AndreaBozzo/ceres-open-data-index huggingface dataset:
RESIDUALS MANAGEMENT IN PHYSICAL CHEMICAL TREATMENT OF TAR SAND PROCESSING WASTEWATER

Recent research in the treatment of tar sand processing wastewaters has been successful in identifying appropriate physical chemical processes which can be employed to treat wastewaters generated from in situ extraction methods to levels compatible with most environmental and industrial standards. Among the various treatment methods explored, particularly satisfactory results were obtained treating a representative steam flooding wastewater with ferric chloride coagulation or single stage polymer-based foam fractionation. In each case, substantial quantities of waste residuals are generated and appropriate dewatering and disposal methods must be developed. This paper discusses recent research aimed at the definition of such dewatering and disposal methods for ferric chloride coagulation sludge and polymer-based foamate. In each case, characterization data are given, and the results of laboratory screening studies of potential dewatering processes, including centrifugation, gravity drainage, and vacuum filtration, are described. An evaluation of the leaching potential of the dewatered residuals was also conducted to determine anticipated release of selected contaminants and, thus, to define the extent to which landfill disposal is consistent with sound environmental management.

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A Water Study for the Uintah Basin and Tar Sand Triangle Areas in Utah

This progress report describes the results of the first month of activities under the above contract. First, a narrative summary of activities to date is presented. Second, the status of the study in relation to the network plan, schedule, and budget is presented. Third, the activities anticipated in the following month are presented. Finally, anticipated difficulties, personal changes, etc, if any, are presented.

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APPLICATIONS OF DISSOLVED ORGANIC CARBON FRACTIONATION ANALYSIS TO THE CHARACTERIZATION OF OIL SHALE PROCESSING WATERS

Dissolved organic carbon fractionation analysis is a method which separates and quantitates organic solutes dissolved in water into hydrophobic acid, base, neutral, and hydrophilic acid, base, and neutral compound classes. Analytical scale DOC fractionation, which gives DOC distribution of the six solute fractions, has been used to determine changes in organic solute composition of surface and groundwater with input of oil shale processing water. Preparative scale DOC fractionation, which generates organic solute fractions for further study, has been used for characterization of organic solutes in oil shale processing waters, and, through a modification utilizing activated carbon, has been used to prepare gram sized fractions for biological testing of organic solutes in oil shale processing water. Both analytical and preparative scale DOC fractionation were used to study sorption of organic solutes from oil shale processing waters on processed shale and soil sorbents from oil shale processing waters on processed shale and soil sorbents to predict the transport of these solutes in surface and groundwater systems.

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ORGANIC SOLUTE TRANSPORT STUDY OF WATE WATERS PRODUCED BY IN SITU OIL SHALE RETORTING

An assay method for aromatic amines in oil shale retort waters was developed. an aromatic amine fraction is first isolated by selective adsorption upon and desorption from X AD-8 resing this fraction is next liquid chromatographed on a reverse phase C-8 silica column. The best peak resolution was obtained with a 5 um particle size packing, and inclusion of a Na H2 PO4 buffer in the mobile phase.

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TRACE ELEMENT ANALYSIS OF THE NAVAL OIL SHALE RESERVE NO. 1

The work completed this quarter is as follows: (1) All 280 samples have been submitted for neutron activation analysis and results obtained for 240 of them. The remaining 40 samples are scheduled for completion by June 1, 1979. Data reduction on these 240 is in progress. (2) ZAA analyses have been completed for Hg on all 280 samples and modification of the equipment for Cd has been initiated. (3) Further experiments testing the methods of sample preparation to measure boron by Plasma Emission Spectroscopy reported in the previous quarter have been completed. These experiments confirm past experiments. (4) LETC has contributed X-ray diffraction (XRD) analyses and Fischer Assay analysis on all 280 samples. Analysis of these data indicates that the mineral composition of the two cores studied here is monotonously similar with respect to lateral deposition, but varies with respect to vertical deposition.

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ANTHRACENE BIOCONCENTRATION IN RAINBOW TROUT IN SINGLE COMPOUND AND COMPLEX CHEMICAL MIXTURE EXPOSURES

The process of bioconcentration considers (1) the uptake of chemicals directly from an organism's environment and (2) the depuration or loss of that chemical or its metabolites from the organism. For example, in fish a bioconcentration factor represents the ratio of concentration of chemical in fish tissues to concentration of chemical in the water, and the desire to predict the BCP for any chemical has stimulated the development of model systems investigating the metabolism and environmental fate of a number of chemical species. Here, the bioconcentration of a representative polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbon, anthracene, was considered in a series of experiments using rainbow trout in single compound and complex chemical mixture exposures.

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INTERACTION OF CONTAMINATED WATER AND SOLID MATERIAL BY-PRODUCTS FROM INSITU COAL GASIFICATION: IMPLICATIONS FOR POLLUTION CONTROL TECHNOLOGY

Water infiltrating the cavity left from underground gasification of coal may dissolve a number of contaminants. This water may be purified, either by natural processes occurring underground, or by surface treatment after the water is pumped from the cavity. Any water treatment technologies utilized must have the advantage of low cost and ready availability of materials. In that respect the coal, itself, and coal derived products have major potential for the control of organic and inorganic water contaminants. This paper discusses some experimental and theoretical aspects of the uses of coal derived solids for the purification of in situ coal gasification by product water.

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VERSATILE SEPARATION AND ANALYSIS SCHEME FOR THE CHARACTERIZATION OF WATER CONTAINING BY-PRODUCTS OF UNDERGROUND COAL GASIFICATION

Effective monitoring and control of water contamination resulting from underground coal gasification requires methods of analysis for contaminants that can be used at several levels of sophistication. These range from simple groundwater contaminant monitoring methodologies that can be used by personnel with minimal skills, through gas chromatographic/mass spectrometric identification of specific organic compounds present at very low levels. Frequently, the most desirable approach is one that first divides the contaminants into classes on the basis of their general chemical characteristics and/or biogeochemical behavior followed by the analysis of the total contaminants in each of these classes. Each fraction should be directly analyzable, so that none is determined by difference. Provision should be made to preserve each sample for further, more sophisticated analysis or bioassay, if required. This paper describes a separation and analysis scheme recommended for use by the Laramie Energy Technology Center, which fulfills the criteria outlined above. Based upon solvent separation with methylene chloride, it divides water contaminants from underground coal gasification among hydrophilic, organophilic, and insoluble fractions. The hydrophilic and organophilic portions may be further subdivided among acid, base, and neutral fractions. The insoluble fractions, initially present as suspended or colloidal material, may be retained for further characterization, such as by pyrolysis gas chromatography. This paper describes the separation scheme, as well as the characterization of the hydrophilic and organophilic acid, base, and neutral fractions by dissolved organic carbon analysis and gas chromatography.

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THE DESIGN, CONSTRUCTION, AND OPERATION OF AN IN SITU OIL SHALE RETORTING EXPERIMENT SITE 10, ROCK SPRINGS, WYOMING

"1) Principle Objectives(5)  • Test the feasibility of vertical in situ retorting  of thin oil shale beds  • Test the feasibility of using a previously retorted  area to provide void volume for subsequent fracturing  and retorting  2) Recovery Target(5)  • Oil shaleassay-21.2 gpt (site 9)  • Oil shale depth - 40 ft thick, 185 ft overburden  • Rock Springs Wyoming location at 6400 ft elevation  • 1000 ft2 area for- each of retorts 1 and 2"

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INTERCHANGE OF POLLUTANTS BETWEEN WATER AND SOLID MATERIALS FOLLOWING IN SITU COAL GASIFICATION QUARTERLY REPORTS 10/1/78- 1/31/79 AND ANNUAL REPORT 10/1/78

Processing the contract through University channels was not completed until late November 1978, so that this report covers an abbreviated time period. The main activities during this quarter involved simulation of in situ gasification in the laboratory with the objective of obtaining representative samples of contaminated water, coal char, and coal ash. A successful system was devised involving the O2 gasification of subbituminous coal in a Vycor tube, yielding a char product during a reverse burn and ash during a subsequent forward burn. A combustible gas product was obtained. The gas product was bubbled through water to produce a contaminated water product simulating in situ gasification by product water. The other major activity during the quarter was planning for future research.

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GEOKINETICS SHALE GROUP ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES, UINTAH COUNTY, UTAH: EVAPORATION POND WATER INVESTIGATION

Because of the large amount of water produced in the in situ retorting of oil shale, there is a need to determine how the constituents of this water change with time and upon evaporation as an industrial waste pond. This investigation was undertaken with that purpose in mind. No provision was undertaken to isolate the pond from incoming fresh retort water since this is part of maintaining a working disposal pond.

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LANDSCAPE AND EROSION CONTROL PLAN GEOKINETICS SHALE GROUP ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES UNINTAH COUNTY, UTAH

The chief objective of any revegetation program is to replace vegetation and the habitat that vegetation provides. The effective rehabilitation of disturbed areas is the end point of this objective. Reaching this point required the initial establishment of vegetation that will ultimately provide suitable cover to deter erosion and provide forage for wildlife and domestic livestock.

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AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS OF AN INSITU TAR SANDS RECOVERY SITE RECLAMATION AND RECOVERY PHASE; VERNAL, UTAH

This report presents the results of an aerial photographic analysis of an experimental in situ tar sands recovery sity carried out by the US EPA's Environmental Monitoring Systems Laboratory. This is the third report in a series documenting the operation, deactivation, and reclamation of the 10 acre site near Vernal, Utah where enhanced petroleum recovery experiments have been carried out since 1975.

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AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHY ANALYSIS OF AN IN SITU TAR SANDS RECOVERY SITE RECLAMATION PHASE, VERNAL UTAH

This report presents the results of an aerial photographic analysis of an in situ tar sands recovery site carried out by the US EPA in cooperation with the US DOE. Color infrared aerial photography, acquired in May 1982, was compared to similar photographs acquired 20 months earlier to assess the progress of deactivation and reclamation at the 10 acre in situ tar sands recovery field site near Vernal, Utah.

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REMOTE SENSING OF 2 EXPERIMENTAL ENERGY CONVERSION FACILITIES: ROCK SPRINGS AND HANNA, WYOMING, AUGUST 1981

"At the request of the U.S . Department of Energy -  Laramie Energy Technology Center (LETC) , the EPA 's Environmental Monitoring System Laboratory - Las Vegas performed a remote sensing study of two experimental energy conversion projects near Rock springs and Hanna, Wyoming . Color infrared aerial photography , digital multispectral scanner data, and ground level photographs  were acquired and analyzed to monitor the extent of surface disturbance associated with past and present site operations. Analysis results of both photographic and digital multispectral data indicated the presence of substantial surface disturbance at both projects. This disturbance consisted primarily of removal of natural vegetation , exposure of bare soils , installation of  well casings, and erection of support facilities. At both sites,  photographic analysis indicated some areas of surface disturbance exhibiting reclamation and/or natural vegetative recovery. At the Rock Springs experimental sites, evidence of surface disturbance was noted in association with six in situ oil shale retorting areas . At the Hanna experimental site , surface disturbance was noted in association with four underground coal gasification areas. As the Rock Springs site , surface disturbance  consisted mainly of the partial disruption or removal  of the natural vegetation mosaic, exposure of bare soils, and the erection of small support buildings within the permit area."

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REMOTE SENSING ANALYSIS OF AN IN SITU TAR SANDS RECOVERY SITE, VERNAL UTAH

"This report presents the results of an aerial remote sensing study carried out by the Environmental Monitoring Systems Laboratory - Las Vegas for the U. S. Department of Energy's Laramie Energy Technology Center (LETC), Laramie , Wyoming, Colorado infrared aerial photography and thermal infrared data were acquired over the LETC Tar Sands recovery field site on northwest Asphalt Ridge near Vernal, Utah. Aerial  photography of the Tar Sands field site and surroundings was analyzed to determine baseline environmental conditions including significant vegetation removal, basic land cover patterns, drainage systems , roadways ,  and utility corridors. Detailed analysis of the field site provides identification of test zones , support buildings , holding tanks, and other Tar Sands recovery process information. Analysis of thermal infrared imagery was carried out in an attempt to detect the subsurface behavior of pressurized steam injected into the Tar Sand reservoir, and to monitor other surface expressions of thermal recovery processes. Analysis of aerial  photography revealed that primary environmental disturbance associated with the Tar Sands field site consists of the removal of approximately 6.7 acres of rangeland vegetation. No liquid spillage or leakage from the processing operation was found, and no other significant on-or off- site impacts attributable to the field site were noted . No direct surface expression of subsurface steam behavior was detected by thermal infrared analysis due to the depth at which steam injection occurred . However , apparent temperature relationships of the field site support buildings , holding tanks, and ancillary equipment were established."

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ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS OF IN SITU RECOVERY OF SHALE OIL

"This paper discusses the potential effects of in situ shale-oil recovery on environmental concerns relative to those which have been published for aboveground recovery.  The salient environmental features of the in situ approach are discussed with respect to air, land, water, and socioeconomic elements. Applicability of in in situ techniques is shown to be quite site specific. Where applicable, in situ recovery could minimize mining activity,  particulate emissions, water supply requirements, and land requirements. Gaseous emissions could be a similar problem in either in in situ or aboveground processing on  a large scale. The need for managing large volumes of water can occur in either approach. Internal-combustion in situ retorting may produce in itself Large volumes of organic and mineral laden water for recovery or disposal. Similar numbers of people would probably be employed  in either approach. Not enough is known about in situ methods or details of the resource in its matrix to make realistic cost estimates of general applicability."

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HANNA ENVIRONMENTAL STATUS REPORT

The purpose of the present study is to define hydrologic compliance requirements for continued operation of experimental in in situ coal gasification facilities at Hanna, Wyoming. This document is based on a compilation of all accessible information relative to hydrology and restoration for each of the Hanna underground coal gasification (UCG) experiments and attempts to identify all missing data for each experiment required to insure compliance with the Wyoming Department of  Environmental Quality regulations.

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HYDROLOGIC AND CONTAMINANT ASSESSMENT, HOE CREEK UNDERGROUND COAL GASIFICATION SITE NEAR GILLETTE, WYOMING

"TRW has been tasked by Applied Management Services (AMS) to provide the Department of Energy with an assessment of potential ground water contamination  due to underground coal gasification experiments at the Hoe Creek Site south of Gillette, Wyoming. This report will provide a brief synopsis of the problem including a hydrogeologic description of the area, highlights of the baseline data collection program, and description of some  significant process characteristics which may have affected the distribution of contaminants. The present interest in contaminated ground water or the Hoe Creek site came as a result of reports by Lawrence -Livermore  Laboratory, the conductor of UCG experiments at this site, that higher than background levels of dissolved phenol were present very near the Hoe Creek site's eastern boundary. The observation well from which this sample was taken, WS-14, was a monitor well installed for the Hoe Creek II experiment, (October 28, to December 25, 1977) . Because this site was the focus of attention, and because of the limited time available, this report will  focus mainly on the contamination problems associated with Hoe Creek II. A similar methodology could be applied to the study of the effects of Hoe Creek III.  TRW began its effort at sorting out the effects of the UCG experiments at the Hoe Creek site by obtaining available data on the water quality sampling and water level measurements from the Laramie Energy Technology  Center (LETC). This data was supplemented by LLL reports and other analyses of the area from published sources and government publications, which are listed in the bibliography at the end of this report."

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HYDROLOGIC AND CONTAMINANT ASSESSMENT; HOE CREEK UNDERGROUND COAL GASIFICATION SITE NEAR GILLETTE, WYOMING

"TRW has been tasked by Applied Management Services (AMS) to provide the Department of Energy with an assessment of potential ground water contamination  due to underground coal gasification experiments at the Hoe Creek Site south of Gillette, Wyoming. This report will provide a brief synopsis of the problem including a hydrogeologic description of the area, highlights of the baseline data collection program, and description of some  significant process characteristics which may have affected the distribution of contaminants. The present interest in contaminated ground water or the Hoe Creek site came as a result of reports by Lawrence -Livermore  Laboratory, the conductor of UCG experiments at this site, that higher than background levels of dissolved phenol were present very near the Hoe Creek site's eastern boundary. The observation well from which this sample was taken, WS-14, was a monitor well installed for the Hoe Creek II experiment, (October 28, to December 25, 1977) . Because this site was the focus of attention, and because of the limited time available, this report will  focus mainly on the contamination problems associated with Hoe Creek II. A similar methodology could be applied to the study of the effects of Hoe Creek III.  TRW began its effort at sorting out the effects of the UCG experiments at the Hoe Creek site by obtaining available data on the water quality sampling and water level measurements from the Laramie Energy Technology  Center (LETC). This data was supplemented by LLL reports and other analyses of the area from published sources and government publications, which are listed in the bibliography at the end of this report."

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BIODEGRADABILITY OF SYNFUEL WASTEWATERS FINAL REPORT..BIOLOGICAL OXIDATION OF OIL SHALE RETORTING WASTEWATERS

This report summarizes work performed under USDOE Contract No. DE-AS20-82LC10826 entitled "Biodegradability of Synfuel Wastewaters" for  the period of 1 December 1983 through 15 May 1984.  Work performed under this contract followed the "Proposed Modification to Scope of Work" dated 19 October 1983. This document is presented in Appendix A of this report for purposes of reference.

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OIL SHALE WASTEWATER TREATMENT AT THE LETC NORTH SITE REPORT OF MAY 1982 FIELD ACTIVITIES ON SITE WASTEWATER TREATMENT AND ANALYSIS SELECTIVE STEAM STRIPPING

"Information presented within this report reflects the result of activities performed in fulfillment of USDOE Contract No. DE-AS20-81 LC1077S (DRI 5-31575) entitled Oil Shale Wastewater Treatment At The LETC North Site. This program involves performance of three Task assignments dealing with various wastewater treatment technology applications. Task A of this program, Treatment of Oil Shale wastewater for Transfer to an Open Pond, was completed in October 1981 and involved  application of oil/water separation and steam stripping techniques to oil shale wastewaters stored at the LETC North Site. The results of this field testing activity have been summarized in report form (Shaffron, 1981). Task C of this program involved development of a design and  operation manual for a pilot-scale reverse osmosis (RO) treatment module for application to oil shale and related synfuel wastewaters. The RO module design has been completed and the design and operation manual was  submitted to LETC in February 1982 (WPh, 1982). Task B of this program involved treatment of oil shale wastewaters during the LETC North Site 150 ton retort burn of fall 1981. Delays in permitting forced  postponement of this experimental retort burn until May 1982. Results of wastewater treatment and chemical analyses conducted in support of this experimental burn are presented in this report."

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OIL SHALE WASTEWATER TREATMENT FOR TRANSFER TO AN OPEN POND TASK A: REPORT OF FIELD ACTIVITIES, SEP. - OCT. 1981

This report summarizes work performed under USDOE/LETC Contract No. DE-AS20-81LCl0775 Task a titled "Treatment of Oil Shale Wastewaters for Transfer to an Open Pond." Objectives and methods used to meet those objectives are discussed in detail in the following sections of this report. Both field and laboratory (onsite and remote) activities are also described in some detail.  Results and conclusions in terms of evaluation of equipment performance and analytical methods, etc. are presented in latter sections along with recommendations for future test planning and implementation. A brief appendix also accompanies this report.

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MICROBIAL INTERACTIONS WITH AQUEOUS EFFLUENTS DERIVED FROM IN SITU FOSSIL FUEL PROCESSING

"Aqueous effluents produced during in situ fossil fuel processing generally have large concentrations of dissolved organic and inorganic constituents. Current research efforts have been directed towards evaluation of microbial Interactions with an aqueous effluent obtained from the Laramie Energy Technology Center's site 9 in  in situ oil shale processing experiment located near  Rock Springs, Wyoming. Microorganisms have been  shown to survive and grow in this process water (0mga-9 water). These organisms have an impact on  stability of stored Omega-9 water samples and may be  highly important in water treatment prior to disposal  Populations of microorganisms present in the Omega-9 water exhibit growth kinetics typical of single-celled organisms. Bacteria and actinomycetes have been isolated from the water on standard quantification  and isolation media and on a medium in which the organics of the retort water are the only carbon sources available for microbial growth."

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