Tags: kmd
The Use of Multi-Drain Wells to More Effectively Extract Natural Gas From Lenticular Sand Reservoirs: A Feasibility Study

The purpose of this study was to determine the feasibility of the multi-drain well method in tight, lenticular formations. Although directional drilling is more costly than conventional vertical drilling, this practice could triple well production. The proposed drilling plan may be more cost efficient than drilling three separate wells with less than 320-acre spacing because it would save the costs of site surveys, rig setup, purchase of the surface lease area, and gas pipeline hookups for two additional well sites. This feasibility study was conducted on the Piceance Basin area, mainly because of the availability of geological information. The results of this study will generally apply to other regions with tight, lenticular sand, depending upon the similarity in the total percentage of sand lenses in the area and the lens dimensions and orientations. Appendix A discusses the geology of the eastern Uinta Basin in eastern Utah, and the applicability of this study to the area. Appendix B provides calculation of expected production increase due to angle of drilling. 18 refs., 30 figs., 14 tabs.

Tags: kmd
Fine coal cleaning. Final report for the period ending March 31, 1986

Washability data on coals from the western United States is generally very limited and their response to standard washing techniques cannot be predicted. To expand the data base, the Department of Energy initiated a washability study for both conventional and fine-size ranges of western coals. The Pittsburgh Energy Technology Center (PETC) performed float-sink washability testing on 156 western coals crushed to 1 1/2''x 0, 3/8''x 0, and 14 mesh x 0. The University of North Dakota Energy Research Center (UNDERC) performed centrifugal float-sink washability resting on 61 of those 156 test coals crushed to 65 mesh x 0. In addition, 35 of the 65 mesh x 0 coals were further reduced to 200 mesh x 0 and tested, and three coals were pulverized to 325 mesh x 0 and tested. Generally, the higher-ranked coals were most amenable to the gravity separation technique. Pulverized of study coals to finer grain size distributions did not significantly improve the coal's Washabilities, as float ash content of 200 mesh x 0 and 325 mesh x 0 samples were generally similar to 65 mesh x 0 float ash content. UNDERC also investigated the applicability of oil agglomeration and froth floatation on the benefication of four selected economically important western coals. In general, these tests were not as successful at beneficiating western coals as the standard float-sink technique, which provided the highest degree of ash separation at the highest weight yields. This final report summarizes work completed on the float-sink washability data base, oil agglomeration testing, and froth flotation testing at UNDERC from May 1983 through March 1986. 12 refs., 1 fig., 1 tab.

Tags: kmd
Characterization of aerodynamic drag force on single particles: Final report

An electrodynamic balance was used to measure the drag coefficient and also to record the size and shape of spheres, and coal and oil shale particles (100 ..mu..m to 200 ..mu..m in size). The electrodynamic balance consisted of a central, and two end electrodes. The resulting electric field stably suspended a charged particle. A suspended particle, back illuminated by a light emitting diode, was viewed by a video camera. The image was analyzed for particle position control and was calibrated to give the diameter of spheres, or the area equivalent diameter of nonspherical particles. The drag coefficient was calculated from the air velocity and the dc voltage required to keep the particle at the balance center. The particle Reynolds number varied from 0.2 to 13. Three particles each of coal and oil shale were captured and photographed by a scanning electron microscope and the motion of all the particles was recorded on video tape. Drag coefficient vs. Reynolds number data for spheres agreed well with correlations. Data for thirteen particles each of coal and oil shale indicated a power law relationship between drag coefficient and Reynolds number. All these particles exhibited higher drag than spheres and were also observed to rotate. The rotation, however, did not affect the drag coefficient. The choice of characteristic dimension affects the drag characteristics of oil shale more strongly than for coal, owing to the flake-like shape of oil shale. 38 figs., 5 tabs.

Tags: kmd
Pacific Project. Phase 2 Quality Assurance Plan, Task 12

The Superior Oil Company, the Sohio Oil Company, and the Cleveland Cliffs Iron Company propose to construct and operate a shale oil production facility in Garfield County, Colorado. The proposed facility would consist of an oil shale retorting module, an associated room-and-pillar mine, and necessary auxiliary and support facilities. Construction would be contracted to qualified and reputable companies who would be required to purchase, assemble, test, and assure quality of the work they, their subcontractors, and their suppliers perform. To insure that work and materials utilized on this project would be of the quality necessary for the successful operation of the production facility, a detailed Quality Assurance Plan would be developed. The basis for the Quality Assurance Plan would be compliance with all federal, state, county, and local codes which would apply to the plant and construction activities. In addition, The Superior Oil Company's Engineering Standards Manual specifies the minium acceptable standards for components allowed in a Superior capital project. Before actual construction begins the contractor would be supplied with the Quality Assurance Manual. The manual includes the Engineering Standards, as well as, the Design Data Book, The Superior Oil Company Construction Manual, and the Coordination Procedures Manual. The compilation of documents exactly specifies the work to be performed, standards which the work must meet, quality of materials used, and testing and inspection of the facilities as work progresses. In order to insure the quality of the work being performed, a Quality Assurance Group would be formed. This group would monitor the construction progress, be present during testing and inspection of plant components, spot check job performance, and insure the contractor's compliance with quality assurance.

Tags: kmd
Pacific Project, Garfield County, Colorado, Phase I. The Pacific Project specific environmental, safety and health requirements (SEVR) report

An initial issue of the ''Specific Environmental, Safety and Health Requirements''was submitted to the DOE on 28 February 1981. This update reflects some changes in both sections (1 and 2) of the original report. These changes are clarified by means of an Update sheet supplied with each critical or ''major''permit and one similar sheet as a single summary covering all ''Additional permits and Reviews''. As the project developed, it became apparent that it was not in the best interests of the DOE, the responsible agencies or The Superior Oil Company to formally submit applications to the agencies to secure permits. Consequently, in Superior's view, none should be submitted at this time. Although we will continue to pursue the permit information requirements as actively as practical, after considering the above items, Superior proposes to develop draft applications and permitting data packages that are reviewed by DOE and place them in the file. These could be used when financing and development plans are firmed up for construction of the Phase I design. The major permits listed in Section III of this update would be used as the basis for the draft permitting packages. In any event, these permit data packages will be complete to the extent that is possible at the time of review.

Tags: kmd
Pacific Project, Garfield County, Colorado, Phase I. The Pacific Project environmental safety and health plan

This document outlines the major components of the Environmental Safety and Health (ES and H) Plan which is currently envisioned for the Pacific Project. The intent is to describe the components of the plan at a level of detail commensurate with the current stage of project development. As the project develops the ES and H Plan would be revised and updated such that it could be implemented at the start of construction. During construction and operation, employee suggestions would be used as one input to continually modify and improve the plan to fit the safety and health requirements of the project. the ES and H Plan is designed to protect the safety and health of all persons affected by activities of the Pacific Project; assure a safe and healthful working environment; comply with applicable statutory requirements; and protect the property of the Pacific Venture partners. the Safety and health Supervisor would administer the Safety Group. 5 figs.

Tags: kmd