AndreaBozzo/ceres-open-data-index huggingface dataset:
Reservoir-oil characteristics Aneth field, San Juan County, Utah. [Evaluation of properties of oil-in-place]

"Data presented on the physical characteristics of the reservoir oil, Aneth field, represent the initial phase of a study of Paradox basin reservoir oils being made by petroleum engineers of the Federal Bureau of Mines, Petroleum Research Center, Laramie, Wyo. The purpose of the study is to determine the original reservoir-oil characteristics in several important new discoveries in  the Paradox Basin and to investigate correlations between the properties of these reservoir oils and structural or areal position within the basin."

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Reservoir oil characteristics, Cut Bank field, Montana. [Evaluation of properties of oil-in-place]

"In view of increased interest in secondary recovery of oil in the Cut Bank field, Montana, a review has been made of unpublished data obtained during a 1943- 44 study of reservoir oil characteristics in this field. Considerable  uncertainty was attached to interpretations of subsurface oil sample analyses from six Cut Bank zone wells, one Lander sand well, and one Moulton sand well , because of adverse sampling conditions and wide range in the data.  Much of this uncertainty has been removed by this review which has shown two of the Cut Bank zone samples and the Moulton sand sample to be representative of the reservoir oils . Estimates of original reservoir oil  characteristics derived from differential-liberation analyses of these samples show that the oil in the Cut Bank zone was initially saturated at the gas-oil contact pressure,  750 psia, and the oil in the Moulton sand was  undersaturated with a saturation pressure of only 380 psia. The rest of the samples were indicated to be nonrepresentative of the reservoir oils because of a disproportional vaporization of heavier components  of the solution gas. The vaporization of these components is believed to be a cumulative effect of contact of the oil with bypassing , light-gravity gas  which had been liberated at higher pressures from solution in oil farther back in the formation , or which had come from the gas cap, rather than from the singular effect of gas evolution caused by excessively low bottom-hole pressures. Change of oil composition caused by the latter was found to conform closely to that occurring during a differential liberation of gas in the laboratory."

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Utah crude oils:  characteristics of 67 samples. [Analytical, geographic, and geological data]

"Analytical, geographical, and geological data on 67  samples of crude oils from Utah are presented, along with some correlations and interpretations. Most of the geologic formations that produce oil in other areas are also  productive in Utah; and, as in many other locations, the Permian, Pennsylvanian, and Mississippian formations account for the major amount of the total oil produced in the State. Some anomalies and unusual phenomena are noted. Although most Utah oils are low in sulfur, a sample containing the highest percentage of sulfur ever recorded by the Bureau of Mines is among the oils discussed in this paper. Most of the oil from the major producing  formations in Utah is low in sulfur; the same formations produce high-sulfur oils in adjoining Rocky Mountain States. Some Utah oils are both waxy and asphaltic ,  an unusual combination of characteristics. Correlation index curves for some oils are shown suggesting compositional differences in oils from different producing formations. Production statistics trace the rapid rise of oil  production in the State after the first commercial discovery in 1947 and indicate a decline in amounts produced since 1959, the year of peak production  in Utah."

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Helium-bearing natural gases of the United States. Analyses and analytical methods

The results of a Bureau of Mines survey of helium resources are given in this report and comprise gas analyses and accompanying data on more than 2,100 samples that have been collected in 30 states.  The survey to determine the Nation's helium resources has been carried on in all natural-gas-producing  areas of the United States since the inception of the Government's helium program in 1917.  The primary purpose of the report is to present the results of this work in tabulated form.  A secondary purpose is to make public the historical background of the helium survey  and to describe the methods of collecting gas samples and analyzing them.  Detailed descriptions are given of the analytical equipment and procedures used in making the analyses.

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In Situ coal gasification burnfront mapping by monitoring reflected high frequency electromagnetic waves

The Lawrence Livermore Laboratory and other agencies are attempting to develop efficient methods of gasifying underground coal. In-situ conversion produces a useful energy form and is economically more attractive than mining especially in western United States coal seams, which are often very deep. LLL is conducting a series of in-situ coal gasification experiments at Hoe Creek, near Gillette, Wyoming. An ability to monitor and map the burnfront during these experiments would aid significantly in analyzing and understanding the gasification process. We analyze herein the potential of monitoring the burnfront position utilizing the reflection properties of electromagnetic waves from the interface between the coal and the gasified product, using parameter values consistent with our earlier observations at Hoe Creek.

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Mathematical simulation of historic gas distribution by diffusion in an oil reservoir

Rate of gas diffusion in reservoir oil has been investigated in an effort to explain the variation in oil characteristics observed in the Weber Sandstone reservoir, Rangely field, Colorado. Coefficients of gas diffusion were determined experimentally for the Rangely oil system and used in a mathematical simulation of gas diffusion during the probable life of the Rangely reservoir, estimated at 65 million years. The simulator involved solution of Fick 's law for diffusion in two dimensions by the method of finite difference and successive over-relaxation. The results show that continuing gas diffusion is a logical explanation for the variation in oil characteristics at Rangely and that the pattern of gas distribution by diffusion in an  asymmetrical reservoir will not conform to structural contours as originally proposed.

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Analysis of crude shale oil. [Composition and properties of 20 oils prepared by various methods]

A laboratory method for examining crude shale oil is described.  The method uses only about 500 ml. of sample and a limited number of analytical determinations.  Results provide information on the general characteristics and composition of an oil and serve as a basis for comparing different oils.  However, the method does not provide for direct estimates of yields of commercial products.  Analyses of 10 oils produced in the United States by different methods of retorting and of 10 shale oils from commercial scale operations in 6 foreign countries are given.  The shale-oil analysis method presented in this paper is based on and employs the same equipment as the Bureau of Mines routine method for analyzing crude petroleum.  As shale oil contains groups of compounds not generally found in petroleum, several modifications of the petroleum methods that might increase it suitability for application to shale oil were investigated.  The modifications included in the present method take into account the apparent poor heat stability of shale oil and the presence of large quantities of olefins and nitrogen compounds.

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Countercurrent combustion:  a process for retorting oil shale. [Combustion zone moves in countercurrent direction to shale and gas flow which are in concurrent motion]

In a paper presented before the Fourth World Petroleum Congress in 1955, Boyd Guthrie (1) presented a summary of requirements for oil shale retorts to operate successfully in Colorado oil shale. Among the desirable features he listed were continuous operation, high throughput with high oil recovery efficiency, thermally self-sufficient, low investment cost and mechanically simply in operation, capable of scale up to high tonnage units, require little or no water, and yield an ash convenient for disposal.

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Accelerated oil shale in-situ research:  a national program

Development of a viable in-situ technology offers the potential of both significant environmental advantages and an increase in the amount of recoverable resources. The program described in this report is directed specifically toward research needed to overcome the technical obstacles that have retarded the development of in-situ processes. The program goal is to develop, by 1980, several commercially viable technologies for the in-situ production of shale oil. National in scope, the program is expected to be undertaken with private funds in part with joint Federal/private financing and, where neither is feasible, wholly with Federal funds. The Federal Government would provide overall program management to ensure that all parts of this highly interrelated program move forward harmoniously. Although emphasis is directed toward the oil shales of Colorado, Utah, and Wyoming, research would also be initiated on the oil shale deposits that underlie much of the Eastern United States. A number of feasible in-situ technologies would be tested in various oil shale resource types.

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Occidental vertical modified in situ process for the recovery of oil from oil shale. Phase II. Annual progress report, June 1, 1980-May 31, 1981

On April 1, 1981, DOE (through the Laramie Energy Technology Center) officially notified Occidental Oil Shale, Inc., that DOE's funding of its share of the cooperative Agreement scope of work will end upon the expeniditure of the $37,814,140 presently obligated or on September 30, 1981, whichever comes first. OOSI intends to substantially complete the major tasks in the Agreement through the processing and shutdown of Retorts 7 and 8.

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Results of assays of the New Albany oil-shale

The data presented in this paper form the chief part of a general survey of the oil-shale resources of Indiana. Other papers have already been published which contain data on various aspects of this resource. In combination, these papers present data with reference to the following points (1) distribution of the New Albany shale; (2) amount of shale available; (3) homogeneity and thickness of the formation; (4) amount and quality of the oil obtained from the shale; (5) nitrogen content of the shale; (6) extractability of the shale and its amenity to breaking; (7) some economic factors bearing upon the utilization of the shale; and (8) other miscellaneous factors and data.

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Economic study of the New Albany shale. [Indiana]

The development of a new industry, which must prepare its marketable products at or near the source of the raw materials, and ship them to a market which may cover half a nation, is more or less influenced by a number of natural and cultural conditions such as (1) location of plants with respect to a large market, (2) climatic conditions, (3) transportation facilities, (4) labor supply, and (5) water supply.  An effort is made in this paper to give in detail a number of the more important of these conditions as they affect, either favorably or unfavorably, the development of the oil shale resources of southwestern Indiana.

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Influence of fractionation on distribution of sulphur in gasoline

"Proper fractionation in the distillation of crude petroleum for  gasoline can not be obtained more economically than through the use of efficient auxiliary fractionating equipment. Fractionation is defined as separation into different portions or fractions, but in this paper it will be limited to the assumed definition given by Bell, the separation of product of different boiling points from a complex mixture of vapors embracing all of them. The importance of proper fractionation in the manufacture of gasoline from crude petroleum is evidenced when gasoline is being made from crude oils containing relatively large proportions of sulphur. Such gasolines usually require considerable chemical treatment after distillation from the crude oil to meet trade requirements a motor fuels. The  cost of the treatment necessary to prepare an  acceptable motor fuel is generally the major difference between the cost of manufacturing gasolines from different crudes. The actual cost of distilling equal  amounts of gasoline from different crudes varies little, for the amount of heat required to vaporize a gallon of gasoline of the same gravity from different crudes is nearly constant. It must be recognized, however, that depreciation of the distillation equipment is greater with some crudes than others. This investigation was conducted to determine the effect good fractionation would have on the manufacture of gasoline from crude  oil containing sulphur, for if high- sulphur crudes can be distilled so that the cost of preparing gasoline suitable for motor fuel will he reduced by eliminating some of the chemical treating costs, the commercial value of these crudes will be increased proportionally. The results of this investigation indicate that proper fractionation will  reduce the cost of manufacturing gasoline from high-sulphur crudes. These data should be of value to refiners, but the paper presents no definite scheme for refining a particular West Texas crude that could be followed in detail by a commercial refinery."

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Minor elements in oil shale and oil-shale products

Order of magnitude minor elemental analyses for several Green River Formation oil shales, shale oils, and retort waters are presented. The oil-shale analyses show a remarkable uniformity between Colorado Piceance Creek Basin Mahogany Zone and Saline Zone oil shales. Comparison with earlier data of other workers extends this uniformity to rich and lean Mahogany zone oil shales, to the Mahogany and R-4 zones of the Piceance Creek (Colorado) and Uinta (Utah) Basins. Crude shale oils and retort waters show variations in trace elements of up to 10/sup 4/ times even in products from nominally very similar retorting runs. Possible important variables are heterogeneity in the oil shale, differences in retorting processes, or external influences on the products after retorting. Variations in survey type analyses are shown to be larger than expected, but the survey analysis with only order of magnitude precision is shown useful in delineating potential problems. The expected gain from more precise analyses is shown to be with respect to differentiating the causes of product variability in oil shale retorting. 12 figures. (DLC)

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Studies of soluble organics in simulated in situ oil-shale retort water by electron impact and chemical ionization from a combined gas chromatograph-mass spectrometer system

Retort water samples collected from the Laramie 10-ton simulated in-situ retort were examined by both electron impact (EI) and chemical ionization (CI) mass spectrometry with a Finnigan Model 3300 gas chromatograph--mass spectrometer (GC-MS). These water samples, formed in retorting Green River oil shale of either Utah or Colorado origin, were filtered, lyophilized, extracted with benzene, and esterified. Both the benzene concentrates, as well as the corresponding methylated fraction were studied. Specific compounds were identified by comparison of EI to known spectra and followed by CI with methane as reagent gas. In general, classes of compounds included n-paraffins, fatty acids, phenolics, substituted benzenes, and nitrogen bases. The presence of acids such as stearic, palmitic, myristic, and lauric may be indicative of the algal components in shales which are precursors of kerogen. On the other hand, compounds such as substituted xylenes and phenols may be formed from thermal decomposition in retorting.

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Ankerite in the Green River formation's Mahogany zone

Ankerite, a dolomite altered by isomorphous cation substitution, is the primary carbonate mineral in Mahogany Zone oil shales of the Green River Formation in Colorado and Utah.  X-ray diffraction spacing determined on 10 composite samples representing the zone over a broad geographic area are shifted from those of unsubstituted dolomite to spacings very similar to an ankerite.  Substitution of Fe  or MG   in these samples was insufficient to account for the large shifts detected.  Isomorphous substitution of Sr   for Ca   suggested as contributing to the shift in spacing was strongly supported by correlation significant to more than 99 percent between d104 spacing shift and the proportions of substitution of Fe   for Mg   and Sr   for Ca   in these samples.

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Use of carbonic acid to concentrate kerogen in oil shale

A major problem encountered in research on oil shale is the separation of organic and inorganic material. A new method of concentration of the organic material using carbonic acid was investigated.  Carbonic acid was selected because it dissolves the major mineral constituents (carbonates), yet should not attack the organic material.  Results show that the best separation is obtained with a carbon dioxide pressure of 200 lb. in gauge and oil shale particles smaller than 150 mesh.  All of the calcium and magnesium in the oil shales, along with some iron and aluminum, is removed and the organic carbon content of the shale is only affected by this treatment.  Centrifuging the treated oil shale in aqueous calcium chloride solution gives a high yield of organic matter which has a reduced amount of ash.

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Hydrocode simulation of the oil shale rubblization experiment at Rock Springs Site 12

An oil shale rubblization experiment will be performed during late summer of 1977. This experiment will involve the formation of three horizontal hydrofractures in an underground oil shale bed, the introduction and subsequent detonation of a slurry explosive in two of these hydrofractures, as well as various measurements of physical events and conditions associated with the dynamic experiment and with the environment. Preliminary calculations have been made with a one-dimensional hydrocode to assess some of the dynamic aspects of the upcoming experiment. Results of these calculations are presented along with a general description of the stress wave propagation, material motion, and fracture phenomena which will occur during and just after the explosive detonation. This memo is intended to be a timely discussion of the current plan and expected results of the rubblization experiment. The one-dimensional calculations will be followed by additional calculations based on a two-dimensional approach to the problem. (10 figs) (DLC)

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Dynamics of oil generation and degradation during retorting of oil shale blocks and powders

The evolution of oil during pyrolysis of blocks and powders of oil shale was investigated using heating rates from 2 to 180/sup 0/C/h. Blocks (in the form of right circular cylinders) ranged in size from 3.2 to 17.2 cm in diameter and from 58 to 204 1/t (14 to 49 gal/ton) in grade. The results show that coking reactions are the major source of intraparticle oil degradation. Furthermore, the degree of coking depends strongly on the heating rate, but is nearly independent of particle size and grade for the conditions used. The experimental results from the 17.2 cm blocks are analyzed using a simple mathematical model based on kinetic results from powder retorting experiments and thermal data reported in the literature. The model calculations agree closely with the experimental data. Finally, the practical implications of this work for field retorting are discussed.

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Gas-liquid chromatographic separation and spectrometric identification of nitrogen bases in hydrocracked shale oil naphtha

A tar base concentrate from a hydrocracked shale oil naphtha was seperated by gas-liquid partition chromatography using nonpolar and polar columns. Final cuts were analyzed by mass, infrared, and nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry. Fifty individual compounds were identified and eight additional structures are proposed as possible components of the concentrate. Alkylpyridines comprised about 64% of the bases and alkylanilines about 33%; the rest of the bases were quinoline and small quantities of cycloalkanopyridines.

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Purification and properties of pyrrole, pyrrolidine, pyridine, and 2-methylpyridine

Pyrrole, pyrrolidine, pyridine and 2-methylpyridine were purified to approximately 99.9 mole % purity. Precautions necessary in the purification of these nitrogen compounds are described, including protection from water and oxygen. Boiling points, freezing points, densities, viscosities, surface tensions and refractive indices were determined on each of the compounds. Derived functions, including refractivity intercept, specific dispersion, molecular refraction, parachor and molecular volume were calculated. Mass, infrared and ultraviolet spectra of the compounds were determined. The stability of the compounds under storage was investigated, so that they could be used as calibration standards.

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Absorption of microwave energy by oil shale - Effects of shale richness, packing factor, and frequency

The dielectric behavior of Green River oil shale from the Piceance Creek Basin was studied in the microwave frequency range as a function of organic content, frequency of radiation, and packing factor. Shale containing 42 to 317 cm cubed of oil/kg of shale as determined by Fischer assay exhibited increasing values of the imaginary relative permittivity from 0.034 to 0.155 at a frequency of 500 MHz. The measurement of permittivity may, therefore, be an alternate and powerful assaying method for oil shale. A broad spectrum of frequencies may be used to assay shale because orientation polarization was observed to disperse molecular dipole relaxation over two decades of frequency.

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Correlations of the infrared spectra of some pyridines

The spectra of pyridine and 33 substituted pyridines are compared to establish correlations of the absorption bands with the molecular structure of the compounds. Five groups of compounds are considered, namely, 2-, 3- and 4-monosubstituted, and di- and tri-substituted types. Absorption bands that are generally characteristic of an alkylpyridine system are found near 1600, 1570 and 1000 cm/sup -1/. For 3-alkylpyridines and 2,5-dialkylpyridines, the latter peak is removed to 1021 to 1034 cm/sup -1/. Peaks in the regions 1280 to 1330 cm/sup -1/ and 1222 to 1253 cm/sup -1/ are strong confirmatory evidence for the alkylpyridine system. The separation of the absorption bands near 1600 and 1570 cm/sup -1/ is approximately 40 cm/sup -1/ for 4-monoalkylpyridines and 20 cm/sup -1/ for the other two types of monosubstituted pyridines. The 4-monosubstituted pyridines also have a band in the region 1067 to 1072 cm/sup -1/. The 2-monosubstituted pyridines have bands at 1050 cm/sup -1/ and in the region 1146 to 1152 cm/sup -1/. The 3-monosubstituted pyridines have bands at 1117 to 1131 cm/sup -1/ and 1180 to 1196 cm/sup -1/. Disubstituted pyridines all have a peak in the region 1099 to 1136 cm/sup -1/. No correlations were found in this region for trisubstituted pyridines. Out-of-plane deformation vibrations for 2-monoalkylpyridines were found in the region 743 to 750 cm/sup -1/; for 3-monoalkylpyridines at 789 to 810 cm/sup -1/ and 712 to 715 cm/sup -1/; for 4-monoalkylpyridines at 785 to 822 cm/sup -1/; for disubstituted pyridines at 816 to 833 cm/sup -1/ and 725 to 743 cm/sup -1/; and for trisubstituted pyridines at 724 to 732 cm/sup -1/. For monoalkylpyridines the relative intensity and location of absorption bands in the 1667 to 2080 cm/sup -1/ region differ only if the position of substitution differs. Typical absorption patterns in the region are given for 2-, 3- and 4-monoalkylpyridines. Patterns are also suggested for 2,3-, 2,4-, 2,5- and 2,6-disubstituted pyridines.

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