AndreaBozzo/ceres-open-data-index huggingface dataset:
Multi-method, multi-lab study of a tar sand water sample

A multi-method, multi-lab study was conducted on a tar sand water sample to determine if standard analytical methods could provide precise and accurate data. The tar sand water sample was produced during steam injection of a tar sand deposit near Vernal, Utah. Each of the ten selected laboratories received eight replicate tar sand water samples. Each laboratory also received one sample diluted by 10% and spiked by 0.05 mg/1 phenols, and another sample diluted by 20% and spiked by 0.10 mg/1 phenols. These last two samples were included for two reasons. First, they tested a laboratory's ability to measure accurately changes in sample concentrations. Second, they tended to disguise the similarities among the eight replicates. Forty-one analytical methods used to analyze 14 constituents were investigated in this project. The analytical methods and constituents are listed in Table I-1. One of the objectives of this project was to compare the performance of standard analytical methods in the analysis of tar sand waters and oil shale waters. Within-lab precision was considerably better when the methods were used in the analysis of tar sand waters. Between-lab precision was considerably poorer than within-lab precision in the analysis of both types of waters. Inaccuracies appeared to be greater in the analysis of oil shale waters. The second objective of this project was to identify those methods with poorer precision and accuracy in the analysis of tar sand waters so that future efforts could be focused on these methods. The results on precision and accuracy are summarized in Table I-1. It is recommended that future efforts be focused on the methods for boron, iron, manganese, and ammonia in order to identify and overcome the problems with imprecision and inaccuracy. 15 refs., 14 fig., 12 tabs.

Tags: kmd
Coalbed methane

The DOE has made significant progress in developing the technology data base. To ensure that coalbed methane will contribute to the United States supply of natural gas, efforts will be on the following: characterize unmineable coalbeds (deeper than 2000 to 3000 feet), which account for over 90% of the available coal in the nation; characterize deep coalbeds (greater than 3000 feet) to permit engineering estimates of production performance; understand the mechanism of gas and water production simultaneously or sequentially to design production wells successfully; substantiate the production mechanism and efficiency of gas recovery so that forecasts of expected performance can be developed with confidence; and delineate the coalbed methane resource and recoverable reserves. Research activities are organized to meet the above challenges of technology development. As new information becomes available it will be transferred to the private sector to help them develop the resource. 5 references, 27 figures, 3 tables.

Tags: kmd
Western Gas Sands Project: Los Alamos NMR Well Logging Tool Development. Progress report. Final report

This document is the final report on the Los Alamos National Laboratory's Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) Well Logging Tool Development Program, part of the US Department of Energy (DOE) Western Gas Sands Project, most recently supported through DOE's Morgantown Energy Technology Center. The report covers the entire progress of the program from initial conception of the technique in 1978 to field testing of a prototype tool and contract termination in mid-1983. First, a theoretical development of the concept of a remotely-produced region of homogeneous magnetic field is presented, with its verification through laboratory measurements. The results provided confirmation of the concept and estimates of performance of a full-scale tool. A discussion of laboratory experiments undertaken to characterize the NMR response of saturated porous media is then given. The detailed results, presented in Appendix A, describe the limits of applicability of the NMR relaxation data acquired from the new logging tool. The development of the prototype downhole tool is then described, including magnet performance, development of NMR signal processing electronics, and an automated data acquisition system designed for use in downhole testing. Described next is the first downhole test of the prototype tool carried out in May 1983. The raw data acquired from this test, preliminary analysis, and a discussion of the result are then presented. Finally, preparations for extending the performance of the NMR logging tool by using superconducting magnets are described. A description of cryogenic equipment required for construction and testing of a laboratory mockup superconducting tool and initial performance data are given in detail. A summary of the project results and a discussion of potential improvements and inherent limitations of the technique complete the report. 14 references, 78 figures, 4 tables.

Tags: kmd
Potential small-scale development of western oil shale

Several studies have been undertaken in an effort to determine ways to enhance development of western oil shale under current market conditions for energy resources. This study includes a review of the commercial potential of western oil shale products and byproducts, a review of retorting processes, an economic evaluation of a small-scale commercial operation, and a description of the environmental requirements of such an operation. Shale oil used as a blend in conventional asphalt appears to have the most potential for entering today's market. Based on present prices for conventional petroleum, other products from oil shale do not appear competitive at this time or will require considerable marketing to establish a position in the marketplace. Other uses for oil shale and spent shale, such as for sulfur sorbtion, power generation, cement, aggregate, and soil stabilization, are limited economically by transportation costs. The three-state area consisting of Colorado, Utah, and Wyoming seems reasonable for the entry of shale oil-blended asphalt into the commercial market. From a review of retorting technologies and the product characteristics from various retorting processes it was determined that the direct heating Paraho and inclined fluidized-bed processes produce a high proportion of heavy material with a high nitrogen content. The two processes are complementary in that they are each best suited to processing different size ranges of materials. An economic evaluation of a 2000-b/d shale oil facility shows that the operation is potentially viable, if the price obtained for the shale oil residue is in the top range of prices projected for this product. Environmental requirements for building and operating an oil shale processing facility are concerned with permitting, control of emissions and discharges, and monitoring. 62 refs., 6 figs., 10 tabs.

Tags: kmd
Development of an inclined liquid fluidized bed for tar sand processing

An inclined liquid fluidized-bed reactor (ILFBR) system has been developed and successfully operated for 24 hours. Modifications to the previously tested ILFBR systems include incorporation of a oil fluidizing zone in the front of the fluid bed, an increase in the angle of the fluid bed to {minus}12{degree} (the minus sign shows that the discharges is below the horizontal level of the inlet), and reduction of the fluidizing gas velocities equal to or below the minimum fluidization velocity. These changes produced a functional bubbling slurry bed for the processing of tar sand. The produced oils and spent sand resemble the products from screw pyrolysis reactor (SPR) tests suggesting that the ILFBR system functioned similar to the SPR systems with the recycle oil pyrolysis and extraction (ROPE{copyright}) process. With slight modifications in the heater control and placement, the system will be ready for development of operational parameters for the surface processing of tar sand. 10 refs., 2 figs., 1 tab.

Tags: kmd
CO/sub 2/ formation damage study. Final report

The literature did provide insight into four possible damage mechanisms, namely: (1) precipitation of reservoir mineral in the vicinity around the producing well as carbon dioxide escapes from the water phase due to pressure draw down; (2) plugging of reservoir interstices by insoluble organic solids precipitated as the carbon dioxide dissolves in crude oil; (3) formation of an immobile gas phase, predominately CO/sub 2/, which would drastically lower the effective permeability to oil and, especially water; and (4) dissolution of cementation, especially carbonates or feldspars, that could allow fines to migrate in the reservoir and plug tiny flow passages. Each of these mechanisms was investigated in depth during the laboratory experiments. Occasional reports from industry suggested that the use of carbon dioxide to enhance the recovery of tertiary oil might be causing formation damage. This project was undertaken to define the mechanisms responsible for such occurrences. The objectives were threefold: (1) provide a comprehensive literature survey to elicit all that is currently known or suspected, relative to formation damage that might occur during the injection of carbon dioxide into an oil reservoir; (2) under simulated reservoir conditions, demonstrate in the laboratory each of the damage mechanisms and quantify the degree to which each mechanism could cause damage; and (3) for those damage mechanisms identified to be significant, develop a feasible remedy, easily applied in actual field operations. The third mechanism, related to the presence of an immobile gas phase, is a real problem but not unique to the injection of carbon dioxide. In the case of carbon dioxide, the damage should be self-correcting, as the solubility of carbon dioxide in water will eventually allow the water to dissolve away the gas and, hence, the blocking effect.

Tags: kmd
Technical poster session for the multi-well experiment SPE/DOE symposium on low-permeability reservoirs, March 14, 1983, Denver, Colorado. [Piceance Creek Basin, Colorado]

A special technical poster session on the Multi-Well Experiment was held during the 1983 Society of Petroleum Engineers/Department of Energy Symposium on Low Permeability Gas Reservoirs, March 13 to 16, 1983, Denver, Colorado. The current results and status of the various project activities were presented. The poster section was divided into the following ten sections; overview; site; sedimentology; geophysics; core; logging; well testing; in situ stress; fracture diagnostics; and stimulation. This report provides a photographic record of the information presented at that technical session.

Tags: kmd
UNCONVENTIONAL GAS RESOURCES: AVILABLE PUBLICATIONS LISTING

This is a bibliography containing 1728 citations on the following unconventional gas sources: Devonian Shale, Coalbeds, Western Tight Sands, Geopressured Aquifers, Novel Resources (Gas Hydrates and Deep Source Gas). The selected citations in this bibliography refer to books, reports, journal articles, and conference/symposia papers. Patents and foreign language works are not included. The bibliography provides a listing of important documents published between 1975 and 1983. Literature published before 1975 may be found and reviewed in published bibliographies referenced in this document. However, some of the most significant documents published before 1975 for the Novel Resources (gas hydrates and deep source gas) are included to provide a thorough representation of the literature available on the resource.

Tags: kmd
Biological treatability of gasifier wastewater

Condensate from four producer runs was successfully treated by biooxidation after pre-stripping for ammonia reduction. Assuming only simple phenols in the waste, about 43% of the condensate COD was due to phenol equivalent COD. Pre-stripping with lime rather than caustic resulted in somewhat better organic removals and improved setting of the sludge making lime the stripping agent of choice. Phenol and BOD removals were over 99% and 93% respectively even at detention times as low as 0.58 days. Solids residence times of from 4.4 to 18 days were used. Foaming problems during all biological runs required the addition of small amounts of an antifoam agent. Addition of powdered activated carbon (PAC) at a level of 3000 mg/1 in the aerator allowed the biomass to function even under stressed conditions at relatively high ammonia levels. Biological and bio-PAC runs were made using full-strength stripped condensate under non-stressed conditions. Based on the results of this investigation, biological treatment of the condensate would best be accomplished at dilutions of 1:1 to 1:2. Hydraulic residence times should be 24 to 36 hours while solids residence times of 7 to 10 days appear adequate. It should be possible to achieve TOC and COD reductions of around 80%, while removal of BOD and phenol would be over 95 and 99% respectively. (LTN)

Tags: kmd
New concepts for improving oil recovery in CO/sub 2/ flooding. Annual report, September 9, 1984-September 30, 1985

In an attempt to increase the sweep efficiency of the CO/sub 2/ process, this work is focusing on two independent approaches. The first is to evaluate the effect of injecting CO/sub 2/ down a deviated (horizontal) borehole in a line-drive source mode as compared to the more conventional vertical well or point source mode. The amount of increased oil production from this approach may or may not warrant the additional expense for drilling this type of well. This work is being done in the laboratory with a 2-dimensional physical simulator. The construction of this device and the completed experiments are discussed in this report. The second path that is being pursued is an attempt to determine the potential success of dissolving a monomer such as ethylene in supercritical CO/sub 2/ and then polymerizing the monomer/CO/sub 2/ mixture. Other investigators (Heller et al.) have found in previous work that the solubility of polymers in CO/sub 2/ is low and thus does not greatly increase the viscosity of the CO/sub 2/. This work hopes to determine whether the process of dissolving monomer and then polymerizing will be more successful. This work is also being done in a laboratory setting. The current status of the experimental apparatus and a discussion of the literature survey are presented in this report. 12 figs., 3 tabs.

Tags: kmd
Applications of fluidics for coal conversion/utilization processes

Fluidics is a technology that provides sensing, amplifying and controlling functions with fluid power through the interaction of a fluid stream with other fluid streams or with a sensing object without using mechanical moving parts. Previous applications of fluidics differ from many of the sensing and controlling needs for coal conversion/utilization processes in that none of the previous systems has to sense multiphase fluids containing solid particles and/or vapors. Such particles and/or vapors can alter or completely block the critical dimensioned flow passages in the fluidic circuits. For fluidics technology to be successfully applied to coal conversion/utilization processes, interfacing design concepts for sensing and power fluidics techniques need to be identified and developed. After making an extensive literature survey, we have identified a number of sensing and controlling functions that can be advantageously implemented by using fluidic technology. We have also presented the basic design and methods of implementation. It appears that fluidic technology can be used to sense pressure, temperature, flow rates, and level for coal conversion/utilization processes. Fluidic technology can also be used to divert and throttle flow process streams. Particle separation devices can be designed with wall-attachment-type fluidic elements. One can also cool electronic and acoustic instrumentation with a fluidic vortex tube. 25 refs., 27 figs.

Tags: kmd
Great Plains ASPEN model development:  steam generation and distribution. Final topical report

Two ASPEN models were developed for the Steam Generation and Distribution, Area 5000/5100, of the Great Plains Gasification Plant: a complete flowsheet simulation model, and a rigorous model for the simulation of the steam boilers and steam superheaters. The complete flowsheet model can be run by specifying either the heat and power requirements or the steam flowrates for all the steam consumers in the plant. The flowsheet model will give the material and energy balances for a given set of process conditions, and is used best for simulating the steam system at or near design conditions. This model cannot be used for rating because it is lacking fired heater, heat exchanger, and turbine rating models. The results of several case study runs that were made using each model were as expected. The flowsheet model showed a decrease in steam production as the plant load was decreased. The rigorous steam boiler and superheater model showed higher NO/sub x/ concentrations as the excess air was increased and lower NO/sub x/ concentrations as the equilibrium combustion temperature was decreased. It is not practical to integrate the steam generation and distribution flowsheet model with the individual plant section flowsheet models because of the large amount of computer storage and long running time that would be required. 1 reference, 4 figures, 16 tables.

Tags: kmd
Advanced development of a pressurized ash agglomerating fluidized-bed coal gasification system. Phase I final report, January 16, 1982-April 30, 1983. [Contains glossary]

Westinghouse Electric Corporation is engaged in the development of a pressurized, fluidized-bed, gasification process at its Waltz Mill Site in Madison, Pennsylvania. With the sponsorship of the Department of Energy, its precursor agencies, and the Gas Research Institute, Westinghouse has conducted this development from 1975 to March 1980 under Contract EF-77-C-01-1514, from March 1980 to January 1982 under Contract AC21-80-ET14752, and from January 1982 to April 1983 under Contract AC21-82MC19122. The overall objective of the program is to demonstrate the viability of the Westinghouse process for the environmentally acceptable production of low- and medium-Btu fuel gas from a variety of fossilized, carbonaceous feedstocks for electrical power generation, substitute natural gas, chemical feedstocks, and industrial fuels. This final report covers Phase I of the contract period (January 16, 1982 to April 30, 1983) and is a continuation of the work performed in 1980 and 1981 and reported in the 1982 final report, FE-14752-28. Included is work performed in fiscal 1982-1983 on PDU testing, process analysis, cold flow scaleup facility, process and component engineering and design, and laboratory support studies. 2 refs., 18 figs., 14 tabs.

Tags: kmd
Advanced Development of a Pressurized Ash Agglomerating Fluidized-Bed Coal Gasification System

Westinghouse Electric Corporation is engaged in the development of a pressurized, fluidized-bed gasification process at its Waltz Mill Site in Madison, Pennsylvania. With the sponsorship of the Department of Energy, its precursor agencies, and the Gas Research Institute, Westinghouse has conducted this development from 1975 to March 1980 under Contract EF-77-C-01-1514, from March 1980 to January 1982 under contract AC21-80-ET14752, and from January 1982 to May 1983 under Contract AC21-82MC19122. The overall objective of the program is to demonstrate the viability of the Westinghouse process for the environmentally acceptable production of low- and medium-Btu fuel gas from a variety of fossilized carbonaceous feedstocks for electrical power generation, synthetic natural gas, chemical feedstocks, and industrial fuels. This report presents the results of environmental, health and safety studies conducted during the technology development to 1982. Relatively few environmental studies were conducted from 1975 to 1980, with the exception of solid wastes, since technology development was the primary impetus. Similarly the health and safety studies performed were primarily to ensure a safe working environment. During the 1980 to 1982 period, however, work was specifically initiated to expand the environmental data base supporting Westinghouse gasification technology and to continue health and safety work. The results, with their implications, are contained herein. 23 figs., 114 tabs.

Tags: kmd
Gas turbine systems research and development program. Executive summary

This systems analysis has identified major opportunities for gas turbine combined cycles burning coal. Both simplified gasification and direct combustion of coal-water mixture options have the potential to offer low-cost energy systems that have high plant thermal efficiency and reduced emissions of environmental pollutants. Research and development needs have been identified which will provide the technical bases for decisions to prepare key components for systems verifications testing. It is recommended that the identified programs be initiated immediately to achieve the earliest possible commercialization of coal-burning gas turbine combined cycles.

Tags: kmd
Primary heater module, Phase II. Volume IV. Final report, February 1980-November 1983

Research was conducted on components and subassemblies of coal-fired heaters suitable to supply the heat input to closed-cycle gas turbine-based cogeneration systems of 25 to 50 MWe electrical output. Three concepts were researched: (1) a dry bottom, pulverized coal-fired radiant furnace heater for 1450 to 1550 F turbine inlet temperature, (2) an atmospheric pressure fluidized bed fired heater for 1450 to 1550 F, and (3) a heater employing atmospheric pressure fluidized beds in series, for 1750 F turbine inlet temperature. The series beds concept employs ceramic heating surface in its high-temperature bed. Both laboratory and field testing was conducted on heating surface materials durability in the pulverized coal and fluidized bed environments. Burner and furnace designs were researched for pulverized coal heaters employing large quantities of flue gas recirculation to moderate the furnace heat flux. A 6 ft by 6 ft fluidized bed was assembled and tested for materials and operational research on the 1450 to 1550 F heater concept. A ceramic-to-metal joint concept was devised, fabricated and made ready for test. The conceptual commercial heater concepts were refined. The program results indicate that each of the three heater concepts is technically feasible. The fluidized bed concepts are judged most likely to be both technically and commercially feasible. Their continued development is recommended. This volume is concerned with materials and materials testing (including silicon carbide tubes and the fabrication of tubes and joints).

Tags: kmd