AndreaBozzo/ceres-open-data-index huggingface dataset:
Removal of Water Blocks from Gas-producing Formations

A method was developed by the Bureau of Mines in the laboratory and in the field to relieve capillary water blocks in gas wells.  Impaired gas permeability was improved by this inexpensive chemical treatment which lowers the surface tension of the water held in the capillaries of the formation. Effectiveness of the alcoholaurfactant treatment was tested with a variety of chemicals and with sandstone cores cut from rocks having relatively low permeability. Field tests on 20 gas-pro-dueing and storage wells demonstrated the effectiveness and limitations of the method. The productive capacity of some wells was doubled by the treatment. The final test was evaluated by the neutron logging technique for measuring changes in apparent liquid saturation. Maximum apparent liquid saturation was reduced by 52 percent; gas production rate increased from 2.3 to 3.5 MMcf/D (million cubic feet per day).

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Interpretation of Azimuthal Vertical Seismic Profile Survey at Multi-Well Experimental Site , Garfield County, Colorado

Azimuthal vertical seismic profile (VSP) data (Lee and Miller, 1985) were analyzed and interpreted in order to delineate the lateral extent of the lower coastal sand bodies in the Mesaverde Group at Rifle, Colo. The interpretation was based mainly on the laterally stacked vertical component of the VSP data, one- and three-dimensional seismic modeling, and the geological interpretation by Lorenz (1985). Individual sand bodies in the coastal interval were difficult to identify or delineate due to the lack of high-frequency content of the seismic data. However, the lower coastal sand bodies (Yellow and Red zones by Lorenz, 1985) were mappable by use of the azimuthal VSP data. The Red sand may trend northeast with an average width of 800 ft, while the Yellow sand may trend northwest with an average width of 600 ft, interpretations which are similar to those based on the sedimentology of these zones by Lorenz (1985). This investigation suggests that an azimuthal VSP survey is applicable for detecting and delineating finite-extent bodies, such as a reservoir boundary.

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Distribution of Organophilic Contaminants in Groundwaters Near the Hoe Creek II UCG Site

Ten groundwater samples were collected at the Hoe Creek II underground coal gasification site seven years after gasification. The samples were collected from the Felix No. 1 and Felix No. 2 coal seam aquifers along a east-southeasterly trend extending from the burn cavity to 578 feet away. The samples were extracted with methylene chloride through an organophilic-hydrophilic extraction procedure. Organophilic-acid, -base, and-neutral subfractions were analyzed for phenols, low-molecular-weight aromatic hydrocarbons, alkyl-pyridines, and aniline by capillary column gas chromatography. Levels of organic contamination for these compounds were highest in wells located closest to the burn cavity margin and lower in outlying wells. The most predominant organic compounds present in the samples were xylenol isomers and/or ethylphenol isomers, and low-molecular-weight aromatic hydrocarbons such as napthalene and alkylated benzenes. These compounds were similar to those observed in water soluble fractions of UCG by-product tars and oils. A drop in phenol concentration from 10,000 ppb to 2.7 ppb during a six year period was observed in a well located near the Hoe Creek II burn cavity. This change indicated phenol was removed by advective groundwater flow or by biodegradation.

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Methlow Basin Paleomagnetic Analysis

This report describes work carried out for DOE In the Paleomagnetism Laboratory of the Department of Geology and Planetary Science at-the University of Pittsburgh (Pittsburgh, PA 15260). Laboratory work was carried out by Mr. Robert J. Selfridge and Mr. Joseph Chepega under the direction of Dr. Victor A. Schmidt, Assoctstr, Professor of Geophysics. Dr. Karen K. Cohen of DOE collected the samples and provided specifications for the samples and for the analysis work that was carried out. Computer programs used In the analysis were written and tested by Dr. Schmldt. In the discussion that follows, numbers are keyed to the sections of the work order.

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USGS Analysis of Paludal Zone

A review has been made of available core, log, and petrographic datas from the Paludal Zone as defined by J. C. Lorenz, SNL extends from 6600 to 7455 ft. This zone was not cored in MWX-1 but was cored from 7080 to 7388 ft in MWX-2. The top of the main coaly zone is at 7040 ft based on log analysis and the base of the zone is at 7430 ft in MWX-2.

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PRELIMINARY RESULTS OF MINERALOGY AND PETROLOGY OF THE COZZETTE INTERVAL (DEPTH 7871-7957 FT) DRILL CORE MWX-1 JULY 20, 1982 AND PRELIMINARY RESULTS OF MINERALOGY AND PETROLOGY OF THE CORCORAN (8105-8128 FT) AND COZZETTE (7832-7898 FT) INTERVALS DRILL CORE MWX-2 AUGUST 31, 1982

This addendum is in response to the U.S.G.S. report on the Corcoran and Cozzette Intervals, MWX-l and 2, dated January, 1983. The report implied that the clay mineral which was identified by the Bendix Field Engineering Corporation Petrology Laboratory as kaolinite may be a special variety of high iron chlorite. This variety of chlorite is not well documented in published literature and is almost always identified as kaolinite by those unfamiliar with its occurrence. It is essential to differentiate between these two minerals because of their difference in reaction during well stimulation. Kaolinite is relatively nonreactive with acids while a chlorite-acid reaction is potentially damaging to the reservoir. After much discussion with C.W. Spencer, J.K. Pittman, and R.M. Pollastro of the U.S.G.S. it was concurred that it is unlikely that kaolinite occurs in the abundance indicated by X-ray diffraction analysis. Reasons for this include: kaolinite does not occur in sufficient quantity in thin section to account for a greater abundance than chlorite; and the paleo-temperatures in the Cozzette Formation were probably too high for kaolinite to remain stable. Therefore, after discussion with Sandia personnel it was decided that further investigation of these clay minerals was necessary. The simplest method of determining whether kaolinite or chlorite is present is to digest clay-size separates in acid. Chlorite is soluble in acids such as nitric and hydrochloric while kaolinite is relatively insoluble in these acids. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analyses can be performed on clay separates before and after acid treatment.  Characteristic XRD patterns for kaolinite have 7 A [001] and 3.55 A o 0 [002] reflections, whereas chlorite XRD patterns have 14 A [001], 7 A [002], 4.7 A [003] and 3.55 A [004] reflections. In high iron chlorite minerals the [001] and [003] XRD reflections are depressed and may be nonexistent. The [002] and [004] XRD reflections in these chlorites is enhanced giving the appearance of a kaolinite XRD pattern. If chlorite is the principal clay mineral it would dissolve in acid. As a consequence its corresponding a 0 XRD reflections would not be present and any residual 7 A and 3.55 A reflections would be due to kaolinite.

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PRELIMINARY RESULTS OF MINERALOGY AND PETROLOGY OF THE HIGH FLUVIAL II INTERVAL (DEPTH 4490-4840 f t ) DRILL CORE MWX-1

Sandia National Laboratories is conducting and directing the Multi- Well Experiment (MWX) core analysis program as part of the Western Gas Sands Project for the Department of Energy's Unconventional Gas Sands Program. Sandia National Laboratories will carry out sample selection, sample distribution, prioritization of analyses, distribution of data, and coordination of interagency analyses. The U.S.G.S., along with Sandia, will provide interpretation of analytical results. A sedimentological model of the Mesaverde Group at the Multi-Well site will be published by J.E.. Lorenze (Sandia).  The Petrology Laboratory of Bendix Field Engineering Corporation is providing routine mineralogic and petrologic analyses of MWX core samples and interpretations, as detailed in this report. These are preliminary results to be used primarily for characterization of the general mineralogy and textures of an interval so that variations in mineralogic trends can be delineated. This report is the tenth of fifteen which will present the results of petrologic analyses of the fifteen intervals to be submitted from drill holes MX1 and 2. Included here are mineralogic and petrologic data from the High Fluvial II Interval of drill hole MWX-l.

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COMPARISON OF A FINITE-DIFFERENCE SIMULATION WITH THE RESULTS FROM A SIMPLIFIED PREDICTIVE MODEL USING DATA FROM THE NORTH BURBANK CHEMICAL FLOOD PROJECT

A simulation of the North Burbank Chemical Flood Project has been completed using NICHEM, NIPER's state-of-the-art finite-difference chemical flood simulator and a simplified Chemical Flood Predictive Model. The finite-difference simulator yielded good agreement with the field results for the oil bank breakthrough time and peak oil production rate for a particular confined five-spot in the project. The results using the Chemical Flood Predictive Model paralleled the results of the finite-difference. Simulator, but the oil production rates were too high. This was attributed to an inadequate treatment of surfactant adsorption in the Chemical Flood Predictive Model. A recommendation is made to base future predictions from the predictive model on calibrated field surfactant retention values using peak production rates.

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PRELIMINARY RESULTS OF MIXEMLOGY AND PETROLOGY OF THE HIGH FLUVLAL I INTERVAL (DEPTH 4840-4960 f t ) DRILL CORE MWX-1

Sandia National Laboratories is conducting and directing the MultiWell Experiment (MWX) core analysis program as part of the Western Gas Sands Project for the Department of Energy's Unconventional Gas Sands Program. Sandia National Laboratories will carry out sample selection, sample distribution, prioritization of analyses, distribution of data, and coordination of interagency analyses. The U.S.G.S., along with Sandia, will provide interpretation of analytical results. A sedimentological model of the Mesaverde Group at the Multi-Well site will be published by J.C. Lorenze (Sandia). The Petrology Laboratory of Bendix Field Engineering Corporation is providing routine mineralogic and petrologic analyses of MWX core samples and interpretations, as detailed in this report. These are preliminary results to be used primarily for characterization of the general mineralogy and textures of an interval so that variations in mineralogic trends can be delineated. This report is the seventh of fifteen which will present the results of petrologic analyses of the fifteen intervals- to be submitted from drill holes MWX-l and 2. Included here are mineralogic and petrologic data from the High Fluvial I Interval of drill hole MWX-l.

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Gas Hydrates - Technology Status Report

In 1983, the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) assumed the responsibility for expanding the gas hydrates knowledge base and for developing methods to recover hydrates. This research is part of the Unconventional Gas Recovery (UGR) program, a multidisciplinary effort that focuses on developing the technology to produce natural gas from resources that have been classified as unconventional because of their unique geologies and production mechanisms.

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Multi-Wall Experiment: A Field Laboratory for Tight Gas Sands

The Multi-Well Experiment (EMX) is a research oriented field laboratory whose objective is  develop the  understanding and technology economic production of the several years supply of  natural gas estimated to be within the low permeability, lenticular gas sands of the Western  United States.  Features of MWX include: (1) close-spaced wells (w125 ft,? 38m) for reservoir characterization, interference testing, well to- well geophysical profiling, and placement of diagnostic instrumentation adjacent to the fracture treatment: (z) complete core taken through the formations of interest: (3) a comprehensive core analysis program; (4) an extensive logging program with conventional and experimental logs: (5) determination of in situ stresses in sands and bounding shales: (6) use of various seismic surveys and sedimentological analyses to determine lens morphology and extent: (7) use of seismic, electrical potential and tilt diagnostic techniques for hydraulic-fracture characterization: and (8) a series of stimulation experiments addressing key questions. This paper presents the current NWX accomplishments in the above areas since drilling started at the site in September 1981 through December 1982.

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Rock Matrix and Fracture Analysis of Flow in Western Tight Gas Sands

In this quarterly we report progress in the following areas of advanced core analysis of low permeability gas sands. a ) Surface Area Measurements b) Helium Porosimetry c ) Comparison of Permeabilities for Preserved Cores and for Cores Subjected to Drying d) Pore Space and Fractures as Related t o Diagenesis of Multiwell Sands tones e) Imbibition Behavior of Tight Sands

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PRELIMINARY RESULTS OF MINERALOGY AND PETROLOGY OF THE COASTAL INTERVAL (DEPTH 6400-6580 f t ) DRILL CORE MWX-2

Sandia National Laboratories is conducting and directing the MultiWell Experiment (MWX) core analysis program as part of the Western Gas Sands Project for the Department of Energy's Unconventional Gas Sands Program. Sandia National Laboratories will carry out sample selection, sample distribution, prioritization of analyses, distribution of data, and coordination of interagency analyses. The U.S.G.S., along with Sandia, will provide interpretation of analytical results. A sedimentological model of the Mesaverde Group at the Multi-Well site will be published by J.C. Lorenze (Sandia). The Petrology Laboratory of Bendix Field Engineering Corporation is providing routine mineralogic and petrologic analyses of MWX core samples and interpretations, as detailed in this report. These are preliminary results to be used primarily for characterization of the general mineralogy and textures of an interval so that variations in mineralogic trends can be delineated. This report is the sixth of fifteen which will present the results of petrologic analyses of the fifteen intervals to be submitted from drill holes MWX-1 and 2. Included here are mineralogic and petrologic data from the Coastal Interval of drill hole MWX-2.

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DEVELOPMENT OF HIGH DATA RATE VORTEX THROTTLE MUD PULSE TELEMETRY TRANSMITTERS FOR MEASUREMENT WHILE-DRILLING APPLICATIONS PHASE I FINAL REPORT

Mud pulse telemetry is used in Measurement-While-Drilling (MWD) to digitally transmit data or information from the bottom of a borehole to the surface. By transmitting at a high enough rate, drilling a well can be faster, safer, more efficient and, as a result, less expensive. Not only can logging hours be reduced, but the financial and environmental costs of blowouts can be minimized and even avoided. However, state-of-the-art mud pulsers can only transmit data at about 4 to 3 data-bits-per-second (bps). This limits their usefulness to transmitting data on parameters which do not change rapidly with time such as direction and orientation. In order to perform closed-loop well blowout control, at least 10 bps are required. Further, as the degree of logging sophistication increases and the control of drilling requires parameters such as pressure on-bit, formation density, and temperature, such low data rates could slow down the drilling process (e.g., to transmit a three-digit number (10 bits) three times (for redundancy) at 3bps would take at least 10 seconds and to transmit three other readings, including headers/leaders, would require another 30 seconds or so, therefore, to transmit a single set of reading may take the better part of a minute). Fast response, fluidic vortex throttles capable of data rates greater than 30bps are the innovative solution to this data rate problem. Because they use centrifugal forces created by a vortex to develop a pressure that retards the flow and because it takes only one small low inertia tab or vane that sees negligible flow forces to actuate them, they can modulate flow from fully-open to throttled-down in milliseconds. In addition, since it takes little effort to move this tab, only minimal actuation power is needed. The Phase I effort covered the analysis of mud pulsers, the development of engineering designs for vortex throttles, limited experiments to demonstrate operating principles, and the development of software for generating theoretical performance characteristics as a function of drilling parameters such as circulation rate, mud weight, pipe size, drill bit nozzle size and valve orifice parameters. The Phase I effort produced mud pulser valve designs suitable for use with both large bore drill pipe and small bore flexible tubing, the latter which is now coming into vogue, and into which it may be very difficult to even consider conventional pulser technology. Results show that the pulsers designed are theoretically capable of producing signal (pulses) of sufficient magnitude (above 50psi) to be detected at the surface under most circulating flow operating conditions. The designs apply to the development of down hole pulsing tools for both large (4Yzin ID) and small (2.875in ID) drill pipes.

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Special Core Analysis Study Multi-Well Experiment No. 1 and 2 Wells Mesa Verde Formation Rulison Field Garfield County, Colorado

On February 20, in a meeting with representatives of Core Laboratories, Incorporated, Mr. Allan R. Sattler and Ms. Sharon Finley of Sandia National Laboratories requested a special core. analysis study on core material recovered from the subject wells. This work is part of the Western Gas Sands Project sponsored by the De-t of Energy, Morgantown Energy Technology Center, Morgantown, West Virginia.

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PRELIMINARY RESULTS OF MINERALOGY AND PETROLOGY OF THE FRACTURE ZONE INTERVAL (DEPTH 5690-5870 f t ) DRILL CORE MWX-2

Sandia National Laboratories is conducting and directing the MultiWell Experiment (MWX) core analysis program as part of the Western Gas Sands Project for the Department of Energy's Unconventional Gas Sands Program. Sandia National Laboratories will carry out sample selection, sample distribution, prioritization of analyses, distribution of data, and coordination of interagency analyses. The U.S.G.S., along with Sandia, will provide interpretation of analytical results. A sedimentological model of the Mesaverde Group at the Multi-Well site will be published by J.E. Lorenze (Sandia). The Petrology Laboratory of Bendix Field Engineering Corporation is providing routine mineralogic and petrologic analyses of MWX core samples and interpretations, as detailed in this report. These are preliminary results to be used primarily for characterization of the general mineralogy and textures of an interval so that variations in mineralogic trends can be delineated. This report is the ninth of fifteen which will present the results of petrologic analyses of the fifteen intervals to be submitted from drill holes MWX-l and 2. Included here are mineralogic and petrologic data from the Fracture Zone Interval of drill hole MWX-2.

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PRELIMINARY RESULTS OF MINERALOGIC AND PETROGRAPHIC ANALYSES OF THE LOWER COASTAL INTERVAL (DEPTH 6625-6830 FT) DRILL CORE MWX-1 AND (DEPTH 6876-6896 FT) DRILL CORE MWX-3

Sandia National Laboratories is conducting the Multi-Well Experiment (MWX) core analysis program as part of the Department of Energy Western  Gas Sands Program. Sandia National Laboratories is responsible for sample selection, sample distribution, prioritization of analyses, distribution of data, and coordination of analyses performed by vari9us agencies. The U.S. Geological Survey, along with Sandia, will provide interpretations of analytical results. A sedimentological model of the Mesaverde Group at the Multi-Well site is provided by J. C. Lorenz (1983). The Petrology Laboratory of Bendix Field Engineering Corporation is providing routine mineralogic and petrologic analyses and interpretations of ~MIX core samples as detailed in this report. These preliminary results are to be used primarily for characterization of the general mineralogy and textures of an interval so that variations in mineralogic trends can be delineated. This report is the fourteenth of sixteen to be submitted that will present the results of petrologic analyses from drill holes MWX-1, 2, and 3. Included here are mineralogic and petrographic data from the Lower Coastal Interval of drill holes MWX-I and MWX-3.

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Stratigraphic Sections of Jurassic  San Rafael Group and Adjacent Rocks in Rio Blanco and Garfield Counties, Colorado

These sections were measured prior t o 1960, before adoption of the metric system. Publication was delayed by other assignments of the authors and later by the untimely death of J. C. Mright. They are being released at this time because of the increased interest in the uranium potential of  Jurassic rocks.

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X-Ray Diffraction Analyses of Selected Samples Coastal Interval and Rollins Member Drill Core MWX-3

Selected samples of the Coastal Interval and the Rollins Member of the Cretaceous Mesaverde Group of drill core MJX-3 were analyzed by X-ray diffraction. The 2-micrometerfraction was analyzed for clay mineralogy. The minus 200-mesh pulverized core was analyzed for bulk mineralogy.

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PRELIMINARY RESULTS OF MINERALOGIC AND PETROGRAPHIC ANALYSES: SANDIA MWX SAMPLES CORRESPONDING TO THOSE ANALYZED BY THE CORRAL APPARATUS OF THE IWDUSTRY OF GAS TECHNOLOGY

Sandia National Laboratories is conducting and directing the Multi-Well Experiment (MWX) core analysis program as part of the Western Gas Sands Program sponsored by the U.S. Department of Energy/~Morgantown Energy Technology Center. Sandia National Laboratories is responsible for sample selection, sample distribution, prioritization of analyses, distribution of data, and coordination of analyses performed by various agencies. The U.S. Geological Survey, along with Sandia, will provide interpretations of analytical results. A sedimentological model of the Mesaverde Group at the Multi-Well site is provided by J. C. Lorenz (1983).

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Rock Matrix Analysis of Eastern Gas Shale and Western Tight Gas Sands

The Institute of Gas Technology is performing special core analysis measurements under contract to the U.S. Department of Energy, Morgantown Energy Technology Center, on eastern gas shale and western tight gas sands. The shale work is being done in support of DOE's reservoir modeling efforts in order to provide reliable input data on shale matrix properties. The tight sand analysis is being performed in support of DOE's Multiwell Experiment (MWX), currently taking place in Garfield County, Colorado.

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Summary of Results of MWX Paludal Zone Phase I Stimulation

During the week of December 5, 1983, the MWX Paludal Zone Phase I Stimulation was completed. The primary objective was to determine fracture behavior and geometry as propagation progressed through and out of the lenses. This was accomplished by monitoring fracture growth with downhole geophones ,(in the offset wells), measuring the pressure decay after shut-in in the two minifracs for a Nolte-type analysis,(l) running post frac temperature  and analyzing treatment pressures.(2) This memo summarizes the pressure and temperature data obtained during these tests and the Nolte and treatment analyses.

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Rock Matrix and Fracture Analysis of Flow in Western Tight Gas Sands

The Institute of Gas Technology is performing special core analysis  measurements under contract to the U. S. Department of Energy, Morgantown Energy Technology Center, on eastern gas shale and western tight gas sands. The shale work is being done in support of DOE's reservoir modeling efforts in order to provide reliable input data on shale matrix properties. The tight sand analysis is being performed in support of DOE's Multiwell Experiment (MWX), currently taking place in Garfield County, Colorado.

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