AndreaBozzo/ceres-open-data-index huggingface dataset:
Mobility control for CO/sub 2/ injection (support for field project). Fourteenth quarterly report including project status report, August 17-November 17, 1984

The goals of this contract have been: (1) to continue activities under a companion project, DE-AC21-79MC10689 (now completed), that was aimed at the development of mobility control additives or procedures in CO/sub 2/ floods, and to apply these to the particular problems of the Rock Creek Field; (2) to conduct additional laboratory tests designed to study the compatibility of Rock Creek oil, brine and reservoir rock with CO/sub 2/ and with other chemicals which might be involved in mobility-controlled CO/sub 2/ floods; (3) to provide support in the design of the field mobility control tests, themselves; and (4) to help in the assessment of field results, and in the design of tests to be used for such assessment. As was noted in the previous quarterly report, the first three of these objectives have been completed. Similarly, that portion of objective four dealing with the design of assessment methods for the mobility control experiment has also been completed. Since the issuance of our thirteenth quarterly, several new operational decisions have been made concerning these assessment methods. Although these modified procedures differ somewhat from those originally suggested, they can be more reliably and conveniently carried out in the field and can also be expected to yield useful information on the progress and effectiveness of the experiment. The mobility-controlled displacement experiment is currently underway, as is the sample analysis program. This report gives in detail the design changes made since the previous quarterly, as well as a chronology of events up to the time of writing. 1 figure.

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The evaluation of a coal-derived liquid as a feedstock for the production of high-density aviation turbine fuel

The conversion of coal-derived liquids to transportation fuels has been the subject of many studies sponsored by the US Department of Energy and the US Department of Defense. For the most part, these studies evaluated conventional petroleum processes for the production of specification-grade fuels. Recently, however, the interest of these two departments expanded to include the evaluation of alternate fossil fuels as a feedstock for the production of high-density aviation turbine fuel. In this study, we evaluated five processes for their ability to produce intermediates from a coal-derived liquid for the production of high-density turbine fuel. These processes include acid-base extraction to reduce the heteroatom content of the middle distillate and the atmospheric and vacuum gas oils, solvent dewaxing to reduce the paraffin (alkane) content of the atmospheric and vacuum gas oils, Attapulgus clay treatment to reduce the heteroatom content of the middle distillate, coking to reduce the distillate range of the vacuum gas oil, and hydrogenation to remove heteroatoms and to saturate aromatic rings in the middle distillate and atmospheric gas oil. The chemical and physical properties that the US Air Force considers critical for the development of high-denisty aviation turbine fuel are specific gravity and net heat of combustion. The target minimum values for these properties are a specific gravity of at least 0.85 and a net heat of combustion of at least 130,000 Btu/gal. In addition, the minimum hydrogen content is 13.0 wt %, the maximum freeze point is {minus}53{degrees}F ({minus}47{degrees}C), the maximum amount of aromatics is about 25 to 30 vol %, and the maximum amount of paraffins is 10 vol %. 13 refs., 20 tabs.

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Results of Phase 1 postburn drilling and coring, Rocky Mountain 1 Underground Coal Gasification Site, Hanna Basin, Wyoming

The Rocky Mountain 1 (RM1) Underground Coal Gasification (UCG) test consisted of two different module configurations: the controlled retracting injection point (CRIP) and elongated linked well (ELW) configurations. The postburn coring of the RM1 UCG site was designed in two phases to fulfill seven objectives outlined in the Western Research Institute's (WRI) annual project plan for 1988--1989. The seven objectives were to (1) delineate the areal extent of the cavities, (2) identify the extent of roof collapse, (3) obtain samples of all major cavity rock types, (4) characterize outflow channels and cavity stratigraphy, (5) characterize the area near CRIP points and ignition points, (6) further define the structural geology of the site, and (7) identify the vertical positioning of the horizontal process wells within the coal seam. Phase 1 of the coring was completed in the summer of 1989 and served to partially accomplish all seven objectives. In relation to the seven objectives, WRI determined that (1) the ELW cavity extends farther to the west and the CRIP cavity was located 5--10 feet farther to the south than anticipated; (2) roof collapse was contained within unit A in both modules; (3) samples of all major rock types were recovered; (4) insufficient data were obtained to characterize the outflow channels, but cavity stratigraphy was well defined; (5) bore holes near the CRIP points and ignition point did not exhibit characteristics significantly different from other bore holes in the cavities; (6) a fault zone was detected between VIW=1 and VIW-2 that stepped down to the east; and (7) PW-1 was only 7--12 feet below the top of the coal seam in the eastern part of the ELW module area; and CIW-1 was located 18--20 feet below the top of the coal seam in the CRIP module area. 7 refs., 7 figs., 1 tab.

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Modeling of fluidized-bed combustion of coal. Volume VI. FBC:  data base management system user's guide. Final report

This text is an introductory tutorial guide to the user of the Fluidized Bed Combustion (FBC) Data Base at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. The text is designed to be used as a self-contained course for the novice user of this data base. No previous experience with a computerized data base is assumed. However, the user is expected to know how to operate his or her computer terminal. The FBC Data Base was developed using the Model 204 Data Base Management System (M204). It runs under the VS1 operating system on the IBM System/370 computer at MIT's Information Processing Service. Although VS1 is a batch system, one of the M204 subroutines allows the data base to be used interactively like any other on-line system. As long as this subroutine is being executed, the data base can be accessed on-line. The FBC Data Base is designed to serve two purposes:  First, it is an electronic library where experimental data related to fluidized bed combustion are stored on an article by article basis. Secondly, it serves as a research tool with which the user may: retrieve specific data; perform calculations with part or all of the retrieved data; or display the results in a number of ways. These two purposes are fulfilled by means of customized application programs. There are two categories of application programs: one serves the library purpose and the other serves the research purpose. Some programs are designed to perform one function only while others may perform more than one functions.

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SMALL-SCALE EXPERIMENTS WITH AN ANALYSIS TO EVALUATE THE EFFECT OF TAILORED PULSE LOADING ON FRACTURE AND Permeability

The ultimate objective of the pulse-tailoring program is to evaluate input pulse shape, and associated gas pressurization, effects on fracture and permeability enhancement in selected geologic formations. Although the pulse-tailoring technique will ultimately be applied to Devonian shale, the majority of the work to date has been on tuff. The effect of pulse shape on tuff and the application of pulse tailoring to Devonian shale are discussed. Seven significant conclusions drawn from these studies are: (1) preshot-to-postshot permeability enhancement of 2 to 3 orders of magnitude; (2) fracture initiation and growth caused by tensile stresses propagating into the surrounding formation, fracture extension resulting from penetration of borehole gas into the stress-wave-induced fractures, and fragmentation caused by crack coalescence; (3) rise time of the tensile hoop stresses and peak amplitude of radial stress; (4) effects of pulse tailoring are material dependent; (5) effect of increases in overburden stress indicate a reduction in tensile-stress-induced fracturing; (6) fracture and permeability enhancement have been predicted in field tests; and (7) pulse tailoring can enhance permeability even in completely fractured material.

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Performance of the combustor distributor plate. Status report, March 1984

At the heart of a pressurized fluidized bed combustion combined cycle power plant is the combustor. Good performance and reliability are essential. In the three year history of the plant covering some 3000 hours of operation with several fuels, the Grimethorpe Experimental Facility's combustor has undergone several modifications to its components. Modifications to the distributor plate were necessary to overcome poor sealing between the plate and the waterwalls, and to improve the uniformity of air distribution entering the combustor. The design of an air seal in the freeboard region of the fluidized bed was also improved. 2 references, 24 figures.

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Research instrumentation:  operating history and the installation of new systems

Sampling systems are installed at the Grimethorpe experimental Pressurised Fluidised Bed Combustion Facility in South Yorkshire, England to enable samples of solids and gases to be extracted from the fluidised bed or the exhaust gas ductwork. Solids samples are collected for laboratory analysis using bed ash, primary cyclone captured solids, and fixed and traversing position dust probe sampling systems. Gas samples are analysed on-line during plant operation by individual systems developed to measure concentrations of O/sub 2/, SO/sub 3/, SO/sub 2/, CO, CO/sub 2/, and NO/sub x/. Batch sampling systems requiring laboratory analysis of the collected samples have also been developed to determine the concentrations of F, Cl and alkali vapour/aerosol in the exhaust gas from the combustor. The design, operation, and problems and modifications of these systems are described; the period covered is from April 1982 to March 1984.

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Proceedings of the second annual heat engines contractors meeting

The Second Annual Heat Engines Contractors Meeting was held April 29 through May 1, 1985, at the Sheraton Lakeview Resort and Conference Center in Morgantown, West Virginia and was sponsored and hosted by the US Department of Energy (DOE), Office of Fossil Energy, Morgantown Energy Technology Center (METC). The annual meeting provides a forum for the exchange of information between DOE contractors and interested parties, and this year's meeting was attended by 220 individuals from industry, academia, national laboratories, and other governmental agencies. The proceedings have been reproduced from camera-ready manuscripts furnished by the authors. They have been refereed, nor have they been extensively edited. Most of the papers deal with gas turbines and diesel engines and fuel slurries and pulverized fuels for these. This usually requires special coal preparation to get low ash fuels. Twenty-eight papers have been entered individually into EDB and ERA. (LTN)

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Solids backmixing in high-velocity beds

High-velocity gas fluidization includes the turbulent- and fast-fluidization regimes which lie beyond the low-velocity bubbling or slugging regimes. Bed expansion and solid mixing were studied in 15.2-cm ID rigs, of high aspect ratios. Fine cracking catalysts of Geldart's group A classification were used and air used at 0.075 to 6.5 m/s, solid rate in the upper end of the fast fluidization regime topped 150 kg/m/sup 2/.s. The Two-Phase Theory does not apply when the gas velocity is raised beyond the slugging regime: the bed structure becomes more homogeneous. Particulate-like fluidization describes these high-velocity regimes. A modified Richardson-Zaki approach is used to correlate bed expansion. It is shown to confirm the more homogeneous nature of the turbulent and fast regimes, and the validity of the concept of clusters - or the tendency of fine particles to aggregate. Solid mixing was studied with a ferromagnetic tracer and modeled by a turbulent eddy-diffusivity dispersion model. Implications for heat transfer in a high-velocity fluidized bed are discussed.

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Measurement of the flow properties of coals for in-situ gasification. Final report, December 1977--November 1978. [With dependence on degree of water saturation]

The effective and relative permeabilities of six coals, comprising thirty-five samples, to nitrogen and carbon dioxide were measured as functions of water saturation and overburden pressure. The coals consist of bituminous, sub-bituminous and lignite types. Simulated overburden pressures ranged from 200 psig to 550 psig. All tests were performed over a decreasing water saturation cycle. Values of porosity, absolute permeability, shrinkage and critical gas saturation were measured on numerous samples. Average values are correlated as to coal type and structural orientation whenever the latter was discernible. The results indicate that CO/sub 2/ reduces the effective permeabilities by a moderate amount vis-a-vis nitrogen. The effect of overburden pressure was to drastically reduce the effective permeabilities. The relative permeability curves were significantly distinct as regards coal type and generalized (averaged) results are presented for universal employment. The characteristic shape of the relative permeability curves remain approximately independent of the magnitude of the stress field. In all, sixty-seven cores were tested over the two year period of both contracts, yielding seventy-six effective permeability curves. Thirty-five samples were tested during the current contract period, yielding forty-four effective permeability curves. Numerous other samples were tested for various point values, such as porosity and absolute permeability.

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Modeling of fluidized-bed combustion of coal. Volume V. FBC - data base management system description. Final report

A computerized data base developed with the Model 204 Data Base Management System consists of two parts, a parent data base and a condensed data base. The parent data base, a file group called FBC, is composed of seven Model 204 files. FBC contains 165 articles; 87 are journal papers and 78 are technical reports. The largest file, namely the POINTS file, contains over 100,000 records. About 30 programs have been designed to retrieve, manipulate, and display the data in the parent data base in different ways. Even the most complicated program is normally completed in less than ten minutes. The condensed data base, file group CFBC is composed of six Model 204 files, contains consolidated versions of the data in the parent data base and is used mainly for statistical analysis. A data entry procedure has been established and is working smoothly for the flow of data from articles into the data base. The heart of this data entry procedure is a group of three computer programs, which are described. Procedures have also been established to maintain the data base in the most efficient operating conditions. In particular, backup copies of files are obtained and stored on tapes on a regular basis. User passwords are periodically changed to protect the data base from fraudulent use.

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Drilling of a deviated well:  E. C. Newell 10056-D Meigs County, Ohio

The Department of Energy's (DOE) Eastern Gas Shales Program (EGSP) has focused primarily on the resource characterization of the Devonian shales in the Appalachian, Michigan and Illinois Basins, where the collective volume of gas in place is estimated to be on the order of 280 Tcf. From an early assessment of the petrophysical properties of these shales, attention now has turned to an understanding of the mechanisms controlling production of this unconventional-gas source. However, present knowledge of the production history of the Devonian shales is inadequate for an accurate estimation of the gas reserves, the optimum well spacing for gas extraction, and the preferred stimulation techniques to be used. As part of this program, a Deviated Well Test was designed to evaluate the spacing of natural fractures in the Devonian shale in Meigs County, Ohio as a follow-on test to further define shale production characteristics and to assess the benefit of additional section gained by drilling through the producing interval at the approximate angle for dip of 60/sup 0/ from vertical. The Columbia Gas Transmission Company, E.C. Newell 10056-D well, on the same site as a previous Off-Set Well Test, was selected for this investigation. This report summarizes drilling operations on this Deviated Well Test.

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Rock Creek carbon dioxide pilot project. Annual report, July 1980-June 1981

The Rock Creek CO/sub 2/ project was initiated in 1976 under an ERDA-Pennzoil cost sharing contract. Wells were drilled to develop the 19.65 acre dual 5-spot pilot. Water was injected into the Big Injun formation to pressurize the reservoir and to observe the waterflood response, which was a sharp production kick. Recovery of oil during this time was 11,084 bbl or 564 bbl/acre. CO/sub 2/ injection began in February 1979. By June 1980, 23,842 tons had been injected. A 1.55-acre 4-spot min-pilot was developed, and an additional 12,000 tons of CO/sub 2/ was purchased. To date, an effective CO/sub 2/ volume equivalent to 10% of the total pore volume has been injected into the original pilot injection wells. Currently, 5 wells are on water injection, and the 3 mini-pilot injection wells are injecting CO/sub 2/. These 2 wells will continue CO/sub 2/ injection until an effective volume of CO/sub 2/ equivalent to ca 25% of the total mini-pilot pore volume has been injected. All of the wells then will remain on water injection until the miscible CO/sub 2/ displacement mechanism has been evaluated.

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Fluidized-bed combustion of high sulfur coals

A program was initiated in late 1977 at the Morgantown Energy Technology Center, Department of Energy to evaluate the sulfur retention capability of an atmospheric fluidized-bed combustor (AFBC) burning a high sulfur coal in light of the EPA proposed New Source Performance Standards and their potential impact on AFBC technology. A high volatile bituminous Pittswick coal with 4.52 percent sulfur content was selected for this study. Greer limestone as well as Tymochtee dolomite were used as sulfur sorbents. Combustion tests were carried out at various operating conditions to develop AFBC engineering and emissions data on this high sulfur coal. Ninety or greater percent of sulfur retention was attained in 9 of the 19 balance periods. Eighty-five or greater percent sulfur retention was attained in 14 of the 19 balance periods. The results of the present tests clearly demonstrate that the proposed new standards for sulfur dioxide emissions can be met by AFBC's.

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Effects of petroleum-reservoir conditions on oil recovery by carbon dioxide injection

Several petroleum reservoir conditions were evaluated to determine their effects on oil recovery by CO/sub 2/ injection. The conditions studied were reservoir temperature, reservoir pressure, and CO/sub 2/ slug injection size. With constant pressure, the reservoir temperature was varied from 75/sup 0/ to 130/sup 0/F, and optimum oil recovery was obtained at a temperature near the critical temperature of CO/sub 2/ (87.8/sup 0/F). When the temperature was held constant and the reservoir pressure varied from 650 to 1800 psi, it was found that miscibility pressure may be above but close to 1800 psi. The CO/sub 2/ slug injection size has been varied from 3% to over 40% PV to determine if oil recovery would increase with increase of CO/sub 2/ slug size. Graphic representation of the results show that a maximum slope is reached between 12 and 15% PV. Above 15% the slope becomes smaller. It is concluded that optimum oil recovery lies between 12 and 15% PV, and the additional oil recovered, above a 15% PV CO/sub 2/ slug, would not warrant the increased cost of the CO/sub 2/. 13 figures, 13 tables.

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Fracture mapping has become a viable technology

Sandia Laboratories has continued the development of massive hydraulic fracture mapping techniques and has participated in several experiments where all the existing technology was applied. The development of the surface electrical potential system has been completed and tested at several locations. Because of the complexity of the potential array, the electrical system will probably be replaced in the future with borehole mapping measurement systems. A wall-clamped geophone system has been tested on several experiments and did detect seismic signals related to the fracture. By knowing the orientation of the seismic detonators, the orientation of the fracture can be ascertained. Nevada Test Site fracturing experiments are being used to study close in seismic signals and enhancing the interpretation of the borehole received signals. An array of hydrophones is being built into a borehole tool for detecting the seismic signals. This will be a means for determining fracture heights away from the wellbore. This data will greatly increase the understanding of the properties that are required for fracture containment.

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Thermal dewatering of coal. Sixth quarterly progress report, July 1-September 30, 1985

It has been recognized that low-rank coals exhibit a colloidal, gel-like structure and coal, in general resembles a polymeric macromolecular network. One of the ways of characterizing the polymeric nature involves measuring the degree of swelling in a solvent and therefrom calculating the average molecular weight per crosslink. It has been only a few years since coal scientists have been able to correlate the chemical changes occurring during oxidation, weathering and pyrolysis with structural changes in coal. The studies revealed that weathering increases the amount of oxygen content, facilitating crosslinking of coal, which in turn causes a decreases in the plastic properties of coal. The results of this study indicate that the changes in the macromolecular structure of low rank coals may be followed with the use of solvent swelling techniques. In low rank coals, crosslinking processes seen to dominate at lower pyrolysis temperature than in high rank coals; presumably this helps explain the absence of softening during pyrolysis of low rank coals. It also appears that even relatively ''mild''pyrolytic drying may have an effect of crosslinking the lignites. The extent of crosslinking in fact may be as great as that achieved in much higher temperature rapid pyrolysis chars. 18 refs., 7 figs., 5 tabs. (AT)

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High-temperature, solid oxide electrolyte fuel cell power generation system. Quarterly summary report, August 1, 1982-October 3, 1982

Work has proceeded in improving the porous support tube quality through refinements made in the sintering equipment and in processing of the zirconia powder. The lanthanum manganite air electrode is being characterized with respect to its behavior when subjected to the fuel cell component fabrication conditions, to which it is exposed. The large EVD reactor is nearing completion of assembly. Good 20 cm long interconnection depositions (of proper chemical composition) must still be achieved before test cells can be fabricated. Systems studies are underway in which the solid oxide fuel cell generator is being applied to selected power plant and cogeneration systems to determine their economic worth, based on the present state of cell technology.

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