AndreaBozzo/ceres-open-data-index huggingface dataset:
Development of molten-carbonate fuel-cell power-plant technology. Quarterly technical progress report No. 6, January 1, 1981-March 31, 1981

The overall objective of this 29-month program is to develop and verify the design of a prototype molten carbonate fuel cell stack which meets the requirements of a 1990's-competitive coal-fired electrical utility central station or industrial cogeneration power plants. During this quarter, activity continued in all four task areas: Task 1, system studies to define the reference power plant design; Task 2, cell and stack design, development and verification; Task 3, preparation for fabrication and testing of the full-scale prototype stack; and Task 4, development of the capability to operate stacks on coal-derived gas. Progress is reported. (WHK)

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Development of molten-carbonate fuel-cell power plant. Quarterly technical progress report, February 1, 1981-April 30, 1981

Work proceeded this quarter under three program tasks. Under Task 1.0, evaluation of the candidate power plant cycles continued by preparing capital cost estimates of the four cycles. As part of the definition of fuel cell goals and stack module requirements, a number of optimization and trade-off studies were made. Experimental tests were conducted on proposed catalyst systems. Under Task 2.0, acoustic emission was implemented as an in-cell thermal cycling diagnostic tool. Chromium-coated stainless steel showed superior corrosion resistance in the anode environment, but not in the cathode environment. Initial stability tests of the metal-plated ceramic particle anodes are encouraging. A cost analysis for metal-plated anodes was made. Off-site fabrication of cathodes with desired porosity and pore size was successful. Tests to evaluate time-dependent changes in chloride synthesis of LiA10/sub 2/, SrTi0/sub 3/ and their mixtures were started. The spray-drying process for electrolyte powders continued to be evaluated and show good results. Work was initiated to evaluate low-cost commercial alumina for electrolyte materials. Li/Na is being investigated as an alternate composition of the electrolyte. Available carbonate-loss data from bench-scale cells have been used to assess loss-control approaches to achieve 40,000 hours lifetime. Testing of sheet-metal cells continued to improve their power output, and boiler-plate cells continued to show excellent performance and reproducibility. Temperatures mapping studies in the cells were started. A design study for a short stack of full-sized tiles was completed. Lastly, improvements of the thermal control of the 16 sq.ft. electrolyte tile mold were made. Task 3.0 continued on the development capability for full scale stack tests. (WHK)

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Interagency study of Federal Laboratory Technology Transfer Organization and Operation

This report is the result of a baseline study of technology transfer organization and operation in Federal laboratories, and is an analysis of responses to two information-gathering instruments: the Federal Laboratory ORTA Organizational and Operational Information survey, and the Technology Transfer Characterization, Technology Transfer Cases - ''Lessons Learned''questionnaire. Response to these two instruments was adequate, with input provided by laboratory and agency representatives from nine agencies: the Departments of Commerce, Defense, Energy, Interior, Transportation, Agriculture, Health and Human Services; the National Aeronautics and Space Administration; and the Environmental Protection Agency. The data provided have yielded several conclusions: The Stevenson-Wyler Technology Innovation Act has led to numerous changes in how technology transfer is perceived, and in how technology transfer activities are implemented in the Federal laboratories. American industry is increasingly interested in Federal innovations, and is going to the laboratories in pursuit of these innovations. Recognition of technology transfer as an integral function of laboratory management, and recognition of the importance of technology transfer in Federal laboratories, are increasing rapidly. Efforts to transfer technology are becoming more effective. Although the process is dynamic, specific methods and processes that accomplish successful transfer of inventions can be identified. Future refinements will bring further enhancements to these transfer processes and mechanisms. Seven groups of recommendations offered by the Working Group are given below. These recommendations result from the survey findings, and are provided to enhance transfer activities. A final recommendation of the Working Group is that technology transfer operation and organization be reassessed in a few years, primarily because of the rapid changes that are occurring in transfer activities.

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Overall project review. [Includes abstracts]

The main purpose of this report is to identify the types of information obtained from the IEA Grimethorpe PFBC project and where the information may be found. Information is presented on project objectives, management and organization, design and construction activities, facility description, experimental programme plan, fuels tested, operational highlights, analysis of experimental results, the materials programme, technology transfer activities, project costs and future activities.

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Development of potential uses for the residue from fluidized bed combustion processes. Quarterly technical progress report, March-May 1980

Results of tests on expansion bars made from conditioned and chemically processed AFB residue showed levels of expansion confirming that ettringite formation may be the main cause of the volume instability observed in road base compositions containing AFB residue. AFB fly ash, when treated with acid washing to remove calcium, has shown an ability to function as an ion exchange material. Further tests have shown that treatment of AFB fly ash by acid washing and the addition of zinc chloride produced a material that behaves like activated carbon in terms of color removal from water. Observations from ten different mix compositions using AFB residue, pulverized coal fly ash, and, in some cases, a gypsum waste sludge, have shown that briquettes having acceptable green strength for normal handling can be made from most formulations using a laboratory scale roll briquetting machine. Loose slurry mixes containing various proportions of AFB residue and pulverized coal fly ash develop sufficient compressive strengths at comparatively low permeabilities to recommend further investigation of their potential use as an expansive grouting material. The addition of portland cement in amounts of 1 to 5 percent for each mix did not significantly affect strength development in any of these mixes.

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Adsorption from flooding solutions in porous media: Second annual report, October 1986-October 1987. [C)sub 8)benzenesulfonate and C)sub 12)EO)sub 8) alcohol]

Surfactant formulations that are used in enhanced oil recovery consist of mixtures of various components. We have continued studies on mixtures of an anionic surfactant, C/sub 8/benzenesulfonate, and a nonionic surfactantt. C/sub 12/EO/sub 8/alcohol. Adsorption data on alumina and silica show that strong interactions between the two surfactants occur. On alumina on which the nonionic does not absorb by itself the presence of small amounts of adsorbed sulfonate was sufficient to cause significant adsorption of ethoxylated alcohol. On silica sulfonate did not absorb by itself but only did so in the presence of alcohol. Interactions between surfactants were quantified using the regular mixing model. Interaction parameters between -3 and -5 were determined at the liquidair interface in mixed micelles from surface tension data for different surfactant compositions. Work is focused on directly measuring thermodynamic quantities using microcalorimetry. Surfactant structural effects were also studied. A series of branched C/sub 14/benezenesulfonates emphasizes characterization along with adsorption measurements. Results showed major influences in addition to that of chain lenth and chain branching due to the position in the benzene ring of the longer alkyl chain in relation to that of the sulfonate group. 43 refs., 54 figs., 3 tabs

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Adsorption calorimetry and enhanced oil recovery: Three component systems, topical report. [Decyltrimethylammonium bromide/water/sodium bromide methanol/toluene/n-heptane]

One objective of this project is to determine the adsorptive losses  of EOR chemicals on minerals in a systematic manner and expand adsorption models for incorporation as an adsorption module into chemical flooding simulators. The Woodbury-Noll adsorption model was developed which fits both amount and heat of adsorption simultaneously. Two ternary systems were selected with a view to extending the Woodbury-Noll adsorption model to these systems. In the first of these systems, DTAB/NaBr/H20/silica, competitive effects are not present. In the second system, methanol/toluene/heptane/silica, competitive adsoprtion is present. Flow adsorption calorimetry was carried out on these ternary systems and on their respective binaries. Adsorption calorimetry of DTAB from solutions with added electrolyte showed that the heat and the amount of adsorption increased when the salt content was raised to 3 percent, being approximately constant thereafter. However, the increase in salinity above this amount moved the plateau region to lower surfactant concentrations. Adsorption of DTAB at 45)degree)C resulted in lower adsorption than at 25)degree)C, but the heat release was only slightly lower. The heat and amount of adsorption of methanol from heptane onto silica are both markedly reduced by the presence of toluene in the solution. Densities of the surfactant solutions and of the binaries of methanol/toluene/heptane system are reported. 6 refs., 20 figs., 13 tabs.

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Oil recovery by carbon dioxide injection. Annual report, July 1976--July 1977

Activities are reported in a pilot project to determine the oil recovery efficiency of a multiple contact carbon dioxide miscible flood and to define and evaluate operational problems associated with this particular recovery method. The quantitative data gathered as a result of the installation of the project and the injection performance experienced thus far conform to expectations. The pilot test site in the Rock Creek West Virginia field was selected and designed to utilize a maximum number of existing wells and cause minimal disruption of the active low pressure gas recycle while considering the area of perforating of the net sand interval followed by a 2,000 gallon hydrochloric acid breakdown. Prior to carbon dioxide injection, internally plastic coated tubing will be run on a packer for an injection string in an attempt to minimize possible corrosion problems. On October 16,1976, water injection started into eight of the thirteen back-up water injection wells. Injection into the remaining five back-up wells was initiated by November 11, 1976. As of July 1, 1977, 351,219 barrels of water had been injected into these thirteen wells. The start of injection into the six pattern injection wells was delayed until April 22, 1977 which corresponds to the completion of the northern water supply system. As of July 1, 1977, cumulative injection into these six wells was 48,600 barrels of water. Contract negotiations and the finding of an adequate source of water for injection caused a delay of four months in the initial project schedule. The start of carbon dioxide injection could possibly be delayed until the first quarter of 1978 to insure an uninterrupted carbon dioxide supply.

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Geological evolution and analysis of confirmed or suspected gas hydrate localities: Volume 2, basin analysis, formation and stability of gas hydrates in the Black Sea

This document is Volume 11 of a series of reports entitled ''Geological Evolution and Analysis Confirmed or Suspected Gas Hydrate Localities.''Volume 11 provides an analysis of the Black Sea region. The report presents a geological description of the Black Sea region, including regional and local structural settings, geomorphology, geological history, stratigraphy, and physical properties. Included also is a discussion of bottom simulating acoustic reflectors, sediment acoustic properties, distribution of hydrates within the sediments, and the relation of hydrate distribution to other features such as salt dispirism. The formation and stabilization of gas hydrates in sediments are discussed in terms of phase relations, nucleation, and crystallization constraints, gas solubility, pore fluid chemistry, inorganic diagenesis, and sediment organic content. A depositional analysis of the areas is discussed in order to better understand the thermal evolution of the locality and to assess the potential for thermogenic hydrocarbon generation. 80 refs., 27 figs., 16 tabs.

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Analysis of reservoir pretreatment in chemical flooding:  a literature review. [Preflush]

This paper is a state-of-the-art literature review on preflush for chemical flooding. A preflush can result in reduced surfactant consumption, improved slug performance, and/or increased reservoir contact. Chemical and physical processes which may occur during a preflush injection include the following: reduction in surfactant adsorption on reservoir clays, reduction in surfactant precipitation due to multivalent cations, and added mobility control to improve reservoir sweep efficiency. Reduction of sulfonate losses has clearly been found to be the most frequently identified purpose of a preflush. This goal is accomplised by means of fluid displacement, cation exchange, or other sacrificial replacement process. The literature review shows the laboratory studies to be the most valuable source of current technology. Field studies completed to date provide less up-to-date information presumably because of the greater time lag associated with a field project. The patents proved to be the least important source of information. 83 references.

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Regeneration of FGD dry sorbent materials. Phase II. Final report

An aqueous process was developed to regenerate spent alkaline sorbent materials. These dry materials, injected directly into the flue gas duct, are used to control sulfur dioxide (SO/sub 2/) in the flue gases from coal burning power plants. The dry alkali injection technique is a developing technology being considered as an alternative to wet scrubbing. Wet scrubbing is currently the most widespread method employed by large coal-fired power plants for desulfurizing flue gas to meet New Source Performance Standards (NSPS) promulgated by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). In Phase I of this program, the conceptual process was developed and verified in laboratory-scale experiments, and the flow diagram and material balance for a 10-pound-per-hour spent sorbent regeneration unit were developed. Two alternate processes were also studied. The Phase I work has been reported in Regeneration of FGD Dry Sorbent Materials. Phase I:  Final Report, by Versar Inc., DOE/FC/10179-2 (DE 82015597), May 1982. In Phase II, a 10-pound-per-hour regeneration model was designed, constructed, then transferred and reassembled at the Grand Forks Energy Technology Center (GFETC), where the proposed process was experimentally demonstrated. 11 references, 19 figures, 31 tables.

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Development and evaluation of coal/water mixture combustion technology. Final report

The objective was to advance the technology for the preparation, storage, handling and combustion of highly-loaded coal/water mixtures. A systematic program to prepare and experimentally evaluate coal/water mixtures was conducted to develop mixtures which (1) burn efficiently using combustion chambers and burners designed for oil, (2) can be provided at a cost less than that of No. 6 oil, and (3) can be easily transported and stored. The program consisted of three principal tasks. The first was a literature survey relevant to coal/water mixture technology. The second involved slurry preparation and evaluation of rheological and stability properties, and processing techniques. The third consisted of combustion tests to characterize equipment and slurry parameters. The first task comprised a complete search of the literature, results of which are tabulated in Appendix A. Task 2 was involved with the evaluation of composition and process variables on slurry rheology and stability. Three bituminous coals, representing a range of values of volatile content, ash content, and hardness were used in the slurries. Task 3 was concerned with the combustion behavior of coal/water slurry. The studies involved first upgrading of an experimental furnace facility, which was used to burn slurry fuels, with emphasis on studying the effect on combustion of slurry properties such as viscosity and particle size, and the effect of equipment parameters such as secondary air preheat and atomization.

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Computer aided drawing of process flowsheets. Final report, 15 August 1979-15 July 1980

This project is concerned with the development of a computer program package that automates the lay-out drawing of process flowsheets. Given a list of the equipment items in the flowsheet, their symbol codes, stream connection topology, and aggregation of items into process sections the methodology will deduce the location of the equipment symbols in the drawing space, will lay-out the streams connecting these symbols, will position all peripheral flowsheet symbols and information, and will produce a data file to be executed by a graphics device. All technical work in the project is completed and documentation of the resulting computer programs have been prepared. The program package which has been developed consists of two stand-alone programs: PFL-II, the equipment lay-out logic and PFD-II the stream lay-out flowsheet drawing portion. The former uses concepts and techniques from graph planarity testing methodology; the latter uses novel path structure classification methods.

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Phosphoric acid fuel cells in residential applications: Final report

The residential market for the phosphoric acid fuel cell (PAFC) was assessed for the states of the Northeast and North Central census regions. The investment that could be supported by the fuel savings of a 1 kw PAFC installed in 1992 would be in the range of $1300-$1800, based on a 5 year pay out. The most critical market factor affecting the economics of the fuel cell in residential application is the price differential between electricity and natural gas. The fuel cell looks more attractive in the populous states of the Northeast and North Central region as the differential between gas and electricity prices is 27% more than that for the national average. Extending application of the fuel cell to meet residential space heating needs look unattractive. In space heating the return comes from more efficient use of gas rather than reducing purchase of high priced electricity and the energy requirement varies dramatically over the season leading to poor fuel cell capacity utilization. This analysis provides several valuable results useful in formulating future fuel cell research plans. 19 tabs.

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Industrial application of fluidized-bed combustion. Quarterly technical progress report for the period July-September 1981

Progress is reported on a project to evaluate fluidized bed combustors for industrial steam generation at Georgetown University. The July through September 1981 period constituted the eighth full quarter of Task 4 Operations in which plant operations were essentially performed by the Georgetown University staff. Boiler operations during the quarter were limited to a single period extending from August 4 through August 18 during which 331 hours of steam generation were logged. Operations before August 4 were held up to permit completion of the modifications undertaken in the second quarter of 1981. On August 18, the plant was shut down because boiler in-bed tube shields were falling off and causing blockages in the bed material removal system. Coincidentally, stack opacity was increasing due to failure of two bags in the 792-bag baghouse. This single run, however, revealed a significant increase in thermal efficiency to 77.1%. This increase was attributable to the success of the newly installed airlocks below the mechanical dust collector in reinjecting all flyash collected at this point. Unfortunately, the successful reinjection of flyash from the dust collector increased the flue gas dust loading in the boiler to the point where the cinder trap educators could not keep pace with the flyash collected at this point. Efforts will be made to correct this situation in succeeding operations. The problem of excessive pressure drop across the baghouse at high load levels remains. Modifications made during the quarter were not successful in eliminating this problem and further changes and evaluations are contemplated for the succeeding quarter.

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Design, construction, operation and evaluation of a prototype Culm Combustion Boiler/Heater Unit. Technical progress report, January 1, 1982-March 31, 1982

This report provides a summary of the work performed on the Prototype Culm Combustion Boiler/Heater Unit, Phase I - Engineering Design and Analysis, Phase II - Prototype Plant Construction, and Phase III - Start-Up and Operation during the period January 1, 1982 through March 31, 1982. The objectives of the program as well as the technical progress and problem areas encountered during the reporting period are presented. Difficulty was experienced in starting up plant after completion of maintenance work and repair of air compressor in mid-January 1982 due to severe cold weather-related problems. Plant was successfully started up and sustained operation of over 47 days on culm and limestone was accomplished between January 29, 1982 and March 18, 1982 when the plant was shut down for scheduled inspection and maintenance. Steam was delivered to the user (Cellu Products) during this time to generate steam revenue. Boiler was operated in a turn-down condition with one zone fluidized. Total boiler operating time through the end of this quarter - 2629 h, 59 min, operating time on culm/limestone and culm - 1821 h, 52 min. An uninterrupted run on culm of 913 h was accomplished. The exhaust gas visual emission/opacity monitoring system and the magnetic tape storage facility as an addition to the AFBB Process Computer were delivered, installed and checked out. The results of the plant inspection and maintenance work are discussed.

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