AndreaBozzo/ceres-open-data-index huggingface dataset:
THE PROCESS OF UNDERGROUND ELECTROCARBONIZATION

The aims of modern fuel technology are those of attaining the most efficient production and utilization of solid, liquid, and gaseous fuels. However, during the past decade and more a considerable inefficiency in exploitation of these raw materials has been experienced by using "ordinary" mining or recovery methods. In many cases, original high-grade occurrences have been depleted and the materials of interior value necessarily have been neglected and, thus, numerous deposits have been declared exhausted when mining and recovery processes have become uneconomical or impracticable. Therefore, the objectives of continued research in the field of fuel technology must be devoted largely to improvements of recovery methods and to the resultant more complete exploitation of national fuel resources.

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"STRATIGRAPHY, DEPOSITIONAL ENVIRONMENTS, MINERALOGY AND ROCK PROPERTIES OF FORT UNION FORMATION, NORTH KNOBS STEEPLY DIPPING BEDS,  UCG SITE, CARBON CO., WYOMING"

"The North Knobs UCG facility is located on the west flank of the Rawlins Uplift approximately eight miles northwest of Rawlins in Carbon County, Wyoming on the eastern side of Sec. 11, T21N, R89W.  The Fort Union formation in this area has been informally subdivided into three members (Davis, et .al., no date). The lower member  which is thought to unconformably overly the Cretaceous Medicine Bow Formation , is characterized by  conglomeratic and coarse-grained sandstones. The middle member, which contains the coal seams of interest, is composed of interbedded sandstone, siltstone, mudstone, claystone and coal. This member is, in turn, overlain by alternating silty sandstone and mudstone of the upper member. The total thickness of the Fort Union Formation is approximately 3,273 feet at the North Knobs  UCG site (Davis, et aI., date). These strata are here interpreted as braided and meandering river deposits and associated floodplain, swamp and crevasse splay deposits."

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THE SECOND EXPERIMENT IN THE UNDERGROUND GASIFICATION OF COAL  AT GORGAS, ALABAMA, AND ITS PROGRESS

In 1864 an arm of men from the North marched through portions of Georgia. Alabama and Mississippi. That was a devastating march from which ruin the South has only slowly and heartbreakingly recovered. In July 1949, a select few from the same region "marched" through these same States. Theirs was a constructive "march." These men gathered first hand information of the South's progress and told the true story of its great development since the eighteen sixties, of its vast stores of raw material of the multitudinous and varied manufacturing plants within its confines of the growing wealth and improving living standards of its people. But above all, these men recognized and stressed, that all the world might know, the spiritual regeneration of Southern men and women, in their best tradition. Our people are deeply grateful to these men members of your Society.

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GEOTECHNICAL STUDIES ON THE OVERBURDEN ROCK FROM THE HANNA IV UCG SITE

Geotechnical and litho logical characterization of the unaltered and altered over burden rock from the Hanna IV Underground Coal Gasification site shows that the uniaxial compressive strength of the rocks has a positive linear correlation with percent calcite cement. An inverse, non-linear relationship exists between uniaxial compressive strength and porosity and a positive non-linear relationship exists between uniaxial compressive strength and compressional wave velocities. Comparison of these data with previous work on overburden from the Rawlins, North Knobs UCG site shows that these relationships are essentially the same for both sites. Correlations using data from the North Knobs site the somewhat better than those for Hanna IV.

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Description of the Underground Coal Gasification Program in the United States

Currently three projects to develop underground coal gasification technology are being funded by the US Energy Research and Development Administration. The most advanced project is that being conducted by the Laramie Energy Research Center at a site near Hanna, Wyoming, where three tests have been completed. In addition, Lawrence Livermore Laboratory has conducted a test near Gillette, Wyoming, and the Morgantown Energy Research Center will conduct a test near Pricetown, West Virginia, within the next year. Based on the results of the Hanna tests, underground coal gasification has been shown to be feasible technology for recovery of clean energy from coal deposits which cannot be economically mined.

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Stratigraphy, Depositional Environments, Mineralogy and Rock Properties of the Fort Union Formation, North Knobs Steeply Dipping Beds

The purpose of the project described in this report is to determine the preburn and postburn lithology and mineralogy of the overburden and underburden rocks; the environments of deposition; geometry and distribution of these rocks; the rock strength properties of the various rocks above the reactor cavity; the correlations between the rock strength properties and the sedimentologic data; and the location, size, and shape of the reactor cavity.

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A Brief Summary of the Site Qualification Studies for Underground Coal Gasification of Steeply Dipping Beds at North Knobs, Wyoming

"The technical objectives associated with underground coal gasification of steeply dipping beds are as follows:  To demonstrate gasification of steeply dipping coal beds for the first time in the US.  To increase scientific understanding of the process.  To determine environmental acceptability of the process.  To provide an engineering basis for planning and designing future UCG-SBD operations and estimating their cost and performance."

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Real Time Process Monitoring in Underground Coal Gasification

"The LERC Hanna II experiment uses a multiprogramming system for real-time data acquisition, analysis, and display. Within the framework of the real-time executive program for the computer, time-scheduled user programs are executed and data accumulated. The time scale of the experiment permuts averaging of data over one hour intervals, but the sampled data before averaging may be displayed or plotted for observation and control. The data include pressure, temperature, and flow information and online gas analyses. From this information, material balance and other calculations essential to an insight into underground processes may be calculated on demand. Computer control of the position of selected valves has also been utilized.  Hourly averaged data are written into a disc file, which each midnight received a name unique to the day just ended. The hourly history files are avaliable for access by time sharing programs, of lower priority than the data acquisition programs. A user file directory permits accumulation of information about daily files, and makes the files easily transportable to another computer system. The real time data acquisition and processing hs permitted a degree of undergranding and operator control which has contributed greatly to the success of the project."

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HYDROGEOLOGY OF THE HOE CREEK UNDERGROUND COAL GASIFICATION SITE

Three underground coal gasification experiments were conducted at the Hoe Creek site between 1976 and 1979. The target unit for gasification was the Felix 2 Coal, the lowest of four hydrostratigraphic units of interest at the site; Channel Sand, Felix 1 Coal, Interburden, and Felix 2 Coal. These experiments affected the local hydrologic system physically by (1) explosively fracturing coal prior to the Hoe Creek 1 burn, (2) creating cavities. (3) interconnecting aquifers through cavities formed by overburden subsidence at Hoe Creek II and III, (4) causing surface subsidence at Hoe Creek III, and (5) altering hydraulic properties near cavities. The local hydraulic system was altered chemically with (1) product gas loss during gasification, especually to the Felix 1 Coal, and (2) postburn leaching of altered overburden rebble and coal ash.

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STATUS REPORT FOR THE HANNA AND HOE CREEK UNDERGROUND COAL GASIFICATION SITES

As part of an agreement with the US DOE, Western Research Institute is requested at the end of each research year to submit a report summarizing the status of environmentally related work performed by WRI on the Hanna and Hoe Creek underground coal gasification test sites. The following is a summary of work performed on the sites from June 1985 to June 1986

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Some Unique Approaches to the Chromatographic and Spectrophotometric Analysis of Underground Coal Gasification By--Product Waters and Their Applications to Environmental Control

Monitoring and control of water pollution from underground coal gasification requires methods that are sensitive to the contaminants in question and which are significant from an environmental chemistry viewpoint. Of the water contaminants produced by underground coal gasification, phenols are among the most likely to cause problems because of their abundance, water solubility, and environmental effects. This paper describes some approaches to the environmental chemical analysis of phenols and other organic by-products of underground coal gasification.

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OIL SHALE

Vast quantities of gaseous and liquid fuels are potentially available from oil shales underlying about 17,000 mi. of land in Colorado, Utah and Wyoming.  Recent advances in technology for utilizing the shales and predictions of increasing energy shortages are resulting in an upswing industry interest and activity with regard to potential production of fuels from oil shale.  To encourage commercial development, a proto-type leasing program for government-administered oil shale lands is being considered by the U.S. Department of the Interior. If it is implemented the present program could result in a maximum production of 250,000-300,000 barrels of shale oil per day.  It is further envisioned that production of as much as 1 X 10 6 bbl per day could result through extension of the program, if extension proves warranted, and through the stimulation afforded concurrent development of private lands.  These factors and the increasing costs of importing fuels seem favorable to the early participation of shale oil as an energy form available in the United States.

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COMPOSITION OF GREEN RIVER SHALE OILS

"The physical properties and gross compositions of several shale oils produced by retorting Colorado's Green River Formation oil shale are compared using data obtained by a standardized distillation analysis method . Although specialized retorting techniques can be used to vary the oil properties the usual shale oil is a viscous, high-pour-point oil containing large quantities of nitrogen, sulfur, and oxygen-containing compounds. it consists of small quantities of naphtha, larger quantities of distillate fuel, and often 50 percent distillation residuum . Detailed  compositions of several naphtha's have been published . The information is summarized for this report. Results of research, currently under way, into the composition of the distillates boiling above 200 C is also summarized indicating gaps that require further work to fully characterize the fractions."

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ROLE OF METHANOL IN THE SUPERCRITICAL EXTRACTION OF GREEN RIVER OIL SHALE

"It has been shown that a mixture of supercritical methanol and water At 400°C, results in recovery of more than 90 percent of organic materials from Green River oil shale as a liquid product with little gas product. A series of experiments with various amounts of water and methanol was performed to investigate the role of methanol In the supercritical extraction process. The purpose of the experiments is to compare the composition  of liquid products derived from the process In the presence or absence of methanol . The compositional study involves fractionation of liquid products into acids , bases , and hydrocarbons using ion-exchange resins and ferric chloride-clay chromatography followed by infrared spectrometric and gas chromatographic analyses . The methyl esters formed by supercritical methanol and the organic materials in Green River oil  shale are found in the hydrocarbon fraction and can be isolated by alkali  hydrolysis . The role of methanol will be discussed . Experiments with model compounds and methanol were also performed for comparison ."

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OPTIMUM BLASTING IN BEDDED AND JOINTED OIL SHALE FORMATIONS

Today the demand for oil is steadily increasing due to the flowing energy demands. Oil is still the major source for electric power and heating. In the US the reduction of production from wells and the increasing price of imported oil has forced Federal research organizations and industry to seriously consider methods for recovering oil from oil shale. Legislation signed by President Carter set a goal of producing about 400,000 barrels of shale oil per day in 1992.

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ASSESSMENT OF SMALL UCG-TO-METHANOL PLANTS TASK 33

In this study, UCG-to-methanol technology was assessed with emphasis on production of medium-Btu gas. Technical and economic analyses for the feasibility of 500 ton per day and smaller size plants were conducted. Brief process descriptions for major plant areas with material balances for key streams within each area for a 500 TPD methanol plant are presented. The major sources of input data for this analysis were Oak Ridge National Laboratory and Badger Engineering designs.

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NEVADA NUCLEAR WASTE STORAGE INVESTIGATIONS PROJECT, SITE CHARACTERIZATION PLAN CONCEPTUAL DESIGN REPORT, Volume 9

This SDR document presents the basic design criteria from which the design for a repository at Yucca Mountain will be developed. The design criteria include definitions of project scope, legal and functional requirements, site information, design parameters, applicable codes, standards, and regulations and other criteria. These criteria will be developed furthEr as advanced conceptual design studies continue.

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OIL SHALE TRACT C-B--SOCIO-ECONOMIC ASSESSMENT (VOLUME II - IMPACT ANALYSIS)

This report presents projections of socio-economic impacts related to development of Federal Lease Tract C-b. The report adds to other efforts at the local, regional, state, and federal levels. The information presented deals with impacts occurring primarily from the C-b project, although regional development issues are addressed in the final chapter. The information in this document reflects conditions in Garfield, Mesa and Rio Blanco Countries for the period 1975 to 1976.

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PRELIMINARY FILTRATION STUDY ON CRUDE SHALE OIL FROM RIFLE, COLORADO

"A drum of crude shale oil was secured from the Bureau of Mines Shale Oil Development Plant at Rifle, Colorado for experimental filtration work. This oil is the product from their N-T-U retorting plant. The oil as received contains small percentages of emulsified water and rock dust. Preliminary studies to remove these contaminants by filtration were made. Effect on rate of flow of  temperature and percentage of filter aid was investigated using H7flo Super-Cel and Celite 503. Increased rates of flow were obtained at the higher filtration temperature.  Rates of 7.9 gals/sq ft/hr with 0.4 per cent Hyflo and 9.0 gals/sq ft/hr with 0.4 per cent Celite 503 were obtained at 900C.  In both cases, rock dust and water content were substantially decreased."

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COMPARISON OF SEVERAL SURFACE OIL SHALE PROCESSES COMBINED WITH A MODIFIED IN SITU OIL SHALE PROCESS

In this study, several surface schemes for using the oil shale by-product of the vertical modified in situ (MIS) process have been combined with a single hypothetical MIS process and evaluated from the standpoint of engineering feasibility. The objective of the study is to identify those processes that are economically attractive when combined with the MIS process. The alternative process schemes use the energy or products produced form the by-product oil shale to upgrade the liquid and. or gaseous products of the MIS process, or to otherwise enhance it. The by-product oil shale is that which is mined in the construction of the MIS retort void volume and operational accesses.

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THEORETICAL AIDS FOR THE IMPROVEMENT OF BLASTING EFFICIENCIES IN OIL SHALE AND ROCKS

This Final Report summarizes our 3 years activities under four headings. The first is a description of our research aimed at a better understanding of the fragmentation process that follows blasting operations. We have used modern statistical physics methods like percolation theory, "molecular dynamical" simulation, maximum entropy)  to get distributions of fragments. Secondly, incorporation of our work in the simulations by the Sandia National Laboratories In Situ team of blasting experiments carried out in the U.S. Not only did the simulations gain in internal consistency, but (according to the most recent results) an improvement was achieved in the comparison with oil-shale blasting experiments in the U.S. The third item in our activity was our involvement with oil shale mining in Israel , notably at the PAMA fields near Rotem. The  participation of the Soreq group in the blasting operations and the explanation of the results by our transport equations model led to a clearer picture of the potentialities and difficulties in achieving the right type of fragmentation in bench blasting. Lastly, is section IV we have delineated a few direction, in which fragmentation - research much develop in the immediate future, so as  to measure up to the demands of efficient t mining and materials engineering.

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DIELECTRIC MEASUREMENTS OF OIL SHALE AS FUNCTIONS OF TEMPERATURE AND FREQUENCY (FINAL REPORT)

A high-temperature sample holder designed by the National Bureau of Standards was used to determine the dielectric properties of approximately 40 oil shale samples as functions of temperature and frequency. A description of the sample holder characterization is given along with the measurement procedure and the sample preparation. Experimental results are given for different oil shale samples, varying in yield from 0.024 L/kg (6 gal/ton) to 0.338 L/kg (81 gal/ton), that were measured at room temperature (25 degrees C) up to 500 Degrees C and within the frequency range of 5 - 1000 MHz

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ENVIRONMENTAL INVENTORIES FOR OIL SHALE PROJECTS MANAGED BY THE LARAMIE ENERGY TECHNOLOGY CENTER 1960 TO 1978 (UNPUBLISHED DRAFT)

Environmental Inventories for the oil shale projects either managed by or performed by the Department of Energy's Laramie Energy Technology Center (LETC) for the period 1960 through 1978 have been prepared. These environmental inventories include the gaseous emissions, the aqueous effluents, and the solid wastes from the many research and field sites. These environmental inventories will serve as historical records of these projects.

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THE POTENTIAL ROLE OF OIL SHALE IN THE UNITED STATES ENERGY MIX: QUESTIONS OF DEVELOPMENT AND POLICY FORMULATION IN AN ENVIRONMENTAL AGE

In recent years considerable interest has been centered on energy issues. Energy literature is replete with contradictory forecasts and reports on the existing or impending "energy crisis". This phenomenon has primarily arisen as a consequence of the apparently increasing complexity and extent of energy problems. Until recently the experience had been one of abundant energy supplies, stable or declining real energy prices and insufficient concern with environmental issues related to energy production and use. The increasing frequency and intensity of energy shortages and the consequent rapid increase in energy prices, coupled with a growing awareness of environmental effects related to energy activities, have elevated energy concerns to important national issues.

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DOD SHALE OIL TASK FORCE FINAL REPORT

This two volume report summarizes the activities of the DoD Shale Oil Task Force. The work commenced in December 1977 and was completed in June 1978. The research described in Volume I of the report explores the future availability of mobility fuels to DoD and addresses the options DoD has to ensure that its mobility fuel needs are satisfied. Volume I of the report contains: a review of pertinent petroleum production and consumption trends; projections of DoD's future requirements; and a recommendation that DoD must plan for an orderly transition from natural crude to synthetic fuels during the time period 1985-2010. The report also points out that shale-derived military mobility fuel is an attractive near-term alternative to natural crude oil. Volume I concludes by providing a skeletal framework of a Defense Mobility Fuels Action Plan which includes a suggested management structure and assignment of specific tasks. Volume II of the report contains appendices which provide backup material to the report.

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RETORTING OIL SHALE AT HIGH TEMPERATURES--4. Inclined Surface Retort

Use of the inclined-surface retort as a means of producing aromatics is the last in a series of four methods investigated for high-temperature retorting of oil shale. The first three methods have been describe in Intra-Bureau Reports OSRD-48, 49 , and 50, issued by the Laramie Station, The purpose of these investigations, as well as a cost estimate of a commercial-size plant based on the inclined-surface retort, has been presented in Intra-Bureau Report OSRD-, "Production of Benzene, Ethyl Alcohol, and other Products from Oil Shale," by Walter I. R. Murphy and W. I. Barnet, dated August 12,1951. The inclined surface retort appears to have several advantages.  Based on a similar retort for carbonization of coal, the materials of construction would be largely ceramic.  Thus the large amounts of steel necessary in some of the other types of retorts would not be necessary.  Mass shale rates are high for this type of retort, and use of a gravity feed simplifies handling of the shale.  Estimates of heat requirements have indicated that sufficient heat ;for the process can be obtained form the carbon residue on the spent shale and the gas remaining after removal of ethylene.  The retorting system does not require introduction of fluids; therefore, the problem of product dilution by steam or other substances is not encountered.  Attempts were made in this series of experiments to retort in the same temperature range used in the vertical tube retort experiments (1200-1700 F.), and to obtain conditions favorable to maximum benzene production.  Several variations in operating procedure were used.  For some runs inert swamp gasses were used to reduce vapor residence time in the retort, while in others an extension of the retort in the form of a reactor, heated electrically, was used to increase residence time of the vapors at the retorting temperature.  This reactor was also used to study the possibility of retorting at a low temperature and then subjecting the vapors to higher temperatures before condensation had taken place.

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HYDROPROCESSING OF SOLVENT-EXTRACTED AND WHOLE MIS SHALE OIL

Before crude shale oil can be introduced into conventional refining processes, it must be upgraded into a synthetic crude compatible with typical refineries. A major limitation in using shale oil as a refinery feedstock is its high nitrogen content which is an order of magnitude higher than petroleum crude oils. Removal of nitrogen is crucial because these nitrogen compounds are known poisons for many petroleum processing catalysts.

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