AndreaBozzo/ceres-open-data-index huggingface dataset:
Periodic depuration of anthracene metabolites by rainbow trout

Rainbow trout Salmo gairdneri, statically exposed to 36 ..mu..g/liter anthracene (including 9-/sup 14/C-C anthracene), bioconcentrated the polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbon 200 times the exposure concentration over 18 hours. Then, during a 96-hour clearance periods, mass-balance analysis of fish and water samples indicated that anthracene was rapidly converted to polar metabolites(s), then eliminated periodically. Maximum depuration occurred during the dark phase of a 16-hour-light: 8-hour-dark photocycle. Of the 2-3% contribution of /sup 14/C metabolites(s) to the total /sup 14/C residue, nearly half came from the bile. This periodic depuration may be circadian, although this requires confirmation by further work; to the extent it affects metabolic fate of bioconcentrated organics, periodic depuration undoubtedly contributes to differences between predicted and observed bioconcentration factors.

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REACTIONS IN THE $sup 60$Co IRRADIATION OF PYRIDINE AND METHYLPYRIDINES.

Irradiation of nitrogen based found in shale oil had been studied as a possible means of enhancing their value.  Pyridine, 2-methylpyridine, 3-methylpyridine, 4-methylpyridine and 2,6 dimethylpyridine were subjected to cobalt-60 irradiation with total dosages of 2 x 10 2 to 2 x 10 8 rads.  G values for hydrogen, methane, acetylene, methylacetylene, and polymer, as determined by gas-liquid partition chromatography and mass spectroscopy are reported.  Products resulting from rupture of bonds external to the ring, rupture of ring bonds, aromatic substitution, and intramolecular rearrangement are reported.  Respective examples of each of the above reaction on irradiation of 2-methylpyridine are the formation of methane, acetylene, 2,4 dimethylpyridine and 3-methylpyridine.  Possible reaction mechanisms are discussed.  Dealkylation of methylpyridines occurred but not in significant amounts.

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APPLICATION OF ABOVEGROUND RETORTING VARIABLES TO IN SITU OIL SHALE PROCESSING.

In situ retorting shows promise of becoming a technologically and economically feasible method for producing shale oil. This method appears to be economically attractive because it would eliminate mining costs which still account for a major share of the cost of producing shale oil by previously proposed processing methods. It is also attractive because it may make it possible to recover oil from formations that are too deeply buried to be amenable to mining and above ground processing methods. Then, too, it would eliminate the costly problem of spent shale disposal and many of the potential problems of air and water pollution associated with aboveground processing.

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STRUCTURAL DEFORMATION OF GREEN RIVER OIL SHALE AS IT RELATES TO IN SITU RETORTING.

"Structural response and/or deformation was determined for each of four different grade Green River oil shales (27.0-, 34.5-, 45.5-, and 63.5-gal/ton) as they were heated in an inert atmosphere, under constant  compressive stress, from ambient to subretorting temperatures; that is, below those required for rapid pyrolysis of the organic matter. Small cores and small columns of confined fragments comprised the test specimens, which were heated, in a specially designed microunit, at a uniform rate either to 725 or to 825  F. under three different stress levels, 80, 200, and 325 psi. Structural response of some cores was observed as they were heated in a stress-free environment. The obtained stress-strain-time-temperature relationships provide information regarding the oil shale's yield temperature, yield stress, rate of compressive strain, loss of mechanical strength, and nature of structural deformation.  Effects of structural deformation on induced permeability in small columns of fragments are presented. Results indicate that underground retorting of Green River oil shale may be seriously impaired through loss of induced permeability brought about by structural deformation of rich oil shale under the influence of heat and compressive stress."

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Decomposition of carbonate minerals in spent oil shale

Cylindrical samples of spent shale were heated. In each experiment, the weight loss was recorded as a function of time until the sample reached approximately constant weight. The final weight loss and the chemical analyses before and after the thermal treatment showed that virtually all carbon dioxide contained in dolomite is liberated during the heating of spent shale at these temperatures. The decomposition rate of dolomite can adequately be treated with a global, first order kinetics. The rate of dolomite decomposition in a block of spent shale can be predicted with reasonable confidence by properly accounting for intrinsic kinetics and heat transport effects.

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FRACTURING OIL SHALE WITH NUCLEAR EXPLOSIVES FOR IN-SITU RETORTING

Since the first nuclear blast was set off in 1945 in Alamorgordo, the men who have worked with nuclear weapons have speculated on the possibility of utilizing this tremendous force for peaceful purposes.  Nuclear explosives are capable of releasing enormous amounts of energy from a compact and readily transported package.  This feature, which has revolutionized military strategy can also be employed for peaceful purposes.

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SYNTHETIC LIQUID FUELS ANNUAL REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR FOR 1950 PART II. OIL FROM OIL SHALE

In view of the ever increasing need for petroleum in the United States, the critical internation situation threatening foreign supplies, the growing demands for steel, and the heavy costs to industry of constantly discovering and developing new oil fields, it is believed that the prompt development of a synthetic fuel industry based on oil shale and coal is not only requisite to safeguard our oil supply but is an economically sound course for the foreseeable future. To neglect its development is to close our eyes and minds to our own resources at a time when they are needed critically. It also is apparent now that neither the Government nor industry would be taking any considerable economic risk in starting the initial plants, especially as measured against their potential value in meeting critical oil and chemical demands and in building a new industry in the West.

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Critical review, comparative evaluation, cost update, and baseline data development services in oil-shale mining, in-situ liquefaction, and above-ground retorting processes from the environmental, permitting, and licensing viewpoints. Volume II. Oil-shale industry pollutant control technology

The present volume is the second major deliverable of the title study. The first volume is the second major deliverable of the title study. The first volume was dedicated to process engineering descriptions of six oil shale retorting technologies, namely: Paraho, Tosco 2, Oxidental Modified In-Situ, Rio Blanco, Union Oil, and Superior Oil. The current volume provides brief, but comprehensive descriptions of the annotated state of the art of the most popular control technology options discussed today in the oil shale literature. All process engineering references listed in our Volume 1- Oil Shale Retorting Process Engineering have been thoroughly studied. All pollutant Control Technologies suggested in these studies as potential remedies to air pollutants, particulates, liquid effluents, sewage, and solid waste and qualitatively discussed in the present volume. Sources for these control technology descriptions are reference datebooks in environmental engineering on file with the FMR library. Additional datebooks, handbooks, and reference manuals were obtained from local libraries with which the FMR library maintains active interloan agreements. A partial list of the sources utilized in the present volume is provided in the reference section.

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Spent shale as a control technology for oil shale retort water. Annual report, October 1, 1978 - September 30, 1979

This annual report covers work completed between October 1, 1978, and September 30, 1979. The technical work to be completed on this program is divided into a series of technical tasks which are described in the Work Plan and are shown on the work schedule in Figure 2. Progress of each task during this reporting period is summarized below and described in more detail in subsequent sections of this report. Task 1 through 5 are currently in progress.

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Potential uses of spent shale in the treatment of oil shale retort waters

This paper evaluates two potential uses of spent shale for the treatment of in-situ oil shale process waters -- in-situ treatment in an abandoned retort and surface treatment by columns of spent shale. Batch and column studies were conducted using four in-situ retort waters, one gas condensate, and six spent shales. The effect of spent shale contact on the organic and inorganic carbon, conductivity, and pll of the waters was determined and related to specific surface area of the shale and retort operating conditions. These studies indicate that spent shale may be used to reduce the organic and inorganic carbon, conductivity, color and odor and to elevate the pll of retort waters and gas condensate. Spent shale reduces the inorganic carbon by 47 to 98%, the organic carbon by 7 to 66% and elevates the pll from initial levels of 8 to 9 up to 10 to 11. TOSCO 11 spent shale was the best adsorbent for organic carbon, while Lurgi and simulated in-situ spent shales achieved the highest inorganic carbon reduction.

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Elemental composition of simulated in situ oil shale retort water

This paper presents the elemental abundances of 47 elements in 23 unfiltered retort waters form three simulated in-situ retorts and of 19 elements in the dissolved and particulate fraction of 11 of these waters. This work indicates that, for most of the unfiltered waters, the carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, and sulfur occur in concentrations greater than 0.1 percent, then aluminum, arsenic, calcium, iron, potassium, sodium, nickel, and chlorine occur at concentrations greater than 1ppm, and that all other measured elements occur at concentrations of less than 1ppm, and that all other measured elements occur at concentrations of less than 1 ppm. The particulate fraction in these waters range from 203 to 2984 mg/1, and, in most waters, iron, nickel, potassium, and calcium occur at concentrations that are greater than 0.1 mg/1. All other measured elements vanadium, chromium, manganese, gallium, arsenic, selenium, bromine, rubidium, strontium, yttrium, mercury, lead) typically occur at concentrations of less than 0.05 mg/l in the particulates. About one percent of the total elemental mass of potassium, arsenic, and selenium occurs in the particulates while significantly greater than one percent of the elemental mass of iron, chromium, mercury, and nickel may be present as particulate matter. The dissolved metal content of some waters was significantly reduced during filtration by crystallization and bacterial uptake.

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Speciation of trace organic ligands and inorganic and organometallic compounds in oil shale process waters

The isolation and identification of organic legends and inorganic and organometallic compounds in seven oil shale process waters has been carried out using a number of analytical techniques. Organic legends, potentially associated with trace metals in the oil shale process waters, were either isolated, after methylene chloride extraction, by low pressure liquid chromatography or directly derivatized using lyophilized samples and then identified by capillary Colum gas chromatography in combination with electron impacts mass spectrometry. Using these techniques, we were able to identify mono and icarboxylic acids, substituted phenols, substituted pyridines, aliphatic nitrogen heterocyclics, and substituted quinoline compounds.

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Alternative fuels demonstration program. Volume I of II

While processes for converting coal, oil shale and other domestic resources into synthetic fuels have been known for many years, they have not been applied on a commercial scale in the U. S. because, in the past, the synthetic products were not competitive in cost with petroleum and natural gas. In order to remedy this situation, a program to accelerate alternative fuels production has been proposed. The three major objectives of this program are:

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PILOT-PLANT BATCH RETORTING OF COLORADO OIL SHALE

This report describes experimental investigations made in the batchwise retorting of Colorado oil shale.  Three heat-carrying mediums were used-hot shale gas, superheated steam, and hot flue gas.  Using hot shale gas for retorting, the several variables studied were retort-inlet-gas temperature, gas velocity through the shale bed, shale particle size, and grade of shale.  In studying the effect of any one of these variables on oil yield, gas yield, and operability, the other variables ere maintained essentially constant.  Oil yields decreased with increasing inlet-gas temperature and increasing shale particle size and oil yield increased with increasing grad of shale up to 50 gallons of oil per ton of shale, beyond which the process was inoperable because of swelling and coking of the shale during retorting.  Changes in gas velocity had little effect on oil yield  Gas yield increased with increasing inlet-gas temperature, gas velocity, particle size, and shale grade.  Oil yields of 100 % of Fischer assay and from 1,600 to 1,800 cubic feet of 300-B.t.u. gas per ton of shale were obtained.

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GEOCHEMISTRY AND MINERALOGY OF A URANIFEROUS SUBBITUMINOUS COAL

A sample of subbituminous uraniferous coal from the Red Desert, Sweetwater County, Wyo., has been studied mineralogically. The coal contains gypsum, kaolinite, quartz, calcite, and limonite. This suite of minerals and the absence of pyrite show that the uranium is associated with the organic constituents of the coal. The minerals that have been isolated contains 0.0006 percent uranium, a content that is to be expected for nonuraniferous sedimentary rocks. The organic components of the coal contain approximately 0.002 percent uranium. On the basis of material-balance calculations, the organic components carry 98 percent of the uranium in the coal.

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Radioactive tracer pulse method of evaluating fracturing of underground oil shale formations

"A feasibility study on the use of tracer pulses to assess the degree of    fracturing in an undenground formation is presented.  The study consisted of the    following three phases: (1) a laboratory study on sand packs and open tubes,    which developed a correlation between dispersion of the pulse and size of the    flow channels; (2) a test on a retort, 11 ft in dia and 45 ft high, packed with    shale rubble.  Void volume was measured, but evaluation of channel size was not    possible because of interference from the space unoccupied by the matrix; (3) a    field test on an explosively fractured shale formation.  Pressure, flow, and    transit time led to qualitative estimates of fracture pattern, but quantitative    detection of dispersion in the formation was overwhelmed by dispersion effects in    the well.  (auth)"

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PRELIMINARY REPORT ON BUREAU OF MINES YELLOW CREEK CORE HOLE NO. 1, RIO BLANCO COUNTY, COLORADO.

Analysis of geologic, hydrologic, and geophysical data obtained in and around Yellow Creek Core Hole No.1, Rio Blanco County, Colorado, indicate a 1,615-foot section of oil shale was penetrated by the hole. Geophysical log data indicate the presence of 25 gallons per ton shale for a thickness of 500 feet may be marginal. The richest section of oil shale is indicated to be centered around a depth of 2,260 feet. Within the oil shale the interval 1,182 to 1,737 feet is indicated to be relatively structurally incompetent and probably permeable. Extension of available regional hydrologic data indicate the oil shale section is probably water bearing and may yield as much as 1,000 gallons per minute. Hyrologic testing in the hole is recommended.

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METHOD OF CHARACTERISTICS TECHNIQUE.  APPLICATION TO HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER PROBLEMS

An important chemical engineering operation is that in which a certain fluid id passed through a stationary bed for the purpose of removing from it, or adding to it, one or more substances.  The purification of gases by passing them through a bed of activated charcoal, the softening of water by passing it through a zeolite bed, the reactivation of a zeolite or a charcoal bed, the cracking of petroleum in a packed bed reactor are just a few of the many important applications of this unit contains. The excellent review article by Thiele (18) summarizes many of the problems that are encountered in this field.  Discussing  this operation, most of the researchers have used a practical model with two independent variables--the time and the distance along the axis of a packed bed.  This model produces a number of simplifications, in that it assumes plug through the bed, and neglects the variations of the dependent variables like the composition of the solution and the temperature of the radial position.  In addition, except in isolated times the heat conduction or mass diffusion along the length of the bed is often overlooked.  Even so, this one dimensional model can be very useful in studying, both experimentally and practically, the performance of  packed beds and the more , but well worked out ion exchangers.

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Green River shale-oil yields:  correlation with elemental analysis

"A rapid and practical test for oil-shale richness is of considerable    technical importance.  Although the Fischer-- Schrader method has gained    universal acceptance for determination of shale richness, there is need to relate    results from this determination to fundamental parameters of the shale.  One much-   used relation is with elemental analysis, and numerous equations have been    derived to correlate shale richness with organic carbon content.  These relations    have been reviewed, and from a number of intensively analysed samples selected    from a coring in the Parachute Creek member of the Green River Formation    equations relating oil yield by Fischer-Schrader determination to organic carbon    content have been developed: oil (wt%) = 0.8317 (%Csub org/) -- 0.2509 and oil    (gal/ton) = 2.216 (%C/sub org/) -0.7714.  Additionally, more detailed knowledge    of the uniformity of organic material throughout the Green River Fomnation was    obtained.  It was found that the fraction of kerogen which on pyrolysis yields    liquid products is constant stratigraphically throughout the formation, even    though the oil composition is not.  26 references.   (auth)"

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Clean fuels from coal gasification

"The quickest path to synthetic fuels requires reviewing technologies now    in use and finding engineering firms competent to reproduce and adapt these    technologies with maximum effect.  By gasifying coal with air, the engineer can    produce power gas, a mixture of carbon monoxide and hydrogen with nitrogen.  By    gasifying with oxygen and steam, one obtains blue water gas or synthesis gas, a    mixture of carbon monoxide and hydrogen.  In existing plants, this gas is being    converted to ammonia or methanol or, in South Africa, to synthetic gasoline.  The    advantages and disadvantages of the methods being investigated today are    discussed.  Development activities deserving high priority include Ignifluid,    Koppers-Totzek, Babcock & Wilcox-duPont type of suspension gasifier, and gas    cleaning.  The quickest way to coal gasification is gasifying Pennsylvania    anthracite and retrofitting an existing gas-fired boiler to burn power gas from a    revamped Ignifluid.  (32 references) (MCW)"

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Feasibility of in situ retorting of Green River oil shale, utilizing nuclear explosives for fracturing

In situ retorting of oil shale, if technologically feasible and economically practicable, has several advantages over the more conventional mining and aboveground retorting system, particularly for deep, thick deposits under appreciable overburden.  The problem of disposing of spent shale can be eliminated, air and water pollution problems can be minimized, aesthetic values can be enhanced.  It may be possible to produce a higher grade oil, and it may be possible to effect a higher percentage recovery.  Although hydraulic fracturing and chemical high explosives may be used to fracture shallow and thin beds, nuclear explosives may be required for adequate fracturing of the Green River oil shale in the center of the Piceance Basin of Colorado, where there are deposits as thick as 2000 ft. (610m) under as much as 1000 ft (306m) of overburden.  Experiments have been conducted at the Bureau of Mines Laramie Energy Research Center in batch type retorts accommodating particle size ranges expressed to be present in a nuclear explosive created chimney.  Capacities are 10 and 130  metric tons, accommodating pieces of shale as large in two dimensions as 20 in. (51 cm) and 4 ft. (1.2 m), respectively.  In seven tests with the large retort, recoveries were 39% to 62% of Fischer assay, with shale charges assaying 8.0 to 10.1 weight of oil.  In tests of lean shale (0.75 wt.%) in the small retort, the highest yield was 51% of Fischer assay.  Field tests have been conducted and still are in progress near Rock Springs, Wyoming, in sections of oil shale ranging from 20 ft.(6.1 m) to 40 ft. (12.2 m) in thickness and from 68 ft. (20.7 m) to 145 ft. (44.2 m) in depth.  Results of these tests have been somewhat encouraging and indicate that the creation of adequate permeability through carefully designed and controlled fracturing techniques is  a critical factor.

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MATHEMATICAL MODEL FOR IN-SITU OIL SHALE RETORTING BY ELECTROMAGNETIC METHODS

A mathematical model for low temperature in-situ retorting by electromagnetic methods is developed Equations describing kinetics, mass transfer, host transfer, and electromagnetic dissipation are developed and solved numerically in order to obtain estimates for temperature profiles, oil yields, and not energy balances. The inputs for this model rely heavily on the kinetics developed by cam bell, brawn, Bridges, and Serest. Numerical results for temperature profiles, oil yields, another relevant parameters are presented.

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Potential applications for nuclear explosives in a shale-oil industry

"Nuclear detonation data were accumulated, studied, and evaluated by the Bureau of Mines to visualize how nuclear explosives might be used in a shale-oil industry. The evaluation shows that the Green River Formation at the  semi-isolated locale of Piceance Creek Basin, in  northwestern Colorado, is and thick and widespread enough to warrant consideration of nuclear mining in lieu  of conventional methods. Because cost data for nuclear explosions are limited, cost comparisons are made largely by assumptions. Also described are the history of the shale-oil industry, the geology and size of oil-shale resources, and conventional mining methods and processing technology."

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Gas pressure from a nuclear explosion in oil shale

In this report we estimate the quantity of gas and the gas pressure resulting from a nuclear explosion in oil shale. These estimates are based on the thermal history of the rock during and after the explosion and the amount of gas that oil shale releases when heated. We estimate that for oil shale containing less than a few percent of kerogen the gas pressure will be lower than the hydrostatic pressure. A field program to determine the effects of nuclear explosions in rocks that simulate the unique features of oil shale is recommended.

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