AndreaBozzo/ceres-open-data-index huggingface dataset:
Mild gasification of coal: Second quarterly technical progress report for the period January 1--March 31, 1988

The entrained down-flow tubular reactor system was modified for gasification of coal under mild reaction conditions. A data matrix was developed to investigate the effects of (1) coal rank, (2) reaction temperature, (3) coal heat-up rate, and (4) coal particle residence time at temperature, (5) lime additive and (6) entraining gas pressure, on the production of liquid and gaseous hydrocarbons. Three different coals, Wellmore Kentucky No. 8 and Pittsburgh No. 8, both of bituminous rank, and a Mississippi lignite were investigated. The Brookhaven National Laboratory tubular moving-bed reactor was used to perform eight experimental runs with Wellmore Kentucky No. 8 bituminous coal at two levels of the process variables, temperature 550/degree/ and 650/degree/C, coal particles residence time 0.1 min and 2 min and lime additive 0% and 10% of the coal fed, with inert N/sub 2/ as the sweep gas. The highest total hydrocarbon yield of 22.6% (MAF) was obtained at 650/degree/ C and 2 min coal residence time in the presence of 10% lime additive. The gaseous hydrocarbon yield adds only another 0.8% to the total hydrocarbon yield under the above conditions. Even though the absolute yields were different, the trend in the total HC condensible hydrocarbon yield was similar at both residence times of 0.1 and 2 min. Effect of coal residence time on total hydrocarbon yield was significant only at the higher 650/degree/C temperature level and in the presence of the lime additive. The presence of lime in the feed had a beneficial effect on the retention of sulfur in char only at low residence times. The H/C ratio of the total hydrocarbon condensibles was close to unity indicating the highly aromatic composition of the condensibles. 3 refs.

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Stimulation model for lenticular sands: Volume 1: Final report

This research is part of a larger program sponsored by the United States Department of Energy with the objective of developing better methods to produce gas from low permeability formations in western gas sands. This large research program involves several universities and research centers. Each group is involved in a different area of study to answer specific questions. The hydraulic fracturing computer model has three components---a model for fracture geometry, a model for proppant transport, and a computer program that couples the two models. The fracture geometry model was developed at Oral Roberts University and the proppant transport model was developed at The University of Tulsa prior to the start of the present work. The present work is directed at enhancing the capabilities of these two models and coupling them to obtain a single model for evaluating the final fracture geometry and proppant distribution within the fracture. The report is organized into four parts. Part 1 describes the fracture geometry modeling effort accomplished at Oral Roberts University, NIPER and recently at The University of Tulsa. The proppant transport model, developed for constant height fractures at the University of Tulsa, is contained in Part 2. The coupling of the Proppant Transport Model and the model for the variable height fracture geometry  constitutes Part 3 of this report. Part 4 presents a summary of accomplishments and recommendations of this study. 112 refs., 147 figs., 70 tabs.

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PFB coal fired combined cycle development program. Quarterly report, January-March 1980

The 10 x 100 NCB-CURL test program has been completed. Metallographic examination of the test airfoils shows very little corrosion attack and no erosion. The lack of corrosion and erosion are attributed to low metal temperatures (1350 to 1475/sup 0/F) and small particle size (99.2% < 10 ..mu..m) respectively. Examination of the twelve Exxon mini-rig airfoils shows varying degrees of erosion and corrosion after 1000 hours of exposure. Overall, GE-2541 performed best while IN-671 suffered most with local area of total cladding loss. Relative to the CURL test, the increase corrosion and erosion is felt to be due to the higher temperature (1575/sup 0/F) and larger particle size. The small burner rig testing at 1600/sup 0/F indicates that the cobalt-based claddings were most resistant to corrosion followed by the iron-base claddings (GE-2541), etc. Experiments related to the cyclone separator were performed: particle/wall charging effects, 12-inch cyclone performance with cusped electrode, and 18-inch Electrocyclone performance measurement. The experiments on particle/wall charging showed that charge transfer between particles and the duct or cyclone walls can dominate the net charge inside the cyclone. This explains why upstream charging of particles is often ineffective in augmenting cyclone performance: The charge is lost by particle/wall collision. The experiments point to the need to augment particle charge with a suitable corona source internal to the cyclone rather than upstream. Following this reasoning, a cusped rectangular corona rod was installed in the 12-inch Air Shield cyclone and experiments showed dramatic and repeatable performance improvements with the electrode energized. A similar electrode configuration was installed in the new 18-inch Electrocyclone mode. Experiments with this model showed overall efficiency levels higher than the 12-inch model.

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Mechanistic modeling of granular bed filters for the removal of particulate matter from high-temperature, high-pressure gas streams:  a critical assessment. [61 references]

In several coal conversion processes involving the generation of electrical power from coal, it is necessary to remove the particulate matter from flue gases at high temperatures and pressures. Several variants of granular bed filters involving fixed beds, moving beds, intermittently moving beds, and fluidized beds are being examined to accomplish this goal. This report deals with the review and critical assessment of the mathematical models which have been developed to date to describe the filtration efficiency and pressure drop across such filters. It is hoped that a reliable model will fulfill the basic needs of engineering design and scale-up. Further, the areas in which the future research and development work should be directed are identified in the light of available literature. The particulate removal from a dust-laden gas stream in a granular bed filter takes place by a combination of several collection mechanisms. These are: gravitational settling, interception, impaction, Brownian diffusion, and external field effect. The mechanistic details and the corresponding controlling parameters for all these processes are identified and outlined. Various semitheoretical expressions and models developed for collection efficiency for clean bed filtration and for deposition on the filter cake formed by the collection of dust particles are reviewed and discussed. Similar efforts dealing with the filter pressure drop are also described.

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Enhanced oil recovery by surfactant-enhanced volumetric sweep efficiency: Second annual report, September 30, 1986-September 30, 1987

It is widely known that heterogeneities in oil reservoirs occurring as a result of permeability variations in the rock can have a detrimental effect on an oil recovery process; preferential diversion of injected displacement fluid occurs through the high-permeability zones, leaving the lower-permeability zones at a high residual oil content at a time when it is no longer economically viable to continue the oil recovery process. A novel oil recovery process is described which aims to improve the volumetric sweep efficiency of oil recovery. High-permeability zones are partially or completely plugged off by using the chromatographic and phase behavior of surfactants and their mixtures and the preferential invasion of high-permeability areas by low-viscosity injected fluids. The plugging will divert flow into regions of higher oil saturation. 85 refs., 46 figs., 6 tabs.

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Erosion of heat exchanger tubes in fluidized beds

This final report describes the activities of the 3-year project entitled   Erosion of Heat Exchanger Tubes In Fluidized Beds.''which was completed at the end of 1990. Project accomplishments include the collection of a substantial body of wear data In a 24in. [times] 24in. fluidized bed, comparative wear results In a 6in. [times] 6in. fluidized bed, the development of a dragometer and the collection of a comprehensive set of drag force data in the 24in. [times] 24in. bed, Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) analysis of bubble probe data to establish dominant bubble frequencies in the 24in. [times] 24in. bed, the use of a heat flux gauge for measurement of heat transfer coefficients in the 24in. [times] 24in. bed and the modeling of the tube wear in the 24in. [times] 24in. bed. Analysis of the wear data from the 24in. square bed indicates that tube wear increases with increase in superficial velocity, and with increase in tube height. The latter effect is a result of the tubes higher up in the bed seeing greater movement of dense phase than tubes lower down In the bed. In addition, tube wear was found to decrease with increase in particle size, for constant superficial velocity. Three models of tube wear were formulated and provided acceptable prediction of wear when compared with the experimental data.

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Second-generation pressurized fluidized bed (PFB) combustion plant: Conceptual design and optimization of a second-generation PFB combustion plant, Phase 1, Task 1

This three-volume report presents a conceptual design of a coal-fired second-generation pressurized fluidized bed (PFB) combustion plant and identifies its sensitivity to varying operating conditions and economic factors. Depending upon the conditions selected, the plant can achieve a 45-percent efficiency (based on the higher heating value of the coal used as fuel) and a cost of electricity at least 20 percent lower than that of a conventional pulverized-coal-fired plant with wet limestone, flue gas desulfurization. The proposed plant reaches these performance levels by integrating a coal pyrolyzer/carbonizer with a circulating pressurized fluidized bed combustor (CPFBC). Char produced by the carbonizer is burned in the CPFBC and the low-Btu fuel gas produced by the carbonizer is burned in a topping combustor to heat the CPFBC exhaust gas to 2100{degree}F and higher before it enters the gas turbine. The carbonizer and CPFBC operate with lime-based sorbents for in-situ sulfur capture at {le}1600{degree}F. Components being developed for first-generation PFB plants (gas turbine inlet temperature {le}1600{degree}F) protect the gas turbine from corrosion, erosion, and deposition. 120 figs., 115 tabs.

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Tidd PFBC Demonstration Project: Public final design report

This Public Final Design Report describes the 70 MW(e) Tidd PFBC Demonstration Plant under construction in Brilliant, Ohio. This project is receiving cost-sharing from the US Department of Energy (DOE), and is being administered by the Morgantown Energy Technology Center in accordance with DOE Cooperative Agreement No. DE-FC21-87 MC24132.000. The project is also receiving costsharing from the State of Ohio. This award is being administered by the Ohio Coal Development Office. The Tidd PFBC Demonstration Project is the first utility-scale demonstration project in the US. Its objective is to demonstrate that the Pressurized Fluidized Bed Combustion (PFBC) combined-cycle technology is an economic, reliable, and environmentally superior alternative to conventional technology in using high-sulfur coal to generate electricity. Detailed design of the plant began in May 1987, leading to the start of construction in April 1988. First coal fire occurred in November 1990, and the three-year test program began in February 1991.

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Development of biological coal gasification (MicGAS Process)

This report describes progress on three fronts of the project. First in studies to elucidate optimal growing conditions for the consortia of coal degraders employed indicates that best growth occurs with 0. 2% w/v Shefton T. Secondly in comparing the biodegradative properties of the coal degraders, isolates identified as Mic-1 and Mic-4 were the best performers. And lastly bioreactors studies in batch mode are related.

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Advanced atmospheric fluidized-bed combustion design-spouted bed. Final report

A concept design for a spouted bed combustor/boiler was developed. The concept is based on a mechanical design derived from a fire-tube boiler and is thus restricted to relatively small boilers (say, 20,000 lb/hr and below) generating saturated steam at 250 psig or less. The spouted bed combustor/boiler is projected as having a number of advantages compared to conventional atmospheric fluidized bed combustion. These are greater turndown capability, improved calcium utilization, elimination of the need to withdraw solids, and a single point fuel feed. The spouted bed combustor shares the great fuel flexibility of the conventional fluidized bed combustor. Various coals, wood chips or waste and low grade solid, liquid and gaseous fuels can be burned. An R and D program to carry development of the spouted bed combustor/boiler through the PDU stage is provided. Also, recommendations for the design of a multiuse PDU support facility are made.

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State-of-the-art review of nitrogen and flue gas flooding in enhanced oil recovery. Final report

This report provides a review of technical publications and patents in the field of nitrogen and flue gas flooding in Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR). The physical and chemical characteristics of nitrogen and flue gas are provided with some comparisons with CO/sub 2/ related to EOR operations. Experimental research and field based activities using nitrogen and flue gas are briefly summarized. Cost data for generation of nitrogen and flue gases are provided. Nitrogen and flue gas costs are approximately one third to one half that of CO/sub 2/. The low cost of production and its non-corrosive nature are advantages of using nitrogen, whereas the higher miscibility pressure requirement is a disadvantage. Nitrogen flooding does not work well with low API gravity crudes. Miscible displacement with nitrogen seems promising for oils containing solution gas. Flue gas flooding can be applied to low API gravity crude reservoirs. However, flue gas flooding creates operating problems due to its corrosive nature. The report provides a discussion on process and reservoir parameters that affect nitrogen and/or flue gas flooding in EOR. A bibliography of related literature is provided in the appendices.

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PFB coal fired combined cycle development program. Gas turbine materials evaluation report

Several significant conclusions can be made: Cooling of PFB powered gas turbine components to 1350 to 1475/sup 0/F appears to offer a viable method for extending the life of components. The reduction of particulate efflux via cyclones is sufficient to eliminate excessive erosion in the stationary cascades tested. Coatings and claddings of the M(Co,Fe) CrAlY class offer substantial increases in lifetimes over conventional bare alloys in the PFB derived environment. Protective systems will be required to provide adequate life for PFB-powered gas turbines operating at temperatures equal to or higher than 1550/sup 0/F. Deposition does not appear to be a serious limitation to the utilization of PFB-powered gas turbines. There is apparently a critical particle size below which no erosion will occur. The results at CURL suggest this critical size is 10 ..mu..m or smaller for the size of airfoils and the obtained velocities. The MS-1002 first stage bucket design is amenable to conventional cladding techniques. The 1600/sup 0/F burner rig test produces a close approximation of the relative ranking of materials exposed in actual PFB exhaust. The 1400/sup 0/F small burner rig test is not representative of 1400/sup 0/F PFB exhaust exposure in either relative ranking or type of attack. The compositional limitations of cladding alloys, which offer resistance to PFB environments, are significant for cobalt base systems as both chromium and aluminum contents strongly affect ductility. Low aluminum Fe and Co base cladding systems with 25% chromium appear to offer promise. These systems should be compared against the more promising coatings, M(Co,Fe)CrAlY and pack aluminide plus platinum, in actual high temperature PFB applications with low dust loadings and small particle sizes.

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Coal/water slurry preparation: Final report for the period ending June 30, 1986. [Hot water drying]

Raw low-rank coal/water slurries, primarily due to the high inherent moisture, have such low energy densities that they cannot be economically utilized. However, hot-water drying (HWD) permanently removes the inherent moisture and some oxygen, allowing dramatic improvements in the resulting slurry energy density. This process results in the coal essentially being slurried in its own moisture and produces a liquid fuel with approximately the same heating value as the parent coal. Elevated process temperatures cause the low-rank coals to undergo both chemical and physical changes, which include decarboxylation, mild pyrolysis, dehydration, and surface modification. Tars and waxes also form and flow to the coal surface where they solidify upon cooling and plug micropore entrances. As a result, lignite and subbituminous coals acquire surface characteristics and improved coal quality, which allow the preparation and utilization of concentrated low-rank coal/water fuels. Improvement of the energy density of HWD coal/water fuels versus those prepared with the raw coal are typically >30%. Conceptual economic studies have determined the cost to process Wyoming subbituminous coal into a 60 wt % CWS to be $1.40/MMBtu (Bechtel National Inc.), $2.20/MMBtu (UNDERC) and for processing Australian brown coal $2.00/MMBtu (Davy McKee Pacific). 18 refs., 21 figs., 8 tabs.

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Catalytic conversion of light alkanes. [Methane, ethane, propane and butanes]

The third and last quarterly report of 1992 on the Catalytic conversion of Light Alkanes reviews the work done between July, 1992 and September 30, 1992 on the Cooperative Agreement. The mission of this work is to devise a new catalyst which can be used in a simple economic process to convert the light alkanes in natural gas to oxygenate products which can either be used as clean-burning, high octane liquid fuels, as fuel components or as precursors to liquid hydrocarbon transportation fuel. During the past quarter we have continued to design, prepare, characterize and test novel catalysts for the mild selective reaction of light hydrocarbons with air or oxygen to produce alcohols directly. These catalysts are designed to form active metal oxo (MO) species and to be uniquely active for the homolytic cleavage of the carbon-hydrogen bonds in light alkanes producing intermediates which can form alcohols. We continue to investigate three molecular environments for the active catalytic species that we are trying to generate: electron-deficient macrocycles (PHASE I), polyoxometallates (PHASE II) and framework-substituted zeolites (PHASE III).

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Catalytic conversion of light alkanes

The second Quarterly Report of 1992 on the Catalytic Conversion of Light Alkanes reviews the work done between April 1, 1992 and June 31, 1992 on the Cooperative Agreement. The mission of this work is to devise a new catalyst which can be used in a simple economic process to convert the light alkanes in natural gas to oxygenate products that can either be used as clean-burning, high octane liquid fuels, as fuel components or as precursors to liquid hydrocarbon uwspomdon fuel. During the past quarter we have continued to design, prepare, characterize and test novel catalysts for the mild selective reaction of light hydrocarbons with air or oxygen to produce alcohols directly. These catalysts are designed to form active metal oxo (MO) species and to be uniquely active for the homolytic cleavage of the carbon-hydrogen bonds in light alkanes producing intermediates which can form alcohols. We continue to investigate three molecular environments for the active catalytic species that we are trying to generate: electron-deficient macrocycles (PHASE I), polyoxometallates (PHASE II), and regular oxidic lattices including zeolites and related structures as well as other molecular surface structures having metal oxo groups (PHASE I).

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Rock Creek Carbon Dioxide Pilot Project. Annual report, July 1980-June 1981

Although this pilot has yet to prove that an expanded carbon dioxide flood in the Rock Creek Big Injun reservoir would be economically feasible, the pilot has been technically successful in several aspects. First of all, the mechanical operation of the project has proceeded smoothly in comparison to similar projects in the industry. Through this work, much experience has been gained (both mechanically and in reservoir engineering) that may be helpful in future projects of this nature. Also, from the production response to carbon dioxide injection and the Shaffer OB-2 core analysis, the miscible carbon dioxide injection displacement mechanism is moving oil. The amount of oil to be recovered, the time required, and the amount and cost of carbon dioxide injection required to produce this oil will all have a very significant effect on the economics of this project. 3 figures.

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Abandonment rates of the known domestic oil resource

After currently proved reserves are produced by conventional methods, nearly two-thirds of the known domestic oil resource --- more than 300 billion barrels --- could be abandoned in reservoirs in the Lower-48 United States. This resource is not economically recoverable with currently available technologies. Production of any meaningful portion of this oil will require both adequate oil prices and technology advances in such areas as reservoir description and secondary and tertiary recovery. Cost-effective application of such new or improved technologies now depends largely upon the use of existing wells as points of access to the reservoirs containing the remaining oil resource. Existing US wells, however, are being plugged and abandoned at record rates, which impairs economic access to this remaining resource. This study was designed to estimate the amount of known remaining oil resource associated with abandoned wells and to project future abandonments as a function of oil prices. 5 figs., 2 tabs.

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