AndreaBozzo/ceres-open-data-index huggingface dataset:
THE ORGANIC PETROLOGY AND GEOCHEMISTRY OF CARBONIFEROUS OIL SHALES FROM EASTERN CANADA

Results indicate that all the oil shales are low to moderate in thermal maturation. In particular, this is evident in the oil shales from Nova Scotia where associated coal seams have much higher reflectance, in the order of 100%. Spectral fluorescence measurements on the maceral aliginite might give a more accurate indication of maturation levels in oil shales.

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PUBLIC LAW 91-190 NATIONAL ENVIRONMENT POLICY ACT OF 1969

Sec. 2 The purpose of this Act are: To declare a national policy which will encourage productive and enjoyable harmony between man and his environment; to promote efforts which will prevent or eliminate damage to the environment and biosphere and stimulated the health and welfare of man; to enrich the understanding of the ecological systems and natural resources important to the Nation; and to establish a Council on Environmental Quality.

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REQUEST FOR PROPOSALS NUMBER DE-RP02-86CH10290 FIELD AND TECHNICAL SERVICES SALT REPOSITORY SITE CHARACTERIZATION, DEAF SMITH COUNTY, TEXAS

This letter is a summary of the salient elements of the acquisition, but it is not an integral part of the attached Request for Proposal. In the event of any conflict between this Executive Summary Letter and the KFP, the data and information in the RFP shall prevail.

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PROGRAM MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT PLAN

The Program Mangament Informations Syastem is required by the Program Mangement sYtstem manal. The PMS Manal description fo the PMIS is limited in detail. The PMIS Develoment Plan prvides additional detial on the dfinition of the PMIS and describes the plan for the evolutioln of this PMIS from its current configuration through to a fully developed state.

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ACUTE DERMAL TOXICITY 79-(HANNA-IVB)-01W-00-U WATER CONDENSATE

The test material examined in this study was 79-01W-OO-U, a brown liquid in a plastic water bottle, received by Elars on October 9, 1979. The concentration and stability were not provided by the sponsor. Upon receipt, the material was stored in refrigerated compartments and filtered with a 0.45 Millipore filter before use.

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ACUTE TOXICITY STUDIES - QUARTERLY REPORT: COOPERATIVE OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND TOXICOLOGICAL EVALUATION OF EFFLUENTS DERIVED FROM FOSSIL FUEL PROCESSING

As described in the "Statement of Work" it is the responsibility of Elars bioresearch Laboratories to perform a number of toxicological tests on five different oil shale waters, and an aqueous and tar condensate from an Underground Coal Gasification site.

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COMPOSITION AND CHARACTERISTICS OF NTU SHALE OIL

Shale oil, produced at Rifle, Colorado, by the U.S. Bureau of Mines  through NTU retorting of oil shale, has been studied.  These investigations included (1) the development of techniques for analysis of shale oil, (2) the determination of the composition of shale oil, (3) the examination of the tar bases and tar acids of shale oil, and (4) the investigation of the stability of shale oil.

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INTERNAL REPORT ALUMINA FROM DAWSONITE IN OIL SHALE ECONOMIC FEASIBILITY OF WATER LEACHING

An economic evaluation of water leaching process to extract alumina from retorted oil shale was made to determine the potential of the process. Using the conditions tested in the laboratory, an estimated operating cost of $145 per ton of alumina was obtained. This compares with an estimate of $49 per ton for alumina produced commercially from bauxite by the Bayer process.

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INFLUENCE OF THERMAL DEGRADATION TIME ON THE PROPERTIES OF COAL IN THE PLASTIC STATE

Investigation of the process of thermal degradation in time was carried out for coals having different caking capacity by the comprehensive laboratory method. The coal charge was in a retort, not externally pressurized, under a Dural lever and plunger whose total weight did not exceed 100 g; when the prescribed temperature was attained the heated mass was held in it for various periods.

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Power Generation through In Situ Coal Gasification: A Pilot Plant Design for the Linked Vertical Wells Process

"This paper provides a preliminary process design and cost estimate for a 56.8 MWe pilot plant utilizing the linked vertical wells process for the underground gasification of coal. The pilot plant is assumed to be located on a coal seam which is similar to that at the Hanna Field.  A base case process design indicates that the pilot plant will require 10 simultaneously producing wells. The total area gasified in a 2-year operating period will be 7.5 hectares. During the first year, 90 wells will be required, and 80 wels will be needed in the second year. The gas produced will be subjected to the operations of particulate removal, quenching and condensables separation, and desulfurization before being used for power production. In this design, the power plant consists of a split stream system with a conventional boiler based steam cycle and a low-Btu gas turbine.  An evaluation of the costs indicated that a fixed capital outlay of about $70 million is required for a 56.8-MWe pilot plant. Calculation of the capital costs at other capacities reveals that a capacity factor of 0.71 is applicable to the system. The necessary capital cost shows only a very small decrease with an increase in the heating value of the gas to be produced."

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Aquatic Ecosystem Hazard Assessment of Underground Coal Gasification Process Waters

Underground coal gasification has been in use in the Soviet Union since the 1950's and is now being developed inthe United States. Although, compared to conventional mining, UCG has environmental, health, and safety advantages, certain potential aquatic ecosystem impacts can result from release of contaminated water condensed from product gas or from contaminated groundwater reaching the surface. To assess the aquatic ecosystem hazard of UCG, we conduct chemical, aquatic-toxicity, and environmental-fate studies on a series of untreated condenser water samples obtained from several UCG experiments performed in Wyoming by the DOE. Chemical characterization showed all samples were highly alkaline with high concentrations of phenols and ammonia. Acute LC50's for fish and invertabrates ranged from 0.08 to 0.37% dilution, whereas early-life-staage bioassays with fathead minnows showed threshold effects at dilutions of 0.01%. Studies of environmental persistence and bioaccumulation potential organics in UCG condenser water samples are not complete. However, the experimental approaches used to evaluate these concern are described. From avaliable data on UCG condenser from coal conversion and other synfuel technologies. The strategy, adapted from single-compound hazard-assessment strategies, could be used as a decision making tool for regulatory agencies or to identify critical research needs related to compled effluents from coal conversion technologies.

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Adiabatic Coal Gasification Tube Experiments- Forward Combustion

Results from adiabatic in situ coal gasification tube studies in the forward mode are presented. The reactor and the laboratory configuration are described. Combustion front channeling and the problems of operating the system adiabatically are discussed. Representative gasification data are given and several runs are analyzed for peak combustion, temperature, combustion and devolatization front velocities and production gas flow rate, composition, and heating value. All results are made viable through completion of material and energy balances on the system and radial conductive heat losses are determined. The laboratory results are correlated with the Hanna field tests and with a one-dimensional in situ coal gasification numerical model.

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IN-SITU GASIFICATION OF COAL, SECOND REPORT ON THE PRESENT AND FUTURE PROGRAMME OF THE U.S. DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY

"In May and June 1976, the writercame to the US at the invitation of the Energy Research and Development Administration and visited establishments working on underground coal gasification at Morgantown, WV; Laramie, WY; Livermore, CA; and the headquarters in Washington DC.  The purpose was to study what was then being done, and what was proposed as a forward programme, and to offer comments based on his previous experience of UCG research and development in Britain and the USSR.  A report on this assignment was submitted in July 1975.  The present study results from a similar invitation from the DOE with the object reviewing the progress made in the last three years and, again, discussing the future programme."

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Status Report on the Hanna III and Hanna IV Underground Coal Gasification Experiments

The third and fourth in a series of underground coal gasification experiments conducted by the Laramie Energy Technology Center at a site near Hanna, Wyoming, are currently underway. This paper describes the process conditions and includes some pertinent information for these two experiments. Approximately 2800 tons of coal were gasified on Hanna III during a 38-day gasification period with production rates of up to 10 MM scf/day of 138 Btu/scf product gas. Groundwater sampling and analyses to determine the potential impacts of underground coal gasification on groundwater quality are ongoing.The Hanna IV experiment is significantly larger than previous experiments. It consists of a 3-well pattern, in line, with 100-foot and 150-foot spacings. Insifficient site characterization and severe technical inability to correct an override situation across the 100-foot well spacing resulted in a premature shutdown. Preparations are being made to continue the experiment and recover from the override situation.

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Hanna, Wyoming Underground Coal Gasification Database. Volume 1: General Information and Executive Summary

This report is part of a seven-volume series on the Hanna, Wyoming, underground coal gasification on field tests. Volume 1 is a summary of the project and each of Volumes 2 through 6 describe a particular test. Volume 7 is a compliation of all the data for the tests in Volumes 2 through 6.

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DOE UCC PROGRAM IMPLEMENTATION- FY 1981

The implementation of the US DOE Underground Coal Conversion program for FY 1981 is discussed; the FY 1981 accomplishments of the program participents, Laramie and Morgantown Energy Technology Centers, Lawrence Livermore and Sandia National Laboratories, university contractors, and Gulf Research and Development Company, are described. For FY 1981, the program may be divided into for integrated sections: The DOE-GRI cooperative project, the Tono project, other supporting research, and the Steeply Dipping Bels Project. The first three sections taken as a while constitute the Technology Base Development element of the program; the fourth section constitutes the Government/ Industry Cooperative Projects element of the program.

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SCRUBBING RESEARCH RELATED TO ACID-GAS REMOVAL FROM OIL SHALE RETORT GAS STREAM-QUARTERLY REPORT

"This s report covers work done on Contract DE-AS20-82LCI0868 during the quarter ending June 30, 1984. During this quarter, renewed efforts were made to check and extend our theoretical computer model for H2S  absorption of H2S in venturi scrubbers. This report provides an up-to date summary of all of the theoretical modeling done so far. The results for L/G = 10 and pH = 12.5 liquid are new and represent our latest computer runs (last week of June, 1984). The model seems to be in excellent shape. All that remains to make it even better are (a) to allow for NH3 in the gas phase, and (b) to  allow for H2C03, HC03-, and C03  in the liquid phase. These additions will be done next."

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SCRUBBING RESEARCH RELATED TO ACID-GAS REMOVAL FROM OIL SHALE RETORT GAS STREAMS-QUARTERLY REPORT

"This report covers work done on the scrubbing research part of DOE Contract DE-AS20-82LC10868 during the first quarter of calendar 1984. The main studies reported here are on the effects that CO2 in a gas stream has on the absorption of S02 or H2S from that gas in a venturi  scrubber. Our experimental results show that the effects are small. While conceivably CO2 can absorb well into the alkaline scrubbing liquids used in the system studied, the rate of CO2 absorption is severely limited by the slowness of the reaction CO2   H20   H2C03. Hence, the actual uptake of CO2 by the liquid in the venturi device, where the contact time is very short, is quite small. Hence, CO2 does not suppress the absorption of S02 or H2S significantly. A secondary study, on the effect of gas velocity on the absorption of H2S, was also completed. While an increase in the gas velocity reduces the contact time, and would tend to decrease the degree of H2S  absorption, it also increases the turbulence and droplet surface area, which would tend to enhance the degree of absorption. On balance, our results show that the H2S absorption increases slightly as the gas  velocity is increased, at constant L/G.  During the next quarter, we will return to some theoretical modeling efforts begun earlier and will attempt to make our theoretical model more realistic and detailed. For the moment, our experimental work is largely complete."

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SCRUBBING RESEARCH RELATED TO ACID-GAS REMOVAL FROM OIL SHALE RETORT GAS STREAMS-QUARTERLY REPORT

Research carried out on the fundamental behavior of venturi scrubbers under DOE Contract DE-A520-82LC10868 during the quarter ending December 31, 1983 is reported here. The effect of the liquid-to-gas ratio (L/G ratio) on the absorption process was studied using both S02 and H2S in air streams. The experimental results show that the percent of the acid gas absorbed rises  sharply with increasing L/G up to a point, then starts to level off, as the process becomes limited more by the short contact time, and is not limited so much by the availability of sufficient liquid. A shorter experimental study was conducted on t he effects of changing from a 1" long throat section to a 3" long throat section. Our results indicate a somewhat larger degree of absorption occurs with the longer throat (on the order of 3% to 5% more absorption). For this relatively small increase in absorption, however, a substantial increase in the pressure drop across the scrubber (a 50% increase, roughly) was  incurred. During the next quarter, a detailed experimental study of the effect of adding CO2 to the gas stream will be carried out. A short experimental study of the effect of the magnitude of the gas velocity in the scrubber (at constant L/G) will also be conducted .

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SCRUBBING RESEARCH RELATED TO ACID-GAS REMOVAL FROM OIL SHALE RETORT GAS STREAMS-QUARTERLY REPORT

"This report covers work done on the scrubbing research part of DOE Contract No. DE-AS20-82LC10868 through the quarter ending on September 30, 1983. Results of a very large number of experimental runs are reported  and a detailed discussion is presented on the effects of liquid pH and buffer capacity on the absorption process.  Both pH level and buffer capacity playa crucial role in determining the degree of acid gas absorption in venturi scrubbers. During the next quarter, a detailed look at the effects of the scrubber L/G ratio and of the gas velocity in the throat of the venturi will be conducted."

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SCRUBBING RESEARCH RELATED TO ACID-GAS REMOVAL FROM OIL SHALE RETORT GAS STREAMS-QUARTERLY  REPORT

This report summarizes work carried out up to the end of the first quarter of 1983 (March 31). At this point, the contract has been active for 6 months. By the end of this period, the experimental system had been fully constructed and tested during several "shakedown" runs using H2S and S02 in air. A major part of preparing the system for final operation was the careful calibration of all of the rotameters . The present report includes all of the calibration curves resulting from this phase of the  work. Work in the next quarter will focus on making some actual final test runs. Prior to this, a study will be made concerning how long the system must be run at given conditions to reach a true steady state.

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SCRUBBING RESEARCH RELATED TO ACID-GAS REMOVAL FROM OIL SHALE RETORT GAS STREAMS-FINAL REPORT

"Previous quarterly reports have described in considerable detail the results of experimental work dealing with the removal of S02 and H2S from gas streams in experimental small-scale venturi scrubbers using injected liquids consisting of NH40H solutions, NaOH solutions, and  various buffer solutions. Various parameters (L/G ratio, liquid pH and buffer capacity, venturi throat length, gas velocity, CO2 in the gas stream) were investigated. Previous reports have presented complete details on all of these studies. Theoretical modeling efforts that were carried out to complement the experimental work were reported in detail in our previous quarterly report (June 30, 1984). That modeling work has been accepted for  publication in Chemical Engineering Communications and will appear later this year. We will not reiterate here all of the material in our previous reports, but instead will provide only a relatively brief summary of the main conclusions reached in the experimental work, plus some recommendations for future work.  Following that we present an analysis of chemical reaction and equilibrium constants which was carried out during our work but which has heretofore not been reported. The equilibrium relations discussed in this analysis constitute the single most important factor controlling acid gas removal in venturi scrubbers; hence, it is highly appropriate  to focus on them here. After this section indicates what are the origins of the equilibrium relationships presented graphically in Figures 1 - 4, there is a general discussion of the implications of these relations for venturi scrubber performance."

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REMOVAL OF H2S FROM SIMULATED OIL SHALE RETORT GASES IN VENTURI SCRUBBERS - TECHNICAL REPORT

"This report covers our progress in this area since our last report, issued in early 1983. A Final Technical Report will be transmitted shortly after the expiration date of the contract (September 30, 1984). The objective of this report is to summarize experimental work carried out in our small-scale glass venturi scrubber system on gases  containing H2S (plus preliminary work carried out on gas streams containing S02). The effects of various operating parameters on scrubber performance were evaluated. These parameters were:  (1) Scrubbing liquid pH and buffer capacity.  (2) Liquid-to-gas ratio (L/G ratio).  (3) Venturi scrubber throat length.  (4) Gas velocity in the scrubber.  (5) Effect of CO2 in the gas.  Our work clearly showed that the liquid pH and buffer capacity was by far the most important factor in determining SO2 or H2s absorption efficiency."

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MODEL SCRUBBER AND STRIPPER OPERATIONS IN OIL SHALE OFF-GAS

"Large quantities of wastewaters are generated by synfuel processes such as; in-situ oil shale retorting, above ground oil shale retorting, in-situ coal gasification, and tar sand thermal treatment. These wastewaters contain large quantities of inorganic and organic compounds including significant amounts of carbonates and ammonia. The treatment of these waters by using a packed stripping column is one of the more promising approaches. In this project, a hot gas stripping unit will be designed and constructed. Samples of waters, to be obtained from the  North Site facility of LETC, will be tested in the new stripping column. The results will be compared to data obtained from the stripping column that presently exists on the University of Wyoming campus. The results  of the laboratory tests and the pilot plant tests will be compared to results predicted from available mass transfer correlations."

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OIL SHALE

No important new developments in connection with oil shale took place in 1928.  In the Scottish oil-shale industry following the curtailment of operations and abandonment of certain retorting units in 1927, shale treatment was maintained at the rate of about 2,000,000 tons per year.  The future of the Scottish industry is not at all secure, although the industry has been aided by the imposition of a  tax of4d. per gallon on imported motor spirits.  The tone of the chairman's speech at the annual meeting of Scottish Oils on June 11, 1928 was not optimistic as regards the future shale operations of the company.  According to the latest reports, production and retorting of oil shale continues at about the same rate as in the last few years.  In Estonia mining of oil shale for direct utilization as fuel in certain areas has continued and much work has been done on experimental and semi-commercial retorts, but so far commercial production of shale oil has not been obtained.  In Manchuria, a Japanese company is said to be constructing a large retorting plant for treating the shales in the Fushun district.  This plant should be in operation during 1929.

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NOTES ON THE OIL-SHALE INDUSTRY WITH PARTICULAR REFERNCE  TO THE ROCKY MOUNTAIN DISTRICT

Within  the last three years numerous inquires for information on oil shale have been received by the Bureau of Mines.  These inquiries have been increasing to such an extent that it is has seemed advisable to issue a short paper prior to the publication of a bulletin on the subject, giving a general discussion of the subject and a comprehensive list of references so that those interested in the details of obtaining oil from shale can find additional information without much difficulty.  Some of those who desire information are interested only in general discussion of the subject, or are not in a position to refer to books and articles describing the industry.  The material for this paper is largely derived from published information on oil shale.  Much of the information is obtained from the books and articles mentioned in the list of references and has been compiled with the intent of furnishing information to those not interested in all the details.

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NATURE OF SHALE OIL OBTAINED FROM OIL-SHALE ASSAY RETORT USED BY THE BUREAU OF MINES

In an earlier paper( Karrick and Lewis) A convenient and reliable retort for assaying oil shale for oil yield:  Bureau of Mines Reports of Investigation, serial no. 2289 March 1921.  Reprinted in Eng.. and Min. Jour. April 30, 1921, also in Mining and Met.  May 1921, which describes the apparatus and method used in the laboratories of the Bureau of Mines for assaying oil shales, no mention is made of the quality of oil obtained when the apparatus is operated under conditions determined to be most suitable for producing highest yields of oils.  So many inquiries regarding the nature of the oil have been received that it seems advisable to present a short report on the subject.

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EXPLOSIVELY PRODUCED FRACTURE OF OIL SHALE JAN-MARCH, 1978

"Much of the oil shale program effort at the Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory during the past quarter involved preparation for the intermediate-scale field tests that are due to begin in July 1978 at the Colony Mine. Laboratory work in material studies, explosive characterization and  computer predictive modeling development have  therefore proceeded at a slower rate. Considerable effort has been devoted to performing and interpreting flash x-radiographic studies of cavity formation in a spherical  geometry. The experimental results are not yet  understood, but anisotropic effects seem to play a strong role both in wave propagation and plastic deformation. These studies will continue. Also, computer simulation studies of rubbling caused by different explosives in the same material and geometry have been performed. Although the fracture criterion for rubbling is not sophisticated enough to allow quantitative comparison of rubbling efficiency the general features of the calculations do allow at least a qualitative comparison and therefore are useful for determining emplacement geometry, timing. and boostering."

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