AndreaBozzo/ceres-open-data-index huggingface dataset:
Eastern gas shales. Technology status report. [Appalachian, Illinois and Michigan Basins]

The goal of eastern gas shales research is to develop the scientific and engineering knowledge base on the recovery of natural gas from shale formations that underlie the Appalachian, Illinois, and Michigan Basins. Currently, research focuses on fundamental reservoir properties from wells of opportunity, and on the installation of a second offset well test site for understanding reservoir flow behavior. This research entails gathering reservoir property data from 10 sites that have favorable geology and geochemistry in areas of nonestablished production. This information will quantify the magnitude of matrix and fracture porosity and permeability and reservoir anisotropy, and will improve the ability to quantify technically recoverable resources for these areas of unknown potential. Also under study are methods to increase recovery efficiency from a directionally drilled well in an area of historical production, wherein less than 10% of the available gas-in-place is typically produced by stimulated vertical wells. Analysis of shale gas production mechanisms indicates that an increase in the amount of surface area connected to the borehole may result in more of the adsorbed gas being released and produced over the entire life of the well. Increased recovery efficiency is thought to be achievable using a directionally deviated well that can be designed to cross natural fractures and can be stimulated to increase the surface area in contact with the borehole. The existing reservoir model (SUGAR-MD) has been modified to permit the expected performance of stimulated, deviated wells to be simulated. The drilling, coring, logging, and testing of a directionally deviated well is a major field verification effort that measures the key reservoir properties used in the simulator and also the productivity improvement over that of stimulated vertical wells in the area. 7 refs., 6 figs., 3 tabs.

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Great Plains ASPEN model development:  methanation section. Final topical report

An ASPEN model has been developed of the Methanation Section, Section 1700, of the Great Plains Gasification Plant. The basis for this model is the process description given in section 6.12 of the Great Plains Project Management Plan and the Lummus Methanation Schematic Process Flow Diagram, Dwg. No. SK D-7102-IF-2. The ASPEN model that has been developed can handle the full list of process chemical components that are present in other sections of the plant; however, only the following components are assumed present in the section feed: hydrogen, nitrogen, ammonia, carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, methane, and water. The model is primarily a flowsheet simulation which will give the material and energy balances and equipment duties for a given set of process conditions. The model is unable to predict fully changes in process conditions that would result from load changes on equipment of fixed sizes, such as a rating model would predict. The model can be used to simulate the steady-state operation of the plant at or near design conditions or can be used to design other methanation plants. The model also can be used in optimization studies of operating conditions. Because of the limited amount of process information that was available, several major process assumptions had to be made in the development of the flowsheet model. No catalyst specification, nor reactor size, nor kinetic data was available for the specific catalyst used at Great Plains. Among the most significant assumptions made were the outlet temperatures for the three stages of reaction and the approaches of the reactions to equilibrium. 47 references.

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Pulsating gasification of low rank coals. Quarterly technical progress report, September 15-December 31, 1984

The conservation equations for the pulsating gasifier have been presented and discussed in the research proposal. To solve them, the sources of mass, momentum and energy appearing in these equations must be specified by an auxiliary set of equations. The development of these auxiliary equations requires the modeling of the various processes that occur in the gasifier. They include: (1) the unsteady coal combustion, (2) the radiative interchange in the gasifier, and (3) the convective and conductive interchange among the gases, particles and gasifier walls. Part of the research effort has been directed toward the modeling of the coal reaction processes. Studies conducted to date with pulsating combustors indicate that the presence of oscillations results in advantages such as high combustion intensity, high combustion efficiency, high convective heat transfer rates to fuel particles and heat transfer surfaces, and ability to keep heat transfer surfaces clean due to the scrubbing-like action of the oscillating flow. While these advantages are also likely to enhance the operation of pulsating gasifiers, only two studies of coal gasification under pulsating conditions have been conducted to date. Neither provided, however, sufficient information which could be used as a guide in the design of future pulsating gasifiers. The present research has been undertaken with the objective of developing a theoretical model which could be used to guide (and hopefully optimize) the design of pulverized coal gasifiers. 17 references.

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Great Plains ASPEN model development:  ASPEN sizing enhancements. Final topical report

In preparing cost estimates for the various sections of the Great Plains Coal Gasification Plant, the equipment sizing methods for the major equipment items were checked. The sizing results obtained from ASPEN were compared with the sizing results obtained by using the Halcon SD Group's (HSD) own sizing methods and in-house computer programs. Where there were significant differences between the ASPEN sizing results and our own results, the subroutine coding was checked to determine where the differences arose. Modifications were then made to the ASPEN routines where it was thought that HSD's methods would significantly enhance the quality of ASPEN. The following ASPEN sizing subroutines were modified: (1) STW01 - ASPEN tray tower sizing; (2) SVS11 - ASPEN vertical vessel sizing; (3) SVS01 - ASPEN horizontal vessel sizing; and (4) CPVVTH - ASPEN vertical vessel/tower shell thickness and weight determination. Modifications were made to sizing calculations contained in the following ASPEN COST subroutines: (1) CPC01 - ASPEN centrifugal pump costing; and (2) CPC02 - ASPEN centrifugal compressor costing. Modifications also were made to sizing calculations contained in the following ASPEN UOS subroutines: (1) UPC01 - ASPEN pump model; and (2) UPC02 - ASPEN compressor model. A new ASPEN COST subroutine that contains sizing calculations was developed, CPC04 - ASPEN reciprocating compressor costing. 4 references.

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Studies involving high temperature desulfurization/regeneration reactions of metal oxides for fuel cell development. Project status report, December 1981

Desulfurization/regeneration experimental test evaluations have been completed at 650/sup 0/C with CuO supported on zeolite as of the end of the reporting period. The sulfur capacity of CuO/zeolite sorbent was found to be higher than CuO/alumina sorbent by a factor of 2 to 3. Regeneration in combination with air and steam at 650 to 750/sup 0/C was found to be very efficient. Thermally stable zeolite having high surface area demonstrated that zeolite support provides a decided improvement in the efficient utilization of CuO for desulfurization. The V/sub 2/O/sub 5/ impregnation on different supports is in progress. Cycle life characterization and mathematical modeling to help engineering aspects of the program are accelerated.

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Studies involving high temperature desulfurization/regeneration reactions of metal oxides for fuel cell development. Project status report, March 1982

In the current reporting period, desulfurization tests of unsupported V/sub 2/O/sub 5/ sorbent were carried out in the quartz reactor to determine reactivity of V/sub 2/O/sub 3/ with H/sub 2/S. The analysis of reacted samples confirmed the reactivity of V/sub 2/O/sub 3/ with H/sub 2/S, but the efficiency to remove sulfur is low. We plan to carry out desulfurization tests on a supported V/sub 2/O/sub 5/ system in the quartz reactor to get a better understanding of reactivity of V/sub 2/O/sub 3/ with H/sub 2/S. A generalized reactor model for desulfurization has been developed.

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Fixed-bed gasification research using US coals. Volume 2. Gasification of Jetson bituminous coal

A single-staged, fixed-bed Wellman-Galusha gasifier coupled with a hot, raw gas combustion system and scrubber has been used to gasify numerous coals from throughout the United States. The gasification test program is organized as a cooperative effort by private industrial participants and governmental agencies. The consortium of participants is organized under the Mining and Industrial Fuel Gas (MIFGa) Group. This report describes the gasification testing of Jetson bituminous coal. This Western Kentucky coal was gasified during an initial 8-day and subsequent 5-day period. Material flows and compositions are reported along with material and energy balances. Operational experience is also described. 4 refs., 24 figs., 17 tabs.

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Fixed-bed gasification research using US coals. Volume 6. Gasification of delayed petroleum coke

A single-staged, fixed-bed Wellman-Galusha gasifier coupled with a hot, raw gas combustion system and scrubber has been used to gasify numerous coals from throughout the United States. The gasification test program is organized as a cooperative effort by private industrial participants and governmental agencies. The consortium of participants is organized under the Mining and Industrial Fuel Gas (MIFGa) Group. This report is the sixth volume in a series of reports describing the atmospheric pressure, fixed-bed gasification of US coals. This specific report describes the gasification of delayed petroleum coke from Pine Bend, MN. The period of the gasification test was June 1-17, 1983. 2 refs., 15 figs., 22 tabs.

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Fixed-bed gasification research using US coals. Volume 17. Gasification and liquids recovery of four US coals

A single-staged, fixed-bed Wellman-Galusha gasifier coupled with a hot, raw gas combustion system and scrubber has been used to gasify numerous coals from throughout the United States. The gasification test program is organized as a cooperative effort by private industrial participants and government agencies. The consortium of participants is organized under the Mining and Industrial Fuel Gas (MIFGa) group. This report is the seventeenth in a series of reports describing the atmospheric pressure, fixed-bed gasification of US coals. This report describes the gasification and pyrolysis liquids recovery test for four different coals: Illinois No. 6, SUFCO, Indianhead lignite, and Hiawatha. This test series spanned from July 15, 1985, through July 28, 1985. 4 refs., 16 figs., 19 tabs.

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Pollution control in coal gasification. Third quarterly report, January 1, 1982-March 31, 1982

This report describes the technical progress at the end of the third quarter on a study sponsored by the Department of Energy entitled Pollution Control in Coal Gasification. The objectives of this study are to evaluate in detail the potential of: (a) vapor phase cracking; and (b) wet oxidation of simulated and actual coal gasifier effluent streams as a means of reducing the concentration of organics in these streams. During the first two quarters, a high-pressure and high-temperature gas and liquid delivery system and a reactor system consisting of three parallel reactors (two tubular reactors and a Berty reactor) were constructed. A few final necessary items were installed on the systems this quarter, and preliminary shakedown and material balance checkout was completed. In addition, four materials (two iron-oxide-containing catalysts and two coal-derived materials) were evaluated for their potential for use as VPC catalysts. Wet oxidation tests were conducted with four different catalytic materials during this quarter; a total of eight tests were conducted. 13 references, 13 figures, 4 tables.

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Pollution control in coal gasification. Fourth quarterly report, April 1, 1982-June 30, 1982

This report describes the technical progress made during the fourth quarter on a study sponsored by the Department of Energy entitled Pollution Control in Coal Gasification. The objectives of this study are to evaluate in detail the potential of: (a) vapor phase cracking (VPC,5727 ); and (b) wet oxidation (WO) of simulated and actual coal gasifier effluent streams as a means of reducing the concentration of organics in these streams. Seven vapor phase cracking tests and 14 wet oxidation tests were carried out during this quarter. During the first three quarters, a high-pressure and high-temperature gas and liquid delivery system and a reactor system consisting of three parallel reactors (two tubular reactors and a Berty reactor) were constructed. In addition, two iron oxide catalysts and two coal-derived materials (from a subbituminous coal and a lignite) were evaluated for their potential for use as VPC catalysts. During this quarter, a total of seven experiments were carried out for evaluation of three additional commercial catalysts. In this quarter, five WO tests were conducted that concluded the first phase of study, the screening of catalysts. The second phase of the study, the testing of actual gasifier wastewater, was begun and nine additional tests were conducted making a total of 14 wet oxidation tests this quarter. 4 references, 11 figures, 8 tables.

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Advanced development of a pressurized ash agglomerating fluidized-bed coal gasification system. First quarter progress report FY-1984, October 1-December 31, 1983

The overall objective of the Westinghouse coal gasification program is to demonstrate the viability of the Westinghouse pressurized, fluidized bed, gasification system for the production of medium-Btu fuel gas for syngas, electrical power generation, chemical feedstocks, or industrial fuels and to obtain performance and scaleup data for the process and hardware. Progress reports are presented for the following tasks: (1) operation and maintenance of the process development unit (PDU,5617 ); (2) process and component engineering and design; (3) cold flow scaleup facility (CFSF,5617 ); (4) process analysis; and (5) laboratory support studies of gas-solids flow modeling and coal/ash behavior. 15 figs., 13 tabs.

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F-CAP documentation

Fuel cell power plants, which are currently under development, have many positive attributes including the potential to generate electricity at substantially higher efficiencies and with lower adverse environmental impacts than alternative systems. They also are projected to provide efficient part-load operation, fast power response time, cogeneration potential, and siting and fuel flexibility. Fuel cells show promise of being used in a wide range of sizes and applications. Near-term applications are expected to include electric utility power plants of multimegawatt size on cyclic and intermittent duty as well as industrial and commercial applications of power plants of similar sizes where the electrical output and thermal output can both be advantageously used. These power plants are expected to operate on natural gas and/or naphtha-type fuels, but later fuel cells are expected to operate on fuels derived from coal and other non petroleum resources. Large plants may include integrated coal gasification units. Other applications under evaluation include cogeneration and on-site systems in the residential, commercial, and industrial sectors and even transportation. To date, many analyses of the actual benefits of multimegawatt size fuel cell power plants have relied upon crude estimates of system performance. Further, no hardware demonstrations of commercial size units have occurred to date. As a result, the power plant system performance information normally required to conduct a technical and economic analysis of the viability of a power plant system for specific applications does not exist. An objective of the computer model developed in this study is to enable estimates to be made of fuel cell performance and economics under a variety of operating conditions and applications.

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Development of a method for evaluating carbon dioxide miscible flooding prospects. Final report

Research was undertaken to develop a method of evaluating reservoirs as prospects for carbon dioxide flooding. Evaluation was to be based on a determination of miscibility pressure and displacement efficiency under idealized conditions. To reach the objective, project work was divided into five areas: (1) conducting of phase-equilibrium studies of carbon dioxide with synthetic oils; (2) application of an equation of state to simulate the phase behavior of carbon dioxide - oil systems; (3) conducting of linear displacements of crude oils and synthetic oils by carbon dioxide in a slim-tube apparatus; (4) application of the equation of state, the phase-behavior data and slim-tube data to develop a method of screening reservoirs for carbon dioxide flooding based on determination of minimum miscibility pressure and displacement efficiency; (5) development of a one-dimensional mathematical model, based on the equation of state, for application in conjunction with the results of Parts 1 to 4. The accomplishments for these five areas are discussed in five chapters. 44 references, 90 figures, 42 tables.

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Thermal properties and fluid diffusivities related to low-rank coal, its char and ash. Technical progress report, October 1-December 31, 1985

The purpose of this study is to determine the thermal conductivity, thermal diffusivity, density, and heat capacity of low-rank coals. Powdered and homogeneous coal samples are being used in this study with their properties being measured under a variety of conditions of temperature and pressure. In addition, measurements are done on dried and undried coal samples to determine the effect of moisture content on the thermal properties. During this fourth quarter, thermal properties of the powdered coals were first measured as a function of pressure from 800 million to 100 psig at room temperature. Properties were then measured as a function of temperature from 20 to 300/sup 0/C. During these measurements, the sample container was sealed and the pressure was allowed to come to its equilibrium value for a given temperature. Values for the thermal properties are given in Tables 2 and 3. 3 tabs.

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Reservoir evaluation and geologic modeling for the Clinton Eastern tight gas formation. Phase I, final report

In an effort to better understand the geologic and engineering factors that explain the production performance of the tight Clinton Sandstone of Eastern Ohio, Log cumulative gas production vs. the log of producing time curves, logs and completion data were evaluated for a number of Clinton sandstone wells in the Tuscarawas, eastern Coshocton and eastern Holmes County area of east central Ohio. The wells were divided into low slope (<0.6), Linear, and high slope (>0.6), Radial, groups, based on plots of log cumulative production vs. log time. The distributions of expected recoveries from these two groups of wells were compared using the Chi Square and Pearson's P-M correlations, and were found to be significantly different. The linear wells had a median expected ultimate recovery of less than 20 MMCF while the radial group had a median of more than 50 MMCF. Both the radial and linear distributions were polymodal, and were divided into low, transitional and high production segments. A reasonable hypothesis is that the high productivity wells were producing from reservoirs in which the permeability was augmented by fracturing. The logging suite generally used for the Clinton wells evaluation was not adequate to use as a basis for predicting well performance with any high degree of certainty. However, the calculated production from the low slope wells exhibited a reasonable correlation with the actual cumulative production at the breakpoint on the log cumulative production vs. log time curves (this breakpoint indicates that the reservoir boundary has been encountered). 11 references, 21 figures, 4 tables.

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Geologic influences on the in situ processing of tar sand at the Northwest Asphalt Ridge deposit, Utah

The Laramie Energy Technology Center, Department of Energy, completed three in situ oil recovery field experiments, two combustion and one steamflood, in tar sand at Northwest Asphalt Ridge, Utah. Inadequate resource and site characterization prior to the field experiments contributed to process design and operation problems. The 10-acre field site is part of the Sohio Shale Oil Co. D tract located west of Vernal, Uintah County. The target zone, the middle portion of the Cretaceous Rim Rock Sandstone of the Mesaverde Group, varied from 300 to 500 feet deep. From petrographic analyses of the target zone, this portion is classified as a moderately sorted litharenite with an average visible porosity of 18%. Dominant constituents include quartz, rock fragments, chert, feldspars and clay minerals. X-ray analyses of selected core samples from the Rim Rock and Asphalt Ridge Sandstones indicate the presence of quartz, calcite, dolomite, ankerite, microcline, orthoclase, anorthite, kaolinite and muscovite. Carbonate mineral species were present only in the lower Rim Rock and Asphalt Ridge Sandstones. Reservoir characteristics of the target zone which adversely affected the field experiments include faulting at all three experiment areas, lateral and vertical heterogeneities of permeability and porosity, inadequate target zone confinement, rough surface texture of clastic grains, and oil-wet grains. Favorable target zone characteristics include high quartz content; absence of carbonates; lack of clay minerals bridging and cementing pore spaces; and sufficient porosity, initial oil saturation and overburden. Recommended geologic evaluation methods to aid in the identification of potentially suitable resources and sites for in situ oil recovery from tar sands include seismic surveys; well logging; coring and core analyses; petrographic, binocular, and scanning electron microscopy; and x-ray analyses. 54 references, 25 figures, 8 tables.

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Chemical coal cleaning process and costs refinement for coal-water slurry manufacture. Monthly report

Test work in January centered on investigation of HCl leaching parameters. Some initial hot-water leaching tests were also performed. A test series was begun to investigate the effect of HCl leaching conditions on product ash content. Based on the regression analysis of NaOH leaching results, two sets of caustic leach conditions were specified to generate low and higher ash products as feed for leaching. The HCl-leached filter cakes were split in half; one half was analyzed as-is while the other half was subjected to hot-water leaching prior to analysis. Tests conducted on the higher ash products were completed and results are shown in Table 1. In the range of 2 to 10% HCl, an improvement from 1.39 to 1.13% ash after HCl leaching and from 1.10 to 0.93% ash after hot-water leaching was observed. The high ash content shown for Test H2 (0.05% HCl) is a result of the release of additional NaOH after the caustic cake had been initially neutralized. The 0.05% HCl was then not sufficient to generate a low enough pH to remove acid-soluble ash components. Residual chlorine and sulfur levels were monitored. Sulfur levels were essentially the same after acid and hot-water leaching. No difference in sulfur content was observed as a function of acid strength. Residual chlorine levels were reduced after the hot-water leaching step. A trend of higher chlorine content with increasing HCl strength was noted. 2 tables.

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