AndreaBozzo/ceres-open-data-index huggingface dataset:
IN SITU CHARACTERIZATION OF PERMEABILITY, POROSITY AND COMMUNICATION IN UNDERGROUND REGIONS

A number of studies have been performed in earth media ranging from slightly fractured granite to a highly-fractured tuff. General objectives of these studies were to: measure quantitatively tracer-gas flow through a region of interest to evaluate flow communication; determine the permeability and its distribution within this region; determine the accessible porosity and its distribution within the region of interest; assess qualitatively the uniformity of localized fracturing within the region of interest; evaluate the pressurization, leak and recovery characteristics of the region under study.

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COLORADO'S JOINT REVIEW PROCESS FOR MAJOR ENERGY AND MINERAL RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT PROJECT

"Colorado, through its Department of Natural Resources, takes great pleasure in publishing this manual for the Joint Review Process. The Joint Review Process organized a complex, often controversial, set of requirements for large mining projects in a way that allows the proponent of the project, federal, state and local governments, and others, to participate in a process that should result in fair decisions being reached more rapidly and efficiently than would otherwise be possible.  In short, the Joint Review Process represents a pragmatic, responsible, voluntary approach to solving the difficult and important problem of how to more quickly and carefully act on permits for major mining activities. As such, it is in the best tradition of government in this country."

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APPLICATION STUDY OF PORTABLE UNDERGROUND HARD ROCK CRUSHERS

"In many underground mining operations the highest cost is the loading and haulage of run-of-mine ore. Ore hauling costs can be reduced significantly with the use of belt conveyors, a common practice in coal and other soft mineral mines, if oversize ore can be eliminated prior to conveying, hence the demand for crushers close to production areas. Portable feeder-breakers are used extensively in conveyorized coal mines, but no such equipment is available to extend the benefits of belt conveyor haulage into hard rock mines of low to medium headroom. A hard rock crusher that could be easily moved would permit the use of lower cost haulage means, and would improve the safety and productivity of all elements in the underground ore handling system.  This report describes a study to determine the optimum design parameters, and provide a concept, for the design of a low profile, hard rock, portable underground crusher in order to insure that future development will lead to maximum utilization by the industry. The recommended design is a rotary jaw concept."

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UTAH/GREAT BASIN ENERGY FACILITY SITING STUDY

To achieve the above goals, the investigation will involve an overview study at the different levels of the energy facility citing issues as they exist in Utah’s Great Basin and as influenced by electric power demand and various policies in the Western Region and nationally. The specific objectives of the study are as follows: a. to collect and evaluate current information on studies relating to energy facility citing. b. to collect and assess electric load projections for the eleven Western states for 1985, 1990, 1995, 2000. c. to pre-screen general areas in Utah’s Great Basin for energy facility citing. d. to investigate the favorable and unfavorable attributes of specific sites in order to pre-qualify potential sites for development of energy facilities. e. to review the regulatory/administrative process for planning and siting energy facilities in order to suggest modifications to reduce the lead time for siting decisions.

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METHODS DEVELOPMENT FOR SPECIATION OF ORGANOMERCURY, ELENIUM AND ARSENIC COMPOUNDS BY A CAPILLARY GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY-MICROWAVE PLASMA DETECTION

Low pressure and atmospheric pressure microwave induced helium plasma detectors were interfaced with a capillary column gas chromatograph. A number of dialkyl mercury, diaryl mercury and monoalkyl mercury chlorides have been separated on both systems. This work demonstrates that the capillary column is well suited for the separation of organomercury compounds. The selection of the appropriate scavenge gas is critical to achieve good peak shapes for these mercury compounds. It appears that the atmospheric pressure system has far better sensitivity and selectivity for organomercury compounds than the low pressure system. In addition to the organomercury compounds, satisfactory separation has been achieved for trimethyl, triethyl and triphenylarsine on this GC-low pressure microwave plasma detector system. Preliminary work using the atmospheric pressure system for arsenic and selenium line selection is also presented.

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EVALUATION OF RETORT PERFORMANCE FROM GAS DATA

Improved methods for diagnosis ad control are especially valuable for in situ retorts because of limited emplaced instrumentation.  The possibilities for using off-gas data to monitor performance will be illustrated by results from combustion retorting in pilot, simulated in situ retorts.  The size and variation of the ethene/ethane or propene/propane ratio in the off-gas during retorting give a measure of the smoothness of the operation.  These ratios also indicate the loss in oil yield resulting from cracking and oxidation.  Off-gas hydrogen content measures the extent of steam reactions with char and carbon monoxide.  Intra-retort gas data are useful also for detecting conditions conductive  to oil loss and for portraying the progress of the retorting operation.

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DESIGN AND OPERATION OF TWO LARGE SCALE LABORATORY ROCK DRILLING AND BORING EQUIPMENT FOR WATER-JET ROCK CUTTING RESEARCH

This paper describes the design, operation and capabilities of two large-scale laboratory rock drilling and boring equipment for conducting research with mechanical and water-jet assisted cutting tools. The first machine is a laboratory drill rig capable of drilling holes up to 3-ft. in diameter. The machine is all hydraulic drive, allowing a wide range of thrust and speed control. This equipment is currently fitted with a 28-in. diameter Dosco roadheader cuttinghead which will be used to perform water-jet assisted drag bit cutting tests in oil shale and coal measure rocks. The second equipment is a rotary cutting machine capable of accommodating cutterheads up to 8 ft. in diameter. This machine is pivoted on a support frame to permit tilting into any direction to simulate tunnel, raise or shaft boring conditions. It is operated through total electronic servo-control using a PDP-1103 computer. The computer and associated data acquisition system can monitor up to 32 channels of data including 16 channels of cutter force data transmitted via wireless telemetry from triaxial load cells installed under cutter saddles. This machine also has the capability of being equipped with low or high pressure water-jets to evaluate the performance of hybrid water-jet mechanical cutting systems.

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"COMMERCIAL SHALE OIL PRODUCTION AT AGENCY DRAW  Uintah County, Utah  VOLUME IV"

"The purpose of this study is to determine the  environmental feasibility of the Agency Draw project. This report will be used by Geokinetics to assist in securing the financing necessary for construction of the production facilities. The environmental feasibility study has been divided into two phases. Phase I, completed in March 1981, involved preparation of an environmental  reconnaissance report, in which a preliminary evaluation was made of the existing environmental data base and potential project related impacts. Based upon favorable results of the Phase I study, a more detailed study (Phase II) was authorized, the environmental  portions of which encompass the following tasks:  o Define the existing environment of the propose site.  o Determine applicable environmental permits.  o Assess gross quantities of residuals from the process.  o Design an operational monitoring program.  o Analyze the impacts of residuals on baseline environmental quality.  This report presents the results from completion of these tasks. The information is presented in the sequence shown above, with the addition of a Conclusions section. Where appropriate, information has been presented  as pertinent to Case 1 and Case 2. However, where differences between the two cases are not discernible, they are discussed concurrently."

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"Oil SHALE MINING UPDATE  SURFACE AND ROOM AND PILLAR SYSTEMS"

"Mining and crushing expenditures make over 30%  of the total cost of an oil shale development project.  A well conceived mine design and an efficient mining  operation could very well dictate the economic viability  of an oil shale project. Oil shale mines to be developed for future projects, will surpass or equal the size and capacity of the largest existing operations. In this paper, the  problems associated with large scale oil shale mining,  open pit and room and pillar are discussed. The battery  limits economics of new mining methods, specifically  fitted to large scale operations, are reviewed.  Finally the infrastructure, maintenance and site  support facilities and requirements, an area that is often underestimated by designers of large scale mining projects, is highlighted and the difficulties involved in, and the enormousness of such undertakings are realistically underlined."

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SYMPOSIUM ON LOW SULFUR FUELS FROM COAL PART 2: SYMPOSIUM ON SHALE

Kerogen is usually defined as the insoluble fraction of organic components of oil shale in contrast to  the soluble fraction which is called bitumen(1).  Structural elucidation of kerogen is difficult due to the following:  (a)  Kerogen is a large complex molecule belonging to the multipolymer class (2).   (b)  The insoluble nature of the kerogen is closely related to the non-uniform 3-dimensional gel nature of a giant crosslink network.  (c)  Inhomogeneity due to biogensis.   All of these have challenged a number of researchers (3,4,5,12408 );  so far the molecular structure of kerogen remains unsolved.

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Thermogravimetric Behavior of Eastern Oil Shales

"Thermogravimetry is a rapid and efficient means of studying the conditions which govern the loss of volatile matter as an oil shale is heated. Modern  thermogravimetric instrumentation enables the simultaneous measurement of weight loss and rate of weight loss. From the former one can relate total volatile yield (oil, gas, water) with heating rate. From the latter, the global kinetic parameters may be evaluated. Using  a procedure recently developed for the Perkin-Elmer  TGS-2/System 4 instrument it is possible to heat materials at rates up to 200·C/ min with a t2·C temperature control. Experimental data for a typical Eastern Oil Shale, the Cleveland member of the Ohio Shale, is presented. The effects of both particle size and controlled ageing on  the thermogravimetric characteristics of the pyrolysis  have been studied . Both have a minimal effect  on the rate and extent of the degradative process.  Global kinetic parameters appear to predict very  accurately the weight loss due to kerogen/bitumen  decomposition.  Introduction  In recent years,"

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A NUMERICAL SOLUTION FOR A TWO-DIMENSIONAL FLUIDISED-BED REACTOR

"A comprehensive two-dimensional fluidised-bed model for oil-shale retorting with recycled shale-ash and a numerical procedure for the model solution are presented. The model takes into account the mixing and bulk movement  of the emulsion phase in vertical and horizontal directions; the dynamics of fluidisation with varying fluidisation  gas velocity; the gas expulsion and exchange between bubble and emulsion phases; and the gas-particle heat transfer. Reactions considered are the pyrolysis of oil-shale kerogen, the coking of oil vapour on shale-ash, the hydroxylation of kaolinite, the decomposition of siderite, and the thermal cracking of oil vapour. The simulations of a hypothetical, full-scale (50 000 barrels of oil per day) fluidised-bed pyrolyser show that inlet ash and shale  temperatures. ash-to-shale recycle ratio and solids  residence-time, but not particle size, are important process variables in maximizing oil yield."

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Synthetic Fuels: Coal and Oil Shale Readiness

World oil price increases during the 1970's initiated major commercial coal and oil shale projects.  Significant projects have been started, bur many have been cancelled during the past year because of increasing project costs, high financing expenses and uncertain future market prices. Accordingly many firms now seek smaller synfuels projects which are more financially manageable and may be assisted by the U.S. Synthetic Fuels Corporation.  Commercial technology for synfuels is reviewed with brief discussion of new technology.  Representative economics are presented to put synfuel project types in perspective with natural fuel prices.

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THE DESIGN, CONSTRUCTION AND OPERATION OF AN IN SITU OIL SHALE RETORTING EXPERIMENT SITE 10, ROCK SPRINGS, WYOMING. Task 1

"These biweekly reports are intended to provide an informal  and rapid means of disseminating information among project personnel. It is composed of brief status reports prepared by subtask leaders in a flexible format. It should be considered preliminary in nature. This work will be summarized in a Task Final Report at its completion. Data on Rock Springs Site 10 have been analyzed to provide  input to the field program. Information on directional properties of oil shale at Rock Springs Site 9 is attached as an Appendix. Experimental and computational studies on the compaction behavior of retorted shale have shown encouraging preliminary results. Initial retort combustion and flow modeling studies are underway to define sensitivities to input parameters. Field operations  for drilling and blasting are being evaluated. Design,  effects, and costs are being considered . A preliminary process design has been developed and the process flow sheet and calculations are being refined. Environmental research alternatives are being considered."

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THE DESIGN, CONSTRUCTION AND OPERATION OF AN IN SITU OIL SHALE RETORTING EXPERIMENT SITE 10, ROCK SPRINGS, WYOMING. Task 1

"These biweekly reports are intended to provide an informal  and rapid means of disseminating information among project personnel. It is composed of brief status reports prepared by subtask leaders in a flexible format. It should be considered preliminary in nature. This work will be summarized in a Task Final Report at its completion. Calculation and experimental efforts related to fracture  and compaction processes are progressing on schedule. Experimental data indicate encouraging results for continuous in situ operation. Efforts on retorting calculations have concentrated on testing the LERC and LLL retort models and a two-dimensional flow model. Field operation concept evaluation has been directed toward  options for void volume creation. The  engineering/economic evaluation task has developed a design basis and a preliminary process concept design for the Phase I retort. Process diagrams and heat and material balances are included in this report. Preliminary  cost figures have been developed and will be presented in a future biweekly report."

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THE DESIGN, CONSTRUCTION AND OPERATION OF AN IN SITU OIL SHALE RETORTING EXPERIMENT SITE 10, ROCK SPRINGS, WYOMING. Task 1

These biweekly reports are intended to provide an informal  and rapid means of disseminating information among project personnel. It is composed of brief status reports prepared by subtask leaders in a flexible format. It should be considered preliminary in nature. This work will be summarized in a Task Final Report at its completion.  Work is progressing on one- and two-dimensional calculations of fracture and compaction. The impact of Phase I retort geometry on Phase II operations is being considered in these calculations. Detailed consideration is being given to the Phase I fracture plan. Work is continuing on experimental evaluation of the compaction of spent shale. Retort calculations have been made using both the LERC and the LLL retort models. Good agreement was found between the two. Upgrading of the flow pattern model to include graphics and display capabilities is in progress. Much of the proposed retorting equipment for Site 10 is available at LERC in very good condition. The net result is a 40% reduction in the cost of the "Basic Minimum Process Stream" presented in the last biweekly. Details on the revised design and cost basis are included in this report.

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A WATER-INFLUX MODEL FOR UCG

A water-influx model is developed which incorporates two principal mechanisms; unsteady-state radial permeation, and spalling-enhanced drying of the overlying coal and overburden. These mechanisms are coupled via a cavity growth model. The model predictions follow the general trends for the daily average water influx for the Hanna II Phases II and III, Hanna III, and How Creek II UCG field tests, and predict the water influx for the total duration of each of these four tests with an average error of 13.1 percent.

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5th BRIEFING ON OIL SHALE RESEARCH CONDUCTED AT LAWRENCE LIVERMORE NATIONAL LABORATORY

"Research on oil shale retorting has continued at the Lawrence Livermore National Lab (LLNL) for more than a  decade. This briefing is our fifth, previous ones were held in 1976, 1978, 1980, and 1982. LLNL is operated for the  Department of Energy (DOE) by the University of California. The LLNL project is part of a government sponsored oil shale research program managed by the Department of Energy's Morgantown Energy Technology Center (METC). Oil Shale Research at LLNL is directed at developing retorting technology. Efforts include  mathematical modeling and experimental studies of chemical reactions, physical processes, retort systems and components of retort systems. In recent years, the emphasis has shifted from Modified In- Situ Retorting (MIS) to Surface Retorting. Surface Retorting methods using either hot gases or hot solids as a heat transfer medium have been studied, with the present emphasis on hot solids."

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PROCEEDINGS 1986 EASTERN OIL SHALE SYMPOSIUM

"This year's symposium demonstrated a substantial interest in maintaining a continuing research program in oil shale despite the current glut of energy and the associated depression in its price. In particular there is an increased awareness in the potential role that the eastern oil shale resource can play in supplying the future energy requirements of the country. The keynote speaker, Representative James A. Traficant, Jr., voiced strong congressional support for continuation and expansion of the eastern oil shale research program. Although the near-term commercial prospects for alternate fuels has declined, the United States cannot afford to await the next energy crisis to initiate a helter-skelter fast-tract research program. The current hiatus should continue to be used to further research on existing processes and to  investigate new process concepts. As a minimum, the continuation of at least the current low-level Government-sponsored research effort is essential to insure that the oil shale resource will play a part in supplying future energy needs. This symposium will continue to serve not only as an event for the exchange of information, but as a signal that the United States will not be lulled into complacency regarding the future energy needs of the country."

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"PROCESS ENGINEERING DATA ON THE UNIT  OPERATIONS OF THE PARAHO - UTE (DIRECT  RETORTING) AND UNION B (INDIRECT RETORTING) OIL SHALE PROCESSES"

"The Oil Shale Control Technology and Process Modeling Scenarios Model will serve as a planning and evaluation tool to provide Inputs to support efforts of the Department of Energy's Laramie Energy Technology Center (DOE/LETC) in the identification of data gaps, In order to support R/D on applicable pollution control technologies for oil shale retorting and upgrading. Depending upon the retorting process selected, grade of raw shale inputs, and the desired level of production, the model will allow the user to select the appropriate control  technology for pollutant waste streams generated. The specific aspects of the computer logics of the model are contained in the companion document, Oil Shale Control Technology and Process Modeling Scenarios Computer Code and User's Manual."

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DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS OF MECHANICAL FRAGMENTATION SYSTEMS FOR ENTRY DEVELOPMENT IN OIL SHALE

"The Underground Mining Division, Twin Cities Mining Research Center, U.S. Bureau of Mines has conducted research to evaluate bits and cutters of continuous fragmentation machines for oil shale. Laboratory experiments were performed to (1) define fundamental  differences in performance of the various bits and cutters and (2) relate inherent advantages of the different cutting  tools to entry development in oil shale. In addition, mechanical excavation machines that have potential in oil shale mining are presented. The bit and cutter experiments were performed on oil shale samples from the  Mahogany Zone, Parachute Creek Member of the Green River Formation, in the Piceance Creek Basin (Colo.). A linear cutting apparatus was used to load and traverse a bit or cutter across a smooth shale surface; a rotary drill was used for tests with drag bit cutterheads. Graphs of specific energy, chip weight, groove width, and cutting coefficient versus depth; cutting force and depth of cut versus normal force; and specific energy versus penetration rate of drag bit cutterheads are presented.  The experiments demonstrated that (1) specific energy decreases with increasing depth of penetration, rapidly at first, then approaching a constant; (2) drag bits are  more efficient, and (3) the specific energy for steady fragmentation is about 40 percent of that required for independent groove fragmentation. The benefit of drag bit fragmentation efficiency was demonstrated by  comparison calculations for drag bit and disk cutter machines. These comparisons were made using a disk cutter tunnel boring machine, a drag bit tunnel boring machine, and a continuous drum miner. At the same  production rate, the drag bit tunnel boring machine required only 12 percent of the thrust and 43 percent of the torque needed by the disk cutter machine. Even though the production rate of the drum miner was  60 percent of that of the other machines, it required only 10 percent of the torque and 20 percent of the thrust needed by the disk cutter tunnel boring machines."

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THE REACTION RATE OF CARBON IN TAR SAND FROM P.R. SPRING, UTAH

An isothermal combustion tube experiment was constructed to determine the reaction rate of carbon in tar sand specimen from P.R. Spring deposit in Utah.  The reaction rate fits an Arrhenius type equation where the orders of reaction with  respect to both oxygen partial pressure and carbon concentration are determined.  The dependence of the specific reaction rate on both temperature and total pressure is examined and an activation energy for the reaction is evaluated.

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ANVIL POINTS FACILITY REPORT

"The Anvil Points Fact Finding committee was established  at the request of the Deputy Assistant Secretary, Resource Development and Operations in June 1980 by a Memorandum from the Director, Naval Petroleum and Oil Shale Reserves. (Appendix Al. The purpose of the. committee was to investigate all facets of the operation of the mine and facilities at Anvil Points on Naval Oil Shale Reserve Number Three near Rifle, Colorado. This was to include review of the existing lease, inspection of the structures and the mine, investigation of the availability of water rights for the facility. determination of the status of the fire in the shale fines pile near the crusher. and review of the relationship of the lessee with local and state jurisdictional agencies. The committee was tasked to report the present status as it relates to possible future development and provide options and recommendations for future development with estimated costs of accomplishment."

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