AndreaBozzo/ceres-open-data-index huggingface dataset:
Laboratory evaluation of selected shale oil asphalts in paving mixtures. Report RF-3403-1

Shale oil asphalt cements originating from the Green River formation in Colorado were characterized by laboratory tests commonly used in specifying paving asphalts. The asphalt cements were mixed with two common aggregates to fabricate laboratory specimens which were tested to identify paving mixture characteristics such as compactibility, stability, stiffness, tensile strength, and water susceptibility. Test results were compared to similar characteristics of a petroleum asphalt cement and petroleum asphalt-aggregate mixtures. Laboratory test results indicate no fundamental differences between shale oil asphalt and petroleum asphalt and furthermore properties of the mixtures are shown to be satisfactory when compared to standard specifications. 27 figures, 12 tables.

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Specific heat of Colorado oil shales. [Determination by modified Fischer retort method at 50/sup 0/ increments from 150 to 450/sup 0/F]

A knowledge of certain chemical and physical properties of oil shale is essential to the application of sound engineering practices to the problem of recovering liquid fuels from oil shale.   Thermal properties are particularly important, because the process of converting organic matter in oil shale into a liquid product is accomplished most readily by the application of heat.

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Methods and evaluation of explosive fracturing in oil shale. [3 methods:  use of liquid explosive, dynamite, or TNT]

The Bureau of Mines developed methods for fragmenting oil shale formation with chemical explosives to prepare oil shale for in situ retorting and evaluating the extent of fragmentation by various methods.  A combination of three methods of explosive fracturing was used: (1) The displacement and detonation of a liquid chemical explosive in a natural fracture (2) the use of 60-per dynamite to relieve stress conditions of the rock around the wellbore, and (3) the use of pelletized TNT in a series of wellbore shots to fragment the oil shale. Seven methods were used to evaluate the fragmented zone. A seismic method was used to delineate the fragmented zone with results base on arrival time, amplitude and record quality.  The data from the seismic measurements indicated the extensively fragmented zone was approximately 95 ft. in diameter and 70 ft. thick.  Results of the remaining methods of evaluating fractures--including airflow tests, coring of the expected fragmented zone, elevation measurements to indicate overburden crowning, and surveys with high speed camera, impression packer, and down-hole camera--agreed with and supported the data from seismic measurements.

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Hot-film low logging as applied to in-situ oil shale and mining experiments

"The hot-film, heated-sensor technique of fluid flow measurement has been developed and is being applied to well logging by the U.S. Bureau of Mines for evaluating in situ fracturing and retorting experiments in Green River oil  shale. Wellbore fluid flow profiles and fluid entry or exit points are determined and recorded while raising or lowering the tool in cased or uncased wellbores. Downhole tools contain no electronics except a small, durable, temperature-compensated, hot-film anemometer flow sensor that withstands high velocity and temperature and is compatible with most wellbore environments. Hot-film flow logging, in combination with air injection and production, has proven to be a valuable formation evaluation tool for characterizing natural, hydraulic, and explosive fractures in Green River oil shale. Fracture  depths, types (horizontal or vertical ), and flow characteristics within a system of wells used in an in situ combustion test have been determined before and after fracturing. Injection and production fluid flow profile les were also determined before ignition, during combustion, and after combustion termination. A miniature probe, for insertion into 1-inch-diameter holes, has been fabricated  for underground mining applications. This device, attached to 1-inch tubular rods, is used to locate permeable gas -producing fractures that interconnect boreholes if gas (air) is injected into one of the holes. Potential applications of the hot-film flow logging technique include determining flow characteristics of gas production and storage wells, water  supply and injection wells, ore bodies fractured for solution mining, and a fracture zone surrounding a nuclear chimney."

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Volumetric heating of oilshales by electromagnetic methods. Volume 1. General summary

Research includes an in-depth investigation of heat transfer in the shale, dielectric modeling, study of wave propagation in lossy media, and the development of a numerical model to simulate in situ oil recovery by electromagnetic heating. A theoretical understanding of the underlying physical mechanisms of the heating process is helpful in designing appropriate technology to optimize oil yields, energy requirements, and heating geometries. Understanding dielectric behavior permits the design of appropriate radiation heating equipment. The development of a comprehensive model allows predictions and estimates for oil yields, design of optimal heating geometries, and net energy recovery ratios. The research performed so far on these aspects is summarized in this report. 26 refs., 14 figs.

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Hydrodenitrification of crude shale oil. [Hydrogenation at 685 to 800/sup 0/F, 600 to 1400 psig]

Crude shale oil was hydrogenated over a cobalt molybdate-on-alumina catalyst at temperatures of 685, 740, and 800 degrees F; pressures of 600, 1,000, and  1,400 psig; and liquid hourly space velocities of 0.1, 0.15, and 0.3. Hydrogen consumption ranged from 870 to 2,010 scf/bbl and increased exponentially with the degree of denitrification or amount of nitrogen removed. Nitrogen compound types in the crude shale oil and the hydrotreated products were determined by a combination of infrared spectrometry  and nonaqueous potentiometer techniques. Nitrogen contents of the hydrotreated products ranged from 1.59 to 0.005 weight-percent. Hydrogen partial pressure had a significantly greater effect on the denitrification rate constants for insole-type nitrogen compounds than on either quinoline-type nitrogen compounds or total nitrogen. The data show that, while at the temperatures and pressures used the denitrification rate constants for quinoline-type nitrogen compounds were greater than the denitrification rate constants for insole-type nitrogen compounds, at pressures above 3,000 psig the opposite would be true.

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Clean energy from coal

"The Pittsburgh Energy Research Center (PERC) is making rapid progress in developing new processes for producing clean energy from coal. These include SYNTHOIL--an efficient, inexpensive method for producing fuel oil from coal, using turbulent flow of coal slurry and hydrogen through a fixed-bed catalyst; SYNTHANE-one of the most promising processes to produce high Btu, pipeline-quality gas from coal; HYDRANE--a second generation process to make pipeline gas by direct hydrogenation; and  COSTEAM--a coal liquefaction process using steam and carbon monoxide or readily available synthesis gas. Gasoline and other light distillates can be produced by adaptations of these liquefaction and gasification processes (in the latter by Fischer-Tropsch synthesis). Research is also being performed on the chars produced in coal conversion processes to utilize them in hydrogen production and in combustion for power generation.  A unique three-stage coal combustor is being built to supply a high temperature gas for advanced cycle power generation."

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HFEM monitoring of coal gasification, Rawlins, Wyoming

This report covers the high frequency electromagnetic monitoring (HFEM) of an underground coal gasification test located in the North Knobs area about eight miles west of Rawlins, Wyoming in Section II T21N, R89W. At the test site, the gasified coal seam is steeply dipping (63/sup 0/) with a seam width of about 23 feet. The coal is subbituminous. The purpose of the HFEM is to monitor the burn or cavity progress between the injection well and the production well. Figure 1 shows a sectional view of the coal seam with some of the HFEM boreholes. Figure 2 is a plan view of the HFEM boreholes and their relationship to the injection and production holes. All of the HFEM boreholes are cased with PVC pipe and grouted in place, terminating in steel pipe and wellheads with ball valves, pressure gauges and small relief valves. The steel pipe, PVC pipe junction, was made above the coal seam with the PVC extending through the coal seam. Unfortunately, all the boreholes did not extend far enough through the coal seam to allow viewing of the bottom portion of the coal seam. Two key boreholes failed prior to initiation of the burn and became unusable. Because of these two borehole failures, we had to change our test plan and depend heavily on boreholes H-20, H-22, and H-15 which were deicated hydrology holes, but could be used for HFEM on a cooperative basis. These holes were not suitable for HFEM as they penetrated only halfway through the coal seam and the steel casing ended at the top of the coal seam, severely limiting our vertical range. Our transmission ranges were now doubled forcing us to reduce our operating frequency with a consequent loss in resolution. We were unable to observe the reverse burn linkage because of the lower operating frequencies. The results of monitoring with the available boreholes are given.

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Dual sample injection for gas chromatographic determination of sulfur species with flame photometric detection

A gas chromatograph using flame photometric detection is very good for sulfur detection. A major difficulty is the range of sulfur concentrations encountered in air samples. A dual sample loop instrument is presented that overcomes this difficulty. A small loop is provided for samples of high concentration and  a large loop is provided for low concentration samples. 4 references, 3 figures.

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Effect of oxidation on carbonization yields of Texas lignite. [Oxidation of lignite prior to carbonization at 500/sup 0/C decreases tar yields and increases gas yields]

"A lignite from Milam County, Tex., has been oxidized by air at temperatures from about 27° to 300· C. for varying lengths of time. The oxidized coal was carbonized at 500· C. in a laboratory assay unit, and the products of  carbonization were measured and analyzed. The data presented suggest that, as lignite is progressively oxidized, tar yields are decreased and gas yields are increased in a ratio approximating 1:1. It is surmised that tar-yielding structures in the nonoxidized coal produce gas, principally, when the coal is oxidized. Char-yielding structures of the nonoxidized coal give rise to additional water of decomposition after oxidation and pyrolysis. As lignite is subjected to greater oxidation, the gaseous product evolved on pyrolysis becomes almost entirely carbon dioxide. Tar yields decrease with an increased degree of oxidation, so that the reduction in tar yield may be used as a qualitative measure of oxidation. Pilot-plant drying and carbonization, where air is used as the transport gas and where some air is included in the drying and carbonizing gases, induces some oxidation of the coal particle. The short residence time in a fluidized system  with reference to the oxidation environment limits the oxidation."

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Field demonstration of the conventional steam drive process with ancillary materials. Second annual report, October 1, 1980-October 31, 1981

This report summarizes the work performed during the second year of a research and development project to demonstrate that a particular ancillary material, surfactant based foam, can improve the efficiency of steam drive. The project consists of basic laboratory testing supplemented by five small field tests. The initial laboratory work involved screening foam chemicals for thermal stability and testing methods of placing them deep into a porous media. Tests were also conducted in a sixteen-foot sandpack to verify the emplacement techniques and the capacity of the chemical system to control the mobility of injected steam. The work with these systems has been reported in the first annual report and in SPE/DOE Paper 9777 presented at Tulsa, April 1981. The field test locations were chosen to address two major technical problems encountered in steam drive operations; namely, the excessive channeling of steam through thief zones, and the progressive increase in steam flow through oil-depleted, already swept zones. At this time, two mini-tests have been completed; one with Santa Fe Energy in the Midway-Sunset Field and one with Conoco in the Cat Canyon Field. Two tests with Texaco in the San Ardo Field and a verification test with Santa Fe Energy in the Midway-Sunset Field are still underway.

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Scale-up of mild gasification to a process development unit. Quarterly report, February--May, 1994

The overall objective of this project is to develop the IGT Mild-Gasification (MILDGAS) process for near-term commercialization. The specific objectives of the program are to: design, construct, and operate a 24-ton/day adiabatic process development unit (PDU) to obtain process performance data suitable for further design scaleup; obtain large batches of coal-derived co-products for industrial evaluation; prepare a detailed design of a demonstration unit; and develop technical and economic plans for commercialization of the MILDGAS process. The MILDGAS process is a continuous closed system for producing liquid and solid (char) co-products at mild operating conditions up to 50 psig and 1,300 F. It is capable of processing a wide range of both eastern caking and western noncaking coals. This quarter, the permit to construct was obtained from the state of Illinois EPA. A meeting was held at IGT on February 23, 1994 between IGT and Bechtel to discuss the revisions to the flowsheet and the new timetable for obtaining the revised bids. Bechtel Corp. was reactivated and flowsheet, reactor design details, and heat and material balances were revised. Bechtel Corp. prepared revised PFDs, PIDs, process specifications, and the data sheets for the gasifier for resubmittal to the bidders. The revised bid sheets were submitted to the bidders and the new bids have been received and are being analyzed.

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The development of an integrated multistage fluid-bed retorting process. Quarterly report, April--June, 1994

This report summarizes the progress made on the development of an integrated multistage fluidized bed retorting process (KENTORT II) during the period of April 1, 1994 through June 30, 1994. The KENTORT II process includes integral fluidized bed zones for pyrolysis, gasification, and combustion of the oil shale. The purpose of this program is to design and test the KENTORT II process at the 50-lb/hr scale. A series of seven mass- and carbon-balanced runs was completed in the 50-lb/hr KENTORT II Process Development Unit (PDU) during this period. Complete operability of the system was demonstrated and design conditions in terms of temperature, run length, and shale feedrate were all achieved. Runs of approximately 10 hours duration generated oil yields that were nearly equivalent to the average oil yield produced in the 5-lb/hr bench-scale unit. The preliminary analysis of the data indicates that the effects of scale up are relatively insignificant. Any reduction in oil yield may be attributed to the increased rate of solid recycle to the pyrolysis zone. The PDU operated autothermally, and 93% carbon utilization was achieved, on average. The balance of the project will involve characterization of the oils and writing the final report.

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Field verification of CO{sub 2}-foam. [Quarterly report], April 1--June 30, 1993

This project is a cooperative industry-university-government effort to transfer laboratory research technology to a field demonstration test. The primary objectives of the project is to evaluate the use of foam for mobility control and fluid diversion in a field-scale CO{sub 2} flood. Seven tasks were identified for the completion of this four-year project: (1) evaluate and select and field site, (2) develop an initial site-specific plan, (3) conduct laboratory CO{sub 2}-foam mobility test, (4) perform reservoir simulations, (5) design the foam slug, (6) implement a field test, and (7) evaluate results. During this quarter, the results of the first foam test (July to October, 1992) were evaluated, and a second foam test was initiated. A meeting of the Joint Project Advisory Team was held in Socorro on June 30 to July 1, 1993, to review all of the data obtained from the project to date. This report summarizes the most important data and provides a status of the project.

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Naturally fractured tight gas reservoir detection optimization. Quarterly status report, January 1, 1994--March 31, 1994

The objective of the study will be to demonstrate the geological and geophysical technology needed to detect and analyze, economically, naturally fractured tight gas reservoirs. Delays in subcontract approval for the RTM model with Indiana University had caused additional delays in commencement of the modeling effort. Now that the subcontract is signed, modeling work has commenced. Subcontract preparation and negotiations for the aeromagnetic fly-over by World Geoscience are also proceeding as planned. Because we have clearly documented production trends in the Parachute and Rulison fields, future effort will be directed toward geologic explanations of these production trends. Several regional cross-sections through these fields will be used to illustrate geologic differences and similarities between the two fields. This information will be critical to calibration of the RTM model and development of the optimal locations for infill drilling and recompletion strategies. Upon completion of the field studies, focus will be redirected toward development of a regional tectonic synthesis from Precambrian through today for the Piceance Basin and the uplifts surrounding this region. This effort will integrate published studies, seismic, wellbore, gravity and remote sensing data to delineate regions in the basin where additional field work is necessary to fully determine the geologic evolution of the basin.

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Naturally fractured tight gas reservoir detection optimization. Quarterly status report, October 1, 1993--January 30, 1994

The geologic assessment of the Piceance Basin is progressing as originally planned. Considerable effort has been expended initially to organize logistics associated with the various subcontractors to insure timely completion of tasks. Delays in subcontract approval for the RTM model with Indiana University has caused a short delay in initiation of work on the modeling effort. That work delay is reflected in underspending for the month of December as reported in the cost management report for that month: Completion of a suitable well log database for the subarea surrounding the Multiwell Experimental Site (MWX), site and throughout the Piceance Basin is nearing completion. Once final error checking is complete, this database will allow us to rapidly create maps of appropriate geologic intervals to study the regional structural geology and provide a window into the kinematics of fracturing in the Piceance Basin. Understanding of the detailed structural and stratigraphic framework is key to our understanding of fracture genesis in the basin and our ability to predict orientation and density of natural fractures in the subsurface.

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Development of stimulation diagnostic technology. Annual report, January 1991--December 1992

To apply Sandia`s expertise and technology towards the development of stimulation diagnostic technology in the areas of in situ stress, natural fracturing, stimulation processes and instrumentation systems. The approach to stimulation diagnostics is to integrate in situ stress measurements (including microfracs, anelastic strain recovery, circumferential velocity analysis, and coring-induced fractures) with natural fracture characterization, stimulation analyses (including Fracpro, other models, finite-element analyses, and various pressure analyses), and fracture diagnostics in order to validate hydraulic fracture concepts, models and diagnostic capabilities. The focus of this year`s efforts has been on the planning and development of the M-Site experiment facility for hydraulic fracture diagnostic development. A microseismic suitability test was conducted at the site with very positive results. In four small fracture treatments, over 1,000 microseismic were recorded, with most of these events having analyzable polarization and p- and s-wave arrivals. In the area of in situ stress, comparative studies are being made to evaluate stress measurement techniques, and an in situ stress topical report is being prepared. Natural fracture studies of the Frontier formation are progressing; the genesis and stratigraphic controls on two fracture sets have been hypothesized.

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Organic and inorganic hazardous waste stabilization utilizing fossil fuel combustion waste materials

A laboratory study was conducted at the Western Research Institute to evaluate the ability of innovative clean coal technology (ICCT) waste to stabilize organic and inorganic constituents of hazardous wastes. The four ICCT wastes used in this study were: (1) the Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) atmospheric fluidized bed combustor (AFBC) waste, (2) the TVA spray dryer waste, (3) the Laramie River Station spray dryer waste, and (4) the Colorado-Ute AFBC waste. Four types of hazardous waste stream materials were obtained and chemically characterized for use in evaluating the ability of the ICCT wastes to stabilize hazardous organic and inorganic wastes. The wastes included an API separator sludge, mixed metal oxide-hydroxide waste, metal-plating sludge, and creosote-contaminated soil. The API separator sludge and creosote-contaminated soil are US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)-listed hazardous wastes and contain organic contaminants. The mixed metal oxide-hydroxide waste and metal-plating sludge (also an EPA-listed waste) contain high concentrations of heavy metals. The mixed metal oxide-hydroxide waste fails the Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure (TCLP) for cadmium, and the metal-plating sludge fails the TCLP for chromium. To evaluate the ability of the ICCT wastes to stabilize the hazardous wastes, mixtures involving varying amounts of each of the ICCT wastes with each of the hazardous wastes were prepared, allowed to equilibrate, and then leached with deionized, distilled water. The leachates were analyzed for the hazardous constituent(s) of interest using the Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure.

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Blast furnace granular coal injection project. Annual report, January--December 1993

This initial annual report describes the Blast Furnace Granular Coal Injection project being implemented at Bethlehem Steel Corporation`s (BSC) Burns Harbor, Indiana, plant. This installation will be the first in the United States to employ British Steel technology that uses granular coal to provide part of the fuel requirement of blast furnaces. The project will demonstrate/assess a broad range of technical/economic issues associated with the use of coal for this purpose. These include: coal grind size, coal injection rate, coal source (type) and blast furnace conversion method. Preliminary Design (Phase 1) began in 1991 with detailed design commencing in 1993. Construction at Burns Harbor (Phase 2) began in August 1993. Construction is expected to complete in the first quarter of 1995 which will be followed by the demonstration test program (Phase 3). Progress is described.

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