AndreaBozzo/ceres-open-data-index huggingface dataset:
Granular bed filter development program, Phase II. Quarterly report, September-December 1980

The Department of Energy is sponsoring a multiphase program to investigate the filtration potential of the moving granular bed filter (GBF) for application in pressurized high temperature energy conversion systems. The completed Phase I, included the development of a mathematical model, a cold flow parametric test series in a 0.746 m/sub 0//sup 3//s GBF, and investigations of potential dust plugging problems at the inlet screen. During the experimental program, collecting efficiencies of 99% and filter outlet loadings less than 0.0074 g/m/sub 0//sup 3/ were demonstrated. The objectives of Phase II are to investigate the effects of elevated temperature and coal combustion particulate on GBF filtration performance; to update the analytical model developed in Phase I to reflect high temperature effects; to optimize filter internal configuration; to demonstrate long duration GBF performance relative to corrosion, deposition, erosion, filtration efficiency, reliability and controllability. Hot flow testing to date has confirmed that the GBF configured with inlet and outlet screens has exhibited a tendency for extensive and irreversible ash plugging. As an alternative, the potential advantages produced by a screenless configuration, having higher filtration efficiency, have been achieved during both cold flow and hot flow tests as previously reported. The continuation of experimental work pertinent to the development and design improvement of the GBF system is described and specifically addresses: an experimental study of granular flow coupled with countercurrent gas flow to define the flow and velocity profiles of moving filter media; and ambient parametric testing of the screenless granular bed filter in the full scale cold flow model to determine bounds for its operation and to provide a data base from which comparisons can be made with a mathematical model describing GBF performance.

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Attrition and entrainment studies related to fluidized-bed gasifiers

This fluidization studies program was designed to obtain an understanding of the attrition and entrainment of coal chars and limestone/coal-char-mixtures in high-temperature, high-pressure fluidized beds. The tasks in the program were designed to determine: 1. The importance of mechanical, thermal, and chemical-reaction type attrition of coal chars in a fluidized bed. 2. The variation of the entrainment rate of coal char particles as a function of gas density, gas viscosity, and gas velocity. 3. The determination of the effect of limestone addition to the bed on the attrition rate of coal chars in a fluidized bed. 4. The determination of the effect of limestone addition on the entrainment rate of coal char particles as a function of gas density, gas viscosity, and gas velocity. Batch attrition tests at ambient pressure were conducted in a 6-inch-diameter fluidization column using -20 35 mesh sizes of both coke breeze and lignite char. Tests were also conducted with limestone/coal char mixtures to determine what effect the presence of limestone had on the fines generation rate of coal chars in fluidized beds. Limestone concentrations of 20, 35, and 50 weight percent were tested. 10 refs., 62 figs., 19 tabs.

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Alexandria fluidized-bed process-development plant:  bubble characteristics

Recent studies at DOE's Alexandria Atmospheric Fluidized-Bed Combustion (AFBC) Process Development Unit (PDU) have involved experimental verifications of predictions from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology's Coal AFBC Systems Model. Although Model predictions were quite accurate in many instances, there appeared to be several significant discrepancies between predicted values and association experimental data from the 3'x 3'(nominal) combustor at Alexandria. Experimental work at Alexandria related to the MIT Model was initiated in 1980. Readers should consult previous reports for an evaluation of the Model and a comparison between the Model predictions and Alexandria experimental data. As a result of these studies, a number of information gaps within the Model's database were identified, primarily related to the fluid dynamics submodel, which might account for some of the discrepancies noted. In an attempt to support further development and calibration of the MIT Model, facilities at the Alexandria PDU were committed to providing experimental data to alleviate some of the information gaps. The specific information gap focused upon during the period of January to August 1982 involved the bubble growth submodel within the fluid dynamics portion. The specific objective involved a series of tests designed to measure bubble characteristics within both cold and hot beds. Measurements were made under a variety of different conditions. The insights gained from the bubble characteristic related testing have been passed on to DOE and MIT, and used as the basis for implementing additional model refinements. Additional model verification activity is being carried out by DOE/METC. It is recognized that additional work will be necessary for the FBC Model to achieve the goal of being a useful aid for boiler designers.

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Modeling of fluidized-bed combustion of coal. Volume II. AFBC component models. Final report. [Location and kinetics of NO-char and O/sub 2/ -CO reactions within the bed]

A theoretical study of the mechanism of the particle entrainment phenomenon relating the particle trajectories with bubbling actions in the bed allowed the development of a backbone model for the prediction of particle mass concentration profiles in the freeboard of a fluidized bed. Simple experiments in the freeboard of MIT 0.6m x 0.6m FBC unit were used to compare with the model calculations. Good agreements have been obtained. This entrainment model takes into account the stratification effect due to density difference of particles in a multi-component fluidized bed. Satisfactory agreements have been obtained in comparing the calculated char elutriation with experimental data. This mechanistic entrainment model has also been used in conjunction with a chemical kinetic description of the NO-char reaction for prediction of the reduction of NO along the height of the freeboard in fluidized coal combustion. Oxidation of carbon monoxide along the height of the freeboard (the combustion space between the top of the bed and the first row of heat exchange tubes) of a coal burning fluidized bed is also modeled and predicted CO concentration profiles are compared with measurements obtained in MIT 0.6 x 0.6m cross section 4.5m high experimental fluidized combustor. The CO oxidation model is based on a set of twenty-two homogeneous chemical reactions as proposed by Lyon and Hardy and on an assessment of the rate of heterogeneous recombination reactions of free radicals on the surfaces of solid particles carried by the fluidizing gas stream from the bed into the freeboard.

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Advanced environmental control technology. [US DOE]

To develop the technology base needed to control detrimental contaminants during coal utilization and conversion, the Department of Energy (DOE) established the Advanced Environmental Control Technology (AECT) Program in 1979. This program consolidated cleanup efforts in ongoing technology-specific programs (such as combustion and gasification) with new projects initiated in a coordinated program that addresses cleanup technology development. The strategy of the AECT program is to develop flue gas cleanup, hot gas stream cleanup, process modifications, and associated waste management techniques that will permit the conversion of existing utility or industrial energy systems to coal use or for the siting of new facilities. In addition, applied research, systems analysis, and instrumentation studies are included to support the main program thrust and to determine optimum combinations of control technologies and power systems components. A brief description of the projects within the three areas of AECT program is given and includes accomplishments to date.

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Assessment of water issues associated with enhanced oil recovery:  a user's guide

This is a user's manual for effectively evaluating water issues associated with enhanced oil recovery (EOR) production. It is designed to provide ready reference and to assist EOR producers, energy planners, and decision-makers in assessing the impacts of water issues related to EOR production. An evaluation is made of EOR water requirements using public available information, data from actual field applications, and information provided by knowledgeable EOR technologists in 14 different major oil companies. Water quantity and quality requirements representing the total water needed from all sources (e.g., aquifers, lakes, etc.) are estimated for individual EOR processes in those states and specific geological locations where these processes will likely play major roles in future petroleum production by the year 2000. A reduction in these quantities can be achieved by reinjecting some or all of the produced water potentially available for recycle (i.e., some is lost in oil and water separation treatment processes) in the recovery method. Data and information for quantity and quality of surface and ground water availability and competing entities by four major user categories are presented on a qualitative and quantitative basis on a state-county basis from monitoring sites nearest existing EOR projects. Information regarding regulatory bodies responsible for the control of water supply and use is presented in tabular form by state only because of the volume and complexity of material. While no major EOR project to date has ever been abandoned because of water supply problems, factors such as competing regional uses for water, drought situations, and scarcity of high quality surface and ground water could be impediments to certain projects in the near future. 6 figures, 22 tables.

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Reaction kinetics and physical mechanisms of ash agglomeration. Progress report, February 24-May 23, 1985

The research addresses the key issues of ash particle contact, conditions and rates of reaction of mineral matter, and agglomeration conditions in fluidized-bed gasification. To obtain coals with properties of interest in the ash agglomeration studies, a priority system was used for initial screening of candidate coals. The factors considered, in order of importance, are iron content, pyrite content, and calcium carbonate content. Ten bituminous coals were analyzed for ash content, pyritic and total iron, and calcium. Six of these were selected for study. To cover a wide range of these variables, four coals were selected that contain high, medium, and low pyritic iron in combination with a low calcium concentration. The search continues for two coals with medium and low pyritic iron in combination with a high calcium concentration. The video system for the hot-stage microscope was also set up and an experimental procedure developed for the reaction rate screening studies. Several mineral combinations were investigated with this system including siderite/flint clay, calcite/flint clay, and silica/pyrite.

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DYNAFRAC - application of a novel rock fracturing method to oil and gas recovery. Final report. [Use of a controllable down-hole explosive source to generate a shock wave in a proppant-laden fluid located in the borehole]

This document describes the results that were achieved in a program to develop and evaluate a new rock-fracturing method for increasing the productivity of oil and gas reservoirs. This method, called DYNAFRAC, is based on generating and extending multiple fractures in an oil or gas formation by using a small, downhole explosive source in a very controlled manner. The almost instantaneous borehole pressurization causes multiple vertical fractures to occur in the formation before stress relief can occur from the failure of the weakest plane of fracture. The salient features of the DYNAFRAC process are compared with those of other rock-fracturing methods in Section 2. Prior field tests of this process resulted in the formation of five vertical fractures in the open-hole sections of shallow, dry wells. Based on the amount of fluid displaced in these tests, it is estimated that each fracture extended approximately 5 feet into the formation and was limited only by the duration of the pressure pulse in the borehole. The results of these tests are described. The current program consisted of three principal tasks. The first task was to apply the DYNAFRAC process to at least five marginal (stripper) oil and/or gas wells to determine the productivity improvement that can be obtained using the short-radii, multiple fractures to overcome wellbore damage. The second task was to develop a method using a downhole propellant to increase the duration of the pressure and thereby extend the fracture radii further into the formation. The third task was to apply the improved DYNAFRAC process to a gas-bearing reservoir and compare the productivity improvement with that obtained by more conventional fracturing methods. The results of these tasks are described in Sections 4 to 6. Section 7 contains the conclusions and recommendations that have emerged from the tests and evaluations that were performed during the program. 72 figures, 5 tables.

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Cross-strike structural discontinuities:  tear faults and transfer zones in the central Appalachians of West Virginia

The structural characteristics of two cross-strike structural discontinuities (CSD's) in the central sedimentary Appalachians of West Virginia and Virginia were examined using limited field studies, structural cross sections, and gravity modeling. Detailed mapping and joint intensity studies were confined to the Valley and Ridge Middle Mountain syncline and adjacent Elkhorn Mountain anticline in Pendleton County, West Virginia where these structures are intersected by an extension of the Parsons CSD. A gravity profile across these structures was also surveyed and modeled. Two structural cross sections were constructed across the sedimentary Appalachians to compare structural features north and south along the length of the Parsons CSD. Additional cross sections north of both the Parsons and Petersburg CSD's were constructed to provide additional details on subsurface Valley and Ridge structure in West Virginia. Comparisons of the theoretical gravity with already existing observed gravity data were made along these and other previously published structural sections through the area. 48 figures, 16 tables.

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Strataspecific geochemical trend maps for eastern Kentucky

Strataspecific geochemical trend maps represent the contouring of data obtained by x-ray fluorescence and x-ray-diffraction analysis of Upper Devonian well cuttings from fourteen wells in the Big Sandy Gas Field area in eastern Kentucky. The data was computer-mapped and later hand-contoured. The latter maps are presented here. Minerolic trend maps were prepared for anhydrides, chlorites, dolomite, illite, kaolinite, pyrite, orthoclase, plagioclase, siderite, and szmolnokite. Elemental trend maps were prepared for aluminum, calcium, copper, iron, potassium, magnesium, sodium, phosphorus, sulfur, silicon, titanium, and zinc. (DMC)

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Well-log method for evaluating the Devonian shales in the Appalachian Basin

The Devonian Shale formations of the Appalachian, Illinois, and Michigan Basins are being studied by the Morgantown Energy Technology Center (US Department of Energy) and industry (Eastern Gas Shales Project) in order to accelerate the development of the natural gas potential of the shales. Total gas resource estimates for the Appalachian Basin along range from 3 to 2400 TCFG. Although relatively complete well log suites have been recorded in wells drilled for characterization and stimulation research experiments, the Devonian Shale is an unconventional gas resource and the reservoir is not readily evaluated by conventional well log analysis. The economics of shale wells and the sensitivity of the shales to drilling muds require that an operator be able to evaluate a well using a minimum of well logs, preferably recorded in an empty borehole. Log suites recorded in empty and liquid-filled boreholes have been analyzed from a total of seven wells in three states in the Appalachian Basin. Several techniques were attempted to identify gas- and kerogen-rich and naturally fractured intervals, including construction of resistivity and porosity overlays, calculation of Production Indices, analysis of temperature, bulk density compensation and Sibilation curves. The information extracted from the logs was compared to conventional core desorption (offgas), fracture and geochemical data as well as to computer-generated synergetic logs. A suite of empty-borehole logs has been defined which will yield maximum formation evaluation data at a minimum cost. 10 figures.

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Analysis of gas production from eastern gas shales, Phase II. Final report

As a part of the United States Department of Energy's Eastern Gas Shales Project, INTERCOMP was contracted in the fall of 1978 to provide a comprehensive analysis of the production of natural gas from Devonian shale. The analysis was divided into two contract phases. The first of the two phases included data assimilation and analysis, and the validation of a numerical model of the Devonian shale. A final report on this phase was submitted in April, 1979. Shortly after the draft final report was submitted in September, 1978, INTERCOMP received and began work on the second contract phase. Included in this phase were: (1) a geological and petrophysical analysis which included a review of logs run, an investigation of new log analysis techniques, and a study of core analysis results; (2) a continued effort to more conclusively identify the production mechanism in effect in the Devonian shale; (3) a sensitivity analysis of various reservoir and stimulation parameters; (4) a study of well pressure testing procedure and test analysis techniques; (5) an economic analysis of drilling on closer spacing. Detailed herein are the results of the work outlined above. 118 figures, 7 tables.

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Evaluation of the Devonian shale prospects in the eastern United States. Final report

The major objectives of the Eastern Gas Shales Project were: (1) to develop and demonstrate exploration rationales for the identification of areas within the Appalachian, Michigan and Illinois basins which offer the greatest potential for recovery of natural gas in commercial quantities; (2) to develop accurate estimates of gas-in-place and of the economically recoverable resource, and (3) to develop and demonstrate reliable and cost-effective extraction methods. The identification of potentially attractive target drilling areas and the accurate estimation of the in-place and economically-producible natural gas resource are reported. Maps, composites of geochemical parameters (total organic carbon, biofacies type, thermal alteration indexes) and stratigraphic data (thickness), combine source rock quality and thickness to identify areas in the basin with the potential for generating the greatest amounts of natural gas and oil. The most favorable prospect area is situated in southeastern Ohio, but that the entire area of eastern Ohio and northwestern West Virginia has excellent gas source potential and would be favorable for natural gas exploration. Other rich gas source and prospect areas are located in southwestern New York, north-central Pennsylvania and in northern Kentucky just west of the common boundary between Ohio, West Virginia and Kentucky. The potential oil source area of the Appalachian basin is more restricted in area extent because the generation of liquid hydrocarbons is more stringently controlled by the type of organic matter and a limited range of thermal conditions. Two areas, one centered in southeastern Ohio, but spreading laterally over most of western West Virginia and southwestern Pennsylvania and one located in southwestern New York and north-central Pennsylvania, have the richest oil source potential and, consequently, are the most favorable areas in the basin for exploration of liquid hydrocarbons.

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Effectiveness of hydraulic fracturing treatments in the Devonian shale

For more than 2 1/2 years, the Morgantown Energy Research Center's Eastern Gas Shales Project has actively pursued a program in stimulation technology to advance the state of the art for the Devonian Shale. This paper compares the effectiveness of 46 hydraulic fracturing treatments to conventional borehole shooting, using production history as a basis. The wells are compared on a regional basis to enhance the comparison. Included in the discussion are some of the most recent efforts under the Eastern Gas Shales Project to determine the effectiveness of cryogenic and foam fracturing techniques and the results to date.

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Development of molten carbonate fuel cell technology. Technical progress report, October-December 1983

Component development during this quarter concentrated on two objectives: development of a creep resistant ribbed anode and development of an internal reforming catalyst for methane reforming in the MCFC anode environment. Single cell testing is being performed in support of anode and catalyst development, NiO cathode endurance and thin matrix development. Endurance testing of NiO cathodes is being performed to define the economic life of NiO and to identify practical means of extending life. Electrolyte matrix fabrication and testing activity is concentrating on tape cast matrix development.

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Preparation and analyses of low-rank coals for combustion applications. Quarterly report, July 1, 1985-September 30, 1985

The micronized slurry fuel was prepared by grinding the clean float coal with water in two stages. The first stage was a conventional 4-ft diameter overflow mill charged with a graduated load of 2-inch and smaller steel balls. The grinding was at about 44% solids with sufficient Diamond Shamrock A-23 dispersant added to provide fluidity. The ground slurry was screened and the small amount of plus 20-mesh (0.85-mm) material collected was discarded. The finish grinding was in a Draiswerke Perlmill Model PM-40 stirred ball mill charged with 3-mm chromium-steel media. The tumbling ball mill and the stirred ball mill were both operated in open-circuit with no classification or recycle. The finish-ground slurry was combined in a large blending tank to which additional water and dispersants were added as needed to achieve the target loading, viscosity and stability. A combination of anionic and nonionic dispersants were used in the final blend but no stabilizer was included in the formulation. Finished slurry properties are given in Table 1. Figure 2 is a rheogram of the flow properties of the slurry as determined with a Fann viscometer. The micronized powder fuel was also prepared from the clean float coal. The excess water was allowed to drain away and then the coal was pulverized in a Pulvocron PC-20 air-swept hammer mill and classifier systems at Bepex Corporation facilities in Minneapolis. The coal had dried during handling so the transport air did not have to be preheated for the pulverizer system to operate properly.

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Relationship between productivity of gas wells and their locations with respect to lineaments:  a statistical analysis

A study was conducted to relate the production of gas wells to their locations with respect to lineaments using production data made available by the Morgantown Energy Technology Center, Morgantown, West Virginia. Distance parameters are defined on the basis of other studies as well as new ideas. Regression analysis is utilized to construct a mathematical model which adequately represents this relationship for purposes of predicting productivity on the basis of the distance parameters. The model obtained was validated using data on additional wells from the same field.

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