AndreaBozzo/ceres-open-data-index huggingface dataset:
Management of coal waste by energy recovery: mild gasification/flash pyrolysis of coal preparation wastes. Quarterly report, October-December 1985

Feedstock characterization is now complete. Two of the refuse feedstocks, the bituminous coal feedstock and the subbituminous coal feedstock, were obtained and prepared for use in the mild gasification unit (MGU). Construction continued on the mild gasification unit and is estimated to be 95% complete. Most of the major equipment for the MGU is in place and operational. The vacuum pump and hydraulic limit switches are the remaining items to be installed on the unit. The final test plan was prepared. The test plan includes 24 tests, six with subbituminous coal, seven with coal preparation waste, and eleven with bituminous coal. The tests are designed to measure the effects of feedstock, particle size, temperature, residence time, sweep gas, and solid additives on unit performance, product quantity, and product quality. The MGU has performed well during five tests with only minor problems dealing with condensation of the hydrocarbon gases.

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Studies involving high temperature desulfurization/regeneration reactions of metal oxides for fuel cell developments. Project status report, February 1983

In the current reporting period, we carried out desulfurization/regeneration tests of the CuO/ZnO sorbent mixed with sand in the fluidized bed reactor. Very high sulfur capacities were observed which decreased on subsequent cycles. Because of low temperature reduction (250/sup 0/) and desulfurization (500/sup 0/C), no zinc loss from the bed was observed. A blank run with sand will be carried out to observe the reactivity of mineral salts in sand with H/sub 2/S. We also carried out the experiment of three different ZnO sorbents (U.C., Harshaw and Strem) diluted with alumina in quartz lined packed bed reactor for the modeling work.

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Fundamental combustion studies of low-rank coal slurries. Quarterly technical progress report No. 7, September 1-November 30, 1985

This contract for fundamental combustion studies of low-rank coal slurries was initiated March 1, 1984. Slurries being studied are primarily those produced from steam-dried lignite coal provided by the Grand Forks Project Office. Contract work includes virgin coal and slurry characterization, slurry spray and atomization measurements. Also included are detailed mapping of combustion products and pollutants for low-rank coal slurries in a laboratory reactor and comparison of results with computer model predictions and with data obtained under similar conditions from combustion of high-rank coal-water mixtures. A summary of principal activities during this past quarter follows for each of the following three task areas: slurry characterization; slung spray characterization; and combustion tests. 8 refs., 25 figs., 2 tabs.

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Thermal stresses in valves. Final technical report

The failure of lockhopper valves in coal gasification processes has long been a significant problem resulting in costly premature terminations of gasification experiments. Few successful investigations have determined the major causes of such failures. The purpose of the present investigation is to identify possible failure mechanisms of lockhopper ball valves and to establish some fundamental analytical methods from which mathematical models of such failure mechanisms may be developed. In addition, the present work involves some recommendations of various basic experimental procedures that may also aid in the identification of failure mechanisms. 43 references, 7 figures.

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Differential optical absorption techniques for diagnostics of coal gasification. Technical progress report, October, November, December 1983

The application of differential optical absorption (DOA) techniques for the in-situ determination of the chemical composition of coal gasification process streams is investigated. Absorption spectra of relevant molecular species and the temperature and pressure effects on DOA-determined spectral characteristics of these species will be determined and cataloged. A system will be configured, assembled, and tested. 2 references, 12 figures, 2 tables.

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Great Plains Coal Gasification Project, Mercer County, North Dakota. Quarterly technical and environmental report, third quarter 1984

Activities remain on schedule to meet Great Plains Gasification Associates (GPGA's) full gas production date. Gasification Plant - Detailed engineering is complete. Construction is 99% complete. Start-up operations are proceeding well. SNG was delivered to the product pipeline this quarter. The only remaining plant permit is the Permit to Operate, which is expected to be issued in late 1985. Quality Assurance/Quality Control Activities included major equipment inspections, further development of welding procedures, and continuation of the corrosion control/materials evaluation program. Freedom mine development activities remain on schedule.

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Western Gas Sands Project. Status report, 1 May 1979--31 May 1979

May 1979 progress of the government-sponsored projects directed toward increasing gas production from low-permeability gas sands of the western United States is summarized in this edition of the WGSP status report. The September 1977 status report, NVO/0655-100, provides background information. Work by the USGS toward resource assessment in the four primary study areas continued. Projects of the National Laboratories and Energy Technology Centers continued during May. Bartlesville Energy Technology Center continued work on fracture conductivity, rock-fluid interaction, and log evaluation and interpretation techniques. Lawrence Livermore Laboratory continued experimental and theoretical work on hydraulic fracturing mechanics and analysis of well test data. Analysis of data obtained from a test of the borehole seismic unit by Sandia Laboratories is continuing. Preliminary design work began on a DOE-financed experimental multi-well fracturing project. Cyclic gas injection operations were begun by Colorado Interstate Gas Company on the Miller No. 1 well. The Mitchell Energy Corporation Muse-Duke No. 1 well flowed 3,500 MCFD in May. Fishing operations resumed on the Mobil PCU F31-13G well.

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A fundamental research program in coal/heavy oil coprocessing and heavy oil processing: Final report

The coprocessing of coal with petroleum residues provides an effective route for increasing the use of domestic resources---coal and natural gas---to produce liquid fuels. In addition, the initial step of converting petroleum residues alone by hydrocracking can significantly improve the yield of light fuels from crude oil. Several technologies have been developed and commercialized for hydrocracking residues and the liquefaction of coal. All of these technologies can be improved further, based on concepts that can come from a fundamental research program, and using the ideas developed in engineering studies. This work discusses a suggested 5-year research program to carry out fundamental work and explore ideas. The fundamental research program covers work to discover routes to improve yields and product quality when processing coal and petroleum residues together or separately. The program provides both an effective supplement and complementary bridge to the existing programs on coal processing and heavy oil characterization. The work includes the technical rationale and level of effort recommended to implement the studies in the key areas of: new catalysts, detailed feed and product characterization, new processing concepts, and product quality. 4 figs.

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Acquisition, classification, and evaluation of engineering and geologic information and characteristics of West Virginia petroleum reservoirs amenable to enhanced oil recovery technology, particularly carbon dioxide injection. Final report

Based on available reservoir information, CO/sub 2/ displacement seems to be the enhanced oil recovery technique most suitable for most West Virginia oil reservoirs. Seventeen reservoirs have been identified as potential candidates for the CO/sub 2/ displacement process: three Berea, six Big Injun, five Gordon, one Gordon Stray, one Fifth, and one Squaw--Weir sand reservoir. The total volume of oil remaining in these 17 reservoirs is estimated to be more than one billion barrels. The fields are all within a relatively small geographic area and constitute a significant target for enhanced oil recovery technology. There are, however, many difficulties in working with expensive fluids in old fields containing many abandoned wells. Injectivity of liquid CO/sub 2/ in West Virginia oil reservoirs has been demonstrated to be higher than that for water or natural gas. In connection with raising pressures prior to CO/sub 2/ injection, waterflooding has been shown to be effective in two reservoirs previously considered impossible to flood. In the single CO/sub 2/ displacement process completed in West Virginia, the Granny's Creek project, efficiency of recovery was not high: less than one barrel of additional oil per 20 MSCF of CO/sub 2/ injected. The injected liquid was found far outside the project area, however, indicating a need for effective confinement. The CO/sub 2/ process has been demonstrated as effective in displacing oil from a previously waterflooded portion of the reservoir. The three ongoing or projected CO/sub 2/ projects in the state have many common features, which should simplify the complete analysis when they are completed.

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Model for coal ash agglomeration based on two-particle dynamics

The agglomeration of coal and coal ash in fluidized-bed gasifiers (FBG's) is of great interest in coal conversion. However, only limited work has been done to develop analytical models in order to understand ash agglomeration in FBG's. This paper focuses on two-particle collision dynamics, which is then used to develop a criterion for the agglutination of the two particles. The main assumption of this mechanism is that the binding force can be modeled as ''piecewise''conservative. This makes it possible to compute the maximum energy that can be dissipated by the system. Comparison of this quantity with the initial kinetic energy provides the agglutination criteria. A specific version of this model is obtained by making specific choices for the contact force and the binding force. An analytic formula for the critical velocity, the relative collision velocity below which agglutination takes place, is obtained for head-on collisions; a numerical technique is developed for collisions which are not head-on. A process change which increases the critical velocity increases the likelihood of agglutination of particles with random relative velocities. To examine the critical velocity as a function of temperature, the model requires correlations for the shear modulus and surface adhesiveness coefficient of the particles. Although these correlations are derived from limited experimental information, they lead to reasonable results and agreement with existing experimental data on agglomeration and defluidization. By considering the agglutination of particles of average size and temperature, a measure of the agglomeration tendency of a FBG can be obtained. Finally, the sensitivity of the model to system parameters is also investigated and an assessment of needed additional work is made. 35 refs., 12 figs.

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Enhanced durability of desulfurization sorbents for fluidized-bed applications

Advanced integrated gasification combined cycle (IGCC) power systems require the development of high-temperature desulfurization sorbents capable of removing hydrogen sulfide from coal gasifier down to very low levels. The objective of this investigation was to identify and demonstrate methods for enhancing the long-term chemical reactivity and mechanical strength of zinc ferrite, a leading regenerable sorbent, for fluidized-bed applications. Fluidized sorbent beds offer significant potential in IGCC systems because of their ability to control the highly exothermic regeneration involved. However, fluidized beds require a durable, attrition-resistant sorbent in the 100--300 {mu}m size range. A bench-scale high-temperature, high- pressure (HTHP) fluidized-bed reactor (7.6-cm I.D.) system capable of operating up to 24 atm and 800{degree}C was designed, built and tested. A total of 175 sulfidation-regeneration cycles were carried out using KRW-type coal gas with various zinc ferrite formulations. A number of sorbent manufacturing techniques including spray drying, impregnation, crushing and screening, and granulation were investigated. While fluidizable sorbents prepared by crushing durable pellets and screening had acceptable sulfur capacity, they underwent excessive attrition during multicycle testing. The sorbent formulations prepared by a proprietary technique were found to have excellent attrition resistance and acceptable chemical reactivity during multicycle testing. However, zinc ferrite was found to be limited to 550{degree}C, beyond which excessive sorbent weakening due to chemical transformations, e.g., iron oxide reduction, was observed.

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Enhanced Recovery of in Situ Methane by Carbon-Dioxide Injection: An Experimental Feasibility Study

A set of experiments is described in which carbon dioxide is injected into large cores of methane- and water-saturated bituminous coal, at elevated pressures. CO/sub 2/ at pressures of up to 800 psig is used to simulate the enhanced recovery of in-situ methane from coal beds. Carbon-dioxide injection increases the recovery of methane by a factor of 2 to 3 times that achieved in simple desorption by pressure drawdown and atmospheric diffusion. In general, higher CO/sub 2/ pressures achieve greater methane recovery. The presence of even small amounts of nitrogen in the injection gas, greatly reduces the methane recovered. CO/sub 2/ at pressures of 500 to 800 psig are shown to be capable of completely demethanating integral coal samples. This fact was also confirmed by tests run on crushed cores. The consumption of CO/sub 2/ by permanent adsorption is quite high vis-a-vis the methane recovered and may preclude its use as an enhanced-recovery energy process. Its primary function would appear to be as a means of safely demethanating coal beds prior to mining. 4 references, 6 figures, 6 tables.

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Study of the effects of soot, particulate, and other contaminants on molten carbonate fuel cells fueled by coal gas. Topical report, September 1984-August 1985. [TGA manufacturers]

A study has been initiated to determine the extent to which molten carbonate fuel cells (MCFCs) can withstand in-situ soot precipitation or small quantities of foreign particles depositing in the cell as a result of the use of coal-derived feed gases (e.g. amorphous and graphitic carbon formation, fly ash, tar particulates, etc.). Also, the effects that low level 'gaseous'contaminants deriving from coal gas can have on the cell are to be studied (e.g. As, NH/sub 3/, high molecular weight and cyclic hydrocarbons, zinc and various trace metals). Both out-to-cell, mostly TGA experiments, and in-cell testing are being performed to confirm or deny any suspected deleterious effects on the active matrix and electrode components or on the overall operability of the system. The parameters of cell performance that are constantly monitored are current/voltage functions, cell resistance, back pressure or leakage, and fuel/oxidant utilization in the cell. Particulate additions to a bench-scale fuel cell are currently under way. Different types of dust and different particle sizes are being generated and injected in the fuel gas stream to determine the capacity of the fuel cell to ingest various quantities of foreign particles. 15 refs., 28 figs., 13 tabs.

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Arctic ice islands

The development of offshore oil and gas resources in the Arctic waters of Alaska requires offshore structures which successfully resist the lateral forces due to moving, drifting ice. Ice islands are floating, a tabular icebergs, up to 60 meters thick, of solid ice throughout their thickness. The ice islands are thus regarded as the strongest ice features in the Arctic; fixed offshore structures which can directly withstand the impact of ice islands are possible but in some locations may be so expensive as to make oilfield development uneconomic. The resolution of the ice island problem requires two research steps: (1) calculation of the probability of interaction between an ice island and an offshore structure in a given region; and (2) if the probability if sufficiently large, then the study of possible interactions between ice island and structure, to discover mitigative measures to deal with the moving ice island. The ice island research conducted during the 1983-1988 interval, which is summarized in this report, was concerned with the first step. Monte Carlo simulations of ice island generation and movement suggest that ice island lifetimes range from 0 to 70 years, and that 85% of the lifetimes are less then 35 years. The simulation shows a mean value of 18 ice islands present at any time in the Arctic Ocean, with a 90% probability of less than 30 ice islands. At this time, approximately 34 ice islands are known, from observations, to exist in the Arctic Ocean, not including the 10-meter thick class of ice islands. Return interval plots from the simulation show that coastal zones of the Beaufort and Chukchi Seas, already leased for oil development, have ice island recurrences of 10 to 100 years. This implies that the ice island hazard must be considered thoroughly, and appropriate safety measures adopted, when offshore oil production plans are formulated for the Alaskan Arctic offshore. 132 refs., 161 figs., 17 tabs.

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Proceedings of Department of Energy/Office of the Environment Workshop on Enhanced Oil Recovery:  problems, scenarios, risks

A DOE/EV-sponsored workshop on enhanced oil recovery (EOR) was held at Montana State University, Bozeman, during August 24-27, 1980. The purpose of the workshop was to discuss the validity of scenarios for increased EOR production; to identify specific environmental, health, and safety issues related to EOR; and to identify quantitative methods for assessments of impacts. Workshop deliberations will be used by national laboratory scientists in their DOE-sponsored evaluation of the environmental, health, and safety (EH and S) aspects of increased EOR production. The following topics were discussed: EOR in the year 2000 - Production Estimates and Regulatory Constraints, Production and the Windfall Profits Tax; Environmental, Health, and Safety Impacts; Groundwater Contamination; and Special Technical and Legal Consideration. These discussions are included in the Proceedings along with appendices of: workshop agenda; list of attendees; biographical sketches of participants; handouts on potential critical problems for increased EOR, EIA production scenario for EOR, PNL production scenario for EOR; and results of questionnaires administered at workshop.

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Potential for use of peat blends with coal for electric power generation. Final technical report, April 1981

The possible use of peat/coal blends in utility boilers was studied. From fuel and ash properties estimates were made of the changes from coal firing practice that would be required in boiler design and fuel preparation. Boiler fouling, slagging and efficiency effects were predicted and compared with behavior of plants operating on coal or peat alone. It is expected that blends containing 50 percent peat would require relatively minor design changes from coal firing practice, but the firing of peat alone calls for substantially different design approaches.

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CHEM2D:  a two-dimensional, three-phase, nine-component chemical flood simulator. Volume II. CHEM2D program user's manual

CHEM2D is a two-dimensional, three-phase, nine-component finite-difference chemical flood simulator. It can simulate waterfloods, polymer floods, and micellar/polymer floods using heterogeneous one- or two-dimensional (areal or cross-sectional) reservoir models. At present only one injection and four production wells are available. The user may specify well performance as either pressure or rate constrained. A constant time step size or a variable time step size determined by extrapolation of concentration changes may be specified. Volume I of this report provides a discussion of the formulation and algorithms used within CHEM2D. Included in Volume I are a number of validation and illustrative examples, as well as the FORTRAN code. The CHEM2D user's manual, Volume II, contains both the input data sets for the examples presented in Volume I and an example output. All appendices and a phase behavior calculation program are collected in Volume III.

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CHEM2D:  a two-dimensional, three-phase, nine-component chemical flood simulator. Volume I. CHEM2D technical description and FORTRAN code

Under the sponsorship of the US Department of Energy, a publicly available chemical simulator has been evaluated and substantially enhanced to serve as a useful tool for projecting polymer or chemical flood performance. The program, CHEM2D, is a two-dimensional, three-phase, nine-component finite-difference numerical simulator. It can model primary depletion, waterfloods, polymer floods, and micellar/polymer floods using heterogeneous linear, areal, or cross-sectional reservoir descriptions. The user may specify well performance as either pressure or rate constrained. Both a constant time step size and a variable time step size based on extrapolation of concentration changes are available as options. A solution technique which is implicit in pressure and explicit in saturations and concentrations is used. The major physical mechanisms that are modeled include adsorption, capillary trapping, cation exchange, dilution, dispersion, interfacial tension, binary or ternary phase behavior, non-Newtonian polymer rheology, and two-phase or three-phase relative permeability. Typical components include water, oil, surfactant, polymer, and three ions (chloride, calcium, and sodium). Components may partition amongst the aqueous, oleic, and microemulsion phases. Volume I of this report provides a discussion of the formulation and algorithms used within CHEM2D. Included in Volume I are a number of validation and illustrative examples, as well as the FORTRAN code. The CHEM2D user's manual, Volume II, contains both the input data sets for the examples presented in Volume I and an example output. All appendices and a phase behavior calculation program are collected in Volume III. 20 references.

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