AndreaBozzo/ceres-open-data-index huggingface dataset:
REFINERY TREATING PLANT OPERATIONS INTERIM REPORT JANUARY  THROUGH MARCH 1950

"One run, No.4, was made in the continuous acid-treating plant during the quarter covered in this report. During the operation, light gas oil was acid-treated to improve its Diesel fuel characteristics. The operation was successful in improving the more important physical properties of the oil for use as diesel fuel by the acid treatment. The octane number of the treated oil was within acceptable limits; the  Conradson carbon residue, though improved, did not  meet the usual high-speed Diesel fuel requirements. The sulfur content of the oil was not affected appreciably."

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REFINERY TREATING PLANT OPERATIONS RUN NO. 16

Reformed shale-oil naphtha was processed during  treating plant run No. 16 which was made July 23 to July 26, 1951. The effects of treating at 20 and40 F. were investigated while the acid application rate, approximately  17 pounds of 66 Be'sulfuric acid per barrel of charge, was maintained as constant as possible. No significant differences in the properties or yields of the redistilled  products due to changes of the treating temperature can be noted although a slightly higher yield, 83.0 volume percent of raw charge, was obtained from the treatment at 20 F. The treating operation caused a loss in unleaded octane rating or the naphtha of approximately 8  numbers; otherwise, the stock was improved with respect to sulfur content, gum, color, am storage stability.  The raw reformed naphtha was so deficient in low boiling material that it could not be used directly as a motor  gasoline. Therefore, a sample of the acid-treated and redistilled naphtha from test period 1 was blended with a 26-70 grade natural gasoline to obtain a 9.0 R.V.P  product. The resultant finished gasoline, after addition of tetrastyllead meets the market requirements tor "Regular Grade" gasoline. The yield of finished gasoline of this type is approximately 18.0 volume percent of crude shale oil..

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REFINERY CRACKING OPERATIONS RECYCLE DELAYED COKING RUN NO. 29

"Run No. 29, recycle delayed coking of crude shale oil, was  made primarily to produce a light gas oil fraction for treating to Diesel fuel. During the first part of the run, it was intended to produce a high melting point pitch instead of coke, and during the last part of the run to alter operating conditions sufficiently to produce coke.  Two different charge stocks were employed; the first being a mixed crude of N-T-U, G3.s-Flow, and Gas-Combustion oil, the second a typical N-T-U shale oil. The desired high melting point pitch was not obtained; instead it was found that coke had formed during both test periods. It was concluded that the high water content of the mixed crude and the relatively long residence time of the material in the coke chamber contributed to the formation of the coke. The N-T-U crude was used for the coking step of the run, and the results obtained were consistent with those of previous coking rune on the same type crude."

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REFINERY TREATING PLANT OPERATIONS GASOLINE TREATING RUN 14

"This report covers treating run No. 14 on two types of charge, one a coker naphtha produced from N-T-U shale oil and the other a similar naphtha which had been reformed thermally. The purpose of the run was to determine the treatment necessary to produce a finished gasoline from coker naphtha and to compare directly  these results with a similar treatment of a thermally reformed naphtha. To obtain a better comparison it was intended to treat both stocks in the same manner to remove tar acids and bases, followed by acid treatment at  a rate of 20 pounds of 66°~ sulfuric acid per barrel of raw naphtha at 20F., and redistillation to an end point of 400oF. However, because of poor contacting in the tar-base removal step of the coker naphtha, it was difficult to make a fair comparison of the products. Both stocks had relatively poor antiknock quality, and the sulfur content was still high on the redistilled products."

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"Formation, Deposition and Drainage of Mist  in Porous Media with Application to Oil Shale Retorting"

Our experimental work was seriously curtailed during this period because we were required to move our laboratory from one building to a different building and unexpected delays arose during the moving period. Because of the  nature of our experiments, it is necessary to have all equipment in place (from air supply through aerosol counters) before meaningful data can be obtained.  We have been using a newly acquired instrument, the Royco Model 226 laser aerosol counter, to measure the drop size distribution for condensing oil mists. This instrument extends the drop size detectable down to 0.12 ~m. Our  previous experiments with the Climet model 208 aerosol counter were limited to drops larger than about O. 5 ~m. However . when examined at high resolution, the Royco instrument gave evidence of peaks in the drop size distribution at about 0.35 m. which were difficult to explain. We therefore carried out a calibration of a Royco model 226 laser aerosol counter. The magnitudes of  voltage pulses from the Royco Model 226 laser Aerosol Counter were measured for "monodisperse" dloctylphthlate aeroBol droplets ranging in diameter from  0.2 to 0.6~. The aerosols were prepared as a broad distribution by condensation from which 80 different narrow size range aerosols were selected using a TSI Model 3071 Electrostatic Classifier. To achieve  monodisperse aerosols in the size range of interest it was necessary to reduce the gas flows through the Classifier below the standard operating flows. Particle diameters were computed from the theory of Classifier operation using the measured reduced flows and applied voltages

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A SURVEY OF SOME OF THE PROBLEMS ENCOUNTERED IN THE CATALYTIC VAPOR PHASE AIR OXIDATION OF COLORADO SHALE OIL AND THE REMOVAL OF NITOGEN FROM SUCH OIL

"The oxidation of benzene, naphthalene and oxylene has yielded tonnage lots of maleic anhydride and phthalic anhydride respectively. The presence of a substantial aromatic content in shale oil fractions suggested oxidation techniques for the production of these or related products. The oxidation of untreated shale oil results in products whose character is obscured by the nitrogen bases present. The removal of nitrogen bases was accomplished because reaction products of untreated  shale oil were alkaline. Removal of 62-88 percent was accomplished with anhydrous hydrogen chloride as precipitant. Oxidation products from deaminated shale oil were acidic but did not yield crystal forms readily identified, and it has been necessary to postpone the  complex examinations required. The aluminum oxidation apparatus compared an oil evaporator fed from a calibrated reservoir, an oxidation chamber charged with a bed of vanadium pentoxide on alumina, a catalyst into which the oil vapors together with controlled amounts of air were fed, and a heat exchanger tor rapid cooling of oxidation products connected to a receiver. The  temperature was maintained at 40 C. by a salt bath electrically heated and was measured by a thermocouple at an appropriate point."

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DISPOSAL OF SPENT SHALE ASH IN "IN SITU" RETORTED CAVERNS

"In situ retorting of oil shale appears to hold promise over a  number of previously considered methods. In the  preparation of a site for in situ retorting it is necessary to mine out approximately 20% of the formation to provide the necessary voidage for proper size distribution  during rubblizing. To dispose of the mined out portion of the shale it has been proposed that a surface retorting process be used to recover the shale oil and to prepare the shale ash for use as a slurry to pump back into the retorted in situ cavern. Such a method of disposal of  the mined out shale has a number of potential advantages, such as, (a) reducing surface settling, (b) provide structural support for adjacent in situ operations, (c) reduction of buffer space between in situ rooms,  (d) fill the retorted cavern and thus reduce the voidage and prevent by passing of retort gases into a previously retorted cavern, (e) render the retorted area relatively non-porous to minimize future flow of underground water, and finally as good disposal method."

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Development of a Process Engineering Database. Part II

"Thermal processes of heavy oil upgrading are the earliest methods used to improve liquid yields from crude oil.  The degree of cracking depends on the extent of thermal decomposition of the high molecular weight hydrocarbons into lighter components. Conversion is limited by the residue's tendency to decompose. A high asphaltene content reduces the processes'ability to produce a stable fuel. There are two broad categories of thermal upgrading: (a) visbreaking, and (2) coking. Visbreaking  is a relatively low cost process, with very low conversions. It should be considered as an addition to other upgrading processes where economics favor such a scheme."

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WELL FIELD DESIGN IN ANISOTROPIC MEDIA FOR IN-SITU OIL SHALE MINING

"A good well field design often determines the success  of on in-situ oil shale mining project. A successful well field design should consider the following essential  parameters:  1. Three dimensional  geohydrologic properties of  the reservoir  2. Sweep efficiency of well field pattern  3. Well spacing  4. Breakthrough time and production projection  The three dimensional geohydrologic properties of ,a  reservoir are vertical and horizontal permeability's, leakage.  storage coefficient, and vertical and horizontal boundary  conditions. These geohydrologic properties can be tested in a single field test program. these properties will provide overall mass balance and fluid flow control parameters of the in-situ oil shale mining operation. The sweep efficiency of a well field pattern is a key design parameter . For isotropic conditions, a standard 5-spot pattern is preferred. For anisotropic conditions, direct line drive, staggered line drive, and marching line drive patterns are preferred. Basically. well field design patterns that can provide maximum well spacing, symmetrical sweep with least dilution and excursion are considered to be acceptable."

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SCRUBBING RESEARCH TO ACID-GAS REMOVAL FROM OIL SHALE RETORT GAS STREAMS-QUARTERLY REPORT

"This report covers scrubbing research work done on Contract DE-A520-82LC10868 up through the quarter ending June 30, 1983. The focus of this report is on the detailed experimental procedure developed for carrying out all of the basic runs comprising the heart of the  research, and the results of a series of 23 experimental runs (11 with 502 in air; 12 with H25 in air) to determine how the venturi scrubber system approaches a steady-state operating corldition. These extensive tests indicate that about 15 minutes is sufficient to reach steady state.  This report also presents in great detail the analytical  procedures for determining H2S and 502 concentrations in the scrubber liquid. In the next quarter, extensive evaluations of the effects of the pH and the buffer capacity of the scrubber llquid will be carried out."

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CATALYTIC CRACKING CHARACTERISTICS OF A DIESEL FRACTION FROM  REHYDROGENATED SHALE OIL COKER DISTILLATE

The diesel fraction from a hydrogenated shale oil as reported previously, proved to be a satisfactory catalytic cracking charge stock. It, however, gave a somewhat poorer product distribution than our typical heavy California virgin vacuum distillate. To improve the catalytic cracking characteristics of this diesel fraction, it was felt that the nitrogen content should be further lowered*, so the U.S. Bureau of Mines forwarded a rehydrogenated coker distillate containing .003 weight per cent nitrogen. The hydrogenation operation was reportedly carried out at 8250 F" at a pressure of 1000 p.s .. i., a hydrogen injection rate of 3,200 cubic feet per barrel, and at a liquid hourly space velocity of 1. The liquid recovery was 98 volume per cent, of which 84.1 volume per cent was in the diesel fuel boiling range, and 15.0 volume per cent was naphtha (see letter from the Bureau of Mines, dated May 1, 1<;51, File J-69A). The hydrogenated and rehydrogenated shale oil diesel fractions are not compared with each other in this report, because the rehydrogenated product was run with the new wider screen range catalyst (60-200 mesh) and at a higher reactor temperature. However, it is possible to make a valid. comparison using our standard heavy California vacuum distillate run under similar conditions as a base in the two tests. The properties of the rehydrogenated diesel and the Vacuum distillate from "60% Heavy" California crude used in this test are shown below Report No . 27 shows the properties of the hydrogenated shale oil coker distillate diesel fraction.

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REPORT ON COKING GAS COMBUSTION CRUDE SHALE OIL FOR MAXIMUM PRODUCTION OF GAS OIL

This report describes three operations at the Bureau of Mines Oil-Shale Mine and Engineering Experiment Station in which crude shale oil was coked for the production of distillates having 650°, 750°, and 8500 F. end points. These distillates were produced in quantities large enough to serve as charge stocks to small scale experimental work in such processes as hydrogenation and catalytic cracking.

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INVESTIGATION OF "SPENT" OIL SHALE FOR POSSIBLE USE IN CONCRETE

At the request ot the Bureau of Mines Oil Shale Demcnstration Plant, Rifle, Colorado, the Denver  Laboratories made a few tests on the possibilities of using "spent" oil shale as an aggregate in concrete. "Spent" oil shale is the byproduct remaining after the extraction of the kerogen trom the oil shale. The heat in the extraction process expands the shale, giving it a vesicular structure similar to some of the lightweight aggregates used in concrete. Commercial development of the oil shale will result in enormous quantities of the "spent" oil shale  which must be disposed of in some manner. One possible use for this material is 'in concrete as a lightweight aggregate.

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THE CATALYTIC POLYFORMING OF SHALE OIL

"Catalytic polyforming was applied to shale oil using  isobutylene and n-butane as the added gasoline in  an attempt to produce a more stable gasoline in higher yields from this source Houdry aluminum silicate catalyst in a fixed bed system was employed in all runs. The investigation was conducted at temperatures from  3600 C. to 5730 C. and liquid space velocities from 0.5 to 6. O. During an average run approximately 450 grams of feed (oil and gas) were passed over 1000 ml. of catalyst using a pressure of 900 lbs. sq.. in, I gauge. Isobutylene, but not n-butane, when used as the outside gas gave higher yields of gasoline at both high and low space velocities than could be obtained by conventional catalytic cracking of shale oil. Catalytic polyformir,  gave maximum gasoline yields at higher space velocities and lower temperatures than catalytic cracking.. The gum content was essentially the same regardless of how the gasoline was prepared. The color instability of the shale oil gasoline was almost completely eliminated when prepared by catalytic polyforming."

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EXPLOSIVE FRACTURING PLAN

"This plan sets down the procedures that Talley Energy  Systems, Inc. intends to follow in carrying out the explosive fracturing of the formation at our Rock Springs, Wyoming true in-situ oil shale site . This plan is submitted for review and approval by our Technical Project Officer, Mr. Norm Merriam. In the following plan it shall be assumed that the reader is familiar with the results of the Post-Hydraulic Fracturing Formation Evaluation Report of our site presented in Reference 1. Reference 1. presents a detailed review of the post-hydrofrac formation evaluation, leading to the conclusion that there now exists four horizontal hydrofracs useable for explosive loading and detonation . The rest of this document shall present a plan whereby these four hydro fractures shall be utilized in the explosive rubblization of the oil shale production zone."

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SHALE-OIL-RECOVERY SYSTEMS INCORPORATING ORE BENEFICIATION

"This study analyzed the recovery of oil from oil shale by use of proposed systems which incorporate benefication of the shale ore (that is, concentration of the kerogen) before the oil-recovery step. The objective was to identify systems which could be more attractive than conventional surface retorting of ore. No experimental work was carried  out. The systems analyzed consisted of beneficiation methods which could increase kerogen concentrations by at least four-fold. Potentially attractive low-enrichment methods such as density separation were not  examined. The technical alternatives considered were bounded by the secondary crusher as input and raw shale oil as output. A sequence of ball milling, froth flotation, and retorting concentrate is not attractive for Western shales compared to conventional ore retorting; transporting the concentrate to another location for  retorting reduces air emissions in the ore region but cost reduction is questionable. The high capita land energy costs result largely from the ball milling step which is very inefficient. Major improvements in comminution seem achievable through research and such improvements, plus  confirmation of other assumptions, could make high-enrichment beneficiation competitive with conventional processing."

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RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE DISPOSAL OF RETORTED OIL SHALE PARAHO OIL SHALE PROJECT PHASE 5

"The principle purpose of the Phase V Program was to secure information on the compaction characteristics of the retorted shale when densified in the field by various types of commercial compacting equipment. The affects of the number of equipment passes, thicknesses of the layers and of the affects of adding moisture to the material were studied. It was desired to compare  the results of the full scale field tests with data obtained by  standard ASTM compaction tests in the laboratory"

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PRELIMINARY ENERGY BALANCE AND ECONOMIC REPORT ON IN SITU AND MODIFIED IN SITU RETORTING OF OIL SHALE BY MICROWAVE POWER

Two methods of insitu microwave interaction with oil shale are considered for the production of liquid and gaseous fuels. For surface to low-to-moderate depth oil shale strata, high powered highly efficient microwave applicator units would be lowered into spaced 12" diameter bore  holes. Programmed application of the microwave power fractures the shale along bedding planes, couples energy into the moisture contained in the shale, and rapidly decomposes the kerosene into a suitable liquid fuel. A  moderate to high heating value gaseous product is also produced in large quantities . The value of the light hydrocarbon gas is enhanced because of the exclusion of diluents such as air which is required in conventional  combustion processes both above ground and in conventional insitu. High powered units penetrate the shale and the bedding planes which act as a partial waveguide to propagate the power wave, and the heat-like interaction takes place instantaneously with high intensity close to the applicator and lower intensity, but still effectively, far out into the strata. The combination of increased porosity and rapid decomposition increases the  overall hydrocarbon yield over conventional insitu methods that depend on thermal conductivity or combustion. Heat generated at the far reach of the microwave field is used in preheating the shall at the outer region of the next bore hole field. Since heated shale absorbs microwave power more rapidly, increased output results as the process is continued.

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OIL SHALE PROJECT EXTINGUISHMENT AND STABILIZATION PLAN, ANVIL POINTS

"This document is the operational plan for extinguishing the oil shale fire at Anvil Points, Colorado, and concurrently providing a stabilized storage facility for raw shale waste. The plan includes stream diversion, shale dump relocation  and reconfiguration, oil seepage control, industrial hygiene guidelines, and provision for an ongoing monitoring system."

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OIL SHALE FEASIBILITY STUDY

"It is proposed that an approximate 50 kiloton explosive be detonated on government land at a depth of 3000 feet near the base of the Green River oil shale in the west one-half of Section 25, Township 1 South, Range 98  West, Rio Blanco County, Colorado, or at any other suitable location. This relatively isolated site is near the center of the Piceance Basin where previous wells indicate an oil shale thickness of 1800 feet averaging 25 gallons per ton. Additional criteria utilized in evaluating the site and  the calculated results of such an explosion based on correlations developed in other media are given in this proposal. The intent of this proposal is to outline the pre-and post-shot environment studies and costs required  to define parameters for a succeeding shale oil recovery experiment."

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THERMALLY CRACKED RESIDUE OF CRUDE SHALE OIL FROM THE BUREAU OF MINES, RIFLE,COLORADO

"A thermally cracked residue of crude shale oil from the Bureau of Mines plant, Rifle, Colorado, has been  examined to determine its value as a boiler fuel and potential blending stock,. High pour point and viscosity  make it unsatisfactory for boiler fuel. Forty-nine blends were prepared with coal tar products and petroleum oils. Stable blends can be made using this shale oil."

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SPECTROGRAPHIC EXAMINATION OF SHALE OIL

"We have finally completed our study of the sample of oil shale from Rifle Ridge which you kindly sent us, at our request in January, 1949. In accordance with our agreement, we are sending you the pertinent  data obtained by us. Enclosed is a copy of the infrared spectrogram of the extracted organic matter for the spectral interval from 2 to 15 microns, using a  Perkin-Elmer Model 21 infrared spectrometer. The shale was extracted by bal!-milling in a benzene-alcohol solvent for several hours. After removal of the solvent by evaporation at 400 C, the organic residue was dissolved in carbon disulfide for spectral examination."

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PHYSICAL SEPARATION AND ANALYSIS OF THE LIGHTER COMPONENTS OF SHALE

"The object of this research was to determine, by  physical separation and analysis. the composition of crude shale oil with regard to the lighter components. In addition. physical tests were performed on the crude oil and on re-run shale gasoline.  Different types of distillations were employed to carry  out the separations. Identification of the products was attempted by means of their boiling points and refractive indices. but because the final cuts were very small. specific compounds could not be identified. Final products were grouped as classes of compounds. Inconclusive results were obtained in the attempted determination of relative amounts of hydrocarbons by means of fractional adsorption on silica gel."

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A BIBLIOGRAPHY OF BUREAU OF MINES PUBLICATIONS DEALING WITH OIL SHALE AND SHALE OIL 1917-1974

The publications listed in this bibliography are those  that resulted from previous work accomplished by the  Bureau of Mines both in mining and energy research.  As a result of the "Energy Reorganization Act of 1974"  the Laramie Energy Research Center has transferred from  the Department of the Interior, Bureau of Mines, to the  United States Energy Research and Development Administration.  The center is continuing the research of oil  shale and shale oil. The Bureau of Mines mining research  in oil shale remains in the Bureau of Mines, Department  of the Interior.

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