AndreaBozzo/ceres-open-data-index huggingface dataset:
AN APPROXIMATE SOLUTION FOR THE RETORTING OF A LARGE BLOCK OF OIL SHALE WITH AN INTERNAL TEMPERATURE GRADIENT

In a previous article the authors presented a mathematical model for the description of the rate of decomposition of kerogen and carbonate minerals in a large block of oil shale. Emphasis was placed on the effect of an internal temperature gradient as opposed to the uniform temperature model, which neglects it. This more comprehensive model involves the solution of partial differential equations in terms of the radial position and time. In an overall retorting model of an oil shale bed with pieces of a wide size distribution, such as the one developed by Braun and Chin of LLL a direct incorporation of this comprehensive model greatly increases the difficulty of computation despite the availability of a large computing system at LLL. In this communication we discuss an approximate solution that obviates the necessity for numerically solving the partial differential equation.

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AN INSTRUMENTATION PROPOSAL FOR RETORTS IN THE DEMONSTRATION PHASE OF OIL SHALE DEVELOPMENT

The objective of field measurements is to define the operating conditions for in situ retorts. More specifically we would like to determine the optimum operating conditions for a commercial size retort. To reach this objective we will 1) collect data from a number of demonstration retorts, 2) predict optimum operating conditions using this data and the LLL retort model and 3) evaluate some of the potential difficulties for field operation. First we want to concentrate the measurement aspects: what should be measured, where it should be measured, and what is the value of each measurement. How to make these measurements, how to record data, and costs will be described in later sections of this paper.

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STANDARD METHOD FOR THE ASSAY OF OIL SHALE BY THE MODIFIED FISCHER RETORT

The method of assaying oil shale by the modified Fischer retort has been used for several thousand determinations at the Laramie, Wyoming and Rifle, Colorado stations of the Bureau of Mines. In the light of this experience a more detailed description of the procedure is given which includes precautions that should be emphasized for proper appraisal of oil shale. Although these precautions are normally practiced by the careful analyst, experience has shown the advisability of calling attention to them as a uniform guide for the assay of oil shale.

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ANALYTICAL METHODS FOR USE ON OIL SHALE AND SHALE OILS

This book is designed for the purpose of sharing information concerning the applicability of various analytical procedures to oil shale, shale oil, and shale oil products. Methods are included herein only after they have been tried on such materials. Modifications and additional instructions which are found to be necessary are most important. Information concerning limited applicability or accuracy is also desired. In addition the book should serve to standardize methods of test in the various laboratories working on oil shale and shale oil.

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SPECIFIC GRAVITY-OIL YIELD RELATIONSHIPS BASED ON TWO COLORADO OIL-SHALE CORES

This report presents results of specific gravity and oil yield determinations made on a series of oil shale samples from a core drilled completely through the mineable oil shale beds at the Demonstration Mine near Rifle, Colorado, and from a core through the corresponding beds in the Cathedral Bluffs area. Algebraic equations for the specific gravity oil yield relationships and tables giving the volume weight oil yield relationships are presented for use in estimating oil shale reserves for the areas. Since this is the first specific gravity oil yield study to be made on a single core drilled completely through the mineable beds at Rifle, it is more comprehensive than any which has appeared previously and should supersede previously reported data for the Rifle area.

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PARAHO MODULE PROGRAM CONCEPTUAL DESIGN AND COST ESTIMATE FOR 100,00 BARREL/DAY FACILITY RETORTED SHALE DISPOSAL

The locations of and technical assumptions for the retorted shale disposal area for a 100,000 barrel per day shale oil facility located on the Naval Oil Shale Reserve no. 1 have been provided by SRI International in their report entitled "Economic and Design Bases for Oil Shale Production and Processing Facilities," April, 1981.

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ASSAY DISTILLATION OF PARRY SHALE OIL

The shale oil analyzed in this report and designated as Parry Shale Oil was produced by the Parry retort at Golden, Colorado in a test run made January 16-18, 1945. The shale used was a rich mahogany shale, from Parachute Creek area, Colorado, which has heavy-caking characteristics. A Fischer assay on this material gave an oil yield of 19.5 percent which is equivalent to 50.6 gallons per ton.

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ANISOTROPIC MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF A MODERATE AND RICH KEROGEN CONTENT OIL SHALE

Triaxial compression tests and ultrasonic velocity measurements were made on two oil shale rocks of differing kerogen content (20 gal/ton and 40 gal/ton). Triaxial compression tests to 0.8 Gpa on samples cut at various angles to the bedding planes showed anisotropic strength behavior with the minimum strength occurring at an angle of approximately 30-40 degree to the bedding planes. The anistotropic strength characteristic was observed to vanish for triaxial tests at 0.8 Gpa on the 20 gal/ton rock but was still prevalent at 0.8 Gpa in the 40 gal/ton rock.

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OIL SHALE OF THE ROCKY MOUNTAIN REGION NEVADA

Pages 91-102; The one serious attempt to commercialize the oil shales of Montana is made by the Dillon Oil Co., which early in 1919 installed a small [ ]nt (capacity 50 tons daily) in Smallhorn Canyon, 12 miles south of Dillon. This retort, which is of the Galloupe type, was used for test [  ] during the summer of 1919 but has since been idle practically all the time.

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PROCESSING OF SHALE OIL FOR UNION OIL COMPANY OF CALIFORNIA, WILMINGTON, CALIFORNIA

A tank car shipment of shale oil was received from the U.S. Bureau of Mines. This report covers the following work done on the shale oil and derived products: 1) Laboratory inspection of the shale oil.; 2) Pilot plant topping the vacuum flashing of the shale oil.; 3) Pilot plant thermal coking of the shale oil.

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MATERIALS OF CONSTRUCTION FOR OIL SHALE RETORTING

The corrosion and erosion/abrasion performance of commercial alloys is being investigated by exposing corrosion coupons in various operating bench scale and pilot plant size retorts. The results of two recent exposures conducted in PDUs operating on eastern oil shales are described and compared with the previous available data. The results indicate that carbon steel and other low alloy steels may not perform adequately in some eastern oil shale retorting environments and alternative alloys may be required.

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CHARACTERIZATION OF SHALE OILS USING GAS AND LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY SECOND SEMIANNUAL REPORT

In this reporting period, gas chromatography (GC) and synchronous fluorescence spectroscopy (SFS) were used to analyze shale oils. Both of these techniques needed a large number of clean fractions. A high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method was developed to separate aromatics according to ring sizes. It was also demonstrated that about 9 mg of the sample can be effectively separated into class types using a semipreparative column.

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REPORT OF THE CONFERENCE-WORKSHOP ENTITLED "ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY PERTAINING TO OIL SHALE AND SHALE OIL"

This report covers the material formally presented, together with the discussion and exchange of ideas that took place at the Conference-Workshop entitled "Analytical Chemistry Pertaining to Oil Shale and Shale Oil" held under the sponsorship of the National Science Foundation in Washington, D.C. on June 24-25, 1974.

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CORROSION BEHAVIOR OF ALLOYS IN EASTERN OIL SHALE RETORTING ENVIRONMENTS

The performance of various commercial alloys in eastern oil shale retorting environments is being investigated by exposing corrosion coupon racks in various operation bench scale and pilot plant size retorts. The results of exposures conducted in process development units (PDUs) operating on eastern oil shales are described and compared with the previous available data.

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A PRACTICAL APPROACH TO DEVELOPMENT OF A SHALE OIL INDUSTRY IN THE UNITED STATES

Much has been written and discussed about the problems of recovering liquid hydrocarbons from the oil shale deposits of the Western United States. The written material has concentrated on discussing specific problems in depth. The purpose of this study is to provide an overview of oil shales problems and to suggest, in light of those problems, a reasonable approach to development of a shale oil industry in the US.

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RECENT TRENDS IN OIL SHALE - PART 3:  SHALE OIL REFINING AND SOME OIL SHALE PROBLEMS

In this, the final publication of the series, the topics discussed in the two previous issues will be reviewed in detail. Current efforts towards developing the Green River shales will be identified. The properties of crude shale oils from several retorts will be listed, and the refining problems associated with these properties will be discussed. Finally, some of the complex economic, social, and political issues which govern the rate of oil shale development ill be presented.

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PYROLYSIS OF OIL SHALE IN A FLASH LAMP REACTOR

As part of the Department of Energy's oil shale program, high heating rate studies are being conducted to investigate shale decomposition mechanisms. A Xenon flash lamp reactor system is used to investigate the energy requirements necessary to generate primary products during pyrolysis. Techniques have been developed to characterize the relative energy inputs; the amount of sample exposed to radiant flash; and the yields and nature of product gases, liquids and solids.

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INTEGRATION OF THE POTENTIAL DEVELOPMENT OF FEDERAL LEASE TRACTS CA AND CB INTO THE TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT PROGRAM FOR COMMERCIALIZATION OF OIL SHALE

In December 1977 the LETC prepared a plan and recommendation for early commercialization of shale oil production. The program plan assumed that the government objective was to produce 300,000 bbls/day of shale oil by 1985. This production requirement caused LETC to emphasize certain parallel activities of commercialization with technology development.

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OIL SHALE WHITE PAPER

This is a summary of where we think oil shale is today and why it is so critical that the government become involved in advancing this industry. The conclusions come from an exhaustive study of the oil shale industry, and we believe they are realistic. However, they reflect our views, not the views of everybody in the oil shale industry. We feel strongly that the government should play a key role in solving these problems, and hope to be able to stimulate that kind of response.

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UINTAH-OURAY OIL SHALE FEASIBILITY ANALYSIS

The purpose of this proposal is to conduct an engineering and economic analysis of Vertical Modified In Situ and Horizontal Modified In Situ on the Uintah-Ouray oil shale properties. The objective of this evaluation would be to identify and cost a program which has a potential for successful commercial utilization and to further identify and provide key sensitivities for the costs associated with developing this operation. The study will be accomplished using systems analysis methodology, and incorporating all available geological inputs, mine designs, process analyses, and off site requirement assessments.

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EVALUATION OF THE EXPLOSIVE COMPACTION OF SPENT SHALE AND VOID VOLUME GENERATION FOR IN SITU PROCESSING OF OIL SHALE

Science Applications, Incorporated recently completed a concept evaluation of the design, construction and operation of an in situ oil shale retorting experiment based upon the spent shale compaction concept. This evaluation was performed for LETC with the Argonne National Laboratory. A portion of the evaluation efforts were devoted to the experimental and calculational study of the compaction of spent shale. The results of particular importance to the present proposal are summarized in the following paragraphs.

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INVESTIGATION OF JET CUTTING TECHNIQUES FOR THE IN SITU EXCAVATION OF OIL SHALE

Science Applications, Inc. is submitting this technical discussion to DOE/LERC to explore the potential applications and benefits of using high pressure water jets to cut oil shale during the preparation of in situ retorts. If successful, this approach would provide a low cost method of framing the required void volume for expansion of the shale for retorting. This approach would have application to both Wyoming and Utah shales which may not otherwise be exploitable by modified in situ processing.

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COMMERCIAL FEASIBILITY EVALUATIONS OF IN SITU DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMS

This technical discussion has been submitted to DOE/LERC by Science Applications, Inc. prepared with internal funds. The purpose of this effort is to conduct engineering and economic analyses of the several ongoing and planned oil shale RD&D programs based upon in situ technologies. This study would be accomplished using system analysis methodologies, and incorporating geological data inputs, mine designs, process analyses, and off site requirement assessments.

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INDUSTRY-SPONSORED RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT PRGRAM FOR MODIFIED IN SITU/COMBINED MODIFIED IN SITU SURFACE PROCESSING OIL SHALE SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT

The purpose of this letter is to confirm intent to participate in and fun project costs for Phase I of the referenced program, which is to be conducted generally as outlined in SAI's proposal dated June 18, 1979, and as discussed in the joint project meeting in Denver on that date.

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HYDROGASIFICATION OF OIL SHALE

In the early 1960's, the Institute of Gas Technology carried out an extensive research program for the American Gas Association on the direct hydro gasification of, primarily, Colorado oil shale. IGT used laboratory and bench-scale equipment. In the bench-scale tests, using co-current hydrogen/shale contacting, we were able to gasify about 65% of the organic carbon in the oil shale. About 15% was converted to light aromatic liquids, and about 20% remained in the spent shale. The major variable controlling the conversion of organic matter to gas was the hydrogen/shale ratio.

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USE OF OIL SHALE SOLID WASTE FOR SOIL STABILIZATION

A research program will be conducted to demonstrate that solid wastes produced as by-products of oil shale production can be used for soil stabilization. A laboratory testing program has been designed to demonstrate the technical feasibility of this technology. Oil shale solid wastes will be used as additives to several different soil and aggregate types to evaluate potential improvements in engineering properties including strength, durability, compressibility, and permeability. A market survey and economic analysis are being conducted concurrently by Synfuels Engineering, Inc., to evaluate the economic viability. The results of this study will be used to develop a plan for utilizing this technology in highway construction, including a highway demonstration project in cooperation with the Federal Highway Administration.

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AN OVERVIEW OF IN SITU OIL SHALE TECHNOLOGY AND RECENT ADVANCES IN TRUE IN SITU RETORT MODELING

In view of current liquid fuel shortages, development of the oil shale resources of Colorado, Utah, and Wyoming, estimated to contain more than one trillion barrels of oil equivalent, must be considered. The in situ processing of this resource effects a potentially attractive alternative, both economically and environmentally, to surface processing. True and modified in situ retorting technologies are described and current research in these areas briefly outlined.

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Carbon Fiber Wrapped HP Drilling and Production Riser Qualification Program for Ultra-Deepwater HP Wells

Project Final Report-07121-1401-This project will design a composite riser system which allows ultra-deepwater and high-pressure well capability using currently available industry standard tensioning capabilities, and construct full-diameter, sub-length specimens for comprehensive lab testing. The system must satisfy regulatory concerns, meet industry performance standards, and provide sufficient margins of safety to eliminate apprehension at the operator level. The result of this project will be a design solution that is ready for trial/use in the field with proven top-side tension leg platform (TLP) and seagoing platform for acoustic research (SPAR) applications under similar load conditions at water depths far exceeding current capabilities.

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Membrane Technology for Produced Water at Lea County, NM

Project Final Report-DE-NT0005227-The goal of this project is to develop a new micro-filter technology application, based on forward osmosis/bio-desalination, to allow desalinated produced water to offset fresh water consumption by the potash industry and other industries and demonstrate the economic feasibility of this technology in a 1000 gallon/day pilot-scale process.

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Improvement of Carbon Dioxide Sweep Efficiency by Utilization of Microbial Permeability Modification to Reduce the Amount of Oil Bypassed during Carbon Dioxide Flood

Project Final Report-DE-FC26-05NT15458-This innovative project seeks to link an established enhanced oil recovery (EOR) procedure: carbon dioxide (CO2) water-after-gas (WAG) flood, with a new technology: microbial permeability profile modification (MPPM), developed at Mississippi State University (MSU) under prior DOE contract.

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Evaluation of Key Factors Affecting Successful Oil Production in the Bakken Formation, North Dakota – Phase 2

Project Final Report-DE-FC26-08NT43291-01.7-This project expands on recently completed Bakken Formation investigations. The project goal is to quantitatively describe and understand the Bakken Formation in the Williston Basin by collecting and analyzing a wide range of data (including geomechanical and geochemical data) that impact well productivity and oil recovery.

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Methane Recovery from Hydrate-bearing Sediments

Project Final Report-DE-FC26-06NT42963-Methane hydrate can be an energy resource, contribute to global warming, or cause seafloor instability. This study placed emphasis on gas recovery from hydrate bearing sediments and related phenomena. The unique behavior of hydrate-bearing sediments required the development of special research tools, including new numerical algorithms (tube- and pore-network models) and experimental devices (high pressure chambers and micromodels). Therefore, the research methodology combined experimental studies, particle-scale numerical simulations, and macro-scale analyses of coupled processes.

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Autonomous Inspection of Subsea Facilities

Phase 1 Final Test Report-09121-3300-05-The work performed under this contract developed, integrated and tested technology for autonomously conducting a pre/post hurricane inspection of a subsea facility. This report documents the results of the integration and testing phase that was conducted both onshore and in local waters off the coast of Palm Beach, Florida, resulting in a successful demonstration of an autonomous inspection capability of an underwater facility using an Autonomous Underwater Vehicle (AUV).

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Wireless Subsea Communications Systems

Project Final Report-08121-2902-03-This project explored the limits and capacity of wireless communications for Subsea operations using RF conduction. This mechanism has been proven to work over short ranges and various conditions through seawater at relatively high data rates and with the recent advances in modern communications techniques through advanced forms of modulation and channel coding we expect that communications through conduction can be a highly robust and viable mechanism without the limitations of other more commonly used techniques. One use of this technology is for the communications of collected data from sensors and data loggers on the seabed by remotely guided vehicles.

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Optimizing Development Strategies To Increase Reserves In Unconventional Gas Reservoirs

Project Final Report-07122-35-The goal of this project is to develop new reservoir and decision modeling tools to help operators determine optimal well spacing and completion strategies in unconventional gas reservoirs. These tools should help operators maximize revenue and profitability margins in tight gas reservoir development areas. The new modeling tools will be applied to the Barnett Shale play in Parker County, Texas, and to deep basin tight gas sands in the Berland River area of Alberta, Canada.

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Wax Control in the Presence of Hydrates

Project Final Report-07121-1201- The goal of this project was to develop a fundamental understanding of alternatives for preventing wax formation in deep water, uninsulated subsea pipelines. The purpose of this study was to identify gaps, challenges, and the Technology Readiness Level (TRL) associated with each option for preventing wax precipitation in un-insulated pipelines. This began with a comprehensive literature review and the identification of two of the most promising technologies. The project continued by evaluating a proof of concept for these two technologies and recommended an approach suitable for them to mature to commercialization.

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Deep Sea Hybrid Power Systems - Phase 1

Project Final Report-17121-1902-The goal of this project is to evaluate options and develop a conceptual design for a seafloor power system to be used in offshore oil and gas operations. The system will be a hybrid system, in the sense that it will combine energy conversion and energy storage capabilities. The project will result in a comprehensive analysis of the options available for developing such a system, culminating in a conceptual design for the best option, based on its technical merits and economic feasibility.

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Pretreatment and Water Management for Frac Water Reuse and Salt Production

Project Final Report-08122-36-This project will develop a methodology of evaluating frac water pretreatment options. Based on field frac water data (flow and composition profiles) the team will establish feed composition and flow rate design bases for both mobile and stationary pretreatment processes. The team will conduct technical and economic assessments of three candidate pretreatment options and select a process for further development. Based on lab and modeling studies, the team will identify process issues (and resolutions as applicable) and develop process design and cost estimates for both stationary and mobile pretreatment facilities.

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Reducing Onshore Natural Gas and Oil Exploration and Production Impacts Using a Broad-Based Stakeholder Approach

Project Final Report-DE-FC26-06NT42937-The primary goal of this research project is to evaluate the oil and gas exploration and production (E&P) process, identify the issues that delay or curtail E&P activities, and identify and publicize practices that ultimately overcome issues that impede the development of new energy resources. A secondary goal is to advance the development of underdeveloped resources in specific basins through a “Basin Initiative Study” to stimulate more widespread awareness and development of domestic oil and gas resources.

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