AndreaBozzo/ceres-open-data-index huggingface dataset:
Development of high frequency electromagnetic mapping (HFEM) technology. Final report

In response to a request from the Department of Energy (DOE), the National Bureau of Standards (NBS), 1979, undertook a program to develop the technology to utilize High Frequency Electromagnetic Mapping (HFEM) techniques for evaluating rubblized oil shale in the cold retort state in the modified in situ process. This technology development should also be applicable for using HFEM techniques for diagnosing, monitoring, controlling and evaluating modified in situ retorts after they are ignited. This report covers the work performed from October 1980 to September 1981. It describes the baseline data work required to design a high-temperature sample holder and experiments for determining the EM properties of oil shale samples at elevated temperatures (200 to 500/sup 0/C). A theoretical approach is given for modelling oil shale retorts for electromagnetic sensing techniques by a spheroid with an average dielectric constant along with numerical results. Finally, the measurement results are given for the spent and raw shale samples that were obtained from portions of the ten half-core samples plus the results of the electromagnetic transmission measurements taken on oil shale samples at LETC in Laramie, Wyoming. The work was accomplished in separate phases which centered around four main technical activities that are documented in this final report as follows: baseline data; theoretical work; spent and raw shale samples; and transmission measurements.

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UCG process data base

Process modeling in underground coal gasification (UCG) systems is a useful tool. Often, however, the experimental data necessary to test proposed models and mechanisms is not readily available. To help overcome this problem we describe in this paper a UCG Data Base we are developing to assist in making detailed data from DOE-sponsored field programs easily available. In addition, the data in the current data base are used to summarize the results of the Hoe Creek I, II, and III experiments. A statistical look at these data indicate a general lack of correlation between process variables. A simple gas compositional model is presented and is shown to be consistent with much of the available field data.

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Preliminary results from retorting Michigan Antrim shale. Technical progress report

As part of a continuing in situ oil shale research effort, the retorting characteristics of a column of mine-run shale ranging in size from fines to 2 foot cube sized and 4 foot cube sized pieces are being investigated in both 10 and 150 ton capacity, batch type retorts, respectively at the Laramie Energy Research Center, Laramie, Wyo. Preliminary investigations into the retorting characteristics of oil shale's other than those in the Green River Formation, namely Michigan Antrim shale, have begun and this paper presents the results from the first run using this Devonian type shale in the 10 ton retort. These results are compared to previous data compiled from Colorado oil shale tests conducted in both retorts.

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Aragonite and the genesis of carbonates in Mahogany Zone oil shales of Colorado's Green River Formation

Aragonite, co-occurring with calcite and dolomite as matrix minerals, has been discovered in mahogany zone oil shales of Colorado's Eocene Green River Formation, posing puzzles on the geochemical patterns of their separate origins, reasons for their simultaneous existence, and their interrelation. The presence of aragonite is demonstrated by X-ray diffraction. Amounts of aragonite and dolomite are significantly and inversely related, but the calcite quantity is essentially independent of either aragonite or dolomite quantity. A geochemical pattern outlining the deposition conditions that created the Green River Formation oil shale is postulated from characteristics of the oil shale. The development of the three separate carbonates aragonite, calcite, and dolomite, the inverse relationship between aragonite and dolomite, and the independence of amounts of calcite and the other two carbonates are shown to be natural consequences of this oil-shale genesis pattern.

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Characteristics of Green River formation oil shales at Bureau of Mines, Wyoming Corehole No. 1. [Oil yield data and lithologic descriptions]

The Bureau of Mines drilled Wyoming Core hole No. 1 in Sweetwater County, Wyo. To sample Green River Formation oil shale. Core obtained was assayed for oil yield to determine richness and stratigraphic distribution of oil shale in the deposit. Oil shale in place at Wyoming No. 1 site represents over 200 million barrels of oil per square mile. Additional data useful in evaluating the deposit, including generalized stratigraphy and mineralogy, detailed litho logic descriptions of the core, rock specific gravity, and borehole logs, are presented with the oil-yelled data. The sampled Wyoming oil shale resembles Mahogany-zone oil shale in rock properties and gross mineralogy. A statistically derived equation relating shale density to oil yield for the Wyoming deposit compares with a similar relationship valid for the better known Mahogany-zone oil shales in Colorado and Utah. A density log from Wyoming Core hole No. 1 is calibrated for direct oil-yield logging. The alternating rich and lean beds of shale at this site may permit creating the permeability necessary for direct production of shale oil from the shale in place.

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Colorado's primary oil-shale resource for vertical modified in-situ processes

Vertical modified in-situ processes for oil-shale development require an accessible, thick and continuous oil-shale section. In Colorado's Piceance Creek Basin the Mahogany zone and its overlying oil-shale is the Green River Formation section that best meets these requirements. This oil-shale section is described and evaluated in detail with contour maps of richness, thickness, and oil resource in place. Seven cross sections were constructed to provide the frame work necessary for basin-wide correlation of assay results from 189 cores. These correlations form the basis for detailed contouring and source evaluation of the Mahogany zone, A-groove, and 5 overlying oil-shale sections. Total oil in place basin-wide in this primary resource is 419 billion barrels with 85 percent occurring in areas with resource exceeding 400,000 bbls per acre. Ninety-five percent of the resource occurs where average richness of the total section exceeds 14 gallons per ton. Thickness of the continuous section reaches 600 feet and virtually all the resource occurs in sections thicker than 300 feet (91 meters).

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Underground coal gasification using oxygen and steam

Twenty-one field Underground Coal Gasification (UCG) tests have been carried out in the USA since 1973, along with related theoretical, laboratory and environmental programs. The product gas quality obtained from these field tests is comparable to that of surface gasification, using either air or steam and oxygen. Cost estimates are very favorable. The UCG process is found to be quite stable: experiments run continuously. Key features of the successful US program include: careful site selection, steam-oxygen gasification, extensive use of in-situ instrumentation, and theoretical modeling. Plans for commercial implementation of the technology are under development by four groups in the USA, all using steam/oxygen injections. 19 references, 13 figures, 6 tables.

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Explosively produced fracture of oil shale. Progress report, April to June 1981

This is the second report in the new format for progress report from the Los Alamos Oil Shale Working Group. The first section describes progress made during the quarter in program management; stress wave, fluid-flow, and retort stability modeling; and field verification experiments. In the second section, the technical papers written by project staff detail work on explosive characterization, computer modeling and theory, and retort stability.

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/sup 13/C NMR chemical shift assignments for gammacerane (tetrahymane)

The carbon-13 NMR chemical shift values were obtained and assigned for each carbon atom of the pentacyclic triterpane gammacerane. Thirteen resonances of nearly unit intensity and one resonances of approximately two intensity units were observed which supports the proposed C/sub 2/ symmetry. The assignments were made by comparison with similar molecules and off-resonance decoupling. Relative to podocarpane C-7 and C-9 resonances of gammacerane were found to be shifted upfield instead of the expected downfield shift. These shifts are attributed to subtle conformational effects and an accentuated ..gamma..-effect due to the rigidity of the carbon skeleton.

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Support service to the Office of Oil, Gas, Shale and Coal Liquids. Final report

The material contained in this final report is a summary of the support provided by Pyros under DOE Contract Number DE-AC01-82FE50037 in support of Fossil Energy's (FE's) Office of Oil, Gas, Shale, and Coal Liquids (OGSCL). The primary objectives were to provide expert technical, scientific, and engineering analyses specific to: technical support to the line divisions; quick response technical and analytical support; identification of program gaps, overlaps, and areas inconsistent with FE policy; assistance in evaluating current program accomplishments and establishing new program objectives/milestones consistent with FY 1983 and FY 1984 budget guidance; technical support to the Great Plains monitoring group; expert technical, scientific, and engineering analysis specific to new OGSCL R and D strategies; conference/advisory committee support; and environmental, health, safety, and socioeconomic (EHS and S) technical support. The report is divided into five major areas: a listing of the meetings Pyros attended as a representative of OGSCL; a listing of documents reviewed and commented upon by Pyros; a synopsis of technical activities performed by Pyros; the major deliverables submitted under this contract; and Appendix A - a listing of all memoranda published by Pyros under this contract.

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Short papers from the cooperative oil-shale laboratory

During the retorting of Colorado oil shale, gas evolution began at temperatures between 200/sup 0/ and 250/sup 0/ F and yielded an average of about 1770 cubic feet per ton. Water formed at about the same temperature and was evolved throughout the oil-production stage. The latter stage occurred at 625/sup 0/ to 1150/sup 0/ F, but 96 percent of the oil was formed at temperatures up to 900/sup 0/ F. Maximum yields of oil resulted from slower rates of retorting.

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Postburn roof stability analysis for the TONO CRIP UCG burn

During the Ninth Annual Underground Coal Gasification Symposium, Sutherland, Hommert, Taylor, and Benzley presented a preburn prediction for the burn, roof fall and surface subsidence for the TONO CRIP UCG site in Washington state. That burn has now been completed and postburn measurements of cavity sizes have become available. In this manuscript we show that the preburn predictions are, in general, in good agreement with the postburn examination of the burn site. Discrepancies between the predictions and the measurements are shown to arise for two reasons. The first is that the burn sequence analyzed in the prediction was not followed during the course of the experiment due to experimental difficulties. The second reason is that the stratigraphic section analyzed in the preburn predictions is slightly different from that observed above the burn. To clarify the discrepancies, the roof stability of the measured burn cavity is analyzed using the two analysis schemes that were used in the preburn analysis. The first technique is the Rubble model. It uses a continuum description of the rubblization process that occurs as roof material fails and falls into the cavity below it. This technique is based on a standard finite element numerical analysis scheme. The second technique is the BLOCKS model. This technique divides the geologic strata into a collection of discrete, individual blocks and monitors all the collisions which occur between them. Both techniques yield very good descriptions of the roof stability for the measured burn cavity. 10 refs., 7 figs.

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Morgantown Energy Technology Center Publications List, 1984

This Publications List includes the documents prepared by the Morgantown Energy Technology Center (METC) staff as well as their contractors during fiscal year 1984. The documents are arranged according to technology and then by the number by which each is identified in the Energy Data Base and the NTIS Data Base. Author, report number, subject, and title indexes follow the list. All documents are available from the US Department of Energy's Office of Scientific and Technical Information and the National Technical Information Service. Both addresses are listed. Ordering information is included.

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Sample conditioning and standard preparation for synfuel gas analysis. [Especially reactive gases]

A goal of the work carried out subsequent to the field test was thus to develop a method of collecting and conditioning a gas sample which obviated these concerns. The method was to avoid exposing the gas to any liquid condensate, and was to be insensitive to high loadings of suspended dust or droplets, and should not be affected by pressure fluctuations which inevitably occur in a process line. For this purpose a volumetric gas dilutor was developed. This system extracts a fixed volume of gas at constant pressure and temperature and dilutes it with another inert carrier gas. The critical component of this system was designed and tested in the laboratory as described in Section 2 of this report. Finally, a detailed design for a fieldworthy gas conditioning system was completed to the level of individual components and vendors. A summary of this design was provided to LETC in the June 1983 monthly report, but the system was not developed further. The volumetric dilution system also appears to be a valuable method for preparing gas standards in the range 0.1 ppM to ca. 20%. In much of this range the accuracy of this standard can be traceable to NBS standards. Dilution of a fluid by means of repetitive injections of a fixed volume into a diluent stream requires that the resulting concentration spikes be averaged over time. This chapter shows that a single mixing chamber is normally inadequate, but that a column of 5 to 20 ''plates''or sub-volumes is optimum. 7 figs., 2 tabs.

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Underground coal gasification:  a leading contender in the synfuels industry

Underground coal gasification (UCG) promieses to be a relatively low cost, environmentaly sound method for producing clean fuels from coal deposits that are unattractive for mining. The coal is gasified in place, with the reactions supported by oxygen and steam piped down from the surface. Gases produced by the combustion reactions are piped to the surface, where they can be converted to various useful fuels such as pipeline quality gas or gasoline at costs estimated to be competitive with those for fuels from conventional sources. Huge deposits of deep coal exist in the US which are not economically recoverable by mining. It appears that a successful UCG process could recover enough of these presently unusable resources to quadruple our coal reserves. Thus there is a strong economic incentive to develop the UCG process. As a further advantage, the UCG process is expected to have only minor environmental impact since the coal is consumed underground and most of the waste products remain there. In the US, an R and D program in UCG has been supported by the Department of Energy and its predecessor agencies for about a decade, and private industry has also been active in developing the process; elsewhere in the world, development programs are being carried on in a number of countries. Results have been very encouraging, and it appears that if government and industry continue to support UCG development, then the UCG process could become commercially established by the 1990s.

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Preliminary evaluation of underground coal gasification at Hanna, Wyoming

The Bureau of Mines initiated a field test of underground coal gasification to investigate the technologic feasibility of gasifying a subbituminous coal. The test site is near the town of Hanna, Wyo., about 70 miles northwest of Laramie. Preliminary results of the experiment are described. The coal was ignited in the central well of a 16-well pattern. Both forward and reverse combustion techniques were attempted to prepare a path of sufficient permeability to permit the high air injection rates necessary for gasification. Gasification between linked wellbores was sustained for periods as long as 3 months. Hydrogen-rich gas having a heating value of 100 to 150 Btu/scf was produced. Work done in cooperation with the University of Wyoming.

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Early cavity growth during forward burn. [Hoe Creek III problems]

During the early portion of the forward burn phase of the Hoe Creek III field experiment, the cavity progagated rapidly down the deviated borehole and to the top of the coal seam. As a first step to understanding this phenomena we have conducted small scale coal block experiments. Drying as well as combustion tests were performed. This paper describes the test hardware and the experimental results.

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LLL in situ coal gasification project. Quarterly progress report, October-December 1979. [Hoe Creek No. 3 and planning]

The major effort this quarter has been postexperiment analysis of Hoe Creek No. 3 and planning for future gasification experiments. Hoe Creek No. 3: Thermal data have been analyzed to determine the performance of the drilled horizontal channel during forward gasification. Thermal and material balance data are combined to determine late-time burn boundaries for the experiment. Surface subsidence after the experiment was completed is described. Process wells were inspected to determine failure characteristics and pinpoint late-time injection location. Ground-water quality before and after Hoe Creek No. 3 and the effects of aquifer interconnection on hydraulic measurements at the Hoe Creek No. 2 and No. 3 sites are discussed. Future experiments: Potential UCG sites are being characterized for future tests. Two sites in the Powder River Basin near Gillette, Wyoming are discussed. Preliminary plans for a deep site gasification experiment and a new method for in situ gasification of thick seams are presented.

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Overburden characterization and post-burn study of the Hanna IV, underground coal gasification site, Wyoming, and comparison to other Wyoming UCG sites

Analysis of 21 post-burn cores taken from the Hanna IV UCG site allows 96 m of overburden to be subdivided into four local stratigraphic units. The 7.6 m thick Hanna No. 1 coal seam is overlain by a laterally discontinuous, 3.3 m thick shale mudstone in part of the Hanna IV site. A more widespread, 30 m thick well-indurated sandstone overlies the A'unit. Unit A is the roof rock for both of the Hanna IV cavities. Overlying Unit A is a 33 m thick sequence of mudstone and clay stone, and the uppercase unit at the Hanna IV sites is a coarse grained sandstone that ranges in thickness from 40 to 67 m. Two elliptical cavities were formed during the two phases of the Hanna IV experiment. The larger cavity, Hanna Iva, is 45 x 15 m in plan and has a maximum height of 18 m from the base of the coal seam to the top of the cavity; the Hanna Ivb cavity is 40 x 15 m in plan and has a maximum height of 18 m from the base of the coal seam to the top of the cavity; the Hanna Ivb cavity is 40 x 15 m in plan and has a maximum height of 11 m from the base of the coal seam to the top of the cavity.

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Characterization of Shale Oil Produced under Various Reduced Pressures

The crude shale oil obtained under reduced pressures by a nonisothermal technique was analyzed for physical and chemical properties. A lower pressure, higher heating rate, and higher flow rate of sweep gas resulted in a higher nitrogen content and higher values of viscosity, density, Conradson carbon, and pour point as well as a higher percentage of higher boiling distillates and a lower H/C ratio. The sulfur content remained relatively constant in the pressure range studied. As for chemical properties, a greater amount of paraffinic and aromatic compounds and increased aromaticity were observed at a lower pressure, while saturated isoprenoids decreased with decreased pressure. The olefinic fraction remained relatively constant under various pressures.

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Explosively produced fracture of oil shale. Annual report, April 1978-March 1979

A generalized constitutive stress-strain relation, which includes the effects of both tensile and shear stresses on crack growth, is presented. A bedded-crack version of the fracture model was incorporated into the YAQUI hydrodynamics code. The average strain resulting from a random distribution of cracks in a stressed medium was used to determine the reduced modulus of the material. Tracer gas flow and pressure decay of a proposed oil shale retort were studied using a finite difference formulation of a Darcy fluid flow model. Preshot geologic characterization of the highly instrumented single-borehole explosive test shots in the Colony Mine is described. Crater blast data for both laboratory- and field-size experiments are given. Results were interpreted using empirical cratering and fragmentation techniques.

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Constitution of hydrocarbon-like materials derived from kerogen oxidation products

The organic acids present in a Colorado oil shale oxidation product were characterized.  This was accomplished by reducing the acids to hydrocarbon and fractionating the resulting material.  Data from this study indicated that the oxidation product contained n-paraffinic, isoparaffiinic, aromatic, naphthenic, and hetercyclic acids.  The latter two types predominated, suggesting that Colorado oil shale kerogen contains mostly alicyclic and hertrocyclic structures with smaller amounts of straight-chain and aromatic constituents.

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Modeling and analysis of the CSAMT geophysical technique results to map oil recovery processes

The mapping of enhanced oil recovery processes is important to predict process behavior and to be able to exhibit some control of the process for maximizing the stimulation of oil reservoirs. The controlled source audio-frequency magnetotellurie(scant)electromagnetic geophysical technique shows promise for mapping steam floods and firefloods. Two field trails were conducted, one at a steam flood tar sand oil recovery experiment and one at a fireflood heavy oil recovery process. And initial report of the results was given previously in this paper, an analysis will be given of the CSANT results for the two floods along with a comparison with production and post test results. The result of this work is that the CSANT technique is a viable technique for mapping these thermal EOR processes. In addition. A discussion of mathematical modeling will be given.

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Modeling efforts within the DOE Oil Shale Program

This technical note is an overview of mathematical modeling efforts in the Department of Energy Oil Shale Program and includes a bibliography of modeling related to oil shale processing. Process modeling is a tool employed by the Morgantown Energy Technology Center in their systems analysis approach to Oil Shale research management. Through a process of model development, empirical data generation, and cataloging, program managers are able to develop comprehensive overviews of their programs and redefine/redirect program efforts to more effectively reach their goals and objectives. Models covering rock fragmentation, void characterization (tracer studies), chemistry and physics of retorting, and more specialized areas have been developed by and are in use at several national laboratories government centers, and universities. The models are listed with observations regarding application, code language, ease of use, reliability, and documentation.

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