AndreaBozzo/ceres-open-data-index huggingface dataset:
PRESENT STATE OF DEVELOPMENT OF THE PETROSIX PROCESS

The phases of development of the Petrosix process in pilot and prototype scale will be described in sufficient detail to give an idea of these two important phases of the development program for commercialization of the Irati oil shales. Next, investigations which were completed with the participation of various other divisions of Petrobras and by outside contract will be cited in a section "parallel studies." Comments on the present status of the retort prototype development work will be presented, and information given on a technical economic study of a 50,000 barrel per day plant which was prepared for assessment by the Directors of Petrobras.

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FORMATION OF CHANNEL IN UNDERGROUND GASIFICATION OF COAL

In investigating the underground gasification of coal, attention was concentrated on pressure prevailing in the generator as a parameter characteristic for the course of the process of gasification. It was found on the basis of observations and systematically tabulated records in individual trials that an increase of pressure in the generator has a favorable effect on the process of gasification, whereas a drop in pressure is evidence of slow and steady degeneration. Changes in pressure are reflected by changes in the calorific value of the gas. As the pressure increases, the calorific value increases also and vice versa.

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OIL SHALE IN ISRAEL

The National Oil Shale Prospecting project (NOSP) is an ongoing project carried out by the Geological Survey of Israel for the Ministry of Energy and Infrastructure. Its main target for the current decade is to assess domestic oil shale reserves, to characterize types and grades of the source rocks and to define priorities for future research. The project which was initiated in 1980, began its operation in the southern Oron syncline-Biq'at Zin, Hiyyon, Har Nishpe and Hartuv areas. Recent prospecting activity has been confined to the northeastern Negev. Preliminary results of the 1981-82 prospection phase are summarized herein and include data obtained through NOSP activity, from PAMA Ltd. Prospection, NPS findings, and other sources.

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BRITISH TRIALS IN UNDERGROUND COAL GASIFICATION 1949-1955

The process of underground gasification, on which other trials have been done overseas, consists in passing air through a coal seam burning under controlled conditions. There is no new problem in gaining access from the surface to the coal seam by means of boreholes or shafts whereby air can be supplied and the gas brought to the surface. The creation of a channel through the coal in which the burning reaction can be maintained is a new problem, and it is chiefly the cost of such channels and the amount of usable gas which can be produced from them which determines gas costs.

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INTEGRATED NETWORK PLAN FOR RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT WORK IN WEST GERMAN BITUMINOUS COAL MINING

In recent years, the technical development in West German bituminous coal mining has taken a positive course. Operations in the working of shallow stratification were almost completely mechanized. In the same manner, progress in drifts and the sinking of shafts and other important operations were to a considerable extent converted by new mechanical devices. Considerable progress was also achieved in the remaining fields of mining engineering, coal processing and coal utilization. The continuous rise of the labor productivity of West German bituminous coal mining, which now as before was primarily made possible by this technical development, has decisively contributed to the fact that with its efficiency, West German bituminous coal mining is at the head of all European coal producing countries.

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"IN-SITU" GASIFICATION OF COAL IN U.S.A., EUROPE, AND U.S.S.R., July -October 1976

The writer proposed to make an investigation of overseas in situ gasification work a main objective of a study leave tour in 1976. The extensive travel involved was made possible by support offered by the Energy Commission of Western Australia, the Queensland Electricity Commission, and the C.S.R. Co., to supplement the University travel grant. This report is produced with sincere appreciation of the support offered. The three major research groups in the USA in this field (Laramie Energy Research Center, Laurence Livermore Laboratories and Morgantown Energy Research Center) were visited.

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LLL CATALOG OF TRANSLATIONS ON THE SOVIET EFFORT IN UNDERGROUND COAL GASIFICATION

The methods of gasification customary at the present time are discussed and compared with one another with respect to their efficiency on the basis of worldwide experience. Processes for reducing the loss of gas and for improving its quality are reported. The particular importance of geomechanical investigations for further trials, and in particular the importance of investigating the behavior of the rock during the high temperatures occurring during gasification are emphasized.

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COMBUSTION OF BITUMINOUS SHALES USING THE CERCHAR FLUIDIZED BED COMBUSTION PROCESS

This paper presents the CERCHAR FBC process, describes the pilot plant unit and details the results obtained during combustion trials on several types of bituminous shales. The results show that this type of material can be burned at a high combustion efficiency in a fluidized bed combustor associated with a waste heat boiler. At the present time however, economic conditions in France are not such that industrial development of this process, for this particular application is planned.

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UNDERGROUND GASIFICATION IN GREAT BRITAIN

The paper is primarily concerned with trials that have been conducted in Great Britain by the Ministry of Fuel and Power with financial assistance from the National Coal Board, and especially with the blind borehole technique which has been developed since the official report "British Trials in Underground Gasification 1949-1955" was written last year. This described the general intentions and possible advantages of underground gasification (gasifying the coal seam) and the several techniques on which work has been done. The gas is of low calorific value and the intention is to use it to generate electricity on site.

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UNDERGROUND GASIFICATION OF COAL IN THE U.S.S.R.

"Considerable value is added to the coal as a result of the mining operation-a value which depends on the cost of bringing the coal to the surface, which in turn depends on the condition of the deposit, the choice of mining method, etc.   In the case of gasification of mined coal, the value of the coal becomes one of the more significant elements in the cost of the gas, to which must be added such other elements as the cost of preparation, storage, feeding the gasifiers, oxygen, ash disposal, capital charges, etc.  Thus, underground gasification of coal seemed to offer a positive economic advantage-no mining costs, no handling or preparation of solids before gasification and no ash disposal problem after gasification."

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PROCESS FOR UNDERGROUND GASIFICATION OF COAL

The invention refers to underground gasification of outcropping coal seams, which is conventionally carried out by means of various processes. In the process according to the inventions a gaseous gasification agent is led to the underground coal and burat together with the coal, whereby a technically utilizable gas is formed and a great amount of sensible heat is obtained in the outflowing gas produced. Depending on its composition, this gas can be used for the purpose of synthesis or as a heating gas with the sensible heat for driving thermal engines.

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UNDERGROUND COAL GASIFICATION AND THE DEMAND FOR IT IN THE OXYGEN INDUSTRY

The present article is concerned not with the general problems but with other more concrete problems. The objective of this paper is to familiarize the reader with the bases of today's applied underground gasification technology, with the degree to which it has been mastered, with its present status and future prospects. A specific task here is the presentation of the problem of applying oxygen to underground gasification and its techno-economic effect on the process.

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RATIONAL EXPLOITATION OF BITUMINOUS SHALES

"In practically all parts of the world large deposits of  bituminous shales can be found. Due to their oil-yield , they have often been looked upon with considerable interest, but their rather low value as fuel - including normally a gain of 4 - 10% of oil - has hitherto made their exploitation unattractible. To develop a process where you may gain a few percent of oil and have up to 90 percent left as waste, is of course no tempting job."

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A STUDY OF THE FEASIBILITY OF UNDERGROUND COAL GASIFICATION IN THE BOWRON AND TULAMEEN COALFIELDS OF BRITISH COLUMBIA (A PART OF THE COST SHARED CANADIAN COAL CONVERSION PROGRAM)

The Bowron and Tulameen coalfields were considered in this study as a result of findings from a previous survey of the suitability of most coals in British Columbia for underground gasification.

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THE DEVELOPMENT OF THERMAL RECOVERY METHODS WITHIN SHELL-A SYNERGETIC APPROACH OF RESEARCH AND FIELD OPERATIONS

A survey is given of the activities of the Royal Dutch/Shell Group of Companies on thermal recovery since the beginning in the early fifties. An attempt is made to show where research and field operations have stimulated each other and where they reached dead lock. The developments on in situ combustion, hot water injection and steam injection (drive and soak) are discussed. Whereas in the beginning in situ combustion was considered the most promising process, only steam injection is currently applied by Shell on a commercial scale with a single exception. The latest developments in the field of thermal recovery are briefly discussed. Potential large-scale applications are envisaged for hot-water injection and in-situ combustion in densely fissured reservoirs.

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PRELIMINARY RESULTS OF AN INVESTIGATION OF THE PROCESS OF GASIFICATION USING A STEAM-OXYGEN-AIR BLAST IN AN EXPERIMENTAL SECTOR OF THE MOSCOW UNDERGROUND GASIFICATION STATION

Experimental work on the underground gasification of Moscow brown coal using a steam oxygen air blast to investigate the process best suited for obtaining gas with the required ratio of carbon monoxide and hydrogen to nitrogen for ammonia synthesis was first carried out in an experimental sector of the Moscow underground gasification station. The results of these investigations were published in articles Nos. 2, 4 and 5 of the journal "Podzemnaya Gazifikatsiya Uglei" in 1954.

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PRINCIPALS OF UNDERGROUND GASIFICATION (Draft)

The gasification process is an underground generator or gasifier occurs as follows: the coal is set on fire in a section of the coal seam directly at the coal pillar without preliminary fractionation. Blast air is fed to this combustion center often the blast employs steam. Oxygen with steam on striking the layer of actively burning coal enters into a reaction with it; the carbon burns because of the oxygen and the steam forming carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide, freeing the hydrogen of the steam. The carbon dioxide that forms, on coming into contact with the red hot carbon, reacts with it and partially converts into carbon monoxide.

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AN ASSESSMENT OF THE EL-LAJJUN OIL SHALE DEPOSIT

The oil shale deposit at El-Lajjun in Central Jordan is the most important indigenous potential source of energy after which definitive information has been developed. The oil shale accumulation occurs at shallow depths and extends over an area of 20 sq. km. and has a stripping ratio of overburden to oil shale of about 0.9:1. It is very uniform in character with an average yield of shale oil by Fischer Assay of 10% by weight.

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ESTIMATED COST OF SHALE OIL BY THE THERMAL SOLUTION PROCESS ON A 10,000 BPD BASIS

This report is a preliminary estimate of the cost of producing shale oil from Colorado oil shale by the thermal solution process. Laboratory study of the process had been carried to the point where the construction of a continuous pilot plant, with a capacity of about 1,000 pounds of raw shale per day, was desirable. However, the economics of the process in comparison with other oil shale retorting methods were seriously questioned, so the following cost estimates was made.

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ANNUAL RESEARCH PLAN-APRIL 1, 1985-MARCH 31, 1986

This plan describes research work to be conducted during the period April 1, 1985 through March 31, 1986. The plan is based on the statement of work included in the agreement and provides details on the activities and tasks to be undertaken, including corresponding milestones. Cost estimates are provided, including items such as direct labor, material, and equipment costs broken down to the activity level, e.g. 1.1 physical/chemical properties, 1.2 in situ processes, etc., as prescribed in the cooperative agreement.

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ARMY DIESEL FUEL-STABILITY AND CLEANLINESS

Both background and current status of Army fuel stability and cleanliness related programs currently underway at United States Army Mobility Equipment Research and Development Command and at US Army Guels and Lubricants Research Laboratory are provided. These programs include the effects of environment/container on fuel quality; development of laboratory and field performance test techniques; fielding of diesel fuel stabilizer additives; initiation of a worldwide Army diesel fuel quality assessment program; identification of diesel fuel system debris, and fuel related field problem surveillance. As a part of this overview, identification of technical requirements/barriers has also been included.

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FIRST RESULTS OF WORK IN THE FIELD OF UNDERGROUND GASIFICATION

At present we have about 20 different projects and proposals for underground gasification of coal. They may be divided into two groups: a group of proposals for solving the problem by the shaft method; and the group of proposals for shaftless methods. In the shaft method of carrying out underground gasification, underground mining works must be made and consequently people must work underground. In the shaftless method, underground gasification is carried out solely by drilling bore holes from the surface.

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UNDERGROUND GASIFICATION OF COAL-AN ADVANCED IDEA OF SOVIET TECHNOLOGY

To construct and put into operation a series of industrial stations of underground gasification of coal in the Donets, the Podmoskovnaya basin, and the eastern part of the USSR, employing the gas produced for power, the chemical industry, and the community is one of the tasks posed by the Third Stalin Five Year Plan for the Development of the National Economy of the USSR.

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RECENT EXPERIMENTS ON SUBTERRANEAN GASIFICATION

We intend to give a survey of the experiments carried out since the war in the various countries, with special reference to those in which the CERCHAR participated, i.e those at Bois-la-Dame and at Djerada. To begin with we shall give, for the sake of clearness, a few general indications concerning the phenomena that subterranean gasification brings into play.

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EXPERIMENTS IN THE UNDERGROUND GASIFICATION OF COAL AT THE LISICHANSK SHAFT (PART 1,2, AND 3 OF 3)

This article contains a detailed description and analysis of the results of experiments in underground gasification at the Lisichansk Experimental Mine, which experiments were prepared for two years and lasted ten months. The experiments were first conducted in delineated panels of coal with preliminary crushing of the coal and then in bore holes drilled into the coal. The editor feels that one must approach the authors conclusions with some caution for, as we know, in recent years a tangle of contradictory opinions has been expressed concerning the paths which progress towards solution of this difficult and complex problem has taken and should take, and Comrade Kirichenko is a partrisan in this quarrel.

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INCREASE THE SCIENTIFIC-TECHNOLOGICAL INFORMATION OF THE UNDERGROUND GASIFICATION

Scientific information plays a very important role in attracting the attention of engineers and technologists to the problems of underground gasification. Up to the present day underground gasification has received rather an unfortunate deal. The only detailed work written on the subject was published in 1941. It did play an important part in the upbringing of young specialists in its time, but during the past fifteen years it has become irrelevant in many respects. The fact that this book has become a bibliographical rarity puts even more emphasis on the necessity for publishing a new contemporary work on the subject.

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OIL SHALE TRACT C-B-ENVIRONMENTAL AND EXPLORATION PROGRAM

Summary Report #3 and Quarterly Report #3 cover the third quarter of exploration and environmental data for the first year of the Environmental data for the first year of the Environmental Baseline Program. These reports specifically cover the spring quarter of March, 1975 through May, 1975. Quarterly Report #3 consists of 18 volumes of a comprehensive compilation of data submitted to the Area Oil Shale Supervisor in Grand Junction on July 15, 1975. Parties interested in reviewing the comprehensive data may contact the Area Oil Shale Supervisor's Office.

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OIL SHALE TRACT C-B-ENVIRONMENTAL AND EXPLORATION PROGRAM

This Summary Report #2 presumes that the reader has read or has access to the Tract C-b Summary Report #1 (submitted to the U.S.G.S. Area Oil Shale Supervisor on February 10, 1975,13555 ); the descriptions of the type of data collected and manner of collection that were included in the earlier report are not duplicated in this one. Rather, the focus of this report is shifted from program description to actual summarization of the data and preliminary conclusions where appropriate. Of course, in those few instances where a new type of data in reported, a description of the data collection procedures is given.

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OIL SHALE TRACT C-B-ENVIRONMENTAL AND EXPLORATION PROGRAM

The Tract C-b Lessees have been requested by the U.S.G.S. Area Oil Shale Supervisor to submit various data collected during each seasonal quarter. Quarterly Report #1 (through November 30, 1974), consisting of seven volumes of data and reports by Lessees'Staff and Contractors was submitted on January 14, 1975. This Summary Report #1 describes the type of data which are now on file with the Area Oil Shale Supervisor.

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OIL SHALE TRACT C-B ENVIRONMENTAL BASELINE PROGRAM FINAL REPORT (NOVEMBER 1974 THROUGH OCTOBER 1976) VOLUME V SYSTEM INTERRELATIONSHIPS

The chief architect of this conceptualization of system interrelationships was George m. Van Dyne of Colorado State university. Dr. Van Dyne organized, integrated, and synthesized baseline data and information from Volumes 2, 3, and 4 of this report into the model presented here. This model was reviewed, evaluated, and restructured at a special workshop of representatives from several organizations. Those attending were:

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WATER QUALITY CHANGES AT UNDERGROUND COAL GASIFICATION SITES A LITERATURE REVIEW FINAL REPORT

The current price of petroleum and the possibility of foreign embargoes have prompted the United states to search for alternative sources of energy. Coal offers one possibility since the U. S. has some of the world's largest deposits. Unfortunately, the majority of the known reserves in the U. S. are not economically recoverable at the present time. Therefore, the conversion of coal in place under ground into combustible gases or feedstock's, termed underground coal gasification, promises to become an important method of coal utilization in the future. The U. S. coal resource that is suitable for UCG, and not currently suitable for conventional mining methods, ahs been estimated at nearly 2 trillion tons.

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MULTI-METHOD, MULTI-LAB STUDY OF IN SITU OIL SHALE WATER QUALITY-DRAFT REPORT

The evaluation of the environmental impact and treatment requirements of in situ oil shale waters depends on precise and accurate data form the laboratory. Standard laboratory methods perform well on typical waters and wastewaters. But oil shale waters are unusual because of high organic content, high salinity, color, and other properties. Many standard laboratory methods, as well as research methods, were found to have considerable imprecision and inaccuracy when used to analyze process waters from the Omega 9 oil shale experiment.

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PARAHO ENVIRONMENTAL DATA BIBLIOGRAPHY VOL. V,VI,VII

The crude oil, raw shale, retorted shale, and product water samples used for biological testing were produced during the 1977-1978, 100,000 barrel production of crude shale oil by Paraho and the Anvil Points research center. The refined oil products tested were hydrotreated shale oil, hydrotreated residue, JP-5 product, JP-8 product, and diesel fuel marine product. These products were defined by Sohio from the 100,000 barrels of Paraho crude shale oil. All of these samples produced by Paraho at the Anvil Points research center, except the product water, would be representative of a commercial size plant.

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A PLAN FOR HYDROLOGIC INVESTIGATIONS OF IN SITU, OIL-SHALE RETORTING NEAR ROCK SPRINGS, WYOMING

The recovery of shale oil by the in situ retort process may cause hydrologic impacts, the most significant being ground water contamination and possible transport of contaminants into unaffected areas. Although these impacts are site-specific, many of the techniques used to investigate each retort operation commonly will be the same. The U. S. Geological Survey has begun a study of hydrologic impacts in the area of an in situ retort near Rock Springs, Wyoming, as a means of refining and demonstrating these techniques. Geologic investigations include determining the areal extent and thickness of aquifers. Emphasis will be place on determining litho logic variations from geophysical logging. Hydrologic investigations include mapping of potentiometric surfaces, determining rates of ground-water discharge, and estimating aquifer properties by analytical techniques. Water-quality investigations include monitoring solute migration from the retort site and evaluating sampling techniques by standard statistical procedures. A ground water flow and solute transport model will be developed to predict future movement of the solute plume away from the retort.

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POLLUTION CONTROL GUIDANCE DOCUMENT FOR OIL SHALE - VOLUME II TECHNICAL ANALYSIS

"The production of a liquid fuel from shale to displace fuels from important component in the overall U. S. energy policy. It is anticipated that development of synthetic fuels will accelerate rapidly during the next few years. The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is  responsible for ensuring that the designs of first generation synthetic fuel  plants provide for adequate protection of the environment. At present ,  however, the EPA has not completed the research necessary to support  promulgation of new regulations applicable to this industry under the air, water, solid wasteland toxic substances programs of the Agency. To serve the need for protection of the environment during the period preceding such promulgation and to help to avoid costly delays in the commercialization of a sinful process due to uncertainties concerning environmental technologies, the EPA is developing a set of Pollution Control Guidance Documents."

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ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES OF OIL-SHALE DEVELOPMENT IN THE EASTERN AND WESTERN UNITED STATES:  A COMPARISON

The objective of this study was to employ laboratory techniques to determine he effects of weathering on overburden strata proposed for use as topsoil substitutes in Kentucky oil shale mine reclamation. Strata sited included the Bedford Shale and the Henley Bed of the Borden Formation of Lewis County and the Nancy Member of the Borden Formation of Powell County. Samples were subjected to freezing/thawing and slaking in the laboratory to simulate field weathering conditions. Physical, mineralogical, and chemical attributes of the unweathered ad weathered shale's were compared to properties of native soils.

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