AndreaBozzo/ceres-open-data-index huggingface dataset:
Alaska Fossil Energy Workshop, One Decade Later - What's Alaska's Future?

In a successful cooperative effort involving the U.S. Department of Energy/Office of Fossil Energy (DOEIFE), Alaska Oil and Gas Association, the State of Alaska Department of Natural Resources, the Bureau of Land Management (BLM), and Alaskan oil, gas, and coal producers, DOE held a two-day workshop in Anchorage, Alaska. The purposes were to discuss how to maximize development of fossil energy resources in Alaska, and to determine how DOE could assist Alaska in ensuring future growth of its energy industry. About 100 attendees participated in the workshop, including representatives of the oil, gas, and coal industries, Federal and State organizations, environmental groups, academia, and other interested parties. Robert Kripowicz, Principal Deputy Assistant Secretary, Fossil Energy, initiated the first day of the workshop with his Perspectives on Alaska. This was followed by presentations on oil, gas, and coal resources of Alaska, and the Alaska Energy Infobank. That afternoon and the second day sessions focused on identification of issues, strategies, DOE's role, and next steps. Following the plenary presentations and immediately prior to the breakout sessions, all attendees participated in an exercise to identify the universe of issues facing fossil energy development in Alaska. During this session, the workshop attendees selected Access and Resource Development related to oil and gas; Power Generation; and the Alaska Energy Infobank (AEI or Infobank) as the topics of the breakout sessions. In addition to these three subjects, heavy oil received a considerable amount of attention by attendees. However, it was recognized that the magnitude of the issues relating to heavy oil production and refining warranted being the focus of a separate workshop. Although not the subject of a breakout session, the sense of the discussion pertaining to heavy oil issues and possible discussion areas of the proposed workshop is presented in Section 5.1.4 as background to the reader. The results of the breakout sessions were summarized and presented by each group in the afternoon of the second day. Sandra Waisley, Deputy Assistant Secretary (Acting) for the Office of Natural Gas and Petroleum Technology, concluded the workshop with a summary of issues, DOE's role, and next steps. Ms. Waisley emphasized that Alaska's energy industry has been vital to the U.S. economy and National security and said Alaska will continue to be important in the next century.

Tags: kmd
CO2 HUFF-n-PUFF PROCESS IN A LIGHT OIL SHALLOW SHELF CARBONATE RESERVOIR

The principal objective of this CO2 Huff-n-Puff (H-n-P) project is to determine the feasibility and practicality of the technology in a waterflooded shallow shelf carbonate environment. The results of parametric simulation of the CO2 H-n-P process, coupled with reservoir characterization components are to be used to determine if this process is technically and economically feasible for field implementation. The technology transfer objective of the project is to disseminate the knowledge gained through an innovative plan in support of the Department of Energy's (DOE) objective of increasing domestic oil production and deferring the abandonment of shallow shelf carbonate (SSC) reservoirs. Tasks associated with this objective are carried out in what is considered a timely effort for near-term goals.

Tags: kmd
Application of Reservoir Characterization and Advanced Technology to Improve Recovery and Economics in a Lower Quality Shallow Shelf San Andres Reservoir

The Class 2 Project at West Welch was designed to demonstrate the use of advanced technologies to enhance the economics of improved oil recovery (lOR) projects in lower quality Shallow Shelf Carbonate (SSC) reservoirs, resulting in recovery of additional oil that would otherwise be left in the reservoir at project abandonment. Accurate reservoir description is critical to the effective evaluation and efficient design of lOR projects in the heterogeneous SSC reservoirs. Therefore, the majority of Budget Period 1 was devoted to reservoir characterization.

Tags: kmd
DEVELOPING ACOST EFFECTIVE ENVIRONMENTAL SOLUTION FOR 'PRODUCED WATER AND CREATING A "NEW'WATER RESOURCE

This report provides background information about the project goals, reviews treatment technologies applicable for produced water, discusses the advantages and disadvantages of various treatment options including planning level cost estimates, recommends a pilot treatment train, and presents results from bench-scale studies conducted for this project. The goal of this project is to convert a currently unusable by-product of oil production, produced water, into a valuable water resource. The sponsors of the research include US Department of Energy; ARCO Western Energy, a wholly owned subsidiary of Atlantic Richfield Company (ARCO,140 ); Castaic Lake Water Agency; Electric Power Research Institute, Chemicals and Petroleum Office; Southern California Edison; and Kennedy/Jenks Consultants.

Tags: kmd
An Integrated Study Of The Grayburg/San Andres Reservoir, Foster And South Cowden Fields, Ector County Texas

For a part of the Foster and South Cowden (Grayburg-San Andres) oil fields, improvement in oil production has been accomplished, in part, by using "pipeline fracturing" technology in the most recent completion to improve fluid flow rates, and filtration of waterflood injection water to preserve reservoir permeability. The 3D seismic survey acquired in conjunction with this DOE project has been used to calculate a 3D seismic inversion model, which has been analyzed to provide detailed maps of porosity within the productive upper 250 feet of the Grayburg Formation. Geologic data, particularly from logs and cores, have been combined with the geophysical interpretation and production history information to develop a model of the reservoir that defines estimations of remaining producible oil. The integrated result is greater than the sum of its parts, since no single data form adequately describes the reservoir. Each discipline relies upon computer software that runs on PC-type computers, allowing virtually any size company to affordably access the technology required to achieve similar results.

Tags: kmd
Projects Investigating Oil Recovery from Naturally Fractured Reservoirs

The US is dependent on oil and gas for approximately 65% of the energy it consumes. The Energy Information Administration 1997 Annual Energy Outlook projects increasing demand for oil and gas to 2015, and others forecast continuing dependence on these energy sources well into the next century. In recognition of these forecasts, the broad goal of the DOE's National Oil Program is to ensure that reliable, competitively priced oil is available to support a strong US economy while protecting the environment and providing energy security through the 21st century.

Tags: kmd
INTERDISCIPLINARY STUDY OF RESERVOIR COMPARTMENTS AND HETEROGENEITY

A case study approach using Terry Sandstone production from the Hambert-Aristocrat Field, Weld County, Colorado was used to document the process of integration. One specific project goal is to demonstrate how a multidisciplinary approach can be used to detect reservoir compartmentalization and improve reserve estimates. The final project goal is to derive a general strategy for integration for independent operators. Teamwork is the norm for the petroleum industry where teams of geologists, geophysicists, and petroleum engineers work together to improve profits through a better understanding of reservoir size, compartmentalization, and orientation as well as reservoir flow characteristics. In this manner, integration of data narrows the uncertainty in reserve estimates and enhances reservoir management decisions. The process of integration has proven to be iterative. Integration has helped identify reservoir compartmentalization and reduce the uncertainty in the reserve estimates. This research report documents specific examples of integration and the economic benefits of integration.

Tags: kmd
Demonstration of a Safety and Environmental Management Program (SEMP) for Offshore Oil and Gas Operators Producing Operations on the Outer Continental Shelf

The Mineral Management Service (MMS) has responsibility for regulatory enforcement for those operations on the OCS. The increased OCS activities have resulted in an ever larger burden on the inspection program. In response to that increasing burden, MMS in cooperation with the industry and other agencies developed the Safety and Environmental Management Program (SEMP) concept. The foundation of SEMP is a management philosophy that emphasizes overall performance and human behavior in achieving safe and environmentally sound offshore operations, in contrast to the command and control philosophy that relies on prescriptive regulations. New and innovative approaches such as SEMP will improve the efficiency and effectiveness of MMS?s inspection and regulatory programs. Operators who implement SEMP plans may improve their overall profitability by streamlining operations and reducing expenses associated with equipment malfunctions, accidents, and pollution events.

Tags: kmd
Texaco - Applying Improved Technology to Boost Oil Production in Southeastern Texas

Texaco, as a partner in the Department of Energy's oil recovery field demonstration program, is combining two improved oil recovery technologies, carbon dioxide (CO2) flooding and horizontal drilling, to boost production from a depleted sandstone reservoir in southeast Texas.  The demonstration site, the Port Neches field, contains reservoirs in two faulted.   Prior to the project the reservoirs produced mostly water with little oil.

Tags: kmd
Applying Improved Technology to Boost Oil Production in Southeastern Texas

Waterflooding of Gulf Coast reservoirs is commonly unsuccessful, leaving oil trapped in the rock. These reservoirs could face abandonment within the next decade or two, leaving abundant un produced oil reserves. With DOE Oil Program support, Texaco is testing the ability of combined CO2 flooding and horizontal well technologies to recover more oil from depleted Gulf Coast reservoirs similar to those in the Port Neches field. Initial efforts look successful, but some production problems are being addressed. Successful demonstration of the ability of these combined technologies to increase production will provide operators with a new technique that can be applied to other Gulf Coast reservoirs, a potential target for as much as 500 million barrels of oil.

Tags: kmd
Optical-Cell Evidence for Superheated Ice under Gas-Hydrate-Forming Conditions

We previously reported indirect but compelling evidence that fine-grained H2O ice under elevated CH4 gas pressure can persist to temperatures well above its ordinary melting point while slowly reacting to form methane clathrate hydrate. This phenomenon has now been visually verified by duplicating these experiments in an optical cell while observing the very slow hydrate-forming process as the reactants were warmed from 250 to 290 K at methane pressures of 23 to 30 MPa.

Tags: kmd
CO2 Huff-n-Puff Texaco's Oil Recovery Field Project In New Mexico

Texaco Exploration and Production, Inc., is preparing to demonstrate an innovative oil recovery technology in the Permian Basin of Texas and New Mexico. The technique is called carbon dioxide (C02) "huff-n-puff." It involves injecting C02 into the reservoir, but rather than using one well to inject the C07 and another well several hundred feet away to recover the oil, ;he "huff-n-puff" 'technique uses a single well

Tags: kmd
CO2 Huff-n-Puff Process in a Light Oil Shallow Shelf Carbonate Reservoir

The application of cyclic CO2, often referred to as the CO2 Huff-n-Puff process, may find its niche in the maturing waterfloods of the Permian Basin. Coupling the CO2 H-n-P process to miscible flooding applications could provide the needed revenue to sufficiently mitigate near-term negative cash flow concerns in the capital intensive miscible projects. Texaco Exploration & Production Inc. and the U. S. Department of Energy have teamed up in an attempt to develop the CO2 Huff-n-Puff process in the Grayburg and San Andres formations; a light oil, shallow shelf carbonate reservoir that exists throughout the Permian Basin. This cost-shared effort is intended to demonstrate the viability of this underutilized technology in a specific class of domestic reservoir.

Tags: kmd
ADVANCED RESERVOIR CHARECTERIZATION IN THE ANTELOPE SHALE TO ESTABLISH THE VIABILITY OF CO2 ENCHANCED OIL RECOVERY IN CALIFORNIS'S MONTEREY FORMATION SILICEOUS SHALES

The Buena Vista Hills field is located about 25 miles southwest of Bakersfield, in Kern County, California, about two miles north of the city of Taft, and five miles south of the Elk Hills field. The Antelope Shale zone was discovered at the Buena Vista Hills field in 1952, and has since been under primary production. Little research was done to improve the completion techniques during the development phase in the 1950s, so most of the wells are completed with about 1000 ft of slotted liner. The proposed pilot consists of four existing producers on 20 acre spacing with a new 10 acre infill well drilled as the pilot C02 injector. Most of the reservoir characterization of the first phase of the project will be performed using data collected in the pilot pattern wells.

Tags: kmd
ADVANCED RESERVOIR CHARACTERIZATION AND EVALUATION OF CO2 GRAVITY DRAINAGE IN THE NATURALLY FRACTURED SPRABERRY TREND AREA

The overall goal of this project is to assess the economic feasibility of CO2 flooding the naturally fractured Spraberry Trend Area in West Texas. This objective is being accomplished by conducting research in four areas: 1) extensive characterization of the reservoirs, 2) experimental studies of crude oil brine/rock (COBR) interaction in the reservoirs, 3) reservoir performance analysis, and, 4) experimental investigations on CO2 gravity drainage in Spraberry whole cores. This report provides results of the second year of the five-year project for each of the four areas.

Tags: kmd
Advanced Reservoir Characterization in the Antelope Shale to Establish the Viability of C02 Enhanced Oil Recovery in California's Monterey Formation Siliceous Shales

The Buena Vista Hills field is located about 25 miles southwest of Bakersfield, in Kern County, California, about two miles north of the city of Taft, and five miles south of the Elk Hills field. The Antelope Shale zone was discovered at the Buena Vista Hills field in 1952, and has since been under primary production. Little research was done to improve the completion techniques during the development phase in the 1950s, so most of the wells are completed with about 1000 ft of slotted liner. The proposed pilot consists of four existing  producers on 20 acre spacing with a new 10 acre infill well drilled as the pilot C02 injector. Most of the reservoir characterization of the first phase of the project will be performed using data collected in the pilot pattern wells.

Tags: kmd
Design and Implementation of a co2 Flood Utilizing Advanced Reservoir Characterization and Horizontal Injection Wells in a Shallow Shelf Carbonate Approaching Waterflood Depletion

The work reported herein covers select tasks in Budget Phase II. The principle Task in Budget Phase II included in this report is Field Demonstration. Completion of many of the Field Demonstration tasks during the last report period enabled an optimum carbon dioxide (C02) flood project to be designed, economically evaluated, and implemented in the field. Field implementation of the project commenced during late 1995, with actual CO2 injection commencing in mid-July, 1996. This report summarizes activities incurred following initial project start-up, towards the goal of optimizing project performance. The current project has focused on reducing initial investment cost by utilizing horizontal injection wells and concentrating the project in the best productivity area of the field. An innovative CO2 purchase agreement (no take-or-pay provisions, CO2 purchase price tied to West Texas Intermediate (WTI) crude oil price) and gas recycle agreement (expensing costs as opposed to a large upfront capital investment for compression) were negotiated to further improve the project economics.

Tags: kmd
ECONOMIC RECOVERY OF OIL TRAPPED AT FAN MARGINS USING HIGH ANGLE WELLS AND MULTIPLE HYDRAULIC FRACTURES

The Yowlumne field is a giant field in the southern San Joaquin basin, Kern County, California. It is a deep (13,000 ft) waterflood operation that produces from the Mioceneaged Stevens Sand. The reservoir is interpreted as a layered, fan-shaped, prograding turbidite complex containing several lobe-shaped sand bodies that represent distinct flow units.'A high ultimate recovery factor is expected, yet significant quantities of undrained oil remain at the fan margins. The fan margins are not economic to develop using vertical wells because of thinning pay, deteriorating rock quality, and depth. This project attempts to demonstrate the effectiveness of exploiting the northeast distal fan margin through the use of a high-angle well completed with multiple hydraulicfracture treatments. A high-angle well offers greater pay exposure than can be achieved with a vertical well. Hydraulic-fracture treatments will establish vertical communication between thin interbedded layers and the wellbore. The equivalent production rate and reserves of three vertical wells are anticipated at a cost of approximately two vertical wells. The near-horizontal well penetrated the Yowlumne sand; a Stevens sand equivalent, in the distal fan margin in the'northeast area of the field. The well was drilled in a predominately westerly direction towards the interior of the field, in the direction of improving rock quality. Drilling and completion operations proved to be'very challenging, leading to a number of adjustments to original plans. Hole conditions resulted in obtaining less core material than desired and setting intermediate casing 1200 ft too high. The 7 in. production liner stuck 1000 ft off bottom, requiring a 5 in. liner to be run the rest of the way. The cement job on the 5 in. liner resulted in a very poor bond, which precluded one of three hydraulic fracture treatments originally planned for the well. Openhole logs confirmed most expectations going into the project about basic rock properties: the formation was shaly with low porosities, and water saturations were in line with expectations, including the presence of some intervals swept out by the waterflood. High water saturations at the bottom of the well eliminated one of the originally planned hydraulic fracture treatments. Although porosities proved to be low, they were more uniform across the formation than expected. Permeabilities of the various intervals continue to be evaluated, but appear to be better than expected from the porosity log model derived in Budget Period One. The well was perforated in all pay sections behind the 5 in. liner. Production rates and phases agree nicely with log calculations, fractional flow calculations, and an analytical technique used to predict the rate performance of the well.

Tags: kmd
Polycrystalline Methane Hydrate: Synthesis from Superheated Ice, and Low-Temperature Mechanical Properties

We describe a new and efficient technique to grow aggregates of pure methane hydrate in quantities suitable for physical and material properties testing. Test specimens were grown under static conditions by combining cold, pressurized CH4 gas with granulated H2O ice, and then warming the reactants to promote the reaction CH4(g)   6H2O(sfl) f CH4?6H2O (methane hydrate). Hydrate formation evidently occurs at the nascent ice/liquid water interface on ice grain surfaces, and complete reaction was achieved by warming the system above the ice melting point and up to 290 K, at 25-30 MPa, for approximately 8 h. The resulting material is pure, cohesive, polycrystalline methane hydrate with controlled grain size and random orientation. Synthesis conditions placed the H2O ice well above its melting temperature while reaction progressed, yet samples and run records showed no evidence for bulk melting of the unreacted portions of ice grains. Control experiments using Ne, a non-hydrate-forming gas, showed that under otherwise identical conditions, the pressure reduction and latent heat associated with ice melting are easily detectable in our fabrication apparatus. These results suggest that under hydrate-forming conditions, H2O ice can persist metastably to temperatures well above its ordinary melting point while reacting to form hydrate. Direct observations of the hydrate growth process in a small, high-pressure optical cell verified these conclusions and revealed additional details of the hydrate growth process. Methane hydrate samples were then tested in constant-strain-rate deformation experiments at T ) 140-200 K, Pc ) 50-100 MPa, and ? ) 10-4-10-6 s-1. Measurements in both the brittle and ductile fields showed that methane hydrate has measurably different strength than H2O ice, and work hardens to an unusually high degree compared to other ices as well as to most metals and ceramics at high homologous temperatures. This work hardening may be related to a changing stoichiometry under pressure during plastic deformation; X-ray analyses showed that methane hydrate undergoes a process of solid-state disproportionate or exsolution during deformation at conditions well within its conventional stability field.

Tags: kmd
Figure 7

Compressional and shear velocities vs. pressure for Navajo sandstone.  Open circles are dry ultrasonic data; closed circles are water saturated ultrasonic data.  Biot and Gassman predictions of the saturated velocities fall substantially below the measured values.  The Mavko and Jizba predictions (labeled UV) agree substantially better.  (After Mavko and Jizba, 1991; data from Cayner, 1984).

Tags: kmd
Advanced Applications of Wireline Logging for Improved Oil Recovery Workshop

The U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) continues to actively pursue its goal of transferring to the petroleum industry critical information about technologies currently being applied in its Field Demonstration Program and other projects. DOE and BDM Oklahoma, with the aid of the Petroleum Technology Transfer Council, are teaming to provide industry with both a fresh perspective on technology use in these projects and a wide spectrum of practical applications of specific technologies. The Class Program field demonstration projects were selected to form the "core" of projects from which to draw for this practically oriented technology transfer effort. The objectives of this activity are to (1) identify technology advances and usable products demonstrated in Class and other program projects, (2) organize a series of workshops focused on technologies of significant interest and utility to industry, and (3) produce a published volume on each technology addressed in the workshop series. These workshops and their accompanying peer-reviewed volumes will not be technically or academically oriented treatments of the technologies, but "here's how we did it" and "here's how it worked" treatments in a case history context.

Tags: kmd