AndreaBozzo/ceres-open-data-index huggingface dataset:
Fractures in oriented Devonian-shale cores from the Appalachian Basin. Vol. 1

Examination of thirteen oriented Devonian-shale cores from the Appalachian Basin revealed considerable fracturing and shearing at depth. Fracture frequency and orientation measurements were made on the fractures in each core. Fractures and associated structures were differentiated into core-induced fractures, unmineralized natural fractures, mineralized natural fractures, slickensided fractures, and slickenlines. Core-induced fractures exhibit a consistent northeast orientation both aerially and with depth. This consistency indicates the presence of an anisotropy which is interpreted to be related to an east to northeast trending maximum compressive stress developed in eastern North America by the convective flow in the mantle associated with spreading along the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. Natural fracture, slickenside, and slickenline orientations are related to: (1) northwest directed tectonic compressive stresses associated with Alleghenies deformation, (2) stresses associated with local faulting, and (3) the same east to northeast maximum compressive stress responsible for the core-induced fractures. Higher frequencies of natural fractures and slickensides are associated primarily with incompetent, high-organic shales. Natural fractures occur most frequently in the Marcellus Shale, Tully Limestone, Geneseo Shale, West Falls Formation, and the Lower Huron Member of the Ohio Shale. Slickensided fractures occur most frequently in the Marcellus Shale, Tully Limestone, Geneseo Shale, West Falls Formation, base of the Java Formation, and Lower Huron and Cleveland Members of the Ohio Shale. These observations are consistent with a fracture facies concept that proposes fracture development in shales that have acted as decollement zones during Alleghenian deformation. Detailed reports are included in Volume 2 for each of the thirteen cores investigated. 25 figures, 4 tables.

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Laboratory study for removal of organic sulfur from coal. Final report

Following the introduction which contains a description of the Gravimelt Process and Project Statement of Work, a description of laboratory experimental equipment and a detailed discussion of the results is presented. Initial and concluding engineering design and cost estimations are presented in the following section. The last two sections contain recommendations for future work and an appendix of laboratory data. The TRW Gravimelt Process involves the treatment of mine-cleaned coal with molten potassium and or sodium hydroxide to chemically extract both organic and pyritic sulfur into the molten alkali. The coal mineral content is broken down to forms insoluble in water but soluble in a second liquid, usually dilute sulfuric acid. The high density of the melt causes the desulfurized coal to float to the surface, where it is skimmed off. The coal is then washed with water to completely recover the alkali metal and the coal is dried. If the coal is next washed with a second liquid, almost all of the mineral matter is extracted into the solution.

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Fractures in oriented Devonian-shale cores from the Appalachian Basin. Volume II. Appendices

Thirteen cores from wells located throughout the Appalachian Basin were examined. Volume 2 contains self-contained reports summarizing fracture data obtained on each of the cores. Each report discusses, in detail, the fracture types and fracture patterns described in that particular core, and it relates the fractures to local structure and regional tectonics. A brief discussion of gas production from the Devonian shale in the well is also included in each report.

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Investigations of enhanced oil recovery through use of carbon dioxide. First annual report, October 1, 1980-September 30, 1981

Extensive modifications in both physical facilities and experimental equipment have extended capabilities in the area of low flow rate and gravity stable displacements. Consolidated core floods may be made now at high water saturations in 6-ft Berea sandstone cores to permit the study of CO/sub 2/ injection as a tertiary recovery process. All displacements during the period have involved reconstituted crude from the Brookhaven Field (Mississippi). These consisted of 2 runs in 6-ft Berea cores and 15 runs in 20-ft sand packs. Based upon these data, it is concluded that (1) a second (presumed liquid) phase develops at 109 F which consists of CO/sub 2/ and C17-C28 hydrocarbons and is not miscibly displaced, (2) CO/sub 2/ can bank up discontinuous residual oil in a watered-out system, (3) an increase in displacement temperature causes a significant increase in minimum miscibility pressure, and (4) definitive interpretation of compositional data can be made only when such data are taken during gravity stable displacements.

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Development of a fast fluid-bed gasifier, Phase II-A. Task 1 - Subtask 1. 3, engineering study of coal handling system

HRI conducted this performance study of the Vac-U-Max coal transfer system, along with a companion study of alternative systems, as part of Contract DE-AC-05-80-ET10259. The Vac-U-Max is a pneumatic conveying system which transfers pulverized coal, and was an important link in the coal handling system during Fast Fluid Bed gasifier operations. During these operations the Vac-U-Max system experienced several periods of erratic performance. Vac-U-Max performance data was not collected under carefully controlled test conditions in these earlier operations and, due to this paucity of information, we could not derive a satisfactory explanation for the erratic coal transfer periods. For this reason, we conducted the study described in this report to determine whether or not the problem was inherent to the Vac-U-Max system and, if so, to find alternative systems which could satisfactorily transfer pulverized coal during Fast Fluid Bed Gasifier operation. It was concluded that the Vac-U-Max pneumatic conveying system appears to be capable of meeting the design coal transfer rate of 2000 lbs per hour. Our examination of the test data indicated the following: elevating the pick up point from grade level to a 12-foot height does not substantially improve material transfer rates; coal moisture content ranging from 2 to 8 W % did not substantially affect transfer rates during any part of the test period; and clean filters and adequate maintenance of the equipment, together with a sufficient flow of diluent nitrogen, appear to be the most important factors affecting performance of the unit. Since the Vac-U-Max operated satisfactorily during the tests we did not evaluate alternative conveying equipment beyond the preliminary steps described.

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Atmospheric fluidized-bed projects technology overview. [36 references]

This Atmospheric Fluidized-Bed Combustion (AFBC) Technology Overview describes the accomplishments of the DOE AFBC program during fiscal year 1980. The report addresses the methodology by which DOE-funded projects achieved the goals and objectives of this program. It reviews the status of the technology, identifies areas where further development or research is required, and identifies projects where this work is currently being addressed or will be addressed. The primary goal of the DOE AFBC program is to develop a comprehensive data base in fluidized-bed combustion that will provide industry, both manufacturers and users, with information to enable them to decrease their use of oil by the substitution of fuels readily available within the US. The objectives of the program include demonstrating process reliability with numerous fuels, developing an operating/maintenance cost data base, and developing the technology in those areas where demonstrations show further work is required. In addition, tests are sponsored in areas where further data is required to verify or expand the existing technology data base. Concepts offering significant improvements to the FBC technology are explored as part of this program. Current program issues include feed systems, heat transfer, recycle, air-distributor grid design, ignition characteristics, output control, particulate emissions, reliability, and fuel flexibility.

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LLL gas stimulation program. Quarterly progress report, October--December 1978

Two-dimensional models were used to analyze the behavior of hydraulically pressurized fractures near well bonded interfaces that are located between two materials. Specifically, ways of how existing small fractures interact with a pressurized fracture were analyzed, including some effects of branching and blunting of the pressurized fracture. The strain field along on interface caused by a pressurized fracture near that interface is also discussed. Analysis of the well-test data from the Mobile Piceance Creek Unit Well F31-136 was continued to analyze the effects of a finite conductivity fracture. Results of this analysis show that it is impossible to uniquely determine whether the pressure buildup characteristics are controlled by skin-damage ''scum''or by finite conductivity in the crack. In addition, polyaxial experiments to determine the effects of principal stress magnitudes in Dresser Basalt confirm that fracture geometry is strongly controlled by principal stress magnitude. 22 figures, 2 tables.

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Low interfacial tension and miscibility studies for surfactant tertiary oil recovery processes. Annual report, December 1, 1979-November 30, 1980

Polymer addition to an aqueous surfactant solution causes phase separation when the solution is initially a single liquid crystalline phase or a dispersion of liquid crystal in brine but not when the solution is an isotropic phase containing no liquid crystal. The resistance of randomly coiled polymer molecules to configurational change is the underlying cause of the phase separation. These results provide a basis for understanding and subsequently eliminating phase separation due to polymer-surfactant interactions in micellar-polymer recovery processes. A theory of drop size in microemulsions has been developed which includes an improved model of the surfactant films at the drop surfaces. Its most significant novel feature is a lattice model of the hydrocarbon chain region of the film which allows the amount of oil penetrating the film to be determined. The first portion of the theory discussed herein deals with nonionic surfactants. It predicts, among other things, the effect of oil chain length on drop size and inversion conditions. The theory thus offers good prospects of explaining for the first time the observed alkane carbon number effect on microemulsion behavior. A novel concept for reducing sensitivity of ultralow interfacial tensions to salinity is being investigated. It is discussed fully in an appendix to the report.

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Dunn-Nokota Methanol Project, Dunn County, North Dakota. Volume III. Market analysis. [Proposed methanol project near Dunn Center, North Dakota]

The major objective of this market analysis study was to identify and quantify the markets that could use the methanol produced from the Dunn-Nokota project if it were reliably available at competitive prices. Analysis of the traditional chemical markets for methanol indicated that the large quantities of methanol to be produced could not be totally marketed to the chemical industry. Only a small portion of the plant's output will most likely move into this market. Thus, other markets had to be investigated for potential use of methanol. Since methanol is an excellent liquid fuel, the fuel markets became the logical focus for these investigations. The analysis of the fuel markets indicated that methanol could generally be used to replace conventional hydrocarbon fuels. This would include direct substitution in gasoline and diesel engines for transportation uses, and gas turbines and boilers for utility power generation and industrial use. Methanol could also be mixed with gasoline or diesel fuel for transportation use. The premium fuel market for methanol will be as a low percentage (probably 4% to 8% by volume) blend component in unleaded gasoline. It most likely will be used as an octane enhancer, although it could be used in significant quantities as a gasoline extender should gasoline supplies become scarce. Other fuel uses will result in a significant decrease in return to Nokota. The other fuel uses considered to have a potential for methanol penetration include direct burning in gasoline engines, replacement for distillate fuel for peak power generation and industrial boiler fuel, and as a substitute or extender for diesel fuel in transit bus fleets or railroad locomotive engines. The breakeven values required before methanol would begin penetrating any of the above fuel markets have been estimated by Purvin and Gertz.

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Dunn-Nokota Methanol Project, Dunn County, North Dakota. Volume VII. Environmental and socioeconomic assessments. [Proposed methanol project near Dunn Center, North Dakota]

This section presents the analysis of the impacts of the construction and operation of the proposed plant, mine, and utility corridor on the existing environment. Many of the analyses are based on assumptions regarding the amount of land disturbance during project operation; these assumptions are summarized in Table 5.0-1. The analyses also assume that reclamation of lands disturbed by mining and associated activities will proceed in an environmentally sound manner and as contemporaneously as practicable with the surface coal mining operations. Although the reclamation law requires all reclamation through initial planting to be complete no later than 3 years from completion of mining operations, it is expected that reclamation through seeding will be complete within 2 years of mining. Following seeding, it is expected that approximately 5 years will be needed to establish a vegetative cover and growth that will be equal to or better than that which existed prior to mining. Therefore, the impact analysis assumes that the period from initial mining disturbance through reclamation is 7 years. The reclamation law, however, requires the mine operator to assume responsibility for successful reclamation for 10 years after final seeding. This volume also deals with the plant water supply; product transport by pipeline, railway and trucks; and contains a bibliography.

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Coalbed Methane Geostatistical Analysis Project: Oak Grove, Alabama. Final report

The purpose of the coalbed methane geostatistical study was to identify correlations between geologic parameters and gas production for wells completed in the Oak Grove field in Alabama. The study area consisted of 23 wells in the primary degasification grid and 15 wells adjacent to the grid. All data obtained from reports from lineament maps were screened for consistency and accuracy prior to any analyses being performed. The primary analysis of the data consisted of multivariate statistical procedures. The intent of the analysis was to provide information on what effects various geologic and lineament variables had on gas production. It was also intended that the variables having the most important effects on gas production be identified and used for predicting production categories. Principal components analysis was used to establish the well groupings. Results indicated that wells could be grouped based upon two primary criteria: (1) the well's overall production and (2) a comparison of the early production of a well relative to the production realized later in its life. In effect, four unique groupings could be formed based upon the production profiles of the wells. Results of stepwise discriminant analysis, in which the four production categories were examined, indicated that four variables were considered to be important: well elevation, number of lineament intersections within 250 feet, thickness of the Blue Creek coal seam, and the length of the nearest lineament. A means by which a well could be classified into one of the production categories based upon measurements of the four more important variables was also developed. Results of the classification of the wells inside the degasification grid were encouraging, with 91% of the wells being correctly classified. When the classification methods developed based upon wells inside the primary degasification grid were applied to the 15 wells outside the grid, the results were not as encouraging.

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Conceptual design of a wireline hydraulic fracturing tool

This research indicates that knowledge of in situ stress fields offers the key to better design of fracture treatments and control of fracture growth. Techniques for measurement of in situ stress variation within a gas reservoir must be developed into a routine test that is both economic and acceptable to well operators before significant advances in fracturing treatment design technology can be made. Pertinent in situ material properties normally can be obtained with some degree of precision through the use of geophysical logs supplemented by a lab testing program.

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Evaluation of Devonian shale potential in Illinois, Indiana, and western Kentucky

Potential natural gas resources in the New Albany Shale of the Illinois basin may be related to five key factors: relative organic content of the shale; relative thickness of the organically-rich shale; thermal maturity as related to depth of burial; presence of natural fractures; and type of organic matter. The shale that is organically richest is in southeastern Illinois and in most of the Indiana and Kentucky portions of the Illinois basin. The shales are thickest (about 400 feet) near the center of the basin in southeastern Illinois, southwestern Indiana, and adjacent parts of Kentucky. The area is deeply buried by younger rocks, and the organic matter has the highest thermal maturity. In addition, natural fault-induced fractures in the shale, which may aid in collecting gas from a larger volume of shale, may be present, since major faults along the Rough Creek Lineament and Wabash Valley Fault System cross the deeper part of the basin. Thus, this area near the basin center where the shale is thickest and rich organically and where fault-induced fractures may be present has the greatest potential for natural-gas resources. The eastern side of the basin, where the shale is organic-rich but thin, may have poor to moderate potential for additional discoveries of small gas fields similar to those found in the past. In western Illinois and the northern part of the basin, the potential is poor, because the organic content of the dominantly greenish-gray shale in this area is low. More exploration will be required to properly evaluate potential resources of natural gas that may exist in the New Albany Shale.

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Anaerobic treatment of gasifier effluents. Final report

An evaluation of the technical feasibility of using the completely mixed, expanded-bed granular activated carbon (GAC) anaerobic filter for the treatment of real and synthetic coal gasification wastewaters is presented. The treatment of both coal gasification wastewaters revealed that inhibition to the biological processes occurred after the breakthrough of some of the compounds present in the wastewaters. This inhibition was controlled through the use of a carbon replacement schedule. A fraction of the GAC medium was periodically withdrawn from the anaerobic filter and replaced with virgin activated carbon. This strategy appeared to be effective in maintaining the effluent levels of the toxic compounds at below inhibitory concentrations. 54 refs., 30 figs., 20 tabs.

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In situ recovery projects in the Northwest Asphalt Ridge (Utah) tar sand deposit

The Laramie Energy Technology Center (DOE) conducted three in situ recovery projects in the Northwest Asphalt Ridge (Utah) tar sand deposit. These projects included: a reverse-combustion project (TS-1C), a reverse/forward-combustion project (TS-2C), and a steamflood project (TS-1S). The chemical and physical properties of the oils produced during these three projects have been determined and these properties have been related to the method of production. The majority of the oil produced by the first combustion project (TS-1C) was quite similar to the original bitumen. This was because the highest temperature observed during the project was only about 177/sup 0/C (350/sup 0/F). However, the second combustion project (TS-2C) produced a total oil significantly improved in fuel quality with respect to the bitumen. The reason for the observed improvement in the produced oil is that this project experienced higher, more widespread temperatures (>538/sup 0/C (>1000/sup 0/F),6467 ); thus, resulting in more extensive thermal cracking of the original bitumen. The properties of the oil produced during the steamflood project (TS-1S) were very similar to those of the original bitumen. This was because after the viscosity of the bitumen was reduced by the injection of steam, the bitumen was then produced to the surface by a hot-water drive mechanism. 12 refs., 4 figs., 8 tabs.

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Improved polymers for enhanced oil recovery:  synthesis and rheology. First annual report for the period October 1977--September 1978

Synthetic polymers have been carefully prepared as models of known composition and measurable molecular weight, molecular weight distribution, ionic charge density, and branching. Major efforts have been centered on random copolymers of acrylamide with sodium acrylate and on graft copolymers of acrylamide with well characterized polysaccharides such as dextran and amylose. Additionally, random copolymers of poly(acrylamide-co-sodium acrylate) have been prepared by controlled hydrolysis of polyacrylamide homopolymer. The synthesized laboratory samples as well as selected commercial samples have been extensively characterized. Solution rheological studies have been initiated to investigate the interrelationships between solution behavior and hydrodynamic volume. For example, relationships between molecular structure and solution properties under more ideal conditions have been rather rigorously developed in theory. Intrinsic viscosities of synthesized model polymers and representative commercial samples have been obtained utilizing the Huggins equation, Kraemer equation, and Schulz--Blaschke equation. Effects of mixing conditions and aging effects as well as solvent, electrolyte, pH, and temperature dependence on intrinsic viscosity have been measured. Polymer solution degradation studies during the first year have been directed towarddeveloping quantitative assessments of fluid shear stresses and their effects on primary and secondary bond dissociations during flow of polymer containing fluids through porous media. Laboratory evidence seems to indicate that apparent ''shear degradation''observed for a number of polymers in aqueous solutions is largely a result of secondary bond dissociation rather than primary bond cleavage. This phenomenon is reversible and highly time and concentration dependent. Mobility control loss, during polymer flooding, may be largely due to adsorption, flocculation, and excluded volume effects.

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