AndreaBozzo/ceres-open-data-index huggingface dataset:
Hot coal gas desulfurization with manganese-based sorbents. Final report, September 1992--December 1994

The focus of much current work being performed by the Morgantown Energy Technology Center (METC) of the Department of Energy on hot coal-derived fuel gas desulfurization is in the use of zinc-based sorbents. METC has shown interest in formulating and testing manganese-based pellets as alternative effective sulfur sorbents in the 700 to 1200{degree}C temperature range. To substantiate the potential superiority of Mn-based pellets, a systematic approach toward the evaluation of the desulfurizing power of single-metal sorbents is developed based on thermodynamic considerations. This novel procedure considered several metal-based sorbents and singled out manganese oxide as a prime candidate sorbent capable of being utilized under a wide temperature range, irrespective of the reducing power (determined by CO{sub 2}/CO ratio) of the fuel gas. Then, the thermodynamic feasibility of using Mn-based pellets for the removal of H{sub 2}S from hot-coal derived fuel gases, and the subsequent oxidative regeneration of loaded (sulfided) pellets was established. It was concluded that MnO is the stable form of manganese for virtually all commercially available coal-derived fuel gases. In addition, the objective of reducing the H{sub 2}S concentration below 150 ppMv to satisfy the integrated gasification combined cycle system requirement was shown to be thermodynamically feasible. A novel process is developed for the manufacture of Mn-based spherical pellets which have the desired physical and chemical characteristics required.

Tags: kmd
Studies of in-situ calcium based sorbents in advanced pressurized coal conversion systems. Final report, June 1991--October 1994

The overall objective of this project was to obtain experimental data on the reactions of calcium-based sorbents in both air-blown coal gasification systems and second generation fluid bed coal combustion systems (partial gasification) as well as stabilization of the spent sorbent produced. The project consisted of six tasks: Tasks 1 and 2 dealt mostly with project-related activities and preparation of test equipment, Task 3 -- study on sulfidation of calcium-based sorbents, Task 4 -- kinetic studies on calcium-catalyzed carbon gasification reactions, and Task 5 -- oxidation of CaS present in LASHs and DASHs (mixtures of coal ash and limestone or dolomite respectively) to CaSO{sub 4} and absorption of SO{sub 2} on various solids, and Task 6 -- economic evaluation of the most promising CaS oxidation method developed under this program. Experimental studies were conducted primarily to address Task 5 issues, and are discussed in this report.

Tags: kmd
Advanced coal-fueled industrial cogeneration gas turbine system. Annual report, 2 June 1992--1 June 1993

This program was initiated in June of 1986 because advances in coal-fueled gas turbine technology over the previous few years, together with DOE-METC sponsored studies, served to provide new optimism that the problems demonstrated in the past can be economically resolved and that the coal-fueled gas turbine could ultimately be the preferred system in appropriate market application sectors. In early 1991 it became evident that a combination of low natural gas prices, stringent emission limits of the Clean Air Act and concerns for CO{sub 2} emissions made the direct coal-fueled gas turbine less attractive. In late 1991 it was decided not to complete this program as planned. The objective of the Solar/METC program was to prove the technical, economic, and environmental feasibility of a coal-fired gas turbine for cogeneration applications through tests of a Centaur Type H engine system operated on coal fuel throughout the engine design operating range. Component development of the coal-fueled combustor island and cleanup system while not complete indicated that the planned engine test was feasible. Preliminary designs of the engine hardware and installation were partially completed. A successful conclusion to the program would have initiated a continuation of the commercialization plan through extended field demonstration runs. After notification of the intent not to complete the program a replan was carried out to finish the program in an orderly fashion within the framework of the contract. A contract modification added the first phase of the Advanced Turbine Study whose objective is to develop high efficiency, natural gas fueled gas turbine technology.

Tags: kmd
Naturally fractured tight gas reservoir detection optimization. Quarterly report, April--June 1994

Geologic assessment of the basin during the third quarter possessed several major objectives. The first task was to test the validity of the gas-centered basin model for the Piceance Basin. The second objective was to define the location and variability of gas-saturated zones within the Williams Fork and Iles Formation reservoir horizons. A third objective was to prepare an updated structure map of the Piceance Basin on the top of the Iles Formation (Rollins Sandstone) to take advantage of new data provided by ten years of drilling activity throughout the basin. The first two objectives formed the core of the ARI poster session presented at the AAPG annual meeting in Denver. The delineation of the gas and water-saturated zone geometries for the Williams Fork and Iles Formations in the basin was presented in the form of a poster session at the AAPG Annual meeting held in Denver in mid-June. The poster session outlined the nature of the gas-centered basin geometry and demonstrated the gas and water-saturated conditions for the Williams Fork, Cozzette and Corcoran reservoir horizons throughout the basin. Initial and cumulative production data indicate that these reservoir horizons are gas-saturated in most of the south-central and eastern basin. The attached report summarizes the data and conclusions of the poster session.

Tags: kmd
Monolithic solid oxide fuel cell technology advancement for coal-based power generation. Quarterly technical status report, April--June, 1992

The objective of the program is to advance materials and fabrication methodologies to develop a monolithic solid oxide fuel cell (MSOFC) system capable of meeting performance, life, and cost goals for coal-based power generation. The program focuses on materials research and development, fabrication process development, cell/stack performance testing and characterization, cost and system analysis, and quality development. An introductory section describes the design features of the MSOFC. The remainder of the report discusses the progress made in four of the six main tasks of this project: Materials research and development; Fabrication; Testing on coal gas; and Quality development.

Tags: kmd
Pressurized Circulating Fluidized Bed (PCFB) Repowering Project. Annual report, August 1991--December 1992

This report provides a summary of activities, by the DMEC-1 Limited Partnership on the PCFB Repowering Project from project initiation in August 1991 through December 1992. The DMEC-1 project will demonstrate ``First Generation`` PCFB technology and will result in an existing steam turbine being repowered with steam from a PCFB boiler. Exhaust gases from the PCFB boiler will be expanded through a gas turbine to provide additional power output. The preliminary design is progressing. As the design is refined and modified, cost and schedule baselines will be updated. Environmental information has been obtained and submitted to The Department of Energy (DOE) with no obvious problems or concerns identified. Testing analysis and evaluations of systems continue. A key feature of design verification testing has been and will continue to be the testing of ceramic barrier filtration technologies including the Asahi Advanced Ceramic Tube Filter (ACTF) and Westinghouse`s Candle Filter. At the time of this report testing has been completed on the Asahi ACTF and tests have been initiated on the Westinghouse filters. In general terms, the Asahi design was successful in reducing the outlet dust loading to required levels but certain problems were encountered which led to some premature ceramic tube failures.

Tags: kmd
Advanced coal-fueled industrial cogeneration gas turbine system particle removal system development

Solar Turbines developed a direct coal-fueled turbine system (DCFT) and tested each component in subscale facilities and the combustion system was tested at full-scale. The combustion system was comprised of a two-stage slagging combustor with an impact separator between the two combustors. Greater than 90 percent of the native ash in the coal was removed as liquid slag with this system. In the first combustor, coal water slurry mixture (CWM) was injected into a combustion chamber which was operated loan to suppress NO{sub x} formation. The slurry was introduced through four fuel injectors that created a toroidal vortex because of the combustor geometry and angle of orientation of the injectors. The liquid slag that was formed was directed downward toward an impaction plate made of a refractory material. Sixty to seventy percent of the coal-borne ash was collected in this fashion. An impact separator was used to remove additional slag that had escaped the primary combustor. The combined particulate collection efficiency from both combustors was above 95 percent. Unfortunately, a great deal of the original sulfur from the coal still remained in the gas stream and needed to be separated. To accomplish this, dolomite or hydrated lime were injected in the secondary combustor to react with the sulfur dioxide and form calcium sulfite and sulfates. This solution for the sulfur problem increased the dust concentrations to as much as 6000 ppmw. A downstream particulate control system was required, and one that could operate at 150 psia, 1850-1900{degrees}F and with low pressure drop. Solar designed and tested a particulate rejection system to remove essentially all particulate from the high temperature, high pressure gas stream. A thorough research and development program was aimed at identifying candidate technologies and testing them with Solar`s coal-fired system. This topical report summarizes these activities over a period beginning in 1987 and ending in 1992.

Tags: kmd
Advanced development of the nested fiber filter

Battelle and DOE have been developing the Nested Fiber Filter for high-temperature, high-pressure particulate control as applied to advanced coal-fired power systems. The current program represents a focused effort to develop cleaning techniques for the NFF at pilot plant scale. The filter consists of a 10-inch deep nest of stainless steel fibers collecting particles as dendrites on individual fibers. Tests with a 6-sq ft Nested Fiber Filter (NFF) have demonstrated greater than 99% particulate capture over a limited number of operating hours. Design, development, and testing a 6-sq ft module proceeded in three sequential stages. The NFF test module was integrated with a fluidized bed combustor to provide a realistic particulate laden gas to the NFF. Initial problems with gas and particulate bypassing plus ineffective cleaning by acoustic drivers led to a series of tests on a 1.5 sq ft section of the NFF. The fiber bed was slightly compressed to further prevent voids forming at the side walls during the vibration cleaning cycle. A mechanical vibrator was coupled with the pulse combustor to effectively clean/regenerate the NFF over a limited number of cycles. Testing resumed with the 6-sq ft test module and the above modifications. Two tests totaling 15 hours of operation and 14 repetitive cycles are summarized here and demonstrated the NFF performance. The preliminary engineering and economic evaluation showed the NFF to be cost-competitive with the ceramic cross-flow filter and the granular bed filter. Capital cost for a NFF on a 330 MW PFBC is estimated to be $42.9 million or $130/kW. The total plant cost for a PFBC system including the NFF is estimated to be $1,274/kW. This compares to $1,261/kW for a PFBC plus ceramic cross-flow filter or $1,351/kW for a PFBC plus granular bed filter.

Tags: kmd
Advanced turbine design for coal-fueled engines. Phase 2, Corrosion of turbine hot gas path blading: Final report, December 1988--February 1993

The environment within the advanced industrial gas turbine is highly oxidizing and contains the compounds, salts and oxides that accelerate the rate of oxidation of structural materials. Protective coatings which differ from each other and the superalloys in composition and phase morphology, enhance the oxidation and corrosion resistance of the superalloys. As temperatures increase, the relativity stability and long term effectiveness of the coatings is of concern. The interdiffusion of coating and alloy constituents can affect chemical and mechanical properties. Long term studies are appropriate. Thermal barrier coatings, introduced at the inception of the current program will further improve the thermal efficiency of industrial gas turbine engines. The interaction between state-of-the-art thermal barrier coatings (TBC) and oxidation and corrosion in the coal fired environment is of concern and should be critically examined. The superior performance of the overlay coating is related to thickness rather than chemistry. With respect to sodium sulfate corrosion, the life of the overlay coating is 2.7 times longer than that of the platinum aluminide which in turn is 2.2 times longer than that of the simple aluminide. The ranking of the coatings is unchanged with respect to eutectic soft corrosion, however the salt is more aggressive. The life of the overlay coating is 1.4 times longer than that of the platinum aluminide which is 1.9 times longer than that of the simple aluminide.

Tags: kmd
Design of gasifiers to optimize fuel cell systems. Final report, September 1990--September 1993

Pursuing the key national goal of clean and efficient utilization of the abundant domestic coal resources for power generation, this study was conducted to evaluate the potential of optimizing the integrated catalytic gasification/carbonate fuel cell power generation system. ERC in close collaboration with Fluor Daniel (providing engineering design and costing), conducted a detailed system configuration study to evaluate various catalytic gasification/carbonate fuel cell power plant configurations and compare them to present day, as well as emerging, alternate coal-based power plant technologies to assess their competitive position. A Topical Report (1992) was submitted documenting this effort, and the three catalytic gasification case studies are summarized in Appendix A. Results of this study indicate that system efficiencies approaching 55% (HHV) can be achieved by integrating low temperature catalytic gasification with high efficiency carbonate fuel cells. Thermal balance in the gasifier is achieved without oxygen by recycling hydrogen from the fuel cell anode exhaust. A small amount of air is added to the gasifier to minimize hydrogen recycle. In order to validate the assumptions made in the case configurations, experimental studies were performed to determine the reactivity of Illinois No. 6 coal with the gasification catalysts. The reactivity of the catalyzed coal has significant bearing on gasifier sizing and hence system cost and efficiency.

Tags: kmd
Deep seismic survey extending from Western Washington to Mist Gas Field, Oregon. Final report

Between October 1988 and September 1990, approximately 217 kilometers of vibroseis seismic reflection data was collected in Washington State. In particular, the profiles were placed to image a body of low resistivity rocks postulated to be marine sediments which were delineated by Stanley using magnetotelluric methods. The low resistivity rocks are known as the Southwestern Washington Cascade Conductor (SWCC). The profile data was processed using standard reflection seismic methods and also state-of-the-art data enhancing and 3-D reconstruction methods. Along with the reflection data, several dynamite refraction profiles and 3 component data were collected. The reflection and refraction data has been interpreted by Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory, Morgantown Energy Technology Center and the University of West Virginia. Results of the Lawrence Berkeley and University of West Virginia work are presented in a separate reports. This report summarizes the data acquisition and processing portions of the project.

Tags: kmd
Effects of selected thermophilic microorganisms on crude oils at elevated temperatures and pressures. 1991 annual report

During the past several years, a considerable amount of work has been carried out showing that microbially enhanced oil recovery (MEOR) is promising and the resulting biotechnology may be deliverable. In this laboratory systematic studies are being conducted which deal with the effects of thermophilic and thermoadapted bacteria on the chemical and physical properties of selected types of crude oils at elevated temperatures and pressures. Particular attention is being paid to heavy crude oils such as Boscan and Cerro Negro (Venezuela), Monterey (California) and those from Alabama and Arkansas. Current studies indicate that during the biotreatment several properties of crude oils are affected. The oils are (1) emulsified; (2) acidified; (3) there is a qualitative and quantitative change in light and heavy fractions of the crudes; (4) there are chemical changes in fractions containing sulfur compounds; (5) there is an apparent solubilization of trace metals; and (6) the qualitative and quantitative chemical and physical changes appear to be microbial species dependent. Effects on heavy crude oils are also compared to those on lighter oils such as oils from the Wyoming petroleum reserve. Microbial oil interactions are monitored routinely by a consortium of analytical techniques which are continuously upgraded and are capable of multiparameter analysis. The results generated in fiscal year 1991, describing (1) through (6), are presented and discussed in this report.

Tags: kmd
Advanced coal-fueled gas turbine systems. Final report

The configuration of the subscale combustor has evolved during the six years of this program from a system using only an impact separator to remove particulates to a system which also included a slagging cyclone separator before the lean-quench combustor. The system also now includes active slag tapping after the impact separator rather than a bucket to collect the slag. The subscale 12 MM Btu/hr (higher heating value, HHV) slagging combustor has demonstrated excellent coal-fired operation at 6 atm. The combustor has fired both coal-water mixtures (CWM) and pulverized coal (PC). Three Wyoming subbituminous coals and two bituminous coals have been successfully fired in the TVC. As a result of this active testing, the following conclusions may be drawn: (1) it was possible to achieve the full design thermal capacity of 12 MM Btu/hr with the subscale slagging combustor, while burning 100% pulverized coal and operating at the design pressure of 6 atm; (2) because of the separate-chamber, rich-lean design of the subscale slagging combustor, NO{sub x} emissions that easily meet the New Source Performance Standards (NSPS) limits were achieved; (3) carbon burnout efficiency was in excess of 99% when 100% coal-fired; (4) ninety percent of the ash can be separated as slag in the impact separator, and a total 98 to 99% removed with the addition of the slagging cyclone separator; (5) Objectives for third-stage exit temperature (1850{degrees}F), and exit temperature pattern factor (14%) were readily achieved; (6) overall pressure loss is currently an acceptable 5 to 6% without cyclone separator and 7 to 9% with the cyclone; and (7) feeding pulverized coal or sorbent into the combustor against 6 atm pressure is achievable.

Tags: kmd
Integrated low emissions cleanup system for direct coal fueled turbines. Twenty-sixth quarterly report: Quarterly status for the period January--March 1994

The United States Department of Energy, Morgantown Energy Research Center (DOE/METC), is sponsoring the development of direct coal-fired turbine power plants as part of their Heat Engines program. A major technical challenge remaining for the development of the direct coal-fired turbine is high-temperature combustion gas cleaning to meet environmental standards for sulfur oxides and particulate emissions, as well as to provide acceptable turbine life. The Westinghouse Electric Corporation, Science and Technology Center, is evaluating two Integrated Low Emissions Cleanup (ILEC) concepts that have been configured to meet this technical challenge: a baseline ceramic barrier filter ILEC concept, and a fluidized bed ILEC concept. These ILEC concepts simultaneously control sulfur, particulate, and alkali contaminants in the high-pressure combustion gases at turbine inlet temperatures up to 2300{degree}F. This document reports the status of a program in the twenty-sixth quarter to develop this ILEC technology.

Tags: kmd
Soil treatment to remove uranium and related mixed radioactive heavy metal contaminants. Quarterly technical progress report, April 1, 1994--June 30, 1994

The objective of this project is to design and develop a physico-chemical treatment process for the removal of uranium and heavy metals from contaminated soil to achieve target contamination levels below 35 pCi/g of soil and a target for non-radioactive heavy metals below concentration levels permissible for release of the soil. The work will involve bench-scale and pilot-scale tests, using chelation-flotation, chemical leaching and ultrasonic leaching techniques, in conjunction with cross-flow microfiltration and filter-press operations. The effectiveness of an integrated process to treat leachates generated from soil processing will be demonstrated. Process flow-sheets suitable for in-situ and ex-situ applications will be developed and preliminary costs will be provided for the soil and leachate treatment technologies.

Tags: kmd
Modification of chemical and physical factors in steamflood to increase heavy oil recovery. Annual report, October 1, 1992--September 30, 1993

Thermal methods, and particularly steam injection, are currently recognized as the most promising for the efficient recovery of heavy oil. Despite significant progress, however, important technical issues remain open. Specifically, still inadequate is our knowledge of the complex interaction between porous media and the various fluids of thermal recovery (steam, water, heavy oil, gases, and chemicals). While, the interplay of heat transfer and fluid flow with pore- and macro-scale heterogeneity is largely unexplored. Objectives of this work contract are to carry out new studies in the following areas: displacement and flow properties of fluids involving phase change in porous media; flow properties of mobility control fluids (such as foam,8418 ); and the effect of reservoir heterogeneity on thermal recovery. Specific projects address the need to improve heavy oil recovery from typical reservoirs as well as less conventional fractured reservoirs producing from vertical or horizontal wells. In the area of vapor-liquid flow, we present the continuation of work on the pore network modeling of bubble growth in porous media driven by the application of a prescribed heat flux or superheat. The scaling of bubble growth in porous media is also discussed. In another study we study the problem of steam injection in fractured systems using visualization in micromodels. The interplay of drainage, imbibition and bubble growth problems is discussed.

Tags: kmd