AndreaBozzo/ceres-open-data-index huggingface dataset:
Surface process study for oil recovery using a thermal extraction process

Geological studies have shown that there are many surface or near-surface deposits in the United States that contain large quantities of petroleum. In the State of Wyoming, a high concentration of such deposits exists in the Wind River, Big Horn, and Powder River Basins. These shallow deposits typically occur as unconsolidated or friable formations that contain millions of barrels of oil. Conventional petroleum production techniques have been attempted in many of these deposits with little or no economic success. In an attempt to improve the production economics, the Western Research Institute was solicited to develop a technique for the recovery of oil from these deposits. WRI, with support from the Economic and Community Development Division of the State of Wyoming, and as a part of the WRI/US Department of Energy, Jointly Sponsored Research program, proposed to develop, test, and demonstrate a viable and economical technology for the recovery of oil using mining and surface recovery processes. Reneau Energy, Inc. of La Quinta, California, agreed to participate in the project in providing a test site and mined materials. The goal of the proposed project to be completed in two phases, was to develop existing energy resources which are not presently being utilized. Phase 1 of the project, consisting of six specific tasks, was conducted to evaluate the suitability of various surface processing schemes. Phase 1 also included gravity drainage tests to determine if recovery techniques such as horizontal drilling could be applied. Phase 1 work was completed, and a final report was prepared and submitted to the funding agencies. Based on the results obtained in Phase 1 of the project, fluidized-bed based thermal recovery appeared to be a viable option. A 100 tons per day pilot plant was designed, constructed, and operated in the field. This report describes the results and experiences of the Phase 2 testing.

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Integrated low emissions cleanup system for direct coal fueled turbines (moving bed, fluid bed contactor/ceramic filter). Twenty-seventh quarterly status report, April--June 1994

The United States Department of Energy, Morgantown Energy Research Center (DOE/METC), is sponsoring the development of advanced, coal-fueled turbine power plants such as pressurized fluid bed combustion and coal gasification combined cycles. A major technical challenge remaining for the development of the coal-fueled turbine is high-temperature gas cleaning to meet environmental standards for sulfur oxides and particulate emissions, as well as to provide acceptable turbine life. The Westinghouse Electric Corporation, Science & Technology Center, is evaluating Integrated Low Emissions Cleanup (ILEC) concepts that have been configured to meet this technical challenge. These ILEC concepts simultaneously control sulfur, particulate, and alkali contaminants in the high-pressure process gases. This document reports the status of a program in the twenty-seventh quarter to develop this ILEC technology.

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Production of mild gasification co-products project. First quarterly technical progress report, January 1, 1993--March 31, 1993

Progress continued on production of co-product samples for four coals from three coal regions: Buckskin Mine coal (Wyoming, Powder River Basin, Coal), Knife River Mine Lignite (Beulah Zap, North Dakota Lignite), Sarpy Creek Mine Coal (Montana Rosebud, Powder River Basin Coal), Usibelli Mine Coal (Alaska Coal).

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Interactive Computer-Enhanced Remote Viewing System. Quarterly report number 6, April--June, 1994

The Interactive, Computer-Enhanced, Remote Viewing System (ICERVS) is a system designed to provide a reliable geometric description of a robotic task space in a fashion that enables robotic remediation to be carried out more efficiently and economically than with present systems. The key elements are a faithful way to store empirical data and a friendly user interface that provides an operator with timely access to all that is known about a scene. ICERVS will help an operator to analyze a scene and generate additional geometric data for automating significant portions of the remediation activity. The development of ICERVS is to occur in three phases. The development of ICERVS is to occur in three phases. Phase 1 will focus on the development of the Data Library, which contains the geometric data about the task space and the objects in it, and the Toolkit, which includes the mechanisms for manipulating and displaying both empirical and model data. Phase 2 will concentrate on integrating these subsystems with a sensor subsystem into one working system. Some additional functionality will be incorporated in the Data Library and Toolkit subsystems. Phase 3 will expand the configuration to meet the needs of a full scale demonstration of the interactive mapping of some waste site to be identified. The second Phase of the ICERVS project consists of nine tasks which are described in Attachment A. This listing includes the eight tasks originally proposed together with an additional task to supply a working copy of ICERVS to INEL for use with the Buried Waste Integrated Demonstration (BWID). ICERVS software implementation is almost complete and integration of the ICERVS Phase 2 software has begun.

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Evaluation of energies of interaction correlated with observed stabilities and rheological properties of asphalt-aggregate mixtures of western shale-oil residue as a modifier to petroleum asphalt

The objective of this study was to perform a preliminary evaluation of improving bonding and aging characteristics using a distillation residue from the Green River Formation (western) shale oil as a modifier to a petroleum asphalt for use as a crack and joint filler material in portland cement concrete and asphaltic pavements. This study was to examine the differences in moisture damage resistance and adhesion properties, as measured by bonding energy, of shale-oil modified asphalts compared with non-modified asphalts. The shale-oil modified asphalts mechanical properties were not expected to match those of the rubberized asphalt. A commercially available rubberized asphalt crack and joint filler material was also tested only for comparison of mechanical properties. Portland cement concrete briquets prepared with an asphalt material sandwiched between two concrete wafers were tested in a stress-relaxation type of experiment to evaluate the relaxation and recovery properties of the sealant materials. Energy of interaction (bonding energy) measurements were performed on asphalt materials with portland cement concrete, two silicate aggregates, and a limestone aggregate to evaluate the compatibility of the asphalt materials with various aggregates. The results show that the shale-oil modified petroleum asphalt improved the relaxation time, percent recovery, and bonding energy compared with the petroleum asphalt.

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The Atlas of Major Appalachian Basin Gas Plays: Data collection and compilation

Task 2 of the ``Atlas of Major Appalachian Basin Gas Plays`` a is the data collection and compilation phase of the project. The prime objective is to collect information by pool, i.e., producing reservoir within a field, that will provide (1) basic reservoir data, (2) reservoir parameters, (3) fluid and gas properties, and (4) volumetric data. It is imperative that all data elements be well understood by all participants to facilitate this process. This report presents an overview of data collection topics. Three families of data that be part of this project: (1) the data base of pool information, (2) drawings, charts, and maps, and (3) text data, including bibliographic information. An initial data definition will be presented with an emphasis on the data base of basic information by pool. Because of the direct bearing on Task 2 of the project and the development of a data base as a deliverable product, this report will concentrate mainly on data definition and collection. A basic data collection strategy is included.

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Innovative directional and position specific sampling technique. Phase 3: Final report, July 1992--September 1994

The POLO System is a major enhancement to the state of the art for subsurface environmental restoration equipment. The system locate s the tip position of penetrometer probes as they are placed underground while meeting the rigid constraints of environmental restoration applications. POLO is applicable to small diameter probes, does not obstruct the center of the probe, is rugged, is unaffected by the presence of steel or other magnetic material, and is capable of remote operation beneath underground tanks or foundations. The development and adaptation of the POLO System for use with penetrometers has progressed through three development phases prior to commercialization. Phases I and II of the contract included the design, testing, and integration of all components of the POLO device. Efforts were made to simulate field conditions in terms of the scale of the components as well as the operating environment. The preestablished success criterion, which has been maintained throughout the research, was to demonstrate path tracking with a total error of less than 0.50% of the distance traveled for distances less than 70 meters. The results tests on individual POLO components showed that the equipment met or exceeded the success criterion. Phase II laboratory scale path tracking experiments also met the success criterion. Phase III moved the POLO System into the field. The full-scale field demonstration tested the ability of the new POLO Module to track the path of a small diameter probe as it moved underground.

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Evaluation of high-efficiency gas-liquid contactors for natural gas processing. Semi-annual report, October 1993--March 1994

The objective of this proposed program is to evaluate the potential of rotating gas-liquid contactors for natural gas processing by expanding the currently available database. This expansion will focus on application of this technology to environments representative of those typically encountered in natural gas processing plants. Operational and reliability concerns will be addressed while generating pertinent engineering data relating to the mass-transfer process. Accomplishments for this period are described for Task 6 -- Fluid Dynamic Studies and Task 7 -- Mass Transfer Coefficient Studies.

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Phase I --system scoping and feasibility studies

The National Energy Strategy (NES) calls for a balanced program of greater energy efficiency, use of alternative fuels, and the environmentally responsible development of all the U.S. energy resources. Consistent with the NES, a Department of Energy (DOE) program has been created to develop Advanced Turbine Systems (ATS). The objective of this 10-year program is to develop natural gas-fired base load power plants that will have cycle efficiencies greater than 60% (LHV), be environmentally superior to current technology, and also be cost competitive.

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Decontamination Systems Information and Research Program. Quarterly technical progress report for period, April 1--June 30, 1994

This progress report summaries current status of Decontamination Systems Information and Research Programs. Most of the projects are on schedule and most have not varied from their original objectives. The Sensor project has been redirected toward use of clathrates, but the overall objective of developing a useful specific sensor has not changed. The insitu remediation project is now fully underway. The soil flotation project was delayed for a short time by the inability to produce an appropriate plutonium oxide surrogate from cerium oxide. The mercuric iodide project could use some photoluminescence spectroscopy analysis to find traps in the crystal. One of the most interesting accomplishments was work on dechlorination. Fenton`s reagent was found to dechlorinate PCBs to the dichlorobipheyl. Project titles are the following: In situ bioremediation of chlorinated organic solvents; microbial enrichment for enhancing in-situ biodegradation of hazardous organic wastes; treatment of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) using biofilters; drain enhanced soil flushing (DESF) for organic contaminants removal; chemical destruction of chlorinated organic compounds; remediation of hazardous sites with steam reforming; soil decontamination with a packed flotation column; use of granular activated carbon columns for the simultaneous removal of organics, heavy metals, radionuclides; monolayer and multilayer self-assembled polyion films for gas phase chemical sensors; compact mercuric iodine detector technology development; evaluation of IR and mass spectrometric techniques for on-site monitoring of volatile organic compounds; a systemactic data base of the sate of hazardous waste clean-up technologies; dust control methods for in-situ nuclear and hazardous waste handling; winfield lock and dam remedication; socio-economic assessment of alternative environmental restoration technologies; waste management education and research consortium (WERC) National environmental design.

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Coolside waste management research. Quarterly report, April 1--June 30, 1994

The project objective is to produce sufficient information on the mineralogical and chemical changes of FBC-waste pellets to aid in the design and manufacture of physically stable pellets that can be used toward road applications. FBC-waste pellets were prepared by CONSOL in a disk pelletizer. The FBC-pellets were then characterized for their soundness and freeze/thaw durability. The sample characterization was based on X-ray diffraction and SEM investigations of the pellets and pellet fragments that formed in weathering tests conducted by CONSOL. The results of this combined XRD/SEM study of waste FBC-pellets showed that the majority of the swelling and fracturing process, which occurs when the FBC-pellets are exposed to moisture (natural weathering and freeze/thaw), is not caused by the formation of ettringite crystals, but rather can be contributed to the delayed hydration of anhydrite. The formation of gypsum via hydration of anhydrite results in a volume increase, which may be the main cause for the fracturing of the FBC pellets. In a related study, WATEQ analysis has been extended to include some of the current field lysimeter data. Data extracted for each leachate collection include concentrations of 43 aqueous species, 71 mineral species which appear to approach saturation levels, and various other indicators such as ionic strength, CO{sub 2} partial pressure and species activities. This data, in combination with the leachate analytical data, are being examined to infer the chemistry controlling leachate behavior. Geotechnical characterization of the road base soil stabilization characteristics of the FBC material continued. An 8% addition of FBC material produced a 100% increase in compressive strength and reduced natural swell of the soil by half. Results to date are presented.

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Advanced Turbine Systems Program: Conceptual design and product development. Quarterly status report, May--July 1994

The goal of the overall Advanced Turbine Systems (ATS) program is to develop and commercialize ultrahigh-efficiency gas-turbine-based power systems for utility and industrial applications. This contract will complete conceptual design and begin component testing for a utility-scale power system having 60% efficiency. Progress reports are presented for the following tasks: selection of natural gas-fired advance turbine systems (GFATS,8388 ); selection of coal-fired advanced turbine systems (CFATS,8388 ); market study; system definition and analysis; and design and test of critical components.

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Prediction of in-bed tube erosion rates in fluidized beds. Topical report, January 1992--June 1992

The objective of this research is to predict the erosion rates of in-bed tubes of specific materials in fluidized beds by using a novel approach that we have recently developed. This technique assesses the erosion rates of in-bed tubes by considering two key factors: the peaks of the transient forces of solid particles and the characteristic erosion properties of tube materials concerned. We developed a simple characterization method to assess the erosion rates of in-bed tubes. With this method, an erosion index considering the surface area, weight loss of in-bed tubes, and the operating time, was used. A systematic study was carried out in a 411 rectangular fluidized bed to study the relationship between erosion rate and maximum transient forces of solid particles in fluidized beds. Three different kinds of metal tubes, with well defined tensile strength (at) and elasticity modulus (E), were used. They are copper, aluminum and stainless steel. By considering the tensile strength and elasticity modulus, together with the peaks of transient forces of solid particles, a characteristic erosion function was introduced. This characteristic function was found to have a good correlation with the erosion rate. Thus, the prediction of in-bed tube erosion rates was achieved, when the peaks of transient forces of solid particles and tube material`s characteristic properties are known.

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Indirect gas chromatographic measurement of water for process streams

This project was conducted to develop a moisture measurement method for process gas streams of fossil fuels. Objective was to from pyrolysis to measure the molar concentration of water in a gas stream without flow measurements. The method developed has been incorporated into the hydrocarbon gas analysis method currently used at Western Research Institute. A literature search of types of direct measuring moisture sensors was conducted, and a list of sensors available is given; most of them could not survive in the environment of the process streams. Indirect methods of measuring water involve changing the water via reaction to a compound that can be more readily measured. These methods react water with various reagents to form hydrogen, acetylene, and acetone. The method chose for this study uses a calcium carbide reaction column to convert the water present in the gas stream to acetylene for analysis. Relative deviation for the daily determination of water varied from 0.5 to 3.4%. The method chosen was tested for linearity over a wide range of gas stream water content. Response over 2 to 15 mole % water appears to be linear with a correlation coefficient of 0.991.

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Upgrading of western shale oil by hydropyrolysis and hydrotreating

A proof-of-concept study for a new shale oil upgrading and refining process was undertaken. This project is aimed at reducing upgrading costs, thereby malting shale oil development more feasible for commercialization. Raw shale oil was topped to remove the most volatile components. The topped shale oil was distilled into three narrow boiling cuts, representing of 175--275{degrees}C, 275--365{degrees}C, and 365--455{degrees}C, and a residue portion (>455{degrees}C). The distillate cuts were used to study molecular weight effects, and the residue was used to test the performance of hydropyrolysis. Hydropyrolysis converts the heavy residue into lower boiling point materials which can be more easily hydrotreated. In the experiment to test molecular weight effects, it was found that geometric hindrance accounts for the inhibition effect. Diffusion limitation and inhibition by competitive adsorption are not strong effects. These results imply that there is no process substitute for the requirement of molecular weight reduction. In the experiment to test the performance of hydropyrolysis, average molecular weight is reduced from 495 to 359 at moderate severities. In HDN of the hydropyrolized residue, however, high process severities are still required to remove nitrogen to the level of refinery-acceptable-feed (< 0.15 wt %). Based on experimental data, the product slate is 1.9 wt % gas, 13.1 wt % gasoline, 27.3 wt % kerosene, 55.6 wt % total gas oil, 1.3 wt % vacuum residue, and 0.8 wt % coke with 1376 scf/bbl total hydrogen consumption. The removal of sulfur is 96%, and that of nitrogen is 84%. The concentration of sulfur in the final product is 0.038 wt %, and that of nitrogen in final product is 0.26%. The conversion of heavy residue to atmospheric distillate is 47%. However, the remaining residue is partially upgraded as a refinery feed.

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Preliminary evaluation of a concept using microwave energy to improve an adsorption-based, natural gas clean-up process

This report describes the results of a preliminary evaluation performed to: (1) determine if microwave energy could be used to regenerate a zeolite adsorbent and (2) to evaluate the feasibility of using microwave energy to improve the desorption phase of a pressure swing adsorption process applied to upgrading natural gas (methane) contaminated with nitrogen. Microwave regeneration was evaluated by comparing the adsorption characteristics of a zeolite preconditioned by heating under vacuum to the characteristics of the same zeolite after various lengths of exposure to microwave energy. The applicability of microwave regeneration to natural gas cleanup was evaluated by measuring the rise in adsorbent temperature resulting from the microwave exposure. Microwave energy consumed by heating the adsorbent is not productive and must therefore be minimal for a process to be economically viable. Exposure of the methane-saturated chabazite for 2 minutes to microwave energy effectively regenerated the adsorbent, but resulted in a 75{degrees}F (42{degrees}C) rise in adsorbent temperature. This temperature rise indicates that the concept is unacceptable for natural gas processing due to excessive energy consumption.

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Fundamental study on transient bubble (slug) behavior by characterizing transient forces of solid particles in fluidized beds. Topical report, January 1991--June 1992

The objective of this work is to recognize and interpret the signals of transient motion of bubbles (slugs) in fluidized beds (METC/DOE) by measuring and utilizing the signals of transient gas phase pressure fluctuation, and also by taking the video pictures of transient motions of the bubbles and emulsion phase in fluidized beds. The two signals were measured simultaneously in a three dimensional fluidized bed. Correlation study on the voidage signal and pressure fluctuation was carried out. A domain concept was introduced and new bubble classification was suggested. A video recording approach was also developed to record the transient bubble motion in a two dimensional fluidized bed with a special consideration. This new approach enhances the understanding of bubble image and the physical meaning of transient particle forces. The fundamental mechanism of bubble flow was experimentally investigated and interesting new findings of the transient bubble flow were obtained.

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Advanced gas turbine systems research. Quarterly report, October--December, 1993

This is a report on the technical progress of the advanced gas turbine systems research program. The second Request for Proposals (RFP 94-01) was issued at the end of November. Research areas were restricted somewhat compared with the initial RFP, as the Industrial Review Board wished to concentrate on the highest priority technologies. Performing Members now number 61, with another four universities expressing interest in joining. Development of the Materials Technology area of the ATS program is proceeding, with resolution expected in early 1994 to support issuing solicitations by the summer. The first AGTSR workshop has been scheduled for late February in Nashville to discuss combustion modeling.

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