AndreaBozzo/ceres-open-data-index huggingface dataset:
Eastern gas shales project annual report, fiscal year 1977

Programs designed to increase the natural gas production of the Appalachian, Michigan, and Illinois Basins are reported. Work during the year is summarized in sections on resource characterization and inventory and on extraction technology. Only a preliminary resource assessment is reported. Most geological evaluation tasks are progressing. Cross section work is approximately 60 percent completed, isopach maps are about 40 percent completed, and several interstate stratigraphic correlation charts have been completed. Structure contour mapping and structural studies are approximately 20 percent completed and lineament maps have been prepared for several site-specific target areas and on a regional basis for Ohio, West Virginia, and Kentucky. Progress has been made in extraction technology, although individual events have been delayed. Since the program began in 1976, data have been collected from 25 wells, new exploration instrumentation and techniques have been developed and fracture stimulation tests conducted, environmental impact assessments have been prepared for some of the sites at which field activities have been and will be conducted, and a model to analyze pre- and post-fracture well test data has been developed.

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Characterization and analysis of Devonian shales as related to release of gaseous hydrocarbons. Quarterly technical progress report, April--June 1978

Objective is to determine the relationships between the shale characteristics, hydrocarbon gas contents, and well location, for assessing the productive capacity of the Eastern Devonian Gas Shale deposits and guiding research, development, and demonstration projects to enhance the recovery of natural gas from the shale deposits. One well was sampled during this reporting period. Another well from Monongalia County, WV (M-1) was cored in April. 31 samples were obtained for Battelle with additional 55 samples canned for other DOE contractors. Characterization tasks on shale samples from R-146 (Mason County, WV.) and M-1 wells (Monongalia) have been completed. In the preliminary analysis correlations were observed between the hydrocarbon gas contents and can pressure, propane content, well location, oxygen content CO/sub 2/ content, bulk density and carbon contents. Higher pressures are attributed to higher hydrocarbon gas contents. For high gas pressures, propane content is an important indication of hydrocarbon gas content. At low gas pressure, butane contents more accurately predict the hydrocarbon gas contents. High CO/sub 2/ and carbon contents indicate high hydrocarbon gas values, whereas oxygen contents are inversely related to hydrocarbon gas contents. Analysis of the limited wire-line log data shows that correlations between the laboratory and well log data can be utilized to predict potential hydrocarbon gas contents of the wells. 15 tables, 27 figures.

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High Energy Gas Frac

A High Energy Gas Frac field test has been conducted at DOE's Nevada Test Site, Nevada. The Gas Frac utilizes a controlled propellant deflagration to initiate and extend multiple fractures in a borehole. Three different propellants were tested in a volcanic ash fall tuff medium and resulted in phenomenologically different behavior. Mineback of the experiments provided direct observational evidence to characterize the results. The slowest propellant (burn time = 0.9 s) had a pressure loading rate (0.09 psi/..mu..s) and a peak pressure (6250 psi) that were relatively low and resulted in a single fracture that was similar in appearance to a hydraulic fracture. The fast propellant (burn time approx. 1 ms) had a pressure loading rate (> 1500 psi/..mu..s) and a peak pressure (> 20,000 psi) that were so large that, although multiple fractures were initiated, considerable crushing near the wellbore was observed and only one fracture was extended more than 6 in. from the wellbore. The intermediate propellant (burn time = 9.4 ms) had a pressure loading rate (20 psi/..mu..s) and a peak pressure (13,800 psi) sufficient to initiate and extend 12 separate fractures in random radial directions. Lengths of these fractures varied from 6 in. to 8 ft for 20 lb of propellant in an 8 in. borehole. This technique provides an attractive method to alleviate wellbore damage for other in situ technology applications.

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Impacts of Proposed RCRA Regulations and Other Related Federal Environmental Regulations on Fossil Fuel-Fired Facilities

In order to fulfill its responsibilities, DOE contracted with Engineering-Science to perform a multi-phase engineering and economics study to evaluate the impact of the proposed RCRA regulations and other related federal environmental regulations on coal-fired utilities. This Interim Phase I report presents the findings of the impacts of proposed RCRA and related federal regulations on the utility sector fossil fuel-fired facilities. Subsequent phases involve parallel engineering studies on the industrial sector as well as economic evaluations. The framework of this study was based on the development and analysis (engineering and economic) of four regulatory scenarios for the disposal of fly ash, bottom ash and FGD sludge from the utility industry.

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Evaluation of stimulation technologies in the Eastern Gas Shales Project. [Shaped charge penetration; dendritic fracturing; tailored-pulse loading; emplaced high explosive]

A technical review has been completed of the stimulation technologies being applied to or considered for the Eastern Gas Shales. This review included a consideration of the production characteristics of the shales amenable to stimulation as well as consideration of the physical processes associated with each stimulation method. The review efforts culminated in a workshop held in Morgantown on May 18th and 19th, 1978. In this workshop, specific consideration was given to the known production characteristics of Devonian Shales, the geologic and tectonic control of Devonian shale gas production, reservoir and production simulation methods applicable to the Devonian shale, the modeling and analysis of the various stimulation methods being considered and, finally, instrumentation needs for the field evaluation of stimulation effects and the consequent changes in production characteristics. This report summarizes the results and primary conclusions of this workshop and the related efforts conducted by Science Applications during the two months preceding the workshop.

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Conversion of solvent refined lignite into premium liquid fuels. Quarterly report, January-March 1981

Three samples of lignite derived coal liquids were fractionated into preasphaltenes, asphaltenes and heavy oils by liquid extraction. They were then acetylated and examined by gas chromatography, analyzed for molecular weight, acid and elemental content; proton nmr analyses were carried out to determine the aromatic nature. The results are described in detail. In another task the mechanism of cleavage of hydrocarbon linkages was studied using model compounds. Four new heterogeneous catalysts were evaluated using hydrogen and a mixture of carbon monoxide and water. (LTN)

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Reservoir-engineering aspects and resource-assessment methodology of Eastern Devonian gas shales

The US Department of Energy's Morgantown Energy Technology Center (METC) and Science Applications, Inc., are cooperating in the characterization of the Eastern Devonian Shale gas resource. This study, focusing on the Lincoln County, WV, area, characterizes the resource and shows that conventional volumetric techniques cannot be used to determine the amount of gas in place. Previous studies, using calculations based on limited off gassing measurements and volumetric information, have indicated that the resource ranges from 500 TCF to 2400 TCF of gas in place. Previous studies, using calculations based on limited off gassing measurements and volumetric information, have indicated that the resource ranges from 500 TCF to 2400 TCF of gas in place. The volumetric method based on fracture porosity data yields low values; off gassing measurements can be used to determine gas in place if sufficient time is allowed for gas to sorb from the shale matrix. Production-pressure decline curves are presented for several wells to show the effect of sorption on cumulative production. A mathematical model for describing the behavior of a dual-porosity gas reservoir is presented. It shows the effect of sorption on the production behavior of the gas reservoir. It is concluded that the early part of production behavior is controlled by free gas in the fractures, while long-time behavior is controlled by sorption-diffusion mechanisms. 16 figures, 5 tables.

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Development of molten carbonate fuel cell power plant technology. Quarterly technical progress report No. 22, January 1-March 31, 1985

This report summarizes the work performed to develop and verify the design of a prototype molten carbonate fuel cell stack which meets the requirements of a 1990's - competitive, coal-fired, electrical utility central station, or industrual cogeneration power plant. The test of the 20-cell Subscale Stack No. 3 was terminated voluntarily following 5020 hours of operation. All of the objectives of the Test Plan were achieved. Design changes incorporated to improve electrolyte management, provide negative and cell short protection, and control stack height reduction were demonstrated to improve the stack operating capability. Variations in the in-plane thermal profile were evaluated. No cell performance decay resulted from the thermal transients. A stack disassembly and analysis plan is presented. The design of Subscale Stack No. 4 was completed. It includes a revised separator plate design, a one-piece cathode current collector, and a revised end plate design. It will be operated at conditions which ameliorate nickel oxide cathode dissolution. Sheet metal repeating-part hardware was completed for the stack. Full-area bubble barrier tape fabrication trials were conducted using the newly installed tape casting equipment. Modifications to the slip recipe were required to improve the homogeneity of the part. Tooling required to fabricate full-area separator plates for the full-area short stack was completed. Material and component tests evaluated the dimensional stability of anodes and cathodes. Anodes have demonstrated stability believed acceptable for stack testing. Corrosion testing of INCO 825 and AISI 310 stainless steel continued. 43 figs., 39 tabs.

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Fuel cells

This report summarizes the Fuel Cell program at the Department of Energy (DOE), Morgantown Energy Technology Center (METC) through mid-1990. A brief history of the Fuel Cell program is given. Options for fuel cell commercialization are reviewed. In particular, molten carbonate fuel cells, phosphoric acid and solid oxide fuel cells are discussed. 22 refs., 25 figs., 1 tab.

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Economic assessment of government-managed tar sand deposits in Utah

In 1989 the US Department of the Interior asked the University of Utah to evaluate the economic potential of tar sand resources located in Utah. Particular emphasis was to be placed on tar sand resources located on Federal land. The primary purpose of this study was to provide the Federal government with information useful in developing policy, development programs, and in facilitating land management issues. Because these resources are valuable energy properties, many of which are owned by the Federal and State governments, development of these resources will not only contribute to domestic energy supplies but will provide revenues to the government. This study defines those areas in which impediments exist for development. Impediments may relate to physical characteristics of the deposit, state of technology development, product value, and markets. Impediments also may relate to institutional factors including legal, regulatory, and policy matters. Collectively, lack of critical information increases the investment risk factor. Investments are inhibited if there is a lack of definitive information in one or more critical areas. This study defines those areas of economic importance and a framework is established to help define remaining research and development requirements. Economic analysis has resulted in specific conclusions regarding the utilization of various deposits.

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Improvement of CO/sub 2/ flood performance. Quarterly report, July 1, 1984-September 30, 1984. [C/sub 1/-C/sub 6/ hydrocarbon mixtures]

This report describes progress in a comprehensive research program on fundamental aspects of carbon dioxide flooding. The research is designed to permit more accurate prediction of the outcome of CO/sub 2/ floods and to produce information needed to improve process performance. The research effort is divided into three parts: (1) measurements and analysis of phase behavior and fluid properties of CO/sub 2/-crude oil mixtures, (2) displacement experiments to study mixing of CO/sub 2/ and oil in reservoir rocks, and (3) development of mobility control methods for CO/sub 2/ floods. In the first area, a viscometer based on an oscillating quartz crystal is being developed for installation in a continuous flow apparatus to study compositions and densities of phases in equilibrium. Simultaneous measurements of phase compositions, densities and viscosities will allow testing of the accuracy of viscosity correlations for CO/sub 2/-crude oil mixtures and quantitative assessments of the driving force for viscous instability. Component partitioning data obtained in the same apparatus for mixtures of CO/sub 2/ with well-characterized hydrocarbon mixtures and crude oils are being used to develop an improved correlation for minimum miscibility pressure which accounts for differences in oil and injected fluid composition. In the second area, miscible displacement experiments with fluids of matched densities and viscosities in reservoir cores are used to measure within the pore space on mixing of oil and CO/sub 2/. The third area, concerned with mobility control, is itself divided into two parts. The displacement behavior of CO/sub 2/ foams (dispersions of dense CO/sub 2/ in water) and the synthesis of polymeric materials soluble directly in CO/sub 2/ are being explored as means for thickening CO/sub 2/ to improve reservoir sweep efficiency. Improved experimental techniques for rapid evaluation of mobility control additives are also being developed. 26 references, 24 figures, 8 tables.

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Chemical effect of entrained particles in coal conversion streams. Third quarterly technical progress, February 1, 1981-April 30, 1982

A major objective of the US Department of Energy is to increase coal utilization through the development of combustion-stream-cleanup technologies. Many of the existing cleanup devices as well as advanced concepts rely on heterogeneous processes (i.e., gas-solid interactions) to achieve efficient stream removal. Examples of such devices include particle injection and granular-bed filters for alkali removal, limestone injection for SO/sub x/ removal in fluid-bed combustors, dry injection for SO/sub x/ removal in entrained combustion, and trace metal adsorption and removal on fly ash. Recent studies indicate that the successful use of turbines in combined-cycle processes may depend on understanding the interaction between the gas-phase alkali and particles in the combustion stream to substantially reduce turbine corrosion. This report documents progress in efforts to model the heterogeneous chemistry of coal combustion streams as well as laboratory studies to obtain critical input data for the model.

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Sulfur recovery from hot coal gas desulfurization processes: Final report

This report summarizes work to define preferred procedures and economics for producing elemental sulfur from the sulfur dioxide (SO/sub 2/) contained in the Hot Gas Desulfurizer System Regenerator offgas. The SO/sub 2/ concentration in the regenerator offgas can range from 1.5 to 5.0 volume percent. Three types of processing units were considered for treating the regenerator offgas, including (1) SO/sub 2/ concentration/purification (C/P), (2) SO/sub 2/ reduction/sulfur production (R/P), and (3) tail gas treatment to ensure meeting environmental emission standards. The SO/sub 2/ C/P unit will significantly increase the SO/sub 2/ concentration and reject impurities. Eleven SO/sub 2/ C/P, 6 R/P and 5 tail gas technologies were investigated, offering 300-plus possible combinations for complexes using the three cited process functions. Each of the 11 candidate configurations was independently rated by three professional designers/evaluators and the assigned points totaled. Based on these results, the recommended configuration for experimental testing consisted of a Wellman-Lord SO/sub 2/ C/P unit, an Augmented Claus unit and tail gas treatment by thermal incineration of the Claus tail gas followed by its recycle to the Wellman-Lord unit. The alternative BSRP configuration was also judged to have high potential. A BSRP plant consists of a Beavon Sulfur Removal (BSR) unit to convert all sulfur compounds to hydrogen sulfide (H/sub 2/S) followed by a Stretford unit to convert the H/sub 2/S to elemental sulfur. The Augmented Claus and BSRP have been judged to be preferred processes and projected processing costs for these technologies have been estimated. Further process optimization promises improved economics. 9 refs., 22 figs., 34 tabs.

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Deactivation of hydrotreating catalysts by coal-derived organometallics

The presence of ten oil--soluble trace metals (organometallics) in the particulate-free toluene solution of Kentucky No. 9 coal hydroliquefaction product was demonstrated. These metals (Co, K, Mg, Mo, Na, Ni, Pb, Sn, Ti, and V) were removed, generally completely, by high surface area silica gel and gamma--alumina during hydroliquefaction, and to a lesser extent by alpha--quartz and alpha--alumina, the amounts of total organometallics removed varying from 60.0 to 90.0 percent, depending on the surface area of the adsorbent used. Three different commercial catalysts were used to hydrotreat the filtered coal hydroliquefaction products. The residual activities of the used catalysts for ring cleavage of quinoline and naphthalene increased in line with the decrease in organometallics content. The average increase in residual activities for the three catalysts when adsorbents were present during hydroliquefaction was 24.8 to 51.3 percent for quinoline and 62.3 to 199 percent for naphthalene, depending on the total metals content in the hydrotreating feed. Reproductibility of hydrotreating and subsequent residual catalyst activity test values was within about 1 weight percent. Aging of the hydrotreating feed before use showed a reproducible increase in residual catalyst activity test values up to about 3 weight percent for times up to thirty days. Surface analysis of used catalysts subjected to the highest organometallics content showed titanium, and two other trace foreign metals of uncertain identity, distributed in a completely uniformpattern indicative of a molecular, rather than a particulate, form.

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Biological conversion of synthesis gas

A continuous stirred tank reactor with and without sulfur recovery has been operated using Chlorobium thiosulfatophilum for the conversion of H[sub 2]S to elemental sulfur. In operating the reactor system with sulfur recovery, a gas retention time of 40 min was required to obtain a 100 percent conversion of H[sub 2]S to elemental sulfur. Essentially no SO[sub 4][sup 2[minus]], an undesirable product, was produced under these conditions. Significant reductions in the gas retention time are expected by employing cell recycle after sulfur recovery, and by using increased pressure.

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Deep Source Gas Project

The objectives of the Deep Source Gas project are to establish the existence of natural gas arising from depths in excess of 30,000 feet, to relate these occurrences to conceptual models, to define the limits of target areas, to quantify the resource, and to determine the significance of the gas to the nation's reserves. An outline of the research plan to accomplish the above objectives is presented, focused to an earth science (geology, geochemistry, and geophysics) study of the Cordilleran Geologic Province of western North America. This area is considered prospective largely due to known and suspected plate tectonic structures and their youthful emplacement (i.e., during the last 180 million years), which increases the likelihood of a timely entrapment of deep source generated hydrocarbons. Significant project results include: (1) an estimate of the deep source gas generating capacity of the Aleutian Trench area of southern Alaska (up to 212 trillion cubic feet (Tcf) during the last 20 million years alone) based on detailed geochemical studies; and (2) deep geophysical study findings of apparent fossil subduction zones (predicted to occur in the Cordillera) in western Washington. Significantly, these zones appear to have very thick sedimentary rock units, the existence of which will be evaluated through a future, more detailed seismic study and possible drilling activities. A list of future activities is included, which presents the development of a critically needed detection and differentiation system to enable segregation of suspected deep subducted origin gas from other possible sources. 13 figures.

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Kinetic study of a low temperature flue gas desulfurization process using moist limestone

A kinetic evaluation of the reaction of limestone and a water saturated gas stream containing 2.5 to 7% SO/sub 2/, 2% O/sub 2/ and the remainder N/sub 2/ was performed at temperatures between 35 and 43/sup 0/C in a thermogravimetric analyzer. The experimental data were analyzed using both the grain model and the initial rate method. The results indicate a rate limited reaction which is first order in SO/sub 2/ concentration with an activation energy of 14  - 2 kcal/mole. A mechanism consistent with the kinetic data is presented.

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A structural analysis of the Sylvester Allochthon, British Columbia, and interpretations for unconventional, deep-source gas potential in accreted terrane domains: Final report, Project No. 1

Presented here are the results of new detailed mapping, paleontologic sampling and structural analysis in a study area in the Sylvester Allochthon. This work expands the present understanding of the nature and history of the Sylvester Allochthon and re-addresses paleogeographic interpretations of the Slide Mountain Terrane. The work reported here will show that the Sylvester assemblage comprises oceanic rock types ranging in age from Late Devonian to Late Triassic. As mapped, complex lithologic juxtapositions demonstrate that the Sylvester ''stratigraphy''is tectonic; the internal structural style of the allochthon can be characterized as a nested stack of interleaved lithotectonic slices. The Sylvester Allochthon will be correlated not only with the Slide Mountain Terrane, but also with similar terranes in the Brooks Range in Alaska and with the Golconda Allochthon in Nevada, to show that together these terranes represent the telescoping of a vast amount of Paleozoic ocean floor. Newly recognized imbricate structures in underlying North American strata are described. Generation of these structures will be correlated with obduction-related deformation. Finally, the structural style of the Sylvester Allochthon, and of underlying autochthon deformation, along with the character of the terrane obduction process, will be evaluated in terms of their implications toward the potential for unconventional deep-source gas resources in accreted terrane domains.

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