AndreaBozzo/ceres-open-data-index huggingface dataset:
Improved CO/sub 2/ enhanced oil recovery mobility control by in-situ chemical precipitation: Annual report for the period September 1985 to September 1986

The objective of this study is to develop a process that will increase ultimate oil recovery and will improve the operational economics of CO/sub 2/ flooding over current state-of-the-art practices. The specific goals of the research work are: to determine and evaluate the optimum conditions and materials for chemical precipitation over a realistic range of reservoir pressures and temperatures; to evaluate the permeability alteration by in-situ chemical precipitation in core samples; to extend the laboratory results to predict the outcome of the field application by modeling and computer simulation; and to determine the expected increase oil recovery through application of the in-situ precipitation to a specific target reservoir. During year one, the following tasks and subtask were completed: Task I - technology review; Task II - experimental design, construction and calibration; and subtask I - precipitation formation of Task III. Accomplishments for these tasks are discussed. The comparison of the ambient and PVT cell test results of precipitation formation indicate that both CaCl/sub 2/ and BaCl/sub 2/ have potential for use in core tests. However, at this time the BaCl/sub 2/ appears to be the better choice. 4 tabs.

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Recovery of oil from Utah's Tar Sands. Final report, December 1, 1979-March 31, 1983

Work was focused in the following main areas: water assisted extraction of bitumens, quality and disposal of tailings, and raw bitumen clean-up; thermal recovery of bitumens in a fluidized-bed characterization of bitumen obtained and coked sand combustion; recovery of heat from hot burned sand; upgrading of raw bitumens from water extraction and thermally produced bitumens including in situ recovered material. This report covers in particular the following: investigation of the effect of bitumen viscosity in hot water extraction of tar sands and bitumen concentrate cleaning and a study of the use of an air sparged hydroclone in bitumen recovery; thermal recovery of bitumen from two additional Utah tar sands: Tar Sand Triangle and Whiterocks; upgrading of tar sand bitumens by the processing sequences; coking followed by hydrotreating of product and hydropyrolysis followed by hydrotreating of product; experimental and theoretical studies of a fluidized-bed pyrolysis reactor with a coked sand combination reactor with transfer of heat from the combustor to the pyrolysis reactor by means of potassium filled heat pipe.

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The effects of fly ash and flue-gas desulfurization wastes on groundwater quality in a reclaimed lignite strip mine disposal site: Volume I: Final report

Coal conversion wastes were generated at a lignite-fired, steam-electric power station near Center, North Dakota, and were buried in unsaturated and saturated settings within the nearby strip mine, typical of settings used by the industry. The field study of the effects of fly ash and flue gas desulfurization (FGD) wasts on groundwater quality in a reclaimed lignite strip mine disposal site ran for eight years beginning in 1978. Chemical analyses for major cations and anions, As, Se, Mo, Ba, Pb, Cr, Hg, and other constituents were performed on groundwater samples from selected settings and strata. Fly ash and the FGD waste initially generate highly mineralized leachates from entrained water. Fly ash generates an initially high ph leachate. FGD wastes produce normal (6-9) pH values. Leachate pH is quickly buffered to the six to nine range within the sediments. Arsenic and selenium are simultaneously attenuated to acceptable levels. Lead, cadmium, and barium are maintained at low levels by sulfate and carbonate precipitation reactions. Molybdenum remains mobile in this hydrogeochemical setting. The cation exchange capacity of Na-montmorillonite clays may account for decreases in calcium and increases in sodium concentration levels with depth. Sulfate concentration levels decline with depth where bacterially-induced sulfate reduction apparentlay occurs. Pozzolanic activity within the fly ash deposits, in both saturated and unsaturated settings, apparently reduces the mobility of all constituents. A disposal site, well above the reestablished groundwater table, protected from recharge, is considered the best setting for disposal of these wastes because very little leachates forms. Lined disposal sites are therefore unnecessary to control regulated trace elements, but would be necessary to contain sodium, calcium, sulfate, and molybdenum migration in saturated settings. 30 refs., 256 figs., 6 tabs.

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Heat engines

For the past decade, the Department of Energy (DOE) has sponsored projects to develop diesel and gas turbine engines capable of operating on low-cost, coal-based fuels. Much of the current work addresses the use of coal-water fuel (CWF) in diesel and turbines, although there is some work with dry coal feed and other coal fuels. Both the diesel and gas turbine portions of the program include proof-of-concept and support projects. Specific highlights of the program include: engine tests and economic analyses have shown that CWF can replace 70% of the diesel oil used in the duty cycle of a typical main-line locomotive; A. D. Little and Cooper-Bessemer completed a system and economic study of coal-fueled diesel engines for modular power and industrial cogeneration markets. The coal-fueled diesel was found to be competitive at fuel oil prices of $5.50 per million British thermal units (MBtu,7557 ); Over 200 hours of testing have been completed using CWF in full-scale, single-cylinder diesel engines. Combustion efficiencies have exceeded 99%; Both CWF and dry coal fuel forms can be burned in short residence time   in-line''combustors and in   off-base''combustors with a combustion efficiency of over 99%; Rich/lean combustion systems employed by the three major DOE contractors have demonstrated low NO{sub x} emmissions levels; Contractors have also achieved promising results for controlling sulfur oxide (SO{sub x}) emissions using calcium-based sorbents; Slagging combustors have achieved between 65 and 95% slag capture, which will limit particulate loading on pre-turbine cleanup devices. For many of the gas turbine and diesel applications emission standards do not exist. Our goal is to develop coal-fueled diesels and gas turbines that not only meet all applicable emission standards that do exist, but also are capable of meeting possible future standards. 34 refs., 9 figs., 5 tabs.

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Low-rank coal research: Quarterly technical progress report for the period April-June 1986

The UNDERC quarterly report involves testing use of cooling water made up of heated Great Plains gasification plant waste water, the preparation of coal slurries made of hot water dried low rank coal, boiler fouling by ash deposits, fluidized-bed combustion (including materials testing), slurries and particulates combustion, pyrolysis, devolatilization, etc.

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Development of molten carbonate fuel cell power plant. Quarterly technical progress report, November 1, 1981-January 31, 1982

Work proceeded this quarter mainly under three program tasks. Under Task 1.0, the four candidate power plant configurations were ranked and the Steam Injection System was recommended as the reference plant design. The Steam Injection System was chosen based on its overall simplicity, high performance level, balance of plant state-of-technology readiness and economic attractiveness. Work was initiated on refinement of fuel cell piping costs. Under Task 2.0, work continued on cell component (anode, cathode, current collector and electrolyte) development and stack design and analysis. Corrosion test results after 1000 hours in fuel gas and 3000 hours in cathode gas are reported for 310SS, 316SS, 446SS, chromium, IN690, and GE2541. In the cathode environment, 310SS and GE2541 show good thermal cycling properties, whereas the other alloys show scale spalling during thermal cycling. Examination of a Ni-clad 316SS anode current collector tested in a cell for 2000 hours shows second phase precipitates along the grain boundaries of the nickel. Experiments with different grades of nickel in an anode atmosphere were started in order to evaluate the effects of impurities present in the metals. Under Task 4.0, work continued on installation of the bench scale single cell test facilities, one atmospheric and one pressurized (up to 10 atm), which will be used in cell testing with contaminants in the fuel and oxidant. (WHK)

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Development of molten carbonate fuel cell power plant. Quarterly technical progress report, August 1, 1982-October 31, 1982

Work proceeded this quarter under three program tasks. Under Task 1.0, work was completed on the reference power plant design description. Under Task 2.0, work continued on the development of materials, anode, cathode and electrolyte, and on stack design and analysis. Long term corrosion tests of current collector alloy specimens continued, with 310SS, GE2541 and Aggalloy showing adherent scale formation in the cathode gas atmosphere after 7000 hours. A number of alternate cathode materials were fabricated and tested for conductivity, solubility and stability. A new conductivity measurement device has been partially constructed. Under Task 4.0, testing of the effects of hydrocarbons in the fuel on the operation of carbonate fuel cells was completed. This series of tests has shown that small amounts of organic compounds do not adversely affect fuel cell operation. Testing of a cell with H/sub 2/S contamination in the fuel has proceeded for over 1700 hours. Cell performance decreased with increasing concentrations of H/sub 2/S, as would be expected, but also recovered substantially when clean fuel gas was introduced for a period of 378 hours. (WHK)

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New concepts for improving oil recovery in carbon dioxide flooding: Final report, September 4, 1984-March 4, 1987

The conclusions that can be drawn from the 3-dimensional physical simulator system are as follows: 1. The 3-D laboratory simulator is capable of evaluating the effect of different injection and production schemes. This work compared the use of vertical and horizonal injection wells in miscible carbon dioxide flooding. Other combinations of injection/production schemes could be studied as well. 2. A relative increase in oil production of approximately 24% is seen when utilizing the horizontal well for carbon dioxide injection as compared to a vertical injection well. 3. An approximate economic analysis indicates that the additional oil recovery generated can more than offset the cost of the horizontal lateral drilling. 4. The horizontal injector resulted in lower instantaneous gas-oil ratios when compared to the vertical injection well. This is most likely due to the more efficient contact between carbon dioxide and the oil that is created by the horizontal well. 5. For the laboratory simulator, the investigators saw no real effect of carbon dioxide injection rate (or velocity) on the recovery results. The follow conclusions can be drawn from the polymerization project: 1) An apparatus was constructed that permits in situ generation of polymers in supercritical carbon dioxide and also allows the measurement of the viscosity of any resultant carbon dioxide/polymer system. 2) Light olefins may be readily polymerized in an environment of supercritical carbon dioxide using commonly available initiators. 3) While polymers have been made, no apparent viscosity increases have been measured. 38 refs.

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Handbook for personal computer versions enhanced oil recovery predictive models: Supporting technology for enhanced oil recovery

The personal computer (PC) programs described in this handbook were adapted from the Tertiary Oil Recovery Information System (TORIS) enhanced oil recovery (EOR) predictive models. The models, both those developed for the Department of Energy and those developed for the National Petroleum Council (NPC), were designed by Scientific Software-Intercomp and were used in the 1984 NPC study on the national potential for enhanced oil recovery. The Department of Energy, Bartlesville Project Office, supported the NPC study and has maintained the models since the study was completed. 10 refs.

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Mud pulse logging while drilling telemetry system:  design, development, and demonstrations

Mud pulse telemetry is a method of transmitting information from the vicinity of the drill bit to the surface drilling platform while drilling. Information can be conveyed through a flowing column of drilling mud by the presence or absence of pressure pulses arranged in a binary code. Pressure in the flowing mud column is periodically modulated at a point downhole by mechanical means, and the resulting periodic pressure pulses appearing at the surface end of the mud column are detected by a pressure transducer conveniently located in the standpipe. Although the concept of mud-pulse telemetry is not new, only recently have sophisticated systems embodying mud-powered turbine generators and solid-state electronics been developed to the point of being able to withstand the hostile downhole environment. After ten years of active technology development and over $10 million of R and D expenditures, Teleco has demonstrated through field tests carried out in the Gulf of Mexico during 1977, that equipment reliability necessary for commercial operation is essentially at hand. Three generations of prototype systems were tested under actual drilling conditions during 1968 through 1977. Using eight new production systems, Teleco began a Pilot Service Demonstration in August 1977, under a contract with the U.S. Department of Energy and six major oil companies. Each system consisting of a sensor assembly and mud pulse telemetry transmitter measures borehole azimuth, inclination, and tool facing. Accurate directional measurements have been provided from kick-off through to target depth with minimum interruption to the drilling operation. Tool face information has been used to successfully kick-off directional wells using both mud motor and jet deflection techniques. Equipment reliability, as indicated by recent test runs of 254 and 272 hours of drilling with two separate systems, without failure, is approaching the level needed for commercial service.

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Simultaneous removal of NO/sub x/, SO/sub x/, and particulates from flue gas by a moving bed of copper oxide

This report describes a single-stage, continuous process for simultaneously removing 90% of the NO/sub x/, 90% of the SO/sub x/, and 99.9% of the particulate material from flue gas from coal-fired combustion sources. The process uses a novel contactor/filter with a moving-bed of copper oxide absorber-catalyst. The contactor/filter was tested at 400/degree/C for NO/sub x//SO/sub x/ removal, and at room temperature for particule removal. The inlet concentration levels were 3000 ppM SO/sub 2/, 500 ppM NO, and 11.5 g/Nm/sup 3/ (5 gr/scf) of fly ash, which correspond to combustion of Illinois No. 6 coal with 20% excess air. The system demonstrated 90% NO/sub x/, 90% SO/sub x/, and 99.9% particulate removal with a Cu/S ratio of 1.02, NH/sub 3//NO ratio of 0.92, gas-solid contact time of 0.52 seconds, catalyst utilization of 88%, and a total pressure drop of less than 1.5 kPa (6 in. of water). These results met the objectives of the program. 18 refs., 34 figs., 5 tabs.

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Fundamental aspects of coal-water fuel droplet combustion and secondary atomization of coal-water mixtures: Final report: Volume 1

This Final Report is issued in two volumes, covering research into the combustion of coal-water fuels. Two separate but related tasks are discussed: Volume I, contains results obtained under Task 1 - ''Fundamental Aspects of Coal-Water Fuel Droplet Combustion''; Volume II describes the work of Task 2 - ''Secondary Atomization of Coal Water Mixtures,''which included experimental measurements in a Spray Test Facility and in the 1 to 3 MW/sub th/ Combustion Research Facility. The processes of devolatilization and char combustion were studied in a laminar flow reactor (LFR) by two experimental procedures. In the first of these, a CWF droplet generator was developed and used to feed CWF droplets directly into the LFR. The CWF droplet generator, which consists of a twin-fluid, internally-mixed atomizer and a series of skimmers to reduce the feed rate of droplets into the LFR, is capable of producing CWF droplets in the size range of 5 to 500 micrometers at feed rates of less than 3 mg/sec. In the second parallel study, solid samples withdrawn from a CWF spray flame, close to the atomizing nozzle, were size graded and fed into the LFR in low particle concentrations. Their combustion history in the LFR was determined by monitoring the intensity of radiation emitted by individual particles during combustion (by two-color pyrometry) and by the use of high speed cinematography. The study has established the importance of rotation induced by the volatile evolution on the break up of coal-aggregates and the release of ash particles. 24 refs., 25 figs.

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Coal gasification pilot plant support studies. Subtask 1-1. Effects of process variables on the initial gasification reactions of noncaking coals. Topical report, April 1978-April 1980

The primary objective of this investigation was to develop the necessary fundamental kinetic information needed to predict the yields of devolatilization products during the initial stages of hydrogasification of noncaking coals. 56 devolatilization tests were conducted with three different subbituminous coals: Colorado subbituminous B (CSB), Wyodak (W-38), and Adaville (W-16). All three are low-sulfur, Western coals that were chosen for this study mainly because they are abundant in reserve and have a low O/C atomic ratio. The devolatilization tests were conducted over a temperature range of 800/sup 0/ to 1400/sup 0/F at 35 atmospheres in either helium or hydrogen. Both isothermal and nonisothermal experiments were conducted. The limiting yield parameters of these coals were obtained from the experimental results using a previously developed procedure. The previously developed kinetic model described the devolatilization behavior of the three coals satisfactorily with respect to CO, CO/sub 2/, CH/sub 4/, C/sub 2/H/sub 6/, and H/sub 2/O yields. The model was unable to predict the yield of heavy hydrocarbons. Correlations were developed for determining the limiting yields of the oxygenated species, CO, CO/sub 2/, and H/sub 2/O, from all coals using only the atomic O/C ratio of the raw coal. In general, the kinetic model works well for subbituminous and lignite coals. However, additional work with higher ranked coals will expand the applicability of the model. Also, much effort is needed to improve the prediction of heavy hydrocarbons and oils. Studies aimed at determining the origin of the devolatilization products from the raw coal will be a great help in understanding the mechanism of devolatilization and will undoubtedly yield valuable kinetic information.

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Systems model of the iron oxide hot gas clean-up process. Volume II. Hotgas user's manual. Final report, September 1979-December 1980. [HOTGAS code]

The HOTGAS code is a computerized implementation of models for process units which are used in the Morgantown Energy Technology Center (METC) H/sub 2/S - Hot Producer Gas Cleanup Process. The types of process units that have been modeled include absorption and regeneration towers, heat exchangers, heaters and separators. The code is modular and can accommodate models of other types of units provided they are equipped with standard HOTGAS interfaces. This manual discusses methods for simulating a variety of closed loop and open loop configurations including individual units.

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Depositional Environments, Subsurface Stratigraphy, and Post- Burn Characterization of the Paleocene-Eocene Hanna Formation at the Hanna, Wyoming Underground Coal Gasification Site: Hanna III Experiment

During the summer of 1981 the Laramie Energy Technology Center conducted a post-burn coring program at the Hanna III Underground Coal Gasification site, Hanna, Wyoming. Detailed geologic studies were conducted on the altered and unaltered overburden as well as an analysis of the burn cavity. The overburden consists of about 46m of Paleocene-Eocene Hanna formation above the Hanna No. 1 coal seam used in the burn. The overburden contains two basic lithologic units: Unit A consists of very fine-grained sandstones, siltstones, and claystones deposited as a lacustrine delta. Unit A is immediately above the Hanna No. 1 coal. Unit B is above Unit A and consists of carbonaceous shales and mudstones containing isolated lenticular and tabular sandstone bodies deposited in a meandering fluvial system. The Hanna No. 1 coal accumulated in a poorly drained swamp that was subject to clastic flooding from an adjacent fluvial system. A reactor cavity 26m x 16m x 15m was formed during the burn and partially filled with rubble and three types of pyrometamorphic rock: paralava, paralava breccia, and buchite. The lithology, thickness, and lateral continuity of Unit A had a definite influence on the success of the experiment as the growth of the reactor cavity was contained completely within the lithologic unit.

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Particulate sampling and characterization in coal-gasification systems:  fine-particulates behavior in species concentration and temperature-gradient fields. Volume I. 1. Introduction and background sections. 2. Part I. Straight tube sampling probe. Final report. [Particulate sampling from a straight tube and from a continuous stirred-tank reactor]

Particulate sampling experiments were carried out sampling both from a straight tube and from a continuous stirred tank reactor. Mathematical models for both were developed. For the straight tube case: flow rate was important; sedimentation was important for particles > 5 ..mu..m in a horizontal pipe; thermophoresis was important if temperature gradients existed; Brownian motion, condensation and nucleation and coagulation were less important in the experimental conditions. For sampling from the stirred tank reactor, a different model was necessary. Thermophoresis was important with high temperature gradients; with fine particles (< 0.1 ..mu..m) Brownian diffusion and at high concentrations, coagulation were important; for larger particles (> 1 ..mu..m) sedimentation was more important. (LTN)

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Particulate sampling and characterization in coal-gasification systems:  fine-particulates behavior in species concentration and temperature-gradient fields. Volume II. 1. Part II:  well-mixed tank (CSTR). Final report. [Particulate sampling from a continuous stirred tank reactor]

Particulate sampling experiments were carried out sampling both from a straight tube and from a continuous stirred tank reactor. Mathematical models for both were developed. Volume 2 is devoted to sampling from the stirred tank reactor; a different model was necessary. Thermophoresis was important with high temperature gradients; with fine particles (> 0.1 ..mu..m) Brownian diffusion and, at high concentrations, coagulation were important; for larger particles (> 1 ..mu..m) sedimentation was more important. (LTN)

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