AndreaBozzo/ceres-open-data-index huggingface dataset:
FLOODBASIN SEQUENCE OF A FINE-GRAINED MEANDER BELT SUBSYSTEM: THE COAL-BEARING LOWER WASATCH AND UPPER FORT UNON FORMATIONS SOUTHERN POWDER RIVER BASIN, WYOMING

Thick nonmarine coals and large epigenetic uranium deposits occur within the Wasatch (Epocene) and Upper Fort Union (late Paleocene) Formations in the Powder River Basin, Wyoming.  The regional depositional framework of these formations as determined from published data is characterized by a northward-flowing intermountain basinal fluvial system.  This system has three major components: a trunk stream along the basinal axis, a tributary subsystem along the basin margin and a paludal subsystem between the trunk stream and the tributary subsystems.  Data from eighteen continuous cores in the lower Wasatch and upper Fort Union Formations from a four square mile area in southeastern Campbell County provide information for determining the depositional and stratigraphic characteristics of the tributary subsystems. The sedimentary rocks above and below the thick Anderson coal bed within the study area consist of fine grained sandstones, siltstones, mudstones and claystones interbedded with thin discontinuous coal beds.  The physical, lithological and biological characteristics of these sediments are similar to flood basin sequences in the Holocene Atchafalaya Basin of Louisiana. Specific environments recognized include point bars, crevasse splays, lacustrine deltas, natural levees, lakes, abandoned channel fills, and well to poorly drained swamps.  With the exception of the laterally continuous Anderson coal bed, lateral and vertical variability in lithologies is the rule rather than the exception within the study area.  Thick, low ash, coal beds such as the Anderson probably originated as extensive peat swamps in the paludal subsystem.  How the even thicker peats that formed these coals segregated themselves form adjacent alluvial sedimentation is still a matter of debate.  Thin discontinuous coals with clay beds probably originated as small interchannel peat swamps that developed on slightly better drained crevasse splay platforms in the tributary subsystem.

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Removal of Free Sulfur from Gasoline by Lime and Hydrogen Sulfide

Free sulfur in petroleum products, especially gasoline, cannot be tolerated because of the serious corrosion problems that might follow. The specifications for gasoline call for a noncorrosive product, which necessitates the complete removal of any free sulfur in the fuel.  At times removal may be difficult to accomplish, but the refiner usually is able to control operations to avoid the presence of free sulfur in motor fuel. Natural gasoline extracted from sour gas may contain some free sulfur, usually due to oxidation of some of the hydrogen sulfide.  This sulfur may be difficult to remove unless the gasoline can be used for blending with refinery gasoline and then treated with doctor solution.

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FIELD LEACHING STUDY OF RAWMINED OIL SHALE - REPORT OF ACTIVITIES 4/1/80 - 8/15/81

In a previous study, the leaching characteristics of raw oil shale were investigated under laboratory conditions. The objectives of the current project include the determination of the chemical characteristics of leachate generated from raw shale in the field. The quantity of leachate produced is also of primary interest. The results from the field tests will be compared with the laboratory results from the previous study to assist in defining the importance of such factors as percolation rates, wetting and drying cycles, and other weathering agents.

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RECOVERABLE PETROLEUM RESERVES IN THE UMIAT STRUCTURE, NAVAL PETROLEUM RESERVE NO. 4 ALASKA

"From information available as of June 1, 1951, when seven wells had been drilled on the Umiat structure, it can be concluded that a minimum of 100 acres have been proved productive of oil and that from those 100 acres  3-3/4 million barrels of oil could be recovered. A more likely picture of the potentialities of the structure,  developed from evaluating the structure in terms of the known conditions as at Section A-A I, Figures 1 and 2, reveals 1,000 acres as productive of oil and that from the 1,000 acres 151, 000,000 barrels of oil could be  recovered. The rate of recovery of this oil would be at a maximum at the time of full development or, according  to a plan submitted, 21,333 barrels a day at the end of 6 years as shown in Figure 3 . The life of the field would be somewhere between 25 and 50 years depending on the operations employed and economic and other  considerations."

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SEVENTH-QUARTERLY PROGRESS REPORT March 6, 1979 - June 5, 1979

During the past quarter , work has continued on characterization of the thermophysical properties of oil shales. The research has concentrated on six main areas (a) "low" frequency, 50 Hz - 1 MHz dielectric studies (b) microwave dielectric spectroscopy in the range 1 MHa - 13 GHz (c) thermal conductivity studies (d)  thermoacoustic  analysis (e) differential scanning calorimetry, and (f) r f  processing and prospecting applications.

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"Inverse GLC--An Extension of  the Technique to the Study of the Oxidation of Asphalts"

"An extension of the inverse GLC'technique to the study of the oxidation of asphalts is reported. In the new approach, an asphalt, serving as the liquid substrate in a gas liquid chromatographic column, is oxidized directly within the chromatograph. The retention behavior of a group of selected test compounds possessing different functional groups is determined before and after oxidation. Because the retention behavior is dependent on interactions between the functional groups of the test compound and chemical functionalities in the asphalt, the  changes occurring in tile asphalt on oxidation are reflected as changes in retention behavior. Inverse GLC was found sensitive in detecting changes that take place on  oxidation, and holds promise as a method of predicting asphalt durability."

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MODELING OF MULTIPLE-WELL PATTERNS IN AN ANISOTROPIC HETEROGENEOUS POROUS MEDIA

"The theory and practice of recovering fluids from underground reservoirs with wells has long been the subject of study. Water and petroleum products drawn by wells have long been vital parts of our social and  economic system. However recent interest in underground combustion and the accompanying flow processes has been stimulated by the incurring energy shortage.  Investigation is underway in various countries, for example Canada, the Soviet Union, and the U. S .A., on in situ combustion of coal, oil shale and tar sands. These in situ processes often require the drilling of wells for injection of air into the material being processed and the recovery of the resulting combustion products."

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Artesian Aquifer, New Fork Tongue of the Wasatch Formation, Northern Green River Basin

An artesian aquifer is found in the New Fork Tongue of the Wasatch Formation in the northern Green River Basin. Overlying the aquifer is the Wilkins Peak Member of the Green River Formation which contains potentially developable oil shales. The aquifer contains substantial amounts of water available for possible use of an oil shale industry. Flow rates as high as 500 gallons per minute are presently being produced from abandoned oil test wells. The water, containing sodium carbonate and sodium bicarbonate as the principle dissolved solids, is not classed as potable due to excessive amounts of fluoride and total dissolved solids. Recharge for the aquifer is found to the north where the New Fork Tongue becomes arkosic. The area of known artesian production is about 500 square miles. An additional 700 square miles may contain artesian water from the same source.

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WASTE PACKAGE RELIABILITY ANALYSIS FOR HIGH-LEVEL NUCLEAR WASTE REPOSITORIES

10 CFR Part 60, the Nuclear Regulatory Commission's regulations governing and geologic disposal of high-level radioactive waste establishes objectives for the performance of the repository after permanent closure. Section 60.113 establishes specific performance objectives for particular barriers of the repository including the engineered barrier system, and Section 60.112 establishes and overall system performance objective for the geologic repository.

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Energy Trends Tar Sands

The most significant known deposit of tar sands occur on the North and South American Continents. These are the Athabaca deposit in Alberta, Canada, which contains over 700-billion barrels of oil in place; the Orinezo Tar Belt in Venezuela, which contains over 600 billion barrels of hydrocarbons in place; the Llanos area of Columbia, about which little is known, but which is believed to hold as much as a trillion barrels of oil; and five Utah deposits, which hold an estimated total of up to 29 billion barrels of oil.

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Thiophenes

The occurrence, toxicity, and uses of thiophenes are considered in this chapter in order to provide the setting in which analytical methods must be performed. Some measured and calculated properties of thiophenes having analytical significance are given. An attempt is made to divide the chemical analytical methods among key subtechniques. However, some overlap occurs; for example, complex formation may be both a separation tool and an identification tool. Spectroscopy is probably the most widely used of the analytical methods, and so spectroscopic methods are considered separately. No generally applicable method was found for the identification and estimation of thiophenes, but some methods have a broader range of application than most, and so these are given in some detail.

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Production of Lightweight Concrete Aggregates from Clays, Shales, and Other Materials

The investigation of the production of lightweight aggregate for use in concrete blocks, pre case concrete structural shapes and in monolithic structures and of the development of processes and the utilization of various available raw materials for that purpose, is of special interest to the Bureau of Mines. The potential demand for these aggregates is extremely large and in many localities serious shortages exist. Because of such interest and critical shortages, the Industrial Research and Development Division of the Office of Technical Services, US Department of Commerce, has deemed it advisable to enter into contract with the Bureau of Mines to assist in the research aimed at the stimulation of the industrial production of larger quantities of lightweight concrete aggregates.

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A Thermodynamic Study of Factors in Inverse Gas Liquid Chromatography

The present report is part of the chemical studies which the Asphalt Research Group at the Laramie Petroleum Research Center has started to develop Inverse GLC. Two approaches are reported here: First, the temperature dependence of the retention volume is used to determine how the heats and entropies of absorption into asphalt differ for the test compounds used. Second, a start has been made in the application of the technique of factor analysis to the Inverse GLC data. The preliminary results with this technique, whose first objective is to determine just how many factors are significant in the data, and thus assist in reducing the redundancy in the test compounds used, are described in Section V.

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Annual Report of the Petroleum and Natural Gas Division

The major aim in production research is to make available to the industry information that will make possible a better understanding of natural petroleum reservoirs, the characteristics of reservoir fluids, and their behavior as influenced by extractive operations. Such studies lead to considerations of natural energy in or associated with these reservoirs and the manner of which the available energy can be used to greatest advantage to obtain efficient production and optimum recovery through the most efficient development of oil and tar bearing strata.

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CO2 AT NORTH AND SOUTH McCALLUM

The rare occurrence of condensate-carbon dioxide accumulations is probably the principal reason the North McCallum field has received the attention and publicity not normally given fields of comparable size. In several unpublished accounts found in some early interbureau reports of the Bureau of Mines, United States Department of the Interior, pictures of the wells and producing facilities show flowlines, fittings and storage tanks covered with frost up to several inches thick.  The problem of freezing attending production of this fluid and the lack of knowledge concerning the status of the original reservoir fluid and its probable behavior with reservoir pressure decline also have attracted considerable attention to this unique occurrence in North Park Basin.  If ever a nickname for an area was appropriate, that of "ice cream wells" by which this area has been called, is especially apt.

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NOCTURNAL WIND CHARACTERISTICS IN HIGH TERRAIN OF THE PICEANCE BASIN, COLORADO

"A meteorological study was performed in the oil shale development area of northwestern Colorado during August 1980. The purpose of this study was to document the characteristics of the nocturnal wind regime at a particular site. This type of site specific data is essential  to a more general goal of understanding and modeling transport and diffusion for the entire region."

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A STUDY OF THE  THEORY AND  PRACTICE OF THE THERMAL SOLUTION PROCESS, INCLUDING HYDROGENATION

The development of methods for producing shale oil from oil shale constitutes one phase of the research and development program being conducted at the Petroleum and Oil-Shale Experiment Station at Laramie, Wyoming under authority of Public Law 290 . The objective of this law is to facilitate the development of liquid fuels from  sources other than Petroleum.

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BIBLIOGRAPHY OF INVESTMENT AND OPERATING COST FOR CHEMICAL AND PETROLEUM PLANTS

Under authorization of the Synthetic Liquid Fuels Act, Public Law 290, 78th Congress, The Bureau of Mines is dong research and development work on the production of liquid fuels from oil shale.  When the development  of a process reaches the point where adequate technical data ate available, and economic evaluation is made on the basis of the established investment and operation costs of the process.  The following bibliography was prepared as an aid in making these cost estimates, the purpose being not so much the tabulation of the actual cost figures as the listing of sources of information.

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"GC/MS Analysis of Organic Material Isolated from Water Produced During In Situ  Recovery of Fossil Fuel Resources. (abstract only)"

"The production of fossil fuel by In situ techniques can yield large quantities of water. This water whether from intrusion combustion, or process will be contaminated with water soluble organic compounds. The analysis of the organic material is important not only from the standpoint of selecting control technologies to purify the water but  also in monitoring these technologies for efficiency. Combined gas chromatography/mass spectroscopy was used to analyze the extractable organic material in water produced during Laramie Energy Research Center's second in situ tar sand combustion. Fractions of organic material defined as acid and base extracts were obtained by liquid extraction using either trlchlorotrlfluorethane  or ethyl ether. The acid extracts were directly analyzed by  GC/MS which resulted in identification of individual components. The base extracts were found to be more complex and could no be studied directly with GC/MS. Fractions of the base extract were obtained by trapping intervals of the effluent from the GC separation of the  base extract using an OV-101 column. The fractions were chromatographed on an SP-1000 column for GC/MS investigations. Combined gas chromatography/mass spectroscopy of these samples permitted the identification of individual components, but this is time consuming and not applicable to routine screening of samples. Using  selected computer techniques, fewer mass spectrometric experiments were required for routine analysis of the samples."

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Development of a Successful Multiple Percussion Drill Carriage

A multiple drill carriage or "jumbo" which is believed to be unique in both design and performance, was constructed and has been in use for the past year at the Bureau of Mines experimental oil-shale mine near Rifle, Colorado. This jumbo mounts four ling food percussion drills and is so designed that two men can operate all four drills.  Before the jumbo was placed in operation, a minimum of eight man-shifts was required to drill 72 fifteen foot holes in headings 60 feet wide and 27 feet high.  The same round is now drilled by two men in about 6 hours. Over 500 feet of drilling per man shift is easily and consistently accomplished.  Use of the jumbo has resulted in a 75 percent reduction in drilling labor and a substantially lower drilling cost.

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Zone Refining for Purification of Spectroscopic Reference Compounds

Two programs have been set up. A standard sample program to prepare 1 to 2 liters of compounds having purities of 99.9 mole percent; and  a small sample program to purify available quantities to as high purities as are practical. The first program is designed to furnish samples for determining spectroscopic patterns of highest quality as well as physical and thermodynamic properties, and to provide calibration standards for quantitative work. The second program is designed to furnish samples so that a large catalog of spectral patterns can be obtained rapidly.

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Sulfur Compounds Organic

A large variety of organic sulfur compounds is possible because of the ability of the sulfur atom to exhibit many valence states. Sulfur compounds having bivalent, tetravalent, and hexavalent sulfur are known. Organic sulfur compounds are often compared with oxygen compounds, but this can be very misleading. Some of the major differences result from: the ability of sulfur to unite with itself to form chains giving di-, tri-, tetra-, and polysulfides; the lower capacity of sulfur to hold hydrogen and the greater capacity to unite with negative elements; and the ability of sulfur to unite with oxygen and halogens to form such compounds as sulfones, sulfonyl halides, and sulfonic acids. The atomic structure which leads to these properties has been discussed under "sulfur compounds-structure".

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MINOR CONSTITUENTS OF A CALIFORNIA PETROLEUM

A comprehensive examination of a Wilmington, California, crude oil containing appreciable quantities of nitrogen, sulfur, and oxygen compounds as well as trace amounts of porphyries and metals is presented.  The nitrogen compounds are mostly high molecular weight materials and form the predominant group in the asphalt.  Relatively small amounts can be found in the distillate and even these are in the higher boiling fractions.  The compounds are seventy percent non-buric.  As only basic compounds have been identified from petroleum, the majority of the Wilmington nitrogen compounds have structures as yet  undefined.  Pyroles, indoles, and carbazoles are suspected.  The sulfur compounds differ from those of previously studied oils in that no thiols.  The type sulfur analysis indicates the sulfur compounds as sulfide and include the thiophene compounds in this classification.

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DETERMINATION OF TYPES OF SULFUR COMPOUNDS IN PETROLEUM DISTILLATES

A system of analysis for sulfur groups in petroleum distillation has been developed as one phase of the Bureau of Mines investigation of the more economic utilization of the so called black oils of Wyoming.  This problem is being studied by the Bureau of Mines under a cooperative agreement with the University of Wyoming at the Bureau's Petroleum Experiment Station, Laramie Wyoming.  Wyoming black oils have high sulfur and asphalt content and usually yield only small percentages of straight run gasoline.  A more detailed description of the properties of black oils has been given in a previous publication.  The preparation and properties of asphalt from these oils have been described and the effect of thermal cracking and the use of ordinary methods of treating were discussed in one Bureau publication.  Although these studies gave considerable insight into the properties and characteristics of black oil, it was thought that a more fundamental attack would assist materially in the problem of sulfur removal.

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Aniline Points of Hydrocarbons

This report is based upon an extensive compilation of the literature covering aniline points and critical solution temperatures in aniline of pure hydrocarbons. The best values of both properties have been selected for those hydrocarbons for which sufficient data are available. As an aid to this selection, a relationship between aniline point and molecular structure has been developed. In making the correlation two types of compounds gave trouble. Aromatic compounds have exceedingly low aniline points, which cannot be measured directly, and certain solid hydrocarbons give discordant results because the aniline point is below the melting point. These types of hydrocarbons have been studied by dissolving them in other compounds and obtaining blending values. The use of aniline points in the analysis of hydrocarbon mixtures is discussed briefly.

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CORRECTION OF DUMAS MICROANALYSIS BY MASS SPECTROMETRY

Mass spectrometer analysis have been found to be a valuable adjunct to the Dumas micromethod for nitrogen determination.  While continued use of the mass spectrometer for checking such analysis would seldom  be justified, occasional checks will disclose any serious error and will indicate the remedial measures  necessary to eliminate such error.  This paper discusses a simple modification of a Dumas micromethod nitromotor that facilitates transfer of gas into the mass spectrometer.

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THE EFFECT OF ANTISTRIP ADDITIVES ON THE PROPERTIES OF ASPHALT CEMENT

Antistrip additives are routinely used by many agencies to improve the water resistance of asphalt concrete mixtures.  The effect of these additives on the properties, behavior, and performance of asphalt has received little documentation in the literature,  It is often assumed that the antistrip additives are absorbed on the aggregate surface and do not interact with the asphalt.  Experience in some states indicates that antistrip additives can soften the asphalt cement, and at least one state agency does make allowance for specification noncompliance (viscosity) when antistrip additives are used.

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EFFECTIVE MEDIUM THEORY OF A HETEROGENOUS MEDIUM, WITH GRAINS CHARACTERIZED BY NON-LOCAL DIELECTRIC FUNCTION

"A formulation is given to obtain the effective dielectric function * € (w) of a heterogeneous medium when the non-locality of the individual grains is important. The formulation is then applied to the calculation of the € * (w) of a medium consisting of spherical metallic grains. A  very general method of solving boundary value problems involving non-local is presented. The results are presented in both average T -matrix approximation and coherent potential approximation. Numerical results are obtained assuming hydrodynamic model of the metallic dielectric function though in principle other non-local dielectric  functions could also be used. Finally the optical absorption by dye molecules adsorbed on metallic spheres is calculated and the results compared to those obtained by using the local model for the dielectric function of the metal. The important effects of the nonlocality  manifest in the characteristic shifts of the resonances and the decrease in the peak heights."

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