AndreaBozzo/ceres-open-data-index huggingface dataset:
EVALUATION OF ADDITIVES TO ENHANCE THE IN SITU STEAM PROCESSES APPLIED TO U.S. AND CANADIAN TAR SAND AND HEAVY OIL RESERVOIRS - FIRST ANNUAL REPORT FOR THE PERIOD OF OCT. 14, 1982 - NOV. 4, 1983

This  annual report presents the  progress in a DOE sponsored program to identify additives to in situ steam processes which enhance oil production mechanisms or process control.  The program is oriented toward site specific applications of additives to heavy oil and tar sand resources.  Actual reservoir materials from California and Saskatchewan (heavy oils) and Utah and Alberta (tar sands) were utilized in experimental work.  The program plan consists of three successive additive screening phases.  The first screening phase, consisting of a literature review, identified additive applications to the specific resource candidates.  The categories of selected additives included gases, solvents, surface active solvent, surfactants and reactive chemicals.  Chemical and physical evaluations conducted during the second screening phase assessed additive performance at elevated temperatures and interactions with resource matrix, water and oil.  Phase two screening has been completed for solvents, surface active solvents and surfactants.   Additives demonstrating superior performance were then subject to process simulations in unscaled physical models during the third and final screening phase.  Additive enhancement  is established by comparisons with baseline evaluations without additives.  The baseline evaluations with the four heavy oil and tar sand resources have been completed.

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EVALUATION OF ADDITIVES TO ENHANCE THE IN SITU STEAM PROCESSES APPLIED TO U.A. AND CANADIAN TAR SAND AND HEAVY OIL RESERVOIRS - THIRD QUARTERLY REPORT, MAY 2, 1983 - AUG. 5, 1983

This report represents the third quarter activities on a DOE/LPO sponsored program to identify additives to in situ steam processes which enhance oil production mechanisms or process control.  The program is oriented toward site specific recovery of heavy oil (California) and) and tar sand (Utah and Athabasca, Alberta) resources.  The program plan consists of three successive additive screening phases.  The first screening phase, consisting of a literature review,  has been completed and reported in the first quarterly review.   The categories of selected additives included gases, solvents, surfactants and reactive chemicals.  During the third quarter of performance, Phase 2 physical and chemical evaluations were performed for surfactant additives.  Interpretation and recommendations for solvent screening and surfactant screening evaluations are reported herein.  Additives recommended for further screening based on Phase 2  performance will be subjected to process simulations in steam tube experiments, during the next quarter of performance.

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EVALUATION OFF ADDITIVES TO ENHANCE THE IN SITU STEAM PROCESSES APPLIED TO U.S. AND CANADIAN TAR SAND AND HEAVY OIL RESERVIORS - SECOND QUARTERLY REPORT FOR THE PERIOD, JAN.31, 1983 - APRIL 29, 1983

This report represents the second quarter activities on a DOE/LPO sponsored program to identify additives to  steam processes which enhance oil production mechanisms or process control.  The program is oriented toward site specific recovery of heavy oil (California) and tar sand (Utah and Athabasca, Alberta) resources.  The program plan consists of three successive additive screening phases.  The first screening phase, consisting of a literature review,  has been completed and reported in the first quarterly report.   The categories of selected additives included gases, solvents, surfactants and reactive chemicals.  During the second quarter of performance, Phase 2 physical and chemical evaluations were initiated for solvent and surfactant additives.  Results for solvent screening evaluations are reported herein.  Evaluation of this screening will permit assessment of mechanism enhancement.  Additives which exhibit superior performance will be subjected to process simulation in steam tube experiments, during Phase 3 later in 1983.

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EVALUATION OF ADDITIVES TO ENHANCE THE IN SITU STEAM PROCESSES APPLIED TO U.S. AND CANADIAN TAR SAND AND HEAVY OIL RESERVIORS FIRST QUARTERLY REPORT FOR THE PERIOD OCTOBER 14, 1982 - JANUARY 28, 1983

This report represents the first quarter activities on a DOE/LPO sponsored program to identify additives to  steam processes which enhance oil production mechanisms or process control.  The program is  specifically oriented toward recovery of heavy oil (California) and tar sand (Utah and Athabasca, Alberta) resources.  The program plan consists of three successive additive screening phases.  The first screening phase, consisting of a literature review, has been completed. A list of additives was developed which reflects candidates which are new products or have not been assessed with specific resources using steam.   The categories of selected additives included gases, solvents, surfactants, clay stabilization agents and reactive chemicals.  These additives will be subjected to physical and chemical evaluations (Phase 2) which are currently underway.  The tests will permit assessment of thermal stability and the effectiveness of mechanism enhancement.  Only those additives which exhibit superior performance will be subjected to process simulation in steam tube experiments, during Phase 3 later in 1983.

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ENHANCED OIL RECOVERY AND TAR SANDS PROCESS ENGINEERING

The EOR and tar sands R & D  programs are designed to accelerate the development  of technologies to recover a significant portion of the currently unrecoverable oil.  Specific objectives include more accurately assessing domestic resources, increasing recovery efficiencies and reducing costs of EOR techniques, thereby enlarging the recoverable resource for EOR.  The Department has developed a 5-year plan to guide the EOR and tar sands R & D programs.  In all cases, DOE initiatives are closely coordinated with industry to avoid duplication on efforts.

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RECOVERY AND UPGRADING OF OIL FROM UTAH TAR SANDS SECOND ANNUAL REPORT, OCT. 1, 1985 - SEPT. 30, 1986

The University of Utah tar sands research and development program has progressed well in its second year of the current three year contract.  The program has advanced significantly toward its long term objectives.  The long term objectives of this program remain the development of scientific and engineering data required for the commercialization of domestic tar sands.  Areas that have been given research attention are bitumen upgrading, thermal recovery by fluidized bed retort, thermal recovery by an energy efficient heat pipe process, and water assisted separation of bitumen from ore.

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IN SITU EXTRACTION OF BITUMEN FROM TAR SANDS USING COKER OIL

The author proposes to extract bitumen from tar sands with hot coker oil or other inexpensive solvents using either in situ operation or following mining and grinding of tar sands.  The proposed coker oil can be obtained by thermal cracking of tar sands bitumen, or shale oil, or heavy petroleum fractions.  However, after initial operation, i.e., when the circulated oil is enriched with ;the extracted bitumen, some of the solvent is being continuously tapped; the tapped liquid is then heated under pressure to the cracking temperature of the dissolved bitumen and thus produces an excess of coker oil for eventual delivery to petroleum refineries.  A typical coker oil obtained from tar sands contains hydrocarbons in the gasoline, kerosene, fuel oil and predominately gas oil range.  During coking operation some coke and fuel gas are produced.  While fuel gas is needed to heat ;the coking oil and power the pumps, coke is a marketable product.

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THE NATIONAL PETROLEUM RESERVE IN ALASKA - EARTH SCIENCE CONSIDERATIONS

The long history of petroleum exploration in Arctic Alaska by Government and industry began in earnest in 1923 with the establishment of Naval Petroleum Reserve No. 4 and climaxed in 1968 with the discovery of the largest oil field in North America at Prudhoe Bay.  Geologists and topographers of the U.S. Geologic Survey played a vital role in this exploration.  The administrative programs of and actions by the Federal Government in the development  of this region have been driven by the Nation's needs for energy fuels, predictions of coming shortages, and actual short term crises, such as the Arab oil embargo of 1974.  The nations concerns for the environment and the well being of the Native population in this remote Arctic wilderness have added to the complexities of such policy decisions.  This book provides a graphic overview of the gradual accumulation of information on the geology and geography of northern Alaska, exemplifying the lead-time required for resource exploitation and the difficult environmental consideration involved. It should serve to illustrate how interagency cooperation and a good working relationship between Government and industry have functioned during a crucial period of resource expansion and ecologic awareness in successfully dealing with the challenges that still face us for an uncertain energy future.

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DEVELOPMENT OF RESERVIOR SIMULATOR FOR THERMAL RECOVERY OF HEAVY OIL/TAR SANDS IN THE PRESENCE OF GAS HYDRATES December 1, 1986 through February 28, 1987

The work completed during this quarter of December 1, 1986 through February 28, 1987 is on "The Development of a Reservoir Simulator for Thermal Recovery of Heavy Oil/Tar Sands in the Presence of Gas Hydrates" reviewed in the following pages. The concepts used in the fundamental gas hydrate dissociation model have been extended and generalized to develop a r-z mathematical model simulating the injection of steam in layered hydrate oil configurations. The model accounts for heat transfer to the hydrate zone by both conduction and convection  and treats oil as a two component mixture to allow  solution gas and steam distillation. The flow equations, mass balance equations, heat transfer equations and boundary conditions have been converted to fully implicit finite difference equations. A numerical procedure, using Newton-Raphson method was developed to solve the set of difference equations.

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THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE SOLV-EX EXTRACTION PROCESS FOR THE SANTA ROSA TAR SANDS PROJECT

"This paper discusses the development of the Solv-Ex process and the capital and operating costs of the proposed 4000 BPSD unit at Santa Rosa. Although the development of the process has been based particularly on the tar sand deposit of Santa Rosa, bench and pilot scale experimentations on several other tar sands have been made. with particular equipment and  process adaptations for the specific tar sand, it is  believed that the Sol v-Ex process represents a technically and environmentally sound and commercially attractive bitumen recovery route."

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CORING AND SAMPLING IN HEAVY OIL EXPLORATION: DIFFICULITIES AND PROPSED COSTS

Sampling damage is pervasive in all core taken from uncemented oil sand and heavy oil reservoirs. The consequences of damage on certain parameters, such as total resource and grain mineralogy is nil. Other parameters are only slightly affected, such as bulk density small geological features which may be obscured or smeared. However. the parameters most critical to  reservoir mechanics, such as gas saturation, relative permeability, and compressibility, can be changed by orders of magnitude. This article will detail some of the changes, give several case histories, and propose some superior approaches to sampling.

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PRELIMINARY RESULTS OF TAR SAND PYROLYSIS WITH PRODUCT OIL RECYCLING

Western Research Institute (WRI) is developing a new pyrolysis process called ROPE (Recycle Oil Pyrolysis and Extraction) for recovering products that require a minimum of upgrading to produce a finished, marketable fuel. The process consists of two pyrolysis steps: 1) retorting tar sand at a lower temperature (T < 420°C) with product oil recycling and 2) completing the pyrolysis of residue at a higher temperature (T < 420°C) in the absence of product oil recycle. This report documents preliminary test results and extensive characterization of oil products produced from these tests.

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SYSTEMS ANALYSIS OF TWO STAGE THERMAL RECOVERY OF OIL FROM TAR SANDS USING HEAT PIPES

"This report is the second in a series of systems studies of processes to extract oil from tar sands. Development of the processes is funded by the DOE. The subject of this systems study is the Two Stage Thermal Recovery of  Oil from Tar Sands using Heat Pipes concept that is being developed at the University of Utah. The concept  involves recovering oil and gas from the tar sand by pyrolysis in a fluidized bed reactor, after which the spent sand with the residual coke falls directly to a fluidized bed combustor, where the coke is burned off the sand. The heat of pyrolysis is provided by transferring heat from the combustor to the pyrolysis reactor by means of heat pipes using molten potassium as the working fluid. A model of the process was formulated utilizing the Advanced System for Process Engineering (ASPEN) simulator. The ASPEN model was then used for a sensitivity analysis of the process to gain insight on design parameters for the second phase of the evaluation; i.e.  conceptual engineering design and economic evaluation. The sensitivity analysis showed that: 1) the highest thermal efficiency, feed rate, and oil production are obtained at a pyrolysis temperature of 950°F or perhaps a  little higher; 2) the operating temperature of the  combustor has little effect on the thermal efficiency; and 3) feed rate and oil production decrease slightly as combustion temperature is increased when the process is sufficient in heat from the combustion of residual coke on the spent tar sand (when the tar sand feed is rich in bitumen with high carbon content), but when supplemental  fuel is required, feed rate and, consequently, oil production  decrease substantially as combustor temperature is increased. The rate of tar sand fed to the pyrolysis section is constrained by the flow of air to the combustor because the pyrolysis section and the combustor section are closely coupled. As a consequence of this constraint, the tar sand feed rate and the rate of liquid production for Two Stage Thermal Recovery of Oil from Tar Sands using Heat Pipes is much lower than the corresponding throughputs for the hot sand recycle version of fluidized bed tar sand pyrolysis."

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LABORATORY EVALUATION OF A NUMBER OF PROPERTIES OF DOMESTIC TAR SAND

The U.S. Army Waterways Experiment Station (USAE-WES) has a contract with the U.S. Department of Energy, Laramie Project Office, to perform a study entitled, "Acoustic Emissions for Determination of Tar  Sand Production Fronts." The aim of the project is to evaluate the feasibility of using acoustic emission (AE) technology to monitor the production front within a tar-sand deposit during in-situ recovery operations.

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RF HEATING OF UTAH TAR SANDS - Quarterly Report No. 3

"A large 70 kg (150 lb.) sample of the Asphalt Ridge tar sand was heated solely by radio frequency from room temperature to 230C (450F). Electrical input characteristics  of the RF exciter as well as the temperature distribution within the exciting triplate line were periodically measured. There was no attempt for bitumen recovery in this experiment. Electrical breakdown tests at room temperature and 180C were also conducted on samples of tar sand from Asphalt Ridge. No electrical breakdown was observed at energy inputs in the order of 1.3 kW per kg. An existing laboratory container capable of being pressurized was modified to conduct a RF heating experiment on a 230 kg (500 lb.) sample of the Utah tar  sand. Apparatus necessary to conduct a fluid  replacement recovery of the heated bitumen was also designed and assembled. Additional fluid replacement tests were also conducted on small samples of  Asphalt Ridge tar sand. Methods used to reduce the amount of fluid employed were explored.  Finally, an RF recovery system was postulated for a representative, medium rich, thick Utah tar sand deposit as the first step in an economic assessment for  a 10,000 bbl/day operation. The electrical, fluid recovery process and other related requirements were identified for costing purposes."

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RF HEATING OF UTAH TAR SANDS -Quarterly Report No. 2

"Several visits were made to obtain technical data and large samples of Utah tar sands. Good samples are available only from a limited number of deposits.  A test fixture to measure electrical properties of Utah tar sands under simulated overburden conditions were nearly completed. A large RF exciter array was constructed to heat several hundred pounds of loose clay. Several fluid recovery tar stripping tests were conducted one of which  employed RF heating. Up to 85% of the bitumen was recovered. Preliminary net energy ratio calculations were made for the fluid replacement and pyrolysis recovery versions. Both were shown to be highly energy efficient.  Efforts for the succeeding quarter will focus on computer-aided reservoir-recovery study, economic analyses, electrical parameter measurement and design of a large sample RF heating experiment."

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RF HEARING OF UTAH TAR SANDS - Quarterly Report No. 1

"IIT Research Institute (IITRI) over the last few years has developed a unique radio frequency (RF) heating process. This process is capable of efficiently heating various hydrocarbonaceous resources, such as coal, oil  shale and tar sands in place (in situ). The IITRI RF in situ process has overcome a number of drawbacks previously  associated with other proposed electrical heating  methods. These past approaches were deficient because electrical energy was inefficiently utilized, that is--some portions of the deposit were overheated while other  sections were underheated. The high energy utilization for the IITRI process was made practical by the invention of an approach where nearly 100% of the applied RF energy  would uniformly heat a precisely defined volume of inplace resource. This RF electrical field heating is realized by inserting special patterns of conductors in boreholes. The frequency of the applied RF energy is chosen in terms of the electrical properties of the resource such that large blocks of the resource can be heated without undue leakage radiation. Various recovery options are possible, but in the case of the subject Utah tar sand deposits, a hybrid process which combines the unique RF heating  method with petroleum reservoir recovery methods is contemplated. RF energy is applied to the tar sand deposit which heats it to about 100 to 150oC. This  lowers the viscosity of the bitumen or tars to about one poise, so that the bitumen can be recovered by any of several reservoir production methods such as by an alkaline water fluid replacement process. In response to a proposal submitted late in 1977, the U.S. Department  of Energy (DOE) agreed to fund an eighteen month program designed to evaluate the technical viability and economic aspects of the IITRI RF process as applied  to the Utah tar sands. This report covers work performed during the first three months of the contract, from June 1 to September 1, 1978. This early effort was somewhat curtailed because final negotiations for the contract were also taking place during this same period."

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SYSTEMS ANALYSIS OF FLUIDIZED BED PYROLYSIS OF UTAH TAR SANDS

"The University of Utah has conducted research on the fluidized bed pyrolysis of tar sands from the PR Springs, Whiterocks, and Tar Sand Triangle deposits in Utah. The subject of this report is a systems analysis of fluidized bed  pyrolysis of tar sands using as a basis the database generated by the University of Utah experimental tests. The purpose of the systems analysis is to gain insight into the best parameters to use for design of a commercial  fluidized bed tar sand pyrolysis reactor."

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TAR SAND SURVEY RESULTS

"EG&G was requested on 11-14-86, through Job Order No. TS-87-1, to conduct a survey of tar sand companies , or entities with tar sand interests, to obtain information relative to future research direction and financial requirements necessary to further pursue tar sand research and development by or in partnership with the DOE. Attached to this letter is a summary of the survey results along with a complete list of all responses. Replies are listed alphabetically and in some cases were reworded so that identities are not revealed. Only 29 out of 111 survey forms were returned, however those who responded generally did so in a positive manner.  This is a draft report. Please review it at your  convenience and I will make the necessary changes later to provide you with a final document for distribution."

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ANALYTICAL OBSERVATIONS ON WATERS ASSOCIATED WITH IN-SITU STEAM-HEATED TAR SANDS

Sampling and analysis for DOE LETC Tarsands Project began May 1, 1980. Sampling was halted October 15, 1980. All analytical work was completed by February 15, 1981. The purpose of this paper is to detail the sampling program and any changes made to the sampling program outline, or analytical methods. Comments on the validity of our results and recommendations for future projects are included.

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CHEMICAL EVALUATION OF PRODUCT OILS FROM TWO IN-SITU TAR SAND OIL RECOVERY PROJECTS

"Tar sand deposits are widely distributed over the  United States of America. These deposits vary from small  to very large, and some of the latter may prove to be of  economic significance. Curiously, virtually all of the largest known deposits occur in Utah, and this state is believed to possess reserve of bitumen totaling 4.2 Gm3 (27 billion barrels)( Ritzma. 1979). However, only a small portion of the Utah reserves are of sufficiently shallow depth to permit recovery by the techniques currently used in Alberta, Canada. The majority will therefore have to be  recovered by some in-situ technique. However, such an  in-situ process must by some means reduce the very high  viscosity, greater than 104 mPa.s (104 cp), of the  bitumen."

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CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF TAR SAND BITUMENS AND THERMALLY RECOVERED OILS

"The Laramie Energy Technology Center has conducted several in situ recovery projects in the Northwest Asphalt Ridge (Utah) tar sand deposit. Briefly, the design,  conduct, and engineering results are presented for two of these projects (3 reverse/forward combustion project and a steamflood project). In more detail, the chemical and  physical properties of the produced oils are discussed, and the properties of the produced oils are compared with each other and with the original bitumen. It is concluded that the oil produced by the reverse/forward combustion project is significantly improved in fuel quality with respect to the original bitumen. However, the oil produced by the steamflood project is very similar to the original bitumen."

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"DRAFT ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT FOR  PROPOSED REVERSE COMBUSTION OIL RECOVERY EXPERIMENTS IN NORTHWEST ASPHALT RIDGE TAR SAND DEPOSIT NEAR VERNAL, UINTAH COUNTY, UTAH"

"The Bureau of Mines proposes to conduct several small field experiments to test the technical feasibility of the reverse combustion process for in situ recovery of oil from tar sands. The site of the proposed experiments  is in the Northwest Asphalt Ridge tar sand deposit near Vernal, Utah. These experiments, if successful, would provide engineering and environmental data that would enhance the planning and conduct of subsequent, larger scale field tests and eventual industrial development."

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