AndreaBozzo/ceres-open-data-index huggingface dataset:
Fractographic logging for determination of pre-core and core-induced fractures:  Nicholas Combs No. 7239 well, Hazard, Kentucky

Methods results, and conclusions formulated during a prototype fractographic logging study of seventy-five feet of oriented Devonian shale core are summarized. The core analyzed is from the Nicholas Combs No. 7239 well located twelve miles due north of Hazard, Kentucky. The seventy-five foot core length was taken from a cored section lying between 2369.0 feet (subsea) and 2708.0 feet (subsea). Total core length is 339.0 feet. The core was extracted from the upper Devonian Ohio and Olentangy shale formations. Results indicate that there are few tectonic (pre-core) fractures within the studied core section. The region may nevertheless be cut at core sample depth by well-defined vertical or inclined tectonic fractures that the vertically drilled test core didn't intersect. This is likely since surface Plateau systematic fractures in other Plateau areas are vertical to sub-vertical and seldom have a frequency of less than one major fracture per foot. The remarkable directional preference of set three fractures about strikes of N 40/sup 0/ E, N 10/sup 0/ W, N 45/sup 0/ W, suggests some incipient pre-core rock anisotropy or stored directional strain energy. If this situation exists, the anisotropy strike change or stored strain variance from N 40/sup 0/ E to N 45/sup 0/ W downcore remains an unanswered question. Tectonic features, indicating local and/or regional movement plans, are present on and within the tectonic horizontal fracture set one. Slickensides had a preferred orientation within several core levels, and fibrous-nonfibrous calcite serves as fracture fillings.

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Fate of trace mercury in the combustion of coal. [11 references]

Coal, fly ash, and flue gas samples were analyzed for mercury (Hg) by double gold amalgamation-flameless atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The purpose of the study was to elucidate the fate of the trace mercury in the coal when the coal is burned. Samples were collected from a bench-scale 100-g/hr combustor, a 500-lb/hr combustor, and three coal-burning power plants. In all cases mercury was found in the fly ash. The amounts ranged from about 9 to about 70 percent of the mercury in the coal that was burned.

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Characterization and analysis of Devonian shales as related to release of gaseous hydrocarbons. Quarterly technical progress report, December 1976--February 1977

Activities are reported in a program to determine the relationships between shale characteristics, hydrocarbon gas content, and well location to provide a sound basis for defining the productive capacity of the Eastern Devonian shale deposits and for guiding research, development, and demonstration projects to enhance the recovery of natural gas from the shale deposits. Major effort during the period was devoted to the characterization of samples with respect to gas release, chemical composition, and physical characteristics. An additional 15 sealed core samples were acquired and an additional 41 samples were entered into the characterization chain making a total of 97 samples from 6 wells that are partially characterized. Because of the limited amount of data that are available on any one sample or on all of the samples from a given well, only limited examinations of relationships among the data have been possible. These initial examinations have indicated some apparent trends in gas content and gas composition with sample depth and some possible differences in relationships among samples that may be associated with geographic location. The data are too limited and scattered for any firm conclusions to be drawn. Some of the initial observations are discussed.

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Chemical properties of Synthoil products and feeds. Final report, Part 1

Nine liquid products from the Synthoil coal liquefaction process and extracts from three feed coals were analyzed for individual compounds, compound types, carbon numbers, and structural groups. Successive benzene and cyclohexane extractions produced oil, asphaltene, and residue fractions, and further clay-gel chromatography of the oil gave saturate, aromatic, and polar fractions that were examined extensively by a combination of other chromatographic and spectrometric methods. Mass spectrometry was used extensively on all fractions, but most of the individual compound identifications were on the aromatic fraction. Normal and iso-paraffins, and cycloparaffins were measured on the saturates (including isoprenoid paraffins and stearanes,7947 ); aromatics, hydroaromatics, and neutral heterocyclics in the aromatic fractions; and phenolics, pyrrolics, and other heterocyclic aromatics in the polars. Up to 150 individual isomers, more than 300 compound types, and about 2500 separate carbon number homologs were determined in the oil fractions. Infrared measurements show that most of the oxygen is phenolic, but a considerably smaller fraction of the nitrogen is pyrrolic. Significant concentrations of carbonyl-containing groups are present only in the coal extracts. Besides IR and MS (on the volatile portion), other methods used to characterize the asphaltenes included NMR, GPC (for molecular weight distribution), elemental analyses, and UV-visible spectrometry. Asphaltenes are mostly large multi-ring aromatic structures, with heteroaromatic groups similar to those in the lower molecular weight polars. A number of relationships between product composition and processing conditions are evident.

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Entrained-flow gasification at elevated pressure: Quarterly technical progress report No. 2 for the period 1 June 1985 to 31 August 1985

The three main tasks of the contract are: (1) entrained coal gasification measurements, which includes elevated pressure tests of four coal types, investigation of injector design, cold-flow measurements in simulated gasifier flows, and investigation of advanced optical diagnostic techniques that could be applied to gasification measurements; (2) improvement of the one- and two-dimensional computer codes for gasification processes, including improvement of physical submodels and numerical methods, and comparison of model predictions with experimental results for code validation; and (3) application of results to industrial and METC needs through technical seminars, expansion of a detailed data book, and distribution of the code to other users, especially METC. Concerning task 1, gasifier measurements, the installation of the BYU gasifier into the new Combustion and Reactions Laboratory was completed, and checkout tests with methane flames were conducted. Elevated pressure tests and injector characterization tests are now planned. Several test coals have been prepared for use in the elevated pressure tests and injector characterization tests. The cold flow test program, which is designed to acquire gasifier flow field data to validate the fluid-mechanics submodel of PCGC-2, has been nearly completed. For task 2, a major revision of the particle dispersion submodel of PCGC-2 is underway in which Lagrangian equations for particle number-density will be solved simultaneously with other Lagrangian variables. Use of these Lagrangian particle density calculations are expected to significantly increase the accuracy of particle phase calculations. Improved accuracy in the char-oxidation kinetic constants used by PCGC-2 has been obtained through rigorous analysis of original data. Under task 3, work is continuing on updating the databook. A command program has been written to make PCGC-2 use more convenient. 31 refs., 9 figs.

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Multiwell Experiment final report: 4, The fluvial interval of the Mesaverde Formation

The Department of Energy's Multiwell Experiment (MWX) is a field laboratory in the Piceance Basin of Colorado which has two overall objectives: to characterize the low permeability gas reservoirs in the Mesaverde Formation and to develop technology for their production. Different depositional environments have created distinctly different reservoirs in the Mesaverde, and MWX has addressed each of these in turn. This report presents a comprehensive summary of results from the fluvial interval which lies between 4400 ft and 6000 ft at the MWX site. The reservoirs consist of heterogeneous, amalgamated point-bar sequences which form broad meanderbelts which create irregular, but roughly tabular, reservoirs with widths of 1000--2500 ft. Separate sections of this report are background and summary; site descriptions and operations; geology; log analysis; core analysis; in situ stress; well testing, stimulation, fracture diagnostics, and reservoir evaluation in two separate sandstones; stress, fracture diagnostic, and stimulation experiments in an additional sandstone; supporting laboratory studies; and a bibliography. Additional detailed data, results, analyses, and data file references are presented as appendices which are included on microfiche. The results show that stimulation of fluvial reservoirs can be successful if proper care is taken to minimize damage to the natural fracture system. Both an accelerated leakoff phenomenon and the ability to alter the in situ stress were quantified. Overall, the fluvial interval offers the highest production potential of the three nonmarine intervals studied. 116 refs., 230 figs., 28 tabs.

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Fundamental combustion and ash fouling: Final report for the period ending June 30, 1986

Combustion rate data were determined from the measurements of particle temperatures of chars derived from three low-rank coals. The measured particle temperatures of the chars substantially exceed the ambient gas temperature. At an oxygen mole fraction less than 0.12, it was found that the burning rates of the low-rank coal chars were greater than the calculated diffusion-limited rates based on conversion of carbon to carbon monoxide. The reactivity of the chars was reduced with the removal of mineral matter although the burning rate was insensitive to differences in physical structure. The results were consistent with diffusion-limited rate control and the extreme reactivity was rationalized by assuming that carbon dioxide, along with carbon monoxide, is formed as a primary product. It is suggested that the presence of mineral matter in the low-rank coal chars gives rise to formation of carbon dioxide at the surface. Model calculations were undertaken and they satisfactorily explain the results. A preliminary study to determine the feasibility of Raman spectroscopy as a means of studying surface chemistry of high-temperature ash material has been completed. Raman spectroscopy provides information which is similar to conventional techniques such as microscopy and x-ray diffraction. However, since Raman spectroscopy is a non-intrusive optical scattering technique, it allows the study in situ of hot ash deposits as they are formed. Combustion tests were performed on the ash fouling test combustor. Differences were noted in the rate of deposition, strength of deposits, and composition of deposits produced from a standard utility grind (70% < 74..mu..m) and a micronized grind (100% < 15..mu..m). 57 refs., 31 figs., 46 tabs.

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32-month gasifier mechanistic study and downstream unit process development program for the pressurized ash-agglomerating fluidized bed gasification system. Quarterly report, October 1-December 31, 1985

The external hot gas cleanup system, designed for installation on the PDU at Waltz Mill, PA, consists of an external fixed bed desulfurizer of zinc ferrite sorbent, a tertiary particulate removal system (a sintered metal filter and venturi scrubber), and associated piping and instrumentation. The design report for this system was finalized. During the reporting period, PDU structural work was completed and the fixed bed desulfurizer was installed. Candidate samples of zinc ferrite sorbent were procured from United Catalysts, Inc. (2.89/lb) and from AMAX Extractive R and D, Inc. (4.80/lb). These sorbents will be pretested at the US Dept. of Energy Morgantown Energy Technology Center (DOE/METC) before they are tested in the desulfurizer at the PDU. In addition, purchase orders were released for a 5100 lb/hr steam supply system and for components to upgrade the PDU data acquisition system.

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Systems studies of energy conservation:  methane produced from coalbeds

This volume consists of ll appendices entitled: Coal Reserves; Coal Analysis; Companies Possessing Coal Mining Rights in the Pittsburgh Coalbed; Currently Active Underground Mines in the Pittsburgh Coalbed; Mine and Pipeline Maps of Northern Appalachian Basin; Composition of Gob Coal Gas from Pittsburgh Coalbed Mines; Topographic Maps with Woodland Overprints; Environmental Regulations for Industrial Process Wastes; Questionnaire on Mining and Drainage Practices Circulated to the Mining Industry; Projected Well Performance and Well Spacing Requirements; and Methane Recovery Investment Analysis. (EJH)

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Environmental monitoring report:  Morgantown Energy Technology Center, calendar year 1983

Environmental studies are an integral part of the Morgantown Energy Technology Center's (METC) fossil energy research program. In 1983, METC's environmental management program extended to cover the treatment and disposal of all wastewater generated at METC; the disposal of solid and hazardous waste generated by METC; and the monitoring of surface water, groundwater, and air quality in the surrounding area. METC's treatment system for sanitary wastes operated effectively throughout Calendar Year (CY) 1983. Industrial wastewater discharged by METC exceeded the permitted limits for cadmium and phenolics in CY 83. The source of low-level cadmium contamination is unknown at this time, but remains under investigation. In the last quarter of CY 83, discharge limits for phenolics were exceeded due to the development of leaks in process equipment of the gasification pilot plant, which is now being mothballed. This caused an overloading of METC's wastewater treatment system. METC is engaged in the construction of a new wastewater treatment facility for the correction of discharge problems. The facility is scheduled to be completed by late 1985. The monitoring of groundwaters in METC's industrial waste holding areas revealed that no contamination of groundwaters had occurred in CY 83. In 1983, all solid and hazardous wastes generated at METC were tested for EP toxicity and disposed of in an Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) approved secure landfill. Routine inspections revealed that landfill operators and hazardous waste disposal contractors for METC wastes were in compliance with the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) requirements. Air monitoring was performed at on- and off-site stations in CY 83 to satisfy the National Environmental Policy Act requirements. Data collected in CY 83 has not been reduced at this time; however, data collected from previous years indicates that METC project emissions have negligible impact on air quality. 8 references.

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Oil shale, tar sand, coal research, advanced exploratory process technology jointly sponsored research

Accomplishments for the quarter are presented for the following areas of research: oil shale, tar sand, coal, advanced exploratory process technology, and jointly sponsored research. Oil shale research includes; oil shale process studies, environmental base studies for oil shale, and miscellaneous basic concept studies. Tar sand research covers process development. Coal research includes; underground coal gasification, coal combustion, integrated coal processing concepts, and solid waste management. Advanced exploratory process technology includes; advanced process concepts, advanced mitigation concepts, and oil and gas technology. Jointly sponsored research includes: organic and inorganic hazardous waste stabilization; development and validation of a standard test method for sequential batch extraction fluid; operation and evaluation of the CO[sub 2] HUFF-N-PUFF Process; fly ash binder for unsurfaced road aggregates; solid state NMR analysis of Mesa Verde Group, Greater Green River Basin, tight gas sands; flow-loop testing of double-wall pipe for thermal applications; characterization of petroleum residue; shallow oil production using horizontal wells with enhanced recovery techniques; and menu driven access to the WDEQ Hydrologic Data Management Systems.

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The fate of alkali species in advanced coal conversion systems

The fate of species during coal combustion and gasification was determined experimentally in a fluidized bed reactor. A molecular-beam sampling mags spectrometer was used to identify and measure the concentration of vapor phase sodium species in the high temperature environment. Concurrent collection and analysis of the ash established the distribution of sodium species between gas-entrained and residual ash fractions. Two coals, Beulah Zap lignite and Illinois No. 6 bituminous, were used under combustion and gasification conditions at atmospheric pressure. Steady-state bed temperatures were in the range 800--950[degree]C. An extensive calibration procedure ensured that the mass spectrometer was capable of detecting sodium-containing vapor species at concentrations as low as 50 ppb. In the temperature range 800[degree] to 950[degree]C, the concentrations of vapor phase sodium species (Na, Na[sub 2]O, NaCl, and Na[sub 2]SO[sub 4]) are less than 0.05 ppm under combustion conditions with excess air. However, under gasification conditions with Beulah Zap lignite, sodium vapor species are present at about 14 ppm at a temperature of 820[degree]. Of this amount, NaCl vapor constitutes about 5 ppm and the rest is very likely NAOH. Sodium in the form of NaCl in coal enhances the vaporization of sodium species during combustion. Vapor phase concentration of both NaCl and Na[sub 2]SO[sub 4] increased when NaCl was added to the Beulah Zap lignite. Ash particles account for nearly 100% of the sodium in the coal during combustion in the investigated temperature range. The fine fly-ash particles (<10 [mu]m) are enriched in sodium, mainly in the form of sodium sulfate. The amount of sodium species in this ash fraction may be as high as 30 wt % of the total sodium. Sodium in the coarse ash particle phase retained in the bed is mainly in amorphous forms.

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Deposition control using transpiration: Final report

An experimental and theoretical study of deposition of small particles is presented to evaluate the concept of transpiration as a deposition control strategy. The application of this work is the control of the deposition of small particles (0.5 to 3 ..mu..m) in turbines burning fuels derived from coal. The study is carried out in a wind tunnel facility containing a flat porous transpired section. Similar flows and particle motions are achieved by choosing the proper Reynolds and Stokes numbers representative of the conditions found in industrial gas turbines. Measurements of the velocity profiles were conducted for high injection rates (1.5% < F < 3%). A theory developed for the transpired turbulent boundary layer, which is described by an ''outer boundary layer''entraining the transpired flow for large injection rates, agrees well with the experimental data. Concentration profiles of glass particles of both very narrow and wide size distributions were conducted for different injection rates under isothermal conditions. The measurements indicate clearly the conditions under which transpiration can prevent the deposition of particles and they show the effect of particle size. The interaction between transpiration and the inertial impaction of particulates is determined in an experimental set-up using an identical inclined transpired plate. Using the experimental data, the effect of the density of particles on concentration profiles is predicted. Present study also provides a clear insight into the turbulent diffusion of particles for a Stokes number of between 1 and 3.5 (and a turbulent Schmidt number range of 2 to 6). The turbulent Schmidt numbers obtained from the measurements are in agreement with the theoretical prediction of Tchen. 26 refs., 25 figs.

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Hydrogeologic assessment of an underground coal gasification project site, Grant District, Wetzel Co. , West Virginia

This hydrogeologic investigation provides baseline data on water quality and aquifer properties for the area surrounding the underground coal gasification site near Pricetown, West Virginia. Stratigraphic and domestic water well studies show that most wells are in shale aquifers of the Middle Dunkard Group; these wells yield about 1 to 8 gallons per minute of relatively good-quality water, except for excessive dissolved iron, manganese, arsenic and lead in some wells. Moderate to low permeabilities of 0.032 to 0.18 millidarcies and transmissivities of 268 to 1003 gallons per day per foot were measured for shallow aquifers. Aquifer permeability and well productivity are significantly higher for wells within 35 feet of mapped fracture traces. (auth)

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Fluid flow simulation of a ruptured gas well. [To assess hazard potentials and characteristics of a ruptured gas well in a mining area]

The transient unrestricted flow of gases from a long piping system is examined experimentally to determine the applicability of different theoretical methods proven for smaller L/D ratio tubes and for pressure vessels. These methods include: (1) Method of Characteristics Wave Diagram Theory, (2) Quasi-Steady Flow Theory, (3) Isentropic Flow Theory through a Converging Nozzle, and (4) a newly proposed Semi-Empirical Product-Solution method. The corresponding pressure ratio curves at the closed end of the tube were plotted and compared with experimental data for initial pressures of 100 and 475 psig. A discussion of the advantages and disadvantages of each theoretical method with regard to the overall pressure distribution, mass flow rate, formulation of the shock wave, and the ease of usage is presented.

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Experimental and theoretical investigation of the formation and growth of ash agglomerates

This research program on the experimental and theoretical investigation of the formation and growth of ash agglomerates consists of 3 tasks: (1) facility preparation, (2) test program, and (3) test data analysis and interpretation. The result is a description of ash agglomeration as a function of temperature, velocities, particle size, and viscosity of the molten agglomerates. Major objectives include: investigation of the effects on ash behavior of the addition of limestone as an in-bed sulfur-capture agent and of the recycling of the effluent stream containing SO{sub 2} from the regeneration of a hot-gas cleanup system to a fluidized-bed gasifier; determination of the maximum viscosity of molten ash that allows ash agglomerate growth and experimental measurement of agglomerate growth as a function of temperature, viscosity, and chemical composition; exploration of the development of an optimum design basis and operating procedure for fluidized-bed coal gasification processes based on the analysis of bench-scale experimental data; and development of mathematical relationships based on fundamentals of fluid mechanics, heat transfer, and the previously developed Institute of Gas Technology (IGT) description of the agglomeration phenomenon in a fluidized-bed coal gasification system. 18 refs., 60 figs., 48 tabs.

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Three-dimensional capacitance imaging system

The US Department of Energy's Morgantown Energy Technology Center (METC) has been developing a capacitance imaging system (CIS). This system measures the density distribution of a cold fluidized bed, displays a three-dimensional map in real time, and stores the data that it used to derive the map. This report describes the system, which uses four levels of two-dimensional density cross sections. It updates density data 100 times per second and displays 30 maps per second at each level. 14 refs., 30 figs., 2 tabs.

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