AndreaBozzo/ceres-open-data-index huggingface dataset:
AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS OF AN IN SITU TAR SAND RECOVERY SITE--RECLAMATION AND RECOVERY PHASE, VERNAL, UTAH

"This report presents the results of an aerial photographic  analysis of an in situ tar sands recovery site carried out by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency in  cooperation with the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE). Color infrared aerial photography (oblique and vertical), acquired in May 1982, was compared to similar photographs acquired 20 months earlier to assess the  progress of deactivation and reclamation at the 10-acre in situ tar sands recovery field site near Vernal, Utah. Operated in part by the DOE Laramie Energy Technology Center, the field site has been the location of forward combustion, reverse combustion, and steam injection enhanced recovery experiments since 1975. Photo analysis indicated that, although substantial progress has  been made in the removal of site support buildings and other facilities since an October 1980 monitoring  overflight, no direct evidence of managed reclamation (reseeding, revegetation) was noted in the May 1982 photography. The total disturbed surface area at the field site increased from 6.7 acres in 1980 to 8.2 acres in 1982."

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AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS OF AN IN SITU TAR SAND RECOVERY SITE--RECLAMATION AND RECOVERY PHASE, VERNAL, UTAH

This report presents the results of an aerial photographic analysis of an experimental in situ tar sands recovery site carried out by the US Environmental Protection Agency's Environmental Monitoring Systems Laboratory in Las Vegas. This is the third report in a series documenting the operation, deactivation, and reclamation of the 10 acre site near Vernal, Utah where enhanced petroleum recovery experiments have been carried out since 1975. Prepared for the US DOE's LETC, the report presents an analysis of site reclamation and recovery progress between May and September 1982. Aerial photographic analysis indicated an increase of 1.2 acres exhibiting signs of vegetative recovery since May 1982, amounting to a net overall increase of 0.7 acres since an initial monitoring overflight in October 1980. Additionally, of 18 support structures and associated equipment present on the site in May 1982, all but 3 had been removed by September 1982.

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COMPARATIVE STUDY OF THE ISOLATION OF ORGANIC MATERIAL FROM WATER COLLECTED DURING THE IN SITU RETORTING OF TAR SANDS (ABSTRACT ONLY)

As the commercialization of in situ retorting of tar sands approaches, the contamination of water by organic compounds generated by the process becomes a concern. Whether one is looking at total organic content or individual species, it is important to know the quantity of organic material isolated. Previous methods of removing the organic material present in tar sand water have been limited to liquid/liquid extractions. For the purpose of this investigation, water collected from the in situ retorting of tar sands was treated by various methods to determine the most efficient in organic removal. These methods included liquid/ liquid extraction, freeze drying and resin adsorption. The organic content in the water was determined before and after each isolation. Two methods of determining the efficiency of the organic carbon isolation were utilized and compared. The first method involved the conversion of carbon to methane followed flame ionization detection and a second method converting the carbon to carbon dioxide followed by coulometric titration. The results of the various methods of isolation and detection will be discussed.

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RESIDUALS MANAGEMENT IN PHYSICAL-CHEMICAL TREATMENT OF TAR SAND PROCESSING WASTEWATER

Recent research in the treatment of tar sand processing wastewaters has been successful in identifying appropriate physical-chemical processes which can be employed to treat wastewaters generated from in situ extraction methods to levels compatible with most environmental and industrial standards. Among the various treatment methods employed, particularly satisfactory results were obtained treating a representative steam flooding wastewater with ferric chloride coagulation or single stage polymer-based foam fractionation. In each case, substantial quantities of waste residuals are generated and appropriate dewatering and disposal methods must be developed. This paper discusses recent research aimed at the definition of such dewatering and disposal methods for ferric chloride coagulation sludge and polymer-based fomate.

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CHARACTERISTICS OF THE PR SPRING TAR SAND DEPOSITS, UINTA BASIN, UTAH, USA

The Laramie Energy Technology Center conducted seven-corehole drilling program in the PR Spring tar sand deposit, southeastern Uinta Basin, Utah, during the summer of 1980. Three main tar sand zones in the southwestern and west-central portion of the deposit were correlated by cross sections, using six of the seven LETC coreholes. The saturated beds and zones are lenticular and discontinuous over both large and small areas. As determined by the LETC cores and twenty eight previously drilled cores in the deposit, from one to twenty seven separate tar sand beds at least one foot thick of continuous saturation exist in the deposit, the thickness of which is 10.7 m thick. Analytical results from the LETC cores and the twenty eight other cores were integrated to further evaluate tar sand characteristics of the deposit. The following general trends were noted: extracted permeability and extracted porosity decrease downdip; oil saturation decreases to the west-southwest; and water saturation decreases to the east.

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APPLICATION OF THE VERTICAL TUBE REACTOR TO THE TREATMENT OF SELECTED TAR SAND WASTEWATERS

The project objective was to evaluate the use of the Vertical Tube Reactor process in the wet oxidization of wastewaters generated by two Tar Sand recovery processes. The Laboratory Batch Reactor, a small vessel of constant volume, was used to simulate the conditions a wastewater would experience in a full scale Vertical Tube Reactor.

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Crude Oil Analysis as a Guide to Asphalt Potential

Asphaltic crude oils vary widely in properties, and their analyses are used to determine the suitability of the crude oils for asphalt manufacture. The use of the analyses may be as simple as estimating the amount of asphalt which can be derived from the oil, or it may be as sophisticated as predicting the properties of the asphaltic product. Such predictions may be made by comparing the properties of crude oil from which the asphalt is to be prepared with the properties of crude oils whose processing characteristics are known. Inasmuch as general agreement cannot be reached on the properties which control the quality of an asphalt, it is not possible to determine directly from the crude oil analysis whether the asphalt will provide satisfactory performance. Indeed, many manufacturers claim that satisfactory asphalts can be made from any asphaltic crude oil if suitable processing and utilization procedures are used.

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High Resolution Seismic Study to Evaluate Structure at the LETC Site Near Vernal, Utah

High resolution seismic data were utilized to investigate the structural configuration of tar sands and related geological units at the Laramie Energy Test Center tar sand site near Vernal, Utah. The major objective was to map fault patterns to define areas that might be prospective for drilling of multiple holes for a DOE experiment to extract bitumen from tar sands.

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THE REACTION RATE OF CARBON IN TAR SAND FROM P.R. SPRINGS, UTAH

An isothermal combustion tube experiment was constructed to determine the reaction rate of carbon in tar sand specimen from P.R. Spring deposit in Utah. The reaction rate fits an Arrhenius type equation where the orders of reaction with respect to both oxygen partial pressure and carbon concentration are determined. The dependence of the specific reaction rate on both temperature and total pressure is examined and an activation energy for the reaction is evaluated.

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REACTION RATE OF THE COMBUSTION OF TAR SANDS IN THE PRESENCE OF AIR

An isothermal combustion tube experiment was constructed to determine the reaction rate of carbon in tar sand specimen from P.R. Springs, Utah. the reaction rate fits an Arrhenius type equation where the orders of reaction with respect to both oxygen partial pressure and carbon concentration are determined. The dependence of the specific reaction rate on both temperature and total pressure is examined and an activation energy for the reaction is evaluated.

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Numerical Simulation of the Injection-Production History of a Multiple-Well System Using the Method of Lines

A three-dimensional model which simulates the injection-production air flow rate in a tar sand bed was developed by the author in fulfillment of ERDA Contract (E(29-2)). The model consisted of a non-linear partial differential equation derived from the continuity equation, Darcy's Law, and the ideal gas equation of state. A finite difference scheme based on the work developed by Bruce et al. was incorporated in a computer code which determines both the injection-production air flow rates and the pressure distribution in the tar sand bed.

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Proposed Sites for Flowshare Nuclear Oil Shale Experiment, Piceance Creek Basin, Rio Blanco County, Colorado

Analysis of geologic cross sections and isopach maps of the Parachute Creek Member of the Green River Formation indicates that a 500-foot thick oil shale section, averaging 25 gallons of oil per ton and having 800 to 1,000 feet overburden, exists at three sites in the northwestern part of the Piceance Creek Basin, Colorado. These three sites are located in sec. 11, T. 1 S., R. 99 W., sec. 35, T. 1 S., R. 99 W., and sec. 12, T. 2 S., R. 99 W. These sites meet the initial geologic requirements as stated by the AEC for a Plowshare in situ nuclear experiment for recovering oil from oil shale.

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THERMOPHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF NATURAL RESOURCE MATERIALS-TWO QUARTERLY REPORTS (3/6/79-6/5/79 AND 12/79-3/80)

During the past quarter, work has continued on characterization of the thermophysical properties of oil shales. The research has concentrated on six main areas (a) "low" frequency, 50 Hz - 1 Mhz dielectric studies (b) microwave dielectric spectroscopy in the range 1 MHz - 13 GHz (c) thermal conductivity studies (d)  thermoacoustic analysis (e) differential scanning calorimetry, and (f) r f processing and prospecting applications.

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INVERSE GAS-LIQUID-CHROMATOGRAPHY-MASS SPECTROMETRY.  MASS SPECTRAL RESULTS OBTAINED AFTER SILYLATION AND/OR OXIDATION OF ASPHALTS IN IGLC COLUMNS

"A combination of inverse gas-liquid chromatography (IGLC) and time-of-flight mass spectroscopy was shown to be effective in demonstrating changes in asphalts resulting from oxidation and silylation. Most test  compounds emerged unaltered from IGLC columns  containing the asphalt samples. Some acidic and basic test compounds provided silyl exchange products on silylated columns. Primary and secondary amines provided water from reaction with oxidized asphalt samples. Results using the various asphalts demonstrated differences between samples."

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COMPOSITION OF NAPHTHA PRODUCED BY THERMAL CRACKING OF N-T-U GAS OIL

Composition studies were made on naphtha prepared at the Laramie Station by the recycle cracking of N-T-U gas oil.  The naphtha was first separated into tar sands, tar bases and neutral oils.  Each of these materials was distilled into narrow boiling fractions whose composition was determined by a combination of adsorption, spectrometric and chemical techniques.

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INVERSE GLC-EXTENSION OF THE TECHNIQUE TO THE STUDY OF OXIDATION OF ASPHALTS

An extension of the inverse GLC technique to the study of the oxidation of asphalts as reported.  In the new approach, an asphalt, serving as the liquid substrate in a gas liquid chromatographic column, is oxidized directly within the chromatograph.  The retention behavior of a group of selected test compounds possessing different functional groups is determined before and after oxidation. Because the retention behavior is dependent on interactions between the functional groups of the test compound and chemical functionalities in the asphalt, the changes occurring in the asphalt on oxidation are reflected as changes in retention behavior.  Inverse GLC was found sensitive in detecting changes that take place on oxidation and holds promise as a method of predicting asphalt durability.

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PRODUCTION OF LIGHT WEIGHT CONCRETE AGGREGATES FROM CLAYS, SHALES, SLATES, AND OTHER MATERIALS WITH DIRECTORY OF PRODUCERS

This report presented in Parts I, II, and III, covers the results of the investigation under the contract to date and embodies data collected at the Bureau of Mines Experimental Stations at Tuscaloosa, Ala., Norris, Tenn. And College Park, Md.

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THERMODYNAMIC STUDY OF FACTORS IN INVERSE GS-LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY (INTERIM REPORT)

"The present report is a part of the chemical studies which the Asphalt Research Group at the Laramie Petroleum Research Center has started to develop Inverse GLC. Two approaches are reported here: First, the temperature dependence of the retention volume is used to determine how the heats and entropies of absorption into asphalt differ for the test compounds used. Second, a start has been made in the application of the technique of factor analysis to the Inverse GLC data. The preliminary results with this technique, whose first objective is to determine just how many factors are significant in the data, and thus assist in reducing the redundancy in the test compounds used, are described in Section V.  This report also attempts to formulate in chemical terms an acceptable picture of how the properties of asphalt originate, and how the GLC behavior will be related to other properties. Among observations needing interpretation, we can cite the following. Why should “strong solvents” for asphalts—toluene, benzene, carbon tetrachloride—have small interaction coefficients? Why should a number of test compounds (pyrrole, butanol, DMSO, octane, toluene) show roughly constant retention volumes in various series of asphalt fractions? In contrast, a few test compounds, notably phenol and propionic acid, show marked differences between fractions of the same asphalt, and pronounced changes in retention volume on oxidation. Amines seem to be in a class by themselves, showing differences between asphalts, and especially large increases in retention volume after oxidation of the column."

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CREEP AND RELAXATION OF OIL SHALE

This paper presents results of a study on the creep and relaxation behavior of oil shale. The set of duplicate test specimens required for creep testing were cut from a single oil shale layer using a wire saw to avoid any surface damage. A rheological model was developed for creep and relaxation behavior of oil shale as a function of stress level and organic content. Data from creep testing together with x-ray and Fischer assay analyses were used to demonstrate correlation between various stress levels and organic contents for samples of Wyoming Green River Formation.

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TRACER/FLOW INTERPRETATION METHODOLOGY: PROBLEM DEFINITION AND ESTABLISHMENT OF BASIC METHODOLOGY

This report summarizes the initial phase of an overall program to develop tracer/flow data interpretation methodology specific for the range of porous media encountered in in situ oil shale formations and retorts. The primary effort of this phase was a relatively extensive literature review specialized to the non-ideal (particularly fractured) media of interest. Principle reference works are categorized in Appendices A and B. The secondary effort of this phase was the investigation and programming of a basic calculational methodology for the unfolding of tracer response concentration vs. time curves. This initial methodology considers tracer time wise spreading to be pure hydrodynamic dispersion and yields appropriate distributions of flow channel (fracture) size, quantity, and resulting mass flow. Example test cases are included as Appendix C.

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BIBLIOGRAPHY OF PETROLEUM AND ALLIED SUBSTANCES IN 1921

This bulletin is the sixth in the series of petroleum bibliographies published by the Bureau of Mines, Bulletins 149, 165, 180, 189, and 216 being compilations for the years 1915, 1916, 1917, 1918, and 1919-1920, respectively. In this bulletin the same general plan has been followed in arranging the references, but one or two additions have been made in the classification.

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BIBLIOGRAPHY OF PETROLEUM AND ALLIED SUBSTANCES IN 1917

This bulletin is the third of the series of yearly petroleum bibliographies being published by the Bureau of Mines. The two preceding, Bulletin 149 and Bulletin 165, were for the years 1915 and 1916, respectively. In arranging the references the same general scheme has been followed, but as in those bulletins, several changes and additions have been made in the classification, the more important being in the classes “Development and production” and “Refining and refineries.” German periodicals for 1917 were not procurable and references to articles in those and in other foreign journals that were not available have been credited to the sources from which they were procured.

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BIBLIOGRAPHY OF PETROLEUM AND ALLIED SUBSTANCES IN 1915

Persons interested in the study of petroleum and allied substances have long felt the need of a bibliographic index to the literature. This bibliography, which is intended to be the first of a yearly series, has been compiled by the petroleum division of the Bureau of Mines with a view to satisfying this need. The references include only the more noteworthy writings that appeared during the year 1915 in both the United States and foreign countries. Only patents plainly applicable to the industries in point have been included, although of course, a close scrutiny of the great volume of patent literature might reveal many other patents of possible value. The references are arranged according to the subject classification on pages 3 to 11. This classification, which is to be followed in the succeeding bibliographics of this series, is offered as a guide for further study and classification of the pertinent literature.

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BIBLIOGRAPHY OF PETROLEUM AND ALLIED SUBSTANCES IN 1919 AND 1920

This bulletin is the fifth in the series of petroleum bibliographies published by the Bureau of Mines, Bulletins 149, 165, 180, and 189 being compilations for the years 1915, 1916, 1917, and 1918, respectively. In this bulletin the same general plan has been followed in arranging the references, but a few changes and additions have been made in the classification.

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BIBLIOGRAPHY OF PETROLEUM AND ALLIED SUBSTANCES IN 1918

This bulletin is the fourth in the series of petroleum bibliographies being published by the Bureau of Mines, the three preceding, Bulletins 149, 165, and 180, being compilations for the years 1915, 1916, and 1917, respectively. In this bulletin the same general plan has been followed in arranging the references, but a few changes and additions have been made in the classification, the more important changes being in the classes “Geology and Origin” and “Refining and Refineries.” During the year German periodicals were not available, and as in the bibliography for 1917, references to articles in foreign journals that were not available have been taken from other sources and credit given to those sources.

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BIBLIOGRAPHY OF PETROLEUM AND ALLIED SUBSTANCES IN 1916

This bibliography follows the same general scheme as the bibliography of petroleum and allied substances for 1915. The names of the publications read are given in the list that follows. This list is practically the same as that for the 1915 bibliography, except that copies of the German publications, outside of a few scattered numbers, could not be obtained. References to articles in these journals have been taken from such sources as were available and credit has been given to those sources. American and foreign patents have been entered by title, without abstracts. A few minor changes have been made in the scheme of classification, which is, on the whole, the same as that given in the 1915 bibliography.

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SOME INNOVATIONS IN EQUIPMENT FOR SCALING HIGH ROOFS AND MINE WALLS

This paper describes the methods and equipment developed at the Bureau’s Experimental Oil-Shale mine near Rifle, Colo. for placing men in position to scale loone rock from the walls, pillars, and roofs of high atopen or rooms. The equipment developed at Rifle han application not only in oil-shale mining but in most of the country’s underground limestone mines and in the exploitation of other mineral deposits mined in high stones by room-and-pillar methods.

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THEORETICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES OF REVERSE COMBUSTION

This paper describes recent modeling and experimental studies of reverse combustion (RC) linking, aimed at understanding the propagation dynamics of a RC front. Modeling efforts have resulted in the development of simple, accurate analytical equations for the temperature and flame speed of a planar RC wave, by use of matched asymptotic expansions in an activation energy parameter describing the combustion kinetics. The effects of heat losses, anisotropic permeability and of different kinetic mechanisms have been analyzed. A linear stability analysis of this asymptotic model has been performed, and predictions of this analysis are applied to Hanna RC linking field test data. The ongoing experimental program involves performing RC experiments on two-dimensional samples of particle board and basis wood. These experiments determine the shape, size and propagation rate of a RC channel under controlled upstream flow conditions. The progress of the burn front is monitored by infrared thermography. Results of preliminary experiments and discussion of the data obtained to date are described.

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THERMAL REARRANGMENTS OF VINYL DIHYDROGURANS AND RELATED ISOMERIC SYSTEMS

The objective of this investigation was to explore the thermal rearrangement of potential of 2,5-dimethyl-2-vinvyl-2,3-dihydrofuran (26). Being an allyl vinyl ether, 26 is formally capable of underground a Claisen rearrangement. However, due to the restraining effect of the methylene group which bridges the allyl and enolyl moieties it might have been expected that 26 would undergo rearrangement via a diradical process rather than a concerted Claisen rearrangement.

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ANALYSIS OF THE COAL RESOURCES IN THE ALMOND AND LOWER FOR UNION FORMATIONS

The purpose of this report is to set forth certain data and analyses developed for specific coal formations located in southwestern Wyoming. The report consists of three parts: I) A summary of the regional and local geology, stratigraphy, and coal depositional environments for the Almond and Lower For t Union formations, Salt Wells area, Rock Springs coal field; II) A similar study for a portion of the Adaville formation, Spring Valley District, Kemmerer field, Hams Fork coal region; and III) A geostatistical analysis which, among other things yields an estimate of coal thickness and area, together with the computer software used to determine these values. Appendices containing laboratory analyses of coal samples, geophysical logs, lithologic descriptions, and geostatistical computer plots are included in each part. Plates, Figures, and Tables are numbered consecutively in each part.

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