AndreaBozzo/ceres-open-data-index huggingface dataset:
PHASE II FEASIBILITY STUDY FOR LOWERING THE MINIMUM GAS PRESSURE IN SOLUTION-MINED CAVERNS BASED ON GEOMECHANICAL ANALYSES OF CREEP-INDUCED DAMAGE AND HEALING

This is the second phase of a two-phase study to evaluate the feasibility of lowering the minimum gas pressure in solution-mined caverns through the use of an advanced constitutive model for salt in cavern design. The purpose of this study is twofold: (1) to develop an efficient laboratory test matrix that can be used to determine the site-specific model parameter values for the Multimechanism Deformation Coupled Fracture (MDCF) constitutive model and (2) to estimate the potential cost benefits gained as a result of using the MDCF model in cavern design. The sensitivity of test specimen response to each of the MDCF model parameters was estimated using numerical simulations of laboratory tests. The results of the sensitivity analysis were used to provide guidance in designing an efficient test matrix comprised of load paths and boundary conditions attainable in most modern laboratory facilities. The resulting test matrix includes 27 tests to determine constitutive parameters, 12 tests to determine strength properties, and ten mineralogic analysis tests to determine salt impurity content. The possible cost benefits of using the MDCF model in cavern design are the result of lowering the minimum gas pressure and thus maximizing the working gas to cushion gas ratio. The cost benefits are analyzed by comparing the reduced storage costs to the additional cost of using the more advanced MDCF constitutive model. It is estimated that even a small decrease in the minimum gas pressure will cover the costs of adopting the MDCF constitutive model within the first year or two of operation.

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BIBLIOGRAPHY OF REPORTS, PAPERS, AND PRESENTATIONS ON NATURALLY OCCURRMG RADIOACTIVE MATERIAL (NORM) IN PETROLEUM INDUSTRY WASTES

This bibliography was created to support projects conducted by Argonne National Laboratory (ANL) addressing issues related to naturally occurring radioactive material (NORM) in petroleum industry wastes. Each of these projects was conducted under the direction and funding of the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE). Through the course of a specific project, the DOE tasked ANL to prepare the bibliography for publication and distribution. Woodward-Clyde Federal Services assisted ANL in this effort  The bibliography provides citations for many of the available published reports, papers, articles, and presentations on petroleum industry NORM. In the past few years, the rapid expansion of NORM treatment and disposal technologies, the efforts to characterize NORM wastes and their associated potential risks, and the promulgation of state-level NORM regulatory programs have been well-documented in project reports and in papers presented at technical conferences and symposia. In compiling this bibliography, we endeavored to include as many of these publications as possible. Undoubtedly, we have missed some, and we apologize to those individuals whose work is not represented in this bibliography.

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CO2 HUFF-n-PUFF PROCESS IN A LIGHT OIL SHALLOW SHELF CARBONATE RESERVOIR

The principal objective of this CO2 Huff-n-Puff (H-n-P) project is to determine the feasibility and practicality of the technology in a waterflooded shallow shelf carbonate environment. The results of parametric simulation of the CO2 H-n-P process, coupled with the Central Vacuum Unit (CVU) reservoir characterization components will be used to determine if this process is technically and economically feasible for field implementation. The technology transfer objective of the project is to disseminate the knowledge gained through an innovative plan in support of the Department of Energy's (DOE) objective of increasing domestic oil production and deferring the abandonment of shallow shelf carbonate (SSC) reservoirs. Tasks associated with this objective are carried out in what is considered a timely effort for near term goals.

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Application of Reservoir Characterization and Advanced Technology to Improve Recovery and Economics in a Lower Quality Shallow Shelf Carbonate Reservoir

The Class 2 Project at West Welch was designed to demonstrate the use of advanced technologies to enhance the economics of improved oil recovery (IOR) projects in lower quality Shallow Shelf Carbonate (SSC) reservoirs, resulting in recovery of additional oil that would otherwise be left in the reservoir at project abandonment. Accurate reservoir description is critical to the effective evaluation and efficient design of IOR projects in the heterogeneous SSC reservoirs. Therefore, the majority of Budget Period 1 was devoted to reservoir characterization.

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An Incompressible Two-Dimensional Multiphase Particle-In-Cell Model for Dense Particle Flows

A two-dimensional, incompressible, multiphase particle-in-cell (MP-PIC) method is presented for dense particle floors. The numerical technique solves the governing equations of the fluid phase using a continuum model and those of the particle phase using a Lagrangian model. Difficulties associated with calculating interparticle interactions for dense particle flows with volume fractions above 5% have been eliminated by mapping particle properties to an Eulerian grid and then mapping back computed stress tensors to particle positions. This approach utilizes the best of Eulerian/Eulerian continuum models and Eulerian/Lagrangian discrete models. The solution scheme allows for distributions of types, sizes, and density of particles, with no numerical diffusion from the Lagrangian particle calculations. The computational method is implicit with respect to pressure, velocity, and volume fraction in the continuum solution thus avoiding courant limits on computational time advancement. MP-PIC simulations are compared with one-dimensional problems that have analytical solutions and with two-dimensional problems for which there are experimental data.

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INTEGRATION OF ADVANCED GEOSCIENCE AND ENGINEERING TECHNIQUES TO QUANTIFY INTERWELL HETEROGENEITY IN RESERVOIR MODELS

The goal of this three-year project was to provide a quantitative definition of reservoir heterogeneity. This objective was accomplished through the integration of geologic, geophysical, and engineering databases into a multi-disciplinary understanding of reservoir architecture and associated fluid-rock and fluid-fluid interactions. This interdisciplinary effort integrated geological and geophysical data with engineering and petrophysical results through reservoir simulation to quantify reservoir architecture and the dynamics of fluid-rock and fluid-fluid interactions. An improved reservoir description allows greater accuracy and confidence during simulation and modeling as steps toward gaining greater recovery efficiency from existing reservoirs. A field laboratory, the Sulimar Queen Unit, was available for the field research. Several members of the PRRC staff participated in the development of improved reservoir description by integration of the field and laboratory data as well as in the development of quantitative reservoir models to aid performance predictions. Subcontractors from Stanford University and the University of Texas at Austin (UT) collaborated in the research and participated in the design and interpretation of field tests. The three-year project was initiated in September 1993 and led to the development and application of various reservoir description methodologies. A new approach for visualizing production data graphically was developed and implemented on the Internet. Using production data and old gamma rays logs, a black oil reservoir model that honors both primary and secondary performance was developed. The old gamma ray logs were used after applying a rescaling technique, which was crucial for the success of the project. In addition to the gamma ray logs, the development of the reservoir model benefitted from an inverse Drill Stem Test (DST)  technique which provided initial estimates of the reservoir permeability at different wells. A new single-well wettability test was conducted for the first time in the field and provided insight on the wettability of a large reservoir volume. The field wettability test pointed towards a mixed-wet system. Wettability tests performed at the laboratory indicated the same wetting state. The results of the crosswell seismic data were used to develop a new approach in the estimation of interwell reservoir properties using neural networks. With a fuzzy logic methodology, a minipermeameter, and thin sections, a new technique for petrographic analysis was developed. Combining the information from outcrop data, logs, crosswell seismic, and petrographic analysis, a new geological model is proposed for the Queen formation. The results of the three year project were presented to oil companies producing from the Queen formation and various publications were prepared to describe the results of the project.

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Design and Implementation of a CO2 Flood Utilizing Advanced Reservoir Characterization and Horizontal Injection Wells  In a Shallow Shelf Carbonate Approaching Waterflood Depletion

The work reported herein covers select tasks remaining in Budget Phase I and many of the tasks of Budget Phase II. The principal Tasks in Budget Phase I included in this report are Reservoir Analysis and Characterization; Advanced Technical Studies; and Technology Transfer, Reporting and Project Management Activities for Budget Phase I. The principle Task in Budget Phase II included in this report is Field Demonstration. Completion of these tasks has enabled an optimum carbon dioxide (CO,) flood project to be designed, economically evaluated, and implemented in the field. Field implementation of the project commenced during late 1995, with actual CO, injection scheduled for start-up in mid-July, 1996.

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Design And Implementation Of A C02 Flood Utilizing Advanced Reservoir Characterization And Horizontal Injection Wells In A Shallow Shelf Carbonate Approaching Waterflood Depletion

The work reported here covers Budget Phase I of the project. The principal tasks in Budget Phase I are the Reservoir Analysis and Characterization Task and the Advanced Technology Definition Task. Completion of these tasks have enabled an optimum carbon dioxide (C02) flood project to be designed and evaluated from an economic and risk analysis standpoint. Field implementation of the project has been recommended to the working interest owners of the South Cowden Unit (SCU) and approval has been obtained. The current project has focused on reducing initial investment cost by utilizing horizontal injection wells and concentrating the project in the best productivity area of the field. An innovative CO2 purchase agreement (no take or pay requirements, CO2 purchase price tied to West Texas Intermediate (WTI) crude oil price) and gas recycle agreements (expensing cost as opposed to large capital investments for compression) were negotiated to further improve project economics.

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Design and Implementation of a CO2 Flood Utilizing Advanced Reservoir Characterization and Horizontal Injection Wells in a Shallow Shelf Carbonate Approaching Waterflood Depletion

The work reported herein covers select tasks remaining in Budget Phase I and many of the tasks of Budget Phase II. The principal Tasks in Budget Phase I included in this report are Reservoir Analysis and Characterization; Advanced Technical Studies; and Technology Transfer, Reporting and Project Management Activities for Budget Phase I. The principle Task in Budget Phase II included in this report is Field Demonstration. Completion of these tasks has enabled an optimum carbon dioxide (C02) flood project to be designed, economically evaluated, and implemented in the field. Field implementation of the project commenced during late 1995, with actual CO2 injection scheduled for start-up in mid-July, 1996. The current project has focused on reducing initial investment cost by utilizing horizontal injection wells and concentrating the project in the best productivity area of the field. An innovative CO2 purchase agreement (no take-or-pay provisions, CO2 purchase price tied to West Texas Intermediate (WTI) crude oil price) and gas recycle agreements (expensing costs as opposed to a large upfront capital investment for compression) were negotiated to further improve the project economics.

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Design and Implementation of a co2 Flood Utilizing Advanced Reservoir Characterization and Horizontal Injection Wells in a Shallow Shelf Carbonate Approaching Waterflood Depletion

The first objective is to utilize reservoir characterization and advanced technologies to optimize the design of a carbon dioxide (CO2) project for the South Cowden Unit (SCU) located in Ector County, Texas. The SCU is a mature, relatively small, shallow shelf carbonate unit nearing waterflood depletion. The second objective is to demonstrate the performance and economic viability of the project in the field. All work this quarter falls within the demonstration project.

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Research Program on Fractured Petroleum Reservoirs

Multiphase flow in fractured porous media is a complex problem. While the study of single phase flow in a fractured or a layered medium can be pursued by some kind of averaging process, there is no meaning to averaging two-phase flow when capillarity is an active force. For a two-layer system comprised of high and low permeable layers, the performance of gas-oil gravity can be less efficient than the homogeneous low permeable medium. On the other hand, heterogeneity may enhance water imbibition due to capillarity. Due to the above and various other complexities, current tools for predicting the performance of fractured hydrocarbon reservoirs are not reliable. Based on the research work carried out at the Reservoir Engineering Research Institute, and some other Institutions, a good deal of progress has been made in recent years. But still we are a long way from good predictive reservoir models. In this final report, we summarize some of our achievements in the understanding of multiphase flow in fractured media. Since some of the features of two-phase flow in fractured and layered many are similar due to the capillary forces, the work includes progress in both types of media. There are some basic issues of flow in both fractured and unfractured media that are currently unresolved. These issues include: 1) new phase formation such as the formation of liquid phase in gas condensate reservoirs, and gas phase formation in solution gas drive process and 2) composition variation due to thermal convection and diffusion processes. In the following, a brief summary of our findings in the last three years during the course of the project is presented.

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Research Program on Fractured Petroleum Reservoirs

Multiphase flow in fractured porous media is a complex problem. While the study of single phase flow in a fractured or a layered medium can be pursued by some kind of averaging process, there is no meaning to averaging two-phase flow when capillarity is an active force. For a two-layer system comprised of high and low permeable layers, the performance of gas-oil gravity can be less efficient than the homogeneous low permeable medium. On the other hand, heterogeneity may enhance water imbibition due to capillarity. Due to the above and various other complexities, current tools for predicting the performance of fractured hydrocarbon reservoirs are not reliable. Based on the research work carried out at the Reservoir Engineering Research Institute, and some other Institutions, a good deal of progress has been made in recent years. But still we axe a long way from good predictive resem0i.r models. In this final report, we summarize some of our achievements in the understanding of multiphase flow in fractured media Since some of the features of two-phase flow in fractured and layered many axe similar due to the capillary forces, the work includes progress in both types of media There are some basic issues of flow in both fractured and unfractured media that are currently unresolved. These issues include: 1) new phase formation such as the formation of liquid phase in gas condensate reservoirs, and gas phase formation in solution gas drive process and 2) composition variation due to thermal convection and diffusion processes. In the following, a brief summary of our findings in the last three years during the course of the project is presented.

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INTEGRATION OF ADVANCED GEOSCIENCE AND ENGINEERING TECHNIQUES TO QUANTIFY INTERWELL HETEROGENEITY IN RESERVOIR MODELS

The goal of this three-year project was to provide a quantitative definition of reservoir heterogeneity. This objective was accomplished through the integration of geologic, geophysical, and engineering databases into a multi-disciplinary understanding of reservoir architecture and associated fluid-rock and fluid-fluid interactions. This interdisciplinary effort integrated geological and geophysical data with engineering and petrophysical results through reservoir simulation to quantify reservoir architecture and the dynamics of fluid-rock and fluid-fluid interactions. An  improved reservoir description allows greater accuracy and confidence during simulation and modeling as steps toward gaining greater recovery efficiency from existing reservoirs.

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APPLICATION OF ADVANCED RESERVOIR CHARACTERIZATION, SIMULATION, AND PRODUCTION OPTIMIZATION STRATEGIES TO MAXIMIZE RECOVERY IN SLOPE AND BASIN CLASTIC RESERVOIRS, WEST TEXAS (DELAWARE BASIN)

The objective of this project is to demonstrate that detailed reservoir characterization of slope and basin clastic reservoirs in sandstones of the Delaware Mountain Group in the Delaware Basin of West Texas and New Mexico is a cost effective way to recover a higher percentage of the original oil in place through strategic  placement of infill wells and geologically based field development. Project objectives are divided into two major phases. The objectives of the reservoir characterization phase of the project are to provide a detailed understanding of the architecture and heterogeneity of two fields, the Ford Geraldine unit and Ford West field, which produce from the Bell Canyon and Cherry Canyon Formations, respectively, of the Delaware Mountain Group and to compare Bell Canyon and Cherry Canyon reservoirs. Reservoir characterization will utilize 3-D seismic data, high-resolution sequence stratigraphy, subsurface field studies, outcrop characterization, and other techniques. Once the reservoir characterization study of both fields is completed, a pilot area of approximately 1 mi in one of the fields will be chosen for reservoir simulation.

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CO2 HUFF-n-PUFF PROCESS IN A LIGHT OIL SHALLOW SHELF CARBONATE RESERVOIR

The principal objective of the Sundown Slaughter Unit (SSU) CO2 Huff-n-Puff (H-n-P) project is to determine the feasibility and practicality of the technology in a waterflooded shallow shelf carbonate environment. Sundown Slaughter Unit is the second demonstration site associated with this project, following the unsuccessful test at Central Vacuum Unit. The ultimate goal will be to develop guidelines based on commonly available data that other operators in the industry can use to investigate the applicability of the process within other fields. The technology transfer objective of the project is to disseminate the knowledge gained through an innovative plan in support of the Department of Energy's (DOE) objective of increasing domestic oil production and deferring the abandonment of shallow shelf carbonate (SSC) reservoirs. Tasks associated with this objective are carried out in what is a timely effort for near-term goals.

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Figure 9

Vertical sections of the slowness surfaces and polarizations (LHS) and wave (group velocity) surfaces (RHS) for a medium with vertically aligned fractures with crack-face normal's oriented along the x 1 axis.  The fracture density is 0.15 and the crack aspect ration is 0.00001. (a) No fracturing (isotropic,124 ); (b) gas filled cracks; (c) fluid filled cracks

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Figure 12

Stacks of the synthetic waveforms shown in Figure 11. (a) NMO corrected stacked traces using all of the traces (0-3850 m) for the cross-line (S1) and in-line (S2) records. (b) Range-limited stack using offsets equivalent to those used in the processing of the field data (0-3350 m). The color scale is linear and only the negative amplitudes get assigned a color.  Note the more dramatic decreases in amplitudes, from S1 to S2, for the anisotropic cases than for the isotropic case. The full offset stack includes reflections that have gone post-critical; the amplitude differences on the full-range stacks are less obvious.

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Integrated Strategies for Carbonate Reservoir Reserve Growth: An Example from the Ellenburger Group, Permian Basin, West Texas

To enhance the application of research findings by industry, this report provides a guide to results of research carried out by the Bureau of Economic Geology in the Integrated Strategies for Carbonate Reservoir Reserve Growth: an Example from the Ellenburger Group, Permian Basin, West Texas, Project as part of the Gas Research Institute's (GRI) Secondary Gas Recovery Program.

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GTI ONLINE - MATCHING GAS TECHNOLOGIES WITH GLOBAL GAS MARKETS

The International Centre for Gas Technology Information (ICGTI) is a technology information centre of the International Energy Agency (IEA). Its members include Canada, Denmark, Japan, New Zealand, Portugal, Russia, Spain and the United States and one corporate sponsor, Columbia Gas System. Its participants include gas companies in Finland and Sweden as well as British Gas. These members account for more than half the world's natural gas production and consumption. ICGTI was formally established in April 1995 to accelerate the pace of technology transfer for the global gas industry by providing an international forum for information exchange and collaboration. ICGTI is accomplishing this mission by developing a World Wide Website, GTI Online (http://www.icgti.org). GTI Online is designed to cover all aspects of the gas industry from production to end-use as well as supporting technologies, including market assessments, national energy policies, environmental information and computing and modeling techniques. It is designed to use existing information sources wherever possible, so as not to duplicate public and/or commercial efforts. It is intended to fill the gap in providing useful international information to both the US and global market.

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COST-EFFECTIVE TECHNIQUES FOR IMPROVED OIL RECOVERY IN MISSISSIPPIAN CARBONATE RESERVOIRS OF KANSAS -- NEAR TERM -- CLASS 2

The majority of Kansas production is operated by the small independent oil and gas producer (90% of the 3,000 Kansas producers have less than 20 employees). The independent producer does not have the extensive resources and the ready access to a research lab to develop and test advanced technologies. For the Kansas oil and gas industry, access to new technology remains a critical component to sustained production and increased economic viability. A major emphasis of the Kansas Class 2 project was collaboration of University of Kansas scientists and engineers with Kansas independent producers and service companies. The goal was to develop and modify cost-effective new technologies and to accelerate adaptation and evaluation of these technologies. The project introduced a number of potentially useful technologies, and demonstrated these technologies in actual oil field operations. Advanced technology was tailored specifically to the scale appropriate to the operations of Kansas producers. An extensive technology transfer effort is ongoing. Traditional technology transfer methods (e.g., publications and workshops) were supplemented with a public domain relational database and online package of project results is available through the Internet. The goal is to provide the independent complete access to project data and technology on the desktop.

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