AndreaBozzo/ceres-open-data-index huggingface dataset:
Plasticity, agglomeration and volatiles secondary reactions in coal pyrolysis (Task A). Annual report, September 10, 1982-February 29, 1984

The overall objective of this research is to obtain, for conditions pertinent to modern coal gasification practice, improved basic understanding of coal plasticity, coal particle agglomeration, and secondary reactions of freshly formed coal pyrolysis tars. Development and construction of a final, first generation version of a high temperature, fast response coal viscometer have been completed. The viscosity of a Pittsburgh coal under a heating rate of a few hundred K/s was found to be in the range 10/sup 2/ to 10/sup 4/ poises. A systematic study of homogeneous and heterogeneous secondary reactions of tar has been completed, using a two-stage (generation/cracking) tubular reactor. The system contains two independently heated tubular reactors connected in series. A thin bed of coal, diluted with sand to prevent agglomeration, is pyrolyzed in the upstream reactor (reactor-1) at a low heating rate (3/sup 0/C/min) in order to produce fresh tars at temperatures (< 500/sup 0/C) unfavorable to secondary reactions. These tars (and other volatiles) are then swept with carrier gas, usually helium, to the downstream (reactor-2) stage which is held isothermal at a temperature between 500 and 900/sup 0/C, and then to product traps. In the second stage, the separate effects of temperature (500 to 900/sup 0/C) and residence time (0.6 to 1.1 s) on homogeneous and heterogeneous tar secondary reactions were studied at 0.3 to 1.3 atm (gauge) pressure in helium. Selected runs were done at longer residence times (up to 3.9 s) for homogeneous experiments and in CO/sub 2/ atmospheres (1 to 5 atm, gauge) for heterogeneous experiments with active carbon. Gases and light oils were analyzed by gas chromatography. Tars were analyzed by H-NMR, gel permeation chromatography, column chromatography, and elemental analysis. Surface areas and pore size distributions of char and active carbons were respectively measured by N/sub 2/ adsorption and Hg porosimetry. Results are discussed. 61 references, 35 figures, 5 tables.

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Process engineering study for a 2000 barrels-per-day shale oil production facility

The capital and operating cost for a 2000 bbl/day shale-oil-processing plant utilizing a Paraho process combined with an inclined-fluid-bed retort to process the shale fines are $82,097,600 and $11,091,000/yr, respectively. If the inclined-fluid-bed retort is replaced with a power-generation system, the capital cost changes to $96,240,000 and the operating cost changes to $9,233,000/yr. The above costs do not include any allowance for Paraho licensing and royalties, mining of the oil shale or viscosity enhancement of the asphalt-blend product. The cost information is in mid-1989 dollars and represents an accuracy of plus or minus 30 per cent. The decrease in operating cost of power-generation case does not merit the corresponding increase in the capital investment. The inclined-fluid-bed retort therefore appears to be the most economical method for processing the raw-shale fines. 11 refs., 7 figs., 7 tabs.

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The MAGSORB process for bulk separation of carbon dioxide

The experimental work performed in this program has revealed the impact of formulation procedure on MAGSORB properties, and has shown that the sorbent has adequate potential as a CO{sub 2} sorbent for synthesis gas production. MAGSORB is a highly selective CO{sub 2} sorbent that does not react with other synthesis gas components (H{sub 2}, CO, H{sub 2}O, H{sub 2}S, or NH{sub 3}), nor is its performance adversely affected by these components. A technoeconomic analysis has shown that the integration of MAGSORB into a syngas conditioning train can result in significant capital and operating cost benefits when compared with conventional technology. Several areas of further development are still needed. The laboratory preparation method used in this program may not be optimal in terms of sorbent properties and practicality on a commercial scale. Alternative methods involving co-precipitation or co-crystallization of MgCO{sub 3} and K{sub 2}CO{sub 3} should be investigated. The life-cycle tests have shown that the sorbent as make in this study loses reactivity after absorption/desorption cycling. A fundamental study of surface properties should be made to determine the cause of deactivation. Specific recommendations for future MAGSORB development activities are given.

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Petrography of selected Devonian shale core samples from the CGTC No. 20403 and CGSC No. 11940 wells, Lincoln and Jackson Counties, West Virginia

Forty selected core samples of ''Devonian shales''from two wells in western and southwestern West Virginia were analyzed petrographically. Lithologically these samples may be grouped into 6 rock types: shale, silty shale, dolomitic shale, shaly siltstone, shaly dolostone, and dolostone. Mineralogically, illite comprises the major part of the argillaceous fraction, whereas quartz constitutes the principal nonclay mineral. Carbonate is present in most specimens and is generally dolomitic. The most prevalent heavy mineral is pyrite. Dark gray (N3) to brownish-black (5YR2/1) organic, rich shale constitutes the most distinctive rock type in the principal ''Brown shale pay zone interval. Organic matter occurs in several forms and comprises as much as 4.4% of the shale. Vertical mineral-lined fractures are important in facilitating gas accumulation and migration in most pay zones. Dolomite is the main mineral constituent in these linings; however, small amounts of calcite and barite are also present. Mineral linings serve as propping agents to hold fractures open and thus are important in maintaining porosity and permeability along the fractures. Lenses of silt-size quartz and feldspar may serve as conduits for movement of gas into these fractures. (16 figures)

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Modeling of hydrologic conditions and solute movement in processed oil shale waste embankments under simulated climatic conditions

The scope of this program is to study interacting hydrologic, geotechnical, and chemical factors affecting the behavior and disposal of combusted processed oil shale. The research combines bench-scale testing with large scale research sufficient to describe commercial scale embankment behavior. The large scale approach was accomplished by establishing five lysimeters, each 7.3 [times] 3.0 [times] 3.0 m deep, filled with processed oil shale that has been retorted and combusted by the Lurgi-Ruhrgas (Lurgi) process. Approximately 400 tons of Lurgi processed oil shale waste was provided by RBOSC to carry out this study. Research objectives were designed to evaluate hydrologic, geotechnical, and chemical properties and conditions which would affect the design and performance of large-scale embankments. The objectives of this research are: assess the unsaturated movement and redistribution of water and the development of potential saturated zones and drainage in disposed processed oil shale under natural and simulated climatic conditions; assess the unsaturated movement of solubles and major chemical constituents in disposed processed oil shale under natural and simulated climatic conditions; assess the physical and constitutive properties of the processed oil shale and determine potential changes in these properties caused by disposal and weathering by natural and simulated climatic conditions; assess the use of previously developed computer model(s) to describe the infiltration, unsaturated movement, redistribution, and drainage of water in disposed processed oil shale; evaluate the stability of field scale processed oil shale solid waste embankments using computer models.

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Management of coal waste by energy recovery: mild gasification/flash pyrolysis of coal preparation wastes. Quarterly report, April-June 1986

Several modifications were made to the Mild Gasification Unit, MGU. Modifications included relocating the condensing system from the second floor to the third floor, modifying the condensing system to enable water-cooling or dry ice-cooling, installation of an equilibrium line between the char chute and the gas-exist lines, and mounting the condensing system on weigh scales to allow determination of the trend of hydrocarbon liquid production as a function of time. Six tests were conducted on the MGU. Four of the tests were shakedown tests while two of the tests were part of the final test plan. Different configurations were tried on the condensing system as well as different types of cooling. Various conditions were used during the tests including tests with bituminous and subbituminous coals, lime additive, and different residence times. Analytical data on the char and liquid products were received including boiling point distribution, /sup 1/H-NMR, LC-NMR, and ultimate and proximate analyses.

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Fundamental combustion studies of hot water-dried low-rank coal slurries: Final report, March 1984-August 1986. [Comparison of lignite and bituminous coal slurry combustion]

This contract for fundamental combustion studies of low-rank coal slurries was initiated March 1, 1984 and ended August 31, 1986. Slurries which were studied were primarily those produced from hot water-dried lignite coal provided by the University of North Dakota Energy Research Center through the Grand Forks Project Office of the United States Department of Energy. Contract work included virgin coal and slurry characterization, slurry spray and atomization measurements, parametric combustion optimization tests, laboratory reactor mapping combustion firings, and model computations. Included in the detailed map are space-resolved measurements of combustion products and pollutants for lignite coal slurries, and comparison of results with computer model predictions and with data obtained in an earlier study of the combustion of bituminous coal-water slurry under similar conditions in the same reactor. 46 refs., 60 figs., 9 tabs.

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Atmospheric fluidized-bed projects technology overview

The primary goal of the DOE Atmospheric Fluidized-Bed Combustion (AFBC) program is to develop a comprehensive data base in fluidized-bed combustion that will provide industry, both manufacturers and users, with information to enable them to decrease their use of oil by the substitution of fuels readily available within the US. The objectives of the program include demonstrating process reliability with numerous fuels, developing an operating/maintenance cost data base, and developing the technology in those areas where demonstrations show further work is required. In addition, tests were sponsored in areas where further data are required to verify or expand the existing technology data base. Concepts offering significant improvements to the FBC technology were explored as part of this program. These concepts were studied using the smallest units that will give viable results. The data collected were analyzed, reviewed extensively, and published to permit decisions to be made as to the value of further work. If warranted, the concepts were tested in larger units, which provide operational data to the data base. The total data base is then made available to industry for its use in assessing, applying, and designing AFBC systems. Current program issues include feed systems, heat transfer, material recycling, air distributor grid design, ignition characteristics, output control, particulate emissions, cost, reliability, and fuel flexibility. These issues and the work that has been accomplished at the various DOE-funded facilities are described. Further activities are also discussed. While this report discusses the activities of DOE-sponsored projects in the private sector and other research institutions, it does not purport to cover all AFBC projects and activities that may be underway in the public or private sector.

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Proceedings of the fifteenth biennial low-rank fuels symposium

Research programs from the 15th biennial low-rank fuels symposium are presented. Major topics included: pulverized coal combustion; mining and resource assessment; ash deposition; flue gas cleanup; flue gas cleanup -- research and development; clean coal technology; beneficiation; future for low-rank coals; alternate fuels; fluidized-bed combustion; conversion technology; coal conversion; emerging technology; perspectives on waste management; utility disposal; and waste utilization and reuse. Individual projects are processed separately for the data bases.

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Frac mapping by surface electrical techniques

Geophysical diagnostic techniques are being developed to characterize massive hydraulic fractures. The surface electrical potential technique has been used by Sandia Laboratories in cooperation with industry at several locations in the United States. Comparison of field data to model calculations shows that the electrical potential gradients produced by the direct electrical excitation of the fracture well and fracture fluid can be used to map and characterize massive hydraulic fractures. The direction and asymmetry of the fracture can be determined.

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Solid-state NMR characterization of Mowry Formation shales

Solid-state [sup 13]C and [sup 29]Si NMR measurements were carried out on a series of petroleum source rocks from the Mowry Formation of the Powder River Basin in Wyoming. The objectives of this study wereto use CP/MAS [sup 13]C NMR measurements to monitor changes in the carbon structure of the kerogen that result from depth of burial, and to examine the feasibility of [sup 29]Si NMR for studying the thermal alteration of clay minerals during diagenesis. Carbon and silicon NMR measurements were made on a suite of samples covering a present-day depth interval of 3,000 to 11,500 ft.In general, the NMR results endorsed other geochemical analyses that were performed on the source rocks as part of another study to examine pressure compartmentalization in the Mowry Formation. The carbon aromaticity of the kerogen increased with depth of burial, and at depths greater that approximately 10,000 ft the kerogen showed little capacity to generate additional oil because of the small fraction of residual aliphatic carbon. By combining NMR and Rock-Eval measurements, an estimate of the hydrogen budget was obtained. The calculations indicated that approximately 20% of the kerogen was converted to hydrocarbons, and that sufficient hydrogen was liberated from aromatization and condensation reactions to stabilize the generated products. The [sup 29]Si NMR spectra were characterized by a relatively sharp quartz resonance and a broad resonance from the clay minerals. With increasing depth of burial, the clay resonance became broader and shifted slightly downfield. These changes qualitatively support X-ray analysis that shows progressive alteration of illite to smectite with depth of burial.

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Study to determine the technical and economic feasibility of reclaiming chemicals used in micellar polymer and low tension surfactant flooding. Progress report, June 18--July 15, 1977. [By ultrafiltration and reverse osmosis]

Additional literature on surfactant and emulsion characterization and reverse osmosis and ultrafiltration membranes was obtained. The ultrafiltration membrane testing equipment design was completed, and the equipment components were ordered. (LK)

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Assessment of HYGAS mechanical equipment

The HYGAS process, which converts coal to substitute natural gas, is being developed by the Institute of Gas Technology (IGT) using an 80 ton per day pilot plant located in Chicago, Illinois. Plant design started in 1967 and testing began in October 1971. Since then, 18,000 tons of both Eastern and Western coal have been gasified. Assessment of the mechanical equipment was made by Mechanical Technology Incorporated (MTI) in collaboration with a DOE on-site representative and a representative from IGT, the operating contractor. Data for the assessment were obtained by reviewing all available maintenance records, by interviewing key personnel from maintenance and operations, and by observing repairs and maintenance procedures where possible. While operating the plant, a variety of equipment problems were addressed, many of which are generic to HYGAS as well as other coal conversion processes. Some problems were solved completely while others were solved to suit the limited needs of the pilot plant. Accordingly, the emphasis of this study is on the degree of success in dealing with equipment failures, the unresolved problems and the implication to future coal conversion plants.

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Electrochemical disposal of hydrogen sulfide. Final report, August 31, 1977-September 30, 1982

The electrolysis of hydrogen sulfide to elemental hydrogen and sulfur was investigated as a means for hydrogen sulfide disposal. Both the electrolysis of liquid hydrogen sulfide and the electrolysis of aqueous hydrogen sulfide solutions were investigated. The first reported electrolysis of liquid hydrogen sulfide was accomplished. However, the over potential arising from ohmic losses in the hydrogen sulfide are extremely high. Unless better supporting electrolytes can be found, this method does not appear to be a practical means for hydrogen sulfide disposal. The electrochemical oxidation of aqueous hydrogen sulfide solutions was investigated and found to be a more promising approach. It was found that a sulfur film did not form on the anode in either a cell using a continuous flow of electrolyte or in a cell employing a fluidized bed anode. In both types of electrolysis the products were found to be elemental hydrogen and elemental sulfur. This is a desirable result because these products have significant economic value and, furthermore, sulfur is very easily stored. Further work should be directed towards finding much better electrolytes for use with liquid hydrogen sulfide and towards an experimental and economic study of the use of fluidized bed anodes for the electrolysis of aqueous hydrogen sulfide solutions. 10 references, 21 figures.

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Simultaneous high-temperature removal of alkali and particulates in a pressurized gasification system. Second quarterly project report, January 1984-March 1984

In previous programs, emathlite - an inexpensive, readily available mineral - was identified as the leading getter candidate for high-temperature, high-pressure alkali removal in pressurized gasification and PFBC systems. It was also shown that a packed bed getter reactor is the most feasible contacting technique for this hot gas cleaning unit operation. This program represents an attempt to use those findings to develop a packed bed emathlite getter reactor to the stage of readiness for demonstration on a gasification or PFBC system. In addition, one of the program tasks is aimed at more fundamental studies to identify and/or develop alternative or better getter materials. This report summarizes efforts on the five program tasks during the first quarter of 1984. The five tasks include: getter fabrication studies; alkali getter reaction mechanism definition (Si, Al, Ca, Mg, Na, K, Fe, Ti,7831 ); getter capacity measurements; bench-scale process development unit studies; and engineering definition of hardware requirements for concept scale-up. 2 references, 11 figures, 7 tables.

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Heavy oil reservoirs recoverable by thermal technology. Annual report

The purpose of this study was to compile data on reservoirs that contain heavy oil in the 8 to 25/sup 0/ API gravity range, contain at least ten million barrels of oil currently in place, and are non-carbonate in lithology. The reservoirs within these constraints were then analyzed in light of applicable recovery technology, either steam-drive or in situ combustion, and then ranked hierarchically as candidate reservoirs. The study is presented in three volumes. Volume I presents the project background and approach, the screening analysis, ranking criteria, and listing of candidate reservoirs. The economic and environmental aspects of heavy oil recovery are included in appendices to this volume. This study provides an extensive basis for heavy oil development, but should be extended to include carbonate reservoirs and tar sands. It is imperative to look at heavy oil reservoirs and projects on an individual basis; it was discovered that operators, and industrial and government analysts will lump heavy oil reservoirs as poor producers, however, it was found that upon detailed analysis, a large number, so categorized, were producing very well. A study also should be conducted on abandoned reservoirs. To utilize heavy oil, refiners will have to add various unit operations to their processes, such as hydrotreaters and hydrodesulfurizers and will require, in most cases, a lighter blending stock. A big problem in producing heavy oil is that of regulation; specifically, it was found that the regulatory constraints are so fluid and changing that one cannot settle on a favorable recovery and production plan with enough confidence in the regulatory requirements to commit capital to the project.

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Western Gas Sands Project. Status report, 1 September-30 September 1980

The progress during September of government-sponsored projects, directed towards increasing gas production from low permeability gas sands of the Western United States, is summarized. Coring operations began at the Mountain Fuel Supply Mesa Unit No. 1 well, Pinedale Field, Sublette County, Wyoming. Negotiations are still being conducted with Superior Oil Company to acquire a 640-acre lease in Garfield County, Colorado, for the Piceance Basin multi-well experiment. During September, LLL continued exploration of the use of polycarbonate to study fluid flow in cracks. An important milestone was passed this month at LASL with the measurement of transverse relaxation time on WGSP core in simulated downhole geometry. A strain-relaxation technique to determine maximum and minimum horizontal stresses from oriented core has been demonstrated on NTS core by Sandia National Laboratories.

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Chemical properties of Synthoil products and feeds. Final report, Part 2

Methods of sampling, fractionation and sample preparation are described for coal, coal liquids, coal extracts and asphaltenes in preparation for several kinds of instrumental analysis (gas chromatography, mass spectroscopy, infrared spectra, ultraviolet spectra, nuclear magnetic resonance, etc.). Analytical procedures, corrections, etc. are outlined. (LTN)

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Chemical properties of Synthoil products and feeds. Summary of final report

Data obtained on the Chemical Properties of Synthoil Products and Feeds are summarized. Emphasis is placed on the overall characterization, the individual compounds and carbon number homologs determined in the oil fractions, the structural parameters calculated for the asphaltene fractions and the possible correlations between product composition and processing conditions. The detailed data are published in a five volume final report entitled ''Chemical Properties of Synthoil Products and Feeds.''Synthoil feeds and products are extremely complex materials that can, however, be characterized in detail with the proper analytical methodology. The scope of the characterization can be gauged to the immediate or longer range process requirements. Significant correlations exist between product composition and processing conditions. The main effects of the process, apart from the increase in the oil fractions, include a drastic decrease in the sulfur content and a significant increase in hydroaromatic components.

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