AndreaBozzo/ceres-open-data-index huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of calcium impregnated coal as a fuel for turbine combustors. Final report, September 1984-November 1985

The objectives of this research program were two-fold: to experimentally determine the comparative in situ SO/sub 2/, NO/sub x/, and particulate-controlling capacity of calcium-doped coal under simulated combustion turbine conditions as a function of pressure, firing temperature, raw coal organic sulfur content, molar calcium/sulfur ratio, calcium source, and calcium loading technique, and to analytically determine the technical and economic feasibility of directly firing calcium impregnated coal in a combustion turbine. The calcium-doped bituminous coals consisted of high-sulfur Illinois No. 6 that had been premixed with various limes using either a proprietary Battelle process or simple physical mixing. The calcium-impregnated coal is called Battelle Treated Coal (BTC). The simulated turbine combustion conditions consisted or super-atmospheric pressure (4 to 5 atm), ultra-high excess air (10 to 15% excess oxygen), variable firing temperature (1800 to 2100/sup 0/F), and high-carbon conversion (98 %). Battelle has operated a pulverized coal-fired facility that essentially simulates combustion turbine conditions. This simulator has proven to be of practical value in research concerned with the screening of coal fuels for advanced combustion turbines. Specifically, it has demonstrated that at low levels of calcium impregnation (Ca/S <2), increasing superatmospheric pressure (about 4 atm), high excess air conditions (15% excess O/sub 2/), short residence times (<250 milliseconds), and typical firing temperatures (2100/sup 0/F), the use of BTC does the following during turbine combustion: improves ignition and stability, shortens char burnout time, relaxes materials problems, reduces internal deposition, reduces internal erosion, reduces internal corrosion, and simultaneously controls SO/sub 2/, NO/sub x/, and RO/sub x/ emissions. 35 refs., 12 figs., 15 tabs.

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Structural concepts of coal and implications of dynamic interactions

This report covers the experimental findings of a one year project to investigate the interaction between the guest (aliphatic) and host (aromatic) components of coal. A short overview of the current status of coal chemistry and coal formation is given. The thermal behavior of ..cap alpha..-hydroxycarboxylic acids is studied and polymers prepared from them. Coals are solvent extracted and the extraction behavior discussed. Pyrolytic events of coals are quantified and evaluated with regard to the gasification of coal. Results show that only small fractions of coal are extracted by nonreactive solvents below 100/sup 0/C, whereas reactive solvents, such as amines, extract significant amounts by dismembering the host. Other results show that the pyrolysis of coal is characterized by five thermal events which are quantified and related to chemical events and energies of reaction. The aliphatic material in bituminous coals is demonstrated to be separate from the aromatic component up to the micrometer size and evidence for the introduction of the aliphatic component by plants via triglycerides along with the bulk of the coal is presented. 82 refs., 60 figs., 11 tabs.

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Mobility Control for CO2 Injection

This report gives an overall description of a Mobility Control Test of CO/sub 2/-Foam, performed in Pennzoil's Rock Creek Field of Roane County, West Virginia. The test did not produce any oil and was unfortunately not as definitive as had been wished. In particular, it did not give an unequivocal answer to the major question that had been asked - ''What is the effectiveness of such a simultaneous injection of dense CO/sub 2/ and surfactant solution in suppressing viscous instability of the displacement front in order to improve the performance and efficiency of CO/sub 2/ floods.''Despite this relative silence with respect to the most important question, the test did yield some results which can be of use to the industry. The first of these is that it is possible to inject dense CO/sub 2/ and surfactant solution simultaneously into a regular injection well. The reduced injectivity can be interpreted as due to reduced mobility of CO/sub 2/-foam, as an injection fluid with an apparent viscosity about 2 1/2 times that of water. The second test result of some interest is that the simultaneous injection of surfactant with the CO/sub 2/ was apparently successful in retarding the formation of viscous fingers and early breakthrough of CO/sub 2/ into a producing observation well only 75 feet away. The report gives details on related research and operating projects, on the design of all features of this test, on the chronology of injection and sampling, and on the test results. In addition, three extensive appendices give descriptions of related computer calculations of expected flooding patterns, of results to be expected from the Point Dilution Method and in the distribution of tracer concentration in the formation after a period of radial flow from the injection well. 25 refs.

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Pacific Project. Executive summary: retort and related facilities design. Task 8. Final report

Superior Oil Company, as an owner of significant oil shale and multi-mineral properties, commenced work on development of processes to extract oil and other minerals from shale (marlstone) in the early 1970s. Processes for oil (retorting), Nahcolite (mechanical and electro-mechanical processes), and Dawsonite (leaching and crystallization processes for alumina and sodium bicarbonate) were developed and demonstrated in continuous pilot plant testing. However, this document includes the retorting process development only. Superior's retorting process development effort focused on adaptation of the circular grate hardware for oil shale retorting. From February 1981 through July 1982, Davy McKee, a design and construction firm with considerable experience in circular grate equipment, performed design engineering work under contract to Superior for a Superior circular grate oil shale retort and its related facilities of oil recovery and power generation. Superior participated with the Department of Energy in a cost sharing cooperative agreement to fund this 18-month design effort. During this design phase, a detailed design was completed on the circular grate retort machine, the machine support structure, and the discharge conveyor system. Definitive design was completed for related facilities within the retort battery limits e.g., oil recovery and for power generation. Project documents were compiled into four proprietary volumes of project Data Books as follows: Volume I - General Conditions and Engineering Standards (Standards and Specifications,4924 ); Volume IIA - Project Definition (Drawings,4924 ); Volume IIB - Project Definition (Tradeoff Studies and Engineering Requisitions i.e., Major Component of Purchase Documents,4924 ); and Volume III - Cost Estimates and Schedules.

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Pacific Project, Garfield County, Colorado, Phase I. Final technical report

This report summarizes the technical aspects of the Phase I design and engineering program performed by Superior Oil Company and its'prime contractors under the cost-sharing agreement with the United States, Department of Energy. The demonstration plant engineering was undertaken to prove the environmental, economic, and technical viability of recovering shale oil using the Superior Oil Circular Grate Retorting Process. Phase I included the preliminary design and engineering of the mine, auxiliaries, and off-site facilities; definitive and detailed design and engineering of the nominal 18,000 barrel-per-day retorting module; and compilation of the site specific environmental baseline data. Table 1.1 shows the interrelationship of the Cooperative Agreement Tasks to the negotiated List of Deliverables for DE-FC03-80SF10852. This Final Technical Report contains a reference at the end of each section indicating the source material, the task number addressed, and deliverable(s) references which contain further detailed information. The list of deliverables is shown in Table 1.2, and the complete bibliographic reference for each deliverable item is listed in Table 1.3. Several of the deliverable reports contain proprietary information and are shown as ''Proprietary, not for Public Distribution''(Table 1.3). 16 refs.

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Pacific Project, Garfield County, Colorado, Phase I. Preliminary site development plan. Task 3

The Superior Oil Company, the Sohio Shale Oil Company, and the Cleveland Cliffs Iron Company propose to construct and operate a shale oil production facility in Garfield County, Colorado. This venture is termed the ''Phase I Pacific Project'', and would have an initial production capacity of approximately 18,000 barrels per day (BPD) of raw shale oil. In addition to the oil shale retorting module, the project would include an associated room-and-pillar mine and necessary support facilities. This draft description of proposed action is contingent upon the selection of one of three alternate plant locations: either Deer Park Gulch, Scott Gulch, or the top of the mesa would be the location of choice. The top of the mesa has been the primary example used throughout this description because of assured access and property ownership. The final plant site selection will be determined by a thorough review of the economic, environmental, and design tradeoffs which are beyond the scope of this draft and are not a part of the Phase I activities. Contents of this report include: description of the proposed action; project summaries; capital costs; operating costs; abandonment costs; economic evaluation and sensitivity analysis; site availability; and appendices. 23 figs., 13 tabs.

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Pacific Project. Design and demonstration for a surface oil shale retorting module. Conceptual design and cost estimate for 100,000 BPSD facility. Task 13. Final report

This Task 13 report describes the conceptual design for a 100,000 BPSD oil shale facility. Schedule and investment requirements to design and construct this facility are included here. Operating costs are defined. An evaluation is provided indicating economic sensitivity to selected variables. The facility is located on the Naval Oil Shale Reserve No. 1 in western Colorado and is designed to produce 100,000 BPSD of crude shale oil. Five Superior retorts are employed. This facility also generates 350 MW of electricity as by-product for internal use and export. Two boiler/generator trains are employed. The mine and primary crushing are not included in this facility, and raw shale is delivered to the battery limit at a price established by DOE. Facilities are provided for secondary crushing, screening, fines agglomeration, retorting, oil/gas separation, power generation, utilities, maintenance and administration. Design and economic criteria definition for the 100,000 BPSD facility are specified by DOE in the SRI International May 1981 Final Report entitled ''Economic and Design Bases for Oil Shale Production and Processing Facilities.''1 ref., 3 figs., 23 tabs.

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Combustion of ultrafine coal/water mixtures and their application in gas turbines: Final report

The feasibility of using coal-water fuels (CWF) in gas turbine combustors has been demonstrated in recent pilot plant experiments. The demands of burning coal-water fuels with high flame stability, complete combustion, low NO/sub x/ emission and a resulting fly ash particle size that will not erode turbine blades represent a significant challenge to combustion scientists and engineers. The satisfactory solution of these problems requires that the variation of the structure of CWF flames, i.e., the fields of flow, temperature and chemical species concentration in the flame, with operating conditions is known. Detailed in-flame measurements are difficult at elevated pressures and it has been proposed to carry out such experiments at atmospheric pressure and interpret the data by means of models for gas turbine combustor conditions. The research was carried out in five sequential tasks: cold flow studies; studies of conventional fine-grind CWF; combustion studies with ultrafine CWF fuel; reduction of NO/sub x/ emission by staged combustion; and data interpretation-ignition and radiation aspects. 37 refs., 61 figs., 9 tabs.

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A 50-month gasifier mechanistic study and downstream unit process development program for the pressurized ash-agglomerating fluidized-bed gasification system

This technology development program scope included studies of those processes and components necessary to convert coal, oxidant and steam into a clean fuel gas. The configuration of the processes and components constitutes a Gasifier Island which is a key concept in the application of the KRW gasification and cleanup technologies. This Gasifier Island typically consists of process units that perform the following functions: feedstock preparation, gasification, desulfurization, heat recovery, particulate removal, and solid waste treatment. The processing has been conducted in a variety of gasifier operating modes including air-blown and oxygen-blown, both with and without in-bed desulfurization which includes injection of limestone or dolomite sorbent. Process configurations downstream of the gasifier have included recycle and non-recycle cyclones, sintered filters, and zinc ferrite fixed beds. Because of the developmental nature of the KRW technology program and the flexibility of the pilot plant itself, a wide range of gasifier-cleanup process configurations has been investigated. The KRW pilot plant program evaluated a system comprised of the following major process elements: gasifier and in-bed desulfurizer, particulate cleanup train, external sulfur polishing bed, and solid waste disposal system.

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A 50-month gasifier mechanistic study and downstream unit process development program for the pressurized ash-agglomerating fluidized-bed gasification system

This document describes the general and specific requirements for the implementation of gasifier tests at the KRW pilot plant. In addition, this document defines the methods and suggested tolerances for the screening, analysis and reporting of operational data. This revised operational plan encompasses the additional requirements derived from the In-bed Desulfurization Program and incorporates refinements made in gasifier operation since January 1980. General objectives: demonstrate process operability during extended-duration runs with selected coal feedstocks; provide assurance that solids accumulations inside process vessels either do not form or do not inhibit prolonged operation; verify a firm basis for design and scale-up of the gasifier and for and other equipment peculiar to the KRW process; generate concise, documented material balances from pilot plant test data to include compositions, quantities, and conditions of the process streams; and obtain reliable process performance results to evaluate the technical and economic feasibility of the pressurized ash agglomerating gasifier and advanced downstream cleanup systems.

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Mineralogic and petrologic overview of core samples from the Dept. of Energy's western gas sands project multiwell experiment, Piceance Basin, Colorado

The Petrology Laboratory of Bendix Field Engineering Corporation (BFEC) at Grand Junction, Colorado, is performing mineralogic and petrologic analyses on core samples from the Multi-Well Experiment (MWX) project for Sandia National Laboratories. The samples studied to date include some fluvial sands, transitional sands, and shoreline blanket sands. The sands are generally fine-grained feldspar and lithic-rich quartz sandstones, with minimal textural and mineralogic variation. Porosity is predominantly microporosity in clays which fill secondary pore space. The primary factor limiting the permeability of these sands appears to be the clogging of the pore space by clay minerals.

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The Department of Energy's western gas sands project multiwell experiment update. [Colorado]

The Department of Energy has initiated a Multiwell Experiment with these objectives: characterization of low permeability, lenticular gas sands and evaluation of state-of-the-art and developing technology for their production. The location is in the Rulison Field in the Piceance Basin, Garfield County, Colorado where the lenticular Mesaverde sequence and the underlying blanket Corcoran-Cozzette are the formations of interest and lie at depths between 4,000 and 8,600 ft. Features of this research-oriented field experiment include: three close-spaced wells (100 to 500 ft) for reservoir characterization, conventional well tests, interference testing, well-to-well geophysical profiling, and placement of diagnostic instrumentation adjacent to fracture treatments; complete core taken through the formations of interest; a comprehensive core analysis program; an extensive logging program featuring conventional and experimental logs; determination of in situ stress in sand lenses and bounding shales; application of geophysical techniques to determine sand lens orientation; use of seismic, electrical potential and tilt diagnostic methods for hydraulic fracture characterization; and a series of stimulation experiments. This paper is a survey of the findings to date. It includes a discussion of a study of the most relative outcrops; the drilling program; core analysis; and well-to-well correlation of the geology.

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Alternative concepts for supplying carbon dioxide for enhanced oil recovery projects

The following objectives were accomplished: defining the CO/sub 2/ requirements for candidate enhanced oil recovery (EOR) reservoirs; generating alternative concepts for collecting, transporting, storing and processing CO/sub 2/ from naturally occurring sources and comparing them on the basis of cost effectiveness; and re-estimating the magnitude of the CO/sub 2/ EDR reserves based on the findings of this study. Fifty different natural gas purification processes for separating CO/sub 2/ were studied, and various modes of transportations and combinations were studied. If natural gases containing less than 10 mole percent CO/sub 2/ are processed, and trucks/trailers at 1000 psi and 90/sup 0/F are used to transport it (a distance of 100 miles), the CO/sub 2/ can be made available at the point of consumption for about $1.5/MSCF. The above cost includes all of the purification cost for 100 MMSCFD of natural gas containing 7.5 mole % CO/sub 2/. Considering only the natural gases from the Western Overthrust Belt and the Tuscaloosa Trend, the CO/sub 2/ reserves could be increased about 14 trillion standard cubic feet. It is recommended that DOE include the following in their future programs: Experimental work determining vapor-liquid equilibrium ratios for mixtures of methane-carbon dioxide at temperatures and pressures encountered in processing the natural gas. Experimental work determining other physical properties, such as heat capacity, conductivity, compessibility, viscosity, etc. for CH/sub 4/ to CO/sub 2/ mixtures containing other impurities, such as H/sub 2/S or others which exist in natural gases in the United States. High pressure truck/trailers should be studied in greater detail to determine an optimum pressure considering practical construction materials plus transportation rules and regulations.

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Gas turbine systems research and development CWM industrial energy system application study. Third topical report, October 1, 1984-May 31, 1985

Past attempts to develop advanced power generation systems burning coal-derived fuels have had limited commercial success. The reasons for this include continued technological difficulties, tightening environmental regulations, substantial economic risks, and the high cost of new technology demonstrations. One prospective way to expedite commercialization is to integrate the latest gas turbine technology identified during recent industrial and aircraft development programs with emerging technology for producing coal-derived fuels of intermediate quality. In this manner, the potential exists for leapfrogging to an attractive coal-burning power system without overwhelming research, development, and demonstration costs. United Technologies was one of three major contractors to complete a comprehensive systems analysis to conceptually define the ''best''gas turbine power system operating on partially cleaned coal gas and coal-water mixture (CWM) fuels. While that study focused on large size electric utility power systems, it identified the potential for burning over-the-fence CWM in industrial cogeneration systems. Accordingly, the original study was expanded to include a Phase II effort which provided a comparable systems assessment of the merits of CWM use in industrial cogeneration applications. This assessment investigated the costs of owning and operating on-site equipment, the cost of fuel to meet electrical and thermal needs, and the cost of deficit electricity purchased from the utility or the value of surplus electricity sold to them. A screening study selected two industries for detailed analysis. The chlorine and PVC industries looked most attractive, so they were selected for detailed evaluation.

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Porosity determination from neutron, density, and sonic logs in western gas sands. Annual report, 1 October 1978-30 September 1979

The porosities of core samples from the Natural Buttes 21 in Uinta County, Utah, have been measured in the laboratory using three techniques. Two techniques involve a helium porosimeter, and the third requires that the sample be saturated with kerosene and the difference between the saturated and the dry weight used as an indication of the porosity. The best method for determining porosity in the laboratory has not been selected. Initial results of determining porosities of intervals from the Natural Buttes 21 well using wireline logs indicate that the porosities calculated from the density logs might be too low if standard procedures are used. Matrix densities needed to calculate the correct porosities using the density logs were higher than normally used in the tight western gas sands. The error in calculating the porosity from the density log could underestimate the volume of gas-in-place in the tight western gas sands.

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Stochastic model of MHF propagation

A Monte Carlo model of the propagation of a hydraulic fracture through an inhomogeneous medium was constructed for use in the Western Gas Sands Project. The region through which the two-dimensional fracture propagates has a random variation of minimum in situ stress imposed upon it. By dividing the fracture into a number of sectors, the stress-intensity factor of each sector tip is calculated and compared with the fracture toughness at that point. The model produces an irregular fracture profile and fluctuations in the bottomhole fluid pressure. The irregularity in the profile is quite marked for the case of a stress distribution with mean 5000 psi and standard deviation 100 psi imposed randomly on a grid of resolution 40 feet. Many Monte Carlo trials will lead to a statistical probability of achieving a certain fracture radius (or wing length) and provide a relation between magnitude of pressure fluctuations and variations of minimum in situ stress.

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