AndreaBozzo/ceres-open-data-index huggingface dataset:
Design, construction, and operation of a process-development unit for the high-rate, entrained-flow coal-gasification process. Quarterly technical progress report No. 5, April-June 1982. [Mountain Fuel Resources, Inc. , West Jordan, Utah; high rate, entrained flow]

Mountain Fuel Resources, Inc., a subsidiary of Mountain Fuel Supply Company, Salt Lake City, Utah, is under contract with the US Department of Energy to design, construct and operate a high-rate, entrained flow coal gasification process development unit (PDU). The objective is to develop equipment for gasification of coal to form a clean, intermediate-Btu fuel gas or synthesis gas that may be converted to methyl alcohol, gasoline, synthetic natural gas or many other desirable products. Ford, Bacon and Davis Utah, Inc., is the principal subcontractor on the program, and will be largely responsible for design, construction and operation of the PDU. The design of the coal gasification PDU is based on earlier DOE-supported work at the Eyring Research Institute, Provo, Utah. Pulverized coal is fed to an entrained flow reactor where it is gasified by reaction with steam and oxygen. The ash in the coal is removed as an inert slag and the product gas may be cleaned to remove sulfur-containing compounds and carbon dioxide to yield a clean fuel gas with a heating value near 300 Btu/standard cubic foot. The PDU is to be located adjacent to a brick plant operated by Interstate Brick Company in West Jordan, Utah. Interstate Brick is also a subsidiary of Mountain Fuel Supply Company. Detailed design was essentially completed during this reporting period.

Tags: kmd
Paraho Oil Shale Module. Environmental, safety and health requirements, Task 5

The basic purpose of this report is to identify regulatory factors and permit requirements affecting implementation of the Paraho Module Project, and provide a basis for identifying and evaluating environmental factors that might influence the proposed demonstration. This information, together with results of other associated technical studies, will assist Paraho in identifying the environmental data that may be needed to support the permit applications and any identifiable environmental constraints that might influence the planning or scheduling of the proposed program. The proposed module project program involves activities that may affect the surface of private land, state lands administered by the Utah Division of State Lands, National Resource lands administered by the Bureau of Land Management (BLM), and lands in Indian ownership administered by the Bureau of Indian Affairs. Basic permit/approval requirements and the related laws and regulations which appear generally applicable to the proposed development program are summarized. The table also lists the approving agencies and processing period, and provides a brief summary of each permit. The schedule for acquisition of permits and approvals is provided. A list of the agencies with review and approval authority or other influence on the module program is also provided.

Tags: kmd
Site visit report:  Ashland Synthetic Fuels, Inc. H-Coal Pilot Plant, Catlettsburg, Kentucky. Final report

This report details the activities, facilities, and equipment used to sample feedstock and solid wastes from Ashland Synthetic Fuel's H-Coal Demonstration Unit in Catlettsburg, Kentucky. Explanation of the sampling locations, sampling techniques (in accordance with the Fossil Energy Waste General Sampling Guideline), and plant design are reviewed. Versar Inc.'s responsibility in this project involves the sampling of waste materials of definable quality and the homogenizing, containerization, labeling, and distribution of these samples. Distribution of the samples to laboratories selected by DOE was coordinated through the Versar office in Springfield, Virginia; therefore, no detailed description of distribution or analytical results is provided in this document.

Tags: kmd
Coal pyrolysis by hot solids from a fluidized-bed combustor. Final technical report, June 1977-June 1982

The effect of adding calcined dolomite stone to the fluidized-bed pyrolysis of coal and oil shale on product quality and product distribution has been studied. This work has provided information relevant to systems where heat is generated by fluidized-bed combustion in the presence of a sulfur acceptor (dolomite) and where the hot stone from the combustor is used in a second reactor to provide heat for pyrolysis. A scoping economic analysis indicated that, for coal, the pyrolysis gas and liquids produced are lower cost than gas and liquids produced by single-product gasification and liquefaction processes. The presence of calcium oxide during pyrolysis was found to improve gas heating value by CO/sub 2/ removal and to essentially eliminate H/sub 2/S. Gas yield was increased at the expense of liquid yield (20 to 30% reduction). Tar properties were improved by reduction of oxygen content, however, little sulfur or nitrogen removal was observed. Used stone from a fluidized-bed combustor gave results comparable to fresh stone with little reduction of the calcium sulfate present in the used stone. Since Colorado oil shale contains dolomite and calcite, stones from spent-shale combustion might be expected to have similar effects on product yields. CO/sub 2/ and H/sub 2/S removal from the gas were observed. Fortunately, liquid yields were not reduced within the 5% experimental error of this work. It is indicated that CaO tends to remove phenols and polycyclic aromatics which are present in much lower concentration in shale oil than in coal tar.

Tags: kmd
Site visit report:  Tampa Electric Company Big Bend Station, Ruskin, Florida. Final report

This report details the activities, facilities, and equipment used to sample raw coal feedstock and waste solids at the Tampa Electric Company's Big Bend Station in Ruskin, Florida. Explanation of sampling locations, deviations from the test plan, sampling techniques (in accordance with the Fossil Energy Waste General Sampling Guideline), and plant design are reviewed.

Tags: kmd
Site visit report:  Henderson Municipal Light Company/Big Rivers Electric Corporation Robert Reid Power Station, Henderson, Kentucky. Final report

This report details the activities performed and equipment used to sample coal feedstock and solid wastes at the Robert Reid Power Station in Henderson, Kentucky. The plant is operated and co-owned by Big Rivers Electric (operator) and Henderson Municipal Light Corporation. Sampling locations and techniques (selected in accordance with the Fossil Energy Waste General Sampling Guidelines), plant design, and processing activities are discussed.

Tags: kmd
Site visit report:  Oklahoma Gas and Electric Company Muskogee Station, Muskogee, Oklahoma. Final report

This report details the activities, facilities, and equipment used to sample raw coal feedstock and waste solids at Oklahoma Gas and Electric Company's Muskogee Plant. Explanation of sampling locations, deviations from the test plan, sampling techniques (in accordance with the Fossil Energy Waste General Sampling Guideline), and plant design are reviewed.

Tags: kmd
Statistical description of the summertime ice edge in the Chukchi Sea: Final report, Task 2

Ice edge data has been analyzed for ice recursion analysis in the Chukchi Sea for a twelve year period. Conclusions drawn include: (1) numerous parameter comparisons describing the great variability of ice extent found in the Chukchi Sea; (2) that for a period of 80 to 100 days beginning with August and continuing through October, ice-free water will exist in the Chukchi Sea south of 70/sup 0/N and 175/sup 0/W. Within these boundaries ice will return (recur) once after it has retreated in the spring, or it will retreat once after it has returned in the fall, less than 50% of the time; (3) ice in the western Chukchi Sea (along the Siberian coast) may provide multi-year ice to the Bering Sea through Bering Strait starting in late fall; (4) melt-back bays (defined by Paquette and Bourke, 1981) created by warm Bering Sea waters channeled by Chukchi Sea bathymetry are persistent and significant features of the Chukchi Sea ice edge. 11 refs., 212 figs., 3 tabs.

Tags: kmd
Initial study of coal pretreatment and coprocessing

This document describes research performed in accordance with task 3.3.1 in the 1989--1990 annual research plan under cooperative agreement number DE-FC21-86MC11076. The objective of this study was to determine the potential for enhancing liquid yields by integrating coal pretreatment and coprocessing technologies. The process tested involved pretreatment of coal to a very low moisture content and partial decarboxylation in an inclined fluidized-bed reactor by contact with hot C0[sub 2] or a C0[sub 2] and superheated steam mixture. The pretreated coal was then coprocessed with a heavy, coal-derived oil in a 2-inch screw pyrolysis reactor to produce dried coal with a higher calorific value and an upgraded oil. Six pretreatment tests and seven coprocessing tests were conducted independently with two separate systems being utilized: one system for the pretreatment tests and the other system for the coprocessing tests. The test program included evaluating alternative pretreatment gases, temperatures, and residence times in combination with different coprocessing temperatures and residence times. Pretreatment and coprocessing studies were performed on Herrin Results of the integrated pretreatment and coprocessing operations were evaluated and compared with the coprocessing of raw coal. The results indicate that a solid product is formed with a higher calorific content than the starting coal and that an upgraded oil is generated.

Tags: kmd
Western Research Institute: Publications and presentations: Volume 2, final report, April 1983-September 1986

Volume 2 of the final report for Cooperative Agreement FC21-83FE60177 lists the publications and presentations by Western Research Institute (WRI) researchers under that agreement. Entries in this list represent the four major US Department of Energy (DOE) programs included in that agreement - oil shale, tar sand, underground coal gasification (UCG), and advanced process technology (APT). Documents and presentations for WRI asphalt research, which is closely related to the four major programs, are also included. Most of the documents and presentations are milestone deliverable reports under the WRI-DOE cooperative agreement. The remainder are directly related publications and professional presentations that were prepared with the approval of DOE.

Tags: kmd
Effects of H/sub 2/S on molten carbonate fuel cells. Progress report, January 1-March 31, 1984

The overall program objective is to identify the poisoning mechanism(s) responsible for performance losses of molten carbonate fuel cells (MCFC) when operating on sulfur-containing gases. This objective is being addressed by focusing out-of-cell and in-cell experiments on single mechanistic issues, followed by incorporation of the results into a model that correlates cell potential decline to contaminant(s) concentration. When coupled with gas cleanup cost projectons, the model can be used to conduct trade-off studies leading to the selection of optimum feed-gas compositions for MCFC power plants. The importance of this program is that the degree to which H/sub 2/S and other contaminants must be removed from typical MCFC fuels can have a profound effect on the cost of cleaning the fuel gas, especially if contaminant levels lower than 0.1 ppM are required. The anticipated product from the overall program is a justifiable specification for gas cleanup requirements for MCFC power plants. Progress is reported. (WHK)

Tags: kmd
Oil shales and tar sands:  a bibliography. Supplement 2, Parts 1 and 2

This bibliography includes 4715 citations arranged in the broad subject categories: reserves and exploration; site geology and hydrology; drilling, fracturing, and mining; oil production, recovery, and refining; properties and composition; direct uses and by-products; health and safety; marketing and economics; waste research and management; environmental aspects; regulations; and general. There are corporate, author, subject, contract number, and report number indexes.

Tags: kmd
Evaluation of a subsurface oxygenation technique using colloidal gas aphron injections into packed column reactors

Bioremediation may be a remedial technology capable of decontaminating subsurface environments. The objective of this research was to evaluate the use of colloidal gas aphron (CGA) injection, which is the injection of micrometer-size air bubbles in an aqueous surfactant solution, as a subsurface oxygenation technique to create optimal growth conditions for aerobic bacteria. Along with this, the capability of CGAs to act as a soil-washing agent and free organic components from a coal tar-contaminated matrix was examined. Injection of CGAs may be useful for remediation of underground coal gasification (UCG) sites. Because of this, bacteria and solid material from a UCG site located in northeastern Wyoming were used in this research. Colloidal gas aphrons were generated and pumped through packed column reactors (PCRS) containing post-burn core materials. For comparison, PCRs containing sand were also studied. Bacteria from this site were tested for their capability to degrade phenol, a major contaminant at the UCG site, and were also used to bioaugment the PCR systems. In this study we examined: (1) the effect of CGA injection on dissolved oxygen concentrations in the PCR effluents, (2) the effect of CGA, H[sub 2]O[sub 2], and phenol injections on bacterial populations, (3) the stability and transport of CGAs over distance, and (4) CGA injection versus H[sub 2]O[sub 2] injection as an oxygenation technique.

Tags: kmd
Measurement and modeling of advanced coal conversion processes

The overall objective of this program is the development of predictive capability for the design, scale up, simulation, control and feedstock evaluation in advanced coal conversion devices. Toward this goal, work continued on the following projects: coal to char chemistry submodel; fundamental high-pressure reaction rate data; secondary reaction of pyrolysis product and burnout submodels; ash physics and chemistry submodel; large particle submodels; large char particle oxidation at high pressures; SO{sub x}--NO{sub x} submodel development; integration of advanced submodels into entrained-flow code, with evaluation and documentation; comprehensive fixed-bed modeling review, development evaluation and implementation, generalized fuels feedstock submodel; application of generalized pulverized coal comprehensive code; and application of fixed-bed code.

Tags: kmd
Chemistry of lignite liquefaction. Semiannual report, April-September 1982

In the asphaltene and preasphaltene studies samples obtained from the GFETC have been analyzed for carbonyl content with hydroxylamine to form an oxide. The hydroxyl (phenolic) oxygen comprises about 50% of the total oxygen with carbonyl groups are 20 to 25% of the total. Some 70 to 80% of the total oxygen has been accounted for by these two functionalities. These data explain why virtually no ethers have been found in recent samples reacted. A number of samples will be analyzed for carbonyl to determine how representative these results are. In the ether cleavage studies a sequence of ether cleavage reactions preceded by methylation was carried out. After reductive ether cleavage, the methoxyl groups were removed with boron tribromide. The hydroxyl titer determined by acetylating did not change significantly during this procedure indicating that phenolic ethers were not preventing ether cleavage in these samples. Our current efforts are focused on the lack of reduction of carbonyl groups during the reductive treatment. The catalytic role of H/sub 2/S in the liquefaction of low rank coal was studied. The conversion of diphenylmethane and diphenyl ether, two models for crucial bonds to be ruptured during coal liquefaction, have been examined by varying the concentrations of H/sub 2/, H/sub 2/S and S in relation to the compound under study. The diphenylmethane study is more advanced, and the optimum conversion conditions together with products are determined. Sulfur exhibits a molecular cracking role and H/sub 2/S provides hydrogen atoms to limit the formation of high molecular weight compounds. The optimum conversion conditions as now envisioned consist of a two-stage reactor system with H/sub 2/S-S as reactants in the first stage and H/sub 2/ in the second one. The operating temperature of 450/sup 0/C is better than 425/sup 0/C. An appendix has been entered separately.

Tags: kmd
Simultaneous high-temperature removal of alkali and particulates in a pressurized gasification system. Fifth quarterly project report, April 1982-June 1982. [Concentration of Na and K in gas at process conditions; also optimization of removal system]

This program is directed at performing experimental and analytical investigations, deriving system designs, and estimating costs to ascertain the feasibility of using aluminosilicate-based getters for controlling alkali in pressurized gasification systems. Its overall objective is to develop a comprehensive plan for evaluating a scaled-up version of the gettering process as a unit operation or as an integral part of a particulate removal device. This report briefly summarizes efforts previously completed on thermodynamic projections and system performance projections, together with current work on getter selection and qualification completed during the fifth quarter of the project. Work on the thermodynamic projections has been completed and includes an update of the data base, development of alkali phase diagrams, and projections for several gasification processes. Getter selection and qualification efforts involved four tests - two with activated bauxite and one each with diatomaceous earth and Novacite on the thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) system. Finally, system performance projections entailed examination of available kinetic data to ascertain the rate-controlling step, along with modeling efforts to determine the size requirements of a commercial-sized unit.

Tags: kmd
Site visit report:  Grand Forks Energy Technology Center slagging fixed-bed gasifier (SFBG), Grand Forks, North Dakota. Final report

This report details the activities, facilities, and equipment used to sample lignite slag from the Department of Energy Grand Forks Energy Technology Center's slagging fixed-bed gasifier. Explanation of the sampling location, discussion of the sampling technique (in accordance with the Fossil Energy Waste General Sampling Guideline), and a review of the gasifier design are included in this report. Versar Inc.'s responsibility in this project involves the sampling of waste materials and the blending, containerization, labeling, and distribution of the samples. Distribution of the samples to laboratories selected by DOE was coordinated through the Versar office in Springfield, Virginia; therefore, no detailed description of distribution or analytical results will be provided in this document.

Tags: kmd
Effects of tubing composition on the transport of sub-micron aerosols. [Polyflow, stainless steel, natural rubber, grounded polyflow]

The composition of tubing used to transport aerosols for extractive sampling or analysis can have a significant effect on the measured particle diameter and concentration. In an effort to quantify this effect and study possible methods of mitigation, four separate types of 1/4-inch O.D. tubing commonly used for aerosol transport were studied (i.e., stainless steel, tygon, polyflow, and natural rubber). The subject aerosol consisted of NaCl particles with a mean concentration of about 10/sup 6/ particles/cm/sup 3/ and a geometric mean particle diameter of about 0.02 microns with a standard deviation of 1.4. The size and the concentration of the transported aerosols were measured with an Electrical Aerosol Analyzer (EAA - TSI Model 3030) and a Condensation Nucleus Counter (CNC - TSI Model 3020), respectively. No effects of tubing type were apparent when the aerosols were passed through a radioactive charge neutralizer after transport through the test tubing. Stainless steel tubing gave the highest measured aerosol concentration in the absence of the charge neutralizer. During an initial conditioning interval, the measured aerosol concentration increased with time for all tubing types except stainless steel. As a result, presampling intervals of at least 30 minutes are recommended for conditioning of transport tubing to provide more consistent data. 5 figures, 5 tables.

Tags: kmd
Work plan for Production of mild gasification co-products''project

The coproducts wig be collected and handled to limit their exposure to air. The aim is to ensure the coproducts are as close as possible to those which would be generated by an LFC Plant at the mine site. The char will be collected in sealed, stainless steel containers. While in the containers the char will be cooled to room temperature and a small amount of water added (5% by weight) to simulate the final processing step, stabilizing the char and converting it to PDF. This SPU-processed PDF will be transferred to nitrogen iffed five gallon polyethylene pads for storage and shipping. During processing the CDL will be collected using a single stage, thermostatically-controlled electrostatic precipitator (ESP). The collected CDL will be trapped in a sealed collection cylinder attached directly to the ESP. The CDL will be transferred from the collection cylinder to replace nitrogen in nitrogen-filled one liter bottles for storage and shipment. The results of the analyses will be collected and included in the project data base to be retrieved as necessary for use in the topical and final reports. Twenty (20) Kg samples of SPU processed PDF will be sent to three government laboratories plus one outside laboratory. The government laboratories will be the same labs which received the fresh coal samples, as indicated in section 4.2, above. The outside laboratory will analyze the SPU processed PDF as was done for the coal. These tests will include the bulk density, particle size distribution, proximate analysis, ultimate analysis (C, H, N, O, S), and heating value.

Tags: kmd
Evaluation of coal pretreatment prior to co-processing

The Western Research Institute is currently developing a mild gasification process for the recovery of a stabilized char product for use as a fuel. A liquid product of limited value is produced during the mild gasification process that may be suited as a co-processing vehicle for coal-oil co-processing. Research was conducted to evaluate co-processing of this mild gasification liquid with coal. The two major areas of research discussed in this report are: (1) coal pretreatment with a coal-derived liquid to induce coal swelling and promote catalyst dispersion and (2) co-processing coal that has been thermally pretreated in the presence of the mild gasification liquid. The results of the investigation to evaluate co-processing of coal that has been thermally pretreated in the presence of the mild gasification liquid indicate that the thermal pretreatment adversely affected the coal-oil co-processing under hydrogen pressure. Thermally pretreated coals co-processed under a hydrogen atmosphere and without benefit of catalyst exhibited about 86 wt % conversion as compared to 96 wt % for coal that was only thermally dried. The addition of the iron pentacarbonyl catalyst precursor to the thermally pretreated coals did improve the conversion to near that of the dried coal. Results from analysis of the product obtained from co-processing the Illinois No. 6 coal showed it was upgraded in terms of oxygen content and hydrogen to carbon atomic ratio when compared to the mild gasification liquid.

Tags: kmd