AndreaBozzo/ceres-open-data-index huggingface dataset:
MATHEMATICAL MODELING OF  OIL SHALE RETORTING

"Under the objective of developing a mathematical model which describes the horizontal modified method of in situ shale oil recovery, the following tasks have been completed: 1. The LETC vertical forward combustion retorting model has been extended to describe horizontal modified in situ combustion retorting of oil shale. Two different approaches to modeling of horizontal retorting have been developed and are described later. Both of these methods involve allowing oil to flow downward or drip from one horizontal zone to the next. 2. A Control system has been developed for forward combustion  retorting. This was accomplished by first obtaining an oil  retention factor (f1) and oxygen channeling terms (f2,f3)  as functions of the various experimental variables. The oil  yield was then optimized. For example, at a burner rate  setting of 10 6 btu/hr, a 75% oil yield was predicted after  some manipulation of the remaining variables. This limit was not improved significantly by changing the air rate of flow into the retort and the recycle rate at selected time points.  The variables which were allowed to change were the air flow rate into the retort, the recycle rate, the burner heating rate and the time period the ignition burner was fired."

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IDENTIFICATION OF TOXIC CONSTITUENTS OF OIL SHALE RETORT WATERS USING CHEMICAL FRACTIONATION AND TOXICITY BIOASSAYS

With the current need to increase domestic production of liquid fuels, a synthetic fuels industry is being developed in the United States. Oil shale processing, a promising sinful technology is now being developed commercially in the Green River Formation of Colorado, Utah and Wyoming. Approximately 600 billion barrels of shale oil are thought to be recoverable from this deposit (Rocky Mountain Oil and Gas Association 1980).

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GEOTOMOGRAPHY IN OIL SHALE

Geophysical tomographs made of oil shale at the mine of Occidental Oil Shale Inc., near DeBeque, Colorado, were used to map the in situ electrical attenuation of oil shale between 1 and 40 MHz in a plane 27 m by 12 m. Measured attenuation ranged from 0.10 to 0.53 Np/m. At 20 MHz the relative permittivity of oil shale is approximately 9.

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THE ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITY OF OIL SHALE TO 900 DEGREES C

The electrical conductivity of oil shale from the Anvil Points Mine, Colorado, was measured to temperatures greater than 900supO/C with conductance bridges operating at frequencies from 100 to 100,000 Hz. The conductivity of low, intermediate, and high grade oil shales(15,124, and 233 ml/kg, respectively) is dependent on water content up to approximately 100supO/C. At about 120supO/C, values of conductivity around 10sup-7/S/m are observed for all grades. A strong, time dependent, increase in conductivity, beginning around 400supO/C, marks the loss of light hydrocarbons and the formation of a conductive char. The frequency dependence of conductivity--slightly less that a decade increase in conductivity per decade increase in frequency over the temperature range 100supO/C to 400supO/C--vanishes at temperatures near 500supO/C. At temperatures between 600supO/C and 800supO/C, the conductivity of these oil shales reaches a maximum value which is as much as 10sup8 times larger that the conductivity near 250supO/C.

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DISTRIBUTION OF EXTRACTABLE ALUMINUM AND SODIUM IN A SALINE FACIES OF THE GREEN RIVER FORMATION, NORTHWEST COLORADO

In this paper we will discuss the occurrence and distribution of these minerals within the enclosing matrix of oil shale; portray the geologic and geochemical framework in which these minerals were deposited; and briefly summarize what these minerals mean in terms of extractable resources of sodium and aluminum, emphasizing extraction processes which are compatible with recovery of oil shale.

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BASIC FACTORS OF THE SHALE OIL INDUSTRY

"The future of the potential American shale oil industry is dependent on the relative supply of, and demand for, petroleum and its products in the United States, especially in those regions close to the shale fields, and the possibility of securing from some source other than oil shale's an adequate supply of substitute for petroleum products. an adequate supply of substitutes for petroleum products. An economic study of the status of American shale oil must therefore consider, first, the economic position of petroleum in the United States; second, the possible substitutes for petroleum and its products; and, third, the position of the oil shale resources of the United State: as one of these possible substitute sources. It would ,be misleading to consider oil shale in any  light other than as a possible Source of mineral oils similar to those now derived from natural petroleum. The present economic importance of oil shales, and their future value, lies in their potentialities as sources of mineral oils. Not only must oil shale be capable of producing mineral oils, but these oils must be usable, and  must be placed on the market at a price equal to, or lower than, equivalent petroleum products or other substitutes for them. Unless these conditions can be fulfilled there can be no shale oil industry in the United  States. The purpose of the writer in presenting this discussion is to indicate that these conditions can and will be fulfilled, in all likelihood within a reasonable number of years."

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RIO BLANCO OIL SHALE PROJECT--ENVIRONMENTAL EVALUATION PROCEDURES AND DISPOSAL SITE EVALUATIONS, TRACT C-A--AND ADDENDUM (LITERATURE REVIEW)

Sixteen alternate spent shale disposal sites for Tract C-a prototype oil shale project were identified. One was on-tract; fifteen were off-tract. environmental evaluation was made of these disposal areas to identify sites best suited for this purpose. The DARE model was chosen to be the vehicle for this evaluation. Nine major criteria containing forty-four minor criteria were identified as important to the decision-making process. These were evaluated by a nine-member expert panel using the literature, input from numerous other professionals, and on-site assessments. A detailed description is presented to enable the reader to follow the procedures in step-wise  fashion so that he may use the model. Four sites were determined to be environmentally superior: Rinky Dink Gulch, 84 Mesa, Dry Fork and Yellow Creek.

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ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH PLAN FOR THE GEOKINETICS, INC. INVESTIGATION OF THE HORIZONTAL IN SITU OIL SHALE RETORTING PROCESS

The Environmental Research Plan developed for the Geokinetics Inc. Horizontal In Situ Oil Shale Retorting Project, has been prepared as two individual documents. The first document is the Program Outline (Spradlin, et al, 1979) which defines the general goals and objectives of the environmental research program. The second document, i.e. this document, is the Research Record which details the actual research projects performed in accordance with the goals established in the Program Outline. In tandem, both documents comply with the provisions set forth in the Cooperative Agreement #DE-FC20-78LC10787, the Environmental Assessment (DOE, December 1979), and in DOE Order 5480.J. (Environmental Safety and Health Plan).

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TECHNICAL AND ECONOMIC FEASIBILITY OF PROPOSED OIL SHALE BENEFICATION TECHNIQUES FOR SURFACE RETORTING PROCESSES

"Three contractual objectives were specified by DOE to FMR for the present study: 1. conduct a literature search on beneficiation methods, prepare a bibliography, prepare an abstract, and summarize technical issues and economics. 2. Prepare a general set of specifications defining requirements for a beneficiated product compatible with known retorting methods. 3. Identify beneficiation methods that could possibly achieve the above specified requirements. 4. Estimate the expected performance of those potential beneficiation methods  compatible with know retorting systems, and the costs associated with them. 5. Review the technical literature on conversion processes and note those that have potential for application to a finely ground material and discuss  why. 6. Identify research needs that are most crucial to cost effective (economic and environmental) application of beneficiation techniques to oil shale processing."

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MATHEMATICAL MODELING SUPPORT FOR OIL SHALE RETORTING EXPERIMENTS-FINAL REPORT

A contract was let in June, 1981, between Dr. H. Gordon Harris and the Department of Energy (DOE) through the Laramie Energy Technology Center (LETC) to model low void shale retorting experiments. The contract was modified in September, 1981, to change the principle investigators to Dr. J. F. Evers and Dr. R. E. Terry. The change was necessitated when Dr. Harris changed jobs and relocated.

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BENCH-SCALE STUDY OF THE CYCLONE RETORT AND CYCLONE BURNER FOR THE PROCESSING OF EASTERN UNITED STATES OIL SHALES

Eastern oil shales are an important U.S. energy resource, with an estimated potential exceeding 400 billion barrels of oil in place and perhaps extending to as much as 2,600 barrels, including both surface and deep deposits. With a location in the heart of the industrial east, which assures a market for the product, the infrastructure and transportation systems are already largely in place. With a generally favorable political climate, plentiful water supply, shale deposits located on privately-held land, and a substantial part of the resource easily accessible by conventional strip mining techniques, this resource appears ready for exploitation.

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EVALUATION OF PRECESSING LOW VOID VOLUME MODIFIED IN SITU RETORTS

One of the critical variables in the modified in situ oil shale process is the void volume needed to ensure adequate permeability for gas and liquid flow with a low pressure drop, yet preserving the maximum oil shale to be retorted. There are economic advantages in mining the minimum amount of oil shale (lower mining cost and higher oil recovery per retort). In addition, the bulked-full retorts with low void fraction could increase the resource recovery by reducing supporting pillar areas since the rubble pile could support the overburden to prevent the surface subsidence. Therefore, it is important to create and process low void volume retorts.

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MASTER PLAN FOR UTILIZATION OF THE NAVAL OIL SHALE RESERVES, A COMPREHENSIVE PLANNING STUDY OF WATER RESOURCES DEVELOPMENT AND MANAGEMENT FOR THE NAVAL OIL SHALE RESERVES 1 AND 3

The purpose of this report is to further define the water resources development potential, to define the general hydrology in as much detail as possible, and to present a conceptual plan for water resources development and management in connection with the development of Naval Oil Shale Reserves 1 and 3 in Colorado. This work is only conceptual and preliminary in scope, since a more refined analysis must wait and be based upon a more advanced master development plan. Nevertheless, this report presents several options and opportunities for immediate decisions to be made by the Navy regarding water resources development on their Colorado oil shale reserves. In view of the critical water situation in the Colorado River basin, a water resources plan must be finalized and acted upon in the very near future. Private companies with oil shale interests are very rapidly tying up available Colorado River water.

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MASTER PLAN FOR UTILIZATION OF THE NAVAL OIL SHALE RESERVES, COMPILATION OF EXISTING DATA AND PRELIMINARY PLAN FOR DEVELOPMENT OF NAVAL OIL SHALE RESERVES 1 AND 3

The conceptual development scheme described in this section is based on a thorough examination of existing data concerning the geological, lithological, and topographical features of the oil shale formations on Naval Oil Shale Reserve 1. The scheme selected in this preliminary analysis is predicated on the feasibility of combining surface and underground mining in a manner which takes advantage of the best features of both methods while allowing each method to enhance the workability of the other.

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EXAMINATION OF SHALE-DERIVED POLAR COMPOUNDS AND THEIR EFFECTS ON DIESEL FUEL STABILITY

Polar heterocyclic compounds present in middle distillate fuels have been implicated in the chemical processes involved in fuel instability. Nitrogen-containing aromatics (e.g., pyrroles, pyridines, quinolines, indoles) are often intimately involved in the reactions leading to deposition of insoluble sediments and gums in both petroleum and shale derived fuels (1, 2). Although results of fuel dopant studies are useful in screening potentially active compounds, the results must be taken with caution (3, 4). For example, the particular accelerated (i.e., high temperature) stress regimen employed may have a variable effect upon the results obtained. Additionally, interactive effects between labile species need to be assessed in greater detail (2,4).

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BX IN SITU OIL SHALE PROJECT (EQUITY)--MONTHLY PROGESS REPORTS NOS. 1, 3, 4, 5, AND 6 (MARCH 1977-OCTOBER 1977, JUNE 1977 MISSING)

This report compiles the monthly progress reports 1,3,4,5,6, March 1977-October 1977, June is missing

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INVESTIGATION OF ORGANIC PRODUCTS FROM THE THERMAL TREATMENT OF GREEN RIVER OIL SHALE WITH METHANOL AND WATER

Recovery of organic material from Green River oil shale has been extensively studied. Conventional retorting methods including Fischer assay (1), aboveground retorts (2, 3) and in situ retorts (4), recover only about 65 percent or less of the organic material (kerogen plus bitumen,11813 ); however this is accomplished at the expense of large amounts of char remaining on the spent shale. Different retorting methods have been applied to increase oil yields such as hydrogenation (5) and atmospheric steam pyrolysis (6). One highly efficient method is supercritical fluid extraction which has been developed in the last two decades.

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SUMMARY OF IN SITU OIL SHALE EXPERIMENTS IN THE ROCK SPRINGS, WY, AREA

Oil shale in situ experiments were conducted on two sites as shown in Figure 1, in Sections 15 and 17, T 18 N, R 106 W, Sweetwater County, WY, by various groups doing research for the Federal Government. On the sites located in Section 15 research was conducted by personnel from the Laramie Energy Technology Center, the Bartlesville Energy Research Center and Sandia Laboratories, with minor assistance from other government groups and private contractors. On the site located in Section 17, work was performed by Talley Industries under a contract with the Federal Government resulting from Program Opportunity Notice (PON) No. 2. Talley personnel were also assisted by Sandia Laboratories. Figure 3 indicates how the overburden thickness and the depth of the oil shale bed changes between Sections 15 and 17.

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ON-LINE, MASS SPECTROMETRIC DETERMINATION OF AMMONIA FROM OIL SHALE PYROLYSIS USING ISOBUTANE CHEMICAL IONIZATION

Ammonia is the predominant nitrogen-containing species formed during the pyrolysis of oil shale. An on-line method of determining ammonia was developed to study kinetics and chemistry of formation and evolution. While fragmentation of water interferes with electron ionization mass spectrometry, chemical ionization mass spectrometry using isobutane reagent gas gave excellent sensitivity and selectivity for ammonia. All transfer and sampling lines from the retort were heated to ~150supO/C. We successfully measured ammonia evolution from various oil shales retorted under different conditions, including steam retorting.

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ELECTRICAL AND THERMAL PROPERTIES OF GREEN RIVER OIL SHALE FOR THE EVALUATION OF IN-SITU RETORTING OPERATIONS (THREE QUARTERLY PROGRESS REPORTS DATED 9/15/76, 12/15/76, AND 9/15/77)

During the past quarter new data were acquired and the experimental apparatus used to acquire the data was rebuilt. The rebuilt apparatus provides more speed, higher accuracy and new capabilities required to carry out the remainder of the project. A paper was presented at the 75th American Chemical Society Conference in San Francisco. New samples were acquired.

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RESULTS OF MATHEMATICAL MODELING OF AN OIL SHALE RETORT HAVING A FLUIDIZED-BED PYROLYZER AND A LIFT-PIPE COMBUSTOR

A commercial-size, hot-solids recycle retorting process, consisting of a staged fluidized-bed pyrolyzer and a lift-pipe combustor, was simulated using a previously developed mathematical model. The focus of this work at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) is to show the effects of varying key process parameters. A design study shows the effects of varying process specifications on cost-related items such as reactor sizes, utility requirements, and yield. An operation study, in which the reactor dimensions were fixed, shows how the plant's sensitivity to some unavoidable changes and to the effectiveness of several strategies for controlling process conditions. We present tabulated and graphical results from the 22 individual parameter studies.

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THE AVAILABILITY OF WATER FOR OIL SHALE AND COAL GASIFICATION DEVELOPMENT IN THE UPPER COLORADO RIVER BASIN SUMMARY REPORT

The nonnuclear energy technologies to which this assessment is addresses include oil shale and coal gasification developments in the Upper Colorado River Basin. The study is not specifically concerned with other energy conversion processes, although the assessment of water availability for the two specified emerging energy technologies (EETs) is presented against a background of projected conventional energy developments.

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RESIDUAL SATURATION AND DYNAMIC HOLDUP OF SHALE OIL IN SIMULATED IN-SITU BEDS OF OIL SHALE

Measurements of residual saturation and dynamic holdup of shale oil (i.e., with steady flow of oil mist and air or nitrogen) were made in beds of crushed oil shale with void fractions from 0.37 to 0.53 and particle sizes from 0.17 to 7.6 cm. Residual saturation in gravity drainage appears not to be a capillarity phenomenon and may be related more closely to wetting-out of the particle surfaces than to meniscal pooling at points of contact.

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ELECTRICAL AND THERMAL CONDUCTIVITIES OF GREEN RIVER OIL SHALE HEATED IN AIR (FINAL REPORT), June 1, 1975 to June 1, 1976

During this contract period an apparatus was constructed to simultaneously measure the electrical and thermal conductivities of oil shale under uniaxial load, and the pressure exerted against that load. Data was obtained on a wide range of sample grades in a direction perpendicular to the verves. The instrumentation was interfaced to a computer and partially automated to obtain the thermal and electrical conductivities and the pressure exerted against a load. The thermal expansion coefficient, the activation energy for electronic conduction, the resistivity variation with temperature and the energy balance in the test attack were derived from the data.

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NEVADA NUCLEAR WASTE STORAGE INVESTIGATIONS PROJECT, SITE CHARACTERIZATION PLAN CONCEPTUAL DESIGN REPORT, Volume 10

"The primary purposes of the RIB are to maintain and control the flow of interpreted technical reference information Project-wide, to reflect the current best  understanding of relevant system parameters, and to support analytical studies in a number of technical disciplines. The information selected for the RIB is expected to be used as reference information for design and performance assessment studies and to support the application for a license to construct and operate a nuclear waste repository at Yucca Mountain, Nevada. Progressively more complete data collection and evaluation has accompanied the developing NNWSI design and has led to the establishment of a reference set of data for use by all project participants. As the  original design guidelines evolved into the Subsystem Design Requirements. design related data was compiled and included as an SDR appendix. During this time period,  the RIB was being concurrently developed for the use of project designers and others requiring reference information. Because the RIB contained a more complete set of more refined values than had been originally available, its initial draft review version (April, 1986) was adopted for use in the SCP-CDR design effort."

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Determination of Heat Flow Mechanisms in Green River Oil for the Evaluation of the Environmental Impact of In-Situ Retorting Operations Quarterly Progress Reports dated March 1, 1977 and June 5, 1977

During the past quarter simultaneous measurements of the thermal conductivity and a.c.. electrical impedance were made as a function of temperature in a nitrogen ambient.  Measurements were made over a range from room temperature to 900 F or  structural failure of the shale specimens, whichever occurred first.  The swept frequency impedance measurements were made over a range of 10 Hz to 10MHz.  The thermal conductivity in nitrogen, for five selected grades of soil shale, is given in Figure 1.  The two lean shales were obtained from Occidental Oil Corporation in Debeque, Colorado while the three richer grades were obtained from Paraho Oil Shale Development Corporation in Rifle, Colorado.  The thermal conductivity is seen to decrease with increasing temperature, although the decrease is not rapid.  Between 300 F and 600 F the thermal conductivity is approximately constant or the decrease is slight.   Figure 2 depicts the loss tangent, tan delta, of the 10.3 gal/ton oil shale as a function of frequency and temperature.  The loss tangent, which is a measure of the dielectric absorption in the solid, peaks around 20,000 Hz, indicating that this frequency range could be a good one for dielectric heating or fracture.  Moreover, the low frequency (less than 2000 Hz) loss tangent increases with increasing temperature while the high frequency (greater than 20 KHz) loss tangent decreases with increasing temperature.  In an effort to point up the temperature variation of the loss tangent, plots of the change of loss tangent with temperature were made. The plot for 10.3 gallons/ton is shown in Figure 3. From this figure, at higher temperatures the loss tangents changed uniformly and by a greater percentage at higher as opposed to lower frequencies. As is shown in Fig. 4 this trend is reversed at higher temperatures, where the low frequency loss tangent undergoes much more rapid change than the loss tangent at higher frequencies. At high frequencies and high temperatures, the loss tangent changes as a function of temperature begin to overlap.

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NEVADA NUCLEAR WASTE STORAGE INVESTIGATIONS PROJECT, SITE CHARACTERIZATION PLAN CONCEPTUAL DESIGN REPORT, Volume 8

Design development is an iterative process, starting with the definition of requirements, development of the design criteria, design, evaluation of design against criteria and requirements, and then modification of the design or criteria until the design, criteria and requirements agree. The system requirements for a design are the top  level guidance derived from laws, regulations and DOE policy and typically change very little during the  development of the designs. The draft "Yucca Mountain Mined Geologic Disposal System. Requirements" (SAND84 - 1882), dated 1122186, (SR), is the compiled set of system requirements which has guided the Site Characterization Plan Conceptual Design Report (SCP- CDR) since it has been available. The SR has used the  DOE's "Generic Requirement c for the Mined Geologic Disposal System" as the source document and has augmented and translated those requirements into a site specific set of requirements.

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NEVADA NUCLEAR WASTE STORAGE INVESTIGATIONS PROJECT, SITE CHARACTERIZATION PLAN CONCEPTUAL DESIGN REPORT, Volume 7

"The work described in this report was performed for Sandia National Laboratories (SNL) as a part of the Nevada Nuclear Waste Storage Investigations (NWSI) Project Sandia is one of the principal organizations  participating in the project, which is managed by the U. S. Department of Energy's (DOE) Nevada Operations Office ONO). The project is a part of the DOE's program to safely dispose of the commercial spent fuel from  nuclear power plants and defense high level wastes."

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