AndreaBozzo/ceres-open-data-index huggingface dataset:
Computer modeling of coal-gasification reactors. Volume I. Executive summary. Final report, June 1975-November 1980

This report summarizes the five-year effort to study the computer modeling of coal gasification reactors. General computer models have been developed to simulate fluidized bed and entrained flow coal gasification reactors. Subsequently, they have been used to simulate actual reactor environments and the resulting compared with the experimental data. This report contains four volumes. Volume I is an executive summary. Volume II is a technical report describing the formulations and the applications of the computer models. Volume III and IV are User's Manuals for, respectively, the fluidized bed model and the entrained flow model.

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Improvement of CO/sub 2/ flood performance. Annual report, April 1, 1984-September 30, 1985

This report gives detailed descriptions of progress in our research in three major areas of CO/sub 2/ flooding. Topic I concerns mixing and phase behavior of CO/sub 2/ and crude oils at reservoir conditions and methods of predicting pressures required for miscibility. A principal instrument of our experiments is the continuous multiple contact (CMC) apparatus, developed at the PRRC, that speeds acquisition of such data. A weighted parameter correlation formula has been developed to predict minimum miscibility pressure (MMP) from crude oil composition. Topic II examines the process of displacement in reservoir rock, concentrating on those aspects that influence flood efficiency and the extent of the mixing zone. This bears directly on the formation of the ''developed miscibility''or Hutchinson-Braun transition zone in CO/sub 2/ output concentration curve from core floods, with the goal of scaling these results up to the reservoir-size process. In the opposite direction, work at a smaller scale has produced informative video records of displacements in micromodels. Topic III is concerned with mobility control in CO/sub 2/ floods. While the extent of loss of displacement efficiency due to the low viscosity of CO/sub 2/ is variable from field to field, the major goal of research in this area is to develop means for thickening CO/sub 2/ where mobility control is needed. Two methods are being studied. The first is ''CO/sub 2/-foam''- the simultaneous injection of dense CO/sub 2/ and surfactant concentration, CO/sub 2//water volume ratio and rock/brine/surfactant compatibilities. Our second effort is the development of special polymers to dissolve in the CO/sub 2/ and directly increase its viscosity. None are yet available, but significant progress is reported. 121 refs., 79 figs. 20 tabs.

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Target Reservoirs for CO2 Miscible Flooding Task Two: Summary of Available Reservoir and Geological Data

The stated objective of this study is to build a solid engineering foundation to serve as the basis for field mini- and pilot tests in both high and low oil saturation carbonate reservoirs for the purpose of extending the technology base in carbon dioxide miscible flooding. The six tasks in this study are as follows: summary of available CO/sub 2/ field test data; summary of existing reservoir and geological data; selection of target reservoirs; selection of specific reservoirs for CO/sub 2/ injection tests; selection of specific sites for test wells in carbonate reservoirs; and drilling and coring activities. This report for Task Two consists of a summary of existing reservoir and geological data on carbonate reservoirs located in west Texas, southeast New Mexico, and the Rocky Mountain states and is contained in two volumes, each with several parts. This volume, in four parts, is a summary of reservoir data for fields in the Permian basin of west Texas and southeast New Mexico.

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Second-generation pressurized fluidized bed combustion plant: Phase 2 technical progress report, April--September 1988

After many years of experimental testing and development work, coal-fired pressurized fluidized bed (PFB) combustion combined-cycle power plants are moving toward reality. Under the US Department of Energy's Clean Coal Technology Program, a 70-MWe PFB combustion retrofit, utilizing a 1525/degree/F gas turbine inlet temperature, is to be built as a demonstration plant at the American Electric Power Company's Tidd Plant in Brilliant, Ohio. The targeted goals are a 45-percent efficiency and a cost of electricity (COE) that is at least 20 percent lower than the COE of a conventional pulverized-coal (PC)-fired plant with stack gas scrubbing. In addition, plant emissions should be within New Source Performance Standards (NSPS) and the plant should have high availability, be able to burn different ranks of coal, and incorporate modular construction technologies. The program is structured into three phases. During Phase 1, the system was defined and optimized. The major thrust of Phase 2 is to design, construct, test, and evaluate the performance of the key components of the proposed plant, (i.e., carbonizer, CPFBC, ceramic cross-flow filter, and multiannular swirl burner (MASB) topping combustor), all as separate components. In Phase 3 these key components will be designed, constructed, and tested at a 5-MWe (equivalent) scale as a fully integrated subsystem. This effort will allow component performance data to be collected on a larger scale and, most important, integrated subsystem performance data obtained and proposed plant operating modes/philosophies investigated. In Phases 2 and 3, the commercial/baseline plant design and R and D program plan prepared in Phase 1 will be updated to reflect the results of Phases 2 and 3 testing. This report discusses Phase 2. 20 figs., 6 tabs.

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Gas-Cooled Fuel Cell Systems Technology Development Program: Quarterly technical progress report No. 26, March--May 1989

This report addresses the fourth logical unit of work of a multiyear program whose overall objective is the development of a gas-cooled phosphoric acid fuel cell (PAFC) for electric utility power plant application. This PAFC Technology Development Program continuation is structured to build upon the current cell technology baseline so as to advance critical component technologies to meet the performance, endurance, reliability and cost goals associated with successful energy service. The primary technical objectives are: Demonstrate performance endurance of current cell technology in 10-cell stacks at 70 psia, 190/degree/C, and 267 mA/cm/sup 2/. Select and utilize materials, procedures, and methods that improve cell degradation rate to less than 8 mV/1000 hours. Develop cost effective criteria, processes, and design configurations for stack components. Develop design configuration for multiple stack unit and a single 100 kW size fuel cell stack and attain performance goals. Develop design configuration for a 375 kW fuel cell module and demonstrate by test the average cell beginning-of-use performance objectives. Manufacture four 375 kW fuel cell modules and establish performance characteristics and interactions with other systems in a 1.5 MW pilot power plant. Progress is described. 4 figs., 9 tabs.

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Effect of temperature on degradation, adsorption and phase partitioning of surfactants used in steam injection for oil recovery

Mobility control is one of the main problems in steam flooding. Channeling through highly permeable zones and gravity override of steam lead to early steam breakthrough at the production wells. Accordingly, volumetric sweep efficiency and oil recovery are reduced. Foam has been proposed as a permeability blocking agent in steam flooding to improve oil recovery. The aim of this study is to investigate both commercially available and experimental foaming chemicals (surfactants) for their longevity under conditions typical of those found for steam injection oil recovery, namely at 400/sup 0/F (205/sup 0/C) and 300 to 500 psia (20 to 34 bars). The adsorption of surfactants on sand and clay surfaces and the partitioning of surfactants between water and oil phases were also studied. Surfactants were subjected to steam injection conditions in pressure cylinders under a nitrogen cushion for several weeks to test for thermal degradation, adsorption, and phase partitioning. Ottawa silica sand mixed with varying percentages of clay, and/or crude oil were added to the aqueous surfactant solutions to simulate field conditions. In addition, some data were taken with varying amounts of inorganic salts typical of those found in oil field brines. Surface tension, surfactant concentration, pH and electrical conductivity were measured with time. Some commercial surfactants showed a rapid decrease in concentration and pH with heating time, while other surfactants showed better high-temperature stability, with half-lives as long as several months at 400/sup 0/F (205/sup 0/C). 72 refs., 15 figs., 13 tabs.

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Design criteria for a control valve for hot dirty gas service

These design requirements are applicable to valves suitable for use in controlling hot, dirty gas in coal gasification processes. The valves are in service following the gasifier and two cyclones, which remove solid particles above 60 micron size. The hot, dirty gas contains contaminants that are both corrosive and erosive to materials that come in contact with them. In the past, almost all coal-gasification processes have used wet scrubbers directly following the gasifiers to clean and cool the product gases. In the near future, advanced processes, including the COGAS Process, will be constructed. Some of these processes require control valves for throttling hot dirty gas. The commercial development of these advanced processes could be delayed if reliable valves are not available for this severe service. The design and construction of the valves shall comply with commercial standards as defined in ANSI B16.34-1967. It should be noted that the valves will be used in piping systems that conform to the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code and the ANSI Code for Pressure Piping. Therefore, the valves are also subject to any limitations of those Codes. In the case of a conflict in requirements in these Codes, the more stringent (i.e., more conservative) requirement shall apply. The valves shall be designed to be remote operating type valves.

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Program rationale valves for solids throttling applications in coal conversion and utilization processes

All of the current coal conversion and utilization processes require valves for throttling fluids containing solid particles and other harsh contaminants derived from coal at either high temperature or high pressure, or both. Experience to date in pilot-size facilities has clearly demonstrated that valves, in general, have not been reliable in this service. Failures can be categorized as: loss of sealing capability; erosion/corrosion of valve bodies and trim; breakage of valve trim causing loss of control; or packing of solids into passages and cavities causing loss of motion, thus loss of control. The techniques now being used for keeping pilot plants operating are not practical for large-scale demonstration and/or commercial plants. Valves used in coal conversion and utilization processes fall into three types: throttling, blocking, and specialty valves. Throttling-type valves control the flow rate of the media passing through by continuous movement of the valve trim. Blocking valves are basically on-off (i.e., either fully opened or fully closed) valves and must seal in the off (or closed) position. Specialty valves include pressure relief, check (i.e., one-way flow), and other specialty applications. Morgantown Energy Technology Center (METC) has been designated the lead center for the development and testing of components required for coal conversion and utilization applications. METC has been active in the development and testing of valves, coal extruders, gas cleanup systems and other related equipment. Based on information collected, the conclusion was reached that METC should initiate a development, testing, and evaluation program for Valves for Solids Throttling Applications in Coal Conversion and Utilization Applications. The rationale for this program is summarized. (LTN)

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Coal liquefaction with synthesis gas

Hydroliquefaction is a well-known technique for coal liquefaction. Work with carbon monoxide, however, showed unexpectedly high liquefaction activity and indicated that the presence of both hydrogen and carbon monoxide (as in synthesis gas) could lead to improved liquefaction, particularly for low rank coals. The objective of the work reported here was to develop a better understanding of the chemistry of liquefying coal with synthesis gas plus water and to assess the potential of such a process. The effects of changing gas composition, temperature, pressure, solvents, catalysts and coal types were studied to better understand the process fundamentals and to lay the groundwork for studies in continuous reactors on a larger scale. A variety of coals were converted in batch autoclaves to a low-sulfur fuel oil at temperature of 425 to 450/sup 0/ C and pressures of 2200 to 2400 psig, using 1:1 (H/sub 2/:CO) synthesis gas at reaction times of 30 to 60 minutes at temperature. Although early work suggested that lignites could be readily liquefied without added catalytic agents, later experiments showed that a greatly improved product could be obtained by adding pyrite, which is normally present only in small amounts. Pyrite or, in particular, its reduction product pyrrhotite, appear to be important catalysts for coal liquefaction, and, in general, the reactivity of coals correlates well with the pyrite (or iron plus sulfur) content. An important consideration is the optimum temperature for reacting carbon monoxide or its (catalytic) intermediates with coal. This temperature is below 400/sup 0/C, and it is necessary to allow for some reaction time between 380 and 400/sup 0/C. Finally, coal liquefaction with synthesis gas appears to be compatible with the type of processing used to produce Solvent Refined Coal or SRC-II.

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Development of molten-carbonate fuel-cell power-plant technology. Quarterly technical progress report No. 4, July 1, 1980-September 30, 1980

The overall objective of this 29-month program is to develop and verify the design of a prototype molten carbonate fuel cell stack which meets the requirements of 1990's competitive coal-fired electrical utility central station or industrial cogeneration power plants. During this quarter, activity continued in all four task areas: Task 1 - systems studies to define the reference power plant design; Task 2 - cell and stack design, development and verification; Task 3 - preparation for fabrication and testing of the full-scale prototype stack; and, Task 4 - development of the capability to operate stacks on coal-derived gas. Progress is reported. (WHK)

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Enhanced oil recovery program plan: FY 1989

These reports provide solid evidence of the need for an aggressive RandD program to increase the recovery of domestic oil. They also highlight the need to integrate the development of advanced technologies with private sector initiatives and to obtain an industry perspective on future research needs. This document is structured so that the two major components of the program, reservoir characterization research and advanced EOR technology development are described individually; but they are indivisible parts of the program that complement each other. Specific objectives are presented. 11 refs., 9 figs., 1 tab.

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Great Plains Coal Gasification Plant start-up and modification report. [Lurgi Process]

This report will help in designing future coal conversion plants by documenting the areas which need additional research to obtain more reliable process data, more careful planning and equipment selection. The scope of this report is to: describe the problem with the particular process or item of equipment; identify the modification that was implemented to correct the problem; evaluate the impacts of the modification; and document the cost of the modification. Contents include the following: (1) process modifications (coal, oxygen and steam, gasification and gas processing, sulfur recovery, flare system, liquid processing, ash handling and solids disposal, other systems,5789 ); (2) start-up schedule; (3) SNG production; (4) environmental data; and (5) cost data.

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Great Plains Gasification Project process stream design data. [Lurgi Process]

The Great Plains Coal Gasification Plant (GPGP) is the first commercial coal-to-synthetic natural gas plant constructed and operated in the United States. This process stream design data report provides non-proprietary information to the public on the major GPGP process streams. The report includes a simplified plant process block flow diagram, process input/output diagrams, and stream design data sheets for 161 major GPGP process and effluent streams. This stream design data provides an important base for evaluation of plant and process performance and for verification of the Department of Energy's ASPEN (Advanced System for Process Engineering) computer simulation models of the GPGP processes. 8 refs., 22 figs., 2 tabs.

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Procedures for petrophysical, mineralogical and geochemical characterization of fine-grained clastic rocks and sediments

The methods result from about four years of study of shales and recent fine-grained muds and are suitable for rapidly processing large numbers of samples cheaply and quickly with very good precision. Density and porosity measurements sufficient to provide good between-sample comparisons of shales with only about 1 or 2% porosity are possible using equipment found in most laboratories providing that attention is given to sources of small errors and suitable immersion fluids are used. Mineralogical composition can be precisely characterized by x-ray diffraction, providing that a careful sample preparation scheme is adhered to. Such precision can be maintained on samples as small as 20mg in size. Elemental analyses are better performed on high-temperature ash remaining after loss-on-ignition than on original whole sample. Complete chemical analyses of major, minor, and many trace elements can be obtained on sample sizes as small as 20mg of ash. Precision afforded by mineralogical and chemical methodology is sufficient to allow merging of data from these two sources for statistical analyses. Presence of significant amounts of x-ray-amorphous mineraloids is now thoroughly documented in recent muds and is possibly present in many shales.

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Cathode degradation

This report describes the results of a three-year study of cathode degradation in molten carbonate fuel cells involving both experimental and theoretical work. A keystone of the study is the development of a mathematical model, which describes cathode degradation in terms of the fundamental processes of a fluxing mechanism, i.e., dissolution, transport and precipitation. New fundamental data have been obtained on the solubility of NiO, especially on the effect of water vapor, and on the kinetics of NiO dissolution in (Li{sub 0.62}K{sub 0.38}){sub 2}CO{sub 3}, and these data have been incorporated in the model. Laboratory cell testing in 3 cm{sup 2} cells has been carried out to obtain experimental data on degradation rates for direct comparison with the calculated results from the model. These comparisons have helped to verify several aspects of the model. For example, the model predicts with fair accuracy the location of the Ni deposit in the tile and the deposition rate. It is also fair to point out that the model is a relatively simple representation of complex processes, and it does not answer all questions about cathode degradation. Further work is needed. Because of its fundamental basis, the model can readily be upgraded and extended when further experimental data become available. The solubility studies, modeling efforts and cell testing have interacted iteratively to optimize progress. 94 figs., 24 tabs.

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Development of molten carbonate fuel cell power plant technology. Quarterly technical progress report No. 15, April 1-June 30, 1983

This report summarizes the work performed under US Department of Energy Contract No. AC01-79ET15440 during the fifteenth quarterly reporting period from April 1, 1983 through June 30, 1983. The overall objective of this program is to develop and verify the design of a prototype molten carbonate fuel cell stack which meets the requirements of a 1990's-competitive, coal-fired, electrical utility central station, or industrial cogeneration power plant.

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Fuel cells application in the industrial sector: Task 15, Final report

This study examined the potential application of fuel cells in the industrial cogeneration market. The study was carried out in two phases. The first phase screened the high energy use industries analyzing energy requirements, number and variety of plants in the industry and the current level of cogeneration activity in the industry. Based on the screening analysis, two industries, chemicals and steel were selected for detailed study, because they are large energy users, currently make use of cogeneration, provide diversity from each other geographically and in size of facilities and power-to- heat usage, and both rely on gas and coal for cogeneration. Moreover, there was an interest in studying the gas waste streams available in both these industries as candidate fuels for cogeneration using current technologies and the fuel cell. The detailed analysis followed a four step process: energy profiles for a range of chemical and steel plants were developed; the best alternative cogeneration technology was determined for the plants; the maximum installed capital cost for a molten carbonate fuel cell (MCFC) competitive with the best alternative cogeneration technology was calculated; and sensitivity analysis for key technology and market variables was carried out. 41 refs., 7 figs., 29 tabs.

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Great Plains ASPEN model development:  evaluation and enhancement of the ASPEN cost estimation system. Final topical report

Significant modifications were made to the basic cost algorithms contained within ASPEN to achieve better base cost estimates. This was done as part of a DOE - METC contract to prepare a simulation model for the Great Plains plant. Also, a default set of parameters was developed to establish bulk material and construction labor (OE) cost factors as a function of equipment cost, based on in-house quotations and equipment purchased for petrochemical plants, for a large number of equipment items. The equipment items for which these factors were added are: air coolers, compressors, fired heaters, heat exchangers, pressure vessels, pumps, storage tanks, and towers. In addition to seven OE categories already in ASPEN, piping, concrete, steel, instruments electrical, insulation, and painting, three new categories were added: building, erection, and fireproofing.

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