AndreaBozzo/ceres-open-data-index huggingface dataset:
Development of a coal/water slurry-fueled diesel engine for industrial cogeneration. Task 1. 0 topical report: thermodynamic analysis

This project is part of a program in which the objective is to establish a high efficiency prototype industrial power system that can burn coal directly. The power system consists of a slow-speed, two-stroke diesel engine and a fuel preparation system which provides clean micronized coal in a water slurry for uses as the primary fuel. This topical report is concerned with the subject of Task 1: Thermodynamic Analysis. Chapter 1 presents the results of a parametric study utilizing a macroscopic thermodynamic model of diesel engine performance for a coal slurry fuel and compares results of the analysis with experimental data for a diesel fuel-fired engine. Chapter 2 combines the results of the Thermodynamic Analysis and Slurry Evaluation (reported in the Task 2 Topical Report: Fuel Preparation, Beneficiation and Handling) to arrive at preliminary trade-offs for evaluating the type of slurries which should be used in the diesel engine tests scheduled to commence in October 1984 in a single-cylinder test facility located at the Sulzer Brothers Ltd. plant in Winterthur, Switzerland. Chapter 3 presents conclusions derived from both the thermodynamic and the trade-off analysis. Appendix A contains a description and listing of the computer codes utilized in this program.

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Development of a fluid friction control valve for pressure letdown in hot dirty gas streams

Control valves required for pressure letdown service in future commercial coal conversion plants will be subjected to severe service at a temperature and pressure as high as 1800{degree}F and 800 psig, respectively, in a gaseous environment leading to valve erosion and corrosion. This report describes the design and development of a fluid friction control valve (FFCV) for these severe pressure reduction applications. The FFCV is designed to dissipate friction-induced energy losses uniformly over an extended surface flow path, and thus eliminate pressure reduction taking place in a single-step process. This important feature of the FFCV, by which the fluid mixture velocity is significantly reduced, has the potential of minimizing or even eliminating the problems associated with conventional-type control valves. The component parts of the FFCV exposed to the hot gas flow stream were fabricated from Inconel Alloy 625, a high strength nickel-chromium-molybdenum alloy used in high temperature corrosive environments. The FFCV underwent combined parametric and endurance tests at temperatures and pressures of up to 1500 F and 1000 psig, respectively, at gas stream flowrates of up to 100 lb/hr. To simulate abrasive ash/char particulate as found in conversion plant gas streams, three forms of silica powders were used. Over the course of 53 test runs, the FFCV was subjected to a cumulative endurance test duration of 164 hours, of which 55 hours were with silica particulate in the gas stream. During these tests the FFCV maintained its structural integrity and operated without clogging or jamming. Upon completion of testing, examination of the internal valve surfaces exposed to the gas stream showed no discernable erosion. 1 ref., 23 figs., 3 tabs.

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Arctic and Offshore Research Information System (AORIS)

The unique Arctic environment effects significant technological and economic barriers to developing the Alaskan oil and gas resource. Therefore, the US DOE has established a computerized information system to assist the technology and planning community in the development of Arctic oil and gas resources. This report/manual describes the Arctic and Offshore Research Information System (AORIS), how it was developed, and how it can be used. The AORIS has an on-line thesaurus and other personal computer, user-friendly aids to assist in querying the AORIS. There are three principal components: a directory component that serves as a ROADMAP to 85 Arctic databases containing Arctic energy-related information and how to access them; a Bibliographic component containing over 8,000 references and abstracts on energy-related research (sea ice, ice gouging, seafloor soils, subsea permafrost, seismic activity, and offshore structures,5681 ); and a DATA component containing over 800 data sets, extracted from the cited material in the BIBLIO component, in both tabular and graphical formats, on sea ice characteristics and ice-structure interaction. AORIS also contains a significant amount of the so-called grey literature, i.e., data and/or locations of Arctic data collected but never published. The AORIS, its operational software, and users'manual are contained on Compact Disk -- Read-Only Memory (CD-ROM) media. The AORIS is available through the Energy Science and Technology Software Center, P.O. Box 1020, Oak Ridge, TN 37831-1020.

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Coal-fueled diesel: Technology development: Final report

This project consisted of four tasks: (1) to determine if CWM could be ignited and burned rapidly enough for operation in a 1000-rpm diesel engine, (2) to demonstrate that a durable CWM-fueled engine could in principle be developed, (3) to assess current emissions control technology to determine the feasibility of cleaning the exhaust of a CWM-fueled diesel locomotive, and (4) to conduct an economic analysis to determine the attractiveness of powering US locomotives with CWM. 34 refs., 125 figs., 28 tabs.

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Valveless ash removal from pressurized fluidized-bed combustion systems by gravel bucket

The objective of this project is to apply the gravel bucket pressure letdown concept to a stream of hot, gas-borne ash, under conditions similar to those found in a pressurized fluidized-bed combustor, where the system pressure is dissipated across a packed or partially fluidized bed of coarsely crushed rock. A second objective is to use the data collected during testing to develop a mathematical model which can be used to predict pressure drop in a gravel bucket device. The final objective of the project is to develop an economic analysis comparing the cost of constructing and operating a gravel bucket with that of a lockhopper system. The results of this analysis will be submitted as a separate report. 9 refs., 6 figs., 5 tabs.

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Coal pump development. Phase I feasibility report

Having confirmed that coal could be extruded through a small orifice, a small, used, thermoplastics extruder was procured and modified by increasing the size of the heaters. The extrudate expelled from the extruder was in the form of long, curly, thin (1/4 in.) spaghetti or large, expanded, foamy, billowy masses. Based on these results, the present program was implemented to expand the engineering base of extrusion. A standard 2.5 in. single-screw extruder was procured from the Egan Machinery Company. This machine was identical to that used for plastics except that the maximum capacity heaters available were installed and the profile of the screw was modified slightly based on the 1.5 in. experience. In conjunction with this effort, work was initiated to characterize the properties and rheology of coals and their extrudates, and to model the coal pump to aid in understanding the fundamentals of coal extrusion and to aid in scaling to pump sizes compatible for use in commercial-size coal conversion plants. After modifications had been incorporated into a thermoplastics type of capillary viscometer, the viscosity of plastic coals was measured. The apparent viscosities ranged from a low of one poise for Pittsburgh No. 8 (equal to viscosity of SAE 10 oil at 60/sup 0/F) up to 1000 poise for Kentucky No. 9 coal. Both of these coals have been extruded through the 1.5 in. coal pump. The modeling effort has been able to utilize a computer program developed for the thermoplastics industry to model coal extrusion.

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Gas miscible displacement enhanced oil recovery: Technology status report

Research on gas flooding and miscible displacement, with an emphasis on improvement of CO/sub 2/ flood performance is described. Low reservoir volumetric sweep efficiency is the major problem associated with gas flooding and all miscible displacements. CO/sub 2/ flooding would be considerably more efficient if a larger area of the reservoir could be contacted by the gas. Current research has focused on mobility control, computer simulation, and reservoir heterogeneity studies. Three mobility control methods have been investigated: the use of polymers for direct thickening of high-density carbon dioxide, mobile ''foam-like dispersions''of carbon dioxide and aqueous surfactant, and in situ deposition of chemical precipitates. 17 refs., 22 figs., 8 tabs.

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Application of the Vertical-Tube Reactor to the treatment of selected underground-coal-gasification wastewaters

The project objective was to evaluate the use of the Vertical-Tube-Reactor process in the wet oxidation of two wastewaters generated by an underground-coal-gasification experiment. The Laboratory Batch Reactor (LBR), a small vessel of constant volume, was used to simulate the conditions a wastewater would experience in a full-scale Vertical-Tube Reactor (VTR). The scope of work included three phases of laboratory, design, and cost-estimating effort. Phase I involved duplicate LBR runs at six temperature and time profiles and produced total chemical oxygen demand (TCOD), total suspended solids (TSS), and total organic carbon (TOC) removal data for treatability curves. Computer modeling in Phase II yielded reactor configurations of various depths, maximum operating temperatures and reaction times for treating 100,000 gpd of each Hanna IV B underground-coal-gasification (UCG) wastewater. Cost estimates for the facility design and construction provided a basis for comparison of these various configurations. Each configuration was also analyzed for power consumption, equipment limitations, and expected COD reductions. In Phase III a best VTR configuration for each wastewater was selected based on consideration of data in Phase II. Multiple LBR runs were performed at the design operating conditions for each VTR configuration selected and the results were compared with Phase I data and conclusions as to feasibility of treatment of the two wastewaters with the VTR process were drawn. Computer modeling and LBR results show it is technically feasible to treat each Hanna IV B UCG wastewater with the proposed VTR configurations. Data on probable cost for these two VTR applications are provided. 12 figures, 14 tables.

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Massive hydraulic fracturing experiments of the Devonian shale in Lincoln County, West Virginia

The following preliminary conclusions were reached: Shale Stimulation Treatments - Hydraulically fractured wells will produce considerably more gas than wells stimulated with 80% gelled nitroglycerine. From a cost standpoint, the results suggest a single limited entry treatment in selected intervals is the preferred stimulation approach. The lower black shales contain significant producible gas. Large treatment sizes don't necessarily increase production proportionately and may cause extensive clean-up problems. Massive hydraulic fracturing may create economic gas production from undepleted Devonian shale areas near the test area. Devonian Shale Characterization - Mobile gas is mostly in the black or dark brown organic rich zones high in kerogen and uranium. Gamma ray and density logs can adequately locate these zones. Drilling and fracturing fluids do not affect the organic rich black Devonian shale; however, they do affect some gray shales. Rock properties show that the black shales fracture more easily than gray shales. The amount of potentially recoverable Devonian shale gas estimated by various methods ranges from 200 to 900 Tcf. The bulk of the recoverable shale gas appears to be adsorbed on the kerogen within the shale matrix. Devonian Shale Well Testing - Cumulative production curves on a log-log plot seem to provide the most reliable index of a well's long-term potential in this area. Normal reservoir pressure tests provide little useful data on hydraulically fractured shale wells. Because of potential damage related to fluid-formation interaction, excessive shut-in times required for testing could be detrimental if production is from fractures in the gray shales.

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Kinetic behavior of solid particles in fluidized beds: Solid particle kinetic forces: Quarterly report, April-June 1987

The tracer particle method has been applied to investigate the effect of bed configuration on the kinetic forces of solid particles in fluidized beds. In general, the experiments show that the kinetic forces of fluidized particles increase with increasing particle size, bed height, and superficial gas velocity in a spouted fluidized bed, a square fluidized bed, and a two-dimensional fluidized bed. However, the kinetic forces in the two dimensional fluidized bed and the square fluidized bed were found to be smaller than those in the circular fluidized bed. Among circular beds the kinetic forces in the spouted fluidized beds were larger than those in the regular circular fluidized bed due to the existence of a jet. A Piezotron force sensor combined with the data acquisition system, using a PC computer, was developed and will be employed to study the force distribution in fluidized beds as a function of time and location.

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Characterization and analysis of Devonian shales as related to release of gaseous hydrocarbons. Well R-109, Washington County, Ohio

Coring of Well R-109 (Washington County, Ohio) was accomplished in August 1976. A total of 25 samples were collected. Hydrocarbon gas analyses indicate that higher chain hydrocarbon gases (C/sub 2/-C/sub 5/) make up a significant portion of total hydrocarbons in the shales, but methane is still the dominant single gas. Distinct relationships exist between the carbon and hydrocarbon gas contents, showing increase in hydrocarbon gas contents with increasing carbon. Similar relationships between hydrogen and hydrocarbon gas contents exist, though they are not as pronounced. Gas contents appear not to be related to the bulk densities in any quantitative manner, though organic contents (carbon and hydrogen) seem to be related to bulk density values much more clearly. R-109 shales are virtually impermeable to gases and other fluids, as attempted helium gas permeability measurements indicated extremely small (< 10/sup -12/ Darcy) permeability values.

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Influence of coal devolatilization conditions on the yield, chemistry, and toxicology of by-product oils and tars

The present experimental program investigated the effects of process conditions on the yield, chemical composition, and toxicological characteristics of oil/tar produced during the devolatilization of coal. Experiments were conducted in a 2-lb/hr, entrained-flow reactor. Chemical and toxicological analyses were performed on samples from 49 separate experiments. Rapid gas chromatographic analysis methods were applied to the complex oil/tar by-products to accurately identify over 100 individual chemical compounds. Reactor condensate samples, including tars, oils and aqueous materials, were screened using the Ames Salmonella assay. Selected materials were subjected to sister chromatic exchange and rabbit alveolar macrophage assay procedures. Results indicate that: (1) in the range 600/sup 0/C to 1000/sup 0/C, temperature and reactant gas had the most substantial effect on yields of oil/tar. (2) The chemical composition of bulk oil/tar varied considerably, consisting mostly of aromatic compounds with 4 or more rings at 600/sup 0/C and 1 to 3 rings at 1000/sup 0/C. (3) The production of selected classes of compounds varied with both temperature and residence time. (4) The highest values of mutagenicity were measured for reactor condensates produced at 800/sup 0/C; oil/tar produced at 600/sup 0/C contained low or statistically insignificant mutagenicity. (5) The mutagenicity of by-product oil/tar varied with the presence of specific classes of compounds, particularly awareness plus primary aromatic amines.

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Great Plains ASPEN model development: gasifier quench, gas cooling, shift conversion, gas liquor separation sections. Final topical report

A single ASPEN model has been developed that encompasses the Gasifier Quench (Section 1100), Gas Cooling (Section 1300), Shift Conversion (Section 1200), and Gas Liquor Separation (Section 1800). This model is based on the process descriptions given in Sections 6.7, 6.8, 6.9 and 6.13 of the Great Plains Project Management Plan and Lummus Schematic Process Flow Diagrams, Dwg. No. SK-7102-201A-2, SK-7102-1D-2, SK-7102-1D-2, and SK-7102-1H-2. The model is primarily a flowsheet simulation that will calculate the material and energy balances and equipment duties for a given set of process conditions. The model is unable to predict fully changes in process conditions that would result from load changes on equipment of fixed sizes, such as a rating model would. The model can be used to simulate the steady-state operation of the plant at or near design conditions, or to design other similar processes. The model also can be used in optimization studies on operating conditions, particularly in the shift conversion area. Because of the limited amount of process information that was available, several major process assumptions had to be made in the development of the flowsheet model. The model developed is robust and no convergence problems were encountered. Varied in the case studies were the temperature approach to equilibrium in the shift reactor and the quantity of gas being shifted. The results are as expected, the lower the equilibrium approach temperature and the more gas being sent to the shift reactor, the lower the carbon monoxide-to-hydrogen ratio obtained. The converse is true for higher approach temperatures and less gas being shifted. 55 references, 5 figures, 9 tables.

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Solid waste sampling and distribution. Quarterly technical progress report, January-March 1985

EPA has yet to issue a final classification for conventional coal combustion wastes; for the present, under a statement issued by EPA, the wastes remain exempted from hazardous regulations. Wastes generated by advanced energy-related processes being developed by the Department of Energy have not yet been subjected to close scrutiny. Yet, it is critical that any potential, waste-related constraints be identified as soon as possible, so that timely corrective action can be undertaken and so that more informed decisions concerning process development can be made. This ''Sampling and Distribution Project''constitutes the lead activity of a new DOE effort to investigate these wastes. This project includes acquisition of samples and distribution of those samples to laboratories where they will be characterized. This quarterly report summarizes activities accomplished during the period January-March 1985.

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Assessment of environmental problems associated with increased enhanced oil recovery in the United States:  1980-2000

Water requirements and uncontrolled air emissions from well vents and steam generators were estimated for each technology based upon available literature. Estimates of best air emission control technologies were made using data for EOR steam generators actually in use, as well as control technologies presently available but used by other industries. Amounts of solid wastes were calculated for each air emission control technology. Estimates were also made of the heavy metal content of these solid wastes. The study also included environmental residuals which may be expected should coal be used instead of lean crude to produce steam for thermal EOR. It was concluded that from an environmental prospective tertiary oil is preferable in many respects to shale oil, coal and synfuels. Alternative sources of oil such as syncrude, new exploration, and primary production could cause far more environmental damage than incremental EOR. Future EOR in specific regions may be constrained because of environmental issues: air emissions, solid waste disposal, water availability, and aquifer contaminators. Competition for water and the scarcity of surface water or groundwater which are low in total diminutive solids will impede some EOR projects. Risks of groundwater contamination should be minimized particularly because of requirements of the Environmental Protection Agency's new underground injection control program. A quantitative environmental assessment will require a complete and consistent data base for all fields for which EOR is planned out in which tertiary production is taking place. This is particularly true for EOR which will occur in Alaska or in offshore areas, where environments are fragile and where operating conditions are severe. 147 references, 29 figures, 46 tables.

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Western Gas Sands Project. Status report, 1 July-31 July, 1979

National Laboratories and Energy Technology Centers continued projects during July. Bartlesville Energy Technology Center continued work on core/fluid testing, fabrication of and improvements to confining pressure apparatus, advanced logging techniques and interpretation and reservoir simulation studies. At Lawrence Livermore Laboratory theoretical analysis and experimental programs continued for hydraulic fracturing. Testing of the borehole seismic and hydrophone systems for fracture mapping continued at Sandia Laboratories. The CER Corporation RB-MHF 3 well has been transferred to Rio Blanco Natural Gas Company for further testing. Cyclic gas injection and production continued at CIG's Miller No. 1 and Sprague No. 1 wells. The DOE well test facility was transported to the Rio Blanco Natural Gas Company well No. 397-19-1 Government. The cumulative production of Mitchell Energy Muse-Duke No. 1 as of July 31, 1979, was just over one billion cubic ft of gas. A flow log was run on the Mobil PCU F31-13G well. Exploratory coring for the Sandia Hole No. 6 fracture experiment continued in July with the completion of two additional holes.

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Target Reservoirs for CO2 Miscible Flooding Task Two: Summary of Available Reservoir and Geological Data

This report describes work performed by Gruy Federal, Inc., as the second of six tasks under contract with the US Department of Energy. The stated objective of this study is to build a solid engineering foundation to serve as the basis for field mini- and pilot tests in both high and low oil saturation carbonate reservoirs for the purpose of extending the technology base in carbon dioxide miscible flooding. The six tasks in this study are: (1) summary of available CO/sub 2/ field test data; (2) summary of existing reservoir and geological data; (3) selection of target reservoirs; (4) selection of specific reservoirs for CO/sub 2/ injection tests; (5) selection of specific sites for test wells in carbonate reservoirs; and (6) drilling and coring activities. The report for Task Two consists of a summary of existing reservoir and geological data on carbonate reservoirs located in west Texas, southeast New Mexico, and the Rocky Mountain states. It is contained in two volumes, each with several parts. The present volume, in four parts, is a summary of reservoir data for fields in the Rocky Mountain states. Volume One contains data for Permian basin fields in west Texas and southeast New Mexico. While a serious effort was made to obtain all publicly available data for the fields considered, sufficiently reliable data on important reservoir parameters were not always available for every field. The data in Volume II show 143 carbonate reservoirs in the study area may be suitable for CO/sub 2/ miscible flooding. Using a general estimate of enhanced oil recovery by CO/sub 2/ flooding of 10% of original oil in place, some 619 million barrels of oil could be recovered by widespread application of CO/sub 2/ flooding in the study area. Mississippian and Ordovician reservoirs appear to be the most promising targets for the process.

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