AndreaBozzo/ceres-open-data-index huggingface dataset:
Selective methane oxidation over promoted oxide catalysts. Quarterly report, June--August 1994

In the past quarter, progress has been made in the direct conversion of methane to methanol over promoted metal oxides catalysts using a double-layered catalyst bed reactor configuration with steam as cofeed. Research concentrated on finding a second layer catalyst that could efficiently trap methyl radicals and produce methanol. A variety of metal oxides have been explored, and the highest methanol yield, nearly 100 g/kg cat {times} hr along with other products including formaldehyde and C{sub 2} hydrocarbons, was obtained over 1% V{sub 2}O{sub 5}/SiO{sub 2} as the second bed catalyst at 600 C with CH{sub 4}/air/steam mixture and at a CH{sub 4}-to-air ratio of 1.5 and a GHSV of 72,000 l/kg cat {times} hr. Experiments were carried out to study the effects of total flow rate and bed size on the production of oxygenates. Increasing the total flow rates increased the space time yield (STY) of both methanol and formaldehyde, while at the same time the level of methane conversion was reduced. This effectively shifted the selectivity toward oxygenates and provided useful information for future reactor design. Experiments showed that the cofeed of steam with the reagent mixture was not only beneficial but also necessary for the production of methanol, particular when the ability of the second bed to activate methane was small.

Tags: kmd
Scaling of pressurized fluidized beds: Quarterly report, July--September 1994

Laboratory-scale cold fluidized beds have been used extensively to study fluidized-bed hydrodynamics. Cold models have the advantage that they permit detailed room temperature investigations, such as determining the effects of varying operating parameters and bed design on the hydrodynamics, to be performed in a rapid and cost-effective manner. However, in order for the results of these investigations to be relevant to commercial fluidized bed combustors, the cold model must be properly scaled to simulate hot-bed hydrodynamics. Previously, it has been shown that laboratory-scale cold models can be used to simulate the hydrodynamics of a hot fluidized bed combustor when a set of dimensionless scaling laws is matched between the two beds. These scaling laws have been verified by numerous researchers in both atmospheric bubbling and circulating fluidized beds. A recent study at MIT, on atmospheric circulating beds, demonstrated that it was possible to relax some of the scaling relationships, producing a simplified set of scaling laws which allows the model to be much smaller than the combustor. In the current study, the simplified scaling laws are applied to pressurized bubbling fluidized beds. A quarter-scale cold model of American Electric Power`s (AEP) Tidd 70 MW{sub e} pressurized fluidized bed combustor (PFBC) has been constructed. The scale model has been used to establish the validity of the simplified scaling laws for pressurized bubbling beds. Scaling verifications include comparisons of the probability density functions of the pressure fluctuations in the Tidd PFBC and the cold model. A comparison of the average solid-fraction profiles is also presented.

Tags: kmd
Development of an advanced, continuous mild gasification process for the production of co-products. Quarterly report, July 1994--September 1994

The primary objective of this project is to develop an advanced continuous mild gasification process and product upgrading processes which will be capable of eventual commercialization. The program consists of four tasks. Task 1 is a literature survey of mild gasification processes and product upgrading methods and also a market assessment of markets for mild gasification products. Based on the literature survey, a mild gasification process and char upgrading method will be identified for further development. Task 2 is a bench-scale investigation of mild gasification to generate design data for a larger scale reactor. Task 3 is a bench-scale study of char upgrading to value added products. Task 4 is being implemented by building and operating a 1000-pound per hour demonstration facility. Task 4 also includes a technical and economic evaluation based on the performance of the mild gasification demonstration facility.

Tags: kmd
Development of a Gas Information System (GASIS). Quarterly report, June 1994--August 1994

The following items describe technical progress on the GASIS project during the quarter from June through August, 1994 for contract no. DE-AC21-93MC28139. During this reporting period, work was performed on Task 1, Obtain User Input, Task 2, Develop Source Directory, Task 3, Develop Natural Gas Data System, and Task 4, Technology Transfer. No work was done on Task 5 Storage Media.

Tags: kmd
Characterization of coal-water slurry fuel sprays from diesel engine injectors

Experiments were conducted to characterize coal-water slurry fuel sprays from diesel engine injectors. Since the combustion event is a strong function of the fuel spray, full characterization of the spray is a necessity for successful engine design and for modeling of the combustion process. Two experimental facilities were used at TAMU to study the injection of coal slurry fuels. The first experimental facility incorporates General Electric locomotive engine components (injection pump, fuel line, and nozzle) and a specially designed diaphragm to separate the abrasive coal slurry fuel from the moving parts of the pump. The second experimental facility is based on an accumulator injector from General Electric. Instrumentation includes instantaneous needle lift and fuel line pressure. A pressurized visualization chamber was used to provide a spray environment which simulated the engine gas density and permitted the use of spray diagnostic techniques. The study was divided into two phases: (1) overall characterization of the spray, and (2) detailed droplet size and size distribution characterization. In addition to this overall characterization of the spray, the second phase of this study characterized the details of the atomization quality.

Tags: kmd
Development of Biological Coal Gasification (MicGAS Process). Topical report, July 1991--February 1993

Laboratory and bench scale reactor research carried out during the report period confirms the feasibility of biomethanation of Texas lignite (TxL) and some other low-rank coals to methane by specifically developed unique anaerobic microbial consortia. The data obtained demonstrates specificity of a particular microbial consortium to a given lignite. Development of a suitable microbial consortium is the key to the success of the process. The Mic-1 consortium was developed to tolerate higher coal loadings of 1 and 5% TxL in comparison to initial loadings of 0.01% and 0.1% TxL. Moreover, the reaction period was reduced from 60 days to 14 to 21 days. The cost of the culture medium for bioconversion was reduced by studying the effect of different growth factors on the biomethanation capability of Mic-1 consortium. Four different bench scale bioreactor configurations, namely Rotating Biological Contactor (RBC), Upflow Fluidized Bed Reactor (UFBR), Trickle Bed Reactor (TBR), and Continuously Stirred Tank Reactor (CSTR) were evaluated for scale up studies. Preliminary results indicated highest biomethanation of TxL by the Mic-1 consortium in the CSTR, and lowest in the trickle bed reactor. However, highest methane production and process efficiency were obtained in the RBC.

Tags: kmd
Appraisal of the tight sands potential of the Sand Wash and Great Divide Basins. Final report, June 1989--June 1991

The volume of future tight gas reserve additions is difficult to estimate because of uncertainties in the characterization and extent of the resource and the performance and cost-effectiveness of stimulation and production technologies. Ongoing R&D by industry and government aims to reduce the risks and costs of producing these tight resources, increase the certainty of knowledge of their geologic characteristics and extent, and increase the efficiency of production technologies. Some basins expected to contain large volumes of tight gas are being evaluated as to their potential contribution to domestic gas supplies. This report describes the results of one such appraisal. This analysis addresses the tight portions of the Eastern Greater Green River Basin (Sand Wash and Great Divide Subbasins in Northwestern Colorado and Southwestern Wyoming, respectively), with respect to estimated gas-in-place, technical recovery, and potential reserves. Geological data were compiled from public and proprietary sources. The study estimated gas-in-place in significant (greater than 10 feet net sand thickness) tight sand intervals for six distinct vertical and 21 areal units of analysis. These units of analysis represent tight gas potential outside current areas of development. For each unit of analysis, a ``typical`` well was modeled to represent the costs, recovery and economics of near-term drilling prospects in that unit. Technically recoverable gas was calculated using reservoir properties and assumptions about current formation evaluation and extraction technology performance. Basin-specific capital and operating costs were incorporated along with taxes, royalties and current regulations to estimate the minimum required wellhead gas price required to make the typical well in each of unit of analysis economic.

Tags: kmd
Processing of LaCrO{sub 3} for solid oxide fuel cell applications

The University of Missouri-Rolla is performing a 5 year research program dedicated towards the development of LaCrO{sub 3}-based interconnect powders which densify when in contact with anode and cathode materials for solid oxide fuel cells (SOFC). During the course of this program the authors investigated compositions within the pseudo-ternary LaCrO{sub 3}-LaMnO{sub 3}-LaCoO{sub 3} system. Their expanded studies on the processing and sintering of LaCrO{sub 3} to make dense interconnects using LaCrO{sub 3}-based oxides at temperatures less than 1,500 C in an air atmosphere and in contact with both anode and cathode oxides. The specific objectives of this research program are to: Develop a novel technique which reproducibly yields LaCrO{sub 3}-based powders with the desired particle characteristics; Fully understand the liquid phase sintering mechanism; Clearly identify the reason why LaCrO{sub 3} does not densify in the presence of electrolyte and cathode materials; Systematically solve this problem through judicious control over the liquid phase; and Incorporate materials developed in this program into planar cells and measure their performance. Results are discussed on porosity and skrinkage, and sintering and melting behaviors.

Tags: kmd
Coolside Waste Management Research quarterly technical progress report, January 1, 1993--March 31, 1993

This project seeks to produce sufficient information on the physical and chemical nature of Coolside waste to design and construct physically stable and environmentally safe landfills. Unconfined compressive strength and permeability tests are reported on samples remolded near 90, 95, and 100% of low energy, standard, and modified dry densities. Unconfined compressive strength tests were also performed on some of the samples after permeability tests were completed. Swell tests were initiated on samples from Coolside pilot plant run {number_sign}2 and on a FBC hydrated ash remolded near 95% of standard density and optimum moisture content.

Tags: kmd
NIPER/DOE Chemical EOR Workshop. Final report

A Chemical EOR Workshop was held on June 23--24, 1993 in Houston, Texas. The objectives of this workshop were to evaluate the potential for chemical Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) to repower significant quantities of remaining domestic oil, to assess the role of the Department of Energy (DOE) and petroleum industry to achieve this potential, and to assess the research needs in chemical EOR. Fifty-six research engineers and scientists from major oil companies, independent oil companies, academic institutes, research institutes, and DOE attended this workshop. Opening remarks were given by Alex Crawley from DOE Bartlesville Project Office and Thomas E. Burchfield of the National Institute for Petroleum and Energy Research (NIPER). The keynote address was delivered by Donald Juckett, Acting Deputy Assistant Secretary for Gas and Petroleum Technology. Ten papers on the state-of-the-art in chemical EOR technologies and recent field test experience were presented on the first day. Two workshops, one on surfactant/alkali flooding and the other on profile modification/polymer flooding, were held on the second day. It was concluded that chemical EOR has the potential of recovering significant quantities of remaining oil, and it is the only method that has the potential of economically recovering residual oil from reservoirs of shallow and medium depth. It is recommended that funding of support research in chemical EOR be continued and sustained to provide continuity and expertise for future advanced oil recovery technologies. Selected papers are being indexed separately for inclusion in the Energy Science and Technology Database.

Tags: kmd
Proceedings of the coal-fired power systems 93: Advances in IGCC and PFBC review meeting

Coal is and will continue to be the cornerstone of the written or actual energy policies of both the US and many other countries. This report contains brief descriptions of projects that will influence current and future policies. This presentation will discuss how this can be accomplished using Clean Air Implementation and Global Climate Change concerns as examples. Separate abstracts were prepared for each presentation of this report.

Tags: kmd
Proceedings of the fuel cells `94 contractors review meeting

METC annually sponsors this conference to provide a forum for energy executives, engineers, etc. to discuss advances in fuel cell research and development projects, to exchange ideas with private sector attendees, and to review relevant results in fuel cell technology programs. Two hundred and three people from industry, academia, and Government attended. The conference attempts to showcase the partnerships with the Government and with industry, by seeking activity participation and involvement from the Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, EPRI, GRI, and APRA. In addition to sessions on fuel cells (solid oxide, molten carbonate, etc.) for stationary electric power generation, sessions on US DOE`s Fuel Cell Transporation Program and on DOD/APRA`s fuel cell logistic fuel program were presented. In addition to the 29 technical papers, an abstract of an overview of international fuel cell development and commercialization plans in Europe and Japan is included. Selected papers were indexed separately for inclusion in the Energy Science and Technology Database.

Tags: kmd
Final report for {open_quotes}Production of mild gasification co-products{close_quotes} project

The SGI International Liquids From Coal (LFC) Process is a mild pyrolysis, or mild gasification, treatment that upgrades low-rank coals by removing almost all of the moisture and a substantial portion of the volatile matter. The process produces two value-added co-products: a Coal Derived Liquid (CDL) and a solid Process Derived Fuel (PDF). A third co-product, a low-heating-value non-condensible gas, is recirculated and combusted in a commercial sized plant to provide drying and pyrolysis process heat. The LFC Process consists of three basic steps. The first step, drying, involves essentially inert gas convectively raising the coal temperature and removing most of the moisture. The drying temperature is limited to ensure that no hydrocarbon gases evolve, and the flow rate is limited below fluidization levels for most of the coal particles. The second step, pyrolysis, consists of additional inert gas heating that raises the temperature of the dried coal so that more than half of the volatile matter is removed under a controlled temperature history that is characteristic for each particular coal and customer demand. The third step, finishing or conditioning, consists of exposure to a cooling inert gas that quenches the pyrolysis reaction, followed by controlled exposure to oxygen for the purposes of stabilization. The processed solid char is then brought to moisture equilibrium (much less than the parent coal`s equilibrium level), and, if necessary, a dust suppressant is added to the PDF. The PDF co-product is environmentally more attractive than the parent coal because a large fraction of the organic sulfur is removed with the volatile matter, and the heating value of the fuel is increased with a concurrent increase in combustion efficiency. When subjected to appropriate finishing steps, the PDF represents a stable, economically transportable, high-heat-value reactive combustion fuel with stable flame characteristics similar to natural gas.

Tags: kmd
Advanced coal-fueled gas turbine systems. Quarterly report, January--March 1993

All scheduled tests for the slagging combustor program were completed prior to this reporting period. The draft topical report for the slagging combustor testing was begun in January and the draft submitted to DOE/METC for review in March. Work was completed on the (Advanced Turbine Systems) Phase 1 program and the draft topical begun in January. The ATS Phase 1 draft topical report was submitted to DOE/METC in March. Comments to the report were received back from METC prior to the end of March allowing for the preparation of the final version of the report to begin. Conceptual design of a combustion turbine system that can be integrated in a pressurized fluidized bed combustor (PFBC) application was completed at the end of March. An intermediate design review was held in February with METC and a draft of the topical report was begun during the reporting period. Details of the individual subtask work for the first generation PFBC combustion turbine system conceptual design are discussed in the ``Generic Turbine Design Study Final Report`` which was issued June 1993 to DOE/METC.

Tags: kmd
Comparison of conventional hydraulic and water/nitrogen foam fracturing in two Ohio Devonian Shale gas wells

The current natural gas supply problems in the United States are encouraging research into new or underdeveloped gas sources. One such source is the Devonian Shale sequence of Kentucky, West Virginia, Pennsylvania, and Ohio. These thick shale deposits contain large gas resources, but have not been fully exploited because of the severely restricted gas well flow rates. Shale wells must be artificially stimulated to improve gas deliverability to a commercial level, and research is under way to develop a stimulation method suited to the Devonian Shale. This report describes a performance comparison of two wells completed in the Shale near Youngstown, Ohio: one stimulated conventionally with hydraulic fracturing, the other with a nitrogen/water foam treatment. Both wells have comparable reservoir sections and received equivalently sized stimulation treatments. Drilling and fracture programs for both wells are discussed along with short-term gas production tests conducted to evaluate the fracture treatments. Early indications show that the foam fracturing method is better suited to the reservoir conditions found in the Devonian Shale, resulting in much faster fracturing fluid clean-up and higher initial gas production than the conventional water method. (auth)

Tags: kmd
Prediction of fracture orientation from oriented cores and aerial photos, West Poison Spider field, Casper, Wyoming

A request for a qualified prediction of the compass direction that induced hydraulic fractures would assume in a Wyoming oilfield led to a joint research effort between the Morgantown Energy Research Center and a cooperating oil company. An oriented core of the producing sand was obtained and evaluation measurements of directional rock properties and aerial photos were made. This report describes the methods used, the data obtained, and the interpretations used in completing this study. Results indicate the direction of induced hydraulic fracturing might be reliably found within  -15 degrees of the azimuth bearing N60W.

Tags: kmd
General purpose diffusivity model for fluid flow and heat conduction in porous media. [For simulation of oil and natural gas wells after hydraulic fracturing; SIMPAC]

A general purpose three-dimensional finite-difference diffusivity model is developed with the capability of simulating horizontal or vertical induced fractures by several different methods. Fractures may be of finite, semi-infinite, or infinite flow capacity. In the first case, the fracture width and permeability is specified and the appropriate permeability of each node penetrated by a fracture is altered according to the relationship for linear beds in parallel. In addition, the block size normal to the fracture orientation is decreased to a very small value thus giving a reasonable representation of the fissure. A semi-infinite fracture is simulated for a specified total rate by uniformly distributing the flow along the reservoir nodes penetrated by the fracture. Finally, an infinite capacity fracture may be simulated for either the constant potential or constant rate case. In addition to simulating gas, liquid, or heat flow in a heterogeneous, anisotropic fractured media this model (1) relates block pressures to wellbore pressures through radial flow equations, (2) is unlimited in the number of time-steps per fun, (3) automatically adjusts time-step to be compatible with the speed of convergence, (4) will simulate pressure (temperature) or rate pulse tests, (5) accumulates elapsed time, total production, and material balance errors, (6) can begin each run with any pressure distribution in one of two different formats, and (7) can be used with a mixture of hydrocarbon gases containing up to 14 components over reduced temperature and pressure ranges of 1.1 to 3.0 and 1.1 to 20.0 respectively. The generality of the model developed precludes listing the entire scope of its applications. Sample problems are given for the cases of liquid flow and heat conduction. Also a special 3-D fracture problem is included which shows the usefulness of this package to the natural gas industry. (auth)

Tags: kmd
Drilling a directionally deviated well to stimulate production from a marginal reservoir in southern West Virginia. Technical progress report

A deviated well was drilled in a direction selected to maximize the number of natural fractures that might be encountered and to evaluate the deviated well concept for producing gas from the economically marginal Upper Devonian Shale in the eastern United States. The well was drilled to a depth of 4,678 feet (true vertical depth of 3,928 feet) with the average deviation from vertical through the shale section being 40/sup 0/7'. The shale was completed open hole and was shot with 18,700 pounds of gelatin explosive from 2,900 feet to 4,678 feet. Five days after treatment the well exhibited an open flow of 103 Mcfd. Following several months of shut-in, the wellhead pressure had increased to 552 psi and the well was put on production. Production of gas for the three months following shut-in was a total of 1801 Mcf.

Tags: kmd