AndreaBozzo/ceres-open-data-index huggingface dataset:
The extraction of bitumen from western oil sands. Annual report, July 1991--July 1992

The University of Utah tar sand research and development program is concerned with research and development on Utah is extensive oil sands deposits. The program has been intended to develop a scientific and technological base required for eventual commercial recovery of the heavy oils from oil sands and processing these oils to produce synthetic crude oil and other products such as asphalt. The overall program is based on mining the oil sand, processing the mined sand to recover the heavy oils and upgrading them to products. Multiple deposits are being investigated since it is believed that a large scale (approximately 20,000 bbl/day) plant would require the use of resources from more than one deposit. The tasks or projects in the program are organized according to the following classification: Recovery technologies which includes thermal recovery methods, water extraction methods, and solvent extraction methods; upgrading and processing technologies which covers hydrotreating, hydrocracking, and hydropyrolysis; solvent extraction; production of specialty products; and environmental aspects of the production and processing technologies. These tasks are covered in this report.

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Coolside waste management research. Annual technical progress report, October 1992--September 1993

The composition (major, minor and trace elements) of approximately 400 Coolside waste samples form the Edgewater Coolside demonstration and CONSOL pilot plant tests are summarized and tabulated in this report. The composition changes in the waste samples collected during the Edgewater Coolside demonstration can be correlated with the processing variables and operation conditions. A study was conducted that focused on the formation mechanism of ettringite crystals in FGD waste materials since they were observed to form in Coolside, FBC, and AFBC derived wastes. The degree of swelling in FGD-derived waste can be correlated to the amounts of ettringite crystals present. Reactions controlling the formation, composition and disintegration of ettringite are critical in determining the overall stability and strength of cements and concretes derived from dry-flue gas desulfurization wastes. Since these wastes consist of fly ash, along with, CaSO{sub 3}, and CaSO{sub 4} and unreacted Ca(OH){sub 2}, the sulfites and sulfates react with the Ca(OH){sub 2} along with the glassy aluminosilicates in the fly ash to form calcium sulfo-aluminate minerals. Ettringite, the most important of these, is the main contributor to the compressive strength development of the FGD waste mixtures. However, excessive ettringite formation causes swelling which often leads to destructive crack formation. It has been shown that the quantity of ettringite formed and compressive strength of the FGD waste mixtures reach a maximum until ettringite begins to disintegrate. Because the formation mechanisms of ettringite are not entirely understood, swelling in FGD derived products is difficult to predict.

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Proceedings of the eleventh annual gasification and gas stream cleanup systems contractors review meeting. Volume 2

The Morgantown Energy Technology Center (METC) held the Eleventh Annual Gasification and Gas Stream Cleanup Systems Contractors Review Meeting on August 13--15, 1991. Their primary goal is the development of technology essential for private sector commercialization of cost competitive and environmentally acceptable integrated gasification and gas stream cleanup systems. The 1991 Gasification and Gas Stream Cleanup Systems Contractors Review Meeting provided a forum for scientists and engineers to present their results and exchange ideas. Executives and engineers from several industrial contractors discussed their plans to offer advanced coal gasification and cleanup systems. Over 300 attendees from industry, academia, and government, representing several fortune 500 companies and 11 countries, participated in the 3-day meeting. Participants gave a total of 69 papers in seven sessions, including 35 papers in two poster sessions. Topical areas were: Systems for Production of Power (9 papers,8193 ); Systems for the Production of Co-Products (5 papers,8193 ); Advanced Coal Conversion Technology (5 papers,8193 ); Systems for Gas Stream Cleanup (7 papers,8193 ); and Advanced Gas Separation Technologies for Gasification and Gas Stream Cleanup (8 papers).

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Second-generation pressurized fluidized-bed combustion plant: Conceptual design and optimization of a second-generation PFB combustion plant. Phase 2, Annual report, October 1991--September 1992

After many years of experimental testing and development work, coal-fired pressurized fluidized bed (PFB) combustion combined-cycle power plants are moving toward reality. Under the US Department of Energy`s Clean Coal Technology Program, a 70-MWe PFB combustion retrofit, utilizing a 1525{degrees}F gas turbine inlet temperature, has been built and operated as a demonstration plant at the American Electric Power Company`s Tidd Plant in Brilliant, Ohio. As PFB combustion technology moves closer and closer to commercialization, interest is turning toward the development of an even more efficient and more cost-effective PFB combustion plant. The targeted goals of this ``second-generation`` plant are a 45-percent efficiency and a cost of electricity (COE) that is at least 20 percent lower than the COE of a conventional pulverized-coal (PC)-fired plant with stack gas scrubbing. In addition, plant emissions should be within New Source Performance Standards (NSPS) and the plant should have high availability, be able to burn different ranks of coal, and incorporate modular construction technologies. In response to this need, a team of companies led by Foster Wheeler Development Corporation (FWDC). The key components in the proposed second-generation plant are the carbonizer, CPFBC, ceramic cross-flow filter, and topping combustor. Unfortunately, none of these components has been operated at proposed plant operating conditions, and experimental tests must be conducted to explore/determine their performance throughout the proposed plant operating envelope. The major thrust of Phase 2 is to design, construct, test, and evaluate the performance of the key components of the proposed plant.

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Phase and foam behavior study of CO{sub 2}-based foams at reservoir temperature and pressure. Final report, August 20, 1990--July 15, 1993

A major objective of the Enhanced Oil Recovery Program at Morgantown Energy Technology Center (METC) is to develop technologies based on CO{sub 2}, foams, emulsions, or other fluid dispersions that will alleviate viscous fingering and mobility control problems that severely limit the production of oil by miscible CO{sub 2}, flooding. In this project, data on the phase behavior of a model surfactant/water system were generated both to help in modeling work for phase behavior and dispersion morphologies and to provide an efficient experimental methodology for determination of these data from flow calorimetric measurements. The project consists of two separate but compatible subtasks, the results of which are described in detail in the two parts of the main body of this report.

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Selective methane oxidation over promoted oxide catalyst. Quarterly report, September--November 1993

Dispersed metal oxide catalysts have been prepared and tested for selective oxidation of methane. The catalysts were based on multivalent cations impregnated into a number of different oxide supports: MoO{sub 3}/SiO{sub 2}, V{sub 2}O{sub 5}/SiO{sub 2}, V{sub 2}O{sub 5}/MoO{sub 3}/SiO{sub 2}, V{sub 2}O{sub 5}/TiO{sub 2}, SnO{sub 2}/SiO{sub 2}, and V{sub 2}O{sub 5}/SnO{sub 2}. Among the dispersed metal oxide catalysts studied this quarter, the most active catalyst was clearly the V{sub 2}O{sub 5}/SiO{sub 2} catalyst. High surface area silica samples impregnated with 1--5 wt% V{sub 2}O{sub 5} were found to be active catalysts with low selectivity toward CO{sub 2}. Although CO was the major product, appreciable selectivities toward formaldehyde were also observed. Indeed, with the V{sub 2}O{sub 5}/SiO{sub 2} catalysts, very high space time yields of formaldehyde of > 1 kg CH{sub 2}O/kg catal/h could be obtained even though conventional single pass %yields were <2%. These results were obtained at relatively high GHSV (70,000--280,000 {ell}/kg catal/h) but moderate temperatures (530--630C).

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Integrated mild gasification processing at the Homer City Electric Power Generating Station site. Final report, July 1989--June 1993

A new process for the production of commercial grade coke, char, and carbon products has been evaluated by Penelec/NYSEG. The process, developed by Coal Technology Corporation, CTC, utilizes a unique screw reactor to produce a devolatilized char from a wide variety of coals for the production of commercial grade coke for use in blast furnaces, foundries, and other processes requiring high quality coke. This process is called the CTC Mild Gasification Process (MGP). The process economics are significantly enhanced by integrating the new technology into an existing power generating complex. Cost savings are realized by the coke producer, the coke user, and the electric utility company. Site specific economic studies involving the Homer City Generating Station site in Western Pennsylvania, confirmed that an integrated MGP at the Homer City site, using coal fines produced at the Homer City Coal Preparation Plant, would reduce capital and operating costs significantly and would enable the HC Owners to eliminate thermal dryers, obtain low cost fuel in the form of combustible gases and liquids, and obtain lower cost replacement coal on the spot market. A previous report, identified as the Interim Report on the Project, details the technical and economic studies.

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Toms Creek integrated gasification combined cycle demonstration project. Quarterly report, July 1--September 30, 1993

The use of an upgraded version of General Electric`s Frame 6 gas turbine, which has been designated as Frame 6 (FA) will make a significant improvement to the thermal efficiency and overall economics of the Toms Creek Project. Replacing the smaller, less efficient Frame 6 (B) gas turbine with the new Frame 6 (FA) will increase the net power production from a nominal 55 MW to 105 MW. The coal feed rate will correspondingly increase from 430 tpd to 740 tpd. All process flows and equipment sizes will be increased accordingly. Selected process parameters for the original and revised Toms Creek IGCC plant configurations are compared in Table 2. There is an approximately 10% increase in net plant efficiency for the revised configuration. Using this increased plant size, the pressure vessels become larger due to an increased through-put, but are still dimensioned for shop fabrication and over-the-road shipment. The preliminary cost estimate for the enlarged demonstration plant was prepared by factoring the estimates for the original plant. Revised quotes for the larger equipment will be solicited and used to generate more accurate cost information for the revised plant.

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Toms Creek integrated gasification combined cycle demonstration project. Quarterly report, April 1--June 30, 1993

The quarterly technical progress report for the period ending June 30, 1993, summarizes the work done to date by Tampella Power Corporation and Enviropower, Inc. Enviropower Inc.`s efforts were concentrated on the Toms Creek PDS (Preliminary Design and Studies). Tampella Power Corporation`s efforts were concentrated on site specific heat and material balances to provide the basis for evaluating alternate locations for the Project. Enviropower, Inc. is nearing completion of the PDS (Preliminary Design and Studies). The status of the design of the equipment for the Gasifier Island, not covered in the previous technical progress report, is given.

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Proceedings of the eleventh annual gasification and gas stream cleanup systems contractors review meeting. Volume 1

The Morgantown Energy Technology Center (METC) held the Eleventh Annual Gasification and Gas Stream Cleanup Systems Contractors Review Meeting on August 13--15, 1991. Their primary goal is the development of technology essential for private sector commercialization of cost competitive and environmentally acceptable integrated gasification and gas stream cleanup systems. The 1991 Gasification and Gas Stream Cleanup Systems Contractors Review Meeting provided a forum for scientists and engineers to present their results and exchange ideas. Executives and engineers from several industrial contractors discussed their plans to offer advanced coal gasification and cleanup systems. Over 300 attendees from industry, academia, and government, representing several fortune 500 companies and 11 countries, participated in the 3-day meeting. Participants gave a total of 69 papers in seven sessions, including 35 papers in two poster sessions. Topical areas were: Systems for Production of Power (9 papers,8186 ); Systems for the Production of Co-Products (5 papers,8186 ); Advanced Coal Conversion Technology (5 papers,8186 ); Systems for Gas Stream Cleanup (7 papers,8186 ); and Advanced Gas Separation Technologies for Gasification and Gas Stream Cleanup (8 papers).

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CE IGCC repowering project: Controls & instrumentation. Topical report, June 1993

The IGCC Control System is used to provide operator interface and controls for manual and auto operation of the IGCC Repowering Project Located at Springfield, Illinois. A Distributed Control System (DCS) is provided for analog (process control) loop functions and to provide the operator interface. A Data Acquisition System (DAS) is provided for gathering performance data and optimization. Programmable Logic Controllers will be provided for the following digital control systems: (a) GSSS (Gasifier Supervisory Safety System) including pulverized coal handling and char handling; (b) Coal Pulverization System; (c) HRSG (Heat Recovery Steam Generation,8185 ); (d) Hot Gas Cleanup System; (e) Steam Turbine; and (f) Combined Cycle Operation. In general all systems are provided for auto/manual cascade operation; upstream equipment is interlocked to be proven in service operation and/or valve position before downstream equipment may operate.

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Advanced turbine systems program: Conceptual design and product development. Topical report, November 1993

This report has been prepared by Solar Turbines Incorporated (Solar) in accordance with Task 2 of the Advanced Turbine Systems (ATS) Contract. This report addresses only the work that will be performed under Task 8 (Design and Test of Critical Components) of the Contract. The discussion is divided into four general sections: Project Description; Potential Environmental Impacts; Required Permits and Licenses; and Environmental, Safety and Health (ES and H) Agency Contact Information. As described in further detail herein, the activities to occur during the project (i.e., Task 8) consists primarily of short duration testing of laboratory-scale components (or portions of components) for the ATS program. The testing involved will fall in the following general categories: recuperator, combustor, and blade/airfoil cooling. All activities contemplated will occur at existing facilities. Solar believes that the information in this report supports the conclusion that no significant environmental impacts will be associated with the project.

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CE IGCC repowering project: Bins and lockhoppers. Topical report, 1 January, 1992--28 February, 1993

CE is participating in a coal gasification combined cycle repowering project that will provide a nominal 65 MW of electricity to City, Water, Light and Power (CWL and P) in Springfield, Illinois. The IGCC system will consist of CE`s air-blown pressurized entrained flow two-stage gasifier; an advanced hot gas cleanup system; a combustion turbine adapted to use low-btu gas; and all necessary coal handling equipment. The coal feed system will utilize a unique high pressure lockhopper system to allow dry delivery of pulverized coal to the gasifier. A similar high pressure, high temperature lockhopper system will also be used to recycle char from the product gas stream back to the gasifier to maximize carbon utilization. This Topical Report describes the current state of design for the bins and lockhoppers to be used for the coal and char feed system. The project is currently in the second budget period of five. The major activities during this budget period are: establishment of approved for design (AFD) engineering package; development of a detailed cost estimate; resolution of project business issues; CWL and P renewal and replacement activities; and application for environmental air permits.

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Disposal of fluidized-bed combustion ash in an underground mine to control acid mine drainage and subsidence. Quarterly report, February--May 1994

During Phase I (first 18 months) the project is segregated into four areas of reporting: (A) Grout Formulation, (B) Grout Characterization, (C) Water Quality Monitoring, (D) Subsidence Control & Contaminant Transport. The first component involves formulating a grout mixture with appropriate flowability to be used in filling complex mine voids. The Grout Characterization component involves background monitoring of water quality and precipitation at the Phase III (Longridge) mine site. This report separately progress on all components of the program in order of project subtask.

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CE IGCC Repowering plant sulfuric acid plant. Topical report, June 1993

A goal of the CE IGCC Repowering project is to demonstrate a hot gas clean-up system (HGCU), for the removal of sulfur from the product gas stream exiting the gasifier island. Combustion Engineering, Inc. (ABB CE) intends to use a HGCU developed by General Electric Environmental Services (GEESI). The original design of this system called for the installation of the HGCU, with a conventional cold gas clean-up system included as a full-load operational back-up. Each of these systems removes sulfur compounds and converts them into an acid off-gas. This report deals with the investigation of equipment to treat this off-gas, recovering these sulfur compounds as elemental sulfur, sulfuric acid or some other form. ABB CE contracted ABB Lummus Crest Inc. (ABB LCI) to perform an engineering evaluation to compare several such process options. This study concluded that the installation of a sulfuric acid plant represented the best option from both a technical and economic point of view. Based on this evaluation, ABB CE specified that a sulfuric acid plant be installed to remove sulfur from off-gas exiling the gas clean-up system. ABB LCI prepared a request for quotation (RFQ) for the construction of a sulfuric acid production plant. Monsanto Enviro-Chem Inc. presented the only proposal, and was eventually selected as the EPC contractor for this system.

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Nitrous oxide emissions. Topical report, July 1, 1990--June 30, 1993

Published N{sub 2}O emissions data for experimental studies examining large numbers of coals are generally scarce at the pilot-scale fluidized-bed combustion (FBC) level, although some data are available at the laboratory scale. The primary objective of this study was to determine the atmospheric contribution of N{sub 2}O derived from coal combustion. Additionally, the goal was to establish a comprehensive engineering model to assist in the prediction of N{sub 2}O emissions based upon operating and design considerations. To meet the overall objectives of determining the overall contribution of N{sub 2}O derived from FBC and developing an engineering model seven tasks were originally proposed. The objective of each task as originally proposed and finally executed is presented in this topical report. The seven tasks were: (1) literature survey; (2) equipment design and test plan development; (3) experimental techniques; (4) pilot-scale determination of the impacts of coal properties and operating conditions on N{sub 2}O emissions; (5) role of coal char on N{sub 2}O formation and destruction; (6) homogeneous versus heterogeneous reactions; and (7) modeling of N{sub 2}O emissions.

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The extraction of bitumen from western tar sands. Annual report, July 1990--July 1991

Contents of this report include the following: executive summary; characterization of the native bitumen from the Whiterocks oil sand deposit; influence of carboxylic acid content on bitumen viscosity; water based oil sand separation technology; extraction of bitumen from western oil sands by an energy-efficient thermal method; large- diameter fluidized bed reactor studies; rotary kiln pyrolysis of oil sand; catalytic upgrading of bitumen and bitumen derived liquids; ebullieted bed hydrotreating and hydrocracking; super critical fluid extraction; bitumen upgrading; 232 references; Appendix A--Whiterocks tar sand deposit bibliography; Appendix B--Asphalt Ridge tar sand deposit bibliography; and Appendix C--University of Utah tar sands bibliography.

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Field study of disposed wastes from advanced coal processes. Quarterly technical progress report, April--June 1992

The Department of Energy/Morgantown Energy Technology Center (DOE/METC) has initiated research on the disposal of solid wastes from advanced coal processes. The objective of this research is to develop information to be used by private industry and government agencies for planning waste disposal practices associated with advanced coal processes. To accomplish this objective, DOE has contracted Radian Corporation and the North Dakota Energy & Environmental Research Center (EERC) to design, construct, and monitor a limited number of field disposal tests with advanced coal process wastes. These field tests will be monitored over a three year period with the emphasis on collecting data on the field disposal of these wastes. There has been considerable research on the characteristics and laboratory leaching behavior of coal wastes -- a lesser amount on wastes from advanced coal processes. However, very little information exists on the field disposal behavior of these wastes. Information on field disposal behavior is needed (a) as input to predictive models being developed, (b) as input to the development of rule of thumb design guidelines for the disposal of these wastes, and (c) as evidence of the behavior of these wastes in the natural environment.

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Hot Coal Gas Desulfurization with manganese based sorbents. Quarterly report, August 1, 1993--September 30, 1993

The focus of work being performed on Hot Coal Gas Desulfurization at the Morgantown Energy Technology Center is primarily in the use of zinc ferrite and zinc titanate sorbents; however, prior studies at the US Steel Fundamental Research Laboratories in Monroeville, PA, by E. T. Turkdogan indicated that an alternate sorbent, manganese dioxide-containing ore in mixture with alumina (75 wt % ore   25 wt % Al{sub 2}O{sub 3}) may be a viable alternative to zinc-based sorbents. Manganese, for example, has a lower vapor pressure in the elemental state than zinc hence it is not as likely to undergo depletion from the sorbent surface upon loading and regeneration cycles. Also manganese oxide is less readily reduced to the elemental state than iron hence the range of reduction potentials for oxygen is somewhat greater than for zinc ferrite. In addition, thermodynamic analysis of the manganese-oxygen-sulfur system shows it to be less amenable to sulfation than zinc ferrite. Potential also exists for utilization of manganese at higher temperatures than zinc ferrite or zinc titanate. This report documents progress in pelletizing and testing via thermogravimetric analysis of individual pellet formulations of manganese ore/alumina combinations and also manganese carbonate/alumina with two binders, dextrin and bentonite. Preliminary results indicate that the manganese carbonate material, being of higher purity than the manganese ore, has a higher degree of sulfur capacity and more rapid absorption kinetics. A 2-inch fixed-bed reactor has been fabricated and is now ready for subjecting pellets to cyclic loading and regeneration.

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