AndreaBozzo/ceres-open-data-index huggingface dataset:
Determination of the effects of sulfur dioxide on recovery systems for CO/sub 2/. Final report, 1977-1980

The present study was initiated to investigate the problems associated with recovery of CO/sub 2/ from flue gases for enhanced oil recovery. In particular, the scope of this work may be stated: determine the type of impurities formed in ammonia, monoethanolamine (MEA), and potassium carbonate systems when extracting CO/sub 2/ from oxidizing flue gases containing nitrogen oxides and sulfur oxides; determine the levels of impurity build-up in the solvents; estimate the impurity level in the recovered CO/sub 2/; evaluate the effect on corrosion in metals by these solvents in a flue gas environment; determine the carbon-dioxide absorption coefficients in solvents contaminated due to the pollutants present in the flue gas; evaluate the effect of particulate matter on absorption coefficients in the solvents; and recommend potential absorption systems for CO/sub 2/ from flue gas and estimate the cost of recovery. The results of this study indicate that in ammonia, ammonia sulfate is quickly formed to render that portion of the absorbent inactive. In MEA, amine sulfite and amine sulfate are the dominant impurities formed. In amine-activated potassium carbonate solutions, only sulfite and sulfate ions were found. No nitrogen-oxide species were found in any solution. The impurity levels obtained in the present experiments indicated no limit on contaminant build-up. The impurity level in the recovered CO/sub 2/ was estimated to be less than or equal to 100 ppM non-condensable gases, 20 to 200 ppM SO/sub 2/, and < 20 ppM NO/sub x. Corrosion in the absorption systems will be similar to that observed in CO/sub 2/ absorption systems from reducing gas streams. The absorption rate of CO/sub 2/ in solutions decreases with increasing loading of CO/sub 2/ in almost a linear fashion. Several alternative absorption systems were evaluated in a preliminary cost evaluation, and a K/sub 2/CO/sub 3/ (EAE activated) solution was recommended.

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PFB coal fired combined cycle development program. Gas cleanup performance requirements report

Rationale for the hot gas particulate cleanup requirements associated with hot corrosion, erosion, fouling, and environmental limits are presented. This has resulted in cleanup guidelines which can be summarized as follows: Hot corrosion appears to be a problem which cannot be addressed solely by means of particulate control. Based on the considerations given, the most promising approach to control of hot corrosion appears to lie in the development of improved materials. The probable tolerance of a GE heavy duty industrial gas turbine to erosion by PFB dust has been determined from data from three independent sources: It is estimated that the GE turbine could tolerate dust loads in the range of 100 ppM, provided 98% or more of the dust was under 10..mu..m. Data from the three primary sources cited each indicated a significant dependence of erosion rate on particle size, with erosion rate decreasing sharply at particle sizes smaller than about 10..mu..m. Fouling of the gas turbine by deposits also poses a potential problem. These deposits are believed to arise because liquid alkali salts, present in trace quantities on the dust particles, serve as a bonding agent to agglomerate particles. Environmental emission standards, in terms of particulate removal dictate that a maximum of 0.03 lb/10/sup 6/ Btu of fuel burned can be discharged into the atmosphere. This translates into 24 ppM (.013 grains/scf) for Illinois No. 6 coal with 20% excess air.

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Hot gas cleanup using ceramic cross flow membrane filters. Final report

The single unresolved technical issue in the commercialization of pressurized fluid-bed combustion (PPBC) for electric power production is the hot gas cleaning problem. In this technology, high-temperature and -pressure (HTHP), dust-laden flue gases from the combustor must be cleaned enough to reduce expansion turbine blade erosion to an economically acceptable level. Additionally, the level of particulate emission must be compatible with the New Source Performance Standards (NSPS) for environmental acceptability. The Department of Energy (DOE) has sponsored a wide range of research and development programs directed at the solution of this problem. These programs were divided into two classifications, one dealing with more advanced concepts where testing was to be done at relatively large scale and a second group of less advanced, novel concepts where the testing was to be carried out at a bench scale. The cross-flow ceramic membrane filter program described in this report is a member of the small-scale, novel concept group.

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Combustion characteristics of coal fuel in adiabatic diesel engines: Final report

The combustion of 50 wt % coal slurries, using water, diesel fuel, and methanol as carrier liquids, was investigated in a single-cylinder research engine. Preliminary data on the engine performance of dry powder coal, injected at high pressure into the engine, were also obtained. High temperatures were achieved in the engine cylinder using low-heat rejection engine technology, electrically heated glow plugs, and heated inlet air. Five coal-derived liquids, representing various low-cost processing technologies, were also evaluated for potential use as fuels in a variable compression ratio single-cylinder engine. Comparisons of the different fuels and methods of providing additional cylinder heat were obtained from cylinder pressure data and heat release calculations. Conclusions are: Autoignition of coal/water and coal/diesel slurries are possible in a medium speed diesel engine. Burning rates of the autoignited slurries could be significantly enhanced by a pilot injection of diesel fuel. Thermal efficiencies of the coal/water slurry equaled the base diesel fuel under some conditions. Engines designed for coal slurry should have the prechamber volume maximized. The Great Plains Naphtha is the best selection as a diesel fuel blending stock of the fuels tested when the ease of blending into diesel fuel, and engine performance are considered. 27 refs., 80 figs., 21 tabs.

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A 32-month gasifier mechanistic study and downstrean unit process development program for the pressurized ash-agglomerating fluidized-bed gasification system: Process analysis, topical report

This report presents process analysis of the Process Demonstration Unit (PDU) operations and is a continuation of the process analysis work performed in FY-1980 through 1983 and reported in Process Analysis Topical Report FE-19122-45. Included herein is work performed on PDU process data collected in FY-1984 and FY-1985, covering the following: gasification; ash agglomeration; fines carryover, recycle and consumption; description of temperature and concentration profiles in the fluidized-bed gasifier; development of a mechanistic gasifier model to predict PDU performance; development of a jet temperature model to predict maximum jet temperature; and multiple jet scoping studies. Data collected during the mechanistic test series enabled an in-depth understanding of the PDU behavior, development of dimensionless equations to represent temperature and steam concentrations, and the development of a mechanistic gasifier model and a jet temperature model. Both these models are required to address the effect of various operating parameters on PDU performance and operability. 10 refs., 71 figs., 34 tabs.

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Proceedings of the eight annual gasification and gas stream cleanup systems contractors review meeting: Volume 2

Research programs presented at the Gasification and Gas Stream Cleanup Systems Contractors Review Meeting are presented. The primary purpose of the meeting was threefold: To review the technical progress and current status of the gasification and gas stream cleanup projects sponsored by the Department of Energy. To foster technology exchange among participating researchers and other technical communities. To facilitate interactive dialogues which would identify research needs that would make coal-based gasification systems more attractive economically and environmentally. More than 320 representatives of Government, academia, industry, and foreign energy research organizations attended the 3-day meeting. Forty-three papers and 31 poster displays were presented summarizing recent developments in the gasification and gas stream cleanup programs. This volume covers sessions three and four on systems for the production of synthesis gas and systems for the production of coproducts. Individual topics within each session are processed separately for the data bases.

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BI-GAS Pilot Plant. Quarterly technical progress report, October 21-December 31, 1982

Work on deactivation of the BI-GAS Pilot Plant continued through mid-November 1982, at which time approximately 95 percent of the scheduled reversible mothballing activities were complete. On November 15, instructions were received from the Department of Energy to cease mothballing, pending further notification on probably reactivation of the facilities. Appropriate program planning was initiated to develop future test objectives. The status of the BI-GAS Pilot Plant remained on hold during December 1982 pending notification on reactivation of the facilities. Reversible mothballing held at approximately 95 percent completion. 3 figures.

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CNG acid gas removal process. Technical progress report No. 8, August 1-October 31, 1982

Two tasks were active during the eight quarter of the CNG Acid Gas Removal Process Project. Subtask 1.4.: testing and calibration of the process demonstration-scale triple-point crystallizer equipment and instrumentation; and Subtask 2.5 water removal. Subtask 1.4 was completed. Startup procedure is discussed. Procedures for testing and calibrating the crystallizer components and the integrated system are explained and test results are presented. Problems detected during the tests were corrected. Results of initial test runs are discussed. Subtask 2.5 was completed. Three alternative water removal schemes were examined: (1) conventional absorption/regeneration using dimethyl formamide (DMF) or methyl isobutyl ketone (MIBK), (2) absorption using methanol with subsequent condensation of methanol, and (3) adsorption using molecular sieves. The fate in the CNG Process of remaining trace water was examined. The sparse solubility of water in liquid carbon dioxide is sufficient to cause essentially complete absorption of water by liquid carbon dioxide in the hydrogen sulfide absorber. Water is rejected with the acid gases by crystallization. 19 references, 11 figures, 7 tables.

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Hydrocarbon geoscience research strategy

This document outlines a strategy for oil and gas related research focused on optimizing the economic producibility of the Nation's resources. The Hydrocarbon Geoscience Strategy was developed by the Hydrocarbon Geoscience Research Coordinating Committee of the Department of Energy (DOE). This strategy forms the basis for the development of DOE Fossil Energy's Oil Research Program Implementation Plan and Natural Gas Program Implementation Plan. 24 refs., 5 figs., 3 tabs.

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CNG acid gas removal process. Technical progress report No. 9, November 1, 1982-January 31, 1983

Two tasks were active during the ninth quarter of the CNG acid gas removal project: Subtask 1.4, calibration of instruments and elimination of equipment difficulties for the process development-scale triple-point crystallizer; and Subtask 2.1, acquisition of crystallizer rate and mechanical slurry handling data. Within Subtask 1.4, slurry pumping difficulties were resolved by extending the flash zone (longer flash vessel), and by placing a coarse filter over the slurry outlet port to exclude large particles from the slurry pump suction line. The slurry pump is a 0.5-inch ECO gear pump. Successful slurry pumping permitted a solid bed several feet tall to accumulate in the washer-melter; the solid bed moved upward in a stick-slip mode rather than continuously. Crystal melting commenced when the solid emerged from the liquid, but lasted only briefly before the bottom of the solid bed collapsed and prevented further upward movement of solid. The causes of solid bed collapse, and crystallizer modifications to prevent collapse, are being studied. Within Subtask 2.1, the melt rate obtained in the 3-inch id drained bed melter was 0.5 lb melt gas/min (10.2 lb melt gas/square foot/min). The pressure driving force for melting was 2 psi or less, and no agitation was used. The drained bed melt rate compares with the original submerged bed melt rate of about 7.8 lb melt gas/square foot/min obtained with 5 psi pressure driving force and robust agitation. 2 figures, 2 tables.

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Determinations of coal water mixture properties for predictions of products of combustion characteristics

The United States Department of Energy (DOE) has initiated a program to investigate the potential for coal water mixtures (CWM's) to serve as direct substitutes in combustion processes for liquid petroleum and natural gas. As a part of this overall DOE effort, Morgantown Energy Technology Center (METC) is investigating the feasibility for the combustion of ultra-clean coal water mixtures (UCCWM's) in gas turbines. A necessary goal of this program is to develop an understanding of the chemistry of the products of combustion (POC) of UCCWM's. Both experimental and modeling efforts are in progress to investigate POC chemistry. Based on these results, specifications for a UCCWM turbine fuel can be developed. In support of the modeling and experimental efforts, detailed characterization studies of coal, CWM's, and UCCWM's have been conducted to quantify levels and the distribution of minerals and trace elements. An analytical scheme has been developed for the detailed analysis of these feed fuels for input to the modeling programs for prediction of UCCWM products of combustion. The extensive chemical and physical analysis of CWM's includes determinations of percent water, ultimate and proximate analysis of the coal, elemental and compositional analysis of low-temperature ash of coal, heating values of CWM, viscosity, and coal particle size distributions. Similar analysis of samples of ash from the POC have allowed comparisons of composition and evaluations of the change in ash composition during combustion. The results of this study indicate that the detailed characterization of the CWM/UCCWM will supply the data necessary to analyze the products of combustion. 7 references, 1 figure, 7 tables.

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Study to determine the technical and economic feasibility of reclaiming chemicals used in micellar polymer and low tension surfactant flooding. Final report. [Ultrafiltration membranes and reverse osmosis membranes]

Energy Resources Company has developed a technology for use with enhanced oil recovery to achieve emulsion breaking and surfactant recovery. By using ultrafiltration membranes, the Energy Resources Company process can dewater an oil-in-water type emulsion expected from enhanced oil recovery projects to the point where the emulsion can be inverted and treated using conventional emulsion-treating equipment. By using a tight ultrafiltration membrane or a reverse osmosis membrane, the Energy Resources Company process is capable of recovering chemicals such as surfactants used in micellar polymer flooding.

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Large-scale samples of sulfonates for laboratory studies in tertiary oil recovery:  preparation and related studies. Quarterly report, August--October 1977

Activities are reported in a project which is to provide samples and information that will contribute to the resolution of current questions/problems in the nature and supply of oil recovery sulfonates. In exploring and evaluating feed stocks and reaction conditions, about 15 synthetic sulfonates have been prepared. The group is an expanded prototype of the sulfonates to be made as large-scale samples. These prototype samples have been used to evaluate methods of formulating and characterizing the sulfonates as oil recovery agents. A method of determining the equivalent weight of sulfonates has been developed with this group of prototype samples. A problem in interpreting and applying mass spectrometric analyses of alkylates has been resolved with this procedure. The feedstocks for the preparation of alkylate are on hand. The resolution of the equivalent weight question has confirmed the original estimates of distillation ranges, etc.

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Gas Miscible Displacement Enhanced Oil Recovery

The general goal of the Gas Miscible Displacement Project is to support high-risk, long-term CO/sub 2//EOR research that does not duplicate or displace private and other public R and D efforts. More specifically, the project goals are: (1) to understand the CO/sub 2/ process displacement mechanisms; (2) to provide predictive capability to forecast recovery from the process; and (3) to improve the process recovery efficiency. In order to accomplish these goals, the following research priorities have been identified: (1) better mobility control of injected fluids; (2) improved techniques for reservoir evaluation through investigating geologic and reservoir heterogeneity, residual oil saturation, and fracturing; (3) improved understanding of oil swelling, viscosity reduction, and extraction/vaporization phenomena; (4) improved predictive modeling; and (5) field-performance appraisal for tertiary oil recovery. The objectives of the research for FY 83 and FY 84 are: to provide a better understanding of the mechanism of the carbon dioxide miscible displacement process; to increase the displacement and sweep efficiencies of the injected fluids; to provide predictive modelig capability for the gas miscible displacement process; and to study the effects of reservoir heterogeneity.

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Contaminant resistant molten carbonate fuel cell: Annual report, June 1986--June 1987. [Ni hydrogen-permeablel barriers]

This report summarizes the results of a year-long program evaluating the application of solid nickel foils as hydrogen-permeable barriers to contaminants (H/sub 2/S, HCl, NH/sub 3/) in molten carbonate fuel cells. A parametric study was conducted using 2.5 to 7.5 ..mu..m thick nickel foils in both laboratory-scale and bench-scale fuel cell tests. Two design configurations were evaluated, one in which the foil was placed adjacent to the electrolyte matrix and one in which the foil was placed between two porous metal plaques. In both cases the foil served as a barrier for contaminants. Post-test analysis of electrolyte matrices indicated that both configurations retarded or prevented contaminants from reaching the electrolyte. However, problems were encountered with the first configuration in that gaseous products built up on the electrolyte side of the anode, substantially increasing cell polarization. The second configuration performed significantly better than the first, delivering a performance nearly equal to that of a standard porous metal anode structure. However, the flux of hydrogen crossing the foil in this configuration proved to be sensitive to sulfur contaminants in the fuel. As a consequence, a reduction in current density at constant cell voltage was observed when H/sub 2/S was present in the fuel, despite the fact that no H/sub 2/S reached the three-phase region where electrode, fuel, and electrolyte meet. This behavior, however, may be overcome by using a foil other than pure nickel. 36 refs., 30 figs., 22 tabs.

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Paraho oil shale module:  trade-off studies. Topical report, Task 12

During the course of the Phase I design work, several items have evolved as critical enough to merit formal evaluation and documentation through a trade-off study. Each trade-off study discusses the alternatives, significant background, selection process and conclusions on these areas of design. Critical Items Identification, resulted in a list of design elements essential to the success of the facility performance. Of these, a total of seven were selected for expanded discussion via a trade-off study. Brief summaries and conclusions are noted for each trade-off study: rectangular vs. circular retort module configuration; hydrogen sulfide removal from low-Btu product gas; naphtha recovery from low-Btu product gas; comparative mine access; upper bench load and haul; facing of processed shale embankment; and hazardous waste disposal.

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Scale-up of Miscible Flood Processes

Results of a wide-ranging investigation of the scaling of the physical mechanisms of miscible floods are reported. Advanced techniques for analysis of crude oils are considered in Chapter 2. Application of supercritical fluid chromatography is demonstrated for characterization of crude oils for equation-of-state calculations of phase equilibrium. Results of measurements of crude oil and phase compositions by gas chromatography and mass spectrometry are also reported. They demonstrate that the presence of significant quantities of multi-ring aromatic compounds in a crude oil can increase substantially the minimum miscibility pressure for C0[sub 2] injection. The theory of development of miscibility is considered in detail in Chapter 3. The theory, is extended to four components, and sample solutions for a variety of gas injection systems are presented. The analytical theory shows that miscibility can develop even though standard tie-line extension criteria developed for ternary systems are not satisfied. In addition, the theory includes the first analytical solutions for condensing/vaporizing gas drives. In Chapter 4, the interactions of viscous fingering and permeability heterogeneity are examined. Results of flow visualizations are reported for unstable displacements in synthetic heterogeneous porous media. In addition, predictions of a particle-tracking simulator for the, same displacements are compared with the experimental observations. Both experiments and simulations show that even modest permeability heterogeneity can dominate the pattern of fingering in unstable displacements. Finally, a suite of unstable displacements in laboratory samples is interpreted with the particle-tracking simulator to examine the affects of changes in mobility ratio for displacements in which dispersion, heterogeneity, and viscous instability interact. In Chapter 5, the combined effects of capillary and gravity-driven crossflow are considered.

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Enhanced flue gas conditioning study

Many electrostatic precipitators (ESPS) do not achieve acceptable particulate removal efficiencies because of high-resistivity ash. One method to improve ESP performance is to employ chemical conditioning agents to reduce fly ash resistivity. Widely used agents include sulfur trioxide (SO[sub 3]) and ammonia, which are sometimes used simultaneously. For some fly ashes, that have a low affinity for SO[sub 3], conditioning with SO[sub 3] alone is not adequate to reduce resistivity without excessive amounts of SO[sub 3] exiting the stack. In such cases, the use of ammonia in addition to SO[sub 3] may reduce the amount of required SO[sub 3] and prevent the emission of excess SO[sub 3] out of the stack. The general objective of the work was to test enhanced flue gas conditioning methods to improve the performance of ESPS. Specific objectives were to (1) verify the relationship between the required SO[sub 3] injection rates to maintain the desired fly ash resistivity and temperature for four coals, (2) verify that dual conditioning with both ammonia and SO[sub 3] promotes SO[sub 3] utilization and allows for resistivity modification with moderate SO[sub 3] injection rates, and (3) verify the effectiveness and practicality of an enhanced flue gas conditioning (EFGC) method. The EFGC method is a proprietary development of Wahlco, Inc.

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