AndreaBozzo/ceres-open-data-index huggingface dataset:
Molecular interactions of asphalt:  an infrared study of the hydrogen-bonding basicity of asphalt

The hydrogen-bonding basicity of asphalts, oxidized asphalts, and asphalt fractions has been investigated by infrared techniques using phenol as the hydrogen-bonding acid. Evidence has been obtained that asphalts exhibit strong hydrogen-bonding basicity. Infrared frequency shift data give enthalpies of formation in the range 6 to 8 kcal/mole for the asphalt-phenol hydrogen bond in CCl/sub 4/ solution. The phenol interaction data suggest a hydrogen-bonding base concentration of at least 2 mmoles per gram of asphalt. Air oxidation of asphalts at elevated temperatures increased the measured hydrogen-bonding basicity of the asphalt and suggests the formation of new hydrogen-bonding bases. Sulfur-containing molecules are suggested as important to the hydrogen-bonding basicity of asphalts, and the oxidation of the sulfur in these molecules could account for some of the increased basicity on air oxidation. Data from the methylation of an asphalt and its fractions with diazomethane suggest the occurrence of molecular aggregation via hydrogen bonding.

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Development of a successful hard-surfaced bit for drilling oil shale

"The principal goal of the Gas-Shale Mining Division is to develop the most economical methods and practices for mining oil shale on a commercial scale. Prepatory work in the mine has not progressed far enough to conduct full scale breaking tests; therefore;mining research up to October 31, 1946, has been confined largely to problems connected with drilling th oil shale. Calculations have indicated that the principal direct operating cost will be breaking the oil shale; the largest individual item will be for drilling.  This paper is a report on the progress of one phase o the drilling research to date; it outlines the development of a successful hard-surfaced rock bit for drilling oil shale."

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Characterization of a Utah tar sand bitumen. [PR Springs site]

A preliminary characterization of a Utah tar sand bitumen has been made using methods developed for high boiling petroleum fractions. The characterization includes information about the major compound types which can be compared with similar data for other tar sand bitumens and, more importantly, can be correlated with data from petroleum samples for which refining characteristics are known. Examination of the P. R. Spring bitumen showed that it differed significantly from representative petroleum residues, principally in its high nonhydrocarbon content. Compositional information is important because of the effects that composition has on the recovery and processing of the bitumen.

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General report on Soap Creek Oil Field, Crow Indian Reservation, Montana

The Soap Creek Oil Field is located on the southwestern part of big Horn County, Montana, in the south central part of the State on the boundary line between Montana and Wyoming.  A large part of this county has been set aside for  the Crow Indian Reservation.  The Soap Creek structure lies in Townships C and T south, range #2 east, all of which is within the reservation.

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Explosively produced fracture of oil shale. Progress report, January--March 1977. [Modeling; failure surfaces; explosive characterization; dynamic tensile strength of Green River shale]

Significant advances of the past three months include: a Mohr-Coulomb plasticity description has been inserted into the computer code YAQUI. The Mohr-Coulomb theory assumes that flow parameters depend heavily on mean stress, a situation known to occur in most geologic materials. Generalized analytical failure surfaces for oil shales of arbitrary density have been developed based on recent static measurements of compressive strengths and the effective-stress law of fracture for fluid-filled rocks. These expressions are being expanded to include size and strain-rate effects; they will provide a convenient tool for relating most oil-shale physical properties to density alone. Characterization of nonideal explosives has continued. Our understanding of nonideal explosive behavior from both experimental and theoretical standpoints has increased so that we believe computer codes can simulate this behavior accurately enough to specify the loading in most oil-shale explosive events. A simple new technique for measuring dynamic tensile strengths has been developed, and results for Green River oil shale have been obtained as functions of bedding orientation and density. Work is now concentrated on computer simulation of explosions and explosive effects in oil shale. In particular, several dynamic fracture criteria are being tried in the code YAQUI; these will be evaluated soon. In addition, more detailed plans are being made for the large-scale field experiments of FY78; a final design should be ready by late spring of FY77. 16 figures.

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Beneficiation-hydroretort processing of US oil shales, Volume 1

This report has been divided into three volumes. Volume 1 describes the MRT beneficiation work. In addition, Volume 1 presents the results of joint beneficiation-hydroretorting studies and provieds an economic analysis of the combined beneficiation-hydroretrorting studeis and provides an economnic analysis of the combined beneficiation-hydroretorting approach for processing Eastern oil shales. Volume 2 presents details results of hydroretorting tests made by hycrude/igt on raw and beneficiated oil shales prepared by MRI. Volume 3 comprises detailed engineering design drawings and supporting data developed by the Roberts and Schaefer Company, Engineers and Contractors, Salt Lake City, Utah, in support of the capital and operating costs for a conceptual benificiation plant processing an Alabama oil shale.

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Determination of carbonate minerals in oil shales

The quantification of carbonate minerals in oil shales is necessary for computer modeling and for interpretation of oil shale block experiments in the LLL Oil Shale Program. A method of analysis similar to one proposed by the Laramie Energy Research Center was investigated. Their method is based on successively leaching the sample with water and acid. The water extracts nahcolite. The acid treatment extracts dawsonite, dolomite, calcite, and ferroan. The cations are determined individually by atomic absorption and flame emission spectrophotometry, and from this information the respective carbonate minerals are calculated by assignment of the cations. We found good agreement with LERC for magnesium results, but our calcium results were generally higher compared to LERC calcium results. We have found that small amounts of noncarbonate minerals yielding acid extractable calcium are present in oil shales. The result obtained by this method is a semiquantitative analysis of the carbonate minerals.

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Modified in-situ oil shale technology at the Lawrence Livermore Laboratory:  experimental results and present status

An experimental effort is in progress to obtain a comprehensive understanding of the oil shale retorting process. Recent results have increased understanding of the mechanism of yield loss, the decomposition of carbonate minerals, and the reaction of char with Osub2 and COsub2. A computer model has been compared successfully with retort experiments and is proving useful in optimizing the process and in designing further experiments.

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New explosive fracturing method is safe, effective

A high energy explosive for gas and oil-well stimulation has been recently field tested in 103 wells. Blasting agents designed originally for open pit mining were modified into self-contained slurries, complete with encapsulated air, that can be safely placed through tubing. Blasting agents were placed with bailer or pressure displacement equipment on the last 75 of the 103 wells. For 60 wells with production data prior to explosive fracturing, 90% had increased production. Of total jobs, 75% were profitable. An outstanding feature of explosive stimulation is the random fracturing of formation rock around the well bore. This treatment may be most effective in hard, low permeability formations where hydraulic fracturing contacts a relatively small volume of rock. Several possible limitations should be considered:  wells must be static with BHP less than 1,500 psi, bottom-hole temperature must be between 65$ and 250$F, and the formation must be exposed in open-hole.

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Laboratory study of Green River oil shale retorting under pressure in a nitrogen atmosphere. [Effects of pressure, sweep-gas rate, and heating rate on yields and properties of products]

Studies were carried out on a 31-gpt Green River shale sample to determine the effects of pressure, sweep-gas rate, and heating rate on the batch retorting process. Each experiment was performed in a vertical pressure retort which could be heated at predetermined fixed rates to a final bed temperature of about 950/sup 0/F. Nitrogen sweep gas was fed at the top and exited at the bottom along with any produced gaseous and liquid products. Sweep-gas rate and pressure were independently controlled. Pressures from atmospheric to 1,500 psig, nominal heating rates from 14 to 125/sup 0/F/hr, and sweep-gas space velocities generally in the range from 1 to 125 SCF/hr/ft/sup 2/ of bed were studied. Oil yields, gas yields, and the ultimate distribution of the initial organic carbon in the raw shale are reported for each run. Within the scatter in the data, pressure was the only variable that had an appreciable effect on the results of the retorting process. With increase of pressure, the oil yields (including C/sub 4/  gases) were found to decrease from an average of 93 percent (of Fischer assay) at atmospheric pressure to 78 percent at 1,500 psig. Other effects of increasing pressure were found to be an increase in gas production, an increase in retorted shale coke, a decrease in oil specific gravity and viscosity, and an increase in the amounts of lighter distillation fractions for the oil. A simple mathematical model was developed which accounts for the effect of pressure on oil yield. This model also gives oil production curves with time that are in reasonable agreement with measurements made during the current work. Some experiments were conducted using hydrogen sweep gas. Results of this work are also presented.

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Oil yield and uranium content of black shales

Some black shales contain as much as one hundred times more uranium than other common sedimentary rocks and they also contain organic matter that will yield oil when subjected to destructive distillation. Such shales may be referred to as uraniferous oil shales and have been considered as a potential source of both oil and uranium; oil yield and uranium determinations on more than five hundred samples of these shales are recorded in this report. Correlation between oil yield and uranium content exists for some of these shales, particularly for parts of the Chattanooga shale locally and the Antrim shale, but in other shales little or no correlation is apparent. In some of the Pennsylvanian shales and in those in the Phosphoria formation the uranium is more closely related to the phosphate content. Only where the proportion of sapropelic to humic type of organic matter remains the same in an otherwise homogeneous black shale will the oil yield and uranium content have a high positive correlation. 21 figures. (DLC)

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Analysis of compound types and properties of Utah and Athabasca tar sand bitumens

Properties and molecular composition were examined in detail for tar sand bitumens representative of four major deposits in Utah and Alberta. Methods for bitumen extraction, separation, and compound type (functional group) analysis are presented. Results of the analysis are compared with each other and with results updated in the literature for tar sand bitumens and petroleum residues. Tar sand bitumens were shown to differ significantly from representative petroleum residues, principally in their nonhydrocarbon content. Tar sand bitumens were shown to differ significantly from each other, principally in the amount and kind of heteroatomic compound types present. When possible, properties and composition were related to recovery and refining processes.

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Determination of combustible matter in silicate and carbonate rocks

"Chemists of the Bureau of Mines in the course of an investigation of methods of preventing explosions in coal mines by the use of rock dust had to determine accurately small percentages of combustible matter (organic carbon and organic hydrogen) in clay, shale, limestone, and other rocks for use in rock-dusting mines. Owing to the presence of combined water in shale and clay, and of carbon dioxide in carbonate rocks, the percentage of combustible matter in these materials can not be calculated from the loss on ignition, as is done  in coal and other fuels containing a relatively small proportion of constituents that are incombustible; neither can the combustible be taken as the sum of the total carbon and hydrogen as obtained in the ordinary ultimate analysis, for in both these methods the organic matter is oxidized to water and carbon dioxide, simultaneously with  the liberation of water and carbon dioxide from the hydrous silicates and inorganic carbonates in the rock. Therefore, special methods are required that will differentiate between the organic and the inorganic carbon and hydrogen."

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Purification and properties of ten organic sulfur compounds

Ten organic sulfur compounds, ethanethiol, 2-methyl-2-propanethiol, 1-pentanethiol, 2-thiabutane, 3-thiapentane, thiacyclobutane, thiacyclopentane, 2,3-dithiabutane, 3,4-dithiahexane and thiophene, were purified to at least 99.9 mole percent purity. The stability of the compounds under storage and distillation conditions was investigated. In addition to the boiling point and freezing point, the following properties were measured at 20, 25 and 30/sup 0/: density, viscosity, surface tension and refractive index for the r, C, D, e, v, F and g lines. Derived functions including refractivity intercept, specific dispersion, molecular refraction, parachor and molar volume were calculated and are discussed briefly. Mass, infrared and ultraviolet spectra were determined permitting some correlation of the effect of sulfur groupings on spectra.

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Indirect and direct tensile behavior of Devonian oil shales

Ultimate indirect tensile strengths of Devonian oil shales across the bedding planes is a mechanical property parameter important to predicting how oil shale will break. This is particularly important to in-situ fragmentation. The Split Cylinder Test was used to determine the indirect tensile strengths between the bedding planes. Test specimens, cored perpendicular to the bedding planes, representing oil shales of different oil yields taken from Silver Point Quad in DeKalb County, Tennessee and Friendship in Scioto County, Ohio, were subjected to the Split Cylinder Test. Linear regression equations relating ultimate tensile strength across the bedding planes to volume percent of organic matter in the rock were developed from the test data. In addition, direct tensile strengths were obtained between the bedding planes for the Tennessee oil shales. This property is important for the design of horizontal fractures in oil shales. Typical results were presented.

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Quantitative determination of organic disulfides. [Acid-reflux, acid-stirring, and polarographic methods]

Few published methods for determination of disulfides in petroleum and its products have been tested on a variety of disulfides. The availability of disulfides of known purity allowed comparison of three typical chemical methods; none was suitable for all types of disulfides. The acid-reflux method gave the best over-all recoveries but poor recovery of disulfides of lower molecular weight. Because of its rapidity, an acid-stirring method can be recommended for routine work where tertiary compounds are not a factor. Polarography is unsatisfactory for a wide range of disulfides.

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Low-resolution mass spectrometric determination of aromatic fractions from petroleum

A mass spectrometric procedure for determining up to 21 compound types in petroleum aromatic fractions is described. The entire composition of any sample is accounted for in terms of 12 hydrocarbon types, 3 thiopheno types, and 6 unidentified groups. Inclusion of the unidentified components avoids the difficulties encountered in earlier methods which described composition in terms of a fixed number of named types. Reasonable results have been obtained for a wide variety of samples.

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Characterization of the saturates and olefins in shale-oil gas oil. [Using spectral and chemical methods]

"Spectral and chemical methods were used to characterize the saturate and olefinic compounds in a Green River shale-oil gas oil. The saturates comprise 16 percent of the gas oil and were shown to be 50 percent n-paraffin, 40 percent branched paraffin, and 10 percent cyclic naphthenes with up to six condensed rings per molecule. The olefinic compounds comprise 19 percent of the gas oil  and were shown to be 40 percent straight chains, 15 percent branched olefins, and 45 percent cyclic material. The cyclic naphthenes in the saturated portion of the  gas oil are not nearly as highly substituted as are the cyclics in the olefinic material."

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Effect of retorting temperature on the composition of shale oil

Shale oils were produced by entrained-solids retorting at 1000, 1200, 1400, and 1600 degrees F. The higher temperature oils contain more naphtha and are more aromatic than the 1000 degree F oil. Higher retorting temperatures favor the production of parent ring compounds to the extent that about a dozen compounds comprise over half of the 1600 degree F oils.

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Oil shale utilization:  when and how

"Technology is available to produce shale oil from Green River oil shale by conventional mining, crushing, and retorting methods. The economics of shale oil production, however, have not been demonstrated to be favorable. Research on in situ retorting is yielding promising results but this method has not been demonstrated to be technically feasible on a large scale. The present level of effort by both Government and industry, the five-point oil-shale development program of the Department of the Interior, and other considerations lead to the conclusion that there will be some commercial production of shale oil by 1980 and that production may be appreciable by the  end of the century."

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Evaluation of four slurry explosives proposed for use in explosive fracturing of oil shale formations

The oil shale fracturing experiment conducted by sandia laboratoresa and the Laramie Energy Research Center at Site 12 of the Rock springs, Wyoming, oil shale experiment area required an understanding of the flow and detonation characteristics of the explosive slurry selected for insertion into performed hydraulic fractures. A eries of testes were conduceted to evaluate those characteristics for four candidate explosive slurries considered for that experiment.

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Oil shale:  a framework for development

The price escalation of petroleum in recent times has removed the economic barrier to shale oil production, or soon will. A technological base for production is available which can be rapidly developed to the size and quality needed. The resource base in the Piceance Creek Basin of Colorado can support production of 1 to 5 million barrels of oil per day for hundreds of years. Institutional problems are the major remaining impediment to the development of oil shale. The small part of the resource in private hands is economically marginal and cannot support large production rates or the most efficient methods. The best land is owned by the Federal Government and is unavailable under present laws and policies. The lack of an integrated federal policy and an implementation plan prevents the development that is now technically and economically practical. One possible solution is a Piceance Basin Authority chartered by Congress to efficiently manage this resource and coordinate the federal governmental responsibility for oil shale resource development and conservation, water development, environmental control, and land use policy. It should be located in Colorado for an effective interaction with State and local authorities where both have responsibility. Government lands must be made accessible on a scale suitable to the technology and in a way that is acceptable to the public and to industry. Government and industry can then cooperate in a unitized, coordinated development of the resource and the area. With access to the resource and a clear government responsibility for area-wide, non-commercial planning and development, industry can provide the technology and capital for production and marketing of shale oil on an economically competitive basis.

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Formation and transformation of particulate polycyclic organic matter emitted from coal fired power plants and oil shale retorting. Final report

This report is concerned with the nature, chemical behaviour, and potential effects of fly ash dervied from coal combustion, and of particulate matter which is likely to be produced from oil shale retorting. It represents the finding of an extended research programme directed by the author, and sponsored by the U.S. Department of Energy. In its entirety it provides a coherent "suggestion" of the manner in which such fly ashes are formed; of  their possible tranformations both during and following the emnission to the atmosphere; and of the possible environmental effects which these particles might have. In esserce, it provides a set of both data and ideas which may, hopeuflly, form the basis for more detailed and specific investigations.

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Occidental vertical modified in situ process for the recovery of oil from oil shale:  Phase I. Quarterly progress report, November 1, 1978-January 31, 1979

The Retort 6 operating conditions were steady for most of the quarter and oil production increased to an average three hundred barrels per day. Severe weather conditions caused numerous problems with steam and air injection to the retort. The construction activities centered on completion of the oil/water separation tank and installation of the off-gas condenser pilot plant. The oil and gas analyses for the retort operation since start-up are included. The process water analyses are part of the hydrology section of Appendix B, Environmental Data Analyses. At the C-b Tract, the shaft sinking operation was begun at the Ventilation/Escape Shaft on January 15, 1979. The construction activities continued in preparation for shaft sinking at the Production and Service Shafts. Appendices include: thermocouple data, environmental data analyses, development guide for Rifle, Colorado, and shale oil analyses report.

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Synthetic liquid fuels:  summary of annual report for 1952

In view of the ever increasing need for petroleum in the United States, the critical internation situation threatening foreign supplies, the growing demands for steel, and the heavy costs to industry of constantly discovering and developing new oil fields, it is believed that the prompt development of a synthetic fuel industry based on oil shale and coal is not only requisite to safeguard our oil supply but is an economically sound course for the foreseeable future. To neglect its development is to close our eyes and minds to our own resources at a time when they are needed critically. It also is apparent now that neither the Government nor industry would be taking any considerable economic risk in starting the initial plants, especially as measured against their potential value in meeting critical oil and chemical demands and in building a new industry in the West.

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