AndreaBozzo/ceres-open-data-index huggingface dataset:
Microcarbon residue yield and heteroatom partitioning between volatiles and solids for whole vacuum resids and their liquid chromatographic fractions

Five petroleum >1000{degrees}F resids were separated into compound type fractions using liquid chromatography. The coking tendency of each compound type was assessed using the microcarbon residue (MCR) test (ASTM D 4530). Heteroatom (N, S, Ni, V) partitioning between MCR solids versus volatiles was determined through analysis of the starting fractions and the corresponding MCR solids. The weighted sum of MCR solid yields over all compound types in a given resid was typically in good agreement with the MCR yield of the whole resid. This finding agrees with prior studies indicating coke yield to be an additive property. Sulfur partitioning was also an additive property, was predictable from MCR yield, and was nearly independent of the initial form (sulfide, thiophenic, sulfoxide) present. Nitrogen and nickel partitioning were nonadditive and therefore composition dependent. Partitioning of vanadium into solids was essentially quantitative for all resids and their fractions. MCR solid yield was generally dependent only on H/C ratio. However, there is some evidence indicating secondary dependence on hydrocarbon structure; i.e., that naphthenic rings reduce MCR in proportion to H/C by virtue of their effective hydrogen transfer properties. Deposition of N and Ni into MCR solids over the fractions was often appreciably less than that of the whole resids, thereby indicating that interaction among various compound types was required for maximum incorporation of those elements into coke.

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Scale-up of miscible flood processes for heterogeneous reservoirs. Second annual report

Progress is reported for a comprehensive investigation of the scaling behavior of gas injection processes in heterogeneous reservoirs. The interplay of phase behavior, viscous fingering, gravity segregation, capillary imbibition and drainage, and reservoir heterogeneity is examined in a series of simulations and experiments. Use of streamtube to model multiphase flow is demonstrated to be a fast and accurate approach for displacements that are dominated by reservoir heterogeneity. The streamtube technique is particularly powerful for multiphase compositional displacements because it represents the effects of phase behavior with a one-dimensional flow and represents the effects of heterogeneity through the locations of streamtubes. A new approach for fast calculations of critical tie-lines directly from criticality conditions is reported. A global triangular structure solution for four-component flow systems, whose tie-lies meet at the edge of a quaternary phase diagram or lie in planes is presented. Also demonstrated is the extension of this solution to multicomponent systems under the same assumptions. The interplay of gravity, capillary and viscous forces on final residual oil saturation is examined experimentally and theoretically. The analysis of vertical equilibrium conditions for three-phase gravity drainage shows that almost all oil can be recovered from the top part of a reservoir. The prediction of spreading and stability of thin film is performed to investigate three-phase gravity drainage mechanisms. Finally, experimental results from gravity drainage of crude oil in the presence of CO{sub 2} suggest that gravity drainage could be an efficient oil recovery process for vertically fractured reservoirs.

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Fracture detection, mapping, and analysis of naturally fractured gas reservoirs using seismic technology

There are a number of producing gas fields in the United States where production is controlled by natural fractures. The host rock may consist of low porosity, low permeability formations, and wells completed in the unfractured rock have low productivity. On the other hand, wells intercepting fractured rocks may show good production. The objective of the research under this contract is to improve the technology for detecting fractures by surface geophysical methods. This remote detection of fractures will allow optimum placement of vertical or horizontal wells. The critical components of the project are: (1) Selection of a gas field with known production from naturally occurring fractures. The project scope does not allow for drilling of wells, so that evidence for occurrence of fractures and gas production from fractures must be obtained from existing wells` field production history, and other data. (2) Acquisition of both surface and downhole seismic P-wave and S-wave data. The project will acquire one 9-component (9-C) VSP. In a 9-C VSP survey, seismic events are recorded by 3-C geophones from one P-wave, and two perpendicular oriented S-wave sources (SH and SV). Also, approximately 12 miles of 9-C surface seismic data will be acquired. (3) Processing and interpretation of 9-C VSP and 9-C surface seismic data, and correlating the seismic anomalies observed to all available geologic and production information to show how the variations in seismic response is related to fracture density, fracture orientation, lithology, structure, and production history.

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Geophysical and transport properties of reservoir rocks. Summary annual report

Definition of petrophysical properties, such as porosity, permeability and fluid saturation, on the scale of meters, is the key to planning and control of successful Enhanced Oil Recovery techniques for domestic reservoirs. Macroscopic transport properties in reservoir rocks depend critically upon processes at the pore level involving interactions between the pore topology and the physical and chemical properties of the rock minerals and interstitial fluids. Similar interactions at the pore level determine also the macroscopic electrical and seismic properties of reservoir rocks. The objective of this research is to understand, using analysis and experiment, how fluids in pores affect the geophysical and sport properties of reservoir rocks. The goal is to develop equations-relating seismic and electrical properties of rock to the porosity, permeability and fluid saturations so as to invert geophysical images for improved reservoir management. Results from seismic measurements performed so far in this study suggest that even subtle changes in fluid contacts and the in-situ state of effective stress can be detected using geophysical imaging techniques. The experiments using Wood`s metal and wax are revealing the topology and sport properties of the pore space in clastic sedimentary rocks. A deeper understanding of these properties is considered-to be the key to the recovery of much of the mobile oil left in domestic reservoirs and to the effective management of enhanced oil recovery techniques. The results of Wood`s metal percolation tests indicate that most of the permeability of Berea sandstone resides in the critical percolating paths and these paths occupy only a small fraction of the total porosity. This result may have important implications for flooding in terms of override and efficiency as a function of saturation.

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Study of fluidized-bed desulfurization with zinc ferrite

Previous work established the technical feasibility of desulfurizing the hot product gases of coal gasification with fixed beds of a regenerable zinc ferrite sorbent. This process, intended for integration with coal gasifiers and gas turbines, has been tested and studied in considerable detail in a process development unit. Though possessing the advantages of high-sulfur absorption at low-sulfur breakthrough and the lack of sorbent attrition characteristic of a stationary bed, fixed beds also have inherent disadvantages: susceptibility to plugging by particles and a large diluent requirement during regeneration to control the reaction zone temperature. Therefore, METC conducted a scoping laboratory test program to determine the desulfurizing capability of fluid beds of zinc ferrite. Results from this program are presented. The results generally demonstrated that fluid beds of zinc ferrite have the potential to lower the H{sub 2}S level in hot gas from 10,000 to 10 ppmv. To achieve this at a high-sorbent sulfur loading would require two fluid-bed stages. Sorbent attrition appears to be acceptably low. Planned future activities include tests at high pressure with both simulated gas and in a gasifier sidestream.

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Advanced Turbine Systems program conceptual design and product development. Quarterly report, August--October 1994

This report addresses progress on Advanced Turbine Systems (ATS) design and testing. The most important program milestone to date occurred during this quarter. Allison successfully tested the prototype ATS high temperature turbine section to the ATS goal of 2600F Turbine Rotor Inlet Temperature. This test represented the first full engine test of the Castcool turbine airfoil cooling system. This contract provided funding for the build and test of the turbine system while other Allison IR and D funding and Navy contract funds provided the design and development successes necessary to advance this technology to the level required for a successful test. A demonstration of this kind shows what a cooperative government/industry initiative can achieve. This test itself was cut short due to a high interstage cavity temperature resulting in remaining budget at completion of test. Allison has decided that the best use of the remaining budget is to develop the manufacturing process for Castcool turbine rotor blades now that the process for the stator vanes has been proven. Development of this process will provide the basis for future engine development of this critical ATS high temperature turbine technology. DOE COR Diane Hooie agreed with this direction and Allison will proceed down this path posthaste. Allison is in the process of requesting a contract extension. Although most tasks will be completed by end of contract there are two areas where additional time is needed: (1) dynamic oxidation testing -- obtaining the goal of 5,000hrs will require an additional 2 months; (2) combustor rig testing of the ``best`` lean pre-mix module will require an additional one month. Addition time will be required to accomplish the reporting task for these efforts.

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Advanced sulfur control concepts for hot-gas desulfurization technology. Quarterly report, July--September 1994

Primary effort during the past quarter was devoted to a thermodynamic analysis of the reduction/desulfurization and regeneration cycles of the high temperature coal gas desulfurization process. The regeneration cycle analysis concentrated upon the potential for the direct production of elemental sulfur and considered the three regeneration concepts previously identified partial oxidation in an O{sub 2}-starved environment, reaction with SO{sub 2}, and regeneration with steam. The latter concept produces H{sub 2}S instead of elemental sulfur, but is attractive because of existing technology to convert high concentrations of H{sub 2}S into sulfur. All thermodynamic analysis was based upon the principle of free energy minimization and used the computer program CHEMQ. Each candidate sorbent was evaluated over a temperature range of 600 to 1,150 K, and a pressure range of 1 to 25 atm for both the reduction/desulfurization and regeneration cycles. The thermodynamic analysis indicates that zinc oxide, in particular, has the potential for removing more than 99% of the H{sub 2}S from both the Texaco and KRW gases. Yet the possibility of forming sulfur, or even high concentrations of H{sub 2}S, during regeneration is quite small. Iron oxide, which is somewhat less effective for H{sub 2}S removal, is more amenable to elemental sulfur formation, particularly via the particle oxidation concept. The thermodynamic properties of both SnO{sub 2} and CeO{sub 2} are uniquely favorable for elemental sulfur production, but exhibit lower affinity for H{sub 2}S removal. A process involving either of the sorbents would require two-stage desulfurization to produce product gases having H{sub 2}S concentrations in the 20 ppmv range. Highlights and an overall summary are described in this quarterly report.

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Post waterflood CO{sub 2} miscible flood in light oil, fluvial dominated deltaic reservoir. Third quarterly technical progress report, September 15, 1992--June 30, 1993

Texaco`s objective on this project has been to utilize all available technologies, and to develop new ones, to design a CO{sub 2} flood process which is cost effective and can be applied to many other reservoirs throughout the United States. This project will determine the recovery efficiency of CO{sub 2} floods in waterflooded and partial waterdrive reservoirs. A PC-based CO{sub 2} screening model will be developed and a database will be generated to show the utility of this technology throughout the US. After Pre-award costs were approved on September 15, 1992, Texaco proceeded with the implementation phase of the project so that new data could be gathered and necessary steps required to initiate CO{sub 2} injection could be accomplished. An expenditure of $7,080,191 has put Texaco in a position where CO{sub 2} injection can begin by September 1, 1993. The following tasks have been accomplished: (1) 10 workovers (4 injection, 6 producers) are complete. Production has increased from 78 BOPD to 183 BOPD. (2) Reservoir pressure has been increased from 1850 psi-to 2700 psi by injecting saltwater. (3) Compressors, a CO{sub 2} injection pump, and separators have been installed on a floating barge, and is being transported to the field by a tug boat. (4) 3 miles of the 4.5 mile CO{sub 2} pipeline has been installed. (5) A residual oil saturation of 30% to 35% has been measured from a new conventional core. A set of relative permeability curves have been developed.

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Disposal of fluidized-bed combustion ash in an underground mine to control acid mine drainage and subsidence. Quarterly report, May--August 1994

During Phase 1 the project is segregated into four areas of reporting: (A) Grout Formulation, (B) Grout Characterization, (C) Water Quality Monitoring, (D) Subsidence Control and Contaminant Transport. The first component involves formulating a grout mixture with appropriate phlebolith to be used in filling complex mine voids. The Grout Characterization component will determine the phlebolith characteristics of the formulated grout. The Water Quality component involves background monitoring of water quality and precipitation at the Phase 3 (Longridge) mine site. The last component involves evaluating the strength requirements and the migration of contaminants through the candidate grouts. This report separately discusses progress on all components of the program in order of project subtask.

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Multistrata exploration and production study

The objective of this project was to develop and verify a geotechnical/geostatistical approach to find natural gas resources and to verify the process by drilling, completing, testing, and producing wells located by the process. Activities for the Multistrata Project began in Fiscal Year 1993 with the placement of the three Test Wells into production full force. By fuming all three wells in line October 1, 1992, gas began flowing as designed by the agreements negotiated in Fiscal Year 1992. The gas production overall from the three Project Test Wells has been exceptional. TWl has proven to be extremely successful with an average production of 52 mcfd for 1993 (prior to workover activities). This well far surpasses most wells in the region since many wells in southern West Virginia typically produce 8--12 mcfd. This makes TW2 (10 mcfd), comparatively speaking, an average well for the area. TW3 may be the most interesting of the three since its production (15 mcfd) is drawn almost entirely from the Poca Coal Seam. Circumstances have thus far prevented us from adequately dewatering and producing this well; but, even so, it still outproduces the average conventional well in the area.

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Atmospheric fluidized bed combustion advanced system concepts applicable to small industrial and commercial markets. Topical report, Level 2

As part of an overall strategy to promote FBC coal combustion and to improve the marketability of the eastern coals, the US Department of Energy`s Morgantown Energy Research Center awarded a three level contract to Riley Stoker Corporation to develop advanced Multi Solids Fluidized Bed (MSFB) boiler designs. The first level of this contract targeted the small package boiler (10,000--50,000 lb/hr steam) and industrial size boiler (75,000--150,000 lb/hr steam) markets. Two representative sizes, 30,000 lb/hr and 110,000 lb/hr of steam, were selected for the two categories for a detailed technical and economic evaluation. Technically, both the designs showed promise, however, the advanced industrial design was favored on economic considerations. It was thus selected for further study in the second level of the contract. Results of this Level-2 effort, presented in this report, consisted of testing the design concept in Riley`s 4.4 MBtu/hr pilot MSFB facility located at Riley Research Center in Worcester, Mass. The design and economics of the proof of concept facility developed in Level-1 of the contract were then revised in accordance with the findings of the pilot test program. A host site for commercial demonstration in Level-3 of the contract was also secured. It was determined that co-firing coal in combination with paper de-inking sludge will broaden the applicability of the design beyond conventional markets. International Paper (IP), the largest paper company in the world, is willing to participate in this part of the program. IP has offered its Hammermill operation at Lockhaven, Pa, site of a future paper de-inking plant, for the proof of concept installation. This plant will go in operation in 1994. It is recommended that METC proceed to the commercial demonstration of the design developed. The approach necessary to satisfy the needs of the customer while meeting the objectives of this program is presented along with a recommended plan of action.

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Pulsed atmospheric fluidized bed combustion. Technical progress report, July 1993--September 1993

This quarterly report is broken down between design and the status of the fabrication work being performed. The design section is divided between the following sections: Site layout, foundation design, structural design, piping design, pulse combustor components, and electrical & instrumentation design. As reported in the last quarterly report the location area of the PAFBC in the Clemson Energy Facility was inspected with a view to finalize the layout of the PAFBC plant. Some adjustments were made to the layout to accommodate Clemson University`s requirements and the available space. The most important changes are that the boiler and economizer were relocated in the structure above ground level in order to reduce the size of the footprint of the plant. Figure 1 is the plan view of the current layout. Figures 2 through 6 present different elevation views of the layout. The design of foundations for the entire plant is currently being executed by Industra Engineers Inc. of Greenville, SC. The different weights of various equipment located close to each other precludes the provision of independent foundations for each piece of equipment. One monolithic foundation platform for the whole area proves to be more economical for the current layout. In this quarter the design of the plant structures was completed. The drawings were sent out for expert review and approval. The drawings at this stage present complete structural and platform layout requirements. Changes will be made to various structural members based on the structural review and then detailed drawings of joint design and fabrication cutting plans will be prepared and issued for fabrication.

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Selective methane oxidation over promoted oxide catalysts. Quarterly technical progress report, June 1, 1993--August 31, 1993

At 550{degree}C, the 1 wt % SO{sub 4}{sup 2}{minus}/l wt % Sr/La{sub 2}O{sub 3} catalyst, one of the most active catalyst for the selective conversion of methane at these moderate temperatures, showed a very good stability with a reactant mixture of CH{sub 4}/air = 1/1 with GHSV = 70,040 {ell}/kg catal/hr. During a 25 hr catalytic test, the conversion of CH{sub 4} and the C{sub 2}{sup  } selectivity did not change, indicating good stability of the catalyst. At the same time, the CO{sub 2}/CO ratio remained steady at about 2.2, but the C{sup 2}{sup =}/C{sub 2} ratio shifted slightly with time from 0.74 to 0.68. The oxidative coupling of CH{sub 4} to C{sub 2}-hydrocarbons was very sensitive at 550{degree}C to the alteration of the CH{sub 4}/air reactant ratio at GHSV = 70,040 {ell}/kg catal/hr. It was observed that the conversion of CH{sub 4}, the C{sub 2}{sup  } selectivity, and the %yield of C{sub 2}{sup  } hydrocarbon products decreased very rapidly with increasing CH{sub 4}/air ratio from 1 to 3-4. At the largest CH{sub 4}/air ratio of 40.77 that was used utilized, the CH{sub 4} conversion was less than 0-5 C-mol%. The reverse process of decreasing the CH{sub 4}/air ratio from {approx}40 to 1 showed nearly reversible catalytic performance, but some deactivation was apparent at the lowest reactant ratios. The 1 wt % SO{sub 4}{sup 2}{minus}/1 wt % Sr/La{sub 2}O{sub 3} catalyst used in the experiments in which the CH{sub 4}/air ratio was varied subsequently revealed a good stability in the CH{sub 4} conversion level during testing at 550{degree}C for 15 hr (GHSV = 70,040 {ell}/kg catal/hr and CH{sub 4}/air = 1/1). Indeed, the C{sub 2}{sup  } selectivity even increased by 3 to 4 C-mol%. Increasing the temperature from 550 to 600{degree}C resulted in a further recovery of the activity of the partially deactivated catalyst.

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An experimental study of the hydrodynamics and cluster formation in a circulating fluidized bed. Topical report, January 1, 1991--June 30, 1992

This research program involves two major aspects. First, to evaluate techniques to effectively probe the polydisperse gas-solid flows and second, to apply these techniques to study the gas-solid flow structure and clusters in the riser of a circulating fluidized bed riser. Amongst the non-intrusive techniques a modified laser Doppler technique based on the fluorescence-emission concept has been adopted and the other techniques involve pitot-static pressure probes. A circulating fluidized bed (CFB) facility has been designed, built and is currently operational at West Virginia University. The design provides for maximum versatility in investigating the hydrodynamics of the CFB riser. Two stage cyclones are employed to capture the particles exhausted from the riser. Measurements of gas velocity distribution were carried out in the circulating fluidized bed riser. with particles having a mean diameter of 112 {mu}m and a density of 2305 kg/m{sup 3} and another set of particles with a mean diameter of 145 {mu}m and a density of 2245 kg/m{sup 3}. The experimental results showed that the local gas velocity varied with the radial position, elevation, solids circulation rate, superficial velocity and particle size. A general formula for gas velocity distribution in the circulating fluidized bed riser was obtained based on the particle circulation, superficial velocity and particle diameter. The pressure drops across the L-valve were also studied for different particle sizes, L-valve diameters and aeration. The solids flowrate was found to be a function of the L-valve geometry, operating parameters and solids properties. Pressure drop of L-valve increases with increasing solids diameter and decreasing diameter of the L-valve. Pressure drop across standpipe increases as the solids diameter and diameter of the standpipe decrease.

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