AndreaBozzo/ceres-open-data-index huggingface dataset:
Chattanooga shale to synthetic fuel - feasibility study. Phase II. Final report

The conversion of eastern oil shale into a synthetic liquid fuel has received considerable attention in recent years due not only to the desire for the country to become energy efficient but to the many problems associated with the development of western shale. In an effort to assess the potential of Tennessee's Chattanooga Shale as a source of shale oil, a two-phase study was undertaken at Tennessee Technological University. The first phase was directed to the analysis and characterization of Chattanooga Shale in selected counties in Tennessee. These sites were those where plant locations were deemed possible and the quantity of recoverable shale was estimated to be of sufficient amount to make mining and processing potentially feasible. Phase II of the project, herein reported, was a study of a specific site in Putnam County that has a high potential for commercialization. It essentially covered an assessment of recoverable shale oil, characterized the site specific shale, and determined preliminary mining requirements of the site selected. In addition, the public issues relating to development were reviewed including environmental considerations at the selected site and State and Federal regulations that would impact on the mining and processing of the shale. Under presently available technology and crude oil prices, underground mining of Chattanooga Shale at the site would be uneconomical. 4 figures, 2 tables.

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Nitrogen-type distribution in hydrotreated shale oils: Correlation with upgrading process conditions

A study of nitrogen-type compounds in hydro-treated shale oils produced by various upgrading processes is described. Correlations of the nitrogen-type distribution in hydrotreated shale oil with the hydrotreating process assist the refiner to effectively produce a quality shale oil product. Samples of hydrotreated shale oils (0.01 to 1.26 wt. percent nitrogen) produced by Chavron Research Company, Standard Oil Company (Ohio), and the Laramie Energy Technology Center were investigated. Feedstock used for upgrading included the Paraho direct- and indirect-fired retorted shale oils, Geokinetics in situ, and Occidental modified in situ retorted shale oils. The nitrogen-type separation was achieved by alumina/silica adsorption chromatography, and chemical characterization of the resulting nitrogen-type fractions was obtained by nonaqueous potentiometric titration, infrared spectroscopy, and mass sepctrometry. The nitrogen-type distribution is shown to depend upon process temperature and pressure. 16 refs.

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Effect of oil-shale grade on carbonate-decomposition rates in an autogenous atmosphere

The rate of CO and CO/sub 2/ evolution from Colorado oil shale heated at a constant rate under an autogenous atmosphere is reported. Three samples with grades of 84, 150 and 251 l/Mg were investigated. The gas evolution rates from powdered samples in an autogenous atmosphere are nearly identical with those from solid cores. The rate of dolomite decomposition depends strongly on the grade of the oil shale and the presence of a sweep gas. Results are tentatively interpreted in terms of the accessibility of the dolomite crystals to steam produced during retorting.

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Pulverizing lignite in a ring roller mill

The Bureau of Mines studied lignite pulverization in a laboratory ring-roller mill. Both moisture content and the source of lignite were found to be important factors in pulverizer operation. Reduction of moisture content increased capacity and reduced power consumption, but predrying is more effective than in-the-mill drying in improving pulverizer operation. A combination predrier-crusher system produced significant improvements but other efforts to improve in-the-mill drying in the test mill were unsuccessful. Pulverization of frozen lignite was found to seriously reduce pulverizer capacity and increase power requirements.

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Catalytic hydroprocessing of shale oil to produce distillate fuels

Results are presented of a Chevron Research Company study sponsored by the Energy Research and Development Administration (ERDA) to demonstrate the feasibility of converting whole shale oil to a synthetic crude resembling a typical petroleum distillate. The synthetic crude thus produced can then be processed, in conventional petroleum-refining facilities, to transportation fuels such as high octane gasoline, diesel, and jet fuel. The raw shale oil feed used is a typical Colorado shale oil produced in a surface retort in the so-called indirectly heated mode. It is shown that whole shale oil can be catalytically hydrodenitrified to reduce the nitrogen to levels as low as one part per million in a single catalytic stage. However, for economic reasons, it appears preferable to denitrify to about 0.05 wt % nitrogen. The resulting synthetic crude resembles a petroleum distillate that can be fractionated and further processed as necessary in conventional petroleum refining facilities. Shale oil contains about 0.6% sulfur. Sulfur is more easily removed by hydrofining than is nitrogen; therefore, only a few parts per million of sulfur remain at a product nitrogen of 0.05 wt %. Oxygen contained in the shale oil is also reduced to low levels during hydrodenitrification. The shale oil contains appreciable quantities of iron and arsenic which are also potential catalyst poisons. These metals are removed by a guard bed placed upstream from the hydrofining catalyst. Based on correlations, the naphthas from the shale oil hydrofiner can readily be upgraded to high octane gasolines by catalytic reforming. The middle distillate fractions may require some additional hydrofining to produce salable diesel or jet fuel. The technology is available, and pilot plant studies are scheduled to verify diesel hydrofiner performance.

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Health and environmental effects of complex chemical mixtures: proceedings

The program on complex chemical mixtures is devoted to developing predictive capabilities related to the health and environmental effects of human exposure to complex mixtures. Major thrusts are directed towards a better understanding of: syngergistic and antagonistic toxicological behavior of chemicals in mixtures; the effect of mixtures on metabolism and fate of toxic components in human or animal tissue; the inhalation toxicology of complex mixtures; and the transportation and fate of complex mixtures through the environment to man. This report presents technical progress on this program and indicates future research directions. Separate abstracts have been prepared for individual papers.

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Twelfth oil shale symposium proceedings

"Under contract with the Office of Naval Research and Department of Energy, Paraho performed retorting research directed towards supplying, transporting, and  refining of up to 14,400 tonnes (100, 000 barrels) of crude shale oil. During the 1977-78 research-production  project, several milestones were achieved:  • Long, continuous operations.  • High onstream factors.  • Good material balance closures.  • Good yields.  • Significant research results.  This paper discusses the milestones  and presents data on the Paraho operations."

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Measurement of frontal instability of two phase immiscible displacement in tar sands at reservoir conditions

An instrumentation technique for the measurement of frontal instability of advancing oil and water fronts into core materials at reservoir conditions has been developed. The technique uses parallel open grid electrodes placed in good electrical contact within the confined core to measure conductance and capacitance. Also associated with each electrode is a thermocouple to give information associated with thermal fronts. Instabilities are identified by analysis of the changing capacitance and conductance induced by the movement of the front and its instabilities. This technique permits measurement of the velocity of the fronts, the fingers resulting from instability in the frontal advance, and the area and length of these fingers. A number of cases were investigated; these included brine front injection into a virgin core and oil displacement of a brine saturated silica core. As expected, in a relatively stable displacement the fingers moved at relatively slower velocities than the fronts, but not at a constant differential velocity. Often, considerable extension was observed to be reduced only at another stage of the displacement. This general technique can be adapted to core and laboratory-scaled physical models where information on frontal stability important.

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Radiation chemistry of some simple pyrroles. [. gamma. rays]

The Laramie Energy Research Center has been involved for many years in the study of shale oil and chemicals from shale oil. Pyrrolic compounds are found in shale oil and y irradiation of five simple pyrroles has been investigated as part of a chemicals from shale oil program. The pyrrolic compounds studied are pyrrole, the monomethyl pyrroles, and 2.5- dimethylpyrrole. Of these compounds, only the radiation chemistry of pyrrole has been reported before.

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Gases produced during. gamma. irradiation of the monobutylbenzenes

The four isomeric monobutylbenzenes have been y-irradiated and the gases produced have been analyzed by gas chromatography. The most abundant gaseous product is hydrogen. The Relative yields of hydrogen indicate a relationship to the number of benzylic hydrogen's in the starting butylbenzene, C1 and c2's for scc-butylbenzene, C2's and C1 for iso-butylbenzene, andC1 for text butyl benzene. The gaseous products indicate that reactions forming benzylie intermediates predominate.

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Degradation of the organic compounds in retort water. Final report, June 30, 1976-June 29, 1977

Retort water is one of the major waste products from oil shale retorting processes. This product water gives rise to serious disposal and purification problems. It is loaded with considerable quantities of soluble inorganic and organic materials which in turn are composed of many refractory compounds. The objective of this work is to develop viable methodologies for practical removal or decomposition of the soluble organics in retort water. The results of such an investigation will provide important insight into the methodology of retort water treatment, as well as helping in development of the in situ oil shale retorting process.

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Oil shale sample locations and analyses, southwest Wyoming and northwest Colorado

As part of their oil shale research and technology activties, the Western Research Institute (WRI) and its predecessor federal organizations* have accumulated oil shale rechness data, lithological data, and X-ray differaaction mineral data for nearly  four decades. A large portion of these data pertains to oil shales andassociated rocks of the Eocene Green River Formation in southwest Wyoming and adjacent parts of Colorado. Samples were obtined form the Green river Basin of Wyoming and the Washakie and Sand Wash Basin of Wyoming and Colorado. Plate 1 shows the location of each sample set, and Tables 1 and 2 give information on sample type, precise location, company name, well name, assay type, and assay and lithology data flie numbers for each sample.

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Bureau of Mines--Atomic Energy Commission Colorado corehole No. 3, Rio Blanco County, Colorado. [Potential site for nuclear explosion fracturing]

The frilling of Colorado Corehole No. 3 was a part of a cooperative program with the Atomic Energy Commission to investigate sites for pilot experiments concerning in situ processing of oil shale. The well was drilled to evaluate a potential site for a subsurface nuclear explosion designed to fracture oil shale in place. This paper presents the procedures for the drilling of the well and results obtained. Two other wells were previously drilled by the USBM in the northwestern part of the Piceance Creek basin to obtain data on the subsurface oil shale deposits.

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Environmental assessment perspective on the emerging oil shale industry. Final report

This environmental assessment report conveys the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA's) understanding of and perspective on oil shale development. For government agencies, private developers, and others involved in the oil shale industry, the report provides a source of basic information as well as a means of identifying EPA's concerns and interests relative to oil shale development. The report: Summarizes available information on oil shale resources; Summarizes major air, water, solid waste, health, and other environmental impacts; Analyzes applicable pollution control technology; and Provides guidance for sampling, analyzing, and monitoring emissions, effluents, and solid wastes from oil shale processes. The report emphasizes those environmental impacts and control technologies that EPA believes will be of major importance.

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Analysis of coal tars collected from Rocky Mountain 1 ELW and CRIP modules

Coal tars were sampled as composites from the Extended Linked Well and the Controlled Retracting Injection Point product streams of the Rocky Mount 1 underground coal gasification field test. Water and tar were condensed from a production line slip stream used to provide gas samples for analysis. Prior to analyses, tar samples were cleaned by centrifuging to remove any free water and fine particulate matter remaining in the coal tar samples.

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Laboratory studies on evaluation of in situ biodegradation at the Hoe Creek UCG (underground coal gasification) site

Laboratory experiments were conducted to evaluate the potential for in situ biodegradation in the contaminated groundwater aquifer at the Hoe Creek underground coal gasification site. Experiments were performed in electrolytic respirometric cells under simulated environmental condition. An orthogonal, fractional factorial design was used to evaluate the effects of the following factor on phenol degradation: nutrient dose, amount of bacterial inoculum, temperature, light conditions, and substrate concentration. Microorganisms native to the environment were used as the inoculm, and phosphorus was used as the nutrient.

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Tracer and air acceptance characterization of a San Juan basin coal

As part of an ongoing effort to develop an assess the feasibility of underground coal gasification in New Mexico, a field study was performed to determine the natural flow characteristics of an undisturbed coal seam. Dewatering, air injection, and tracer experiments were conducted on a twohole test pattern, spaced 30 ft apart, in a 15-ft thick seam located about 500 ft below the surface. This was the first field experiment in coal to utilize a newly developed downhole measuring system designed and operated by Sandia National Laboratories. From the tracer flow logs and air acceptance tests we found that the formation allows gas flow with low water production. While some vertical variation in air flow and tracer residence time through the coal seam was found, all of the coal sustained flow trough a relatively low volume of active voids. Only 10 percent of the injected air was recovered and the recovery rate paralleled trends in the injection rate.

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Modeling and interpretation of two-phase flow and tracer studies from a subbituminous coal seam in the San Juan basin of New Mexico

Field and modeling studies were performed to characterize two-phase flow within the natural cleat structure of an upper Cretaceous sub bituminous coal seam. A two borehole pattern with open completion was used in a study of dewatering and tracer residence time distribution, Air was used as the airborne tracer. Air inflow and air and water production rates and tracer arrival times were monitored. The field tests were simulated with a two-phase three component porous flow code. Results showed that the air inflow and air and water outflow rates and breakthrough times could not be modeled assuming a uniform darcy-type permeability. The use of a pressure dependent permeability did provide, however, a much better match with the field data.

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Aromatic and aliphatic carbon contents of coals and oil shales by /sup 13/C NMR

For many types of samples in the field of fossil fuels, e.g., oil shales typical coals, only a small fraction of the organic substances can be extracted from a solid under mild conditions that would be expected to retain the primary structural integrity of the organic compounds. Mence, the constraint of analytical techniques to liquid samples has been very restrictive. This constraint has been shared by nuclear magnetic resonance, for which high-resolution analytical applications have been limited to liquid samples until very recently. The "standard" 13C nmr techniques, including pulse Fourier transform approaches have not been generally useful for solid samples because of the excessive line broadening due to dipole dipole interactions between 13C and 1H magnetic dipoles, chemical shift anisotropies, and long 13C spin lattice relaxation times. All of these problems are eliminated in liquids by the normal tumbling motions occurring randomly in the liquid state.

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Development of in-situ recovery technology at Cold Lake

The major oil sands deposits in Alberta each have their own particular characteristics of depositional environment and bitumen properties which affect the selection of recovery processes. The Cold Lake Oil Sands in NE. Alberta are estimated to contain ca 25 billion cu m of bitumen. The depth of burial dictates the use of in situ processes for bitumen recovery, and Esso Resources has been pursuing laboratory and field pilot studies of potential processes for over 20 yr. This study provides a brief overview of these studies and the results which have been obtained.

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Control of sulfur emissions from oil-shale retorting using spent-shale absorption. Final report, October 1985-February 1986

Control of sulfur emissions constitutes a major portion of the environmental control cost for oil shale facilities. These substantial sulfur control costs have encouraged developers to seek less costly but recently a strong industry trend has been to look toward the potential for combusting carbonaceous retorted shale to recover its energy value, while exploring the possibility of absorbing the sulfur gases produced during retorting onto the claimed carbonate material present after combustion of retorted western oil shale.

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Pollution control technical manual: TOSCO 2 oil shale retorting with underground mining. Final report

The TOSCO II oil shale PCTM addresses the TOSCO II retorting technology as developed by the Oil Shale Corporation. The TOSCO II oil shale facility described in this document is the plant proposed by Colony Development Operation for commercial development of its oil shale resources in western Colorado. TOSCO II plants proposed or built by other developers in the future can be expected to be similar in most aspects to the plant described in this document, but each can be expected to vary in some respects, such as mining methods, selection of particular control technologies, or methods for upgrading the raw shale oil.

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Oil shale mining environmental research program plan. Volume I. High funding level. Open file report (final) July 1979-September 1980

This document is a proposed program plan for mining environmental research to be conducted by the US Bureau of Mines in support of industrial oil shale mining and processing. This program plan is one of three research alternatives being considered by the Bureau, each based on a different level of anticipated funding. This report documents the high funding level program plan.

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Sorption-desorption capacity of oil shale materials. Volume 1. Literature review. [188 references]

Among the more important sources of synfuel are oil shale. However, during the processing of shale's large quantities of spent shale are process waters contaminated with a myriad of organic and inorganic agents are produced. There are some who believe that the two waste materials, spent shale and waters, can and should be disposed of together, whereas other are concerned that combination of the two waste products will create greater environmental problems than when the materials are managed separately. It is likely that the processed shale's will ultimately be disposed of on land, regardless of whether or not co-disposal is practiced in order to evaluate the hazards associated with co-disposal and land disposal of the wastes it is necessary to have an appreciation for the sorption/desorption behavior of agents contained in the shale's and process waters.

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Draft environmental assessment of application by ERDA for a Special Land Use Permit for use of public lands in Wyoming for in situ coal gasification experiments

The Energy Research and Development Administration is making application to the Bureau of Land Management for a Special Land use Permit for approximately 80 acres of public land. The 80 acre tract is located in the Powder River basin about 20 miles south of Gillette, Wyoming. The land is to be used by the Lawrence Livermore Laboratory for the purpose of conducting an underground coal gasification experiment. Under the terms of a previous Special Land Use Permit, Lawrence Livermore Laboratory has carried out extensive drilling and geophysical testing to characterize the requested site and determine its suitability for the proposed experiment. The 80 acre tract for which a Special Land Use Permit is being sought has been designated the "Hoe Creek Site."

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Simplified kinetics of oil shale pyrolysis

Analytical techniques have been developed that permit a distinction between the aromatic and aliphatic carbon fractions in kergogen. A new investigation of the kinetics of oil shale pyrolysis based on the aromatic-aliphatic carbon distribution in the kerogen indicates that simplified reaction mechanisms can account for the formation of products during retorting of oil shale. Some preliminary results of this study are presented and compared with previously published results. 23 refs.

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Polymer flotation and activated carbon adsorption treatment for in situ tar sand process water

"Tar sand  deposits in the United States are estimated to  exceed thirty billion barrels [1] and offer long term potential  for satisfying future energy needs. At present there is  no commercial scale tar sand extraction industry in the  United States, although several bench and pilot scale research  projects have been completed [2, 3]. Three of the  larger field scale experiments were completed by the Department  of Energy (DOE) at a site near Vernal , Utah.  The first two of these efforts involved in situ combustion  while the third used steam drive. During this last experiment  1150 barrels of oil and 6250 barrels of water were  produced. These waters were characterized as having  Significant organic loads, primarily as emulsified bitumen.  Inorganics, including trace metals were observed in  apparently insignificant concentrations. Bench scale  treatability experiments were initiated to determine appropriate  technologies to remove this organic load. Two  aIternative approaches were found to be of equal effectiveness: metallic hydroxide coagulation, followed by  flocculation and sedimentation and cationic polymer colloid  destabilization followed by flotation . A series of experiments were undertaken to determine the most  appropriate operating conditions for each of these respective  approaches [4 , 5, 6, 7] . This paper reviews some of  the flotation configurations which were used to generate a  large (350 L) volume of treated effluent as well as describing  some toxicology and analytical chemistry protocols  used to characterize these fluids. Additional emphasis is  placed upon a series of activated carbon adsorption experiments  undertaken to detoxify the flotation effluents."

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