AndreaBozzo/ceres-open-data-index huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of the laser Doppler velocimeter for particle sizing: Topical report

Measurement techniques for in-situ simultaneous measurements of particle size distributions and particle velocities using the dual beam laser Doppler velocimeter (LV) were investigated. This investigation concentrated on examination of the different signal characteristics of the LV for extraction of both particle size and particle velocity. These different signal components were evaluated not only singularly but also as sets of multiple simultaneous measurements to determine which characteristic, or combination of characteristics, provides the best measure of particle size. Different components of the LV signal were considered, but analysis concentrated on Doppler phase angle, visibility, and scatter-intensity because they show the greatest promise. Because LV signal characteristics are not monotonic functions of the particle size parameter, the resulting uncertainties introduced in the size-signal relationship were identified for the signals for both separate and simultaneous measurements. Uncertainties introduced by multiple particle indices of refraction were also evaluated. Finally, uncertainties resulting from particle trajectory variations in the spatially nonuniform LV probe volume were considered. No one signal characteristic or optical configuration was found which would minimize all uncertainties, but optimal configurations were identified for selected applications. Experimental verification and further optimization are recommended. The most promising instrument should be designed and tested to perform this validation, while allowing experimental comparisons of possible instrument configurations and developing instrument design concepts.

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Heavy oil reservoirs recoverable by thermal technology. Annual report

This volume contains reservoir, production, and project data for target reservoirs which contain heavy oil in the 8 to 25/sup 0/ API gravity range and are susceptible to recovery by in situ combustion and steam drive. The reservoirs for steam recovery are less than 2500 feet deep to comply with state-of-the-art technology. In cases where one reservoir would be a target for in situ combustion or steam drive, that reservoir is reported in both sections. Data were collectd from three source types: hands-on (A), once-removed (B), and twice-removed (C). In all cases, data were sought depicting and characterizing individual reservoirs as opposed to data covering an entire field with more than one producing interval or reservoir. The data sources are listed at the end of each case. This volume also contains a complete listing of operators and projects, as well as a bibliography of source material.

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High temperature chemistry of hydrogen production cycles

Studies of the catalyzed decomposition of MgSO/sub 4/ were completed and a manuscript describing the work was prepared. ZnSO/sub 4/, ZnO 2ZnSO/sub 4/, CuSO/sub 4/, and Al/sub 2/(SO/sub 4/)/sub 3/ were also found to yield SO/sub 3/ as the sole gaseous decomposition product, although SO/sub 2/ should predominate at equilibrium. As with other metal sulfate decompositions, a distinct progression of observed pressure with effusion orifice area indicates a significant kinetic barrier. Results obtained with the Zn, Cu, and Al sulfates are consistent with the decomposition mechanism postulated for MgSO/sub 4/. For ZnSO/sub 4/ and ZnO 2ZnSO/sub 4/, derived equilibrium pressures indicate that the oxide and basic sulfate reaction products may be formed in a finely divided state of higher surface free energy and slightly lower thermodynamic stability than the normal macrocrystalline phases. None of the semiconducting oxides found to be catalytically effective with MgSO/sub 4/ had any detectable effect on the decomposition of ZnSO/sub 4/ or ZnO 2ZnSO/sub 4/, but Pt had a substantial catalytic effect on the basic sulfate and a moderate effect on ZnSO/sub 4/. A sample of ZnO 2ZnSO/sub 4/(s) was prepared by thermal decomposition of ZnSO/sub 4/ and submitted to Lawrence Livermore Laboratory for measurement of high temperature heat content by drop calorimetry; a second sample has been prepared and submitted for low temperature and solution calorimetry at the Albany Metallurgy Research Center of the Bureau of Mines. With CuSO/sub 4/, the solid phase decomposition product was found to be CuO rather than the CuO CuSO/sub 4/ phase reported in static experiments, and the pressures for moderate to large orifices are converging on the SO/sub 3/ equilibrium pressure when extrapolated to zero orifice size. For the smallest orifice sizes, there appears to be a partial catalysis of SO/sub 3/ to SO/sub 2/ and O/sub 2/ by the CuO product.

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Morgantown Energy Technology Center: Publications list, FY 86

This Publications List includes the scientific and technical documents, papers, and presentations authored by the Morgantown Energy Technology Center (METC) staff as well as those written by METC contractors during Fiscal Year 1986. The documents, papers, and presentations are arranged by METC areas of expertise: Arctic and Offshore; Components; Computers, Modeling, and Simulation; Enhanced Oil Recovery; Environment; Fluidized-Bed Combustion; Fuel Cells; Gas Stream Cleanup; Gasification; Heat Engines; Instrumentation and Control; Low-Rank Coal; Oil Shale; Tar Sands; Unconventional Gas Recovery; Underground Coal Gasification; and Crosscutting Technologies. The reports are subarranged by identification numbers from the Energy Data Base. Author/corporate author, report number, and title indexes follow.

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Acid rain:  the impact of local sources

It has been assumed that acid rain is predominantly a problem of long-range transport of pollutants from large fossil fuel combustion sources, namely coal-fired utilities. However, close examination of fuel use information and source emission characteristics in the Adirondacks, Florida, and California suggests that local oil burning and automotive sources may be major contributors to the occurrence of acid rain in these areas. This report describes the possible role of local combustion sources in the production of acid rain, discusses the implications of the findings, and their relevance to alternative control strategies for acid rain. Oil-fired boilers, especially the smaller commercial, industrial, and residential units, produce at least 3 to 10 times as much primary sulfate per unit of sulfur content as coal-fired units. Moreover, oil-fired units emit comparatively large quantities of catalytic compounds capable of rapidly converting still more sulfur oxide to sulfate in the atmosphere. Thus, in areas where large quantities of oil are burned, the direct impact from locally generated sulfates may equal or even exceed that produced by imported sulfates derived from distant coal-burning sources. Fuel consumption data show that large quantities of oil are being consumed in areas experiencing acid rain. Forty percent of the residual and 36 percent of the distillate oil burned in the United States is consumed in the eight-state area surrounding the Adirondacks. California is the next largest oil-consuming area and Florida is third. Nitric acid is responsible for about 30 percent of rainfall acidity in the Northeast and Florida, and for about 30 to 75 percent of the rainfall acidity in California.

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Enhanced Oil Recovery by CO2 Foam Flooding

The objective is to identify commercially available additives which are effective in reducing the mobility of carbon dioxide, CO/sub 2/, thereby improving its efficiency in the recovery of tertiary oil, and which are low enough in cost to be economically attractive. During 1980 significant progress has been accomplished on each major contract objective. The apparatus, design and construction phase of this project is essentially complete. Correlation work on dynamic foam stability, in two-phase flow experiments in a linear sandpack, has shown that the most active foaming agents, as identified in static tests, may not necessarily be the best choices for mobility control in the field. The Alipal CD128-Monamid 150AD system, the leading foam generator in the static test, is slightly inferior to an ethoxylated alcohol, Neodol 23-6.5, that produces only a modest amount of foam in the static test. In the dynamic test, Neodol 23-6.5 lowered gas mobility by about a factor of 2 greater than the Alipal system. Both systems are outstanding in their performance, and further comparative tests are scheduled. A third structure which looks promising based on the interpretation of the above test is a Pluronic surfactant whose hydrophobe consists of polypropylene oxide rather than a linear alcohol as used in the Neodol surfactants. Additional tests on the hydrolysis rate of Alipal-type surfactants indicate that molecular breakdown may not be as rapid as at first suspected. Under neutral conditions the half-life of ethoxylated alcohol sulfates appears to be two to three years at a reservoir temperature of 120/sup 0/F. The Neodol and Pluronic structures should be even more stable.

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Component systems enhancement: Reduced girth seam weldments for heavy walled vessels: Final report

Since many coal gasification processes require heavy-wall pressure vessels as an integral part of the process train, new concepts to reduce the cost and schedule for manufacturing and constructing heavy-wall pressure vessels will result in overall plant cost savings. The results of this research demonstrate that it is feasible to use a reduced girth seam weldment design equal to two-thirds of the nominal vessel wall thickness. This reduction in welding thickness greatly reduces the overall cost of heavy-wall vessels. This report summarizes results of nonlinear finite element analysis and scale model testing of various reduced girth seam details demonstrating that the local reduced thickness does not significantly reduce the ultimate pressure capacity of a heavy-wall vessel. The report also summarizes estimated cost and schedule savings for a typical coal gasification vessel that uses a reduced girth seam detail. In addition, estimated overall plant construction cost savings and overall plant operating and maintenance cost savings are presented. 11 refs., 1 fig., 6 tabs.

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Mutagenicity of CTC No. 11 in the Ames Salmonella/Microsomal Assay

NIOSH has studied the mutagenicity of seven mild gasification product samples using the Ames Salmonella/microsomal assay. The Ames assay is widely used as a short-term test for the detection of possible genotoxic agents and potential carcinogens. Bacterial tester strains used in the Ames assay contain specific mutations (frameshift or base pair substitution) the amino acid histidine. The assay was performed on CTC No. 11, a mild gasification product with a liquid/tar consistency, using a DMSO and Tween 80. CTC No. 11 displayed significant mutagenic activity in all conditions tested. The high response was noted on TA98with microsomal activation. Although both solvents allowed a strong response to be evident, the mutagenic activity was higher when DMSO was the solvent. Significant response under these conditions indicates thepresence of potent, indirect-acting, frameshift mutagens. Moderate significant mutagenic activity was also noted on TA98 without microsomal activation indicating the presence of a direct-acting frameshift mutagen. In this case, the response was slightly higher when Tween 80 was used the solvent. Mutagenic activity on TA100, which indicates base-pair substitutions, was moderate with microsomal activation and weak without.

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Advanced atmospheric fluidized-bed combustion design---spouted bed: Final report

The spouted fluidized bed (SFB) is a hybrid of the spouted bed and the conventional fluidized bed. Because of the bed dynamics and the increased particle attrition in the spout zone the SFBC is expected to provide benefits over conventional fluidized bed combustor (FBC) including improved fuel flexibility, better sorbent utilization and lower gaseous emissions compared to a conventional FBC. Results of the experimental program demonstrated consistent incremental performance advantages for the SFBC compared to the conventional FBC when burning 1/4-3/4 in. coal with 0-1/2 in. limestone. These advantages include lower SO/sub 2/ emissions and lower NO/sub x/ emissions. In both cases the performance advantage for the SFBC increased significantly as the coal size and limestone size increased. Limited performance data are available for the large particle systems. The CO emissions were slightly higher for the SFBC than the conventional FBC. 9 refs., 7 figs., 10 tabs.

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BI-GAS Pilot-Plant operation. Quarterly technical progress report, January 1-March 31, 1983

Work was initiated in January 1983 on reactivation of the BI-GAS pilot plant in preparation for operation with Illinois No. 6 coal. The test program for using Illinois coal was completed for review by the Morgantown Energy Technology Center (METC). Equipment preparations included checking the fuel oil system, cooling water tower, service water system, plant air system, the low pressure boiler and the demineralizer. In addition, a new coal cyclone was ordered as well as pall rings for the H/sub 2/S stripper. A program developed by Stearns-Roger Inc., in Denver for calculating plant mass and energy balances was entered into the Homer City computer. Reactivation of the BI-GAS pilot plant continued through the month of February with approximately fifty percent of the required work being completed. In addition to the reactivation, several projects were initiated or completed including (1) development of an on-line heat and material balance through the data acquisition system for use during actual plant operation, (2) revisions to operation of the slag tap and slag heating burners, (3) a steam desuperheater for the slurry preheater, and (4) a study to convert the BI-GAS gasifier to single-stage operation. Reactivation of the BI-GAS pilot plant proceeded during March 1983 with completion expected in April. The test program for G-20, scheduled for May 1983, was issued along with modifications prior to the test. Calculations were done to determine if the gasifier can be operated at 500 psig. In general, it was found that few plant modifications would be necessary to operate at the lower pressure. 5 figures, 4 tables.

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BI-GAS Pilot Plant operation. Quarterly technical progress report, July 1-September 30, 1983

During the month of July 1983, the program objectives for Test G-21 were developed recommending that the gasifier be operated at 500 psig with Illinois No. 6 coal instead of 750 psig. It was suggested to reduce the gasifier pressure in order to decrease or eliminate the char agglomeration occurring in Stage I of the gasifier. Included in the July operations section are reports on the theory of formation of agglomerates and on terminal velocity of char particles at operating pressures of 500 and 750 psig. Test G-22 was conducted August 30-September 2, 1983 with: 61.3 hours of coal feed to the gasifier, 59.2 hours of char feed, and 67.0 hours of char burner firing. Char feed to the gasifier was steady and able to be maintained for a significant period of time while the char valves were full open and there was no level in the feed vessel. When the valves were closed, a level established and the valves reopened; problems with char feed occurred. After a period of poor char feed, coal feed was reduced and the char vessel was emptied. Feed improved after these measures were taken, once again establishing that char feed with Illinois No. 6 coal can be readily maintained with the valves full open and no feed vessel level but once the valve openings are reduced and a level built, plugging develops. 1 figure, 14 tables.

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Challenge of change:  sixth international ash-utilization symposium proceedings

Papers presented at this symposium included:  the recovery of useful minerals from fly ash; its use as a substitute for cement in highway construction, oil well cementing, and the manufacture of building materials; its use as a landscaping material; details of the physical, chemical, and mechanical properties of fly ash; and its ground disposal. Separate abstracts were prepared for selected papers of the symposium. (CKK)

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Geologic and geochemical studies of the New Albany Group (Devonian black shale) in Illinois to evaluate its characteristics as a source of hydrocarbons. Quarterly progress report, January 1--March 31, 1978

Project work is reported in sections on geological evaluation studies, mineralogic and petrographic characterization, physical characterization, geochemical characterization, separation methods development, surface area measurements, methane adsorption measurement, and data processing. (JRD)

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Geologic and geochemical studies of the New Albany Group in Illinois (Devonian black shale) to evaluate its characteristics as a source of hydrocarbons. Annual report, October 1, 1976--September 30, 1977

The Illinois State Geological Survey is conducting geological and geochemical investigations to evaluate the potential of New Albany Group shales as sources of hydrocarbons. Geological studies include stratigraphy and structure; mineralogic and petrographic characterization; analyses of physical properties; and development of a computer-based resources evaluation system. Studies include quantitative determination of 49 major, minor, and trace elements; trace element distribution between inorganic and organic phases; hydrocaron characterization; and adsorption/desorption studies of gas through shales. Six cores (five from Illinois and one from western Kentucky) provide the principal data base for these investigations. Using subsurface stratigraphic techniques, twenty-two cross-sections and a preliminary New Albany Group thickness map have been prepared. Isopach maps are in preparation for each of the formations within the New Albany. Black shales predominate in the center of the Illinois Basin, whereas gray shales predominate around the margins of the Basin. A computer data base of over 5000 wells penetrating the New Albany Group has been compiled. Tectonic origins are not postulated for any of the linears, and caution is advised when interpreting linear features in glaciated terrains. Mineralogic and petrographic studies have concentrated on two cores. A preliminary classification of four shales lithofacies based on primary depositional characteristics has been established and related to oxygenation of the bottom environment. Preliminary results of physical index properties; major, minor, and trace elements; and gas compositions have been obtained for three cores. Internal surface area measurements reveal that gray shales have higher ultramicroporosity than do black shales. The gray shales also have high gas diffusion rates and are better reservoir rocks.

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Laboratory data in support of hydraulically fracturing EGSP NY well No. 3. Final report

By the results in this report, it appears that the Devonian shale formation in the EGSP NY No. 3 well maybe successfully hydraulically fractured using nitrogen foam as a fracturing fluid. However, overall success will be dependent on the degree of natural fracturing within the formation. Then, an induced fracture linking the areas of natural gas concentration to the wellbore can provide sufficient fracture conductivity for commercial production levels. If extensive fluid loss is experienced during treatment, irreparable damage to the fracture faces, both induced and natural, may limit the overall well productivity. 6 references, 6 figures, 5 tables.

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Hot-Gas Cleanup for Molten Carbonate Fuel Cells-Dechlorination and Soot Formation

Two separate aspects of hot-gas conditioning for molten carbonate fuel cells (MCFC) were investigated under this contract: potential high temperature chloride sorbent materials were sreened and tested and carbon deposition on MCFC components was studied experimentally to determine guidelines for maximizing MCFC efficiency while avoiding carbon fouling. Natural minerals containing sodium carbonate were identified as the most promising candidates for economical removal of chlorides from coal gasifier effluents at temperatures of about 800 K (980/sup 0/F). The mineral Shortite was tested in a fixed bed and found to perform remarkably well with no calcination. Using Shortite we were able to achieve the program goal of less than 1 ppmV chlorides at 800 K. Shortite is an abundant mineral with no competing commercial demand, so it should provide an economical chloride cleanup sorbent. Measurements showed that carbon deposition can occur in the equilibrium carbon freee region because of the relative rates of the relevant reactions. On all surfaces tested, the Boudouard carbon formation reaction is much faster than the water-gas shift reaction which is much faster than the methanation reaction. This means that the normal practice of adding steam to prevent carbon formation will only succeed if flows are slow enough for the water shift reaction to go substantially to completion. More direct suppression of carbon formation can be achieved by CO/sub 2/ addition through anode recycle to force the Boudouard reaction backward. Addition of steam or CO/sub 2/ must be minimized to attain the highest possible MCFC efficiency. 28 references, 31 figures, 22 tables.

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Paraho Oil Shale Module:  data and information management system for Phase II. Topical report, Task 14

Paraho has developed a data and information management system for controlling, handling, and distributing project-related management, engineering, and performance data/information to be compiled during Phase II of the module program. Included are plans and procedures for collecting, screening, processing, analyzing, documenting, reporting, storing, and retrieving relevant information. The data/information management plan assures that data collected, to verify the design basis, to check equipment design, and to track cost estimates, can readily be retrieved, maintained, and reported out. All the data required for commercial evaluation of the module demonstration will be available in a useable form. This information will be used to check the design criteria. Principal areas of the system are: process (operating system) data; maintenance data; environmental, health, and safety data; and cost data. The areas are interrelated, with each ultimately affecting the cost system. Module process performance and evaluation data include a comprehensive list of information items needed by the operating, engineering, and accounting departments. These data are used to determine performance of each piece of process equipment, for quality control, for numerous production calculations, and for periodic reports. The maintenance data system allows the engineering and maintenance staffs to monitor performance characteristics of one or a number of machines and includes equipment operators'reports, inspections reports, preventive maintenance reports, and breakdown maintenance report. The environmental, health, and safety data system includes a data base for permits, samples, simulation, and compliance. Also included are files containing mine safety reports and employee medical records, along with information related to major federal and state regulatory agencies.

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