AndreaBozzo/ceres-open-data-index huggingface dataset:
Gas characterization from fluidized bed coal gasification. Final report

A test program was carried out in which emissions from the Westinghouse pilot scale coal gasifier were characterized. The emissions of primary concern in this study were alkali species, hydrocarbons and particulate matter. The purpose for characterizing these contaminants was to anticipate their effect on downstream process equipment and the potential for environmental impact. The alkali sampling/analysis effort showed that although sodium and potassium tend to complex within the ash matrix during gasification at the PDU, a certain volatile alkali concentration escapes. Alkali escaping collection or deposition in the gasifier and secondary cyclone is detected at a level in the range of 0.3 to 16 ppM. Since this concentration greatly exceeds the current turbine inlet tolerance of 50 ppB combined alkali, consideration should be given to hot gas cleaning of the product gas streams using getter sorbent materials. Conclusions based on the data available from the hydrocarbon analysis are: (1) the concentrations of hydrocarbon released in the effluent gas stream of the Westinghouse PDU were low; (2) the hydrocarbons identified did not include known carcinogens; (3) the plugging of process lines due to heavy hydrocarbon (or tar) condensation did not appear to be a problem for the PDU. Conclusion (3) does not result directly from our study, but is based on observations of PDU process equipments after various tests. Because of the specific design of the Westinghouse gasifier, where coal is fed to the bottom of the gasifier, the tars evolved during coal pyrolysis are cracked as they travel through the hot gasifier bed, and the amount of heavy hydrocarbon released in the effluent stream is greatly reduced. 87 figures, 38 tables.

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High-temperature high-pressure gas cleanup with ceramic bag filters. Draft final report

Advanced processes designed for the efficient use of coal in the production of energy will benefit from, or even depend upon, highly efficient, economical, high-temperature removal systems for fine particulates. In the case of pressurized fluidized-bed combustion (PFBC), the hot gas cleanup device must operate at approximately 1600/sup 0/F. Existing commercial filter systems are temperature limited due to the filter material, but ceramic fibers intended for refractory insulation offer the promise of a practical high-temperature filter media if they can be incorporated into a design which combines filter performance with acceptable durability. The current work was initiated to further develop and demonstrate on a larger-scale basis, a ceramic fiber filtration system for application to coal-fired PFBC's. The development effort centered around the need to replace the knit metal wire scrim, used in earlier designs as support for the fine fiber ceramic mat filtration medium, with a corrosion-resistant material. This led to the selection of woven ceramic cloth for support of the mat layer. Because of the substantial difference in strength and other material properties between the metal and ceramic cloth, tests were necessary to optimize the filter; pulse parameters such as pulse duration, pulse pressure, and pulse injection orifice size; woven cloth mesh configuration; the technique for clamping the bag to the support; and similar structural, fluid, and control parameters. The demonstration effort included both tests to prove this concept in a real application and a systems analysis to show commercial feasibility of the ceramic filtration approach for hot gas cleanup in PFBC's. 12 references, 57 figures, 23 tables.

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Evaluation of additives to enhance the in-situ steam processes applied to US and Canadian tar sand and heavy oil reservoirs. Final report, 14 October 1982-15 May 1985

Diverse additives were subjected to a series of three screening phases to assess their suitability with a steam drive process for recovery of tar sand and heavy oil resources. The resources studied were tar and materials from Utah and Alberta and heavy oil materials from California and Saskatchewan. The first screening phase, which consisted of a literature review, identified over 120 potential additives to steam processes. In the succeeding screening phases, these additives were subjected to semiquantitative laboratory evaluations using actual resource materials. Chemical and physical evaluations were conducted during the second screening phase to assess additive enhancement of steam process oil recovery mechanisms, additive thermal stability at steam process temperatures, and additive/matrix interactions. Additives demonstrating potential enhancement of steam process oil recovery, adequate thermal stability and acceptable additive/matrix interactions were subjected to process simulations in unscaled physical models during the third and final screening phase. The hot water region of the steam drive process was simulated with a hot water drive in an elemental core apparatus. Improvements in oil recovery were established by comparing oil recovery from simulations with additives to a baseline run without an additive. A total of 46 Phase 3 tests were performed. A list of additive/resource combinations which demonstrated increased oil recovery was compiled. 5 refs., 18 figs., 35 tabs.

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Use of sacrificial agents to reduce carboxymethylated ethoxylated surfactant loss during chemical flooding

Surfactant losses of carboxymethylated ethoxylated surfactants (CME) were measured in static and coreflood experiments. The effect of several types of sacrificial agents on CME adsorption were also measured. In static tests, lignosulfonate and sodium carbonate/bicarbonate were effective sacrificial agents at low salinity or low temperature conditions. Under these conditions, surfactant loss was mainly a result of adsorption on the rock surface. However, these agents were less effective at higher salinities and temperatures where surfactant phase separation becomes an important mechanism for surfactant loss. Similar results were observed in oil recovery experiments using Berea sandstone cores and dodecane. However, under conditions which favored low surfactant retention, the surfactant was ineffective in mobilizing oil. Under conditions which produced at least some oil from the core, surfactant losses were excessively high. The most successful oil recovery conditions were observed using a CME in solution with pH adjusted to the pK{sub a} of the carboxylate group (pH = 4.6 for a CME surfactant with an average of 6.5 ethoxylate groups per molecule). This may help balance the surfactant affinity for both oil and brine. 16 refs., 12 figs., 11 tabs.

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Gas miscible displacement: Foams for mobility control and improvement in gas sweep efficiency

This report presents the results of experimental studies relating to mobility control and sweep efficiency in gas flooding that were focused on several topics: (1) the study of foam flow behavior in smooth capillary tubes and packed glass tubes; (2) the effect of injection rate on foam performance; and (3) the study of the effect of foam on gas-water relative permeabilities. The study of foam flow behavior in smooth capillary tubes and packed glass tubes was designed to observe and quantify the behavior of foam under various experimental conditions. Experimental variables included foam quality, shear rate, surfactant concentration, and temperature. Apparent viscosity, resistance factor, and reduction in the mobility of foam in smooth capillary tubes and packed glass tubes were measured. Bubble size distribution of pregenerated foam was measured to determine the contribution of foam texture to its flow behavior. A comparison of the experimental results was made using available mathematical models developed for predicting foam apparent viscosities in smooth capillary tubes and packed glass tubes. Several coreflooding experiments were conducted. Using single cores, gas-water relative permeabilities were measured to determine the effects of foam. 42 refs., 44 figs., 6 tabs.

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Development of potential uses for the residue from fluidized bed combustion processes. Quarterly Technical Progress report, December 1979-February 1980

The free lime content of the spent bed residue sample from the Georgetown AFB boiler has higher than average free lime, total lime, and magnesium content, and smaller than normal proportion of silica, aluminum, and iron, when compared to previously analyzed spent bed residue samples from other sources. Investigation of the use of spent bed residue as a component of blended cement revealed expansive properties which make such use for conventional concrete construction purposes somewhat questionable. However, these blended cement mixes expand in a predictable manner, show no cracking, and do increase in strength over time, suggesting their application as an expansive concrete for pressure grouting and stowage for mine backfilling. AFB residue/fly ash blends mixed with clay-silt soil exhibit strength development and volume stability characteristics that further recommend the application of such blends as a soil grouting medium. The information and experience obtained in the masonry block demonstration permit an accurate design of mix formulations using AFB residue with conventional block making equipment to meet current ASTM specifications for masonry block. Pre-treatment is necessary in order to develop high-carbon AFB fly ash for use in water treatment applications.

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42-inch diameter producer stream gas clean-up system mathematical model

The purpose of this work is to develop a computer simulation program that will expedite the development and aid in the optimization and scale-up of the Morgantown Energy Technology Center (METC) low-Btu coal gasifier system. The gasifier system includes the METC low-Btu fixed-bed gasifier and the producer gas clean-up system. The producer Gas Clean-Up System Simulation Program, the subject of this report, develops the mathematical models and computational procedures for the material balance calculation around each of the seven major process units that constitute the METC producer gas clean-up system: gas cyclone, humidifier, electrostatic precipitator, hydrolysis unit, direct cooler, Stretford process, and final wash tower.

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Novel concept development of an internal recirculation catalyst for mild gasification

The Institute of Gas Technology (IGT) has conducted a fundamental research program to evaluate a novel process concept for mild coal gasification that uses a   semivolatile''internal recirculation catalyst, which would remain in the gasifier because its vapor pressure is such that it remains in the vapor state in the hotter (char exit) part of the reactor, but condenses in the colder (coal inlet) section. Work was divided into two tasks: Task 1: Laboratory-Scale Tests and Task 2: Bench-Scale Tests. Task 1 was to be conducted using an existing microscale pyrolysis-gas chromatograph-mass spectrometer (PY-GC-MS) method, in order to obtain detailed information on the effects of the selected internal recirculation catalysts, cesium hydroxide and ZnCl{sub 2}, on mild gasification products. An Illinois No. 6 high-volatile bituminous, a Wyodak subbituminous, and a North Dakota lignite, were tested. The remainder of the study was directed towards the investigation of chemical pretreatment methods for mild gasification. Coal pretreated with methanol, ammonia, and n-butylamine was studied in the IFFR, along with untreated samples. The experiments also investigated the effect of CO{sub 2} as a mild gasification gaseous medium, in comparison to inert gases, He and N{sub 2}. A total of nine IFFR experiments were conducted. Task 2 was not undertaken. 33 refs., 21 figs., 49 tabs.

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Measurement and modeling of advanced coal conversion processes

The objectives of this proposed study are to establish the mechanisms and rates of basic steps in coal conversion processes, to integrate and incorporate this information into comprehensive computer models for coal conversion processes, to evaluate these models and to apply them to gasification, mild gasification and combustion in heat engines. This program will be a closely integrated, cooperative effort between AFR and BYU. The program will consist of four tasks: (1) Preparation of Research Plans, (2) Submodel Development and Evaluation, (3) Comprehensive Model Development and Evaluation, and (4) Applications and Implementation. Progress is reported. 90 refs.

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Measurement and modeling of advanced coal conversion processes

The objectives of this proposed study are to establish the mechanisms and rates of basic steps in coal conversion processes, to integrate and incorporate this information into comprehensive computer models for coal conversion processes, to evaluate these models and to apply them to gasification, mild gasification and combustion in heat engines. This program will be a closely integrated, cooperative effort between AFT and BTU. The program will consist of four tasks: (1) Preparation of Research Plans, (2) Submodel Development and Evaluation, (3) Comprehensive Model Development and Evaluation, and (4) Applications and Implementation. Research is described. 123 refs.

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Laminar flow cyclone development program. Quarterly technical progress report, January 1, 1980-March 31, 1980

The principal constraint to high Reynolds number operation is due to boundary layer instability in the radial inflow region. Therefore, a modified model has been built to study the influence of inlet wall heating with the water flow model. This wall heated model of the radial inflow region has been adapted with additional thermocouples, plus insulation of the rim. The data continue to indicate highly stable flow conditions up to the maximum test Reynolds numbers. Work is continuing to further increase the system flow rate.

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Electrocyclone Development Program. Final report

The electrocyclone is an adaptation of a conventional cyclone in which a high-voltage electrode, inside the cyclone, charges the dust particles and provides an electric field which augments the inertial forces driving particles to the cyclone wall. Since the electric field forces do not decrease as the cyclone is made larger, a large (6 to 10 ft) electrocyclone can achieve collection efficiencies comparable to a one or two-ft diameter conventional cyclone. A major result of the Electrocyclone Development Program has been the development of a new high-flow cyclone design. A series of experiments were conducted in which the cyclone dimensions were systematically varied to assess their influence on collection efficiency. As a result, a high-flow cyclone was developed in which the exhaust tube diameter and its penetration into the cyclone were increased. This, plus the addition of a large high-flow inlet scroll, resulted in a cyclone which has four times the flow capacity of conventional high efficiency designs for a given diameter. The efficiency is comparable to conventional designs and the increase in pressure loss was a modest 38%. The ability to handle increased throughput decreases system costs. The electrocyclone was, therefore, reconfigured to include the new high-flow features. At the conclusion of the Electrocyclone Development Program, technical uncertainties regarding the performance of both conventional and electrostatically enhanced cyclones were substantially resolved. Early hopes that New Source Performance Standard for particulate emissions could be met with electrocyclones were not supported by the extensive experimental results. The consequent need for additional stack gas cleanup after the gas turbine is a major disadvantage in cost and complexity relative to other hot gas cleanup devices under development.

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H/sub 2/S removal from coal gas at mid temperature (150 to 200/sup 0/C). Annual report for the period 1 October 1980-30 September 1981

Four potential absorbents: zinc sulfate, nickel, coal ash leachate, and redox reagents, have been identified and evaluated. The ZnSO/sub 4/ absorbent had excellent H/sub 2/S removal capability, and will simultaneously absorb ammonia. However, regeneration of the ZnS has been incomplete, and is expected to be excessively slow. Nickel works best as Ni(OH)/sub 2/. H/sub 2/S removal efficiency is excellent, and regeneration capability is good. Because the absorbent is a slurry, some plugging of the absorption column was noted. The coal ash leachate was simulated with Fe(OH)/sub 3/. This has been found to be the poorest of the absorbents, although its H/sub 2/S absorption efficiency is adequate. Because the absorbent is derived from coal ash, regeneration is not an issue. The redox process has been evaluated in several modes: 2-stage absorption/regeneration with FeNaHEDTA redox reagent, direct oxidation with the redox reagent, and water only direct oxidation, the last of which was found to be unexpectedly effective. The major concern of the processes using the redox reagent is degradation of the organic HEDTA, which was measured and found to require careful control. The water only process, particularly with incorporation of an oxidation catalyst was found to be extremely attractive. Ammonia is simultaneously removed in all modes. Liquid to gas ratios are in the range of existing low temperature H/sub 2/S scrubbing processes. It has been determined that three of the four proposed absorbent processes are potentially attractive for mid-temperature (150 to 200/sup 0/C) H/sub 2/S scrubbing. Because of the potential simplicity of the process it has been decided to pursue the direct-oxidation mode of the Redox process, with and without the redox reagent. It should be noted that the Ni(OH)/sub 2/ and coal ash leachate processes have also shown good promise.

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Simultaneous high-temperature removal of alkali and particulates in a pressurized gasification system. Third quarterly project report, October 1981-December 1981

This program is directed at performing experimental and analytical investigations, deriving system designs, and estimating costs to ascertain the feasibility of using aluminosilicate-based getters for controlling alkali in pressurized gasification systems. Its overall objective is to develop a comprehensive plan for evaluating a scaled-up version of the gettering process as a unit operation or as an integral part of a particulate removal device. This report describes work completed on thermodynamic projections, getter selection and qualification, and system performance projections. Work on the thermodynamic projections has been completed and includes an update of the data base, development of alkali phase diagrams, and projections for several gasification processes. Getter selection and qualification efforts involved eight tests with activated bauxite on the thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) system and a comprehensive getter screening test, along with an activated bauxite run with water vapor on the bench-scale unit. Finally, system performance projections entailed a study that attempted to define reaction stoichiometry for the complex gettering process. Data on the fates of alkali metals (Na and K) in 5 gasification processes are reported, including chemical species in the gas and chemical compounds stable at various temperatures in the ash.

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Modeling of gasification processes. Final report:  distinguished scientist/engineer program. [Single particle]

The major effort was involved with modeling of single particle char burning and gasification, although some work on fluidized bed combustion was also carried out. It was discovered early that the treatment in the literature of single particles and how they burned or gasified was, in general, superficial and certainly not systematic, so that attempts to model complex reactor geometries are frustrated by not knowing how to handle the individual particles. The view of what mathematical modeling is supposed to accomplish is a strong function of the viewer. There are three main ideas about modeling. First, and certainly the most common view, is that a valid model should aid in design. Second, models are devised to explain some previously observed or pathological behavior in a process: thermal run always, difficult start-ups of plants, or completely different behavior than what had been anticipated from a less rational approach. These modeling efforts are always after the fact and are related to the third kind. This kind of modeling is related to learning models, i.e., those models from which one hopes to learn as much in a qualitative way about the process as possible. These models should predict the gross qualitative structure and when tuned with the right parameters be quantitatively correct. This is not the kind of modeling most engineers are attuned to but should be carried out early in the conceptual stages of a process since it should elucidate what the important parameters of a process might be depending upon the sophistication of the model builder. In this report we stress learning models mostly on single particle char burning and gasification. We consider models from the simple to the complex and try to compare the results from the spectrum of model assumptions.

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Cryogenic methane separation/catalytic hydrogasification process analysis. Final technical report, 23 July 1980-23 September 1981

In a continuing effort to further optimize the CS/R (Rockwell) Coal Hydrogasification process and the Exxon Catalytic Coal Gasification (CCG) process, DOE extended the contract study, Cryogenic Methane Separation/Catalytic Hydrogasification Process Analysis (ET-78-C-01-3044). Air Products and Chemicals, Inc. was authorized to perform additional trade-off studies which were of interest to DOE, Rockwell, and Exxon as potential capital and operating cost savings for the two, third generation coal gasification processes. The scope of this contract extension was comprised of two (2) subtasks for the CS/R (Rockwell) process and nine (9) subtasks for the Exxon CCG process. A Task I type screening study was performed for all subtasks. The results of the evaluations are summarized below.

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Computer modeling of mixing and agglomeration in coal-conversion reactors. Final report. Volume II:  User's manual, September 15, 1978-February 28, 1982

The purpose of this volume is to provide information necessary for successful operation of the FLAG code. Section 2 provides instructions for the preparation of data input to the code. Section 3 discusses the output which results from a FLAG run. Section 4 is intended to aid the user by providing detailed descriptions and flow charts of the subroutines in FLAG. Definitions of variables are also included in this section. The auxiliary programs which have been written to produce graphics from the FLAG output files are described in Section 5. Two sample runs, a cold flow and a hot flow case, are discussed in Sections 6 and 7, respectively.

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