AndreaBozzo/ceres-open-data-index huggingface dataset:
DOE-Funded "Smart" Drilling Prototype On Track for Commercialization

A Department of Energy-sponsored technology that allows natural gas and oil explorers to drill safer, more productive wells by using a high-speed, down-hole communications system has crossed a major milestone: A prototype is being successfully tested in a full-scale commercial well for the first time, putting it on the fast track to commercialization. The technology, called Intellipipe(TM), is able to transmit large bits of data to the surface as a well is being drilled. About 1 million bits of information including temperature, geology, pressure, and rate of penetration can be transmitted in a single second, which is unprecedented. The tool relays data going in the other direction just as quickly, allowing operators to direct the drill bit more precisely toward oil- and gas-bearing sweet spots, and away from less productive areas almost instantaneously.

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COMPARISON OF METHANE GAS HYDRATE FORMATION ON PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF FINE- AND COARSE-GRAINED SEDIMENTS

Field, laboratory, and theoretical analyses of methane hydrate are in general agreement that the presence of methane hydrate in natural sediments changes the physical properties of the sediment. It is much less clear how and why these changes occur. Among the discrepancies and controversies that exist are if and how cementation occurs, what role grain size plays, temporal relations of formation, whether water saturation is significant, and whether it matters if hydrate forms from a dissolved phase (as inferred in the natural environment) or from a free-gas phase (as conducted in most laboratory experiments).

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Natural Fracture Diagnostics Validation

The goal of this project is to evaluate the ability of modern seismic methods to detect, map and analyze naturally fractured gas reservoirs, and assess future research needs in this area.  During the last ten years there has been considerable research in developing and evaluating various seismic techniques for fracture characterization for petroleum and gas applications as well as for mining, geothermal and nuclear waste disposal. Current methods rely on gross definition of fracture properties using attributes such as P-wave anisotropy, AVO (Amplitude versus Offset) or AVA (Amplitude versus Angle). While useful for gross fracture detection, these approaches have not been able to define the specific fracture sets that control permeability. This effort investigated high-resolution seismic methods (including vertical seismic profiling [VSP] and single well seismic) for their ability to provide useful information on fracture properties. A key focus of this effort was to combine the surface seismic information with current borehole seismic methods. Field studies in the San Juan Basin in New Mexico were conducted to validate the most promising seismic characterization methods, and a validation well was drilled. The final stages of the work were to synthesize project data and information to produce a handbook of the best methods for fracture characterization using seismic and well data in the San Juan Basin.

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Development of an Advanced Approach of Next- Generation, Integrate Reservoir Characterization

The strategic objective of the project was to develop a new procedure to create high-resolution 3-D reservoir characterizations (less than five feet vertical resolution) that are significantly less uncertain and more accurate than previous Geostatistical approaches, are linked to geologic principles and rock physics, and that are presented directly in terms of the engineering parameters needed for reservoir simulation (i.e. porosity, fluid saturations, permeability). An additional goal was to validate and demonstrate the practical application of the high-resolution 3-D reservoir characterization methods in a producing oil field.

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RESERVIOR CHARECTERIZATION OF ANTELOPE SHALE AND BELRIDGE DIATOMITE

The project conducted extensive reservoir characterization to evaluate the potential for CO2 flooding of the reservoirs. Phase I focused on reservoir characterization of the Antelope and Brown shales, however the results indicated that very low oil saturation at Buena Vista Hills field did make it a viable candidate for CO2 recovery. Phase II was conducted at Lost Hills field. The application of state-of-the-art reservoir characterization and reservoir management? techniques attempted to establish the viability of CO2 enhanced oil recovery. The reservoir characterization phase at Buena Vista Hills field produced several firsts. The first coreflood analysis of siliceous shales compiled data from 160 wells into a database. The first high-resolution crosswell reflection images of any oil field in the San Joaquin Valley were made. The project demonstrated the first successful application of the TomoSeis acquisition system in siliceous shales. The study at Buena Vista Hills was the first detailed reservoir characterization of the Brown and Antelope siliceous shales in the San Joaquin Valley. Chevron made numerous Technology Transfer workshops, presentations and publications making knowledge of the siliceous shales available to the public for the first time. Transfer of the project to Lost Hills Field for Phase II provided the opportunity to conduct and publish a detailed reservoir characterization of the Belridge Diatomite. The Belridge Diatomite has an unusual composition and characteristics. It has high oil saturation (50%) and high porosity (45%-70%), but low permeability ? 1 millidarcy). CO2 flood production forecasts generated by Chevron's proprietary reservoir simulation software suggested that CO2 injectivity is two to three times greater than water or steam.

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Coal Bed Natural Gas Handbook

With the rapid increase in Coal Bed Natural Gas (CBNG) development during the second half of the 1990?s has come an increasing concern from operators and government land managers over how to properly address the many issues, especially environmental issues, that are unique and singular to this development. It is important for operators, government land managers, and regulators to recognize that the operating parameters, production techniques, and environmental issues associated with CBNG are not only different from conventional oil and gas development, but that these elements can also vary, especially in the Western States, from state to state and basin to basin. The many differences associated with the development and production of CBNG, both from a regional aspect and as compared to conventional oil and gas, has created the need for a means to develop a consistent approach in addressing the complexities of CBNG development. This need for adopting a consistent approach in addressing the unique production and environmental aspects associated with CBNG is the basis of this project, the development of a comprehensive CBNG Handbook. This CBNG Handbook serves as the means for informing operators, government land managers, and regulators on issues that are not only unique to CBNG development, but are unique to a particular state, area of operation, or basin. The Handbook serves as an informational reference by providing summaries on such elements as environmental resources that are common in the Western States and by listing additional useful or vital sources of information that exist in the public domain, especially those sources that are available electronically and therefore most accessible. This CBNG Handbook is to serve as guidance to stakeholders. Because of the differences and complexities associated with CBNG production, many states have adopted the requirement for a CBNG development plan or project plan. CBNG operations on federal lands and minerals may require that an Environmental Assessment (EA) be conducted. This comprehensive CBNG Handbook serves as both an informational and guidance document and perhaps most importantly it serves as an aid to stakeholders to help them focus limited environmental resources where they are most needed.

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TIME-LAPSE SEISMIC MODELING AND INVERSION OF CO2 SATURATION FOR  SEQUESTRATION AND ENHANCED OIL RECOVERY

The goal of this project is to improve current methods of rock physics and time-lapse seismic reflection modeling for CO2 sequestration and miscible CO2 floods in oil and gas reservoirs, and to develop new strategies to invert such data to estimate changes in pressure, oil saturation, water saturation, and CO2 saturation over time. The project consists of three phases. In Phase I new ways to calculate fluid properties of oil-water-CO2 mixtures under varying reservoir conditions are being investigated. A thorough literature search has revealed two major approaches for accomplishing this: using either an equation-of-state (EOS) formulation or molecular dynamics simulations. These two approaches are being compared for robustness and accuracy. A preliminary EOS formulation has been developed that is capable of calculating bulk fluid properties from multiple liquid and gas phases for supercritical CO2 mixtures. In Phase II this EOS is being used to perform 1-D time-lapse seismic modeling by calculating changes in well-log velocities and densities under varying CO2 saturations and pressures. In addition, progress has been made in building a 3-D seismic modeling tool that can be used to predict time-lapse seismic anomalies in 3-D field data. In Phase III, a method is being developed to invert time-lapse seismic anomalies to yield maps of CO2 saturation and pressure changes over time. The first step of this method which generates seismic attributes as a function of CO2 saturation and pressure changes, including changes in both miscible and free CO2 levels has been completed.

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Marginal Expense Oil Well Wireless Surveillance MEOWS - Phase II

A marginal expense oil well wireless surveillance system to monitor system performance and production from rod-pumped wells in real time from wells operated by Vaquero Energy in the Edison Field, Main Area of Kern County in California has been successfully designed and field tested. The surveillance system includes a proprietary flow sensor, a programmable transmitting unit, a base receiver and receiving antenna, and a base station computer equipped with software to interpret the data. First, the system design is presented. Second, field data obtained from three wells is shown. Results of the study show that an effective, cost competitive, real-time wireless surveillance system can be introduced to oil fields across the United States and the world.

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BENCHMARKING DEEP DRILLING

Schlumberger Data and Consulting Services was contracted by the United States Department of Energy, Office of Fossil Energy, National Energy Technology Laboratory to provide current drilling technology and cost benchmarks, thereby providing a base reference point from which current research and development can be better focused and future industry developments can be better recognized. This work included identifying locations, targeted reservoirs, and operators of wells with true vertical depths (TVD?s) greater than 15,000 feet deep in the U.S. drilled during the last 5-7 years, categorizing these wells by completion method, and determining representative type wells. Numerous operators were requested to provide information on drilling and completion, data monitoring and management, well control, and tubulars. Results of this information gathering effort have been tabulated and condensed in this final report.

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Characterization of Gulf of Mexico Sediment in Hydrate and Non-Hydrate Bearing Cores Using Specific Surface Area

Specific surface area (SSA) measurements made on four cores recovered in the Mississippi Canyon region of the Gulf of Mexico suggest that SSA is not a controlling factor in hydrate formation. SSA was determined using the single point Brunauer, Emmett, and Teller (B.E.T.) method on a Quantachrome Quantasorb Sorption System. This method uses thermal conductivity to measure the volume of nitrogen adsorbed and desorbed from the sample surface.

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DEVELOPMENT OF FINE PARTICULATE EMISSION FACTORS AND SPECIATION PROFILES FOR OIL- AND GAS-FIRED COMBUSTION SYSTEMS

In 1997, the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) promulgated new National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) for particulate matter (PM), including for the first time particles with aerodynamic diameter smaller than 2.5 micrometers (?m) referred to as PM2.5. PM2.5 in the atmosphere also contributes to reduced atmospheric visibility, which is the subject of existing rules for siting emission sources near Class 1 areas and new Regional Haze rules. There are few existing data regarding emissions and characteristics of fine aerosols from oil, gas and power generation industry combustion sources, and the information that is available is generally outdated and incomplete. Primary aerosol includes both filterable particles that are solid or liquid aerosols at stack temperature plus those that form as the stack gases cool through mixing and dilution processes in the plume downwind of the source. Traditional stationary source air emission sampling methods tend to underestimate or overestimate the contribution of the source to ambient aerosols because they do not properly account for primary aerosol formation, which occurs after the gases leave the stack. These deficiencies in the current methods can have significant impacts on regulatory decision-making. PM2.5 measurement issues were extensively reviewed by the American Petroleum Institute (API) (England et al., 1998), and it was concluded that dilution sampling techniques are more appropriate for obtaining a representative particulate matter sample from combustion systems for determining PM2.5 emission rate and chemical speciation. These techniques have been widely used in recent research studies. For example, Hildemann et al. (1994) and McDonald et al. (1998) used filtered ambient air to dilute the stack gas sample followed by 80-90 seconds residence time to allow aerosol formation and growth to stabilize prior to sample collection and analysis. More accurate and complete emissions data generated using the methods developed in this program will enable more accurate source-receptor and source apportionment analysis for PM2.5 NAAQS implementation and streamline the environmental assessment of oil, gas and power production facilities. The U.S. Department of Energy National Energy Technology Laboratory (DOE/NETL), California Energy Commission (CEC), Gas Research Institute (GRI), New York State Energy Research and Development Authority (NYSERDA) and the API jointly funded this project.

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Marginal Expense Oil Well Wireless Surveillance MEOWS - Phase II

A marginal expense oil well wireless surveillance system to monitor system performance and production from rod-pumped wells in real time from wells operated by Vaquero Energy in the Edisoil Field, Main Area of Kern County California has been successfully designed and field tested. The surveillance system includes a proprietary flow sensor, a programmable transmitting unit, a base receiver and receiving antenna, and a base station computer equipped with software to interpret the data. First, the system design is presented. Second, field data obtained from three wells is shown.  Results of the show that an effective, cost competitive, real time wireless surveillance system can be introduced to oil fields across the United States and the world.

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TECHNOLOGY ASSESSMENT FOR DOWNHOLE VIBRATION MONITORING & CONTROL SYSTEM

The objective of this project is to develop an autonomous downhole system to monitor the vibration induced by the process of drilling oil and gas wells, and use these measurements to control an active vibration damper (AVD). The overall system is called the Downhole Vibration Monitoring and Control System, or DVMCS. Use of the DVMCS will significantly reduce the vibration of at the bit and through the entire bottomhole assembly (BHA). This, in turn, will provide significant improvements in the efficiency of the drilling process through several mechanisms: ? By keeping the bit from bouncing, the drilling process can proceed 100% of the time, rather than intermittently. ? By adjusting the stiffness of the damper, the weight actually applied to the bit (WOB) can be maintained in the optimal range, enhancing the efficiency of drilling, and increasing the rate of penetration (ROP). ? By reducing the harmful effects of shock and vibration in the drillstring, the AVD will reduce the likelihood of costly failures of components including drill bits, motors, and expensive measurement-while-drilling (MWD) systems.

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Multidisciplinary Imaging of Rock Properties in Carbonate Reservoirs for Flow-Unit Targeting

The elements of the research carried out on Fullerton field are presented in six chapters. In the first chapter, Ruppel and Jones describe the depositional facies and sequence stratigraphy of the reservoir based on integrated study of outcrops and subsurface data from Fullerton field. They also describe the key steps in using outcrop- and core-based facies-stacking patterns and wireline log response relationships to develop a robust reservoir framework having sufficient resolution and accuracy to form the basis for reservoir modeling and simulation. In addition, they document the products of digenesis and using three-dimensional relationships of geochemical and porosity distribution data suggest models for dolomitization and porosity development. Finally, they describe the use of two modern techniques for improved reservoir imaging: (1) borehole imaging logs for improved definition of facies distribution and cycles, and (2) 3D seismic data, to better define the distribution of reservoir porosity.

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Implementing a Novel Cyclic Co2 Flood in Paleozoic Reefs

The primary goals of this project are to demonstrate that significant quantities of by-passed hydrocarbons can be recovered from pinnacle reefs using a novel CO2 cycling technology by conducting a field demonstration; identify abandoned or shut-in reefs that are suitable candidates for similar recovery efforts; and communicate the project results and data to small independent producers via an aggressive technology transfer program.

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Advanced Mud System for Microhole Coiled Tubing Drilling

Bandera Petroleum Exploration LLC and Impact Technologies LLC, as joint investigators, developed an advanced mud system for microhole coiled tubing drilling. This status report is a conclusion of budget period I and reports the completion of concept  development and basic design(s) for the System.  The system as conceived and presented herein includes the follow following components: pumps to convey drilling fluids downhole; system to process return well fluids ; method to drill a hole in rock with an abrasive laden fluid. The system is compact, portable, and readily adaptable to a MHT CT rig.

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Seismic Evaluation of Hydrocarbon Saturation in Deep-Water Reservoirs

Our several lines of research are beginning to converge for our Seismic Hydrocarbon Evaluation of Deep-Water Reservoir studies. After considerable effort, seismic data, logs, and core data sets have been obtained for several offshore areas. We are examining several aspects of hydrocarbon assessment including complex layering, fluid properties, attenuation and frequency content. For example, one interesting area has a stack of both productive and uneconomic zones. Seismic data correctly identifies productive reservoirs, but fails to differentiate the uneconomic zones. Fluid properties calculated for realistic conditions show that simple small gas saturations or ?Fizz Gas? cannot be responsible for these false indications.

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Risk Reduction with a Fuzzy Expert Exploration Tools

Expert systems are artificial intelligence tools that store and implement expert opinions and methods of analysis. The goal of this project was to test and prove the ability of expert systems to enhance the exploration process and to allow the rapid, simultaneous evaluation of numerous prospects. The project was designed to create two case-study fuzzy expert exploration (FEE) tools, one for the Lower Brushy Canyon formation of the New Mexico portion of the Delaware Basin, and the second for the Siluro-Devonian carbonates of southeast New Mexico.

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Carbon Sequestration - A Community Focus Group Study Of Attitudes In Williston, North Dakota

In April 2005, representatives of the Plains CO2 Reduction (PCOR) Partnership, led by the Energy & Environmental Research Center (EERC) at the University of North Dakota, held two focus groups in Williston, North Dakota. A total of sixteen people participated; seven on April 20 and nine on April 21. The purpose of the focus group research was to gain insight into the public perception of carbon sequestration from two groups representative of citizens in the north-central Williston basin, an area with potential for both geological and terrestrial sequestration projects. Focus group participants were shown a 30-minute informational video developed by the PCOR Partnership and entitled ?Nature in the Balance ? CO2 Sequestration,? introducing participants to the greenhouse effect, anthropogenic CO2 emissions, and terrestrial and geologic sequestration. These concepts were discussed in the context of activities in the PCOR Partnership region. Prior to the focus group sessions, participants provided demographic and attitudinal information. Audio and video recordings were made of the sessions.

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Carbon Separation And Capture

This report provides a qualitative summary of a large number of existing and emerging processes that could be used to separate CO2 from combustion gases for the purpose of controlling carbon emissions. The largest sources of concern are fossil-fuel-fired electric generating plants. Cited studies comparing the application of commercial gas separation processes to these plants indicate very high cost and performance penalties for existing pulverized-coal (pc)-fired plants. Natural gas-fired combined-cycle plants are also severely impacted because of the sensitivity to reduced efficiency associated with high fuel cost. Much lower cost and performance penalties are indicated for coal-fired integrated gasification combined-cycle (IGCC) plants, where CO2 capture can be integrated into the design. The time line for adoption of CO2 capture depends critically on policy incentives to address the economic and technical risks. Coal-fired IGCC plants with provision for sequestration-ready CO2 separation are on the near horizon to supply the growing CO2 demand for enhanced oil recovery (EOR). Applications for new or existing pc-fired plants will require substantial improvements in technologies under development or very large policy incentives. The assessment presented in this report provides a snapshot of the rapidly changing developments that are in progress.

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Advanced Reservoir Imaging Using Frequency-Dependent Seismic Attributes

Our project goal is to develop innovative seismic-based technology that quantifies frequency- and angle-dependent seismic amplitude attributes in terms of the reservoir’s composition, in particular in terms of rock properties such as permeability and fluid viscosity. These attributes, coupled with multi-trace seismic attribute technology will also increase the accuracy and resolution of the reservoir’s delineation. Our new technology also includes improving target-oriented processing to preserve the frequency content of the propagating wavelet for wide-angle reflections.

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