AndreaBozzo/ceres-open-data-index huggingface dataset:
Improved polymers for enhanced oil recovery synthesis and rheology. Sixth annual report, October 1982-September 1983

During the six years of our research endeavors, several fundamental concepts have been probed which now allow synthesis and characterization of polymers with properties which may be of much greater value than those presently utilized in Enhanced Oil Recovery. In the previous annual report, we documented improved salt tolerance and phase behavior of random and graft copolymers of acrylamide (AM) with sodium-2-acrylamido-2-methylpropane sulfonate (NaAMPS). This report focuses upon synthesis characterization, and solution properties of random and graft copolymers of AM with diacetone acrylamide (DAAM). These polymers at certain compositions exhibit the unusual characteristic of increased hydrodynamic volume with added NaCl or CaCl/sub 2/. Additionally, we report analytical techniques developed through FY 1983 in our laboratories for the challenging study of water-soluble polymers of high molecular weight. Specific studies reported are: (1) copolymers of acrylamide with N-(1,1-dimethyl-3-oxybutyl) acrylamide and N,N-dimethylacrylamide - synthesis and characterization; (2) copolymers of acrylamide with N-(1,1-dimethyl-3-oxybutyl) acrylamide and N,N-dimethylacrylamide - solution properties; (3) selectivity in the graft copolymerization of acrylamide/N-(1,1 dimethyl-3-oxybutyl) acrylamide comonomers onto dextran by Ce(IV)-induced initiation; (4) selectivity in graft copolymerization of acrylamide/N-(1,1 dimethyl-3-oxybutyl) acrylamide comonomers onto dextran by Ce(IV)-induced initiation; (5) determination of molecular mass and hydrodynamic properties of several partially hydrolyzed polyacrylamides; (6) deconvolution of overlapping chromatograms using constrained non-linear optimization; and (7) pressure detectors for aqueous size exclusion chromatography.

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Combustion and fuel bound contaminant control with a staged cyclone coal combustor for gas turbines: Final report, September 26, 1984 to December 31, 1986

The present project was an analytical and experimental study of contaminant control in a cyclone coal combustor operating under output temperatures applicable to gas turbines. An evaluation of recent, coal-fired, gas turbine-combined cycle systems studies was made to select suitable combustor operating conditions. This was used to prepare test plans for experiments designed to evaluate operational parameters affecting SO/sub x/ and NO/sub x/ emission control from a 5 to 7 million Btu/h, staged, cyclone, coal combustor operating under a wide range of combustion temperature outlet conditions and stoichiometric ratios in the combustor. An extensive series of parameteric experiments were performed, using a finely pulverized West Virginia, Bituminous, low sulfur (0.8%S) coal, an Illinois Herrin Seam, medium sulfur (1.6%S) coal, and an Illinois No. 6, high sulfur (3%S) coal.

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Technical and economic evaluation of ten high temperature, high pressure particulate cleanup systems for pressurized fluidized bed combustion

The objective of this analysis was to provide a technical and economic evaluation of the ten high temperature, high pressure (HTHP) systems for the purpose of prioritizing them according to performance, cost, and general viability of achieving commercial status. The scope primarily included reviewing/normalizing test experience to date, normalizing commercial designs, developing normalized capital and operating costs for each system, performing trade-off studies, and performing an evaluation utilizing in-house and outside inputs. The HTHP particulate cleanup system must be capable of the same stringent operating requirements as a conventional system, except it must do so at HTHP conditions. Utilities will demand nearly the same reliability as found in conventional equipment. Regarding particulate cleanup, the system must meet NSPS requirements at the stack, and also meet turbine inlet requirements. The ten devices evaluated were: Electrostatic Precipitator - Cottrell Environmental Sciences (CES,6879 ); Ceramic Felt Filter - Acurex Corporation; Ceramic Cross Flow Filter - Westinghouse; Shallow Static Granular Bed Filter - Ducon/Westinghouse; Electrostatic Granular Bed Filter - General Electric (GE,6879 ); Moving Granular Bed Filter - Combustion Power Company (CPC,6879 ); Dry Plate Scrubber - Air Pollution Technology (APT,6879 ); Magnetic Granular Bed Filter - Exxon; Electrocyclone - General Electric; and Acoustic Agglomerator - Aerojet/Pennsylvania State University (PSU). The test data for the ten devices were normalized to standard conditions with a reference inlet particle loading and size distribution. The purpose of system design normalization is to provide, for each of the HTHP concepts, a scaled-up commercial design which reflects a consistent design approach. 104 figures, 136 tables.

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Failure mode analysis for lime/limestone FGD systems. Volume 3. Plant profiles. Part 2

Plant profiles are given for the following plants: Tombigbee 2, 3; Apache 2, 3; Cholla 1, 2; Four Corners 1, 2, 3; Laramie River 1; Green 1, 2; Duck Creek 1; Craig 1, 2; Conesville 5, 6; Coal Creek 1, 2; Elrama 1, 2, 3, 4; and Phillips 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6. (DLC)

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Advanced development of a pressurized ash agglomerating fluidized-bed coal gasification system. Quarterly progress report, January 16-March 31, 1982

Major activity was directed toward maintenance and modification of the PDU in preparation for the 1982 test program. Numerous items of equipment were inspected, disassembled, cleaned or reworked, as required. In addition, recasting of the gasifier and the C-119 primary cyclone refractories was completed; the full primary cyclone (C-119) cold wall was fabricated, hydrostatically pressure tested, and installed; a new water distribution box was installed in the quench scrubber; and a new gasifier-to-primary-cyclone spool piece was fabricated. Refractory cure, pressure testing, and hot air dryout were begun on March 22, and test TP-032-1 was initiated on March 30. The primary objectives of test TP-032-1 are to shakedown the full cyclone cold wall and to evaluate the fines recycle system. Following completion of this test in April, test TP-032-2, an oxygen-blown gasifier and component development test, will be conducted during May and June. Cold flow scale-up facility (CFSF) testing included completion of TP-M003, a velocity profile measurement test. During a total of 484 hours of operation, jet penetration, bubble diameter, and bubble frequency measurements were obtained at two grid air injection points for eight flow parameter set points. In addition, impact pressure profiles were measured at five pilot tube locations for the eight set points. Major areas of process and component engineering and design included: Preliminary design of the PDU modifications required for hot fines recycle testing; and installation of the water-cooled cyclone barrel in the primary cyclone and the water-cooled piping spool from the gasifier to the primary cyclone.

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Hydrocarbon content of the vapor phase and light-oil fraction in the output stream of the METC gasifier. [Tenax GC for adsorption of higher molecular weight hydrocarbons]

The higher molecular weight hydrocarbons contained in the clean low-Btu gas are primarily benzenes and naphthalenes with some furans and thiophenes. While analysis of the data shows that loadings range from 1-10 g/scm, the data are subject to variability introduced both in the process itself and in the sampling methods. Qualitatively, for the higher molecular weight hydrocarbons, collection on Tenax at atmospheric or gas stream pressure gives similar compounds, although the distribution is different. Comparison of the pressurized Tenax, atmospheric Tenax, and the drip leg sample shows a decreasing amount of lower molecular weight components. This is due primarily to the collection method. In the latter two samples the pressure reduction can result in the loss of the lighter weight hydrocarbons that could be retained in the pressurized sample. It appears that, qualitatively, typical compounds in the gasifier stream have been identified. Quantitatively, additional studies need to be conducted to evaluate Tenax as a collection medium for pressure applications including the pressure dependency of its collection efficiency. It does appear that the pressurized collection of material using Tenax and the subsequent analysis by capillary GC/MS and headspace gas chromatography of the collected samples is a viable approach to acquisition of base line data for in situ hydrocarbon measurement system development.

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An evaluation of the CO/sub 2/ pilot, Maljamar Field, Lea County, New Mexico

This report reviews the performance of the miscible CO/sub 2/ pilot in the Maljamar Field, Lea County, New Mexico. The project was conducted by Conoco under the Tertiary Incentive Crude Oil Program. The project was initiated in 1981 and completed January 1, 1986. The project involved CO/sub 2/ floods in two separate reservoirs conducted simultaneously using dually completed wells in a 5-acre inverted 5-spot pattern. Control of fluid movement in the pilot was achieved by utilizing four confining injection wells outside the pattern, as well as two observation wells inside the pattern. The purpose of the pilot was to provide data for computer modelling of the reservoir and for facilities design and economic analysis of a full scale project. Conoco accomplished this purpose and has begun fieldwide expansion of CO/sub 2/ flooding in both Maljamar reservoirs based on the results of this pilot. 14 refs., 4 figs., 4 tabs.

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Measurement and modeling of hydrate dissociation: Final report

Natural gas could be recovered from hydrate deposits by either of two basic methods (1) thermal stimulation in which an external source of energy is provided and (2) lowering of the equilibrium pressure (depressurization) in which the energy of the hydrate-containing and the surrounding media is utilized. In this work, we have measured and modeled mathematically the dissociation of hydrates in consolidated and unconsolidated porous media. Hydrates were formed in laboratory samples of Ottawa sand and Berea sandstone using miscible and non-miscible hydrate formers. A state-of-the-art, computer-controlled transient hot wire needle probe apparatus was developed for the measurements of thermal conductivity of pure hydrates and hydrate-containing porous media. We have measured the thermal conductivity of hydrate-containing Ottawa sand and Berea sandstone samples in order to determine the physical properties necessary for the mathematical models. We have also measured the electric resistivity of methane hydrate-containing Berea sandstone in order to verify the formation of the hydrate and to track the dissociation front during hydrate depressurization. Two mathematical models were developed for the process of hydrate dissociation in porous media using the two recovery schemes thermal stimulation and depressurization. 10 refs., 9 figs., 1 tab.

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Physical simulations of in situ forward combustion using Sunnyside and Arroyo Grande tar sand

A series of one-dimensional simulations were conducted to evaluate the forward combustion process for two tar sand resources. Two different reactor systems were used in the testing, a small scale laboratory reference retort and a larger scale tube reactor. The objectives of the simulations were: (1) to identify the mechanisms which cause reactor plugging in previous simulations using Sunnyside tar sand, and (2) to evaluate steam-oxygen combustion as a production process for Arroyo Grande tar sand. Simulations using the laboratory reference retort indicated that the plugging problem experienced in previous Sunnyside tests was the result of a highly immobile oil bank. Analysis of the oil bank showed that the viscosity of this oil was considerably higher than that of the original bitumen. The increase was attributed to devolatilization of the bitumen by the hot gases and(or) the incorporation of oxygen to form heavier polar materials. Results from the one-dimensional simulations of steam-oxygen combustion using Arroyo Grande tar sand show that the combustion front can be successfully propagated through the material. The simulations showed the same general trends of reduced fuel deposition and oxygen demand and, therefore, increased frontal velocity with increasing steam-to-oxygen ratio, as did prior simulations using Asphalt Ridge tar sand. 11 refs., 4 figs., 11 tabs.

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Two-dimensional numerical simulation of wet combustion in an asphalt ridge tar sand block: Topical report

The Tar Sand Reservoir Simulator (TSRS) is expanded in order to simulate the multidimensional nature of the thermal recovery of oil from a tar sand block in Western Research Institute's block reactor. TSRS now rigorously accounts for many of the phenomena associated with the thermal processing of tar sand in one or two dimensions. In the two-dimensional mode, fundamental differential equations describing heat and mass transfer are solved in each grid block of a rectangular grid which divides the tar sand bed in the plan view. Consequently, all properties and conditions which occur in the tar sand are assumed constant in the third dimension (perpendicular to the plan view). Several other enhancements are incorporated into the model and are discussed, including boundary heat transfer, porosity changes due to coke deposition, and gravity effects. The model is used to simulate a recent block reactor test which was configured as a quarter of a five-spot pattern and consisted of the steam-oxygen combustion of Asphalt Ridge tar sand. A comparison of model and experimental results shows areas of qualitative agreement; however, major differences are observed, particularly with the flow patterns generated within the block. These differences and the combustion performance observed experimentally are explained by vertical variation, fingering, and secondary cracking of produced oil vapor, none of which are accounted for in the model. 14 refs., 16 figs., 2 tabs.

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Failure analysis report:  Coal Lock Hopper Valves Type III, P/N 75835, S/N 2

This report covers the analysis of a failure which occurred during static testing of a Type III Lock Hopper Valve P/N 75835. The unit was assembled and acceptance tested at Consolidated Controls Corporation and static tested at the Morgantown Energy Technology Center. After testing at 850/sup 0/F, the internal leak rate had increased to an unacceptable level. The leakage is felt to be caused by damage to the cast refractory lining used in the valve.

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Electrostatic granular bed filter development program. Quarterly technical report, October-December 1980

This contract provides for laboratory experiments and analyses to develop electrostatic granular bed filtration for Pressurized Fluidized Bed (PFB) combined cycle application. These experiments will provide the data necessary to design a hot test model and to perform systems integration and economic evaluation studies. Based on the laboratory results, preliminary engineering estimates of the capital and operating costs will be provided for the selected approach. Progress on this work is reported. In parallel with the electrostatic granular bed filter testing, laboratory scale experiments and engineering assessments will be performed for two concepts for removing corrosive alkali metal vapor from the combustion gases. The work on adsorption of NaCl on bauxite has led to two important conclusions: (1) the adsorption of NaCl on activated bauxite follows the BET isotherm; and (2) significant adsorption, greater than a half of monolayer coverage, can be achieved at very low alkali levels in gas, comparable to those desired in the PFB gas entering the gas turbine.

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Modeling and optimizing surfactant structure to improve oil recovery by chemical flooding at the University of Texas: Annual report for the period October 1986--September 1987

The objectives of this research program are (1) to characterize mineral oxide surfaces and to relate these parameters to surfactant adsorption, (2) to study chromatographic effects resulting from use of surfactant blends, (3) to understand the properties of microemulsions as they relate to surfactant structure, and (4) to develop a thermodynamic theory of microemulsions which includes surfactant structure, cosolvents, and surfactant blends as well as the properties of the system oil and water. 35 refs., 26 figs.

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Modeling of wet-gas cleanup:  Task 13. Final technical report. Volume II:  code documentation. [FRCNJT, free-confined jet program]

This report contains general instructions for using FRCNJT, free-confined jet program, which models humidification chamber performance in the METC Wet Gas Cleanup system. The equations utilized in the code are fully described in Volume I (PSI TR-225). These instructions will familiarize the user with the input/output aspects of the code. Section II describes the basic structure of the program and the required inputs. Two forms of output are provided by the program: plots and numbers. A description of the printed output files and a general outline of the input and use of the plotting code is provided in Section III. Appendix A contains a full listing of the computer code as utilized at Physical Sciences Inc. The program, written in FORTRAN, has been fully tested on a Prime 400 computer and results are presented in Volume I. Appendix D contains a full listing of the plotting program. This program is also written in FORTRAN, however, the plotting subroutines are machine dependent. These routines are similar to Calcomp plotting subroutines, and a few modifications may well be needed to make the program operational on computers other than Prime.

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Review of slagging and fouling from low-rank coals: Plant survey, bibliography, and discussion: Volume 1, plant survey and discussion: Final report

The objective of this report is to present available information on factors relating to ash fouling and slagging when burning low rank coals in a single reference document to be used by boiler designers, plant operators and coal researchers. The report presents detailed information on coal properties, boiler design and operating experience compiled and organized into two major sections: a plant survey of boiler design and operating data for units over 100 MW at selected US plants burning lignite and subbituminous coal, based on survey questionnaires and data available from the open literature. An interpretive review of factors influencing the occurrence and prevention of slagging and fouling, based on an annotated bibliography dealing specifically with the utilization of low rank coals in utility boilers and related research on coal and ash properties and deposition mechanisms.

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Impacts of proposed RCRA regulations and other related federal environmental regulations on fossil fuel-fired facilities: Final report, Volume 2

Estimation of the costs associated with implementation of the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) regulations for non-hazardous and hazardous material disposal in the utility industry are provided. These costs are based on engineering studies at a number of coal-fired power plants in which the costs for hazardous and non-hazardous disposal are compared to the costs developed for the current practice design for each utility. The relationship of the three costs is displayed. The emphasis of this study is on the determination of incremental costs rather than the absolute costs for each case (current practice, non-hazardous, or hazardous). For the purpose of this project, the hazardous design cost was determined for minimum versus maximum compliance.

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Implementation of a modified Johnson and Hindmarsh mass and energy model

The primary purpose of this research work was to provide METC with computer software to simulate various fossil fuel process configurations. In particular, software to simulate mass and energy transfer for various fossil fuel reactions was required. To these ends the code MSRS was installed and tested at METC and then enhanced into an engineering modeling code useable by METC scientists and engineers. The enhancements consisted of adding reaction capabilities which grew out of XELAMP, improved input capabilities which made the code easier to use, and increased output media such as graphics. The input and output capabilities were patterned after the XELAMP system. Validation and consistency of the work can be checked using the LFER code; output from LFER can be input to MSRS and the corresponding temperatures can be compared. 3 refs., 1 fig.

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Fluidized-bed combustion. Initial results obtained in a 1-ft by 1-ft fluidized-bed combustor operating at pressures up to 20 atm

A 1 ft square pressurized fluidized-bed combustor has been built at Leatherhead (England) to obtain performance data at pressures up to 20 atm. It has a tube bank containing cooled and uncooled elements in which the geometry and the proportion of cooled elements can be changed readily, so that operation over a wide range of pressures, excess air values, temperatures and velocities is possible. The maximum tube bank height that can be accommodated requires a bed depth of about 9 ft. The facility was built with funds from US, UK, Swedish, and German organizations. The test program is financed by the US DOE. This report described the facility and summarizes the results from the first six tests. Data were acquired at different operating conditions during a total of 20 test periods, each of 15 to 24 hours duration. Most of the data were obtained at pressures of 6, 10, 16 and 20 atm; fluidizing velocity of 3 ft/s; bed temperature of 1560/sup 0/F; bed depths of 6 1/2 and 9 ft. The other main variables were Ca/S mol ratio and excess air. The results showed that: a combustion efficiency of 99.5% was achieved for all operating conditions; no systematic effect of pressure on SO/sub 2/ retention has been established. Excess air greatly influences NO/sub x/ emissions which were 0.5 lb/10/sup 6/ Btu with 100% excess air and 0.25 lb/10/sup 6/ Btu at 30% excess air and heat transfer to the cooling circuits increased with increasing pressure. (LCL)

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Operating costs and plant options analysis for the Shamokin fluidized bed boiler

This report presents the results of a study that examined the operating costs and options to improve the Shamokin Atmospheric Fluidized Bed Combustion Demonstration Plant located near Shamokin, Pennsylvania. The purpose of this study was to perform an operating cost analysis and compare the results with projected operating costs. An analysis was also made to identify possible cost savings options. Two base case scenarios were developed for this study: the first scenario assumed that the plant operated in a manner similar to operations during the extended test program; and the second scenario was concerned with two options. One option assumed upgrading the plant to achieve continuous full load operation, restarting, and used revised costs and revenues. The second assumed reconfiguring the plant for cogeneration.

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Computerized operating cost model for industrial steam generation

Pending EPA regulations, establishing revised emission levels for industrial boilers are perceived to have an effect on the relative costs of steam production technologies. To aid in the comparison of competitive boiler technologies, the Steam Cost Code was developed which provides levelized steam costs reflecting the effects of a number of key steam cost parameters. The Steam Cost Code is a user interactive FORTRAN program designed to operate on a VAX computer system. The program requires the user to input a number of variables describing the design characteristics, capital costs, and operating conditions for a specific boiler system. Part of the input to the Steam Cost Code is the capital cost of the steam production system. The capital cost is obtained from a program called INDCEPT, developed by Oak Ridge National Laboratory under Department of Energy, Morgantown Energy Technology Center sponsorship.

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