AndreaBozzo/ceres-open-data-index huggingface dataset:
Scale-up procedures for a Scheibel extraction column

This report presents a summary of the equations and relationships used to scale-up a Scheibel liquid-liquid countercurrent extractor column. These equations were obtained by using (1) certain assumptions deemed appropriate when treating process condensates from fixed-bed gasifiers and (2) published relationships specific to the scale-up of Scheibel columns. The scale-up procedure is based upon the removal of a key component using a polar solvent (single solvent extraction). Data were obtained from the GFETC pilot (6 inch diameter) column to generate an example scale-up calculation. The calculation used phenol as the key component. The solvent was diisopropyl ether (DIPE). The operation of the GFETC column serves to indicate that differential contactors may be used to effectively treat gasifier process condensates. To size (and cost) a large-scale unit, however, does require data generated from the specific type of unit to be used. Thus, the scale-up equations presented are specific to the Scheibel column. This scale-up procedure generates approximate dimensions and power requirements for the conceptual commercial-scale Scheibel extractor. The results can be used in rough cost estimates and in comparative studies with other conceptual large-scale extractor types (e.g. mixer-settlers) in order to select the most cost-efficient design(s).

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Wet carbonization of lump-size low-rank coals by a novel non-slurry approach: Final report for the period August 1, 1984-March 31, 1987

Wet carbonization is a thermochemical process for beneficiating low-rank coals by heating the coal in the presence of water to temperatures in the range of 400/sup 0/ to 650/sup 0/F. Wet carbonization produces a low-rank coal product with a higher heating value, lower equilibrium moisture content, lower sodium content, and better handling properties than the raw coal. The low moisture and high heating value of the fuel reduces transportation and handling costs. It also improves the economics of several gasification systems. In addition, combustion efficiencies are also improved, which makes them competitive with desulfurized high-rank coals. The reduction of sodium content in the low-rank coal will also reduce fouling and slagging problems in boilers. The results show that wet carbonization of lump-size low-rank coals is an effective process for significantly reducing the equilibrium moisture content (down to 11%) and sodium contents (by 80%), while increasing the calorific value of the wet-carbonized coal by as much as 16%. Laboratory-scale tests were conducted to determine the effectiveness of using anaerobic digestion for reducing the chemical and biological oxygen demand of the product water and for energy recovery in the form of by-product methane. The results of the anaerobic digestion experiments show that the product water is effectively treated in a two-stage system with a chemical oxygen demand (COD) reduction of 74% and a biological oxygen demand (BOD) reduction of 97%. About 99% of the heavy organics (2 to 3 ring chemical compounds) are degraded during anaerobic digestion. The results from the activated sludge treatment show that further reduction in the COD and BOD to approximately 80% to 100%, respectively, is possible. 11 refs., 80 figs., 55 tabs.

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Dynamic simulation models for high-temperature desulfurization processes: Technical progress report. [Zinc ferrite]

This technical progress report is submitted in partial fulfillment of contract requirements and covers the first six months of project activities. The overall project is divided into two primary tasks with the second containing a number of subtasks. This technical progress report is organized in accordance with the project tasks and subtasks. In brief, the project objectives are to prepare, and subsequently to transfer to METC, computer models which will describe the high temperature desulfurization and regeneration processes which occur in fixed-, fluidized-, and moving-bed reactors. Both isothermal models, generally applicable to the desulfurization step, and, when necessary, non-isothermal models are to be prepared. The models are being written in a form as general as possible. However, because of the relatively large amounts of experimental data available for zinc ferrite (ZnFe/sub 2/O/sub 4/) sorbents, this system is being emphasized, particularly during the model validation aspects. Effort to date has concentrated in the background areas of mathematical equation development, investigation of appropriate numerical solution schemes, and appropriate methods of model parameter evaluation. First numerical results for the fixed-bed isothermal model have recently been obtained and are reported here. For the other cases, this report is limited to a discussion of background work which will lead to numerical results in the months ahead. 36 refs., 18 figs., 6 tabs.

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Nonisothermal pyrometry techniques: Research report

In many fossil energy (FE) conversion processes, the only means by which nonintrusive, in situ temperature measurements can be made is through the use of optical techniques. Pyrometry is one such technique. The use of most pyrometric techniques requires that the target within the pyrometer's field of view be isothermal. Often in FE processes, this isothermal requirement cannot be met. Thus, in order for pyrometry to realize its full potential in FE instrumentation, nonisothermal techniques are needed. In this effort to develop nonisothermal pyrometry techniques, the responses of eight different pyrometers were investigated to determine the response of each to nonisothermal targets (i.e., targets with two or more temperature modes, where a ''mode''represents an isothermal section of the target). The effect of varying emissivity was also investigated. These investigations were performed using computer simulations of the techniques and the targets. Based on the results obtained, the most promising pyrometry techniques were specifically modified to take into account two-temperature mode targets and were then tested using both computer simulation and laboratory experimentation. 19 refs., 6 figs., 14 tabs.

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Determination of the major elements and trace metals present in bitumen from several tar sand deposits

The results of the analyses of 14 tar sand samples for the concentration of major elements and trace metals are presented. Ten samples were obtained from the Uinta Basin of Utah, three from the southeastern part of Utah, and one from New Mexico. In general, the major element composition of the bitumen's is comparable to what has been determined previously. The trace metals content of the bitumen samples is similar to what would be expected for a heavy crude oil. However, there are three samples that contain higher than usual concentrations of some metals. These samples are Whiterocks-Westside (uranium and molybdenum), P.R. Spring-Three Mile Canyon (manganese), and Circle Cliffs (zinc). These particular metals are believed to come from a distinct but unknown source. 11 references, 5 tables.

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Task 1. 0, Development of improved molten carbonate fuel cell

The overall objective of this task was to develop an improved cell configuration for molten carbonate fuel cells which has improved performance, meets a 40,000 hour projected life, maintains existing cell cost, and is adaptable to a range of power plant applications. A new cell configuration designed to be manufactured using conventional and available equipment and processes was developed and verified in subscale single cells. This cell configuration is adaptable to a broad range of fuels without redesign, operating on very weak low Btu coal gas as well as high Btu gas and natural gas. The success of this program has provided the confidence to proceed with a scale-up to 8-ft{sup 2} cells and a stack verification in a 20-cell, 25 kW stack test. Design requirements and specifications for components in an improved cell design were defined. Electrolyte requirements for the cell components were established, the estimated time-to-short was updated, and a design operating point and gas composition for single cell testing was defined. Four anode, four cathode, five matrix configurations, and three end-cell reservoirs were defined. A total of 54 single cell tests were conducted to evaluate the performance of individual improvements and combinations of improved configurations. Anodes were successfully fabricated by tape casting. A new tape cast cathode for improved electrolyte sharing, new tape cast matrix materials and matrix reinforcement, and an end-cell reservoir configuration using conductive material were developed. Reports on the separate subtasks have been processed for inclusion on the data base.

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Coal fines consolidation. [269 references]

The primary objective of this study was to survey existing methods and techniques for consolidating coal fines into lump coal which would be suitable as feed to fixed bed gasifiers. Another objective was to characterize the properties of consolidated coal which would establish its suitability for use in such gasifiers. To accomplish these objectives, a search of the technical literature was conducted in the pertinent subject areas. In addition, a survey was made of industrial and research organizations which have been active in the field of coal consolidation. The literature search mainly covered the period from 1970 to the present, although certain basic references were dated in the early 1900's. Approximately 250 from a total of about 1500 references were identified as relevant to the scope of this study. Information on coal consolidation was solicited from about thirty organizations and a response of about 50% was obtained. A review and evaluation of the relevant technical literature was made and is summarized, along with information provided by the survey responses, in the body of this report. Three primary methods for mechanically consolidating coal fines were identified; briquetting, pelletizing, and extrusion. Based on the limited experience reported, it appears that the technical feasibility of consolidating coal fines as feed to fixed bed gasifiers has been demonstrated. Costs for producing coal agglomerates, as reported in the literature, vary over a wide range, from about 7 to about 30 dollars per ton of product. The low cost range might be acceptable in terms of an overall gasification project but further effort is required to determine if such costs are attainable in practice. 269 references.

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Combustion retorting of oil shale at low void volumes

Stacked oil shale bricks, with overall voids from 8 to 18%, were combustion retorted in a batch, pilot scale sized reactor. Experimental parameters were total void volume, oil shale grade, particle size, and retorting gas flow rate and composition. A hypothetical base case of experimental conditions was chosen to be in the region of commercial interest and the experimental parameters were varied one at a time from that base case. Oil yield was the dependent variable. Results indicate retorting of oil shale at very low voids is possible and efficient but pressure drops would be relatively high. Decreasing particle size, and interstitial velocity and adding steam increased oil yields. Oil yields varied from 70 to 83% of Fischer Assay. Cracking and combustion account for most of the oil losses. 51 references, 63 figures, 26 tables.

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LENDA mathematical methods

The lens distributional analysis code (LENDA) estimates the sand volume directly accessed and the gas drainage patterns of wells drilled in lenticular sand reservoirs. The gas in these formations is trapped in sand lenses distributed throughout a shale matrix. It is believed that very little gas flows from sand lenses through the shale to other sand lenses. Therefore, only ''sand lens clusters''through which the wellbore passes would contribute to gas production. A sand lens cluster is defined as one or more intersecting lenses. The estimates are calculated using minimum error techniques, a method that provides an accurate area-wide estimate of the sand lens distribution; however, the accuracy of the placement or size of any lens will be suspect. The accuracy of the estimates increase as the well-lens intersections are described in more detail, and as the number of well-lens intersections described increases. The size estimate of an individual lens will not be as accurate as the size estimate of a lens cluster. A well that intersects several lens clusters will have a more reliable volume estimate than a well that intersects only one lens cluster. The total sand volume estimate of all wells in the study area will be the most reliable. If certain input parameters are unknown, the information is provided from a data bank. The data bank contains information on lens length-width-thickness ratios, average thicknesses, compass direction length orientations of channel fill, and point bar sand lenses from the Wasatch and Mesaverde formations. The data bank information was parsed from outcrop studies conducted by Knutson. 5 refs., 6 figs.

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Biological degradation of low-rank coal. Quarterly technical progress report, September 30-December 31, 1985

The Statement of Work for year one activities under contract AC1885FC10625 requests that an assessment of low-rank coal biodegradation be completed early in the contract period. This goal has been undertaken and the following text includes pertinent information, primarily from available literature, related to (1) coal chemistry, structure and composition, with primary emphasis on low-rank coals (primarily lignite and subbituminous,6020 ); (2) physical and/or chemical treatment of coal to enhance biodegradability; and (3) anaerobic processes for bioconversion of low-rank coal or related constituents to fuel products such as methane. Information acquired from this assessment will aid in the selection of model compounds, representative of organic compounds found as relevant constituents of low-rank coal, to be used in initial biodegradation experiments and will be invaluable in attempts to establish microbial cultures capable of bioconversion of the model compounds to methane. 67 refs., 5 figs., 1 tab.

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Overburden Characterization and Post-Burn Study of the North Knobs Steeply Dipping Bed Underground Coal Gasification Site, Rawlins, Wyoming

The encompassing sandstones, siltstones, shales and thin conglomerates of the gasified G Coal seam at the North Knobs SDB-UCG site were deposited mainly in fluvial and poorly-drained swamp environments. These beds dip at 65/sup 0/ at the North Knobs site. Thin section and SEM analyses of the sandstones and coarse siltstones show that they are sublithic to subarkosic arenites cemented with clay minerals, calcite hematite, siderite and silica. The sandstones of Unit D directly above the coal seam have the highest concentration of calcite cement, the lowest mean grain size, and are best sorted in terms of quartz grain size variations; however, they are the worst sorted in terms of sieve size variations. Clay minerals in the sandstones are dominantly kaolinite and smectite with lesser amounts of illite and chlorite. These clays are of secondary origin. Heat alteration is present only in coals and overburden rock from cores that penetrated the cavity. Thermally altered rocks including hornfels, buchite, paralava rock and paralava breccia were found in the bottom of the dipping cavity near the injection well. The high temperature minerals of tridymite, cristobalite, mullite, cordierite, monoclinic pyroxene and high temperature plagioclase indicate that temperatures of at least 1200/sup 0/C to 1400/sup 0/C were attained in the lower part of the burn cavity. The mechanical test on the unaltered and altered overburden rock show that the most important lithologic property controlling rock strength and seismic wave velocity is the amount and type of cement in the rock. Other parameters measured were grain size, amount of clay cement, and porosity; sorting had a secondary effect on the rock strength and seismic wave velocity. There is a non-linear and direct relationship between mechanical strength and ultrasonic wave velocities for the rock tests. 30 references.

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Surface Coal Gasification

The United States Department of Energy program for Surface Coal Gasification has evolved over several years of R and D activities beginning with the Office of Coal Research and followed by a thrust from the Energy Research and Development Administration to build demonstration plants and a growing realization that the United States technology base, economics, and domestic manufacturing infra-structure requires stimulation to meet the targeted 1992 alternate-fuels goals established. In this setting, the US DOE Fossil Energy's pilot-plant program has assumed a dual role: (1) developing advanced processes and (2) expanding the technology base necessary to support potential demonstration-plant problem areas, optimization, and commercialization. The successful commercial application of surface gasification of coal could enable the United States to use from its vast deposits of coal to produce a wide variety of energy products and chemical feedstocks. The technology base is well developed and extremely flexible for converting coal into alternate products suitable for the demands of a broad and heterogeneous market and a wide array of users/owners. To meet the defined program objectives, several pilot plant and process-development operations are being conducted. Four of these operations are described in this report: Combustion engineering low-Btu entrained-bed gasifier; bi-gas high-Btu entrained-bed gasifier; Westinghouse Ash-Agglomerating Fluid-Bed Gasifier; and the Cities Services/Rockwell Short-Residence Time high-Btu Hydrogasifier. Gasification technology-crosscut conclusions and results of technical problems and issues common to the four pilot plants are discussed in detail.

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Fixed-bed gasification

This report briefly describes the background of coal gasification in this country and abroad, the relationship between fixed-bed and alternate gasification technologies, and DOE's role in developing this technology so that it can be properly used in today's energy market within the current environmental guidelines. The report also describes, in limited detail, the evolution of the Morgantown Energy Technology Center (METC) pilot plant, its current status, and the related projects that are utilizing this facility.

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Geologic and geochemical studies of the New Albany Group (Devonian black shale) in Illinois to evaluate its characteristics as a source of hydrocarbons. Quarterly progress report, October 1-December 31, 1978

This project is a detailed analysis of the lithology, stratigraphy, and structure of the New Albany Group in Illinois to determine those characteristics of lithology, thickness, regional distribution, vertical and lateral variability, and deformation that are most relevant to the occurrence of hydrocarbons.

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PDU scale nitrification and denitrification of Great Plains Gasification Plant's stripped gas liquor

Gasification wastewater treatment at UNDERC has focused on treating wastewater to suitable quality for reuse. Reuse criteria have centered on reduction of organic compounds; the major reuse option for these wastewaters has been for cooling water. Pilot studies at UNDERC have demonstrated that significant quantities of ammonia will be stripped in a cooling tower using stripped gas liquor as makeup, requiring further reductions in ammonia concentrations prior to reuse. Moreover, reuse can be very expensive due to the cost of chemical additives, high corrosion of construction materials and other expenses. Therefore, interest has developed in treatment of these wastewaters for discharge. Nitrogen removal to low concentrations will be required for discharge of these wastewaters and may be required for most reuse options. Biological removal of nitrogen from Great Plains Gasification Plant's stripped gas liquor (SGL), through the processes of nitrification and denitrification, are the subject of this report. Over 43,000 liters (11,360 gallons) of pretreated SGL were nitrified in 3 PDU scale reactors, and 14,500 liters (3800 gallons) of this wastewater were denitrified. The kinetics of nitrification were determined by obtaining removal data simultaneously in three activated sludge reactors operating at different solids retention times. Suspended growth (activated sludge) complete-mix, stirred-tank reactors were used for this research. Process performance data for nitrification and denitrification are reported. Essentially complete removal of ammonia, at influent concentrations of greater than 500 mg/l NH/sub 3/-N, was observed, and influent nitrate-N concentrations of greater than 750 mg/l were completely denitrified. 16 refs., 25 figs., 7 tabs.

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Granular bed filter development program. Phase II. Quarterly report, April-June 1981

The Department of Energy is sponsoring a multiphase program to investigate the filtration potential of the moving bed granular filter (GBF) for application in pressurized high temperature energy conversion systems. Phase I, which has been completed, included the development of a mathematical model, a cold flow parametric test series in a 0.746 Nm/sup 3//s GBF, and investigations of potential dust plugging problems at the inlet screen. During the experimental program, collection efficiencies of 99% and filter outlet loadings less than 0.0074 g/m/sup 3/ were demonstrated. The objectives of Phase II are to investigate the effects of elevated temperature and coal combustion particulate on GBF filtration performance; to update the analytical model developed in Phase I to reflect the high temperature effects; to optimize filter internal configuration; to perform parametric and long duration tests to characterize the effects of filter design improvements on filtration efficiencies; and to conduct an economic analysis of full scale filters for 1600 F service and a scaleup of the filter and combustion additive suppressant effect identified in the analytical and hot flow tasks. Earlier hot flow testing confirmed that the original GBF design incorporating inlet and outlet screens exhibited a tendency for extensive and irreversible ash plugging. An alternative screenless design, with demonstrated high filtration efficiency, has been confirmed during both cold flow and hot flow tests as a more viable approach for continued development and tests. This report describes the continuation of work for development and design improvement of the GBF system during this reporting period.

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Fluidized bed flow equations

This report contains the detailed derivation of the conservation equations of mass, momentum, and energy for a fluidized bed. The development of the chemical production term is included in the Appendix. The equations contain momentum exchange terms, viscosity and thermal conductivity transport coefficients for the fluid and solid, and other flow quantities which require constitutive relations before a solution is attempted. An iterative procedure, involving fluidized bed test data and the solution of these flow equations, could be employed to model these constitutive relations. The equations are then specialized to the one dimensional, steady flow for a high-temperature two-phase chemically reacting multispecies fluid and a single species solid. Solutions to this system are discussed.

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