AndreaBozzo/ceres-open-data-index huggingface dataset:
Bench-scale demonstration of hot-gas desulfurization technology. Quarterly technical progress report, October 1--December 31, 1993

Research Triangle Institute (RTI) with DOE/METC sponsorship has been developing zinc titanate sorbent technology since 1986. In addition, RTI has been developing the Direct Sulfur Recovery Process (DSRP) with DOE/METC sponsorship since 1988. Fluidized-bed zinc titanate desulfurization coupled to the DSRP is currently the most advanced and attractive technology for sulfur removal/recovery for IGCC systems, and it has recently been proposed in a Clean Coal Technology project. The goal of this project is to continue further development of the zinc titanate desulfurization and DSRP technologies by: scaling up the zinc titanate reactor system; developing an integrated skid-mounted zinc titanate desulfurization-DSRP reactor system; testing the integrated system over an extended period with real coal-gas from an operating gasifier to quantify the degradative effect, if any, of the trace contaminants present in coal gas; developing an engineering database suitable for system scaleup; and designing, fabricating and commissioning a larger DSRP reactor system capable of operating on a six-fold greater volume of gas than the DSRP reactor used in the bench-scale field test. During this reporting period the Construction Permit Application was completed and approved by the Process Safety Committee, and a final revised Application has been submitted to DOE/METC. A draft Test Plan for the field test was formulated. Finally, progress was made in the reactor system fabrication with the submission of purchase orders for nearly all major equipment, and with the final design of the trailer (mobile laboratory).

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Ground movements associated with gas hydrate production. Progress report, April 1, 1992--June 30, 1992

An obvious consequence of hydrate dissociation is the compression of reservoir matrix causing displacements in the surrounding area. The reservoir compression is a time-dependent process which depends on the production rate. The ground movements cause additional stresses in the overburden which may result in rock mass fracture and failure. Rock failure may cause rubble formation or bulking in the fracture zone. This in turn can cause an increase in permeability for gas flow which may offset the reduction in permeability caused by closure of existing fractures during reservoir compression. The mechanics of ground movements during hydrate production can be more closely simulated by considering similarities with ground movements associated with subsidence in permafrost regions. The purpose of this research work is to investigate the potential strata movements associated with hydrate production by considering similarities with ground movements in permafrost regions. The work primarily involves numerical modeling of subsidence caused by hydrate dissociation. The investigation is based on the theories of continuum mechanics, thermomechanical behavior of frozen geo-materials, principles of rock mechanics and geomechanics. It is expected that some phases of the investigation will involve the use of finite element method, which is a powerful computer-based method which has been widely used in many areas of science and engineering. Parametric studies will be performed to predict expected strata movements and surface subsidence for different reservoir conditions and properties of geological materials. The results from this investigation will be useful in predicting the magnitude of the subsidence problem associated with gas hydrate production. The analogy of subsidence in permafrost regions may provide lower bounds for subsidence expected in hydrate reservoirs. Furthermore, it is anticipated that the results will provide insight into planning of hydrate recovery operations.

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Sampling and analyses report for June 1992 semiannual postburn sampling at the RM1 UCG site, Hanna, Wyoming

The Rocky Mountain 1 (RMl) underground coal gasification (UCG) test was conducted from November 16, 1987 through February 26, 1988 (United Engineers and Constructors 1989) at a site approximately one mile south of Hanna, Wyoming. The test consisted of dual module operation to evaluate the controlled retracting injection point (CRIP) technology, the elongated linked well (ELW) technology, and the interaction of closely spaced modules operating simultaneously. The test caused two cavities to be formed in the Hanna No. 1 coal seam and associated overburden. The Hanna No. 1 coal seam is approximately 30 ft thick and lays at depths between 350 ft and 365 ft below the surface in the test area. The coal seam is overlain by sandstones, siltstones and claystones deposited by various fluvial environments. The groundwater monitoring was designed to satisfy the requirements of the Wyoming Department of Environmental Quality (WDEQ) in addition to providing research data toward the development of UCG technology that minimizes environmental impacts. The June 1992 semiannual groundwater.sampling took place from June 10 through June 13, 1992. This event occurred nearly 34 months after the second groundwater restoration at the RM1 site and was the fifteenth sampling event since UCG operations ceased. Samples were collected for analyses of a limited suite set of parameters as listed in Table 1. With a few exceptions, the groundwater is near baseline conditions. Data from the field measurements and analysis of samples are presented. Benzene concentrations in the groundwater were below analytical detection limits.

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Innovative directional and position specific sampling technique. Phase 2, Final report, [July 28, 1992--February 15, 1994]

UTD, Incorporated has developed a unique real-time, in-situ POsition LOcation (POLO) device which will directly enhance the Department of Energy`s Environmental Restoration and Waste Management Program through improvements to finding contamination, identifying extent of contamination, remediating, and finally monitoring sites. POLO is smaller than existing technology and is unaffected by the presence of steel and other magnetic materials. The size of the device offers for the first time, the possibility to accurately determine the location of a penetrometer. It will be usable, in its present form, to map the position of a sampling device as that device is inserted into the ground. A three phase program was proposed to DOE to take the POLO System through the three levels of maturity prior to commercialization. Phase 1 included the design and testing of individual components of the device and met or exceeded success criteria. Phase 2 has included laboratory-scale tracking experiments of the integrated POLO System that have met or exceeded the success criterion as well. The success criterion is to demonstrate path tracking accuracy with a total error of less than 0.50% of the distance traveled for distances less than 70 meters. In Phase 3 we will develop and test a full-scale POLO System and conclude with a field demonstration. The goal of the Phase 3 effort is to achieve the same 0.50% accuracy or better with respect to the distance traveled for distances less than 70 meters in the field as was demonstrated in laboratory tests in the earlier phases. The final report details the design of a realistic laboratory-scale penetrometer path and describes the POLO tracking experiments that were conducted. Plans for demonstrations as well as commercialization and technology transfer with DOE field sites are described, highlighting the expected smooth transition to full-scale production.

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Geophysical data fusion for subsurface imaging. Phase 1

A geophysical data fusion methodology is under development to combine data from complementary geophysical sensors and incorporate geophysical understanding to obtain three dimensional images of the subsurface. The research reported here is the first phase of a three phase project. The project focuses on the characterization of thin clay lenses (aquitards) in a highly stratified sand and clay coastal geology to depths of up to 300 feet. The sensor suite used in this work includes time-domain electromagnetic induction (TDEM) and near surface seismic techniques. During this first phase of the project, enhancements to the acquisition and processing of TDEM data were studied, by use of simulated data, to assess improvements for the detection of thin clay layers. Secondly, studies were made of the use of compressional wave and shear wave seismic reflection data by using state-of-the-art high frequency vibrator technology. Finally, a newly developed processing technique, called ``data fusion,`` was implemented to process the geophysical data, and to incorporate a mathematical model of the subsurface strata. Examples are given of the results when applied to real seismic data collected at Hanford, WA, and for simulated data based on the geology of the Savannah River Site.

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Mobile workstation for decontamination and decommissioning operations

This project is an interdisciplinary effort to develop effective mobile worksystems for decontamination and decommissioning (D&D) of facilities within the DOE Nuclear Weapons Complex. These mobile worksystems will be configured to operate within the environmental and logistical constraints of such facilities and to perform a number of work tasks. Our program is designed to produce a mobile worksystem with capabilities and features that are matched to the particular needs of D&D work by evolving the design through a series of technological developments, performance tests and evaluations. The project has three phases. In this the first phase, an existing teleoperated worksystem, the Remote Work Vehicle (developed for use in the Three Mile Island Unit 2 Reactor Building basement), was enhanced for telerobotic performance of several D&D operations. Its ability to perform these operations was then assessed through a series of tests in a mockup facility that contained generic structures and equipment similar to those that D&D work machines will encounter in DOE facilities. Building upon the knowledge gained through those tests and evaluations, a next generation mobile worksystem, the RWV II, and a more advanced controller will be designed, integrated and tested in the second phase, which is scheduled for completion in January 1995. The third phase of the project will involve testing of the RWV II in the real DOE facility.

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Coal-fueled diesel technology development: Nozzle development for coal-fueled diesel engines

Direct injection of a micronized coal water mixture fuel into the combustion chambers of a diesel engine requires atomizing an abrasive slurry fuel with accurately sized orifices. Five injector orifice materials were evaluated: diamond compacts, chemical vapor deposited diamond tubes, thermally stabilized diamond, tungsten carbide with cobalt binder, and tungsten carbide with nickel binder with brazed and mechanically mounted orifice inserts. Nozzle bodies were fabricated of Armco 17-4 precipitation hardening stainless steel and Stellite 6B in order to withstand cyclic injection pressures and elevated temperatures. Based on a total of approximately 200 cylinder hours of engine operation with coal water mixture fuel diamond compacts were chosen for the orifice material.

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Coal-fueled diesel technology development. Final report, March 3, 1988--January 31, 1994

Since 1979, the US Department of Energy has been sponsoring Research and Development programs to use coal as a fuel for diesel engines. In 1984, under the partial sponsorship of the Burlington Northern and Norfolk Southern Railroads, GE completed a 30-month study on the economic viability of a coal-fueled locomotive. In response to a GE proposal to continue researching the economic and technical feasibility of a coal-fueled diesel engine for locomotives, DOE awarded a contract to GE Corporate Research and Development for a three-year program that began in March 1985 and was completed in 1988. That program was divided into two parts: an Economic Assessment Study and a Technical Feasibility Study. The Economic Assessment Study evaluated the benefits to be derived from development of a coal-fueled diesel engine. Seven areas and their economic impact on the use of coal-fueled diesels were examined; impact on railroad infrastructure, expected maintenance cost, environmental considerations, impact of higher capital costs, railroad training and crew costs, beneficiated coal costs for viable economics, and future cost of money. The Technical Feasibility Study used laboratory- and bench-scale experiments to investigate the combustion of coal. The major accomplishments of this study were the development of injection hardware for coal water slurry (CWS) fuel, successful testing of CWS fuel in a full-size, single-cylinder, medium-speed diesel engine, evaluation of full-scale engine wear rates with metal and ceramic components, and the characterization of gaseous and particulate emissions. Full combustion of CWS fuel was accomplished at full and part load with reasonable manifold conditions.

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Field verification of CO{sub 2}-foam. [Quarterly] report, July 1--September 30, 1992

This project is a cooperative industry-university-government effort to transfer laboratory research technology to a field demonstration test. The primary objective of the project is to evaluate the use of foam for mobility control in a field-scale CO{sub 2} flood. The East Vacuum Grayburg/San Andres Unit (EVGSAU), operated by Phillips Petroleum Company, is the site selected for a comprehensive evaluation of the use of foam for improving the effectiveness of a CO{sub 2} flood. Results of laboratory work leading to the selection of a specific foaming surfactant for application at EVGSAU and additional background on the project were presented at the SPE/DOE Eighth Symposium on EOR in April 1992. During this quarter, a second paper outlining the field operating plans, design criteria, foam injection schedule, data collection program, and performance criteria was presented at the 1992 SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition.

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Collaborative research on fluidization employing computer-aided particle tracking. Final report

Discussions presented in this report highlight all the important considerations for making particle dynamics measurements using the radioactive active particle tracking methodology. It is seen that the technique makes it possible to obtain data which are not accessible by any other means. Among the advantages of the methods are: (1) It is completely uninvasive, and hence cannot disturb the flow. (2) It can penetrate opaque suspensions. (3) It yields detailed, spatially resolved (subject to resolution limitations) data on mean velocity and density distributions as well as other statistical quantities. Its disadvantages are: (1) It can only provide time averaged data. It cannot provide instantaneous ``snap shots`` of the flow field. (2) It cannot yield information of flows around bubbles, which are of great interest in fluidization theories. (3) It has only modest resolution -- of the order of a two to four percent of the flow field. However, the resolution can be improved by almost an order of magnitude, if long test runs can be used to acquire data of high statistical quality. 4. For data of adequate resolution, long test runs -- several hours and up - are needed. Clearly if used with a clear understanding of its capabilities as well as limitations, the radioactive particle tracking technique can make possible measurements which are not possible by any other method, and contribute significantly to the study of suspension flows.

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Methods for the speciation and determination of arsenic and selenium in coal combustion products

Methods of sample preparation for the determination of total selenium, and selenite, selenate, arsenite, and arsenate in coal fly ash materials were evaluated. The measurement methods use atomic spectroscopy for the determination of total concentrations and ion chromatography (IC) for the determination of individual ionic species. Sample preparation procedures which minimize the loss or alteration of the species of interest was explored and defined. The utility of the sample preparation methods can be sample dependent, so caution is advised in their use. IC conditions were established for the determination in extract solutions of selenite, selenate, arsenite, and arsenate with minimal interference from common anions.

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Three-phase permeabilities and other characteristics of 260-mD fired Berea

A laboratory investigation was conducted to determine relative permeabilities and other characteristics of a 260-mD fired Berea sandstone. The mineralogical and physical characteristics of the sample were characterized by XRD tests, thin section analyses, mercury injection tests, and centrifuge capillary pressure and wettability tests. Two-phase oil/water relative permeabilities were measured under several stress conditions. Resistivity characteristics of the sample were also evaluated during several of the oil/water tests. Oil/gas and gas/water relative permeabilities were measured during steady-state tests. Three-phase steady-state oil/gas/water tests were performed for six DDI saturation trajectories (decreasing brine and oil saturations, increasing gas saturation) in which the sample was not cleaned between saturation trajectories.

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Fuel cells: A handbook (Revision 3)

Fuel cells are electrochemical devices that convert the chemical energy of reaction directly into electrical energy. In a typical fuel cell, gaseous fuels are fed continuously to the anode (negative electrode) compartment and an oxidant (i.e., oxygen from air) is fed continuously to the cathode (positive electrode) compartment; the electrochemical reactions take place at the electrodes to produce an electric current. A fuel cell, although having similar components and several characteristics, differs from a typical battery in several respects. The battery is an energy storage device, that is, the maximum energy that is available is determined by the amount of chemical reactant stored within the battery itself. Thus, the battery will cease to produce electrical energy when the chemical reactants are consumed (i.e., discharged). In a secondary battery, the reactants are regenerated by recharging, which involves putting energy into the battery from an external source. The fuel cell, on the other hand, is an energy conversion device which theoretically has the capability of producing electrical energy for as long as the fuel and oxidant are supplied to the electrodes. In reality, degradation or malfunction of components limits the practical operating life of fuel cells.

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Alkaline assisted thermal oil recovery: Kinetic and displacement studies

This report deals with two major issues of chemical assisted flooding - the interaction of caustic, one of the proposed additives to steam flood, with the reservoir rock, and the displacement of oil by a chemical flood at elevated temperatures. A mathematical model simulating the kinetics of silica dissolution and hydroxyl ion consumption in a typical alkaline flooding environment is first developed. The model is based on the premise that dissolution occurs via hydrolysis of active sites through the formation of an intermediate complex, which is in equilibrium with the silicic acid in solution. Both static (batch) and dynamic (core flood) processes are simulated to examine the sensitivity of caustic consumption and silica dissolution to process parameters, and to determine rates of propagation of pH values. The model presented provides a quantitative description of the quartz-alkali interaction in terms of pH, salinity, ion exchange properties, temperature and contact time, which are of significant importance in the design of soluble silicate flooding processes. The modeling of an adiabatic hot waterflood assisted by the simultaneous injection of a chemical additive is next presented. The model is also applicable to the hot alkaline flooding under conditions of negligible adsorption of the generated anionic surfactant and of hydroxide adsorption being Langmuirian. The theory of generalized simple waves (coherence ) is used to develop solutions for the temperature, concentration, and oil saturation profiles, as well as the oil recovery curves. It is shown that, for Langmuir adsorption kinetics, the chemical resides in the heated region of the reservoir if its injection concentration is below a critical value, and in the unheated region if its concentration exceeds this critical value. Results for a chemical slug injection in a tertiary recovery process indicate recovery performance is maximized when chemical resides in the heated region of the reservior.

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Proceedings of the ninth annual coal-fueled heat engines, advanced pressurized fluidized-bed combustion (PFBC), and gas stream cleanup systems contractors review meeting

The Morgantown Energy Technology Center (METC) of the US Department of Energy held the Ninth Annual Coal-Fueled Heat Engines, Advanced Pressurized Fluidized-Bed Combustion (PFBC), and Gas Stream Cleanup Systems Contractors Review Meeting from October 27 to 29, 1992. METC held the conference in the new administration building at the METC site in Morgantown, West Virginia. The goal of the Heat Engines, PFBC, and Gas Stream Cleanup Programs at METC is to develop essential technologies so the private sector can sell power plants that burn coal-derived fuels. These plants must be cost competitive and environmentally acceptable. The plants will feature coal-fired heat engines integrated with gas stream cleanup systems. The purpose of the annual meeting is to provide a forum for scientists and engineers to present their results, exchange ideas, and talk about their plans. Executives from several industrial contractors discussed their plans to offer commercial coal-fired heat-engine systems. Two hundred attendees from industry, academia, and Government participated in the 2-day meeting. Participants gave 45 technical presentations in six lecture sessions and one poster session: Heat Engines Commercialization and Proof-of-Concept Projects (three papers,8213 ); Advances in Coal-Fueled Diesels (two papers,8213 ); Pressurized Fluidized-Bed Combustion (three papers,8213 ); Coal-Fueled Gas Turbines (five papers,8213 ); Gas Stream Cleanup for Heat Engines (seven papers,8213 ); Advanced Turbine Systems (six papers,8213 ); and Poster Presentations (19 posters). METC used camera-ready manuscripts from the authors to produce these proceedings. METC neither refereed nor edited the manuscripts. Papers have been entered individually.

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