AndreaBozzo/ceres-open-data-index huggingface dataset:
AIR POLLUTION INVESTIGATONS OF OIL SHALE RETORTING:  IN STIU AND SURFACE TASK I: EVALUATION OF SULPHUR REMOVAL TECHNOLOGIES

The objectives of this project are to evaluate and choose a sulfur control technology applicable to oil shale retorting off gases, modify the EPA mobile pilot scale scrubber trailer so that the chosen sulfur control technology can be transported to the test sites, conduct one or more field tests on an operating oil shale retort, and finally restore the EPA mobile scrubber trailer equipment to particulate control capability. The project is broken down into five sequential tasks as follow:

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BUREAU OF MINES-ATOMIC ENERGY COMMISSION COLORADO COREHOLE NO.2 RIO BLANCO COUNTY, COLORADO

As part of a cooperative program with the Atomic Energy Commission to investigate suitable sites for pilot experiments on the in situ processing of oil shale, the Bureau of Mines has directed the drilling of two exploratory coreholes in Colorado in the northwestern part of the Piceance Creek Basin. The first well was drilled to 2,6000 feet in sec 13, T 1 N, R 98 W, IN THE SUMMER OF 1965. Early in the summer of 1966, in virtually untested area. Its location is about 12  miles southwest of the first well and near Duck Creek in SW1/4NW1/4NE1/4 sec 14, T 1 S, R 99 W, Rio Blanco County, Colorado.

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AIR QUALITY ANALYSIS FOR THE COMBINED HYDROCARBON EIS, EASTERN AND SOUTH-CENTRAL UTAH

This document was prepared in support of the Combined Hydrocarbon Lease Conversion Environmental Impact Statement. The EIS is being prepared by the Bureau of Land Management to determine environmental impacts from proposed development within nine Special Tar Sand Areas. Facilities have been proposed by Amoco Production Company, Chevron USA Inc., Enercor, Mono Power Company, Sabine Production Company, Rocky Mountain Exploration Company, Kirkwood Corporation, Mobile Oil, and Santa Fe Company. Under the combined Hydrocarbon Leasing Act of 1981, the proponents have requested conversion of existing oil and gas leases to combined hydrocarbon leases which would accommodate development of the tar sand resources as well.

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ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT FOR THE TALLEY-FRAC SITE

A true in situ processing technique will be employed at the Talley-Frac site to effect recovery of shale oil. This process involves fracturing of oil shale using chemical explosives and in-place combustion retorting. Under controlled conditions, a minimum amount of residue kerogen is used in the combustion process. The majority of the recoverable oil is transported to the production well region located ahead of the flame front. Air is continuously injected into the retort zone to sustain and control the combustion process. Since the technique employs no conventional mining and minimal surface perturbation, the degree of environmental impacts is less than with other oil shale processing methods. Figure 1-1 displays the proposed process for the recovery of in situ oil shale at the Talley Frac site.

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DRAFT GUIDELINES FOR MULTIMEDIA ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING VOLUME III, FEBRUARY 1978

The previous chapters of these guidelines have presented background needed to determine the subjects of monitoring at DOE fossil energy RD & D facilities. Chapter V deals primarily with analytical hardware options available for such monitoring, sampling and analytical methods, data recording, processing and retrieval, and with data quality control and assurance. In general, this chapter does not deal with ways to select among the options available. Some chokes, however, are obvious. For example, some EPA-approved monitoring technologies are required by law. Beyond that, EPA approved methods are generally recommended because that agency has put more effort into developing and/or validating monitoring methods than any other public or private organization.

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DRAFT GUIDELINES FOR MULTIMEDIA ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING VOLUME IV, FEBRUARY 1978

Spectrophotometric, colorimetric, methods involve measurement of the absorption of light energy of a certain wavelength by various compounds. The compound of interest will absorb light of certain wavelengths, in the ultraviolet, visible, or infrared range. In practice, an intensely colored compound of the substance of interest is formed in an amount proportionate to the concentration of the substance in the sample. The color of the compound is a function of its ability to absorb light of particular wavelengths more strongly than the light of other wavelengths.

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PIERRE DEMART UNDERGROUND GASIFICATION OF COAL

The objective of this trip is to discuss the subject of underground gasification of coal with Pierre Demart; and to learn of the experiences of his investigative work and future plans. Demart is Managing Director of Charbonnages de Bonne Esperance, Batterie et Violette; also Professor of Modern Procedure of Mine Exploitation at the University of Brussels; and Director of the Syndicate which is studying underground gasification of coal under government and industrial sponsorship.

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EVALUATION OF CARBONIZATION AND BRIQUETTING PROPERITIES OF ECUADORAN COAL

The objective of the phase of the investigation carried out in the Denver Coal Branch Laboratory was to (1) dry the composite sample in the fluidized bed dryer, (2) carbonize the dried coal in the internally heated carbonization retort at 900 degrees F and determine the yield of products of carbonization, (3) appraise the physical properties of starch bound, commercial type briquets prepared from the char, and (4) compare the chemical and assay distillation properties of the briqueta with the parent char and raw coals.

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SWEDISH OIL SHALE INDUSTRY IN 1968

When the epoch of liquid fuels began with the opening of the first oil well in about 1860, the conditions were created for the enormous technical development which motorization brought about within industry, commerce, agriculture, and transportation. Although the world's oil reserves have been adequate so far, the continuing rapid advance in the use of motor vehicles has created an oil demand which the petroleum industry has not always been able to satisfy. This is largely due to the uneven distribution of these reserves over the face of the earth. The struggle of the nations for their vital needs has often been centered around oil. Great resources have been mobilized in order to develop new liquid fuels comparable or superior to petroleum, and the recovery of oil from oil shale figures prominently among the possibilities of utilizing other available sources of supply. Oil shale deposits of varying sizes occur in most countries, bearing potential oil reserves estimated to total about 175 billion tons.

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PERMISSIBLE FLOODING OF COAL SEAMS UNDER THE CONDITIONS PREVAILING AT THE SOUTHERN-ABINSK UNDERGROUND-GASIFICATION STATION

Since the stability of the process of underground gasification of coal is largely determined by the water-flooding of the gasification sections, in practice it is very important to know the permissible flooding of seams worked in this way. On the one hand this will allow a more correct control over the technological process, and on the other hand the measures necessary for draining such sections can then be developed and put into effect.

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KINETICS OF COKE GASIFICATION

A mathematical model of the blast furnace process has been worked out in recent years by a number of metallurgical enterprises and higher educational institutes with the assistance of the German metallurgists union. The necessity of investigating in greater detain, theoretically and experimentally, the problem of coke gasification was elucidated within the framework of this major project, insofar as previous knowledge proved inadequate to explain the phenomena observed in coke beds.

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UNDERGROUND GASIFICATION OF COAL-A NEW BRANCH OF SOCIALIST INDUSTRY

Underground gasification of coal should play an important role in consolidating the fuel resource of the USSR, furthur progress of the production of electric power, and the creation of a raw material basis for the chemical industry and metallurgy not involving the use of a blast furnace. The underground gasification technique is destined to play an important role in achieving the main economic task of the USSR, which as Molotov said at the 18th Congress of the SCP- is "to reach and overtake the most advanced capitalist countries in Europe and the USA also from the economic point of view."  This grand objective can be attained only if socialist industry is expanded and new techniques are devised and perfected.

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GAS PERMEABILITY OF COAL SEAMS AND SELECTION OF THE METHOD OF MAKING GAS-PERMEABLE CHANNELS

In this selection of the method of making gas-permeable channels in coal seams particular interest is associated with the physical structure of the coal from the point of view of the possibility of gas filtration through it. It has been established (1) that gas moves through coal seams via fissures of various types and also via macro- and micro-pores. The permeability of coals to gases is determined principally by their fissuring. The frequency and the degree of expression of the endogeneous fissures are closely connected with the stage of metamorphism and petrographic composition of the coals. Experimental work carried out by a number of authors indicates that the gas permeability of coals is maximal in the direction of the main system of endogeneous fissures.

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METHODS OF UNDERGROUND GASIFICATION OF VOLGA FUEL-SHALES

The fuel shales of the Volga region are a highly distinctive fuel containing up to 80% inert material; on the other hand, their content of nonvolatile carbon is extremely low, while the yield of the volatile products may be up to 70% of the fuel mass. These pecularities of the shales give rise to a number of complications when various methods of heat treatment are employed.

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MAIN RESULTS OF THE RESEARCH AT THE FOSSIL-FUELS INSTITUTE OF THE USSR ACADEMY OF SCIENCES ON UNDERGROUND GASIFICATION OF FUELS AND THE RESEARCH TASKS THAT LIE AHEAD

"The directions of work conducted at the Fossil Fuels Institute on underground gasification were determined both by an analysis of the essence of these processes and by practical aims and corresponded to the scientific profile of the Institute.  The main directions of work at FFI on the problem of underground gasification are at present as follows:  a) Theoretical and experimental development of the basis of technological control over the processes of underground gasification of fuels. This direction covers a very broad circle of problems associated with studies of the preparation of fossil fuels for underground gasification, of their gasification, of the movement of blast and gas in the seam, and so on.  b) Theoretical and experimental development of obtaining by UCG technological gases suitable for chemical synthesis, and also of methods of purifying these gases and converting them into chemical products. This direction to covers a large number of questions associated with study of the UCG process with a steam-oxygen blast, the conversion reaction, sorption processes, lust removal, etc."

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THEORETICAL AIDS FOR THE IMPROVEMENT OF BLASTING EFFICIENCIES IN OIL SHALE AND ROCKS

"This final report summarizes our 3 year activites under four headings.  The first is a description of our research aimed at a better understanding of the fragmentation process that follows blasting operations. We have used modern statistical physics methods to get distributions of fragments.  Secondly, incorporation of our work in the simulations by the Sandia National Laboratories In Situ team of blasting experiments carried out in the US. Not only did the simulations gain in internal consistency, but an improvement was achieved in the comparison with oil-shale blasting experiments in the US.  The third iten in our activity was our involvement with oil shale mining in Isreal, notably at the PAMA fields near Rotem. The participation of the Soreq group in the blasting operations and the explanation of the results by our transport equations model led to a clearer picture of the potentialities and difficulties in achieving the right type of fragmentation in bench blasting.  Lastly, in section IV we have delineated a few direction, in which fragmentation- research much develop in the immediate future, so as to measure up to the demands of efficient mining and materials engineering."

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THE CHANGE OF EFFECTIVE THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY OF PIECES OF COAL (FROM THE DEPOSITS NEAR MOSCOW) AND OF OIL SHALE UPON HEATING

There are not too many original or review articles on the determination of the thermal conductivity coefficient of various fuels at normal temperature, and even less publications on above determination at high temperature. Actually, it is not the intrinsic thermal conductivity coefficient which is determined at high temperature, but, due to the very nature of the fuel changing during the heating process, it is the value of the effective thermal conductivity. Some data on these coefficients are given in publications 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 for various fuels.

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HEATING PROCESS OF OIL SHALE-KUKERSITE PIECES

"The shaftless underground processing of oil shale-kukersite can be realized by various methods and using different systems. There is a two stage process according to A.B. Chernyshev, consisting in underground gasification of semicoke shale as the first stage and in leading these gases into new oil shale sections, whereby the remaining semicoke is gasified once more. R.N. Fitin and the author of this paper have suggested to combine the periods of blowing and burning in the section of the shale bed with periods without blowing during which the products of dry distillation are removed.  It is important to determine the characteristics of the heating process of oil shale pieces for the above mentioned and other practical possibilities of carrying out shaftless underground processing of shale. Some observations made during tests carried out in a laboratory model are described in the present paper."

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GAS FILTRATION IN A COAL BED (CONCERNING LEAKS OF GAS AND BLAST IN THE UNDERGROUND GASIFICATION OF COAL BEDS)

"This paper was delivered at a session of the Commission on the Problem of Underground Gasification of Coal, Section of Technical Sciences, USSR Academy of Sciences.   We will formulate the following problem: let a homogeneous coal bed, bounded by some contour on which the pressure remains unchanged, contain boreholes of known radii with known bottom hole pressures on their contours. Fas is forced into some holes, and removed from others. The flow rates of the boreholes are to be calculated."

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INTEGRATION OF THE GEOLOGICAL/ENGINEERING MODEL WITH PRODUCTION PERFORMANCE FOR PATRICK DRAW FIELD, WYOMING

The project objectives are to: (1) identify heterogeneities that influence the movement and trapping of reservoir fluids in two examples of shoreline barrier reservoirs; (2) develop geological and engineering reservoir characterization methods to quantify reservoir architechture and predict mobile oil saturation distribution for application of targeted infill drilling and enhanced oil recovery processes; and (3) summarize reservoir and production characteristics of shoreline barrier reef reservoirs to determine similarities and differences.

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INDUSTRIAL EXPLOITATION OF THE SUB-MOSCOW STATION "PODZEMGAZ"

Experimental operation of the Sub Moscow Station started in November 1940. This experimental work continued until 1947 except for the interruption caused by World War II. During this period the continuous flow method of underground gasification with development shafts, as well as the shaftless method, excluding any and all human underground work, were tested at length at the GORLOV Station of Podzemgaz.

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FIELD TASK PROPOSAL/AGREEMENT SAN JUAN UCC

The objectives of this activity are to explore and define specific candidate regions of the Fruitland Seam in the San Juan Basin for underground coal conversion to clean fuels. This seam now serves major market areas in Arizona and California with surface conversion technologies. New term projections suggest that major emphasis for underground conversion should concentrate in the San Juan. The primary site for this technology development has been identified by the Public Service Company of New Mexico and Western Coal Company. LSAL has been working with PNM and the University of New Mexico in preliminary studies to determine the applicability of UCG for this coal seam.

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MITIGATING THE SOCIOECONOMIC IMPACTS OF COAL-TO-METHANOL PLANTS IN WYOMING

Fiscal methods for mitigating the major public service costs from a hypothetical 24,000 bbl per day coal-to-methanol plant in Wyoming were investigated in this study. The revenue sources investigated include both sources avaliable today and potential sources. The potential funding sources require either enabling legislation or local action. The major public service costs were determined in an earlier study.

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THE EFFECT OF PLANT SIZE ON THE ECONOMICS OF METHANOL PRODUCTION FROM COAL

DOE has requested a study of the effect of plant size on the economics of methanol production for which the feed stock is produced by one of two alternative methods: (1) Surface coal gasification and (2) In situ coal gasification. Additionally, the economics of small plant sizes are to be studied and differences between in situ coal gasification and surface coal gasification are to be noted and discussed. The time frame for completion of this study is 7 working days. This report is the response to the DOE request.

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THE SOCIOECONOMIC IMPACTS OF COAL-TO-METHANOL PLANTS IN WYOMING

This study determines the basic socioeconomic effects associated with the peak construction and operation of a hypothetical 4000 and a 24,000 barrel per day in situ coal gasification-to-methanol facility. The emphasis of the study is on determining the cost of providing major public services to the relocating population. Per capita costs of major public services were estimated and used as the basis for the analysis. The costs were estimated based on the city and country budgets for existing services and the number of current residents. Any additional major capital expenditures required because of the relocated population were added to the total cost figures. Only costs for the relocated population were estimated. the other employees, we assumed, came from the impact area and would not cause any additional impact.

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THE SOCIOECONOMIC IMPACTS OF COAL-TO-METHANOL PLANTS IN ILLINIOIS

This study determines the basic socioeconomic effects associated with the peak construction and operation of a hypothetical 4000 and a 24,000 barrel per day in situ coal gasification-to-methanol facility. The emphasis of the study is on determining the cost of providing major public services to the relocating population. Per capita costs of major public services were estimated and used as the basis for the analysis. The costs were estimated based on the city and country budgets for existing services and the number of current residents. Any additional major capital expenditures required because of the relocated population were added to the total cost figures. Only costs for the relocated population were estimated. the other employees, we assumed, came from the impact area and would not cause any additional impact.

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REDUCING U.S. OIL VULNERABILITY ENERGY POLICY FOR THE 1980'S

This study assesses current Federal energy policies and programs in light of recent events and in light of what are believed to be the most reliable available projections of the future. Then it outlines additional steps  - some unpleasant - that could reduce our vulnerability to an oil import disruption during the next decade. Specifically, the study seeks to answer three questions: (1) as a base case, what levels of US energy consumption, production, and imports might we anticipate for 1985 and 1990 under existing statutes, policies, and programs; (2) considering both our own and our allies'dependence on oil imports, how vulnerable does this leave the United States to foreign supply disruptions; (3) considering the likely effects of government policies and programs which already exist to reduce our vulnerability (through reduction of US oil imports or by any other means), are there additional initiatives that could be undertaken to give us greater protection - especially between now and 1990.

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A COMPUTER CODE TO GENERATE CONTOUR PLOTS OF RETORT TEMPERATURE DATA

Temperature data from the retorting experiments is studied in several ways. Detailed measurements of temperature propagation through both retort beds are made by an array of 13 thermocouples on each of two horizontal planes across the bed. The MOVIES code permits visual examination of this data in a time sequence. The code produces a series of three dimensional contour plots of the temperature data with one or more frames for each time the array data is recorded.

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United States Air Force Shale Oil to Fuels. Volume II, Phases III and IV

The overall objective of this project was to demonstrate innovative technology to reduce the cost of converting shale oil to high yields of aviation turbine fuels. To carry out this program, UOP selected a processing scheme involving two stages of hydrotreating followed by hydrocracking. The phase III and IV programs included first stage hydrotreating using the hydrocracking process, naphtha hydrotreating and catalytic reforming, arsenic management studies, an investigation of shale oil fouling, a shale oil/petroleum stability/compatibility study, and an economic analysis of the proposed upgrading scheme.

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REFINING OF MILITARY JET FUELS FROM SHALE OIL PART III

A complete pilot scale EXTRACTACRACKING sequence has been performed using Occidental in situ shale oil. Samples of specification JP-4, JP-8, and Broadrange JP-8 turbine fuels were produced and delivered to the Air Force, together with samples of diesel fuel, gasoline, and residual fuel blending components. Data relating to the production of these samples is contained in this report.

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REFINING OF MILITARY JET FUELS FROM SHALE OIL Part II, Vol I

During this program, finished samples of shale derived turbine fuels targeted to the specifications for JP-4, JP-5, and JP-8 were prepared in addition to a combined JP-4/JP-8 type of fuel. These samples were provided with a range of aromatics content and freeze point, demonstrating the flexibility of this process.

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POLYAPHRONS (AGGREGATES OF ENCAPSULATED PHASES)

A means now exists to form highly stable micro-encapsulations of virtually any non-polar or oily liquid in a thin, surfactant stabilized shell where a hydrogen bonded liquid, such as water, is the continuous phase. The resulting micro-encapsulations, called "aphrons," are simply micron-sized globules of an oily liquid in a thin soapy shell. This process technology facilitates the formulation of new liquid mixtures which have unique properties and potential value in numerous applications.

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CHARACTERIZATION OF TRACE ELEMENTS IN AUSTRALIAN OIL SHALE

Multielement techniques were applied to the analysis of raw shales, retorted shales, oil, retort waters and leachates. Spark-source mass spectrometry (SSMS) and instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA) together provided data for 65 elements. More precise data for specific elements were obtained using inductively-coupled plasma emission spectrometry (ICP) and atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS).

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