AndreaBozzo/ceres-open-data-index huggingface dataset:
Task 4, Mild gasification technology development system integration studies, April 1989--September 1990

The IGT mild gasification process incorporates an integrated fluidized-bed/entrained-bed reactor with heat supplied by a combination of hot char and gas recycle. The use of mild operating conditions (1000 to 1500{degree}F), low pressures (<50 psig), and continuous operation in closed reactors, combined with the potential value-added benefits from the sale of co-products, offer an economical and environmentally sound approach to advanced coal utilization. The tests conducted as Task 4 operated with a full-stream product gas condensate system that was added to the process research unit (PRU). In these tests, the use of recycled char from previous tests mixed with the caking coal feed to the fluidized bed simulated the scale-up process design for the adiabatic process development unit (PDU) using recycled hot char. Also, one test was performed to evaluate the effect of carbon dioxide in the inlet fluidization gas, as would be present in the PDU design using heated recycled product gas for fluidization. Co-product yields and quality were compared with Task 2 data and related to sequential char recycle, fluidization gas, and coal type. Oils/tars yields with Illinois and West Virginia bituminous coals were consistently over 25% by weight of moisture- and ash-free coal, and were not adversely affected either by replacement of coke diluent with mild gasification char or by the use of 19% CO{sub 2} in the fluidization gas. Condensable co-products from the Task 4 PRU tests were evaluated by Reilly Industries for the production of chemicals and pitch binders, and recommendations for liquids upgrading for incorporation into the 24-ton/h PDU design were made. Larger batches of char were generated for preparation of form coke and smokeless fuel briquettes to be tested. 3 refs., 4 figs., 31 tabs.

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Proceedings of the tenth annual gasification and gas stream cleanup systems contractors review meeting

The Tenth Annual Gasification and Gas Stream Cleanup Systems Contractors Review Meeting was held August 28--30, 1990 at the Lakeview Resort and Conference Center in Morgantown, West Virginia. This meeting was sponsored and hosted by the Morgantown Energy Technology Center of the US Department of Energy. The purpose of the meeting was threefold: to review the technical progress and current status of the gasification and gas stream cleanup projects sponsored by the Department of Energy. To foster technology exchange among participating researchers and other technical communities. To facilitate interactive dialogue which would identify novel concepts that would make coal-based gasification and hot gas cleanup systems more attractive economically and environmentally. Two hundred thirty representatives of government, academia, industry, and foreign energy research organizations attended the three-day meeting. Thirty papers and thirty-three poster displays were presented summarizing recent developments in the gasification and gas stream cleanup programs. Scientists, engineers, and administrators discussed many of the issues facing those engaged in the research and development activities that constitute these programs. This document records Volume 1 of the proceedings of that meeting, and summarizes the gasification and gas stream cleanup programs. Individual papers have been catalogued separately.

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Phase II:  primary heater module. Final report, February 1980-November 1983. Volume II

Research was conducted on components and subassemblies of coal-fired heaters suitable to supply the heat input to closed-cycle gas turbine-based cogeneration systems of 25 to 50 MWe electrical output. Three concepts were researched: (1) a dry bottom, pulverized coal-fired radiant furnace heater for 1450 to 1550 F turbine inlet temperature, (2) an atmospheric pressure fluidized bed fired heater for 1450 to 1550 F, and (3) a heater employing atmospheric pressure fluidized beds in series, for 1750 F turbine inlet temperature. The series beds concept employs ceramic heating surface in its high-temperature bed. Both laboratory and field testing was conducted on heating surface materials durability in the pulverized coal and fluidized bed environments. Burner and furnace designs were researched for pulverized coal heaters employing large quantities of flue gas recirculation to moderate the furnace heat flux. A 6'by 6'fluidized bed was assembled and tested for materials and operational research on the 1450 to 1550 F heater concept. A ceramic-to-metal joint concept was devised, fabricated and made ready for test. The conceptual commercial heater concepts were refined. The program results indicate that each of the three heater concepts is technically feasible. The fluidized bed concepts are judged most likely to be both technically and commercially feasible. Their continued development is recommended. 57 references, 260 figures, 114 tables.

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Development of potential uses for the residue from fluidized-bed-combustion processes. Final report covering results of research program and recommended practices for potential users

The following topics are covered: sources and characterization of spent bed material and fly ash; conditioning and beneficiation of residue; handling, storage, and transportation of materials; guidelines for direct use of atmospheric fluidized-bed residue in a commercial application; production of synthetic aggregate; and treatment and disposal of trade wastes. (MHR)

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First annual oil shale/tar sand contractors meeting: proceedings

This proceedings consists of the papers that were presented at the Department of Energy's First Annual Oil Shale/Tar Sand Contractors Meeting. The meeting was sponsored and hosted by the Department of Energy's Morgantown Energy Technology Center and was held July 9 through 11, 1985, at the Ramada Inn in Morgantown, West Virginia. The meeting was attended by 108 individuals from industry, academia, national laboratories, the Department of Energy, and other domestic and foreign Governmental agencies. The purposes of this meeting were to review the current status and recent accomplishments in the Oil Shale and Tar Sand programs, to encourage interchange of information and ideas, and to enable the Department of Energy to plan future work. The meeting provided a forum for the interaction between industry and the Department of Energy. The Oil Shale and Tar Sand programs are designed to provide industry with the research and development necessary to permit commercial utilization of the US fossil fuel resources. All papers have been processed for inclusion in the Energy Data Base.

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Providing solutions to energy and environmental problems. Quarterly report, April 1 - June 30, 1996

Short progress reports are presented for the following tasks: Task 001 development and demonstration of a practical electric downhole steam generator for thermal recovery of heavy oil and tar; Task 002 wetting behavior of selected crude oil/brine/rock systems; Task 004 the impact of leachate from clean coal technology waste on the stability of clay liners; Task 006 injection into coal seams for simultaneous CO[sub 2] mitigation and enhanced recovery of coalbed methane; Task 008 chemical sensor and field screening technology development; Task 009 demonstration of the Koppleman ''Series C''process using a batch test unit with Powder River Basin coal as feed; Task 011 market assessment and technical feasibility study of PFBC ash use; Task 013 (Old Task 5.6) contained recovery of oily wastes field demonstration with Bell Lumber and Pole; Task 015 (Old Task 5. 26) insitu treatment of manufactured gas plant contaminated soils; Task 016 development and demonstration of a wood-fired gas turbine system; Task 018 acid-mine drainage prevention, control, and treatment development for the Stockett/Sand Coulee area; and Task 019 PERF dispersion modeling project--phase 2 major field demonstration.

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Investigation of coal gasification catalysis reaction mechanisms. Quarterly technical progress report, April-June 1981. [Catalytic effects on gasification of chars by CO/sub 2/]

This is the third quarterly report on the research program entitled Investigations of Coal Gasification Reaction Mechanisms being performed under Contract DE-AC21-80MC14592. Coal char, with and without catalysts consisting of alkali metal carbonates and alkali and alkaline earth hydroxides, will be gasified with H/sub 2/O, H/sub 2/, CO/sub 2/, and mixtures of gases. Physical measurements including optical microscopy, SEM, NMR, IR, ESR, and XPS will be conducted on the char residues following varying degrees of gasification. These measurements will be used to define reaction mechanisms consistent with the experimental data and provide a basis for developing mathematical models of the reaction kinetics. This report presents the data obtained in the gasification of K/sub 2/CO/sub 3/-catalyzed and noncatalyzed coal chars with CO/sub 2/ and the results of analyses and physical measurements made on the char residues of the gasification experiments. Gasification rate tests have been conducted at temperatures ranging from 650 to 850/sup 0/C and at pressures varying from 0.1 to 3.5 MPa. The presence of the catalyst accelerates CO/sub 2/ gasification by an order of magnitude or more. The relationship between the gasification rates and temperature and pressure differ for catalyzed and noncatalyzed chars. Physical and chemical analyses of the char residues indicate that the conversion of K/sub 2/CO/sub 3/ catalyst to K/sub 2/SO/sub 4/, initiated during the charring process, continues throughout the gasification step. The presence of carbonyl groups in partially gasified char residues has been shown by /sup 13/C NMR and FTIR spectra.

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Shale gas in the southern central area of New York State:  Part II. Experience of locating and drilling four shale-gas wells in New York State

Four shale-gas wells have been located and drilled in the south-central area of New York State as part of this project. The four wells that were drilled are: the Rathbone well, in Steuben County, was located on the north side of a graben, in an old shale-gas field; it penetrated the Rhinestreet, Geneseo and Marcellus shales. Artificial stimulation was performed in the Rhinestreet, without marked success, and in the Marcellus; the latter formation has a calculated open flow of 110 Mcf/day and appears capable of initial production of 100 Mcf/day against a back-pressure of 500 psi. The Dansville well, in Livingston County, tested the Geneseo and Marcellus shales at shallower depth. Artificial stimulation was performed in the Marcellus. The calculated open flow is 95 Mcf/day, and the well appears capable of initial production of 70 Mcf/day against a back-pressure of 300 psi. The Erwin and N. Corning wells, both near Corning in Steuben County, were designed to test the possibility of collecting gas from a fractured conduit layer connecting to other fracture systems in the Rhinestreet shale. The N. Corning well failed; the expected conduit was found to be only slightly fractured. The Erwin well encountered a good initial show of gas at the conduit, but the gas flow was not maintained; even after artificial stimulation the production is only 10 Mcf/day. The present conclusion is that the most likely source of shale gas in south-central New York is the Marcellus shale formation. Important factors not yet established are the decline rate of Marcellus production and the potential of the Geneseo after stimulation.

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Shale gas in the southern central area of New York State:  Part I. How to find and develop shale gas in New York State

The Appalachian Basin contains vast volumes of shale gas, and a significant potion of this is contained in three shales in south-central New York - the Rhinestreet, the Geneseo and the Marcellus. The economics of shale-gas exploration in New York are not very attractive to the large oil and gas companies, which seek a rapid return on their investments. The situation may be quite different for organizations which are more concerned with security of supply and stability of cost; these may include manufacturing companies, colleges, hospitals, state institutions and industrial or agricultural cooperatives. For these, production of even a modest 50 Mcf/day/well, declining slowly over many years, would be appealing if it could be guaranteed. To date three wells have been artificially fractured in the Marcellus shale of New York, and all three appear to be producers. This is only a small sample, and one of the wells is known to have encountered natural fractures. However, it does raise the possibility that (while nothing in exploration can be truly guaranteed) the chances of extracting at least some gas from the Marcellus - using modern fracturing techniques - are good. The chances are improved if geological techniques can identify zones of a suitable degree of natural fracturing in the shale. These techniques are aided by detailed structure maps of the shale units; such a map has been prepared for the Geneseo shale, as part of this project. The present conclusion is that the most likely source of shale gas in south-central New York is the Marcellus formation. Shale-gas wells should be drilled with air. The dry open hole should be logged with gamma-ray, density, temperature and noise logs. The shale should be artificially fractured using a nitrogen stimulation technique. Recommendations are given for each of these steps in the text.

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Rock matrix and fracture analysis of flow in western tight gas sands: 1986 annual report

This report presents progress for the second year of a five-year project concerned with the pore structure and flow properties of low permeability gas sands. The main objective of work during the first year was to carry out advanced core analysis on cores recovered from the Multi-Well Field Experiment. In Phase 2, the properties of both fractured and non-fractured samples (hereafter referred to as matrix) have been studied. Special attention was given to the combined effect of overburden pressure and water saturation on gas flow. 11 refs., 18 figs., 4 tabs.

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Advanced Environmental Control Technology Program

The Department of Energy has established the Advanced Environmental Control Technology Program to protect the environment while supporting the development of more efficient and acceptable technologies utilizing domestic fossil fuels. This program consolidates cleanup efforts in ongoing technology-specific DOE programs (such as combustion and gasification, and cleanup projects transferred from EPA to DOE) with new project initiates into a coordinated program that addresses cleanup technology development. There are numerous problems associated with using coal to replace oil and gas as a primary fuel. Sulfur, nitrogen, alkali and halogen compounds, and mineral particulate matter, all found in varying proportions in the domestic coals, are released during gasification and combustion. These contaminants of coal, as well as the soot and tars produced by incomplete combustion or gasification, can potentially degrade the performance of the energy-producing system.

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Advanced coal-fueled gas turbine systems: Semi-annual report for the period January-June 1987

The Department of Energy initiated the Advanced Coal-Fueled Gas Turbine Systems Program as an R and D effort to establish the technology base for the commercial application of direct coal-fired gas turbines. Westinghouse Electric Corporation began work on this program on July 24, 1986. During the 6-month reporting period described here, effort has concentrated on the Subscale Combustion System. This is the second semiannual technical progress report for the program. After a brief introduction, a program overview is presented. Following this, accomplishments in the above task are discussed.

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Characterization of solids mixing in a laboratory-scale fluidized bed: Final report

The objective of the present study was the demonstration of the capability of a novel optical measurement technique to characterize the mixing of solids in a laboratory-scale fluidized bed at fluidized-bed combustion temperatures. This report contains: (1) description of the measurement technique; (2) results of minimum fluidization velocity measurements as functions of temperature and particle size; (3) experimental mixing results in terms of two parameters defined for the purpose of solids mixing characterization; and (4) comparison of experimental data with the results obtained from a simple one-dimensional dispersion model. The technical basis for the experimental study was the recent development of an optical diagnostic technique which allows one to distinguish a burning particle from inert particles at an arbitrarily chosen location in the interior of a high-temperature fluidized bed. In the present application of this technique, continuous radiometric records were obtained simultaneously from optical probes placed at two locations in a fluidized bed, 15 cm in diameter. The basic concept was a correlation of arrival times and frequencies, registered by the probes, of fuel particles, injected at various distances from the probes. A general conclusion from both the experimental and modeling results is that at fluidization velocities exceeding about 2.3 U/sub mf/ the fuel and the inert bed particles are well mixed. It is also concluded that the solids dispersion coefficients for larger fluidized bed combustors should be as high as, or higher than, those reported in the present study. 24 refs., 6 figs., 10 tabs.

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Recarbonation of retorted oil shale: The influence on mineralogy and leachate chemistry

The objectives of this study were as follows: Characterize, in detail, the mineralogy of a restored oil shale unaffected by moisture and carbon dioxide; characterize, in detail, the mineralogy of hydrated and recarbonated retorted oil shale; determine the solubility of major, minor, and trace elements in retorted oil shale as a function of hydration and recarbonation and experimental variables (e.g., solid:solution ratio, reaction time, temperature,6074 ); thermochemically characterize retorted oil shale and hydrated and recarbonated retorted oil shale aqueous extracts to provide an indirect characterization of mineralogy; examine the leaching behavior of chemical constituents as a function of hydration and recarbonation under saturated flow conditions. Detailed mineralogical characterizations were conducted through the use of indirect and direct methods of analysis. Equilibrium solubility experiments were conducted to indirectly characterize and evaluate the mineralogical alterations in retorted oil shale as a function of time, carbon dioxide partial pressure, temperature, and solid:solution ratio. Analytical solution data from these experiments were used as input to a geochemical model to predict trace and minor phase mineralogy. Direct mineralogical characterization was accomplished through x-ray diffraction analysis following the nondestructive preconcentration of mineral phases into distinct physicochemical subfractions. Elemental solubilities as a function of recarbonation were obtained from the equilibrium experiments. Finally, the leaching behavior of trace and major chemical constituents as influenced by hydration and recarbonation was evaluated using columns packed with retorted oil shale and leached under saturated flow conditions. 38 refs., 34 figs., 26 tabs.

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Project C-CLEAR:  an assessment of commercial coal liquefaction process equipment performance and supply

A broad-brushed assessment was made of the risks involved in using commercially available equipment in full-scale coal liquefaction and gasification plant. Flow diagrams and equipment lists were prepared for a generalized coal liquefaction process based on published data for commercial coal liquefaction and gasification plants. The equipment lists developed show that 225 different types of equipment services are required. With redundancies and active spares, 526 equipment items are identified for each of the five streams of the full-scale coal liquefaction plant. Both the performance risks and the supply risks attending the use of commercial technology and equipment were evaluated. About four percent of the equipment items are in the high risk performance category. They require significant development efforts before present equipment and technology can be used, with confidence, in a full-scale plant. Fifteen percent of the equipment items identified in the study were found to be in size coal particles and choice of a high-softening-point coal would alleviate the coking. 19 references.

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Effects of H/sub 2/S on molten carbonate fuel cells. Literature survey of water-gas shift reaction

A vast difference of opinion currently exists with regard to the effect of H/sub 2/S-containing fuel gases on the rate of the water gas shift reaction in state-of-the-art molten carbonate fuel cell anodes. One position is that the water gas shift reaction will ultimately be poisoned by the H/sub 2/S regardless of concentration. Another position is that H/sub 2/S will have very little effect on the rate of the water gas shift reaction at concentrations as high as 10 ppM/v. When using fuel gases with high CO concentrations, the rapid attainment of equilibrium with respect to the water gas shift reaction is essential for high fuel gas conversions and good fuel cell performance. Therefore, resolving this difference of opinion is considered important in defining the requisite gas stream cleanup for coal gasification/molten carbonate fuel cell power plants where the CO may represent up to 50% of the fuel content of the fuel gas. This report summarizes the results of a recent review conducted by the Institute of Gas Technology under contract to the DOE on this subject. Our review indicates that both stated positions have some merit when the details of the experiments are taken into account. We have found that H/sub 2/S decreases the rate of the water gas shift reaction but that the magnitude of the decrease depends to a large extent upon the molten carbonate fuel cell anode composition. Anodes with significant chromium contents (approx. 10 wt %) appear to demonstrate greater activity for promoting this water gas shift reaction in the presence of H/sub 2/S than anodes without. Based on recent experiments conducted at IGT, it was found that a 90% nickel/10% chrome anode maintain about 30% of its initial activity in promoting the water gas shift reaction in the presence of between 5 and 30 ppM/v. On the other hand, under similar conditions, a 100% nickel anode was found to retain less than 3% of its initial activity. 11 references.

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Gas turbine component screening program fuel flexible combustor: Final report

An advanced two stage slagging, high-pressure gas turbine combustion system for burning coal-water mixtures was designed, built and tested. The combustor was 1/10 scale in volume of that required for the Solar Centaur gas turbine engine. The combustor featured a rich primary zone with hot refractory walls. Molten slag separation in the primary zone was accomplished inertially using a form of jet impaction. The secondary zone was operated in the lean mode and also incorporated hot refractory walls. The rich-lean approach was chosen to minimize the production of NO/sub x/ by both thermal conversion of atmospheric nitrogen and conversion of fuel bound nitrogen. The purpose of this program was to move into the next phase of an overall program to demonstrate the operation of a gas turbine engine burning coal fuel. The data and experience gained from a previous contract (AC21-83MC20229) were utilized in the design and testing of this combustor. The major differences in this combustor compared to the previous one are: a shorter, larger diameter primary zone to reduce surface to volume ratio, an annular gap slag pit to improve slag removal, an improved fuel injector, elimination of air-cooled walls in the secondary and increased size (1/10 scale instead of 1/12).

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