AndreaBozzo/ceres-open-data-index huggingface dataset:
Development of an advanced, continuous mild gasification process for the production of co-products: Topical report

Research on mild gasification is discussed. The report is divided into three sections: literature survey of mild gasification processes; literature survey of char, condensable, and gas upgrading and utilization methods; and industrial market assessment of products of mild gasification. Recommendations are included in each section. (CBS) 248 refs., 58 figs., 62 tabs.

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Cold flow scaleup facility experimental results and comparison of performance at different bed configurations, Volume 2: Topical report, January--December 1983

KRW Energy Systems Inc. is engaged in the continuing development of a pressurized fluidized-bed gasification process at its Waltz Mill Site in Madison, Pennsylvania. The overall objective of the program is to demonstrate the viability of the KRW process for the environmentally acceptable production of low- and medium-BTU fuel gas from a variety of fossilized carbonaceous feedstocks for electric power generation, synthetic natural gas, chemical feedstocks, and industrial fuels. This report presents the experimental data on the Cold Flow Scaleup Facility (CFSF) operations.

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Cold flow scaleup facility experimental results and comparison of performance at different bed configurations, Volume 1: Topical report, January--December 1983

KRW Energy Systems Inc. is engaged in the continuing development of a pressurized, fluidized-bed gasification process at its Waltz Mill Site in Madison, Pennsylvania. The overall objective of the program is to demonstrate the viability of the KRW process for the environmentally acceptable production of low- and medium-BTU fuel gas from a variety of fossilized carbonaceous feedstocks for electric power generation, synthetic natural gas, chemical feedstocks and industrial fuels. This report presents analysis of the Cold Flow Scaleup Facility (CFSF) operations. Included is work performed on the 3-meter CFSF model using four different bed configurations to check correlations and scale-up criteria developed from studies conducted in small-scale cold flow units and those available in open literature. The 3-meter model permits full front-face viewing of the fluidized bed through a transparent plastic window and with its instrumentation allows detailed studies of jet behavior, bubble dynamics, solid circulation, gas mixing, and related phenomena important to the design of a large-scale gasifier. 87 refs., 95 figs., 56 tabs.

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Computer simulation models relevant to ground water contamination from EOR or other fluids - state-of-the-art

Ground water contamination is a serious national problem. The use of computers to simulate the behavior of fluids in the subsurface has proliferated extensively over the last decade. Numerical models are being used to solve water supply problems, various kinds of enertgy production problems, and ground water contamination problems. Modeling techniques have progressed to the point that their accuracy is only limited by the modeller's ability to describe the reservoir in question and the heterogeneities therein. Pursuant to the Task and Milestone Update of Project BE3A, this report summarizes the state of the art of computer simulation models relevant to contamination of ground water by enhanced oil recovery (EOR) chemicals and/or waste fluids. 150 refs., 6 tabs.

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Fluid dynamics of a fluidized bed packed with heat exchangers. Final report

Two fluidized bed facilities were built, and tests were conducted. Initially, a 1-ft. gas-fired fluidized bed (GFFB) was built as a predecessor to a coal-fired fluidized bed (CFFB) facility, in order to study the bed dynamics and its interrelation with the heat transfer characteristics of immersed heat exchangers of different configurations. The unique feature of the GFFB was the capability of achieving different gas velocity distributions in the bed with the help of a specially designed gas distributor. The GFFB was operated to gain useful information on the influence of various operating parameters, such as the superficial gas velocity and its profile, the bed temperature (200/sup 0/F to 700/sup 0/F) and pressure (1 to 7 atm), and settled bed height (21 in. to 55 in.), on the bed expansion and heat transfer characteristics of vertical and horizontal tube bundles, and an inverted U-tube. Tests were also performed on an inverted U-tube with longitudinal fins, and two unfinned inverted U-tubes to study the effect of heat exchanger solidity (8% and 16%). Particle attrition studies were also performed at atmospheric pressure. The 1-ft., coal-fired fluidized bed was then built and initial tests were performed. Typical heat transfer and particle attrition data were collected with a single vertical tube heat exchanger axially located in the bed. The behavior of deep and shallow beds, as observed in the GFFB, was confirmed. The one-foot CFFB was dismantled and a 30''CFFB capable of operating up to 10 atmospheres is being constructed. The tasks accomplished on the GFFB and the one-foot CFFB during February 1976 to August 1980 are documented.

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Development of internal reforming carbonate fuel cell stack technology

Activities under this contract focused on the development of a coal-fueled carbonate fuel cell system design and the stack technology consistent with the system design. The overall contract effort was divided into three phases. The first phase, completed in January 1988, provided carbonate fuel cell component scale-up from the 1ft{sup 2} size to the commercial 4ft{sup 2} size. The second phase of the program provided the coal-fueled carbonate fuel cell system (CGCFC) conceptual design and carried out initial research and development needs of the CGCFC system. The final phase of the program emphasized stack height scale-up and improvement of stack life. The results of the second and third phases are included in this report. Program activities under Phase 2 and 3 were designed to address several key development areas to prepare the carbonate fuel cell system, particularly the coal-fueled CFC power plant, for commercialization in late 1990's. The issues addressed include: Coal-Gas Related Considerations; Cell and Stack Technology Improvement; Carbonate Fuel Cell Stack Design Development; Stack Tests for Design Verification; Full-Size Stack Design; Test Facility Development; Carbonate Fuel Cell Stack Cost Assessment; and Coal-Fueled Carbonate Fuel Cell System Design. All the major program objectives in each of the topical areas were successfully achieved. This report is organized along the above-mentioned topical areas. Each topical area has been processed separately for inclusion on the data base.

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Coalbed methane. Technology status report

Coalbed methane research focuses on (1) estimating the extent of the resource with increased accuracy and reliability, (2) estimating the amount of coalbed methane that is recoverable, and (3) providing technically and economically viable means for methane recovery. The goal is to promote extensive private use of the resource as a national energy source. DOE has made significant progress in developing new knowledge, including the following accomplishments: Over 90 well sites have been logged, and over 350 core samples have been taken from these sites for desorption and proximate and ultimate analysis tests to provide insight into gas release mechanisms for various coal ranks. A comprehensive geological assessment was made to estimate the gas-in-place for 16 basins. Twenty production tests were completed to develop guidelines for recovery concepts in different geologic environments. While the project has made significant progress, the development of coalbed methane as a contributing source to the US gas supply has not been widespread. The mixing of unconventional gas with conventional natural gas has been investigated for use by residential, commercial, and industrial customers in space heating, coal drying, and onsite power generation. Recovery concepts must be further developed to quantify risks and to establish the economics of coalbed methane for coal mine operators and other investors. 7 refs., 7 figs., 1 tab.

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Tar removal in a hot gas desulfurization process. Final report, October 1984-March 1985

Results of studies from a project sponsored by the Department of Energy (DOE), Morgantown Energy Technology Center (METC), are reported. The primary objective of these studies was to develop a catalyst which converts sulfur in coal tars to a form (such as H/sub 2/S) which can be removed by a hot gas desulfurization process being developed by DOE/METC and also converts the tars to compounds that cannot crack and deposit coke on the electrodes of a molten carbonate fuel cell (MCFC). The system for tar destruction would operate in conjunction with the desulfurization process. Results of a literature search and experimental tests are presented. Fifteen different catalysts were evaluated in the experimental tests. The effects of temperature, pressure, and residence time on tar conversion were evaluated. Acid cracking catalysts, in a particular low-sodium type Y zeolite (LZ-Y82) and hydrocracking catalysts based on Y-zeolite, were superior to other catalysts tested. In four hour screening tests, average tar conversions with these catalysts for four different tar samples ranged from 65 to 75% based on total tar. Average sulfur conversion ranged from 86 to 90%. Results of regeneration tests are presented. These tests show that LZ-Y82 is regenerable under mild regeneration conditions. The rate of permanent loss of catalyst activity was too low to identify in the regeneration tests. Catalyst makeup rates based on literature values are presented for estimation of catalyst costs. 30 refs., 14 figs., 26 tabs.

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Denitrification and desulfurization of combustion gases. Quarterly technical progress report No. 3, March 18-June 17, 1981. [Sodium ferrite]

A strong catalytic effect on the SO/sub 2/ absorption rate by Fe/sub 2/O/sub 3/ coated on dolomite (Tymochtee) has been established. A small amount of Fe/sub 2/O/sub 3/ coating (of the order of 1%) can increase the SO/sub 2/ absorption rate by 60%. The coating procedure is rather simple and readily applicable, e.g., it can be done by spraying the uncalcined sorbent with an iron salt solution before feeding to the fluidized-bed combustor. The catalytic process is a selective one, depending on

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Beneficiation of lump-size low-rank coals by a novel non-slurry approach to wet carbonization. Progress report, August-October 1984

The design of the wet carbonization process research unit (PRU) was begun. The PRU will be designed to handle about 100 lb/h of as received coal. The wet carbonization reactor will be able to operate at a maximum temperature of 650/sup 0/F and a pressure of 2300 psig. Process Flow and Instrument diagrams for the system have been prepared. Equipment and instrument lists have been completed. Specifications for major long delivery items have been prepared and issued for bids. The PRU design and construction are expected to be completed on schedule. A detailed test plan for the project was prepared. It discussed the number of tests to be conducted, conditions, test objectives, and data expected, equipment to be used and operating procedures. The test plan was approved by DOE in early September. Four coals were identified to be tested in this program. They are: North Dakota lignites from Mercer and Oliver counties, Montana Rosebud subbituminous and Texas lignite from Martin county. Procurement for these fresh coals have begun and the two lignites from North Dakota were shipped to IGT on October 31st. The batch wet carbonization units were readied for operation with the coals during this quarter. Wet carbonization tests with the coals on hand are expected to start in November and the product water from these tests will be characterized for their treatability. 1 reference, 9 figures.

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Fundamental research on novel process alternatives for coal gasification. Progress report, May 7-August 6, 1984

The objectives of this research program are (1) to determine the technical feasibility of and (2) to prepare preliminary process evaluations for each of two new approaches to coal gasification. The objective of Task 1, CO/sub 2/-Coal Gasification Concept, is to obtain fundamental information on a novel coal gasification process concept that involves pressurized carbon dioxide-coal gasification followed by a high-temperature carbon dioxide removal step that uses a metal oxide sorbent. The objective of Task 2, Internal Recirculation Catalysts Coal Gasification Process Concept, is to explore the use of novel semivolatile materials as internal recirculation catalysts for coal gasification. During this quarter, a detailed test plan was developed and approved for each of the three subtasks in Task 1 involving experimental work: CO/sub 2/-coal devolatilization studies; CO/sub 2/-coal char gasification studies; and CO/sub 2/ adsorption/desorption studies. Two coals were selected for testing: a North Dakota lignite and an Illinois No. 6 bituminous coal. These samples were processed for testing and analysis. The high-temperature thermobalance was readied for testing, instruments were calibrated, and some reactor tube components were replaced. Instrumentation for the CO/sub 2/ adsorption/desorption tests was specified; quotations are being requested from vendors. The literature on the effect of CO/sub 2/ on coal devolatilization characteristics was reviewed. A detailed analysis of the literature data is under way. For Task 2 a detailed test plan was developed and approved for each of the two subtasks in this program involving experimental work: laboratory-scale batch screening tests; and bench-scale tests. Construction of the experimental apparatus for batch screening tests was begun. New batch reactors capable of operation at high temperatures and high pressures under conditions of rapid pressure and temperature change have been received. 3 references, 5 figures.

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Survival of MEOR systems in porous media

It was determined that many potential environmental hazards from microbial enhancement of oil recovery (MEOR) technology are extensions of EOR environmental problems. One unique concern of MEOR is that interactions between injected microorganisms and molasses, and those microorganisms already present in the reservoir might pose novel problems. It appeared necessary to obtain information regarding the indigenous microbial flora and the survival characteristics of a MEOR system after it encounters simulated reservoir microbial conditions. We found from laboratory studies that adventitious microbial species present in the molasses overgrew several of the indigenous microorganisms in Berea sandstone cores and also overgrew the injected MEOR microorganisms. From the results of these studies, we conclude that: (1) The introduction of nutrients into a petroleum reservoir could stimulate the growth of indigenous microorganisms. (2) Microorganisms present in injected non-sterile nutrients can overgrow both injected microbes and indigenous microorganisms. (3) Spore-forming bacteria cannot survive time periods in porous media of 4-20 weeks if there are other bacterial types present. 7 refs., 7 figs., 6 tabs.

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Adsorption calorimetry of water-wet and oil-wet minerals

This project is a continuation of a research program designed to understand and model adsorption of enhanced oil recovery (EOR) chemical flooding material onto reservoir minerals. The understanding and modeling of adsorption will ultimately lead to an effective way to select EOR chemicals which are most cost effective. This report describes progress made from October 1, 1984 to September 30, 1985. It is divided into three parts: (1) modeling of adsorption, (2) adsorption of surfactants from solutions of brine and aqueous cosurfactant, and (3) proving the usefulness of titration calorimetry. In the first part, the surface described was water-wet; in the other parts, surfaces of different wettability were used in the investigations. The adsorption of cosurfactant from hydrocarbon onto silica is modeled by a Langmuir isotherm. This model indicates that the adsorption is driven by enthalpy, taking place with an unfavorable entropy change. It is physical adsorption and does not exceed monolayer coverage. Strong brine seems to have little effect on the adsorption of nonionic surfactant, except in the case of Florisil, a magnesia containing silica. In the presence of cosurfactant, the energy of adsorption is in general higher than that from pure water. All of these enthalpies of adsorption are negative, thus implying lower adsorption as temperature is raised. The titration calorimeter has proved to be a useful instrument for studying adsorption. The measurement of the interaction of nonionic surfactant with silica show satisfactory agreement with the results of the flow calorimeter. Adsorption on kaolin, bentonite, and sandstone can be measured with this instrument, whereas these solids are not amenable to flow calorimetry. 10 figs. 6 tabs.

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Evaluation of the Storms Pool Improved Waterflood Project

A review of the performance of the Storms Pool Improved Waterflood Project has been completed. This project was designed to evaluate the efficiency of polymer flooding in a reservoir which had been extensively waterflooded. The project was conducted in a 100-acre pattern in the Waltersburg sandstone of the Storms Pool Field, located in White County, Illinois. This field is typical of many old oil fields in the Illinois Basin. A total of 703,000 barrels of biopolymer-thickened water was injected, which represents about 23% of the pore volume. The project was terminated early, as expenses were greatly exceeding revenues. The project resulted in little or no incremental oil production. The lack of response is attributed mainly to the conditions in which the polymer was injected. The project indicates that the injection of a polymer which acts dominantly to increase viscosity has little potential for increasing oil recovery under the conditions where a waterflood has been successful, the mobility ratio is favorable, and when initiated in the latter stages of the flood. The movable oil saturation is thought to have been lower than anticipated by the operators. Biodegradation of the polymer probably occurred, as evidenced by the lack of polymer in offset wells and in back-produced injection water. The lack of data collected and/or reported prevented a thorough analysis of the project. Field equipment and procedures appeared adequate for the mixing, filtration, and injection of polymer made up in river water. Some problems occurred during those periods of the year when the river water contained a large amount of dispersed fines. The use of a river water is questioned due to the problems of removing dispersed fines and to the increased protection required to prevent biodegradation of the biopolymer. 26 refs., 13 figs., 3 tabs.

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Advanced development of a pressurized ash agglomerating fluidized-bed coal gasification system: Phase 2, Final report, May 1, 1983-July 31, 1984

KRW Energy Systems Inc. is engaged in the development of a pressurized, fluidized-bed, gasification process at its Waltz Mill Site in Madison, Pennsylvania. The overall objective of the program is to demonstrate the viability of the KRW process for the environmentally acceptable production of low- and medium-Btu fuel gas from a variety of fossilized, carbonaceous feedstocks for electrical power generation, substitute natural gas, chemical feedstocks, and industrial fuels. This report covers Phase II of the contract period (May 1, 1983 to July 31, 1984) and is a continuation of the work performed in 1983 and reported in the Phase I final report, FE-19122-30. Included is work performed in fiscal 1983 to 1984 on PDU testing, process analysis, cold flow scaleup facility, process and component engineering and design, and laboratory support studies.

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Characterization and analysis of metal wastage in coal-fired fluidized-bed combustors. Statistical analysis plan

Metal loss from in-bed heat exchangers has been a persistent problem in FBC systems. As part of its program in FBC technology development, the US Department of Energy/Morgantown Energy Technology Center (DOE/METC) supports a number of projects directed toward providing both theoretical and experimental results which will guide solutions to the metal loss problem. As a part of this effort, METC and The MITRE Corporation began a project in 1984 to collect and analyze metal loss data from various experimental, pilot-scale, and full-scale coal-fired FBC systems worldwide. The specific objective of this effort is to investigate the effects of unit design parameters and operating conditions on metal loss through the use of regression and analysis of variance techniques. To date, forty-one FBC systems worldwide have been identified and most of the data sets which characterize the metal loss occurrences in those units have been developed. The results of MITRE's effort to date were reported earlier (Interim Report No. DOE/MC/21351-1930, August 1985). This report describes the statistical procedures that MITRE will follow to analyze FBC metal loss data. The data will be analyzed using several regression techniques to find variables related to metal loss. Correlation and single variable regressions will be used to indicate important relationships. The joint relationships between the explanatory variables and metal loss will be examined by building multiple regression models. In order to prevent erroneous conclusions, diagnostics will be performed based on partial residual plots, residual analysis, and multicollinearity statistics. 7 refs.

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Development of the JPL pressure letdown system. [Control of letdown without corrosion]

An investigation involving the development of a pressure letdown system based on the porous plug concept has been completed. The purpose of this multi-year effort was to carry out the following five major tasks: (1) development and testing of a pressure letdown system, (2) experimental erosion studies and analysis, (3) control of the pressure letdown system, (4) development of an Ash Letdown Unit based on the pressure letdown system technology, and (5) transfer of the JPL pressure letdown technology to industry for commercialization. An extensive experimental program was undertaken to develop a fluidic vortex control element suitable for use in gas-liquid-solid flows. In an attempt to quantify erosion effects in the pressure letdown system, tests were initially carried out. A Plexiglas ash letdown device was constructed and used to demonstrate the feasibility of a continuous flow ash letdown process. A successful market survey of the JPL pressure letdown system was carried out, and a valve collaborating manufacturer was identified.

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