AndreaBozzo/ceres-open-data-index huggingface dataset:
Assessment of modular IGCC plants based on entrained flow coal gasification supplemental studies

In a previous study (1), Foster Wheeler made an assessment of modular IGCC power systems employing Texaco entrained flow gasification of Illinois No. 6 coal. In that study, five case studies were developed in order to compare the relative performance and economics of air vs. oxygen blown gasification and high temperature vs. low temperature gas cleanup. As a supplemental study, two additional IGCC design cases were developed as alternate to the original Case 2 and Case 3 configurations. The objective of the Case 2 alternate study was to assess the potential of zinc titanate in place of zinc ferrite. Compared to zinc ferrite, the zinc titanate system offered the following potential advantages: Does not require steam conditioning of the feed gas to avoid carbon formation; does not require reductive regeneration and the corresponding use of fuel gas; operates at higher temperature, about 1350{degree}F; and has a longer projected sorbent life. The objective of the alternate Case 3 study was to determine the economic impact of producing sulfuric acid, instead of elemental sulfur, as the by-product from high temperature desulfurization using zinc ferrite. Sulfur recovery as by-product sulfuric acid therefore offered the potential for reducing both the capital and operating costs. 6 refs., 5 figs., 15 tabs.

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Western Gas Sands Project:  production histories of the Piceance and Uinta basins of Colorado and Utah

Current United States geological tight sand designations in the Piceance and Uinta Basins'Western Gas Sands Project include the Mesaverde Group, Fort Union and Wasatch Formations. Others, such as the Dakota, Cedar Mountain, Morrison and Mancos may eventually be included. Future production from these formations will probably be closely associated with existing trends. Cumulative gas production through December 1979, of the Mesaverde Group, Fort Union and Wasatch Formations in the Piceance and Uinta Basins is less than 275 billion cubic feet. This contrasts dramatically with potential gas in place estimates of 360 trillion cubic feet. If the geology can be fully understood and engineering problems surmounted, significant potential reserves can be exploited.

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Minimum volumetric requirements in aerated drilling:  a field operations manual

This Field Operations Manual provides drilling engineers a means of making quick, graphical determinations of gas (air) and liquid volumetric requirements in air, foam, and mist drilling. A model for predicting correct air (gas) volume requirements in air drilling has been developed. It includes a complete analysis of pressures throughout the system, offers flexibility in selection of wellhead pressure and air flow rate, and is primarily graphical. Charts are presented for sandstone, shale and limestone formations. A model has also been developed for predicting minimum volumetric requirements for foam and mist drilling operations. It accounts for frictional losses due to the solid-phase, pressure drop across bit nozzles and particle settling velocities. The technique offers a high degree of flexibility in the selection of wellhead injection pressures and volumetric requirements. Actual field application of this work can be accomplished by two different methods depending on compressor specifications. These are the Variable Back pressure and Constant Back Pressure schedules. They are primarily graphical. The main advantage of these techniques over the currently practiced trial and error methods in aerated drilling is the prevention of the use of excess air (gas) and/or foamer solution while the hole is still in gauge. If these results can be realized, problems such as hole enlargement, sloughing shale, and wellbore collapse can be minimized and drilling costs will be reduced. All of the charts presented in this manual assume regular bits with nozzles of 28/32 inches each. For large bit nozzle sizes used in aerated drilling, pressure drop across such nozzles is negligible in comparison to total system losses. Thus the charts are also applicable to conditions where no nozzles are involved. 20 figures, 6 tables.

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Estimates  of Incremental Oil Recoverable by Carbon Dioxide Flooding and Related Carbon Dioxide Supply Requirements for Flooding Major Carbonate Reservoirs in the Permian, Williston, and other Rocky Mountain Basins

The objective of the work was to build a solid engineering foundation (in) carbonate reservoirs for the purpose of extending the technology base in carbon dioxide miscible flooding. This report presents estimates of incremental oil recovery and related carbon dioxide supply requirements for selected carbonate reservoirs in the Permian, Williston, and Rocky Mountain Basins. The estimates presented here are based on calculations using a volumetric model derived and described in this report. The calculations utilized data developed in previous work. Calculations were made for a total of 279 reservoirs in the Permian, Williston, and several smaller Rocky Mountain Basins. Results show that the carbonate reservoirs of the Permian Basin constitute an order of magnitude larger target for carbon dioxide flooding than do all the carbonate reservoirs of the Williston and Rocky Mountain intermontane basins combined. Review of the calculated data in comparison with information from earlier work indicates that the figures given here are probably optimistic in that incremental oil volumes may be biased toward the high side while carbon dioxide supply requirements may be biased toward the low side. However, the information available would not permit further practical refinement of the calculations. Use of the incremental oil figures given for individual reservoirs as an official estimate is not recommended because of various uncertainties in individual field data. Further study and compilation of data for field projects as they develop appears warranted to better calibrate the calculation procedures and thus to develop more refined estimates of incremental oil potential and carbon dioxide supply requirements. 11 figures, 16 tables.

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Advanced alternate planar geometry solid oxide fuel cells

The potential of high temperature Solid Oxide Fuel Cells as high performance, high efficiency energy conversion device is well known. Investigation of several cell designs have been undertaken by various researchers to derive the maximum performance benefit from the device while maintaining a lower cost of production to meet the commercialization cost target. The present investigation focused on the planar SOFC design which allows for the use of mature low cost production processes to be employed. A novel design concept was investigated which allows for improvements in performance through increased interface stability, and lowering of cost through enhanced structural integrity and the use of low cost metal interconnects. The new cell design consisted of a co-sintered porous/dense/porous zirconia layer with the electrode material infiltrated into the porous layers. The two year program conducted by a team involving Ceramatec and the Institute of Gas Technology, culminated in a multi-cell stack test that exhibited high performance. Considerable progress was achieved in the selection of cell components, and establishing and optimizing the cell and stack fabrication parameters. It was shown that the stack components exhibited high conductivities and low creep at the operating temperature. The inter-cell resistive losses were shown to be small through out-of-cell characterization. The source of performance loss was identified to be the anode electrolyte interface. This loss however can be minimized by improving the anode infiltration technique. Manifolding and sealing of the planar devices posed considerable challenge. Even though the open circuit voltage was 250 mV/cell lower than theoretical, the two cell stack had a performance of 300 mA/cm[sup 2] at 0.4V/cell with an area specific resistance of 1 [Omega]-cm[sup 2]/cell. improvements in manifolding are expected to provide much higher performance.

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Operations manual for DOE/METC's second generation fiber optic alkali monitor and calibration device

The DOE/METC fiber optic alkali monitor is an integrated hardware and software system developed to monitor alkali concentrations in process gas streams. For additional information on the background, design and application of this fiber optic alkali monitor (and its predecessor version) the reader should consult the suggested reading list at the end of this report. A slipstream of the process gas is introduced into a controlled flame and the concentrations of sodium and potassium are monitored using flame emission spectroscopy. The system consists of three basic sections: the light gathering and distribution section, the light filtering and detection section, and the computer-controlled signal processing section. The light gathering and distribution section consists of four components: a lens arrangement, an optical shutter, a bifurcated fiber optic, and two beam splitters. The purpose of the lens arrangement is to reduce flame noise by spreading the image of the center of the flame and focusing it through the optical shutter onto the fiber optic. This technique serves to eliminate the adverse effects of flame movements. The optical shutter is a means to block out all light from the fiber optic bundle while performing dark calibrations. When the shutter is open, the gathered light travels through a bifurcated fiber optic to the sodium and potassium channels, where it is divided by the beam splitters. This beam-splitting technique distributes equal amounts of light between each of the two channels'foreground and background subchannels. The divided light beam then enters the filtering and detection section. 24 figs.

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Coalbed methane production case histories

The production of methane gas from coal and coal-bearing rocks is one of the prime objectives of the Department of Energy's Methane Recovery from Coalbeds Project. This report contains brief description of wells that are presently producing gas from coal or coal-bearing rocks. Data from three gob gas production areas in Illinois, an in-mine horizontal borehole degasification, and eleven vertical boreholes are presented. Production charts and electric logs of the producing zones are included for some of the wells. Additional information on dry gas production from the San Juan Basin, Colorado/New Mexico and the Greater Green River Coal Region, Colorado/Wyoming is also included.

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Evaluation of products recovered from scrap tires for use as asphalt modifiers

Western Research Institute performed rheological tests and water sensitivity tests on asphalt cements that had been modified with carbonous residues obtained from the pyrolysis of scrap tires and waste motor oil. These tests are part of an ongoing program at the University of Wyoming Chemical Engineering Department to evaluate, as asphalt additives, solid carbonous products recovered from the scrap tire and waste motor oil pyrolysis experiments conducted at the University. The tests showed that carbonous residues increased the viscosity and decreased the elasticity of AC-10 and AC-20 asphalts. The tests also indicatedthat asphalt cements modified with carbonous residues were less sensitive to water damage and age embrittlement than unmodified asphalt cements.

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Coal-fueled diesel systems for stationary power applications: Task 1, Assessment of merit: Topical report

The present program on coal fueled diesel engines was undertaken on the premise that the problems experienced by the Germans might be able to be solved by using recent technical developments such as: coal cleaning and micronizing techniques capable of producing 0.5% ash, 6 micron mean size coals; use of coal-water slurry fuels instead of coal dust; modern diesel engine technology available to Cooper, GE, EMD, and other engine manufacturers, including high BMEP, high efficiency and low maintenance components; and ceramic components for wear resistance, reduced heat loss, and enhanced char burnout. The basic motivation behind the METC initiative is to prepare coal-burning technology for the 1990's and beyond, when oil and gas prices may rise to unacceptable levels. The stationary diesel engine application is thought to be particularly conductive to coal use, because unlike the locomotive and other uses: the engine runs essentially continuously at rated load, 5000 to 8000 hours per year; there are no severe space, volume, or weight constraints at stationary power sites; coal is already supplied to thousands of stationary power sites; the engine unit sizes are much larger (4 to 20 MW vs 1 to 2 MW), justifying greater capital cost premiums for injectors, liners, and other critical components; and the engine speed of these larger units is much lower (100 to 400 RPM vs 800 to 1200 RPM for the RR application), which is quite beneficial for ignition and combustion of coal slurries. Indeed, the advantage of larger stationary diesel engines for burning coal slurry is already apparent from the recent intriguing short term tests of the Sulzer cathedral style engine. 34 figs., 35 tabs.

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The numerical simulation of four forward combustion tube experiments using the tar sand triangle resource

Two mathematical models, Tar Sand Reservoir Simulator 1 (TSRS1) and Tar Sand Reservoir Simulator 2 (TSRS2), are used to numerically simulate the thermal recovery of oil from tar sand in tube reactor tests conducted at Western Research Institute. The results from these two models are compared to the results from four Tar Sand Triangle tube reactor forward combustion experiments (Romanowski and Thomas 1986). Although the comparative analyses of the numerical simulations and the experimental results were hampered by the bypassing of air, reactor plugging, and the use of wall heaters during the experiments, the simulators predicted tube reactor performance reasonably well. The comparison of results indicates that air bypassing influenced measured oil yields, combustion temperatures, and reactor pressures and was most noticeable during the highest flux experiment. Non-adiabatic conditions resulting from the reactor wall heaters affected measured front velocities and combustion temperatures, and were most apparent during the lower flux experiments. The results from TSRS2 (which accounts for the steam-char, the CO/sub 2/-char, and the water-gas shift reactions) more accurately describe the forward combustion process. Accounting for these reactions results in lower combustion temperatures, higher combustion front velocities, and improved product gas compositions compared to the results from the TSRS1 simulations. 18 refs., 4 figs., 11 tabs.

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High-temperature, solid oxide electrolyte fuel cell power generation system. Quarterly report, September 1, 1980-November 30, 1980

Development of porous support tubes includes techniques to achieve one-end-closed tubes that are needed for an improved cell design which has the air electrode closest to the porous support tube. Work continues on investigating alternate air electrode candidate materials which must have similar thermal expansion to the porous support tube and which will be potentially lower in cost. Such materials must withstand the processing conditions during high-temperature EVD fabrication of the solid electrolyte and interconnection. New cell stacks were tested with various air electrode materials. Of these, stacks with flame sprayed La/sub 0/ /sub 8/Ca/sub 0/ /sub 2/CoO/sub 3/ cathodes appeared most promising in initial tests. However, improvements must be made to achieve better thermal expansion characteristics of this material. Sulfidation studies by microweighting of compacted nickel powder indicate that the small loss of performance, as seen in cell stack No. 8 (tested at 1000/sup 0/C for 750 hours in 15% CO   H/sub 2//50 ppM H/sub 2/S/bal CO/sub 2/ fuel), is due to adsorption of H/sub 2/S, S/sub 2/ or SO/sub 2/ species on the nickel of the nickel-cermet fuel electrode. Dc and ac impedance measurements were made on cell stack (No. 9) which had been power-tested previously. These analytical measurements serve to verify and improve existing equivalent circuits for cell stacks as well as lead toward better choice of reactant concentrations for cell and stack testing.

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Solid oxide fuel cell power generation system. The status of the cell technology

Westinghouse Electric Corporation, at its R and D Center, has been contractually working with the US Department of Energy, since 1976, to develop a high-temperature, solid oxide fuel cell generator. Over this time period, all the cell component materials, their fabrication processes and a viable cell design, leading to a feasible generator design concept, have been established. This report highlights the major accomplishments to date on the present program, initiated in June 1980, which has led to verification of the new cell design and established its performance and initial life characteristics.

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Phosphoric acid electric utility fuel cell technology development. Technical progress report No. 8 for quarter ending December 1983

The Department of Energy has initiated this program to advance electric utility cell stack technology and to reduce cell stack cost. The cell stack has a nominal 10-ft/sup 2/ active area and operates at 120 psia/405/sup 0/F with an initial average 500 hour cell performance goal of 0.760 volts at 200 ASF. The program comprises six parallel phases, which culminate in a full-height, 10-ft/sup 2/ stack verification test. Phase I provides the information and services needed to manage the effort, including definition of the prototype commercial power plant. Phase II develops the technical base for long-term improvements to the cell stack. Phase III develops materials and processing techniques for cell stack components incorporating the best available technology. Phase IV provides the design of hardware and conceptual processing layouts, and updates the power plant definition of Phase I to reflect the results of Phases II and III. Phase V manufactures the hardware to verify the achievements of Phases II and III, and analyzes the cost of this hardware. Phase VI tests the cell stacks assembled from the hardware of Phase V to assess the state of development. Progress is reported.

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Appraisal of Landsat Lineaments as Faults in Western Kentucky

Lineaments which resemble those produced by known, mapped geologic faults are found on Landsat images of a poprtion of Western Kentucky. Since fractures and faults are suspected to be necessary for gas production in the eastern gas shales, it would be valuable to evaluate such ineaments as faults. For this purpose surface geophysical measurements were made across the lineaments and also across mapped faults for control. Resistivity, gravity, and radiation measurements showed that the mapped faults produce geophysically measured anomalies, and also gave probable indication of faulting along two Landsat lineamants. These economical geophysical measurements are a useful, but not certain, method of evaluating Landsat lineaments as faults.

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Deep-source-gas workshop technical proceedings

Ten papers were presented at the Deep-Source Gas Workshop. Laser papers are included in this proceedings under the following headings: (1) abiogenic origin of deep source gas; (2) geochemical and thermodynamic studies of deep source gas; (3) detection and differentiation of deep source gases; (4) deep sedimentary basin gas; (5) deep source gas associated with tectonic processes at convergent margins. All papers have been abstracted and indexed for the Energy Data Base. (ATT)

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Review of slagging and fouling from low-rank coals; plant survey, bibliography, and discussion: Volume 2 bibliography and discussion: Final report

The objective of this report is to present available information on factors relating to ash fouling and slagging when burning low rank coals in a single reference document to be used by boiler designers, plant operators and coal researchers. The report presents detailed information on coal properties, boiler design and operating experience compiled and organized into two major sections: (1) A plant survey of boiler design and operating data for units over 100 MW at selected US plants burning lignite and subbituminous coal, based on survey questionnaires and data available from the open literature. (2) An interpretive review of factors influencing the occurrence and prevention of slagging and fouling, based on an annotated bibliography dealing specifically with the utilization of low rank coals in utility boilers and related research on coal and ash properties and deposition mechanisms. We believe that the topics covered in this report will provide useful reference information to a wide audience in the US and abroad, owing to the fact that world-wide requirements for power generation are increasingly being met by low rank coals. Despite over thirty years of study devoted to slagging and fouling in burning low rank coals, major problems still exist. These problems persist in part because boiler designs and operating practices have not been sufficiently matched to the highly variable properties of low rank coals. However, progress has been made, and some recently commissioned boilers are burning coals having a very high fouling potential without significant problems. Sufficient information on design and remedial methods is available to successfully burn most highly fouling low rank coals. However, it is important that the available information be more fully utilized. 49 figs., 19 tabs.

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Penn grade micellar displacement project. Second annual report, June 1976--June 1977

During second year operations of the jointly funded Penn Grade Micellar Displacement Project, all of the wells and 90 percent of the plant facilities were completed for the 24-acre test designated Phase II. A transient testing program, pre-flush brine injection, and production operations were all initiated during this period. This report details the development, testing, and operations of Phase II. Plans for continuing the test are also included. It is anticipated that micellar slug injection will be initiated by September, 1977.

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Synthetic fuels from US oil shales:  a technical and economic verification of the HYTORT process. Final report (incorporates fourth quarterly report), January 1-March 31, 1981

The objective is to fully demonstrate the technical and economic feasibility of the HYTORT process as it applies to both Eocene and Devonian shales. Achievement of this objective will widen the nation's synthetic fuels resource base by adding a new resource, Devonian shale, to the list of possible feedstocks for a synthetic fuels industry. It will also establish a high-efficiency alternative to conventional retorting of Western oil shales. Progress reports are presentef for the following five tasks of the HYTORT process development work: laboratory program; bench-scale program; process development unit tests; process environmental assessment; and process design and economics. 48 figures, 37 tables.

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