AndreaBozzo/ceres-open-data-index huggingface dataset:
Quarterly audits of the air-quality monitoring station. Final technical report, November 1980-May 1982. [Proposed WYCOALGAS project; Converse County, Wyoming; 4 quarterly independent air quality audits at the proposed site]

Four quarterly independent performance audits were conducted by Woodward-Clyde Consultants at the WyCoalGas, Inc. meteorology and air quality monitoring site located near Douglas, Wyoming. These audits were performed in accordance with Prevention of Significant Deterioration (PSD) air monitoring quality assurance requirements as promulgated by the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) in the Federal Register (40 CFR 58, Appendix B). The results, along with a brief discussion of the procedures used to conduct the audits are discussed in the following sections. Section 2.0 outlines the audit procedures used and Section 3.0 contains the audit results. Performance audits were conducted for sulfur dioxide (SO/sub 2/), oxides of nitrogen, (NO/sub x/), ozone (O/sub 3/), and total suspended particulate matter (TSP). Each continuous air monitoring system, which included the analyzer and both the data acquisition system (DAS) and the back-up strip chart recorder, was challenged with a zero level and four up-scale audit test concentrations.

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Characterization of solid wastes for the proposed WyCoalGas gasification facility. Final technical report, November 1980-May 1982. [Proposed WyCoalGas project, Converse County, Wyoming]

The proposed facility will produce large volumes of coal ash, both from the gasifiers and the steam generating boilers, and flue gas desulfurization (FGD) sludge, requiring disposal. Several other wastes will be produced in much smaller volumes. These major solid waste streams are characterized in this technical note. The waste characterizations are based on the analyses of samples from a test at the SASOL I (proprietary) Limited Coal Conversion facility in South Africa. The SASOL facility uses Lurgi gasifiers, and the test coal was from the Jacobs Ranch coal mine adjacent to the Rochelle mine. Solid waste samples from the XYZ Power Station power plant, which burns coal similar in composition to the Rochelle coal, were also collected and characterized. Wastes other than coal ashes and FGD sludge are characterized based on analyses of waste from similar processes or on existing data from Lurgi gasifiers and steam generating boilers. Section 2 of this note contains a summary of the waste characteristics with emphasis on those waste properties which will affect disposal requirements. Sample acquisition is discussed in Section 3. The final three sections present the detailed results of the waste characterizations. Section 4 describes the analyses that were performed to satisfy current regulations; Section 5 presents the results of a comprehensive analysis of the wastes, including trace element and organic analyses; Section 6 presents the physical properties of the wastes which will affect the waste handling and disposal operations.

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Magnetic components and particle-size distribution of coal fly ash

Coal fly ash samples are known to contain magnetic components. In this work we report the results of a first detailed study in which the nature and concentrations of the magnetic components have been measured as a function of particle size. Five bituminous coal fly ash samples were size-fractioned with sieves and a sieve shaker into 10 fractions each. Using temperature-dependent magnetic measurements and powder x-ray diffraction studies, it is established that the samples contain magnetite (Fe/sub 3/O/sub 4/) and haematite (..cap alpha..-Fe/sub 2/O/sub 3/). About half the mass and magnetic components are contained in the fraction with the smallest particles (diameter < 38 ..mu..m). Since the magnetization M for ..cap alpha..-Fe/sub 2/O/sub 3/ (at 7 kOe) approx. = 1/250 (the saturation magnetization M/sub s/ for Fe/sub 3/O/sub 4/), it follows that the measured M/sub s/ is mainly due to Fe/sub 3/O/sub 4/. The variation of M/sub s/ with particle size then simply reflects the relative abundance of Fe/sub 3/O/sub 4/ in various fractions. A correlation between all the observations is established, thus, providing useful information about the combustion conditions of fly ash. Possible applications of these results are outlined.

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Performance specifications for water supply facilities Panhandle Reservoir No. 1 and pump station. Final technical report, November 1980-May 1982. [Proposed WyCoalGas Project, Converse County, Wyoming]

Water is supplied to the WyCoalGas Coal Gasification Plant from four major facilities: the Mortons Area Well Field; Panhandle Reservoir No. 1; the Green Valley Well Field; and LaPrele Reservoir. The Mortons Area Well Field is located approximately three miles west of the proposed gasification plant. Panhandle reservoir No. 1 and the auxiliary pump station are located approximately thirteen miles southwest of the plant site. The Green Valley Well Field Area and LaPrele Reservoir are located approximately twenty-five miles southwest of the plant area. This report deals with the systems to bring the various water supplies to the plant site and focuses on Panhandle Dam No. 1 and appurtenances. Panhandle Reservoir No. 1 and appurtenances consist of a zoned earthen embankment, spillway, outlet works, pump station, intake channel, and intake structure. The proposed embankment dam will be a zoned earth embankment approximately 114 feet high above the original ground surface at Soldier Creek with a crest elevation of 4976 and a crest length of approximately 6500 feet. The upstream slope of the embankment will be 3H:1V and the downstream slope of the embankment will be 2.5H:1V. The dam will have a compacted earth cutoff excavated 10 feet into the underlying bedrock. Four zones of earthwork are planned in the embankment. these are described in detail.

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Preliminary draft industrial siting administration permit application. Final technical report, November 1980-May 1982. [WyCoalGas project; Converse County, Wyoming]

This volume consists of the following items concerning the proposed WyCoal Gas project in Converse County, Wyoming: permit applications, site description (meteorology, water resources, geology, soils, natural ecosystems), and a fairly detailed description of the proposed plant (Lurgi technology with Texaco gasification of any coal tar, naphtha, oils, phenols, etc.), material inputs to plant (including chemical analyses of coal), and estimation of emissions, discharges and solid wastes. (LTN)

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Gas cooled fuel cell systems technology development program

This report addresses the fourth logical unit of work of a multiyear program whose overall objective is the development of a gas-cooled phosphoric acid fuel cell (PAFC) for electric utility power plant application. This PAFC Technology Development Program continuation is structured to build upon the current cell technology baseline so as to advance critical component technologies to meet the performance, endurance, reliability and cost goals associated with successful energy service. Progress is described.

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Upgrading of nuclear instrumentation on 42 inch gasifier:  an evaluation report

At the risk of a complicated offering, four options have been presented for the sake of covering the range that extends from a lower priced option (1A) to a high performance option (2B). Option 2B is unqualifiedly recommended for providing the most complete Producer data and the fastest and most accurate response. These density and level data can be fully utilized when computerized control and the faster (future hydraulic) rabble arm action are introduced, which will greatly facilitate achieving the desired modes of Producer operation for long range studies of both the production and the off-gas treatment processes. Option 2B is rated as the most reliable on the grounds that the largest number of crystals and photomultiplier tubes are used: similar units have been basically operational for about seven years at MERC. The ionization chambers, having intrinsically infinite lifetime, have not been used at MERC. However, these are also expected to have a high overall reliability. They are utilized in Options 1B and 2B. Not only their lifetime, but their capability of operating with a lower gamma ray total field strength and with a lower change in field strength (as is required on the coal chutes and ash hoppers) make them far superior for operation as level gauges over a seven year service period. They are also much faster than GM tubes, which will reduce the probability that the level gauges (with ion chambers) will limit the control capabilities of the Producer.

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BOAST:  a three-dimensional, three-phase black-oil applied-simulation tool (Version 1. 1). Volume II. Program user's manual

BOAST is a three-dimensional, three-phase black oil simulator. A detailed technical description of BOAST is contained in Volume I. The present volume is intended to function as an easy-to-use program user's manual. The BOAST program simulates isothermal, darcy flow in three dimensions. It assumes reservoir fluids can be described by three fluid phases (oil, gas, and water) of constant composition with physical properties that depend on pressure only. BOAST can simulate oil and/or gas recovery by fluid expansion, displacement, gravity draingage, and capillary imbibition mechanisms. Some of the typical field production problems which can be handled by BOAST include: primary depletion studies, pressure maintenance by water and/or gas injection, and evaluation of secondary recovery waterflooding and displacement operations. Technically, BOAST is a finite-difference, implicit pressure-explicit saturation (IMPES) numerical simulator. It contains both direct (BAND, D4) and iterative (LSOR) solution techniques for solving systems of algebraic equations. The well model in BOAST allows specification of rate or pressure constraints on well performance, and the user is free to add or recomplete wells during the simulation. Included in BOAST is a pressure initialization algorithm, a bubble point tracking scheme, an automatic time step control method, and a material balance check on solution stability. Many user-controlled output options are also available. Discussion of the above topics, as well as comments on conducting a simulation model study and a discussion of multidimensional numerical dispersion is presented in Volume I. Volume II contains an explanation of the input data, a discussion of the output data, and example problems.

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Evaluation of alternatives for production of heavy oil using mining, drilling, and steam stimulation

The technical and economic feasibility of two underground mining approaches to steam-stimulated production of heavy oil (less than 20/sup 0/ API gravity) was evaluated compared with steam injection using wells drilled from the surface. Five heavy oil producers generally agreed that the long horizontal wells of the vertical borehole-horizontal well (VB-HW) method might achieve more uniform and complete contact of oil by steam while improving the efficiency of oil collection. No advantage was seen for development of an extensive mine complex over or under a heavy oil-bearing zone other than to facilitate drilling more (short) wells into the nearby oil zone over a given area. Technical, economic and institutional factors were analyzed. More conducive factors and fewer constraints were found for the VB-HW approach than for the mine-over-oil-zone (MOOZ) method. Heavy oil mining techniques were judged to be generally constrained by future performance improvements of conventional surface steam-assisted production operations. A computerized technical/economic evaluation model was used to describe both the extensive underground mine development (MOOZ) approach and the VB-HW method. Base Case technical/economic descriptions and profitability projections were made reflecting those in each of these studies. Some sensitivity analyses were made by extrapolation of the Base Case conditions. This was limited by the sparseness of Base Case performance data. Overall, while the mining costs for the VB-HW method approach those of the MOOZ as depth of the oil zone increases, VB-HW drilling costs do not escalate with increasing oil zone thickness as they do with the MOOZ method. Thus, the VB-HW method costs less to use than the MOOZ for thicker oil zones up to depths ranging to at least 1600 ft. Only production from deep, thin oil zones appear to be favored by MOOZ costs.

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Providing solutions to energy and environmental problems. Quarterly technical progress report, July 1, 1995--September 30, 1995

Conventional oil recovery extracts only 10 to 30 percent of the oil in place in heavy oil reservoirs, leaving a considerable quantity of oil in the ground. Steam stimulation and steam flooding have been shown to increase the amount of oil that can be recovered. Developing a cost-effective technique to generate steam within oil reservoirs will result in improved production and efficiencies. WRI is developing an electric downhole steam generator for this purpose. The principal steps in this study are to construct and test a three-phase electric powered, low-pressure surface unit, develop and acquire data on three-phase electric, high-pressure downhole devices, and test a multi-unit prototype in an oil field.

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Economic assessment of coal-burning locomotives: Topical report

The General Electric Company embarked upon a study to evaluate various alternatives for the design and manufacture a coal fired locomotive considering various prime movers, but retaining the electric drive transmission. The initial study was supported by the Burlington-Northern and Norfolk-Southern railroads, and included the following alternatives: coal fired diesel locomotive; direct fired gas turbine locomotives; direct fired gas turbine locomotive with steam injection; raw coal gasifier gas turbine locomotive; and raw coal fluid bed steam turbine locomotive. All alternatives use the electric drive transmission and were selected for final evaluation. The first three would use a coal water slurry as a fuel, which must be produced by new processing plants. Therefore, use of a slurry would require a significant plant capital investment. The last two would use classified run-of-the-mine (ROM) coal with much less capital expenditure. Coal fueling stations would be required but are significantly lower in capital cost than a coal slurry plant. For any coal fired locomotive to be commercially viable, it must pass the following criteria: be technically feasible and environmentally acceptable; meet railroads'financial expectations; and offer an attractive return to the locomotive manufacturer. These three criteria are reviewed in the report.

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Investigation of processes to treat zinc-ferrite regeneration offgases in high temperature desulfurization of coal gases

A bench-scale test program has been performed to evaluate the effect of critical operating variables on sulfur dioxide removal efficiency for two candidate   throwaway''desulfurization processes for treating zinc-ferrite reactor regeneration offgas. These two   throwaway''processes, dual-alkali wet scrubbing and spray dryer desulfurization, generate a gypsum waste sludge environmentally acceptable for disposal. They have seen extensive commercial application in flue gas desulfurization, but have not been evaluated for such high levels of removal efficiency and such high inlet sulfur dioxide concentrations as would be required for this application. 13 figs., 15 tabs.

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Economic enhancement of Western shale oil upgrading

A proof-of-concept study for a novel shale oil refining process was undertaken. This project promises reduced upgrading costs, thereby making shale oil development more feasible for commercialization. The process consists of distillation of raw shale oil into a distillate and residue portion, cracking of the residue by hydropyrolysis, and selective hydrotreating of narrow boiling cuts from the total distillate. Based on models and experimental data, the end product slate is projected to be 34% naphtha, 57% middle distillate, and 10.3% atm residue   coke. Hydrogen addition is 1.3% or 800 scf/bbl. These results are considerably improved over conventional processing, which gives 14% naphtha, 41% middle distillate, and 48.2% residue   coke and hydrogen addition of 3.2% or 2000 scf/bbl. More quantitative data and preliminary economics will be obtained in the next phase of study. 13 refs., 3 figs., 6 tabs.

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Ultrafine grinding of low-rank coal: Final report

A study of ultrafine grinding of low-rank coals in a fluid-energy mill was undertaken. This report presents the results of the Phase I effort which included a review of the literature on ultrafine grinding, a review of theories of grinding, a combined grinding and drying experiment on Martin Lake Texas lignite, an evaluation of the energy requirements for the process, and an evaluation of the properties of the products from the grinding tests. A sample of Martin Lake Texas lignite was obtained and a series of tests were conducted in a fluid-energy mill at the Ergon, Inc., Micro-Energy Division development facility at Vicksburg, MS. The grinding fluids used were air at 116 F and steam at 225, 310, 350, 400, and 488 F as measured in the mill. The products of these tests were analyzed for volatile mattr, ash, total moisture, equilibrium moisture, heating value, density distribution, aerodynamic particle size classification, angle of repose, porosity, density, and particle size distribution. ASTM test procedures were followed where applicable. Ultimate and ash mineral analyses were also conducted on the samples. Results of the various tests are presented in detail in the report. In general, the fluid energy mill was used succssfully in simultaneous grinding and drying of the lignite. Particle size reduction to less than 10 microns on a population basis was achieved. The equilibrium moisture of the samples decreased with increasing grinding fluid temperatures. Density distribution studies showed that a significant fraction of the ash appeared in the >1.6 specific gravity particles. The energy required for the grinding/drying process increased with increasing mill temperatures. 29 refs., 18 figs., 13 tabs.

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Pretreatment techniques for coal gasification. Fifth quarterly report, October 1-December 31, 1985. [Raw and pretreated coal in helium and steam]

Pretreatment of coal in steam is being explored with the goal of improving the economic attractiveness of coal gasification by cogeneration of light liquid fuels. The final draft of a literature survey has been completed and issued. Reactor performance was examined in a series of extended runs using the coal feeder installed during the last quarter. Char deposits found on the reactor wall showed that coal was not being transported to the trap. Two internal modifications were then made to the reactor and tested in succession. The second of these, which employed a longer water cooled feed tube and an increased flow of helium through the feeder, was successful. A modified collection system was installed to condense and capture liquids from the inert gas stream. In order to trap low molecular weight liquids, a silica gel adsorber was added after the filter. More liquids are produced at lower pyrolysis temperatures, and two additional equipment modifications were required to accommodate these liquids. The cooling tube was replaced by one of larger diameter to avoid intermittent plugging by condensed liquids, and a quartz wool filter of higher capacity was added ahead of the one initially used. Thirty runs were made with both raw and pretreated coal. Diffuse reflectance infrared spectroscopy was used to analyze pretreated coal. Samples pretreated at several different temperatures were compared to raw coal and raw coal dried under vacuum at 90/sup 0/C. In the region attributed to carbonyl bonds, all spectra appeared identical. In the region attributed to hydroxyl groups, however, there was a shift in the ratio of chemisorbed to physisorbed hydroxyl species. Pretreated coal contains less physisorbed hydroxyl. This finding indicates that hydrogen bonding is reduced by pretreatment. 6 figs., 2 tabs.

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Site selection, drilling, and completion of two horizontal wells in the Devonian Shales of West Virginia

This report presents a summary of the geologic site selection studies, planning, drilling, completing, stimulating, and testing of two horizontal wells drilled in the Devonian Shales of the Appalachian Basin in West Virginia. Each horizontal well was designed and managed by BDM as the prime contractor to the Department of Energy. The first well was drilled with industry partner Cabot Oil and Gas Corporation in Putnam County, West Virginia. The second well was drilled with Consolidated Natural Gas Company in Calhoun County, West Virginia. This report summarizes four reports prepared by BDM which detail the site selection rationale and the drilling and completion operations of each well. Each horizontal well is currently producing commercial quantities of hydrocarbons. The successful application of horizontal well technology represent continued development of the technology for application to tight and unconventional natural gas resources of the United States. Continued technology development is expected to ultimately result in commercial horizontal well drilling activity by industry in the Appalachian Basin.

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IEEE-488 interface to Paragon 500 Process Control Software

An IEEE-488 interface has been developed to link the NEFF 470 Data Acquisition Hardware to the Paragon 500 Process Control Software. This interface allows the user to use the features within Paragon 500 to display data from the Data Acquisition Hardware. Furthermore, by using Paragon 500 software to perform Automated Process Control, the networking capabilities of Paragon 500 allows the Process Control System to monitor real-time data from the Data Acquisition System via an Ethernet Network connection. This allows remote access to process variable data from any Paragon station configured on that network.

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Enhanced sorbent durability for hot coal gas desulfurization: Final report. [Zinc ferrite]

The objective of this 17-program was to identify and investigate methods that can be used to enhance the durability of zinc ferrite sorbent in removing hydrogen sulfide from hot coal gas, which can then be used in a heat engine or a molten carbonate fuel cell. Zinc ferrite extrudes prepared by United Catalyst Incorporated (UCI) and used in past METC work established the base case against which the enhancement in durability was judged. For the purpose of the present program, the durability was defined as the ability of the sorbent to maintain its desirable physical and chemical properties during long-term cyclic exposure to H/sub 2/S containing simulated coal gas in the sulfidation cycle and a mixture of air and steam in the regeneration cycle. The desirable physical characteristics include resistance to disintegration, good crush strength, and high porosity and surface area. The chemical characteristics of importance are the lowest H/sub 2/S concentration level in the exit gas that can be attained and the sulfur sorption capacity, both at the breakthrough point and at near saturation, when the H/sub 2/S concentration in the exit gas is about the same as in feed gas. The objective was accomplished by investigating over a hundred modifications in the chemical composition of the zinc ferrite sorbent and the agglomeration and induration conditions used in its preparation. Eleven of these new sorbents and two UCI sorbents were studied for their sulfidation and regeneration characteristics in 17 test series, the longest one lasting 92 cycles. AMAX sorbent 1094-49, prepared in the form of spherical pellets using very fine zinc oxide and pigment-grade iron oxide (that contained 88% Fe/sub 2/O/sub 3/, 6% Mn/sub 2/O/sub 3/, and 6% Al/sub 2/O/sub 3/ plus SiO/sub 2/), was found to be the most durable sorbent. 27 refs., 12 figs., 21 tabs.

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