AndreaBozzo/ceres-open-data-index huggingface dataset:
Improved Miscible Nitrogen Flood Performance Utilizing Advanced Reservoir Characterization and Horizontal Laterals in a Class I Reservoir ? East Binger (Marchand) Unit

In late April 2000, members of the Binger Operations project team and management held a project start-up meeting in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma. Key issues discussed were the organization of the project team, reporting relationships, accounting procedures and budgeting, initial project goals and task details, and time-lines for work completion. An initial timeline and detailed budget information were supplied to members of the team. Also discussed were selection criteria for a pilot area demonstration project (Task 1.1.1) and the geologic and reservoir data requirements to enhance the model reliability (Task 1.1.2).

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GULF OF MEXICO SEA FLOOR STABILITY AND GAS HYDRATES MONITORING STATION PROJECT

The Center for Marine Resources and Environmental Technology (CMRET) of the University of Mississippi, Oxford campus, has initiated a project to study gas hydrate mounds and hydrocarbon vents in the Gulf of Mexico for the purpose of understanding the relationships between these features and the episodes of sediment instability that threaten the petroleum industry's infrastructure and cost many millions of dollars each year.

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Gas Exploration, Production & Storage

The program goals are: - Near-Term: Recover more from known fields. -Using methods for locating by-passed zones and/or compartments in conventional reservoirs - Mid-Term: Develop E&P technologies to exploit low permeability formations -Reducing costs to drill -Improving success rates in finding gas -Increasing recovery efficiency to achieve profitable wells - Long-Term: Develop knowledge base and advanced technology to encourage exploration from deep gas and gas hydrates

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Valley-Fill Sandstone in the Kootenai Formation on the Crow Indian Reservation, South-Central Montana

The subsurface database has been completed for the project. An ACCESS database converted to PC-Arcview is being used to manage and interpret the data. Well data and base map data have been successfully imported into Arcview and customized to meet the needs of this project. Log tops and other data from all of the exploration wells in the area have been incorporated into the database, except for some wells that have no available logs or other information. All of the four 30? X 60? geologic quadrangles have been scanned to produce a digital surface geologic database for the Crow Reservation and all are nearing completion. Formal technical review prior to publication has been completed for all the quadrangles; Billings, Bridger; Hardin, and Lodge Grass. All four quadrangles have been received from the printer and are nearly ready for distribution. Field investigations were completed during the third quarter, 1997. With the help of a student field assistant from the Crow Tribe, the entire project area was inventoried for the presence of valley-fill deposits in the Kootenai Formation. Field inventory has resulted in the identification of nine exposures of thick valley-fill deposits. These appear to represent at least four major westward-trending valley systems. All the channel localities have been measured and described in detail and paleocurrent data has been collected from all but one locality. In addition, two stratigraphic sections were measured in areas where channels are absent. One channel has bee traced over a distance of about 60 miles and exhibits definite paleostructural control. An abstract describing this channel was submitted and the paper was presented at the Williston Basin Symposium in October, 1998. Surface occurrences of channels have been correlated with subsurface occurrences and subsurface valley-fill isopach maps and structural maps have been completed. These maps identified several potential exploration leads that were evaluated using soil gas geochemistry. The initial sampling program was completed early in early August, 1999. Of three geologic leads identified, one, the Crow Agency prospect, resulted in a significant butane and propane soil geochemical anomaly. Some follow-up sampling was necessary to fully delineate the anomaly. The follow-up sampling is now complete and better defines the extent of the anomaly. Statistical evaluation indicates that surface and soil conditions can not explain the anomaly, and that therefore, it most likely indicates the presence of a subsurface hydrocarbon accumulation.

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Design and Implementation of a co2 Flood Utilizing Advanced Reservoir Characterization and Horizontal Injection Wells in a Shallow Shelf Carbonate Approaching Waterflood Depletion

The first project objective is to utilize reservoir characterization and advanced technologies to optimize the design of a carbon dioxide (C02) project for the South Cowden Unit (SCU) located in Ector County, Texas. The SCU is a mature, relatively small, shallow shelf carbonate unit nearing waterflood depletion. The second project objective is to demonstrate the performance and economic viability of the project in the field. All work during the second quarter falls within the demonstration project.

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Trapping and migration of methane associated with the gas hydrate stability zone at the Blake Ridge Diapir: new insights from seismic data

The Blake Ridge Diapir is the southernmost of a line of salt diapirs along the Carolina trough. Diapirs cause faulting of the superjacent sediments, creating pathways for migration of fluids and gas to the seafloor. We analyzed reflection seismic data from the Blake Ridge Diapir, which is located in a region with known abundant gas hydrate occurrence. A striking feature in these data is a significant shallowing of the base of gas hydrate stability (BGHS) over the center of the diapir: The seafloor is warped up by about 100 m above the diapir, from about 2300 m to about 2200 m. The BGHS, as indicated by a bottom simulating reflection (BSR), is about 4.5 s off the flanks of the diapir, rising to about 4.15 s at the center. Above the diapir, a fault system appears to rise vertically from the BGHS to about 0.05 s below the seafloor (40?50 m,470 ); it then diverges into several steeply dipping faults that breach the seafloor and cover an area ,700 m in diameter. Other secondary faults diverge from the main fault or emerge directly from the BGHS near the crest of the diapir. Gas and other fluids may migrate upward through the faults. We performed complex trace analysis to compare the reflection strength and instantaneous frequency along individual reflections. A low-frequency anomaly over the center of the diapir indicates high seismic attenuation. This is interpreted to be caused by migration of fluids (probably methane) along fault pathways. The migration of gas (i.e. probably mainly methane) through the gas hydrate stability zone is not yet understood. We speculate that pore fluids in the faults may be too warm and too salty to form gas hydrate, even at depths where gas hydrate is stable away from the diapir. Alternatively, gas hydrates may seal the fault walls such that water supply is too low to transform all the gas into gas hydrates. The shallowing of the BSR may reflect increased heatflow above the diapir either caused by the high thermal conductivity of the underlying salt or by advective heat transport along with fluids. High pore water salinity shifts the gas hydrate stability to lower temperatures and may also play a significant role in BSR shallowing. We, therefore, investigated the possible effect of pore water salinity on shallowing of the BSR. We found that BSR shallowing may theoretically be entirely caused by increased salinity over the diapir, although geologically this would not be reasonable. This observation demonstrates the potential importance of pore water salinity for lateral variations of BSR depths, in particular, above salt structures.

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An Investigation to Document Morrow Reservoirs That Can Be Better Detected with Seismic Shear (S) Waves Than With Compressional (P) Waves

Pennsylvanian-age Morrow reservoirs are a key component of a large fluvial-deltaic system that extends across portions of Colorado, Kansas, Oklahoma, and Texas. A problem that operators have to solve in some Morrow plays in this multi-state area is that many of the fluvial channels within the Morrow interval are invisible to seismic compressional (P) waves. This P-wave imaging problem forces operators in such situations to site infill, field-extension, and exploration wells without the aid of 3-D seismic technology.

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Design and Implementation of a co2 Flood Utilizing Advanced Reservoir Characterization and Horizontal Injection Wells in a Shallow Shelf Carbonate Approaching Waterflood Depletion

The first project objective is to utilize reservoir characterization and advanced technologies to optimize the design of a carbon dioxide (CO2) project for the South Cowden Unit (SCU) located in Ector County, Texas. The SCU is a mature, relatively small, shallow shelf carbonate unit nearing waterflood depletion. The second project objective is to demonstrate the performance and economic viability of the project in the field. All work during the second quarter falls within the demonstration project.

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Experimental Deformation of Methane Hydrate: New Results

We have carried out new experiments on the mechanical behavior of methane hydrate, extending our previous low temperature study (Stern et al., Science, vol. 273, p.1843, 1996) to higher temperatures. Samples are synthetic polycrystalline aggregates of pure methane hydrate molded as cylinders about 60 mm long and 25 mm in diameter with an initial porosity of about 30%. Pressurization to remove this porosity and deformation experiments to measure strength were conducted in a standard triaxial gas deformation apparatus, with the pressure vessel immersed in a cryostatic reservoir. Samples are encapsulated in an indium jacket. Internal methane pressure to the sample is controlled through a separate pore pressure line. Differential stress is applied to the end of the sample by a piston moving through sliding seals into the vessel. Stress is measured with an internal force gage.

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Dissociation Kinetics and Phase Stability of Pure Methane Hydrate at 0.1 MPa Methane

Controlled decomposition experiments conducted on pure methane hydrate show that dissociation kinetics and phase stability are strongly dependent on the specific pressure-temperature-time (P-T-t) history of the material. Flow rates and amounts of methane (CH4) gas released during hydrate dissociation to H2O   CH4 were measured over the temperature range 190 to 290 K at 0.1 MPa on samples of polycrystalline methane hydrate. Samples were removed from initially stable conditions of low temperature or elevated pressure by either slow warming of cold material to temperatures above equilibrium conditions of 193 K at 0.1 MPa, or by rapid depressurization from elevated methane pressure to 0.1 MPa. Those samples dissociated by slow warming decomposed readily in bulk to H2O ice   CH4 gas by 205 K, with an additional amount (3- 5%) of CH4 released as temperatures approached 273 K. When destabilized by rapid depressurization to 0.1 MPa at external isothermal conditions of 195<T<231 K, samples degassed steadily at increasing rates with increasing temperature, ranging from over 3 hours for bulk dissociation at 204 K to 12 minutes at 230 K. When rapidly depressurized at 240-270 K however, the bulk of the methane hydrate often persisted metastably for many (>20) hours as dissociation rates slowed markedly after an initial degassing pulse. Upon subsequent warming through 273 K, up to 93% of the expected gas yield was recovered from several of these anomalously preserved samples. Anomalous preservation was particularly pronounced at the warmer test temperatures of 268- 270 K, and may be caused in part by healing of crack networks and by enhanced mobility and annealing of grain boundaries near the ice melting temperature, effects that close off gas migration pathways necessary for sustained and rapid decomposition. Curiously, metastable hydrate made by this technique can be cooled from 270 to 193 K without further decomposition, but upon slow rewarming above 193 K, it readily dissociates near 205 K.

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Laboratory Measurement of Compressional and Shear Wave Speeds Through Methane

Methane hydrate has been directly observed or inferred to exist in continental margin and deep sea sediments around the world as well as in arctic sandstones beneath permafrost. Since methane hydrate is not stable at surface temperatures and pressures, it is very difficult to retrieve intact samples. There is also ample evidence that individual hydrate deposits cover large areas and are complexly distributed in the subsurface. For these reasons, remote sensing techniques are required to study the properties and distribution of natural hydrate accumulations. The most efficient method for exploring large subsurface volumes is seismic reflection profiling. To improve the interpretation of seismic and well log data for hydrate distribution, we are measuring compressional and shear wave speeds through pure, low porosity, polycrystalline methane hydrate samples made in the laboratory. Methane hydrate samples are created by warming granulated ice in a pressurized methane atmosphere from 253 to 293K. After the reaction is complete, temperature and methane pressure are reduced to 277K and 10MPa, respectively (well within the hydrate stability field). Samples are then uniaxially compacted in the synthesis vessel between a fixed and hydraulically-driven piston. Each piston contains either a P- or S-wave piezo-ceramic crystal. The P- and/or S-wave speed through the sample is measured throughout the experiment by dividing the sample length by the signal transit time through the material. Because precursor P-wave signals can be clearly seen in the S-wave data, compressional and shear wave speeds can be measured simultaneously when using the shear wave transducers. Four different techniques are employed to determine the signal transit time. All generally agree to within 1%. Sample length changes are tracked by measuring the position of the hydraulically-driven piston with a displacement transducer. The maximum observed P-wave speeds through six compacted samples range from 3400 to 3700 m/s. The maximum observed S wave speeds in four samples range from 1800 to 1900 m/s. The largest P- and S-wave speeds observed to date (3700 and 1900 m/s) were measured simultaneously using S-wave transducers. Wave speed differences between runs are likely due to differences in final porosity between samples. Calculations suggest that final porosities of <5% have been achieved, but porosity is difficult to measure because material extrudes from the sample chamber during compaction. An annealing or cementing effect is observed when the compaction process is stopped for a few hours. The P- and S-wave speeds through the porous hydrate become larger without the sample length changing significantly. We attribute this observation to bonding between hydrate grains, implying that water molecules on the hydrate surface are mobile. Resuming compaction leads initially to a velocity decrease as the newly formed grain-to-grain bonds are broken. Continued compaction increases the measured wave speeds along the previous, well-defined wave speed vs. sample length trend.

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USING MICROSTRUCTURE OBSERVATIONS TO QUANTIFY FRACTURE PROPERTIES AND IMPROVE RESERVOIR SIMULATIONS

The research for this project, funded by the U.S. Department of Energy, provides new technology to understand and successfully characterize, predict, and simulate reservoir-scale fractures. Such fractures have worldwide importance because of their influence on successful extraction of resources. For example, many conventional U.S. reservoirs yield about one-third of the oil originally in place, but some estimates suggest that reservoirs with naturally occurring fractures yield only about 10 percent of their reserves. This is a serious technical and financial challenge for producers of reservoirs containing natural fractures.

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Mapping and Visualization of Dolomite ?Chimneys? in the Michigan Basin

This report covers the first six months of a 36-month study partially funded by the U. S. Department of Energy to characterize fractures in sedimentary basins. The objective of this study is two-fold: (1) to re-examine the dolomite chimneys in Michigan, particularly with respect to fracture patterns, and (2) to develop tools to examine their spatial patterns and orientations on a basin scale. The major problem with studying Michigan dolomite chimneys is obtaining data. The dolomite zones are difficult to image seismically, and rarely offer any clue to their presence prior to penetration by the drill. Historically, many of the Michigan fields were found by development drilling once a field had been discovered using conventional techniques. Deep River (Figure 2), for example, was ?discovered? by deepening the overlying Stray gas play down to the Dundee (Rogers City) Formation, discovering production in a small anticline there, and then stumbling onto the productive chimney during development. This was not atypical, and Michigan is fortunate that earlier generations of drillers and well-site geologists were expert in detecting these anomalous features and were diligent in recording their occurrence. What they recorded was the first occurrence of ?top of porosity? on their scout tickets and driller's reports. This was essentially the dolomite zone, but was reported as though it was a unique formation top pick. As a result, the data today are archived in hundreds of thousands of paper reports covering drilling activity from the early 1930?s to the present. These first had to be located and rendered into a manageable form. Consequently, a secondary objective of this study was to gather the data in a digital form and organize it in databases. Having done that, it was then necessary to develop means of displaying the data. Although commercial software packages (GeoGraphix, GeoQuest, etc.) are available, they are expensive and require considerable training and administrative overhead. It was decided to develop the visualization aspects of the study in ArcView, a standard GIS package that is versatile and affordable. It was also decided to develop a viewer that users could obtain as freeware or shareware to view the results of this project.

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Improved Oil Recovery In Fluvial Dominated Deltaic Reservoirs of Kansas

Common oil field problems exist in fluvial dominated deltaic reservoirs in Kansas. The problems are poor waterflood sweep efficiency and lack of reservoir management. The poor waterflood sweep efficiency is due to 1) reservoir heterogeneity, 2) channeling of injected water through high permeability zones or fractures, and 3) clogging of injection wells due to solids in the injection water. In many instances the lack of reservoir management results from 1) poor data collection and organization, 2) little or no integrated analysis of existing data by geological and engineering personnel, 3) the presence of multiple operators within the field, and 4) not identifying optimum recovery techniques. This project involves two demonstration projects, one in a Morrow reservoir located in the southwestern part of the state and the second in the Cherokee Group in eastern Kansas. Morrow reservoirs of western Kansas are still actively being explored and constitute an important resource in Kansas. Cumulative oil production from the Morrow in Kansas is over 200,000,000 bbls. Much of the production from the Morrow is still in the primary stage and has not reached the mature declining stage of that in the Cherokee. The Cherokee Group has produced about 1 billion bbls of oil since the first commercial production began over a century ago. Many of the reservoirs are operated close to the economic limit, although the small units and low production per well are offset by low costs associated with the shallow nature of the reservoirs (less than 1000 ft. deep). The project is being conducted in a cooperative manner involving University of Kansas scientists, engineers, and geologists and independent oil operators. Different independent oil operators operate the two demonstration sites. The Stewart Morrow Field is located in Finney County, Kansas and is operated by PetroSantander, Inc. This field was in the latter stage of primary production at the beginning of this project and is currently being waterflooded as a result of this project. The Nelson Lease (an existing waterflood) is located in Allen County, Kansas, in the N.E. Savonburg Field and is operated by James E. Russell Petroleum, Inc. The objective is to increase recovery efficiency and economics in these types of reservoirs. The technologies being applied to increase waterflood sweep efficiency are 1) in situ permeability modification treatments, 2) infill drilling, 3) pattern changes, and 4) air flotation to improve water quality. The technologies being applied to improve reservoir management are 1) database development, 2) reservoir simulation, 3) transient testing, 4) database management, and 5) integrated geological and engineering analysis.

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Appendix 6 Coring Summary (DPI) Rock Island #4-H

Special consideration was given for the abrasive fracture formation, high mud weights, and extra wear to the shoulder and gage of the bit associated with a horizontal application We chose 9 stones per carat, versus 12 stones to increase penetration in the high? 15 lb drilling fluid The best quality natural diamonds were used (J stones) for their abrasion resistance. A T.F A. of.45 was designed to provide a 250 psi pressure for proper bit cleaning and cooling. This would also give us a large enough pressure drop so we could adequately monitor the standpipe for fluctuations, which might indicate a jammed core barrel.

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A seismic-reflection investigation of gas hydrates and sea-floor features of the upper continental slope of the Garden Banks and Green Canyon regions, northern Gulf of Mexico: Report for cruise G1-99-GM (99002)

During April 1999, the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) conducted a 13-day cruise in the Garden Banks and Green Canyon regions of the Gulf of Mexico (Figures 1 and 2). The R/V Gyre, owned by Texas A&M University, was chartered for the cruise. The general objectives were (1) to acquire very high resolution seismic-reflection data and side-scan sonar images of the upper and middle continental slope (200-1200-m water depths), (2) to study the acoustic character and features of the sea floor for evidence of sea-floor hazards, and (3) to look for evidence of subsurface gas hydrates and their effects.

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DOWNHOLE DRILLING MOTORS: TECHNICAL REVIEW

Downhole drilling motors were first tested in the oil industry in 1873. These early motors had low power out put and did not deliver sufficient torque to operate rock bits effectively. In the early 1920's, turbo drill development projects were initiated in the United  States and in Russia. Standard Oil Company of California began testing multi stage, axial - flow turbo drills which were the fore runners of those used today. At that time, the Russians worked on high - speed, single - stage turbines which utilized speed reducers to produce lower bit speeds. The Russians encountered many problems with the speed reducers in these high - speed turbines. Consequently, they switched to the low-speed multi stage turbo drills in the 1930's. By the early 1950's, the Russians had developed these turbo drills to the point where they were drilling 80 percent of their wells with them.

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