AndreaBozzo/ceres-open-data-index huggingface dataset:
DOE Coal Liquefaction Base Line Design and System Analysis

The major task of this job involved developing a Baseline design, cost estimate, and economics for a direct coal liquefaction plant located in Southern Illinois. Additional tasks involved studying seven options to the Baseline design. An Improved Baseline design, cost estimate, and economics were developed based on more recent pilot plant data. Another task was to develop ASPEN models of the Baseline design, optional cases, and the Improved Baseline design. Amoco had this responsibility, and I was the modeler on this job and developed the ASPEN models.

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Issues Relative to the Development & Commercialization of a Coal-Derived Synthetic Liquids Industry

The objective of this report is to analyze alternative projections of future American lifestyle, wealth, and associated energy consumption. Specific emphasis is placed on the potential role coal may play in these future projections, used both directly and as a raw material source for synthesizing clean solid, liquid and gaseous fuels. Six scenarios are presented; fuel use by type and consuming sector is estimated for the years 1985, 2000 and 2025. Four of these are expanded to include, by Census Region, the expected amount of coal produced, the number of equivalent "standard" coal burning power plants and the number of coal-derived synthetic solids, liquids and high and low/intermediate BTU gas production plants. These scenarios are expected to bracket realistic national energy consumption  expectations; between 94 and 122 quadrillion BTU by 1985 and between 174 and 340 quadrillion BTU by 2025.

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CE IGCC Repowering Project Char Filters

ABB CE is participating in a coal gasification combined cycle repowering project that will provide a nominal 60 MW of electricity to City, Water, Light, and Power (CVVL&P) in Springfield, Illinois. The major systems consist of CE's air-blown pressurized entrained flow two-stage gasifier, an advanced hot gas clean up system, a combustion turbine adapted to use low BTU gas, a heat recovery boiler, a steam turbine/generator is land, and a coal handling yard. The hot gas clean up system consists of a system of high temperature high pressure char filters up stream of an advanced high temperature high pressure gas desulfurization system. Char is the particulate matter in the product gas leaving the gasifier process, and consists primarily of carbon and ash. The char filters separate the char from the product gas discharging it to the char recycle system for reinjection into the gasifier. The clean product gas exits the char filters at high temperature and goes to the desulfurization process. This Topical Report describes  the current state of design for the char filter system, and is the first topical report addressing the char filters.

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Structure, Correlation and Depositional Environments of the Tertiary, Sand Wash and Washake Basins, Colorado and Wyoming

Significant oil and gas production has been developed in Tertiary rocks in the Sand Wash and Washakie basins, particularly along Cherokee Ridge which separates the two basins at the Colorado-Wyoming line. The deeper central portions of the basins have received very sparse exploration, although shows have been recorded and up to 14,000 feet of Tertiary strata appear to be present. Five regional cross sections indicate the formation boundaries and illustrate general depositional environments of Paleocene and Eocene rocks. An isopach map indicates northward thickening of Paleocene rocks with little evidence of the Cherokee Ridge and Wamsutter arch; Eocene thicknesses show formation of the basins during deposition of that unit. Structure maps on the base of the Paleocene and Eocene depict present structural configuration.

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Geomechanics of Horizontally Drilled, Stress-Sensitive, Naturally Fractured Reservoirs-Oryx, Austin Chalk (PARTNERSHIP)

This cooperative project between Oryx and Sandia investigates the effects of rock properties, in situ stresses, and change in effective stress on the deformation and permeability of stress-sensitive, naturally fractured reservoirs. The initial focus is the Austin Chalk, but the study may also include the Bakken shale and other reservoirs of interest. The project has an integrated geomechanics approach involving field work, laboratory studies, and the development of experimental test techniques and analytical models.

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Rio Blanco Massive Hydraulic Fracturing Demonstration

the Rio Blanco massive hydraulic fracturing demonstration has been undertaken by the Bureau of Mines, Atomic Energy Commission, and a group of 15 industry participants. CER Geonuclear Corp. has been retained as program manager to evaluate the stimulation effects of very long fractures , suitably propped open in thick sections containing multiple intervals of low permeability gas-bearing sands. The zone of interest for this demonstration includes Fort Union and Mesaverde sands from about 5,800 to 8,200 feet deep in Rio Blanco County, Colo., about 1 mile from the site of the May 1973 triple nuclear detonation aimed a t stimulating production from the same reservoirs .

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Coal Supply Potential Task Group Report

The primary effort of the group was to determine the US potential supply of coal for the period 1975-1980. This Task Group is an integral part of the 90-day study ordered by President Ford in his announced objective to replace one million barrels of oil per day used as boiler fuel in electric generating plants with coal or nuclear energy by 1980. Potential increases in coal demand created by converting oil fired utilities to coal are given in Appendix A. The task group was composed of members from the Federal Government and industry. It was chaired by the Bureau of Mines, Department of Interior. A preliminary report was presented at a Coal Supply Workshop on December 4, 1974. Participants are listed in Appendix C.

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DEMONSTRATION OF MASSIVE HYDRAULIC FRACTURI NG TO STIMULATE GAS PRODUCTION FROM THE MESAVERDE FORMATION, PICEANCE BASIN, COLORADO

The presence of very large gas resources in low permeability reservoirs of the Piceance Basin and other Rocky Mountain basins is well known. The ERDA, Mobil, and other private companies have mounted a substantial effort to convert at least part of these resources to recoverable reserves. In recognition of their common interest, Mobil and ERDA have contracted (Contract No. E(26-1)-678) to jointly fund such a project of this type. The primary objective of this project is to demonstrate the commercial feasibility of massive hydraulic fracturing (MHF) for recovery of gas from the Mesaverde formation of the Piceance Basin. This project is a continuation of work initiated by Mobil in 1971. In this prior work one well was drilled in the Piceance Basin and massively fractured.

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Lower Cretaceous Rocks of Northwestern Colorado and Northeastern Utah

Lower Cretaceous rocks of northwestern Colorado and northeastern Utah consist of three distinct units- the Cedar Mountain Formation, Dakota Sandstone, and Mowry Shale. Because they represent deposits laid down before and during the west-ward transgression of the Mancos sea, it is possible to recognize in them sediments formed in various subdivision of the floodplain, paludal, lagoon-estuarine, littoral marine, and neritic environments. In this region commercial accumulations of petroleum have been encountered in at least 51 fields but production has been small, totaling 14.6 million barrels of oil and 164.8 billion cubic feet of gas. Most of this production has come from floodplain and paludal channel sandstones and fractures in neritic shales. New discoveries await deeper exploratory tests within the Uinta, Piceance Creek, and Sand Wash Basins.

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Lower Upper Cretaceous Strata, Bighorn Basin, Wyoming and Montana

The purpose of this report is to describe the lower Upper Cretaceous strata in the Bighorn Basin, emphasizing evidence of major unconformities and the temporal and spatial distribution of those unconformitied. Data used in this investigation were obtained from 13 measured sections, about 50 fossil localities, and the electric logs from about 210 wells. Of the well logs examined, 20 are represented on the illustrations in this report. The locations of the wells and measured sections are shown on Figure 1 and described in Table 2.

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Energy Exploration and Expectations Deep Within the Rockies: The Greater Green River Basin and Environs

The Greater Green River basin and environs comprise a major segment of the earth's crust within the Central Rocky Mountain province. As defined herein, this region includes about 35,000 square miles (89,600 square kilometers). It is a plexus of five structural basins separated by interbasinal uplifts and surrounded as a unit by several major mountain uplifts (Figure 1). The margins of this region are not everywhere clearly defined. This region is not a single natural geologic entity. It is a combination of several. However, as a single potential major oil- and gas-producing region, the several parts ha\"e many common aspects and problems. The eastern boundary of the region discussed is arbitrarily selected along the crests of several structurally high areas that extend northward from the Sierra Madre of southern Wyoming through the Rawlins uplift and the Separation Flats

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Contracts for Field Projects and Supporting Research on Enhanced Oil Recovery

The objectives of this project are to identify the mechanisms by which gel treatments divert fluids in reservoirs and to establish where and how gel treatments are best applied. Several types of gelants were examined, including polymer-based gelants, a monomer-based gelant, and a colloidal silica gelant. This research is directed at gel applications in water injection wells, in production wells, and in high-pressure gas floods. The work will examine how the flow properties of gels and gelling agents are influenced by permeability, lithology, and wettability. Other goals include determining the proper placement of gel ants, the stability of in-place gels, and the types of gels required for the various oil recovery processes and for different scales of reservoir heterogeneity.

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ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT REPORT: JOINT ERDA/GPE MASSIVE HYDRAULIC FRACTURING EXPERIMENT, NATURAL BUTTES UNIT, UINTAH CO., UTAH

This environmental assessment was prepared as a negative declaration regarding the environmental impacts associated with the joint Gas Producing Enterprises (GPE) and the Energy Research and Development Administration (ERDA) project to stimulate six natural gas wells by massive hydraulic fracturing in the Uinta Basin of Utah. The results of this program could prove valuable in the exploitation of those potentially recoverable gas reserves in low permeability reservoirs as identified in the National Gas Survey by the Federal Power Commission. The purpose of this assessment is to present a brief description of activities proposed by GPE and to evaluate possible environmental disruption which might result from such a project. This assessment was prepared in accordance with the requirements of Title 10, Part II of the Code of Federal Regulations which outlines procedures to be followed by ERDA for the  implementation of the National Environmental Policy Act of 1969 (NEPA).

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Some Thoughts on Crack Growth in Hydraulic Fracturing

A rational approach to predicting the extent and shape of the fracture surface generated by hydraulic fracturing of a well is to make use of linear elastic fracture mechanics. In such an approach the different rock layers may be idealized as homogeneous, isotropic and linear elastic. A crack in a given rock is assumed to advance when the stress intensity factor at the crack tip is equal to the value for which crack growth is observed in laboratory fracture experiments. Even with these idealizations the problem remains extremely difficult because (a) the problem is inherently 3-dimensional, (b) the problem is one of undetermined boundaries in that the location of the crack front is the subject of primary interest, and (c) the problem is complicated by the presence of layers with different elastic module. In order to make progress it is clear that further idealizations are necessary.

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Combustion Engineering Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle (IGCC) Repowering Project Clean Coal II Project

CE is participating in a $270 million coal gasification combined cycle repowering project that will provide a nominal 65 MW of electricity to City, Water, light and Power (CWL&P) in Springfield, Illinois. The IGCC system will consist of CE's air-blown entrained flow two-stage gasifier; an advanced hot gas cleanup system; a combustion turbine adapted to use low-BTU gas; and all necessary coal handling equipment.

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Rock mechanics studies related to massive hydraulic fracturing of eastern united states Devonian shales

Laboratory core analyses were performed on cares taken from Columbia Gas System Service Corporation wells #20402 and #20403, located in Lincoln County, West Virginia. All mechanical properties were determined at simulated in situ conditions and, where  applicable, compared directly with the Birdwell (3-0) and Schlumberger logs. Densities compare favorably although compressional and shear wave ( comparisons are complicated by anisotropic material behavior and discrepancy in field-measured shear wave velocities. Sood correlation is obtained for compression and shear wave velocities parallel to the wellbore provided the log-determined shear W0V2 velocity is assumed to be the Rayleigh wave velocity. Measured physical and mechanical properties are combined with theoretical models to assess possible fracture containment. for successful massive hydraulic fracture in the Middle Brown . -, sna.12 the bottom hole pressure necessary to extend the fracture should not be greater than 600 psi above the minimum in situ stress in order to prevent deep excursion of the fracture into the barrier layers. Fracture conductivities at simulated in situ conditions for an unpropped fracture and for fractures propped with 0.56 lb/ft 2 of 100 mesh and 1.44 1 b/rt2 of 20/40 sand \'ler2 det2rt:11 need.

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Structural Response of Propped Fractures in Green River Oil Shale as it Relates to Underground Retorting

Structural response and/or deformation of propped fractures was determined for each of the different grades of Green River oil shale as they were heated in an inert atmosphere from ambient to subtorting temperatures. Small oil shale cores propped apart by 3-nm glass beads were heated in a specifically designed test cell at a uniform rate to a temperature not exceeding 800 degrees F. The propped specimens were heated under stress levels from 100 to 1,000 psi in biaxial and in triaxial confinement. Results from this study indicate that underground retorting of Green River oil shale may be seriously impaired through loss of permeability in a process that utilizes propped fractures between injection and producing wells to recover shale oil from oil shale's which assay more than 28 gpt.

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DETERMINATION OF THE STRAIN RELAXATION AND THEIR RELATION TO SUBSURFACE STRESSES IN THE DEVONIAN SHALE

Strain-relaxation tests were performed on twenty-four specimens of Devonian Shale obtained from the Columbia Well No. 20402, Lincoln County, West Virginia, for the overall purpose of identifying, among the gas-bearing shales, the prime zones for stimulation (MHF) treatment within the Devonian Shale sequence.

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Integration of the Geological/Engineering Model with Production Performance for Patrick Draw Field, Wyoming

The NIPER Reservoir Assessment and Characterization Research Program incorporates elements of the near-term, mid-term and long-term objectives of the National Energy Strategy-Advanced Oil Recovery Program. The interdisciplinary NIPER team focuses on barrier island reservoirs, a high priority class of reservoirs, that contains large amounts of remaining oil in place located in mature fields with a high number of shut-in and abandoned wells. The analysis and model developed in the course of the research will directly benefit the operators of the fields, as well as those companies operating in similar types of reservoirs.

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DETERMINATION OF THE STRAIN RELAXATION AND THEIR RELATION TO SUBSURFACE STRESSES IN THE DEVONIAN SHALE

Strain-relaxation tests were performed on twenty-four specimens of Devonian Shale obtained from the Columbia Well No. 20402, Lincoln County, West Virginia, for the overall purpose of identifying, among the gas-bearing shales, the prime zones for stimulation (MHF) treatment within the Devonian Shale sequence

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Final Report on Baseline and Improved Baseline Volume III

There are several key process features needed to be addressed in selecting the options. These key process features are 1) coal cleaning method, 2) reactor configuration, 3) vacuum bottoms processing and 4) method of hydrogen production. The variables related to each of these process features are listed in Table 1.1. For reader's reference, the process variables/features of the baseline design are given in Table 1.2. The methodology utilized to select the options is explained below: ? Identify the primary process features and variables related to each process feature (Table 1.1) ? Define the baseline design by selecting the agreed upon combination of process variables/features as shown in Table 1.2. ? Define each option by changing the variable of one process feature at a time, maintaining the variables of other process features unchanged ? Combination of the newly defined process features defines the respective option

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Third Monthly Technical Letter Report

Production testing of the Phase II experiment in the Pinedale Unit No.5 well continued throughout the month of November, 1975. In addition, (i) wireline logging was performed to determine sand level in the wellbore and which of the sandstones fractured were contributing to production, (ii) graphical presentations of data obtained during well cleanup were prepared and (iii) the quantity of sand recovered was determined. These activities are discussed in detail under headings which follow.

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DEPOSITIONAL ENVIRONMENTS, UPPER PIERRE SHALE, DENVER BASIN, COLORADO

Two marine sandstones separated by a marine shale are present in the transitional member of the upper Pierre Shale in the Denver basin. The lower sandstone, varying in thickness from 50 to 60 m, and found mainly near the outcrop on the southern flank of the Denver basin, was deposited in shoreface and foreshore environments. The more widespread upper sandstone is considered to be a delta-front deposit. Both sandstone units are marginal to delta systems which prograded seaward in Late Cretaceous (Maestrichtian) time.

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Direct Coal Liquefaction Baseline Design and System Analysis

The objectives of this study were to: 1) develop material balance, utility requirements, equipment sizing, and capital costs for the directly affected plants, 2) make adjustments of the entities described in 1 for the indirectly affected plants, 3) develop overall material balance, overall utility requirements, and overall flow distributions, 4) develop an ASPEN/SP process simulation model, and 5) carry out economic evaluations.

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Geology and Gas Content of Coalbeds in Vicinity of Bureau of Mines, Bruceton, Pennsylvania

Two degasification test boreholes drilled to depths of 1,238 and 1,212 feet on Bureau of Mines property at Bruceton, Pa. provided detailed geologic information and geologic sections that were correlated with regional stratigraphic cross-sections prepared by the Pennsylvania Geologic Survey. Gas content determinations and coal analyses were made on the Upper Freeport, Middle Kittanning, Clarion, Brookville, and Mercer coalbeds. Gas content of the coalbeds ranged from 53 to 165 cu ft per ton. Formation pressure and gas flow tests were conducted on selected coalbed intervals in borehole No. 1. Formation pressures ranged from 292 to 473 psig. The Middle Kittanning coalbed was hydraulically stimulated using very heavy gelled water. Gad production remained low owing to gel residue and formation water inhibiting the flow of gas. Gas contents in Clarion, Upper Brookville, and Mercer coalbeds were anomalously low owing to proximity of porous sandstones that act as reservoirs for gas migrating home coalbeds.

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Stratigraphy, Sedimentology, and Petroleum Potential of Dakota Formation, Northeastern Utah

The Lower Cretaceous Dakota Formation in northeastern Utah is a fluvial deposit containing channel and overhank facies. The channel facies consist of multistoried sandstone bodies deposited as point-bars in sinuous streams and rivers. Each point-bar displays an upward fining sequence of grain sizes and sedimentary structures that indicate an upward decrease in flow density.

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Stimulation of Gas Production by Massive Hydraulic Fracturing - Mesaverde Formation, Piceance Basin, Rio Blanco and. Mesa Counties, Colorado

Mobil proposes to continue massive hydraulic  fracturing (MHF) demonstration experiments in the Mesaverde Format ion, Piceance Bas in, Colorado. The primary purpose of these efforts is to demonstrate economic feasibility of MHF in this area.

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Assessment of the Tri-potential Electrical Resistivity Survey in Defining Cavities , Fracture Zones and Aquifers

The purpose of this report is to first review the theory, operation, and potential applications of the tri-potential method of resistivity survey, and then to report on how this geophysical survey method was used at the Morgantown Energy Research Center's underground coal gasification (U.G.C.) site in Wetzel County, West Virginia; the results and conclusions from this phase of the project are also presented. This research project was performed under grant number GO155012 as funded by the U.S. Energy Research and Development Administration.

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Fourth Monthly Technical Letter Report

During the month of December, 1975, sand was cleaned from the wellbore to below the deepest perforations fractured in the Phase II experiment in the Pinedale Unit No. 5 well. Production testing continued until December 23, 1975, when the tubing installed after cleanout plugged and production ceased. Production test data for the month is presented in tabular form in Appendix A. Field activities during the month are discussed in chronological order under headings which follow.

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IMAGING TECHNIQUES APPLIED TO THE STUDY OF FLUIDS IN POROUS MEDIA

This project supports reservoir description and advanced oil recovery process research and development, especially in the areas of reservoir chemistry, physics, and rock-fluid interactions at the micro- and macroscopic scales. This work is aimed at advancing the understanding of the effect of small-scale rock heterogeneities (pore to whole core scales) on fundamental processes involved in oil recovery by developing, applying and refining cross-cutting imaging techniques and technologies. While these imaging techniques are currently used to provide near-term field RD&D support in the characterization of pore structures and surfaces, and rock/fluid interactions as applied to the evaluation of enhanced oil recovery processes for Class I, 11, and other reservoirs, in this report the emphasis is on the longer-term  application of these techniques to the study of oil trapping, recovery mechanisms, and scaling-up procedures from core plug to whole core to interwell scales.

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