AndreaBozzo/ceres-open-data-index huggingface dataset:
Fundamental aspects of coal-water fuel droplet combustion and secondary atomization of coal-water mixtures: Final report: Volume 2

This Final Report is issued in two volumes, covering research into the combustion of Coal Water Fuels (CWF). The present report, Volume II, covers experiments under Task 2 - ''Secondary Atomization of Coal-Water Mixtures.''Three methods of improving spray fineness by fuel treatment were investigated - (1) the heating of the CWF under pressure to produce steam as the pressure drops during passage of the CWF through the atomizer nozzle, (2) the absorption of CO/sub 2/ gas in the CWF to produce a similar effect, and (3) the addition of a chemical additive which will cause microexplosions in the droplets upon heating. The effects of disruptive atomization upon CWF spray size distribution were studied using a spray test chamber equipped with a laser diffraction particle size analyzer; the data were fitted to the Rosin-Rammler particle size distribution function. The combustion characteristics of the treated CWFs were investigated in the MIT Combustion Research Facility. The spray chamber tests established that thermally-assisted atomization produced reductions both in the mean droplet size and in the mass fraction of large particles in the spray. For fuel delivery temperatures up to 100/sup 0/C this effect is attributable to lowered fuel viscosity, while further heat of the CWF (to 150/sup 0/C in these experiments) produces disruptive atomization. In-flame measurements and high speed cine pictures made during combustion tests provided detailed information for comparisons of treated and untreated CWF. Thermally-assisted atomization was the most effective of the methods studied for improving carbon conversion efficiency and reducing fly ash particle size. CO/sub 2/ and picric acid addition techniques showed substantial improvements but they were less effective. 13 refs., 15 figs., 14 tabs.

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Proceedings of the second annual oil shale contractors meeting

This proceedings includes the papers presented at the US Department of Energy's Second Annual Oil Shale Contractors Meeting. The meeting was sponsored and hosted by the US Department of Energy's Morgantown Energy Technology Center and was held August 12-13, 1986, at the Ramada Inn in Morgantown, West Virginia. This year's meeting was attended by some 100 individuals from private industry, academia, research institutes, national laboratories, state and Federal Government agencies, and other domestic and foreign businesses. The purposes of this meeting were (1) to review and evaluate the current research in the Oil Shale Program, (2) to establish a forum for interchange of information and ideas related to oil shale, and (3) to assist the Department in planning future work. Utilization of the United States oil shale resources will not occur without the investment, involvement, and cooperation of both Government and private industry. Meetings such as this one are designed to provide industry with the results and significance of the Department's oil shale research. From the comments received the Program is providing industry with data and information useful toward development of an oil shale industry. The theme of this meeting was how to develop a successful Oil Shale Program. The following goals were established: To establish a national program, investigating the entire United States resource, east and west. To develop predicative models for all elements of process systems. To use the best manpower resources available to the program. Selected papers have been processed for inclusion in the Energy Data Base.

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Collection of technical data for tight gas sands in support of the massive hydraulic fracturing system. Final report

Results are presented of work performed to study case histories of logging problems/requirements in tight gas sand areas, provide production histories/completion information on selected Uinta Basin tight gas sand wells, provide geologic guidance and additional technical input for computer simulation of tight gas sand well behavior, and develop information about production histories, completion techniques and reservoir rock characteristics from selected tight gas sand key wells in the Piceance and Green River Basins. A list of gas sand wells in the Uinta Basin is included along with gas production statistics, completion and reservoir data, and well production data. (JRD)

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Investigation of the geokinetics horizontal in situ oil shale retorting process. Quarterly report, October, November, December 1983

Retort No. 27 was ignited on August 11, 1983 and by December 31 had completed 139 days of operation and produced 11,420 barrels of oil. Retort No. 28 was ignited on October 18, 1983 and on December 31 had completed 74 days of operation and produced 5,285 barrels of oil. The off-gas processing plants for the two retorts was completed and put through a shakedown run. Concentration levels of H/sub 2/S and NH/sub 3/ in the retort off gas did not warrant plant operation in the fourth quarter. Environmental studies are reported.

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Solids throttling valves for coal conversion and utilization development. Final report

A complete test system to test, evaluate, and develop control valves for slurry letdown service in coal liquefaction plants is needed. The site identified for the test system was the SRC II Pilot Plant located at Ft. Lewis, Washington. The US Department of Energy, Morgantown Energy Technology Center, requested a test system design that would enable testing of various configuration letdown valves that would be compatible with the existing facility and have minimum impact on Pilot Plant operations. Drawings and specifications for such a test system were prepared, coordinated with Ft. Lewis personnel, revised to reflect Ft. Lewis operating personnel comments, and approved for use by the Morgantown Energy Technology Center. These drawings and specifications will enable the test system to be built, installed, and integrated with the existing facility by a general contractor.

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Rock matrix and fracture analysis of flow in western tight gas sands

Low permeability gas sands are a vast future source of natural gas. The main problem in developing this resource is efficiently extracting the gas from the reservoir. The main objectives of this study were to develop new and improved core analysis techniques for measuring petrophysical properties of tight sands and to relate the measured properties to the rock pore structure. The project was subdivided into four major tasks concerned with advanced analysis of core from the Multiwell field experiment. Task I: Advanced core analysis included measurements of porosity (thin section vs. volumetric measurements), Klinkenberg permeability, surface area, and effect of overburden pressure, and pore structure investigations that included x-ray analysis and mineral analysis. Special consideration has been given to origin and types of pore structure. A new concept, the quality of pore space is introduced which is based on the degree to which identifiable pore space is occluded. This work has been greatly aided by application of transmitted light and epifluorescent microscopy. Task II: Gas Flow in Mineralized Fractures. Task III: Chemical Alteration. The control on permeability of the various minerals in MWX cores was investigated by studying the effect of various reagents on permeability and its sensitivity to confining pressure. Treatment ranged from flow of strongly acidic to strongly alkaline solutions; seven reagents were used. Task IV: Effect of Water on Gas Production. Many aspects of the effect of water on the petrophysical properties of tight gas sands were investigated under this task. These included, relative permeability, capillary pressure, imbibition, adsorption, and electrical conductivity. Comparison of the effect of confining pressure on distinctly different transport properties provides a test of the types of pore model appropriate to tight sands. 79 refs., 137 figs., 23 tabs.

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Synthesis of polysulfonates for enhanced oil recovery by chemical flooding. Final report, 20 August 1979-14 August 1980

Synthetic studies have been conducted on di- and trisulfonates of diphenylalkanes which may be the enhanced oil recovery (EOR) agents in commercial alkylbenzenesulfonates. Nine di- and trisulfonates of diphenylalkanes have been made and none has much EOR activity as the active fractions of commercial alkylbenzenesulfonates. Texas 2 (sulfonate of 5-(p-ethylphenyl) dodecane) has good EOR activity but Texas 2 has low solubility in brine. Structure modifications of Texas 2 led to compounds with less EOR activity than Texas 2 has. Removal of the para ethyl group from Texas gave a compound with no EOR activity as did the shortening of the longer alkyl group from 12 to 8 carbons. Replacing the ethyl group of Texas 2 with hydroxy and subsequent sulfonation yielded a sparingly brine soluble product with low EOR activity. Preliminary infrared and nuclear magnetic resonance studies of the methyl esters of EOR activity fractions of commercial alkylbenzenesulfonates (NBS and N5B) indicate that the active fractions are mixtures of p-alkylbenzenesulfonates.

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Pulse-jet baghouse performance improvement with flue gas conditioning

A pilot study was conducted at the Energy and Environmental Research Center (EERC) at the University of North Dakota to evaluate the effectiveness of flue gas conditioning in reducing tube sheet pressure drop and fine particulate emissions from a pulse-jet fabric filter. The project was jointly funded by the US Department of Energy (DOE), the Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI), and the Canadian Electrical Association (CEA). The work was completed with EERC facilities consisting of a pulverized coal-fired combustor and pilot baghouse. Full-scale pulse-jet bags were employed under conditions similar to large-scale baghouses. The investigation included baseline tests and tests in which ammonia and SO[sub 3] were, injected upstream of the baghouse to determine the effect of conditioning on baghouse performance. The primary independent variables included coal type, conditioning agent concentrations, air-to-cloth (A/C) ratio, and fabric type. The main dependent variables were particulate emissions, bagbouse pressure drop, and cohesive properties of the fly ash. Results demonstrated significant benefits of using conditioning with a pulse-jet baghouse, including a substantial reduction in particulate emissions and a substantial reduction in pressure drop (or the ability to operate at a higher A/C ratio without increasing pressure drop or bag-cleaning frequency). The improvements in fabric filter performance correlate strongly with a shift in the tensile strength and with increases in the aerated and packed porosity of the fly ash. Conditioning appears to be applicable to a wide range of coals and fabrics. Applications for this technology are where there is a need to reduce pressure drop and/or particulate emissions in existing bagbouses, to reduce fine-particle air toxic emissions which may be required in the future, and for new bagbouse installations to allow operation at a higher A/C ratio while providing an ultrahigh fine-particle collection efficiency.

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Performance model for molten carbonate fuel cells. Quarterly progress report, 5 October 1978 through 5 January 1979

Progress on the development of a performance model for molten carbonate fuel cells is reported. Key physical and chemical phenomena being modeled include mass transport, ohmic losses, electrode kinetics, fuel and oxidant utilization, and convective heat transfer. Numerical schemes have been developed and programmed to calculate overpotential versus current density curves for individual electrodes, the cell current density distribution, and the cell temperature distribution, neglecting the effects of in-plane heat conduction.

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Evaluation of target oil in the 50 major oilfields of the Permian Basin for enhanced oil recovery

This investigation is to determine the target oil available for enhanced oil recovery (EOR) from 50 major producing oilfields in the Permian Basin. Five enhanced oil-recovery methods were considered and a screening process was used to determine which was most suitable for each of the fields. The criteria used in the screening process were published on pages 98, 116, and 144 of the National Petroleum Council's (NPC) 1976 report on Enhanced Oil Recovery (3). The 50 major Permian Basin fields have an estimated 27.6 billion barrels of oil unrecoverable under present operating conditions. The screening process indicates that none of the fields have an outstanding potential for thermal recovery or surfactant polymer methods. However, 16 fields have carbon dioxide potential and 11 have polymer waterflooding potential. According to the screening process, none of the five methods considered was suitable for the remaining 23 fields.

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Photoassisted electrolysis applied to coal gasification. Quarterly report, 1 July 1982-30 September 1982

The literature search was continued on the electrochemical oxidation and reduction of coal. Humic acids are generated upon oxidation of coal in alkali media. Similar results were reported for the oxidation of coal. The reduction coal in nonaqueous solutions gave reduced coal of various degrees of hydrogenation depending on experimental conditions. These earlier results suggest that a proper combination of electrochemical oxidation and reduction of coal may lead to various classes of derivative coal including liquid coals. Both CdS and CdSe thin film electrodes were tested for photoassisted coal gasification. Although high photocurrents were observed the electrodes were not stable. To stabilize the electrodes the electrode surface was modified by coating with a conductive organic polymer, which behaves as an electron transfer mediator. Various experiments in this effort are described.

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Fundamental mechanisms of coal gasification. Quarterly technical progress report

Accomplishments for task 3 - integrated coal devolatilization model for reaction conditions pertinent to coal gasification are presented. A literature review of rapid pyrolysis models has been completed, and deficiencies in present models have been identified. A model applicable to all coal types and with potential for use over a wide range of operating conditions has been developed. The underlying rationale and working equations are presented. 22 refs., 2 figs., 5 tabs.

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Simultaneous high-temperature removal of alkali and particulates in a pressurized gasification system. Annual technical progress report, April 1981 through March 1982

This program is directed at performing experimental and analytical investigations, deriving system designs, and estimating costs to ascertain the feasibility of using aluminosilicate-based getters for controlling alkali in pressurized gasification systems. Its overall objective is to develop a comprehensive plan for evaluating a scaled-up version of the gettering process as a unit operation or as an integral part of a particulate removal device. This report describes work completed on thermodynamic projections, getter selection and qualification, and system performance projections during the first year of the project. Work on the thermodynamic projections has been completed and includes an update of the data base, development of alkali phase diagrams, and projections for several gasification processes. Getter selection and qualification efforts involved 23 kinetic tests on our bench-scale reactor and 25 kinetic tests on our thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) system. A key series of tests on both units involved comprehensive getter screening tests in which 20 alternative getters were evaluated. System performance projections involved development of models using available kinetic data and subsequent projections of the size requirements for full-scale units.

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Coal-conversion support studies. Project 61046 quarterly report, November 19, 1981-February 18, 1882

The entrainment unit was modified slightly to improve the previously developed technique for measuring the solids entrainment rate. Several tests were conducted with -40 400 mesh Ottawa sand at system pressures of 50, 150, 300 and 450 psig and at various fluidization velocities to determine the effects of pressure and bed fluidizing-gas velocity on the entrainment rate. The initial entrainment rate (E/sub i/) was found to be proportional to the 2.11, 4.33, 5.67, and 8.44 powers of the gas velocity at the four operating pressures. The results were also analyzed to estimate the effects of pressure and gas velocity on the specific entrainment rate (E/sub s/) of particles that were 49, 58, 69, and 83 microns in diameter. The E/sub s/ for each particle size increased significantly with system pressure and gas velocity. The entrainment rate was found to increase much more rapidly with increasing gas velocity at higher pressures than at lower pressures. Tests were conducted to determine the effects of temperature, gas velocity, and oxygen concentration on the tendency of coal chars to sinter in fluidized beds. Tests were also conducted to determine the effect additional fluidizing gas in the ring below the distributor nozzles had on the sintering tendency of coal chars. At 1600/sup 0/F, the distributor nozzles were clean; at 1650/sup 0/F, the nozzles were coated with a layer of ash. The sinters formed at 1775/sup 0/F were slightly larger and heavier than those formed at 1825/sup 0/F. It was observed that the quantity of sinters decreased with a decreasing oxygen input rate. At 1650/sup 0/F, the addition of fluidizing gas in the ring below the distributor nozzle did not have any apparent effect on char sintering. Certain other results are also described. (LTN)

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Studies of initial reaction steps in the gasification of coal: Final report, October 1983-September 1985

This research has utilized matrix isolation FTIR and EPR for characterization of volatilized coal products. Both slow and rapid heating studies were carried out on four coals, Illinois No. 6, Pittsburgh bituminous, Rawhide sub-bituminous and Texas lignite. Pyrolysis products have been correlated to coal type and initial coal composition. Evolution of both a low and high temperature form of tar has been observed. Methylation of the hydroxyl structure in coal enhances the evolution of the low temperature form. Only the high temperature tar is found to contain free radical character. Significant temperature dependent evolution of CO, CO/sub 2/, H/sub 2/O, H/sub 2/S, CS/sub 2/, CS, HCN, C/sub 2/H/sub 4/, and CH/sub 4/ is observed and interpreted in terms of reaction mechanisms which occur during pyrolysis. Reaction of kaolinite with char is observed at high temperatures (1150 to 1500/sup 0/C) to form volatile species SiO, Al/sub 2/O, and aluminum atoms. Significant evolution of the methyl free radical was observed for the first time. This observation strongly implies that direct bond dissociation of existing methyl groups in coal is a major reaction mechanism leading to methane formation. Infrared spectra of the matrix isolated tar has shown that only the phenolic hydroxyl group remains in the tar after vaporization. Studies of methylation of the hydroxyl groups present in coal with a deuterated methyl group have allowed the identification of three distinct hydroxyl sites. They have been identified as carboxyl, phenolic and alcoholic in character. EPR spectra of the matrix isolated tars have shown significantly increased detail as compared to the respective coals. The spectra indicate that the free radical sites in the tars are delocalized over aromatic rings. Four different types of free radical species are observed and are tentatively associated with aromatic rings which contain no heterocycles as well as those with sulfur, nitrogen, and oxygen. 12 refs., 47 figs., 17 tabs.

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Project Village conceptual plans. Final technical report, November 1980-May 1982. [Proposed WyCoalGas project, Converse County, Wyoming; proposed housing facilities]

The WyCoal Project Village is a housing facility proposed adjacent to the Wyoming Coal Gasification Project plant construction site that would accommodate single workers in dormitory units and singles or couples at a recreation vehicle park. Centralized services and recreational facilities are also to be provided. The provision for some mobile home units to be used in lieu of RV spaces has been considered but would be developed only if a strong demonstrated demand from singles and couples required such a provision. No children will be allowed at the Project Village as accommodations for families will be available in the town of Douglas. The development program for the Project Village calls for a total plan capacity of 225 living units: 1500 dormitory rooms and 750 recreational vehicle spaces. However, the total units to be developed will not exceed 1800 with peak employment, including couples at the Recreational Vehicle Park, not anticipated to exceed 2000. The flexibility within the maximum plan capacity of 2250 will allow for the development of an appropriate balance of housing units geared to the on-site project demands as plant construction occurs. At this time a mix of approximately 1200 dormitory rooms and 600 RV spaces appears appropriate for planning purposes.

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Heterogeneous kinetics of coal gasification. Quarterly technical progress report, 1 May 1982-31 July 1982. [Equipment design]

During the reporting period significant progress was made on two fronts: (1) the steam addition system for transient steam-char kinetic experiments; and (2) the automated data acquisition system for rapid mass programming (control) of the mass spectrometer and data logging. Steam Addition System: Although it is a relatively straightforward matter to produce steam for the reactor, we found that it is quite a challenge to develop a system capable of maintaining a steady and accurately-known flow rate of steam-argon mixtures at high pressure and temperature in alternate flow circuits (i.e., the reactor and purge lines), while simultaneously protecting downstream valving and instrumentation. Thus, the scheme originally proposed has been modified to eliminate potential operating problems associated with the preliminary design. Automated Data Acquisition System: Although the CO/sub 2/ gasification data were obtained manually, the ultimate objective of the project to develop a quantitative understanding of the complete gasification rate process in the complex synthesis gas milieux calls for automated programming (control) of the mass spectrometer. In addition, the current mass spectrometer signal processing technique requires the use of a lock-in amplifier to extract the modulated portion of the total signal due to the beam species only, in an analog mode. In order to allow fast scanning of a number of species, the characteristic dwell time required by the lock-in amplifier on a particular mass peak must be decreased. These requirements are being met by implementing automated mass programming and data collection, and direct digital, phase-sensitive pulse counting.

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Utah coal core methane desorption project: Final report

The Utah Geological and Mineral Survey under a cooperative grant, FG21-80MC14257 as amended, with the Department of Energy, Morgantown Energy Technology Center, has collected one hundred fifty two coal core samples for determination of methane content by the ''Direct Method.''These samples along with available samples from previous work have been examined petrographically to determine possible relationships with gas content. Reflectance, maceral analysis, fluorescence analysis, long proximate, and ultimate analyses have been determined.

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