AndreaBozzo/ceres-open-data-index huggingface dataset:
Environment, safety, and health. Annual report, fiscal year 1983

METC's environmental management program covers the treatment and disposal of all wastewater generated at METC; the disposal of solid and hazardous waste generated by METC; and the monitoring of surface water, groundwater, and air quality in the surrounding area. In addition, technical assistance was provided in these areas to several offsite projects, which includes the Laramie Waste Management Project. Significant strides were made toward implementing the Wastewater Management Plan. Major accomplishments include completion of the interim upgrade of METC's existing wastewater treatment facilities, the preliminary design of a new wastewater pretreatment facility for METC, and the establishment of a groundwater monitoring program for the closing of METC's industrial waste pond. The safety program at METC has been expanded to meet the needs of a growing number of projects and personnel and to provide broad safety analysis as test equipment and controls become more complicated. The Process Safety and Environment Committee and the Site Safety Committee are also utilized to respond to onsite and offsite safety needs. In response to an increased emphasis on health hazards, the industrial hygiene program has expanded. The comprehensive program includes workplace health management, periodic inspections, exposure evaluations, chemical inventories, and respiratory protection. An effort was launched to consolidate information from work in the environment, safety, and occupational health and medical areas. A central filing system was developed for all ES and H documents. In addition, a project was initiated that would develop an ES and H Data Base for tracking and manipulating data and information.

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Advanced gasification projects

This report describes the results and accomplishments of the Morgantown Energy Technology Center's (METC) Advanced Gasification Program from 1 October 1982, to 30 September 1983. The primary goal of the program is to advance coal gasification technology through basic and applied research and development activities, at various research organizations in the private and public sectors. This goal is pursued through efforts to: (1) identify and demonstrate the feasibility of long-range, high-risk gasification concepts; (2) conduct research and development on gasification and its product/by-product treatment techniques; and (3) develop a comprehensive, fundamental knowledge base for industry to use in designing economically viable gasification systems. Program accomplishments are presented for the following tasks: (1) novel gasification concepts, chemistries, and processes; (2) gasification models; (3) fundamental coal structure and reaction mechanisms; and (4) gas stream processing and wastewater treatment. 168 references, 1 table.

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Proceedings of the systems simulation symposium of fossil fuel conversion processes

The systems simulation symposium of fossil fuel conversion processes was sponsored by the US Department of Energy, Office of Fossil Energy and Morgantown Energy Technology Center. It was held at the Sheraton Lakeview, Morgantown, West Virginia, December 6-8, 1983. Twenty-nine papers in the proceedings have been entered individually into EDB and ERA. (LTN)

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The effects of viscous forces on three-phase relative permeability

The overall objective of Three-Phase Relative Permeability Project (BE9) is to develop guidelines for improving the accuracy of three-phase relative permeability determinations. This report summarizes previous studies and explains the progress made at NIPER on studying the effect of variations in viscous forces on three-phase relative permeabilities by changing the viscosity of both wetting and nonwetting phases. Significant changes were observed due to viscosity variations. An increase in oil viscosity reduced the relative permeability to gas; an increase in brine/(wetting-phase) viscosity reduced the relative permeability to brine. A slight increase in gas relative permeability was also observed. These observations suggest that the viscosities of both oil and water influence three-phase permeability data. During this study, data scatter was sometimes encountered which was comparable to that of published results. The causes of this scatter are outlined in this report and remedial attempts are discussed. 20 refs., 16 figs., 5 tabs.

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Simulation of production from wells with horizontal/slanted laterals: Final report

A horizontal and slanted well model was developed and incorporated into BOAST, a black oil simulator, to predict the potential production rates for such wells. The slanted/horizontal well model can be used to calculate the productivity index, based on the length and location of the wellbore within the block, for each reservoir grid block penetrated by the slanted/horizontal wellbore. The well model can be run under either pressures or rate constraints in which wellbore pressures can be calculated as an option of infinite-conductivity. The model is easy to use and can simulate the performance of multiple horizontal/slanted wells in any geometric combination within reservoirs. The model was checked against the analytical formulas of transient wellbore pressure in an infinite slab reservoir. Production rates from vertical wells, horizontal wells, and slanted wells of variable well lengths in a field of 40-acre well spacing were also compared. A field simulation of a horizontal well and its three offset conventional vertical wells demonstrated the application of the developed well model. 31 refs., 18 figs., 15 tabs.

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Extraction of Green River and Chattanooga oil shales with strong bases and nucleophilic displacement reagents. [Organic carbon]

Shale kerogen has been degraded to an organic solvent-soluble bitumen or oil by numerous methods. The various methods have been employed either to study production of oil or to gain insight into the structure of kerogen. The purpose of this investigation was to gain insight on kerogen structure by examination of the effects of strong base and nucleophilic displacement reagents on western and eastern shales. Powdered shales from the Green River and Chattanooga formations were extracted with potassium hydroxide in 1-propanol, potassium hydroxide in 1-butanol, 1-butylamine in 1-butanol, and sodium borohydride in tetrahydrofuran, all at reflux. Residual shales were extracted with benzene-methanol. The products were isolated and weighed in an effort to find a system that would degrade the kerogen to a soluble bitumen under basic, solvolytic conditions. The extraction of Green River shale with potassium hydroxide in 1-butanol gave the highest conversion (40.2 wt %) of organic carbon. The solutions containing butylamine and sodium borohydride gave small yields of product. The results from extraction of Chattanooga shale showed approximately 20% conversion with potassium hydroxide in 1-butanol while all other systems exhibited very small conversions. 21 refs., 4 tabs.

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The evaluation of western shale oil as a feedstock for the production of high-density aviation turbine fuel

The intent of this investigation is to determine the feasibility of producing high-density aviation turbine fuel from western shale oil. The processes that are evaluated include acid-base extraction, solvent dewaxing, Attapulgus clay treatment, coking, and hydrogenation. Acid-base extraction is used to reduce the heteroatom content of middle distillates and atmospheric and vacuum gas oils. Solvent dewaxing is used to reduce the paraffin content of atmospheric and vacuum gas oils. Attapulgus clay treatment is used to reduce the heteroatom content of middle distillates. Coking is used to reduce the molecular weight and distillation range of vacuum gas oils. Hydrogenation is used to reduce the heteroatom content and to saturate the aromatic rings of middle distillates and atmospheric gas oils. 8 refs., 19 tabs.

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Investigation of the ROPE copyright  (Recycle Oil Pyrolysis and Extraction) process performance on Sunnyside tar sand

The main objectives of this research were to determine the optimum pyrolysis temperature for Sunnyside tar sand and to verify the operability and efficiency of the ROPE process at steady-state conditions for production of feedstock materials. The experiments were conducted in the 2-inch screw pyrolysis reactor (SPR). Four 24-hour tests and one 105-hour test were performed in the 2-inch SPR using Sunnyside tar sand. The 24-hour tests were designed to predict the optimum pyrolysis temperature for oil yield. The 105-hour test was conducted to confirm the optimum pyrolysis temperature with sufficient operating time to reach steady-state conditions with respect to product compositions. The following conclusions can be drawn from the Sunnyside tar sand 2-inch SPR tests: (1) Sunnyside tar sand can be processed without any major operational difficulty by the ROPE process. (2) Oil yields greater than Fischer assay were obtained during the 2-inch SPR tests. Oil yield greater than 80 wt % of the bitumen was obtained from the 105-hr test. (3) The ratio of heavy oil to light product oil is strongly dependent upon the pyrolysis temperature and increases with a decrease in the reaction temperature. The gas yield increases with the increase in pyrolysis temperature but the residual carbon in the spent sand decreases with the increase in pyrolysis temperature, reaches the minimum at 675{degrees}F, and then increases with further increase in the pyrolysis temperature. ROPE process product oils from Sunnyside tar sand have market application as blending stocks for the production of diesel fuels, but they are not suited for the production of unleaded gasoline or high-density aviation turbine fuels. 3 refs., 3 figs., 17 tabs.

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Proceedings of the oil shale and tar sand contractors review meeting

Over the past two years the Oil Shale and Tar Sand Programs of the US DOE (Department of Energy) have shifted emphasis from a basic research approach to an applied research and development approach. The 38 papers and poster sessions presented here cover the following topics: oil shale processing (hydroretorting, pyrolysis, coking, cracking, and the ROPE process,6227 ); tar sand processing (solvent extraction, pyrolysis, hydropyrolysis, ROPE process, and hot water processing,6227 ); design of oil shale and tar sand processing plants; reaction kinetics and mathematical modeling of processes; spent shale utilization; economics; and chemical composition and analysis. Papers have been indexed separately for inclusion on the data base. (CK)

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Development of ternary alloy cathode catalysts for phosphoric acid fuel cells: Final report

The overall objective of the program was the identification development and incorporation of high activity platinum ternary alloys on corrosion resistant supports, for use in advanced phosphoric acid fuel cells. Two high activity ternary alloys, Pr-Cr-Ce and Pt-Ni-Co, both supported on Vulcan XC-72, were identified during the course of the program. The Pr-Ni-Co system was selected for optimization, including preparation and evaluation on corrosion resistant supports such as 2700/degree/C heat-treated Vulcan XC-72 and 2700/degree/ heat-treated Black Pearls 2000. A series of tests identified optimum metal ratios, heat-treatment temperatures and heat-treatment atmospheres for the Pr-Ni-Co system. During characterization testing, it was discovered that approximately 50% of the nickel and cobalt present in the starting material could be removed, subsequent to alloy formation, without degrading performance. Extremely stable full cell performance was observed for the Pt-Ni-Co system during a 10,000 hour atmosphere pressure life test. Several theories are proposed to explain the enhancement in activity due to alloy formation. Recommendations are made for future research in this area. 62 refs., 23 figs., 27 tabs.

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Evaluation of particulate collection devices developed for pressurized fluidized-bed combustors as applied to coal gasification processes

For several years the Department of Energy (DOE) has supported the development of devices for particulate cleanup of the effluent gas streams from pressurized, fluidized-bed combustion (PFBC). These devices are: acoustic agglomerator, under development at the Pennsylvania State University; ceramic baghouse filter, being developed by Acurex Corporation; ceramic cross-flow filter, under development at Westinghouse Electric Company; dry plate scrubber, from Air Pollution Technology, Inc.; ducon granular bed filter, being developed under contract to Westinghouse; electrostatically-enhanced granular bed filter, under development at General Electric Co.; electrostatic precipitator, at Research Cottrell and Denver Research Institute; electrocyclone, under development at General Electric; magnetically-stabilized bed filter, from Exxon Research and Development Company; and screenless granular bed filter, under development by Combustion Power Company. In each device, cleaning of the gas streams takes place at high-temperature and high-pressure (HTHP) conditions. The present stage of development for each device ranges from bench-scale to sub-pilot scale. Although none of these hot gas cleanup (HGCU) devices is ready for PFBC commercialization, sufficient data do exist to estimate the potential for applying these HGCU technologies to coal gasification gas stream cleanup also. 173 references, 46 figures, 47 tables.

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Sodium chloride as a catalyst for the gasification of coal char. Final report, Tasks 8 and 9

This project examined the feasibility of using sodium chloride to promote the rate of production of low- and medium-Btu gas by steam gasification of coal, char, or other carbonaceous materials. The objectives of the study were to develop this process and elucidate its mechanism. Our experimental measurements confirm that, in the presence of carbon, sodium chloride can react with water to yield hydrogen chloride in concentrations substantially greater than the equilibrium level. The other product of hydrolysis, sodium hydroxide, should remain on the carbon phase as an active steam gasification catalyst. In process optimization experiments, however, we found that treatment of sodium chloride-impregnated char in flowing steam produces only a modest enhancement in the gasification reactivity of the material. Illinois No. 6 coal char and Spheron-6 mineral-free carbon black respond identically to the treatment. The method of addition of sodium chloride to the char appears to be quite unimportant. The use of carbon dioxide as a gaseous additive during the steam pretreatment substantially augments the efficacy of the catalyst activation process, but only for the mineral free carbon. In the case of NaCl-char admixtures, mineral constituents in the char may interfere with the activation process. It appears that a suitable steam-carbon dioxide treatment of sodium chloride-impregnated carbon can raise the catalytic activity of the additive to a level near that of sodium carbonate. The cost per mole of sodium in salt brine is less than 10% that of sodium carbonate. Consequently, sodium chloride has potential for use as a disposable catalyst that would significantly reduce the cost and enhance the attractiveness of catalytic coal gasification. 8 refs., 7 figs., 4 tabs.

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Recovery and upgrading of oil from Utah tar sands: Final report

The main areas for study in this report are bitumen upgrading by hydropyrolysis, a low coke-producing process pioneered at the University; bitumen recovery by pyrolysis of tar sand in a fluidized-bed retort; bitumen recovery in coupled fluidized-beds with interbed heat transfer via heat pipes; and bitumen recovery by water-assisted separation methods of bitumen from ore. The principal reactions occurring in hydropyrolysis have been defined and grouped. The reaction kinetics (mathematical models) have been determined for the individual reaction types, thus making it possible to predict product distribution obtainable from bitumens and hydrogen consumption as a function of process variables. 93 refs., 118 figs., 77 tabs.

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Review of the in-bed hydrocarbon, alkali, and trace metals control in coal-conversion processes:  Experimental studies on the control of hydrocarbons emission from a gasifier. Quarterly technical progress reports No. 1 and 2, September 1981-February 1982

The most convenient way to eliminate hydrocarbons in the product gases of coal gasifiers is to crack them to lower molecular weight compounds using a catalyst. The objective of this work is to study kinetics of catalytic cracking of benzene using a catalyst, selected based on literature search, and to investigate effects of conditions prevailing in a typical gasifier. The aim is to identify and evaluate a catalyst which would be effective in controlling hydrocarbons emission from a gasifier, itself. This work will entail the current efforts to identify, through literature search, materials for in-bed control of hydrocarbons, alkali, and trace metals. The emphasis will be on materials that show potential for multifunctionality. The scope of the work will mainly include kinetic studies on benzene cracking using a selected catalyst, investigation of catalyst deactivation and poisoning effects, if any, and reaction rate modeling. The work on reactor system development of the project commenced in September 1981. In the initial few months time was devoted to the designing of the reactor assembly, and procurement of equipment and supplies needed for the experimental work. System performance tests were performed to identify the proper isothermal temperature zone for this operation. Two catalyst materials were chosen for the preliminary tests, a Greer limestone, and iron oxide (45%) - silica (55%) sorbent. (DMC)

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Rock matrix and fracture analysis of flow in western tight gas sands: Quarterly technical progress report, October-December 1986

The overall objective of this research is to show how gas can flow from the rock matrix to natural or induced fractures, and undergo commercial production. In this quarterly report, accomplishments are presented for the following tasks: (1) advanced core analysis; (2) flow along and across fractures; (3) chemical alteration; and (4) effect of water on gas production. Cores are being tested from the fluvial, coastal, and paludal zones of the Mesaverde. Properties measured include permeability, porosity and for selected samples, water adsorption and desorption isotherms. Some of the findings are: production from some low permeability gas sands is much higher than would be expected from properties of the rock matrix as determined by core analysis; the cores show that by far the majority of fractures are filled with calcite cement; the effects of six chemical treatments on rock properties are presented for a fluvial sample; water and brine permeabilities and desorption-adsorption isotherms are presented for both preserved and oven-dried plugs, and results are compared. 15 figs., 2 tabs.

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Stochastic modeling of coal gasification combined cycle systems: Cost models for selected integrated gasification combined cycle (IGCC) systems

This report documents cost models developed for selected integrated gasification combined cycle (IGCC) systems. The objective is to obtain a series of capital and operating cost models that can be integrated with an existing set of IGCC process performance models developed at the US Department of Energy Morgantown Energy Technology Center. These models are implemented in ASPEN, a Fortran-based process simulator. Under a separate task, a probabilistic modeling capability has been added to the ASPEN simulator, facilitating analysis of uncertainties in new process performance and cost (Diwekar and Rubin, 1989). One application of the cost models presented here is to explicitly characterize uncertainties in capital and annual costs, supplanting the traditional approach of incorporating uncertainty via a contingency factor. The IGCC systems selected by DOE/METC for cost model development include the following: KRW gasifier with cold gas cleanup; KRW gasifier with hot gas cleanup; and Lurgi gasifier with hot gas cleanup. For each technology, the cost model includes both capital and annual costs. The capital cost models estimate the costs of each major plant section as a function of key performance and design parameters. A standard cost method based on the Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI) Technical Assessment Guide (1986) was adopted. The annual cost models are based on operating and maintenance labor requirements, maintenance material requirements, the costs of utilities and reagent consumption, and credits from byproduct sales. Uncertainties in cost parameters are identified for both capital and operating cost models. Appendices contain cost models for the above three IGCC systems, a number of operating trains subroutines, range checking subroutines, and financial subroutines. 88 refs., 69 figs., 21 tabs.

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Experimental development of a multi-solid fluidized bed reactor concept

The Multi-Solid Fluidized bed reactor system uses 2-stages to gasify coal at high throughputs to produce a range of products in compact reactors without requiring an oxygen plant. Data generated on the process has shown that approximately 20% by weight of the incoming coal can be converted to liquid products and an additional 20% to a fuel gas with a heating value in the range of 600 Btu/SCF. The remainder of the coal is converted to a char coproduct that, if desired, can be used within the process to generate steam or be removed from the system as a product. The relative amounts of these coproducts can be adjusted by changing process operating conditions. Sulfur in the coal exits the process primarily in the fuel gas. The fuel gas accounts for about 85% of the coal sulfur with another 10% contained in the liquid products. The circulating medium in the MSFB process also provides unique potential for the process. By using catalytically active materials, the chemical composition of the liquids or gases produced can be potentially altered to minimize the amount of upgrading necessary. Chemically active circulating materials such as a sulfur scavenger to reduce or eliminate the requirement for sulfur removal from the products produced can also be used. The relatively high gas velocities in the gasification reactor provide turbulent mixing in the base of the reactor thus reducing ash agglomeration and coal swelling problems. As a result the system can accept a range of coal types. This report describes initial tests in an integrated gasification unit as well as examines a preliminary process conceptual design. 8 refs., 14 figs., 12 tabs.

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Development of an advanced, continuous mild gasification process for the production of co-products

Research continued on production of co-products from continuous mild gasification. This quarter work included the final stages of construction of the 100-lb/hr mild gasification process development unit (PDU), and the study of several char sulfur-content reduction techniques including (1) dolomite addition during gasification, (2) exposure of hot char/dolomite mixtures to oxidizing atmospheres to promote oxidation of organic sulfur, and (3) acetic acid extraction of coal, chars, and char/dolomite mixtures. Chars were produced using a 10-gram capacity thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) instrument and the 1-lb/hr continuous fluid bed reactor (CFBR). 10 figs., 15 tabs.

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