AndreaBozzo/ceres-open-data-index huggingface dataset:
Carboxymethylated ethoxylated surfactants: Annual report

A method of selecting surfactants for chemical enhanced oil recovery using carboxmethylated ethoxylated surfactants (CES) is described. Structure/performance correlations for hydrophobe, ethylene oxide content, and nonionic-anionic ratio have been developed for a series of CES with alkane carbon number, pH, salinity, phase inversion temperature, and solubilization parameter to provide a guide in selecting candidate surfactants for enhanced oil recovery. Carboxymethylated ethoxylated surfactants are a class of surfactants that generate low interfacial tension against crude oils at high temperatures, high salinities and high divalent ion concentrations. Selection of the surfactant for a specific reservoir can be made based upon determination of the phase inversion temperature (PIT) of the surfactant at reservoir salinity with live crude. An additional scan for phase behavior (salinity scan) can then establish salinity tolerance and solubilization parameters for the selected surfactant system. Correlations of PIT with surfactant structure, salinity, and hydrocarbon have been determined for a number of US reservoirs using CES as the only surfactant. 67 refs., 20 figs., 3 tabs.

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Conceptual design and economic analysis for the manufacture of an ultra-clean coal/water mixture. Final report

This is the final report on the conceptual process design as part of the project on The Development, Testing, and Manufacture of an Ultra-Clean Coal/Water Mixture (UCCWM) conducted under sponsorship of Morgantown Energy Technology Center of the US Department of Energy. The objective of the conceptual process design is to develop the cost production of an ultra-clean coal/water mixture based upon its specification of less than 1% ash, less than 44 micron top particle size with minimum 60% coal loading. To meet the required specification, Elkhorn seam coal, one of the lowest inherent ash coals, which is produced in the Eastern Kentucky area, was selected and cleaned by a two-stage physical process: (a) heavy media washer near 1.30 specific gravity separation, and (b) column flotation after grinding the heavy media washer product by a ball mill to -100 mesh. In order to micronize the coal/water mixture, the flotation product was processed through a stirred ball mill. The capacity basis of the coal cleaning and slurry manufacturing plant was to supply the UCCWM fuel for operating a typical 100 MW gas turbine continuously. The raw coal feed rate to the cleaning plant was 300 tons per hour and the final UCCWM fuel production was 70 tons per hour by dry coal basis. In addition to that, two by-products, boiler grade CWM and 1/4 inch x 0 coal are obtained. Economic analysis showed that the total capital cost for the plant was $30,614,000 and the final gas turbine grade CWM cost estimate was $3.96/MBtu in 1984 dollars F.O.B. plant. If we assume that the potential market for the fuel is located in the Northeastern United States, the delivered fuel is estimated to be $5.44/MBtu. 2 references, 1 figure, 9 tables.

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Providing solutions to energy and environmental problems. Quarterly report, January 1 - March 31, 1995

Brief progress reports are presented for the following tasks: development and demonstration of a practical electric downhole steam generator for thermal recovery of heavy oil and tar; wetting behavior of selected crude oil/brine/rock systems; coal gasification, power generation and product market study; the impact of leachate from Clean Coal Technology waste on the stability of clay liners; investigation of coprocessing heavy oil, automobile shredder residue, and coal; injection into coal seams for simultaneous CO[sub 2] mitigation and enhanced recovery of coalbed methane; optimization of carbonizer operations in the FMC Coke Process; chemical sensor and field screening technology development; demonstration of the Koppleman ''Series C''Process using a batch test unit with Powder River Basin coal as feed; remote chemical sensor development; market assessment and technical feasibility study of PFBC ash use; solid state NMR analysis of naturally and artificially matured kerogens; contained recovery of oily wastes field demonstration with Bell Lumber and Pole; ''B Series''pilot plant test; in-situ treatment of manufactured gas plant contaminated soils; development and demonstration of a wood-fired gas turbine system; solid state NMR analysis of Mowry formation shale from different sedimentary basins; acid-mine drainage prevention, control, and treatment development for the Stockett/Sand Coulee area; and PERF dispersion modeling project.

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Primary heater module (extension), Phase II. Final report, January 1984-March 1985. Volume II, RI/RD85-184

A one year extension to a program of study and research on coal fired heaters for closed-cycle, gas-turbine-based cogeneration systems of 25 to 50 MWe electrical output was conducted. The results of the basic program were reported in Ref. 3-17; the results of the extension are reported herein. The research included a 1000 hour materials exposure program on a 6'x 6'atmospheric pressure, fluidized-bed-fired, air heater with 1550 F working fluid exit temperature. The principal purpose was to evaluate the interrelationships between materials of heat exchanger construction and the configuration and operating conditions of the fluidized-bed air heater. Extensive metallographic and ceramographic analyses were conducted on specimens exposed during the firing period. The results indicate that during operations at 6 fps superficial velocity the in-bed tubes are coated with a hard deposit of bed material. Erosion is not a problem. But some sulfidation of all metals occurred, presumably due to CaSO/sub 4/ in the deposit. Silicon carbide ceramic specimens showed no degradation. The studies include: (1) a review of studies previously conducted on both power generation and cogeneration systems; (2) the identification of potential advanced systems; and (3) parametric studies of several advanced systems having potential for improved economics. These studies indicated the CCGT ''Power Only''systems are only marginally competitive with steam-turbine-based systems. The base-line CCGT cogeneration system at 1450-1550 F turbine inlet temperature, however, is so fuel efficient that it is expected to find commercial application. Several advancements to the base line system were found technically feasible, but judged unlikely to be economically competitive. The radial inflow turbine is suggested as a candidate for development. 24 refs., 143 figs., 40 tabs.

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Peat resource definition and utilization in Massachusetts. Final report, Phase One

To data less than five percent of Massachusetts peatlands have been developed. Ninety percent of the developed peatlands are located in the southeastern section of Massachusetts. Seventy-five percent of the developed peatlands are used for cranberry bogs. The remainder is used for horticultural peak extraction. At the present time peatland uses can be grouped into two types, consumptive and nonconsumptive. The primary consumptive uses are: (1) extraction of peat for use as or with industrial chemicals, (2) use by the horticultural industry and (3) most important under the DOE/MEOER Program, the use of peak as a fuel. The three uses of peat under consumptive usage will require extraction or harvesting of peatlands. The main nonconsumptive uses are: (1) preservation of peatlands for conservation lands, (2) biomass production, (3) timber production and (4) the most important under the title of nonconsumptive uses is peatlands for agricultural crop production. These four uses require little or no peat extraction, harvesting or alteration of the wetlands. The selection and feasibility of one particular use over another is influenced by the significance of the economics and environmental concerns as well as the types and volumes of peat. 55 figures, 12 tables.

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Laminar-flow-cyclone development program. Final technical report, November 1, 1978-May 31, 1981

An exploratory investigation was conducted into the feasibility of maintaining laminar flow in a cyclone separator. Various experimental models were used to simulate the essential flow requirements, and observations were conducted on the turbulent-laminar character of the flow. From this, it was concluded that laminar flow could be maintained up to relatively high Reynolds numbers in the radially-inward swirl flow regime. However, a large-scale instability occurs in turning to the axial swirlflow regime. All present attempts to suppress this instability failed, and the investigation was terminated.

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Great Plains ASPEN Model Development:  binary interaction parameters and activity coefficient parameters. Final report

The simulation of the various sections of the Great Plains Coal Gasification Plant involves modelling vapor-liquid equilibria and liquid-liquid equilibria that are highly nonideal. The Peng-Robinson equation of state, modified for water, was used in the simulation of most of the process sections. Interaction parameters established by regression of literature data, using ASPEN's DRS system, along with interaction parameter values found in the literature, became the database for the simulation. In two of the sections, the Oxygen Plant and the TEG drying of the product SNG, activity coefficient models were used because they gave a better prediction of the phase equilibrium. For the Rectisol unit, which removes hydrogen sulfide from the gas, parameters available from a DOE sponsored contract, Tristate, were used, after verification, for the ASPEN modified version of the RKS. The phases that were predicted using these parameters were checked against literature data and, in most cases, the liquid mole fractions of carbon dioxide predicted by the correlation were within 10% of those reported. A model that would predict phase equilibrium, based on the ionization of Lewis acids and bases and salts, would have been an ideal choice for simulation of the Stretford and Phosam flowsheets. However, only limited temperature dependent liquid activity coefficients data are available in the literature for the ionic species found in the Stretford and Phosam solutions, from which correlation parameters could be obtained by regression. Also, only the flash model can handle this type of calculation; therefore, it was used only to a limited extent in the simulation of the Stretford Unit Absorber. 118 references.

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Coal-water slurry (CWS) dispenser: Final report

This thesis addressed some of the problems associated with using Coal-Water Slurry as a fuel in gas turbine combustors. A technique has been developed which reduces the velocity and average droplet size distribution needed for good atomization to achieve high combustion efficiency. Finely atomized droplets are desired to minimize the number of coal particles which fuse together in the high radiation zone. Any big droplet discharged from the atomizing nozzle will be slow to dry and ignite, which consequently may reduce the combustion efficiency. To study the characteristics of a CWS spray entering the combustor, a dryer dispenser unit was designed and built. Typical gas turbine operating conditions are discussed. Atomization aspects are discussed. CWS nozzles are found to produce high velocity spray with a wide range of particle sizes. Dried samples were studied under the scanning electron microscope. The micrographs of the samples collected in the range of 70 to 550/sup 0/F show that the individual coal particles are within a 15 micron range. The single droplet drying rate was found to be unrelated to that occurring inside a jet. Particles collected at room temperature are sharp and not rounded at the edges. Particles collected at 400/sup 0/F have a tendency to stay together; they are much more rounded at the edges than those collected at 70/sup 0/F. The individual particle size distribution is not much affected in the range of temperatures from 70 to 500/sup 0/F, but agglomeration is directly proportional to the dryer temperature. Since the particle size distribution of CWS does not change much in the range of 70 to 500/sup 0/F, predrying prior to entering the high radiation zone, is not beneficial. Fine CWS atomization is more important to decrease the ignition delay and to maximize the combustion efficiency.

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Development of a hot gas cleanup system for integrated coal gasification/molten carbonate fuel cell power plants. Quarterly technical progress report, January-April 1984

The program to develop a hot gas cleanup system for integrated coal gasification/molten carbonate fuel cell power plants is divided into the following six tasks: (1) project plan and design of experiments; (2) exploratory and supporting studies; (3) design of bench-scale development reactor and associated equipment; (4) ordering of equipment and construction of reactor and associated equipment; (5) bench-scale H/sub 2/S, COS, and HCl absorption and sorbent regeneration tests; and (6) engineering and economic assessment of the process. During the reporting period the first phase of experiments in Task 5 was completed. Design and procurement to modify the experimental system for the second phase were initiated. A request for proposals was issued for engineering services in Task 6. Details are presented. (WHK)

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Particle sizing experiments with the laser Doppler velocimeter: Final report

Measurement techniques for in-situ simultaneous measurements of particle size distributions and particle velocities using the dual beam laser Doppler velocimeter (LV) were analytically and experimentally investigated. This investigation examined the different signal characteristics of the LV for determination of particle size and particle velocity, simultaneously. The different size related signal components were evaluated not only singularly but also as simultaneous measurements to determine which characteristic, or combination of characteristics, provided the best measure of particle size. The evaluation concentrated on the 0.5 to 5 ..mu..m particle size range, in which the LV light scattering characteristics are complex often non-monotonic functions of the particle size as well as functions of index of refraction, the laser light wavelength, laser intensity and polarization, and the location and response characteristics of the detector. Different components of the LV signal were considered, but analysis concentrated on Doppler phase, visibility and scatter-intensity because they show the greatest promise. These signals characteristics were initially defined analytically for numerous optical configurations over the 0.5 to 5 ..mu..m diameter range with 0.1 ..mu..m segmentation, for refractive index values from 1.0 to 3.0 with absorptive (imaginary) components varied form 0 to 1.0. Collector orientation and effective f/No., as well as fringe spacing, beam polarization and wavelength, were varied in this analytical evaluation. 18 refs., 42 figs., 5 tabs.

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Preliminary resource assessment of coalbed methane in the United States

Preliminary results of the DOE Methane Recovery from Coalbeds Project reveal that many of the coal regions in the United States have significant volumes of coalbed methane. These results show that 45 cooperative wells drilled to date have helped to update the estimates of methane in the various coal regions. The most promising coal region is in the Green River Basin where preliminary estimates show that the methane potential may be over 23 trillion cubic feet. Another area of considerable interest is in the Arkoma Basin where the methane content of coal samples ranged from 200 to 400 cubic feet per ton (cf/ton) of coal. The methane estimate in this basin is between 1.6 to 3.6 trillion cubic feet. The Piceance Creek coal region is an area presently generating considerable interest and industry activity. The methane content of the coal samples extracted from this basin averaged over 100 cf/ton. The Northern Appalachian region also shows considerable promise.

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BX In Situ Oil Shale Project. Environmental Mitigation and Monitoring Plan (revised September 1981)

The purpose of this document is to describe the Environmental Plan which was designed to assess the environmental aspects of Equity's in situ oil shale project. Although the project is of pilot scale, the plan was designed so that the data can be used to assess the potential environmental impact of possible future commercial development. The project and the environmentally oriented work to be done under the project are discussed. The section has been segmented such that for each subprogram, i.e., Air Resources, Water Resources and Aquatic Biology, the program background, purpose, objectives and research needs are presented. Also included in the program discussions is a presentation of the applicable Federal, state and local regulatory requirements. Another section details the environmental mitigation and monitoring reporting requirements. The methodologies, sampling techniques, sampling frequency, and the quality assurance/quality control procedures that have been implemented for each environmental activity are also detailed.

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Great Plains ASPEN model development:  cooling tower. Final topical report

A working flowsheet model of the Cooling Tower area has been developed. The ASPEN FLASH2 block used to simulate the Cooling Tower is an approximate representation that assumes one theoretical stage. The model can be used for simulating the Cooling Tower area at or near design conditions. The model also is suited for rating cases, because Cooling Tower turndown is achieved by turning off fans or shutting down cells, which maintains efficiencies nearly constant. The results of several case study runs made using the model were as expected. The model converged easily even when substantial changes were made to plant cooling load, air temperature and humidity, and blowdown rate. The model also showed that approximately all of the cycle water feed contaminants are stripped out in the Cooling Tower. The model behaves well, and no convergence problems have been found. 1 reference.

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Advanced coal-fueled gas turbine systems, Volume 2: Annual technical progress report

The objective of this contract is to establish the technology required for subsequent commercial development and application by the private sector of utility-size direct coal-fueled gas turbines. Emissions from these units are to meet or be lower than EPA's New Source Performance Standards (NSPS) for coal-fired steam generators. This report is submitted in two volumes. The narrative supporting figures and tables are contained in Volume 1. Thirty-six (36) drawings which were used in the design and manufacture of the subscale slagging combustor, hot gas particulate and alkali probe, and modifications and/or additions to the Haverhill test site are placed in this report. 36 figs.

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Preliminary analysis of Devonian shale oil production in the Appalachian Basin

Devonian shale production has been continuous for many years in the Appalachian Basin. In the northwest portion of West Virginia and the southeast area of Ohio, the shale produces liquid hydrocarbons. A few wells have reported initial potentials (IP's) in excess of 1000 barrels per day (bpd). Inherent to this unconventional resource (low pressure, low permeability, low porosity, and naturally-fractured) is a rapid rate of production decline such that, after 4 to 6 months, many wells become inoperable. The US Department of Energy's (DOE's) Morgantown Energy technology Center. (METC) anticipates investigating the occurrence of liquid hydrocarbons in the shale, as well as the reservoir engineering and fluid properties aspects. DOE/METC intends to offer producers in the area information, techniques, and procedures that will optimize liquid production. Besides new well drilling ventures, results of the investigation should affect the approximately 2000 shale wells that are already completed but are plagued by a rapid decline in production. Ideally, these older wells will be regenerated, at least to some degree, leading to further resource exploitation. This report summarizes some of the available production data, characterizes decline rates for selected wells, and specifies a refined study area of high resource potential. 11 refs., 14 figs., 1 tab.

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Status Report on the Development of the Coalbed Water Jet Drilling System

This report describes the background, objectives, and present status of the project to develop a system to drill horizontal holes in coal from a vertical wellbore with water jets. One possible application of this technology would be methane drainage from coalbeds. Underground coal gasification is another area of coal utilization which involves moving gas through coalbeds. Most methane drainage and UCG schemes involve drilling holes into the coalbed. The holes are generally drilled by conventional rotary drills adapted for that purpose. Several procedures are used: patterns of vertical wells, long slant holes drilled from the surface to intercept the coal seam horizontally; horizontal holes drilled from the bottom of large vertical shafts; and holes drilled from mine working faces. It is clear that a drill system which could be sent down a conventional vertical borehole, turned 90 degrees, and advanced into the coal seam would have direct application in extending the well bore for methane drainage and in wellbore linking in UCG work. Recent progress in water jet cutting technology makes such a drill appear to be feasible. As of this report, work on the water jet drilling project has produced a complete set of drawings and specifications of a system that should meet the project set of drawings and specifications of a system that should meet the project objectives. The major components of the system have been tested in the field or modeled in the lab. The next step is to assemble and field test the components as a system. That operation will confirm or alter the certain conclusions made now about the capabilities and limitations of the water jet drill.

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Study of gas migration from Naval Oil Shale Reserve No. 3 to the Rulison Field. [Evaluation of possible losses to commercial field]

The DOE Office of Naval Petroleum and Oil Shale Reserves (NPOSR) was concerned that a significant gas loss from NOSR No. 3 to nearby producing commercial wells in the Rulison Field could occur through migration across the reserve boundary. The DOE also wanted an estimate of the expected production rate from several proposed offset wells. To answer these questions, the following elements were used in this study: hydraulic fracture treatment and completion records, geophysical logs, a geologic study (Knutson 1985), DOE field test data, approximately 4 years of production data from 39 industry wells in the adjacent Rulison Field, reservoir analysis computer codes, and reservoir engineering calculations. DOE's Morgantown Energy Technology Center (METC) conducted a reservoir simulation study and an engineering analysis on gas migration for two tight lenticular sandstone units, the Wasatch Formation and the lenticular portion of the Mesaverde Group, in Garfield County, Colorado. The study quantified potential gas loss through migration from the Naval Oil Shale Reserve (NOSR) No. 3 to nearby producing wells located in the Rulison Field. It also forecasted production for proposed NOSR No. 3 wells located at previously selected sites, offsetting commercial wells outside the reserve. This study also estimated the potential for gas migration from NOSR No. 3 to the Rulison Field for wells completed in the blanket-like Cozzette and Corcoran sandstones near the bottom of the Mesaverde Group. 27 refs., 29 figs., 17 tabs.

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