AndreaBozzo/ceres-open-data-index huggingface dataset:
INSTRUMENTATION AND EVALUATION OF THE TALLEY ENERGY SYSTEMS, INC. OIL SHALE PROJECT, PART II:  EXPLOSIVE INSERTION, DETONATION AND POST-SHOT EVALUATION RESULTS

January 1979 marked the completion of Phase 1 of the Talley Energy Systems, Inc. (TESI) contract with the Department of Energy (DOE) which was undertaken to examine the hydraulic/ explosive fracturing method for preparing an underground oil shade bed for true in situ processing. Phase 1 of the contract involved the bed preparation activities - specifically the creation of four horizontal hydro fractures in the shale bed, the insertion and subsequent detonation of slurry explosives in these hydrofractures, and the detailed assessments of major operations and of the rock formation before and after these operations. Phase 2 of he contract, which was canceled, was to have been a retorting operation. Sandia National laboratories participated in the TESI experiment by providing instrumentation and technical support in several areas during phase 1. This report described the work performed during the explosive insertion and detonation operations and during the potshot evaluation. Thee results of the various measurements performed during these operations are discussed along with an overall assessment of the post shot state of the formation.

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INSTRUMENTATION AND EVALUATION OF THE TALLEY ENERGY SYSTEMS, INC. OIL SHALE PROJECT, PART 1:  HYDRAULIC FRACTURE RESULTS

This is the first of two deports which describe the instrumentation and measurement techniques employed and present the data obtained during Phase 1 operations on the Talley Energy System, Inc., oil shale field project near Green River, Wyoming. Phase 1 operations included creation of four horizontal hydraulic fractures in the oil shale formation from a central wellbore drilled and cased through the formation and notched at each hydrocrack level, about seven feet apart. Asymmetry was relatively consistent, but direction of asymmetry was not as expected prior to hydro franc operations. The methods of determining hydrocrack sizes correlated well with the degree of asymmetry, but surface resistivity measurements beyond the first fracture did not work well because the first fracture retained conductive fluid and masked the growth of the subsequent fractures. Raw, processed, and interpreted data and the Site Activities Summary Log are presented in appendices.

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OCRWM MONTHLY REPORT ON PROGRAM COST AND SCHEDULE, MARCH 1987

The Monthly Report on Program Cost and Schedule is the focal point of the Office of Civilian Radioactive Waste Management's (OCRWM) Program Management Information Systems (PMIS). The objective of the PMIS is to provide OCRWM management with up-to-the-date cost, schedule and financial information on the overall status of the Program as measured against established baselines. This report includes performance data through January 1987.

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Nahcolite and Dawsonite Resources in the Green River Formation of Colorado

Recourses of anchorite and disunite in the oil shale of the lower part of the parachute creek member of the Green River Formation in Colorado are evaluated. Amounts of these minerals, potential sources of marketable sodium and aluminum materials, are estimated from available oil yield sassy data. Total amounts of anchorite and disunite in the Parachute Creek Member are calculated from mineral estimates. Maps showing thickness, average content, and is reserves for each mineral are included. A total resource of about 29 billion tons of anchorite and 19 billion tons of disunite (containing 6.5 billion tons of alumina) are present in oil shale of the Piceance Creek Basin, Colorado.

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UNDERGROUND COAL GASIFICATION DATA BASE SYSTEM:  RESOURCE EXTRACTION DATA BASE

National concern over the depletion of conventional energy sources has prompted industry to reevaluate gas generation from the underground gasification of coals. The U.S. DOE is also encouraging the development of new technologies by sponsoring research and development projects in underground coal gasification(UCG). In order to make data generated from these projects more accessible to Government and private sector personnel, the Underground Coal Gasification Data Base System has been established.

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DOE UNDERGROUND COAL CONVERSION PROGRAM IMPLEMENTATION: STRUCTURE AND PLANS

"The implementation plan for the Department of Energy (DOE) Underground Coal Conversion (UCC) program is discussed. The management plan and the program rationale are presented. The planned program contains two elements: A technology base development element and a Government/industry cooperative projects element. The activities in the technology- base development element of the program will focus the ongoing programs of the present participants into a single, combined programmatic effort to resolve the technical problems of the UCC process in the most cost-effective and timely  manner. The Government/industry cooperative projects element will be implemented in an appropriately scaled and phased series of progressively larger and/or more complex field projects, culminating in a commercial sized module or an equivalent. The interaction between the program elements is discussed and the phased plan for Government/industry cooperative projects in both flat - lying and steeply dipping beds of subbituminous coals is described."

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THE SECOND UNDERGROUND GASIFICATION EXPERIMENT AT GORGAS, ALABAMA

"The Bureau of Mines and the Alabama. Power Co. jointly conducted a first experiment in underground gasification of coal at Gorgas, Ala., during the fall and winter of 1946-47. This preliminary experiment showed that it was not difficult to maintain combustion of coal underground, and that coal in place could be completely gasified. It was noted that the high temperature developed by the gasification of coal in place brought about changes in overlying strata that appeared to be favorable to the process. The high temperatures caused the roof rock to become plastic, to expand, and to settle down an the mine floor directly behind the reacting coke face. These results were promising enough to warrant further investigation of the process. It was believed that if this action could be controlled properly with roofs of similar  composition, it would tend to force the gas-making fluids underground against the coal faces. Plans for the second experiment were based in part on this favorable roof action, and the successful operation of the planned initial straight-line passages depended on this fact."

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PYROMETAMORPHISM CAUSED BY THE HANNA II, PHASES 2 AND 3 UNDERGROUND COAL GASIFICATION EXPERIMENT

"Overburden rocks have undergone high temperature pyrometamorphism during the Hanna II UCG experiment. Paralava rock, buchites and paralava breccias have formed due to various degrees of melting. New high temperature minerals such as oligioclase, clinopyroxene,  ferrocordierite, anorthoclase, and tridymite have formed and the textures indicate that some of these crystallized directly from the melt. Rounded blebs of elemental  iron have also been found in the paralava. The  mineralogy and melting relations of the paralava, aso fusion temperatures determined on samples from the Hanna II coal, and thermocouple measurements made during the experiment all indicate that temperatures in  excess of about 19800p (10820 C) were attained, and temperatures as high as 23500 p (1290oC) may have been reached. The color of the rocks, the presence of a reduced iron bearing silicate mineral (johannsenite) and blebs of native iron indicate that the experimental  burn was reducing in the area of paralava formation. The product gas species were also reducing. Data from this study will prove useful in assessing the changes in groundwater chemistry that may result from underground coal gasification projects."

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GEOTECHNICAL STUDIES ON THE OVERBURDEN ROCK FROM THE RAWLINS, T-2 UCG SITE

"Mechanical properties, specifically uniaxial compressive strength, tensile strength, propagation velocities for compressional (P) and shear (S) waves and dynamic elastic moduli, measured for rock types from the Rawlins, Wyoming T-2 underground coal gasification (UCG) site correlate well with mean grain size , volume percent cement, types of cement and percent porosity. Mechanical properties show the strongest relationship with the amount of calcite cement present. Mean grain  size, percent porosity and percent clay cement show less pronounced relationships with mechanical properties when the amount of calcite cement present is small. Mechanical  wave velocities and uniaxial compressive strength are related, but the relationship is not linear.  Recommendations are given for routine sampling, testing  and analysis procedures to assess mechanical and lithological parameters at UCG site"

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"THE APPLICATION OF GEOLOGICAL AND MINERALOGICAL STUDIES TO UNDERGROUND COAL  GASIFICATION TECHNOLOGY"

"Two of a series of underground coal gasification (UCG) experiments conducted near Hanna, Wyoming, and about 20 miles south of Gillette, Wyoming , called the  Hanna II and Hoe Creek III experiments, respectively, were selected for detailed geological, lithological and mineralogical studies. Details of the geology, sedimentology and mineralogy of the overburden and postburn rocks of the Hanna II experiment are given in Craig, et al. [1], and a preliminary study of the Hanna II pyrometamorphic rocks was reported at the Seventh UCC Conference (1981) [2]. A description of the geology of the Hoe Creek III site has been given by Ramirez, et al [3]. The data presented in this paper is from studies on wells drilled at both sites. This work was done at the Department of Earth Resources at Colorado State University. The main objectives of this paper are : 1) to summarize the geology, lithology and mineralogy of the overburden of each of the two sites; 2) to evaluate the lithology and mineralogy of the pyrometamorphic rocks formed by the experimental burns; 3) to show the  distribution of the pyrometamorphic rocks and minerals at the two sites; 4) to compare the spatial distribution  of mineral$, textural features and lithologies of pyrometamorphic rocks at the two sites; 5) to compare the temperatures estimated from pyrometamorphic  minerals with those measured with the thermocouples during the experiments; and 6) to suggest how the results of the two studies discussed here may be  applied to underground coal gasification technology."

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Some Economic Considerations of Underground Coal Gasification

"The economics of the use of underground coal gasification to supply the fuel for a combined-cycle power generation plant are studied. Much of the data relative to the underground process was obtained from the experiment being conducted by the Energy Research and Development Administration (E.R.D.A.) (previously the  U.S. Bureau of Mines) at Hanna, Wyoming. The capital and annual operating monetary requirements are estimated for a 1000 MW. on site, combined-cycle power plant. The sensitivity of the required selling price of the generated electricity to various operating parameters such as well spacing, coal seam thickness and depth and  production rate are presented. The required capital for a  1000 MW plant producing from a 70 ft. thick seam of coal at a depth of 2000 ft. is estimated at $165 million. The annual operating cost of such a plant would be about $13 million and could profitably sell the generated power at 7.5 mils/ KW-hour."

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ECONOMIC COMPARISONS FOR UCG PROCESSES

The results of the Rawlins T-2 field test of underground gasification of steeply dipping coal have been used as the basis for an economic analysis of the manufacture of fuel products.  In addition, a preliminary comparison has been made of the relative economics of the underground gasification of steeply dipping vs. horizontal beds.  Finally, the results of this analysis have been related to the economics predicted on site during the field test.

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"SOME INNOVATIONS IN EQUIPMENT FOR SCALING  HIGH ROOFS AND MINE WALLS"

This paper describes the methods and equipment developed at the Bureau's Experimental Oil-Shale mine near Rifle, Colorado, for placing men in position to scale loose rock from the walls, pillars and roofs of high slopes or rooms.  The equipment developed at Rifle has application not only in oil-shale mining but in most of the country's underground limestone mines and in the exploitation of other mineral deposits mined in high slopes by room and pillar methods.

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Theoretical and Experimental Studies of Reverse Combustion

This paper describes recent modeling and experimental studies of reverse combustion (RC) linking, aimed at understanding the propagation dynamics of a RC front. Modeling efforts have resulted in the development  of simple, accurate analytical equations for the temperature and flame speed of a planar RC wave, by use of matched asymptotic expansions in an activation energy parameter describing the combustion kinetics.  The effects of heat losses, anisotropic permeability and of different kinetic mechanisms have been analyzed.  A linear stability analysis of  this asymptotic model has been performed, and predictions of this analysis are applied to performing RC linking field test data.  The ongoing experimental program involves performing RC experiments on two-dimensional samples of particle board and balsa wood.   These experiments determine the shape, size and propagation rate of a RC channel under controlled upstream flow conditions.  The progress of the burn front is monitored by infrared thermography.  Results of preliminary experiments and discussion of the data obtained to date are described.

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GEOPHYSICAL SITE CHARACTERIZATION FOR UNDERGROUND COAL GASIFICATION IN WASHINGTON

Sandia Laboratories, as part of a DOE funded investigation of underground coal gasification potential for the state of Washington, has been conducting a geophysical mapping and corehole drilling program near Centralia, Washington. The objectives of the program are to establish the continuity and quality of the coal seam and the hydrology and structure (faults) of the area as these are critical to the potential success of a gasification program. Geophysical measurements, including seismic (refraction) and electrical-electromagnetic (DC resistivity, VLF and Turam), have successfully located anomalous features indicating the presence of several faults in the site area. Follow-up corehole drilling, geophysical logging, and seismic seam wave tests verified displacements of the objective coal seam. Plans call for additional surveys, particularly seismic reflection, to precisely describe the magnitude and orientation of these displacements to enable efficient design of a gasification program.

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INTERPERATATION OF CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL MEASUREMENTS FROM AN IN SITU GASIFICATION EXPERIMENT

"A second underground coal gasification experiment is being conducted at the Laramie Energy Research Centers field site near Hanna, Wyoming. This paper presents the  results from the first phase of this Hanna II experiment in which coal seam permeability was evaluated, pneumatic linking and linking via reverse combustion were studied, and a sustained gasification process was maintained  between the two linked vertical wells. Extensive in situ and surface process instrumentation have provided considerable information on the chemical and physical  mechanisms involved in underground coal gasification, Air injection alone did not increase permeability to levels which would allow sustained gasification, Reverse  combustion linking was determined to be a local, relatively low temperature process which advanced at a 5 ft/day rate and produced a high permeability carbonized path , Subsequent gasification was completed over a 38 day period. Overall, injection of 1,9 MM scf/day of air yielded 2.7 MM scf/day of gas with a heating value of 152 Btu/scf. Material balance calculations indicate that 1688 tons of coal in place were utilized.  Specific discussions of reaction front configurations and interpretation of in situ  thermometry are included."

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LABORATORY SIMULATION OF REVERSE COMBUSTION OF COAL

Underground coal gasification is a promising method for producing gas from coal. Reverse combustion is a necessary part of the Linked Vertical Well Process of underground coal gasification, a process which has received major attention in the US in the last five years. This work describes an experimental study of reverse combustion. Theories developed earlier are reviewed briefly. These theories are capable of predicting experimental temperature profiles, combustion front velocities and peak combustion temperatures. The theoretical calculations agree with the measured data to within experimental accuracy.

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RESULTS AND STATUS OF THE SECOND HANNA IN SITU COAL GASIFICATION EXPERIMENT

"The second Hanna experiment has demonstrated the feasibility of successfully gasifying coal in situ under controlled conditions . This experiment was designed as a three-phase study. Phase I was conducted from April through August 1975. This test showed that: (J) reverse combustion linking could be controlled; (2) the preferred flow direction was up-dip and along the minor fracture trend; (3) completion of wells near the bottom of the seam prevented gas over riding; (4) during a 38-day gasification test between two wells; gas production averaged 2.7 MM scfd (8 .1 )x 10 4 scmd) of 152  stu/scf (5.36 megajoules/scm) gas with consumption of 48 tons (44 tonnes) of coal per day. It was also determined that the system could be turned down by a factor of 10 with only a 20 per cent drop in gas heating value with less than d 6-hour response time to bring  the system back t o full operation."

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LIMITED VERTICAL WELL CONCEPT FOR UCG (ABSTRACT ONLY)

Recent field tests of underground coal gasification in the United States have led in a greater degree of optimism for the eventual commercialization of this technique due in part to a more complete understanding of the process itself.  The most recent test at Hanna, Wyoming, has demonstrated that a high quality low Btu gas can be predictably produced for ling periods and that process control techniques can be utilized.  Furthermore, with proper site selection the performance of the underground reaction can equal if not exceed that of an air blown surface gasification system.  Recent tests have demonstrated cold gas efficiencies of 85 percent and energy return ratio of 5:1.  Most important to an efficient process is an explanation of this high performance.  Results show that the key determinant of high efficiency is the inherent nature of thick seams of coal which shrink and become friable when heated.  These properties allow for a presence which provides a self-propagating mechanism for a packed bed to achieve the intimate contact between the reactants necessary for optimum gasification conditions.

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FIELD IMPLEMENTATION OF UCC RESEARCH

A review of the total field testing effort to date in the Department of Energy Underground Coal Conversion program is presented. Since its inception in 1972, this program was validated and significantly extended the state of the art that was primarily available from pre-1965 Soviet publications. In general, the results of the field tests have been very positive, and indicate strongly that UCC could be used commercially in this country before 1990. Some problems have been encountered with linking techniques and override situations further work on these problems is required. A distinguishing feature of the DOE program has been the development and use of sophisticated diagnostic instrumentation, which has led to a much more quantitative understanding of the process than was previously possible. Further efforts in this area are also planned.

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A REVIEW OF LERC'S IN SITU COAL GASIFICATION PROJECT

Although no field tests have been conducted by the Laramie Energy Research Center (LERC) since the Second Annual Underground Coal Gasification Symposium, additional analyses of data from the Hanna II  tests have been completed. These analyses consist of energy balances, thermal efficiencies, and process efficiencies for all phases of Hanna II. In addition, preparation for the Hanna III and IV tests is in progress and preliminary planning for Hanna V has been completed. Simulation of in situ coal gasification on a laboratory scale is also being, pursued. This paper will discuss the additional analyses of the Hanna II test, describe the Hanna III, IV and V tests, and outline the objectives of the laboratory simulation experiments.

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AN ECONOMIC SENSITIVITY STUDY OF UCG BASED ON FIELD PERFORMANCE, THEORY, AND OPERATIONAL EXPERIENCE

"This paper provides the results of an economic analysis in which uncertainty has been minimized through the use of the following three types of information: (1) theoretical and experimental correlations of underground coal gasification (UCG) operating parameters; (2) detailed  process design based on operational experience; and (3) sensitivity variables. Design of the process has been carried out in considerable detail and is based on 5 years of operating experience during the Hanna field tests conducted by the Laramie Energy Technology Center of the U.S. Department of Energy. All equipment is currently commercially available. A number of sources have been considered for cost information but in most cases the pricing data used has been obtained directly from the  vendors. Essential items which are often neglected such as piping accessories (flanges, flange bolts, fittings), high temperature positive seal valves, flow controllers and air and gas metering equipment are included in the design and do have impact on the economics. Certain independent variables cannot be fixed with certainty--for  example, gas heating values are known for short term field tests but remain uncertain for long term commercial operation. Such variables are designated sensitivity  variables and are allowed to vary over their entire probable range. Other sensitivity variables are percent gas loss, well spacing, and the volumetric combustion sweep of efficiency (VCSE)."

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"POST BURN ANALYSIS TECHNIQUES APPLICABLE  TO UNDERGROUND COAL GASIFICATION"

An important consideration in process development for in situ coal gasification is a means of measuring resource utilization and the location of the active combustion front by remote sensing. Efforts to develop measuring techniques applicable both during and after completion of a test burn have been underway at LERC for the past two years. Existing technology applied to post-burn evaluation has consisted of wire line drilling and coring, and conventional reflection seismic surveying. Research is underway to evaluate shear wave seismic surveying, high resolution shallow reflection seismic surveying, magnetic surveys to detect changes in iron minerals in the over burden as they are heated, and seam wave seismic surveys as means of real-time evaluation for process monitoring and control.

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THE MODELING OF CHANNEL SYSTEMS IN UNDERGROUND COAL GASIFICATION

The objective in underground gasification is to inject air or oxygen-enriched air into a suitable coal seam and obtain a combustible gas from the same or a different production borehole.  The oxidation of the coal generates sufficient heat to drive the endothermic hydrogen and carbon monoxide forming reactions.  Carbonization and thermal cracking of the coal contribute carbon oxides, hydrogen, and light hydrocarbons to the product gas.

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