AndreaBozzo/ceres-open-data-index huggingface dataset:
THE HYDRORETORTING ASSAY A NEW TECHNIQUE FOR OIL SHALE ASSESSMENT

Until recently, all oil shale retorting processes utilized a form of pyrolysis regardless of the physical configuration of the retorting device itself. Because of the common chemistry shared by all of these processes, estimates of the size of a given oil shale resource could be made using the familiar Fischer Assay test. Development of the HYTORT oil shale hydroretorting process (reaction of oil shale with hydrogen gas at elevated temperature and pressure) changed this situation. Because the HYTORT Process can obtain oil yields in excess of 400% of the Fischer Assay for certain oil shales, the development of a new assay technique became a necessity. The Institute of Gas Technology (IGT), working under the sponsorship of HYCRUDE Corporation has recently developed a Hydroretorting Assay technique which fills this need. IGT has designed, constructed, and tested a prototype Hydroretorting Assay unit which is described in this paper. In this unit a 100-gram sample of oil shale is reacted with hydrogen gas at standardized conditions of pressure, temperature, gas flow, and heat-up rate. The resulting yields of oil and water are measured as in a conventional Fischer Assay test.

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THE AVERAGE MOLECULAR WEIGHT AND SHAPE OF THE POLYMERIC ACIDS FOUND IN THE BLACK TRONA WATER FROM THE GREEN RIVER BASIN

Polymeric organic; material, called "polymeric acids", have, been isolated from Black Trona Water by exhaustive dialysis and characterized as the sodium   salt in 0.10 M sodium carbonate, pH 10, by several physic-chemical methods. Analysis by gel filtration chromatography on Sepharose-CL 6B indicates that the  polymeric acids Are polydisperse and composed of species of relatively high molecular weight (- 4 x 105 , using proteins as standards). With this method,  the range of molecular weights appears to be rather narrow. If polymeric acids are transferred from sodium carbonate, pH 10, into distilled water, self-association  occurs and all species elute in the void volume. The weight- average molecular weight determined in 0.10 M sodium carbonate, pH 10, by the light scattering method is 1.7 x 10 5. Sedimentation velocity analysis at 20 C with  the analytical ultracentrifuge gives a value for S20,w of 5.4 and the shape of the Schlieren patterns suggest a polydisperse sample with a relatively narrow range of sizes. Analysis of the molecular weight distribution by a  sedimentation equilibrium method indicates that the range of molecular weights is 8 x 104 to 2.1 x l10 5  The partial specific volume (v) of polymeric acids is 0.874 ml/g. Viscosity measurements yield a value for [~J of 2.S ml/g, which indicates that the polymeric acids are compact (spherical or ellipsoidal) in shape.

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STUDY OF OIL SHALE, HYDROCARBON, AND TAR SAND MINING TASK 1, VENTILATION, OIL SHALE MINING (DRAFT)

This report is concerned with some of the potential problems that may be encountered in ventilating underground oil shale mines. The two mining schemes that are used to illustrate some of the problems have been chosen because they represent present industry thinking. The methods are room and pillar mining where the oil shale is retorted on the surface, and modified in situ where sublevel mining methods are used to create a column of broken shale that can be retorted in place through controlled burning. The room and pillar method involves ventilating large stops on a single level, and the modified in situ method involves ventilating many smaller stops on a multilevel pattern.

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METHOD OF DETERMINING RESOURCE RECOVERY AND WASTES GENERATED FROM MIS RETORTING

"The calculation of material and energy balances constitutes the foundation of evaluating the resource  recovery from MIS retorting. It is expected that 30 percent of the resource in the retorting zone can be  recovered with MIS retorting and another 10 percent of the resource could be recovered using a combination of MIS and aboveground retorting. The volumes, types, and compositions of wastes generated from MIS retorting is dependent upon the type of treatment that the gas and liquid streams encounter after leaving the retort. It is  imperative that the characterization of the treatments be done so that environmental analysis of MIS retorting is not misleading. Periodic checks, audits, and inspections   are required to determine the accuracy of the data.  Some of the data generated by the lessees will be of confidential nature, so can only be used for internal calculations. There would have to be a ruling, as specified in the lease, that certain data is not confidential for that data to be used for anything other than government  use."

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CURIE-POINT PYROLYSIS CHARACTERIZATION OF OIL SHALE AND KEROGEN

"The feasibility studies reported here were undertaken upon the request of Morgantown Energy Technology Center to investigate the potential capabilities of modern Curie-point pyrolysis mass spectrometry (Py-MS)  for oil shale and kerogen characterization The combination of novel Curie-point pyrolysis approaches, e.g., time-resolved Py-MS. with powerful computerized data reduction and evaluation methods enables a more  detailed analysis of the mechanisms and kinetics of vacuum micropyrolysis processes in oil shales and oil shale kerogens. It should be pointed out however, that the analytical procedures described in this report are still highly experimental and should be regarded as an attempt to demonstrate the basic principles and the overall  feasibility of the proposed approach rather than as an attempt to obtain precise kinetic data."

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TECHNICAL AND ECONOMIC EVALUATION OF THE HYTORT PROCESS

"The Hytort process provides a method of recovering the huge oil resources contained in the hydrogen-deficient Devonian and Mississippian oil shales that are located primarily in the Eastern United States. By retorting the  shale at high pressures in a hydrogen atmosphere, oil yields are attained that are similar to yields from thermal retorting of western shale and much greater than yields from thermal retorting of eastern shales. The Hytort process is in an early stage of development. The largest  reactor to date is a 100-lb/hr bench scale unit, although some of the mechanical features of the retort have been investigated in a 6-foot diameter cold flow apparatus at atmospheric pressure. Further development will require demonstration in larger reactors. Current development of the process is concentrated in proving a data base of reactor information on shales from Indiana , Alabama, Tennessee, Michigan, Ohio, and Kentucky. This data base should be utilized to gain a better  understanding of the fundamentals of the process and for developing a generalized process model. Two areas of the current development that do not appear to be useful are: 1) hydroretorting with synthesis gas - the oil yield depends on the hydrogen partial pressure so that when the hydrogen is diluted by the other constituents in the synthesis gas, the oil yield is reduced; and 2) hydrogasifying shale fines to make hydrogen - this will probably not be economically competitive with steam reforming natural gas to make hydrogen. To aid the technical and economic evaluation, a conceptual design for a commercial plant utilizing the Hytort process was developed. The conceptual plant is designed to produce 57,720 BPSD of syncrude from Indiana New Albany oil shale. The plan is a grass-roots facility located on a non-specific site near the mine. The plant includes all process and utility units required for processing the oil shale to syncrude: Hytotrt retorting, oil and gas recovery , hydrogen production, oil upgrading (hydrotreating) , environmental protection, and all supporting off-site  units. Capital and operating requirements were estimated from the conceptual design."

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STUDY OF OIL SHALE, HYDROCARBON, AND TAR SAND MINING TASK 4, OIL MINING (DRAFT)

There are hundreds of billions of barrels of oil left in place in the United States after conventional production using primary, secondary and tertiary methods has been completed. This residue oil ranges in quality from very heavy crude. Typical occurring near the surface in tar sands, to light. The oil bearing formation areas, thicknesses and depths vary widely, but many are more than 100 feet thick, and it is not unusual to have several overlying formations. The light oil deposits typically do not occur within 500 feet of the surface, and gas is probably still present in many of these formations under varying pressures, possibly very high locally.

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SURVEY OF EASTERN OIL SHALE ISSUES AND ACTIVITIES

"The primary purpose of this report is to create a compilation of relevant information on the eastern shale  resource and to indicate in a preliminary fashion areas  where technical and environmental R&D are needed.  This report is presented in six major chapters followed by two supporting appendices. The major chapters  are:  I. Resource Characteristics  II. Mining and Related Activities  III. Surface Oil Shale Retorting Processes  IV. Environmental Issues and Concerns  V. Review of Oil Shale Activity in the East  VI. Preliminary List of Eastern Oil Shale R&D  Needs.  This executive summary highlights the significant findings  and issues presented in more detail in the subsequent  chapters."

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DETERMINATION OF FOSSIL FUEL POTENTIAL OF EASTERN DEVONIAN SHALES USED ON GEOCHEMICAL TECHNIQUES,  DRAFT

"The intent of this proposed three-year study is to chemically characterize the kerogen of the Eastern Devonian Shale by l3C nuclear, magnetic resonance and other geochemical methods so that a quantitative determination of its terrestrial or aquatic source can be made. The ability to determine the source of a kerogen will not only provide information for the origin of gas but, also, delineate those areas where the generation of crude oil becomes  likely, that is, where the kerogen becomes primarily aquatic in origin. The proposed study gives promise to the development of a rapid, simple, nondestructive technique based on geological and sedimentological evidence for use in exploration for crude oil. Current techniques are indirect and based on presumptions ; evidence is beginning to be released that these techniques are far from infallible. The ability to eliminate areas where the generation of crude oil was minimum, in spite of the occurrence of local potential traps, would eliminate much expensive drilling (see  reference 2). The delineation of those areas or stratographic units whose oil yields on retorting are maximum will be an additional benefit of such a study."

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THE COMPOSITION OF SHALE-OIL NAPTHA FROM COLORADO SHALE

Oil shale as it occurs in nature consists of solid organic material interspersed in a shale formation.  This organic matter can be converted by means of heat to lower molecular weight liquid products.  Various retorting processes are used for this conversion of organic  material to shale oil.  The Bureau of Mines, as part of the Synthetic Liquid Fuels Program, has established an Oil-Shale Research and Development Laboratory at Laramie, Wyoming to study retorting and refining processes.  One phase of this study is an investigation of the composition of shale oil.  The present paper reports results an material in the naphtha boiling range.

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HEAT TRANSFER FROM A GAS STREAM TO A BED OF BROKEN OIL SHALE

Design of efficient oil-shale retorting plants and evaluation of the thermal efficiency of proposed retorts require information on the rate of heat transfer to a bed of shale. A search of the literature does not reveal any data  this type. To provide some preliminary values on the rate of heat transfer from a gas stream to Colorado oil shale, data obtained from experiments in the heat of retorting apparatus were used. These experiments were not  designed originally to provide heat transfer data and  consequently some data that would be desirable are not available. However, because of the urgent need for heat transfer data, this report was prepared from the data at hand. Studies planned for the future will cover this subject more adequately.

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GENERIC REQUIREMENTS FOR A MINED GEOLOGIC DISPOSAL SYSTEM

The. U. S. Department of Energy has primary Federal responsibility for the design and development of a safe, environmentally acceptable, cost-effective high-level radioactive waste disposal system. The DOE's decision for long-term radioactive waste isolation via Mined Geologic Disposal System was documented by "Management of Commercially Generated Radioactive Waste," DOE-EIS-0046F, dated October 1980, and was listed in the May 14, 1981, Federal Register as a Record of Decision. Detailed investigations for suitable MGDS sites are currently underway in three different geologic host media - basalt, salt, and tuff. Three projects have been organized under the direction of the Office of Geologic Repositories to carry out these media-specific investigations.

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SYSTEMS ENGINEERING MANAGEMENT PLAN

The Civilian Radioactive Waste Management Program is directed toward achieving an effective, integrated waste-management system that satisfies all regulatory and legislative requirements. The development of such a system requires the management of many diverse disciplines that are involved in research, development, siting, design, and licensing. System engineering is a process that integrates disciplines and activities to provide the means by which coordinated technical planning, execution, and management of the Program can be achieved and maintained. It Is a standardized, integrated body of techniques proved on other large, complex programs.

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MEMORANDUM OF UNDERSTANDING COMPLIANCE WITH THE FEDERAL MINE SAFETY AND HEALTH ACT OF 1977

The Department of Energy's office of civilian Radioactive Waste Management is involved in activities that will lead to the construction of underground facilities for approximately 1400 to 3400 feet underground and involving a substantial expense of horizontal drifts. The current OCRWM program will be evaluating the suitability of three different sites, in bedded salt, tuff and basalt to determine suitability for use as a repository for spent nuclear fuel and high-level radioactive waste. One of the sites evaluated may subsequently be developed in an operating repository.

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DRAFT MISSION PLAN AMENDMENT

As required by the Nuclear Waste Policy Act of 1982, the U. S. Department of Energy published in June 1985 the Mission Plan for the Civilian Radioactive Waste Management Program. The purpose of that document was to "provide an informational basis sufficient to permit informed decisions to be made in carrying out the programs required under the Act." In preparing the Mission plan, the DOE recognized that this informational base would change over time, requiring the Mission Plant to be revised. The first such revision is this amendment, which has been prepared to apprise the Congress of --

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OVERVIEW - NUCLEAR WASTE POLICY ACT

Passage of the nuclear Waste Policy Act of 1982 was a major milestone in the Nation's management of nuclear waste. Signed into law by the President on January 7, 1983, this Act established a national policy for safety, storing, transporting, and disposing of spent nuclear fuel and high-level waste. Under the Act. The U. S. Department of Energy has two major responsibilities.

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OFFICE OF GEOLOGIC REPOSITORES, QUALITY ASSURANCE PLAN FOR HIGH-LEVEL RADIOACTIVE WASTE REPOSITORES

The assurance of quality achievement is a continuing commitment of managers at all levels in the Office of geologic Repositories program. Well-defined quality assurance program requirements are to be established and effectively implemented by all participating organizations. Responsibility for QA is not limited to QA personnel at ORG Headquarters or in the Project Offices. All ORG and project management, technical, and administrative personnel are to participate in QA program planning an implementation and shall comply with the requirement of this QA plan and the QA plans for their respective organizations. Personnel will excite their responsibilities as defied in the QA plans and QA procedures.

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WATER AVAILABILITY FOR DEVELOPMENT OF MAJOR TAR SANDS AREAS

The Sutron Corporation, under contract with Colorado State University, has conducted a study for the Laramie Energy Technology Center (LETC) to determine the availability of water for future extraction of viscous petroleum (bitumen) from the six major tar sands deposits in Utah. Specifically, the areas are: asphalt ridge and white rocks, which lie immediately west of Vernal, Utah; P.R> Spring, a large area extending from the Colorado River to the White River along Utah’s eastern border; Hill Creek, adjacent to P.R. Spring to the west; Sunnyside, immediately across the Green River from Hill Creek between the Price and Green Rivers; and Tar Sand Triangle, near the confluence of the Colorado and Dirty Devil Rivers.

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TAR SAND PROCESS WATER CONTROL TECHNOLOGY (DRAFT OF FINAL REPORT)

The location, geology, reservoir and oil properties of the major tar sand deposits of the United States are described. Past and present tar sand oil recovery processes are discussed with reference to their state of development, water requirements, waste treatment, and environmental impacts on the available surface and groundwater resources in the vicinity of the giant tar sand deposits in Utah. Four of these oil recovery processes were selected for applicability to the Utah tar sands. Based on a review of publications, manufacturers, literature, patents, and discussions with equipment suppliers complete water treatment schemes were developed for the four selected processes. Risks associated with selection of the four oil recovery processes and water treatment methods are discussed.

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TAR SAND PROCESS WATER CONTROL TECHNOLOGY (ANNUAL AND QUARTERLY REPORTS -- DEC. 1, 1980-DEC. 31, 1981)

The location, geology, reservoir and oil properties of the major tar sand deposits of the United States is reviewed. Past and present oil recovery processes are discussed with reference to their water requirements, waste treatment, and environmental impact on the available surface and groundwater resources in the vicinity of the giant tar sand deposits in Utah.

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REVIEW OF WASTEWATER TREATMENT PROCESSES FOR TAR SANDS OIL RECOVERY PROCESSES

"A state-of-the-art review of existing wastewater treatment and reuse technologies was performed to identify treatment schemes applicable to wastewaters generated during oil recovery from tar sands in Utah.  Wastewaters from four tar sands oil recovery processes were evaluated for treatment technologies in-situ fireflood and in-situ steam flood and above ground hot water/solvent and above ground cold water/solvent processes. These four tar sands oil recovery processes were evaluated and determined to be feasible for application to Utah tar sands. Five wastewater treatment schemes were identified and evaluated for use with the four processes. Emulsified and free oil separation, solids removal, pH control, and sludge handling were included in all treatment schemes. Water softening and iron removal were applied to the steam flood process to reuse the treated wastewater as steam generator feed water. One complete commercial treatment system, Thermo sludge, was also evaluated. Wastewater treatment process schematic diagrams were prepared for the four oil recovery processes. The analyses were based upon available data on quantities and characteristics of wastewaters from tar sands oil recovery processes."

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ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF AN IN SITU COMBUSTION PROCESS BASED ON THE LERC TS-2C FIELD EXPERIMENT

The U.S. Department of Energy conducted its second in-situ-combustion field experiment from August, 1977 to February, 1978 in Utah’s Northwest Asphalt Ridge deposit. Data from this experiment was utilized to estimate the oil price necessary for an economically viable in-situ-combustion project. The results of this investigation are contained in this report.

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STEAMFLOOD IN A UTAH TAR SAND, U.S.A

A steam flood experiment in the Northwest Asphalt Ridge tar sand deposit near Vernal, Utah, U.S.A. was conducted in 1980. The test utilized two concentric inverted five-spot patterns covering an area of 0.25 acres (1.012 m^2). The zone tested was a 45 ft (14m) thick sandstone in the Rimrock member of the Mesaverde formation. The zone was 78.9 percent saturated with a 12 API (986 kg/m^3) bitumen having a viscosity greater than 10^6 centipoise (10^3 Pa.s) at reservoir conditions. During the 160 day test. 65,700 barrels (10.4 dam^3) of water-equivalent steam was injected at an average rate and pressure of 410 BPD (965 m^3/d) and 460 psig (3.2 MPa). Production during the experiment totaled 1,150 barrels (183 m^3) of oil and 6,250 barrels (994 m^3) of water. Computer modeling of the test indicated about a 16 percent overall steam efficiency for the test. Modeling was also instrumental in the design and operation of the test.

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PROPERTIES OF UTAH TAR SANDS - SOUTH SEEP RIDGE AREA, P.R. SPRING DEPOSIT

The Bureau of Mines analyzed three cores from the south Seep Ridge area of the P.R. Spring tar sand deposit of northeastern Utah. Four tar sand zones are indicated in the area. The zones range in average thickness from 13 to 24 ft. The total net thickness of the tar sand in the three coreholes ranges from 71 to 112 ft. The tar sand occurs between the depths of 27 and 254 ft. It has good porosity, 25.6 pct of bulk volume; high permeability before and after oil extraction, 819 and 2,218 md, respectively; but a relatively low oil saturation, 36.5 pct of pore volume. Gravity of the oil ranges from 8.2 degrees to 16.5 degrees API.

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OIL RECOVERY FROM A UTAH TAR SAND DEPOSIT BY IN SITU COMBUSTION

"The U.S. tar sand resource consists of an estimated 30 billion barrels (4.7 Gm^3) of oil. Most of this resource is in six large deposits in Utah. Through research and development to prove tar sand oil recovery methods, the Department of Energy is attempting to stimulate commercialization of this resource. Two in situ combustion field experiments have been conducted in Utah’s Northwest Asphalt Ridge deposit. The second of these experiments, described in detail, was completed in early 1978 and consisted of a reverse combustion preparatory phase followed by a forward combustion production phase. Oil recovery exceeding 20 percent of the oil-in-place from a 40 ft by 120 ft (12m by 36m) nine-well line pattern provides encouragement for larger scale technical and economic demonstrations.  This report includes the following in detail: the design of the oil production process and its related air injection and production facilities; ignition of the process; conduct of the process (for 183 days,12237 ); effluent monitoring; data acquisition (including use of an on-site minicomputer,12237 ); data analysis; and resultant conclusions."

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ANVIL POINTS MINING SUMMARY REPORT ROCK FRAGMENTATION RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT PROJECT

"The overall program goal is to develop techniques that will lead to predictable and economical recovery of oil from oil shale by a modified in situ process. To achieve this goal, the Phase I project was directed to specific research efforts defined to develop an understanding of and to develop a predictive capability for in situ oil shale fragmentation. These research efforts include: stress wave propagation characteristics of oil shale; oil shale characteristics which control fracture and fragmentation; explosive characteristics which control fracture and fragmentation;  geometric characteristics which control fracture and fragmentation;  and predictive capabilities of preretort fragmentation design given local geological features and material behavior.  A detailed test plan to evaluate the fragmentation characteristics is presented in Table 1."

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