AndreaBozzo/ceres-open-data-index huggingface dataset:
Instrumentation and operational plan for geokinetics retort No. 22

Sandia National Laboratories support of the Department of Energy's in situ oil shale program includes instrumentation and technical evaluation of designated field experiments. This report outlines the general plan for the instrumentation and technical direction of a horizontal in situ retorting experiment to be conducted at the Geokinetics, Inc. field site in Uintah County, Utah. Bed preparation has been accomplished by Geokinetics by blasting the retort zone with explosives emplaced in wells drilled from the surface. Retorting will be a join Geokinetics Sandia effort Geokinetics will operate the surface processing equipment; Sandia will provide the instrumentation and technical direction with emphasis on the acquisition of data to provide an in depth understanding of the intra retort dynamics.

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Composition of shale-oil naphtha. [Effects of shale characteristics and retorting method on composition]

This report describes the analysis of shale oil naphthas and discusses their composition, based on investigation by the Federal Bureau of Mines. Individual compounds identified in this investigation are listed, together with those reported previously in the literature. Also, quantitative data are given on the occurrence of individual compounds and groups of related compounds. A comprehensive analysis is presented for a naphtha from shale oil produced in an N-T-U retort from Green River shale. Results of less detailed analyses are given for 13 other naphthas from Colorado shale oils, for 1 naphtha from Tennessee shale oil, and for 26 naphthas from oils from foreign countries. A description of the general analytical approach used and of techniques developed especially for analyzing shale oil distillates is included.

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Properties of petroleum from the four corners area of Arizona, Colorado, New Mexico, and Utah

"Thirty-four analyses of crude oils from the fields of the Four Corners Area of Arizona, Colorado,  New Mexico, and Utah are presented and compared. The samples, taken from formations in four geological time periods, have high gravity and low-sulfur, nitrogen, and asphalt content. Generally, the oils are paraffinic in the low-boiling fractions, with increasing naphthenicity in the higher-boiling fraction. Oil from Cretaceous formations resemble other Cretaceous oil in the Rocky Mountains, but oils from  Permian and Pennsylvania formations are unlike other oils of these ages in the Rocky Mountains. The differences in the oils are minor and cannot be used to distinguish between fields or between producing formations. With  minimum special processing, the oils should yield large amounts of good-quality motor fuels."

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Variance in characteristics of the oil in the Weber sandstone reservoir, Rangely field, Colo. [Oil in place]

Results are presented of a comprehensive study of the characteristics of the original oil in the Weber sandstone reservoir, Rangely oil field, Colorado. Through the meduim of subsurface sampling, adequately representative samples of the original reservoir oil were obtained from many parts of the reservoir over a period of 3 years concurrent with active development of the reservoir. Data of differential gas liberation, pressure-viscosity, and pressure-volume-temperature relationships are shown for 12 subsurface oil samples. Data also are given of reservoir pressure and temperature, composition of liberated or solution gas, composition of 22 produced gas samples, and Hempel analyses of crude oil samples from 18 wells.

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Hydrodesulfurization of Venezuelan residual fuel oils

"The hydrodesulfurization characteristics of a Venezuelan topped crude oil and a Venezuelan reduced crude oil were determined at temperatures from 740  to 850  F,  pressures from 800 to 1,600 psig, and space velocities from 1.0 to 2.0 Vo /Vc/hr. Kinetic calculations showed that under these conditions the desulfurization reaction was first order with respect to sulfur and had an  average activation energy of 32 .5 kcal/mol. Catalyst life tests made at  750 0 F, with pressures of 800, 1,200, and 1,600 psig and space velocities of 1.0 and 1.25 Vo /Vc/hr, showed that the decrease in the relative activity of  the catalyst was a logarithmic function of time or volume of oil processed and the amount of vanadium deposited on the catalyst. Comparative tests made with residual fuels prepared from a Wilmington, Calif., crude oil and a Wyoming asphaltic crude oil showed that catalyst life may be extended by processing fuel oil with a low metal content, but it may be shortened by the presence of  large amounts of asphalt in the feed."

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Hydrodesulfurization of a residual fuel from Wilmington, Calif. , crude oil

"The hydrodesulfurization characteristics of a residual fuel prepared from Wilmington, Calif., crude oil were  Determined at temperatures from 600 0 to 900 0 F, pressures of 200 to 800 psig, and space velocities from 0.2 to 2.0 Vo/Vc/hr, using cobalt molybdate type catalysts. A prediction equation, developed from the experimental data, satisfactorily predicts the fraction of  total sulfur that can be removed under any combination of operating conditions within the ranges investigated. Yields and properties of the low sulfur product are correlated with the fraction of total sulfur removed. Kinetic calculations show that the apparent reaction order and activation energy change with space velocity and temperature."

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Effects of steam on oil shale retorting:  a preliminary laboratory study

This preliminary study reports the effects of flowing steam (1-atm total pressure) on the pyrolysis of shale and subsequent decomposition of mineral carbonates. Results show that steam enhances oil yield during pyrolysis. However, this effect depends strongly on the size of the shale particles and produces significant yield enhancement only for small particles (powdered shale <800 ..mu..m). No dramatic change in the properties of the product oil resulted from retorting in steam. We also measured the rate of mineral carbonate decomposition and found it to be accelerated in the presence of steam. For example, the dolomite decomposition rate increased threefold in the presence of 100% steam (1 atm).

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Gravitational pressure gradient in oil reservoirs containing free gas:  model studies of the Elk Hills oilfield, California

The gravitational pressure gradient (GPG) in porous sandstone containing free gas was determined to define the proper GPG to use when calculating the rate of downdip flow of oil in the Sub-Scalez No. 1 sand, Elk Hills fields, Naval Petroleum Reserve 1.  The GPG was determined at several gas saturations using long, artificially consolidated sandstone models that were mounted vertically in some tests and horizontally, with rotation, in others.  Also determined by laboratory and field tests were relative permeability's, capillary pressure relations, critical gas saturation, water sensitivity and depletion drive performance.  The critical gas saturation in the models having an absolute permeability of 1 to 2 darcys was about 2% of pore volume.  The GPG with the critical gas saturation was that due to the weight of the gas-saturated oil.  The GPG in the upper part of the models was reduced as gas saturation increased to a value considerably larger than the critical.  The exact gas saturation at which the GPG became less than that due to the weight of the oil could not be determined but was estimated to be of the order of 10 percent of pore volume.  Tests indicate that the rate of oil production is not permanently reduced by exposure of the sand to fresh water but that the rate of injection of fresh water will be considerably less than that to brine. Methods for determining the factors mentioned above are discussed.

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Physical properties and clay mineral contents affecting susceptibility of oil sands to water damage, Powder River Basin, Wyo

"The physical properties and clay mineral content of the major oil- producing formations in the Powder River Basin of Wyoming were determined by analyses of cores from 100 wells. Interrelationships were established among  permeability, restored -water saturation, clay content , and bulk swelling capacity of the crushed sample and used to estimate the susceptibility of the formations to water damage. The ratio of water permeability to gas  permeability (kw/ki) offers a convenient scale for semi quantitatively estimating the water sensitivity of sands. The irreducible water saturation was also found to have a similar relationship to the clay mineral content and  the water sensitivity of the sands."

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Bibliography of investment and operating costs for chemical and petroleum plants. Supplement 2 (July 1952--June 1954)

"Bureau of Mines Information Circular 7516. Bibliography of Investment and Operating Costs for Chemical and Petroleum Plants was published in October 1949 to aid  in estimating investment and operating costs of processes for manufacturing synthetic liquid fuels. Development of such processes by the Bureau of Mines was authorized  by Public Law 290, 78th Congress. This bibliography included references to and abstracts of publications appearing from 1930 to September 1948 on all processes in general use in the petroleum refining and chemical industries."

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Bibliography of petroleum and allied substances in 1916

This bibliography follows the same general scheme as the bibliography of petroleum and allied substances for 1915.  The names of the publications read are given in the list that follows.  This list is practically the same as that for the 1915 bibliography, except that copies of the German publications, outside  of a few scattered numbers could not be obtained.  References to articles in these journals have been taken from such sources as were available and credit has been given to those sources.  American and foreign patents have been entered by title, without abstracts.  A few minor changes have been made in the scheme of classification, which is, on the whole, the same as that given in the 1915 bibliography.

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Differential thermal study of Colorado oil shale

Differential thermal curves of selected Colorado oil-shale samples showed endothermic dips in temperature range of 450 to 475 degrees C. These characteristic dips occurred within the temperature range of the conversion of organic material (kerogen) in oil shale to oil, gas, and organic residue. However, it is not known wither the dips resulted from heat absorbed in the vaporization of reaction products of possibly from endothermic reaction of kerogen. The thermal curves also showed the presence of calcite and/or dolomite but did not indicate the presence of clays.

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Occidental vertical modified in situ process for the recovery of oil from oil shale, phase I. Final report, November 1, 1976-April 30, 1979

This report presents analyses in all of the broad environmental areas identified in the Development Monitoring Program for data collected since November 1976. Because there is always a data-lag and reduction problem, analyses for some studies are based on data only through September 1978. The Interim Monitoring and Development Monitoring Programs have been reduced and changed from the Environmental Baseline Monitoring Program in many areas. Therefore, emphasis is now placed on key indicators of environmental quality and/or change which are evaluated in this report. The purpose of this report is to fulfill the requirement of the lease to provide the Area Oil Shale Supervisor's Office with an annual report of environmental analyses. Environmental monitoring and analyses are continuing on Oil Shale Tract C-b. Development activities commenced within the past year have resulted in increased activity on the Tract in the form of off-road vehicular use, facility construction, shaft sinking, and traffic into and out of the area. All activity has been conducted within strict adherence to environmental, permit, and lease regulations. Environmental impacts, where they exist, have been confined to the immediate area and within limits defined in the Detailed Development Plan.

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Dynamic strength of oil shale. [Effects of pressure, strain rate, and kerogen and calcite content on shale strength]

In-situ retorting of oil shale requires explosive loading under overburden pressure to break up rock masses. Therefore, a study of the dynamic, confined failure strength under compressive loading was carried out for shale ranging in kerogen content from 11 to 45 gal/ton. It was found that the envelope of ultimate strength could be described by a first-order failure criterion that expands uniformly in principal stress space about the hydrostatic axis as the strain rate increases. The strength/log-strain-rate dependence was found to be nonlinear, with the strength doubling over seven orders of magnitude in strain rate. In these laboratory tests, considerable ductility at failure was encountered, with the strain at failure ranging from 2 to 35 percent. Failure strength was ordered consistently with respect to kerogen content, but the strength-reducing presence of large calcite inclusions in the leanest grade of shale overcame the effect of lower kerogen content to the extent that specimens of intermediate richness exhibited the highest strength.

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Green River formation lithology and oil shale correlations in the Piceance Creek Basin, Colorado. [Detailed lithologic descriptions of samples from nine coreholes and data from seven sampled sections used to construct three cross sections]

"A geologic framework for interpreting stratigraphic and geographic variations of the Green River Formation in the Piceance Creek Basin is developed from lithologic  data accumulated by the Bureau of Mines from oil-shale coreholes. From detailed Bureau of Mines descriptions of samples from nine coreholes and supplementary  lithologic data from seven additional sampled sections, three cross sections were constructed along lines transecting the basin. Plotted as lithologic columns with  corresponding oil yields and resistivity logs, the sampled sections are correlated on a time-stratigraphic basis. Distribution and correlation of nahcolite and halite zones  are shown, and the approximate base of leaching of these saline minerals is indicated. General lithologic characteristics of members and zones are discussed and interpreted. Large-scale lithologic logs illustrate the nine Bureau of Mines core descriptions, and the complete description of Bureau of Mines-Atomic Energy Commission Colorado Corehole No. 1 is included in an appendix. The time-correlated cross sections provide a necessary framework for understanding the depositional history of the Green River Formation and will facilitate evaluation of oil shale and other mineral resources in the Piceance Creek Basin."

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Laboratory evaluation of flow characteristics of oil-producing sandstones in Illinois, Indiana, and Kentucky

"The Bureau of Mines tested cores from 35 wells from 14 oil-producing zones in southern Illinois, southern Indiana, and western Kentucky to determine why rates of water injection were apparently low in some zones. Since these zones contain only minor amounts of clay minerals, it is concluded that permeability reduction results from movement of dislodged silica particles and other material, including the clays, that lines the pores. Both single-phase and two-phase permeability measurements, however, indicated that most samples had only low to moderate water sensitivity, so that permeability reduction due to such particle movement should usually not be of practical  significance. The effective permeability to water was considerably lower than the effective permeability to oil during two-phase flow measurements, as is typical of most reservoir rocks. It can be concluded, therefore, that relatively high injection pressures will be required in waterflooding thin zones or zones having low permeability's."

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Estimation of types of nitrogen compounds in shale-oil gas oil

A systematic procedure for the separation and characterization of the types of nitrogen compounds in shale oil gas oil has been developed. First, a concentrate of the nitrogen compounds was prepared from a gas oil by adsorption. The concentrate was separated into fractions by molecular distillation and thermal diffusion. The types of compounds present were postulated by interpreting the similarities and differences shown in spectra on the series of fractions. Elemental and functional group analyses, and physical property determinations were used to aid in these interpretations. A quantative estimate of the composition of the nitrogen compound concentrate in terms of model compounds was also made.

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Pyrolysis of oil shale:  the effects of thermal history on oil yield

The effect of thermal history on the oil yield of a powdered, 22-gallon-per-ton Colorado shale was studied by heating to test temperature at Fischer assay rate (12/sup 0/C/min), holding a test temperature for varying times up to 33 d, and finally heating to 500/sup 0/C at 12/sup 0/C/min. Test temperatures covered the range of 150 to 450/sup 0/C. Both autogenous (self-generated) and inert sweep gas atmospheres were used. Under autogenous atmospheres at test temperatures of 250/sup 0/C or below, yields obtained were 100 percent of Fischer assay. Heating at 300 to 425/sup 0/C resulted in yield losses, maximizing at 19 percent after a 33-d exposure at 350/sup 0/C. Yield losses are accompanied by increased char in the retorted shale and by production of oil that is lower in density and nitrogen content, and higher in hydrogen. In the inert gas sweep experiments, increasing flow rates gave increased oil yields, approaching 100 percent assay. This is attributed to reduced thermal degradation of oil in the retort. The total yield appears to be determined by the temperature-time exposure of the liberated oil and is not affected by the thermal history of the kerogen. The results indicate that the high gas sweep rates planned for in-situ retorting will be advantageous to oil yield. (auth)

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Characteristics of petroleum from the Powder River Basin, Wyo. [Specific gravity, sulfur content, viscosity, pour point, color, nitrogen content, and distillation]

"Oil fields in the Powder River Basin of Wyoming have produced 731 million barrels of petroleum through 1959. Production in 1959 was 32 million barrels, the highest production since 1924 . The record production was in 1923, when the Basin produced 38 million barrels of oil and the Salt Creek field, then at its peak , produced 35 million barrels. In this report, the characteristics of  crude oils found in the Basin are used as a basis for determining the best refining uses for the oils and for predicting the characteristics of oils that may be discovered in the Basin in the future. Analyses of 108 oils sampled over a period of 30 years are presented."

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Fuel and energy data:  United States by states and regions, 1972

Salient information on reserves, production, and consumption of fuels and energy by State are summarized. The data are broken down by fossil fuels (coal, petroleum, and natural gas) and hydropower and nuclear for the major consuming sectors: Household-Commercial, Industrial, Transportation, Electric Power and Miscellaneous. In addition, total energy consumption in the Nation in 1972 is compared with consumption in 1971 and 1973 (preliminary data). (auth)

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Pressure distribution in beds of oil shale rubble

The Janssen equation for vertical distribution of pressure in beds of solid particles was applied to beds of broken shale. From a measured angle of repose of sample shale piles of 40/sup 0/, frictional properties of shale beds were deduced, permitting the constants of the Janssen equation to be computed. Pressure distributions in beds 100, 200, and 250-ft square and up to 1400 ft deep were computed. The main finding was that bottom pressures (P/sub B/) at depths of 500 ft and more are only slightly affected by overburden pressure and asymptotically approach values given by P/sub B/ (psi) congruent to D (ft) where D is the width of the rubble well. Shale grade (density), rubble porosity, and uncertainties in coefficient of friction have only minor effects on the pressure distributions. Since the pressure exerted by unbroken overburdens may be expected to be small (probably less than 200 psi), pressures are not likely to exceed 300 psi anywhere in the bed. The major uncertainty is the temperature dependence of bed properties. (auth)

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Environmental impact studies related to underground coal gasification

The proposed environmental studies are an attempt to determine those areas which may influence development of UCG technology to the commercial stage. They will be conducted in an experimental project which is small in scale and which may not be totally representative of some future commercial operation. Information will be gathered concerning areas of major concern which can be used to determine if further studies are necessary. Additionally these studies will be site specific. How applicable the results might be to a site exhibiting totally different climatological and geological characteristics is unknown. More questions will be raised than will be answered, but these studies should give indications of the magnitude of possible environmental impacts resulting from UCG which will be needed to decide the worh of UCG as a new energy recovery technology. In any event, these studies will be conducted while this possible new energy recovery technique is still in the experimental phase rather than after commercial development has started. (auth)

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Processes for converting coal into gaseous and liquid fuels. Paper No. SPE 4158

The future of coal usage to alleviate the energy shortage depends on our ability to burn coal cleanly and to convert it to gaseous and liquid products. This paper discusses the state-of-the-art of coal conversion and reviews briefly by simplified flow sheets the major gasification and liquefaction processes. At present technology has not advanced beyond pilot plant or demonstration stages; even the optimistic experts predict that commercial operations will not be realized before the 1090's. Hence, a large and concerted effort is needed now to implement conversion of coal to gas and oil.

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Bureau of Mines gas-combustion retort for oil shale. Study of the effects of process variables. [Effects of process variables on product properties and retort operating characteristics]

The gas combustion retort developed by the Federal Bureau of Mines at the Rifle Oil Shale Project near Rifle, Colorado, is a continuous, gravity feed retort. The heat required to convert the kerogen in the oil shale to liquid oil is generated by the combustion of product gas and carbonaceous residue remaining on the retorted shale after the kerogen has been converted to oil, gas, and residue. A study of the effects of the process variables on retort operation, product yields, and product properties is important to the successful solution of the problems encountered in the development of a satisfactory process.

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Hydrogenolysis study of the kerogen in Colorado oil shale

This report presents a hydrogenolysis study undertaken to obtain information on the constitution of the kerogen or organic material in Colorado oil shale and to determine some of the properties of the hydrogenolysis products. The high yield of hydrogenolysis products was separated, so far as possible, into type compounds; a number were identified. The results thus obtained were used as a basis for proposing the possible existence of certain structures in kerogen.

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