AndreaBozzo/ceres-open-data-index huggingface dataset:
Management of dry flue gas desulfurization by-products in underground mines. Quarterly technical progress report, [October 1, 1993--December 31, 1993]

The ``Management of Dry Flue Gas Desulfurization By-Products in Underground Mines`` program is one of the largest programs ever undertaken by the Mining Engineering Department of Southern Illinois university, both in terms of complexity and in terms of funding. Total funding over the expected four-year extent of the program, including both Department of Energy, matching Southern Illinois University funds, and contributed funds, this program exceeds three million dollars. The number of cooperating organizations adds to the management complexity of the program. It was believed, therefore, that sound management plan and management base is essential for the efficient and effective conduct of the program. This first quarter period (i.e., October 1--December 31, 1993) was developed to establishing the management base, developing a sound management plan, developing a test plan, and developing sound fiscal management and control. Actual technical operations, such as residue sample acquisition, residue analyses, groundwater sample acquisition and analyses, and material handling studies will get underway early in the next quarter (i.e., January 1--March 31, 1994). Some early results of residue analyses and groundwater analyses should be available by the end of the second quarter. These results will be reported in the next Technical Progress Report.

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Alaska North Slope National Energy Strategy initiative: Analysis of five undeveloped fields

The US Department of Energy was directed in the National Energy Strategy to establish a federal interagency task force to identify specific technical and regulatory barriers to the development of five undeveloped North Slope Alaska fields and make recommendations for their resolution. The five fields are West Sak, Point Thomson, Gwydyr Bay, Seal Island/Northstar, and Sandpiper Island. Analysis of environmental, regulatory, technical, and economic information, and data relating to the development potential of the five fields leads to the following conclusions: Development of the five fields would result in an estimated total of 1,055 million barrels of oil and 4.4 trillion cubic feet of natural gas and total investment of $9.4 billion in 1992 dollars. It appears that all five of the fields will remain economically marginal developments unless there is significant improvement in world oil prices. Costs of regulatory compliance and mitigation, and costs to reduce or maintain environmental impacts at acceptable levels influence project investments and operating costs and must be considered in the development decision making process. The development of three of the fields (West Sak, Point Thomson, and Gwydyr Bay) that are marginally feasible would have an impact on North Slope production over the period from about 2000 to 2014 but cannot replace the decline in Prudhoe Bay Unit production or maintain the operation of the Trans-Alaska Pipeline System (TAPS) beyond about 2014 with the assumption that the TAPS will shut down when production declines to the range of 400 to 200 thousand barrels of oil/day. Recoverable reserves left in the ground in the currently producing fields and soon to be developed fields, Niakuk and Point McIntyre, would range from 1 billion to 500 million barrels of oil corresponding to the time period of 2008 to 2014 based on the TAPS shutdown assumption.

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Tidd PFBC Demonstration Project. Quarterly report, January--March 1994

This is the 28th Technical Progress Report submitted to the Department of Energy in connection with the Cooperative Agreement between the DOE and the Ohio Power Company for the Tidd PFBC Demonstration Plant. This report covers the period of January 1, 1994 to March 31, 1994. Major activities during this period include: (1) The unit operated for 850 hours on coal, bringing the grand total for coal fire through the end of the quarter to 6318 hours. (2) The unit availability for the first quarter was 40.1%. (3) There were twelve gas turbine starts, eight bed preheater starts, and six operating periods on coal. (4) During this quarter, total gross generation was 40,721 MWH, the peak unit output for one hour was 62 MWH, and the coal consumption was 19,370 tons. (5) Three performance tests were conducted during this quarter; and (6) the plant was able to remain in service during the sub-zero weather in January, providing power to the critically short grid.

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Prediction of wear in a fluidized bed. Technical note

The formulation of a procedure to model wear of surfaces exposed to a fluidized bed is discussed. A stochastic methodology adapting kinetic theory of gases to granular flows is used to derive an impact wear model. It uses a single-particle wear model to account for impact wear from all possible particle collisions. An adaptation of an empirical single-particle abrasion model to describe the effects of many abrading particles is used to account for abrasive wear. Parameters describing granular flow within the fluidized bed, necessary for solution of the wear expressions, are found using a computer code to model the fluidized bed hydrodynamics. Additional parameters describing the contact between fluidized particles and the wearing surface are determined with an optimization procedure based on wear measurements. The modeling procedure was applied to various bubbling and turbulent fluidized beds with single-tube and tube bundle configurations. Quantitative agreement between measured and predicted wear rates was exhibited with some exceptions for local wear predictions. Improvements in both the analytic wear expression and the computer code used to model bed hydrodynamics are needed to accurately predict local wear, thus providing true predictive capability.

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Analysis and evaluation of interwell seismic logging techniques for hydrocarbon reservoir characterization. Final report

The work reported herein represents the third year work in evaluating high-resolution interwell seismic logging techniques for hydrocarbon reservoir characterization. The objective of this project is to investigate interwell seismic logging techniques for indirectly interpreting oil and gas reservoir geology and rock physical properties. The work involves a balanced study of theoretical and numerical modeling of seismic waves transmitted between pairs of wells combined with experimental data acquisition and processing at controlled field conditions. The field applications of this reservoir probing concept are aimed at demonstrating high resolution measurements and detailed interpretation of heterogeneous hydrocarbon-bearing formations. The first part of this third year project efforts was devoted to thoroughly evaluating interwell seismic logging and reverse VSP in a hydrocarbon-bearing formation at the Buckhorn test site in Illinois. Specifically, the data from the experiments conducted in the second year of this project were analyzed to delineate geological structures and to extract rock physical parameters. The second part of this project is devoted to the evaluation of continuity logging techniques for hydrocarbon reservoir continuity. Specifically, this part of the project includes the evaluation of methods of measurements, modeling and data processing to delineate the reservoir architecture and relate dispersion and attenuation measurements to rock physical properties.

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Fuel cells. Technology status report

The primary objective of DOE`s Fossil Energy Fuel Cell program is to fund the development of key fuel cell technologies in a manner that maximizes private sector participation and in a way that will give contractors the opportunity for a competitive posture, early market entry, and long-term market growth. This summary includes an overview of the Fuel Cell program, an elementary explanation of how fuel cells operate, and a synopsis of the three major fuel cell technologies sponsored by the DOE/Fossil Energy Phosphoric Acid Fuel Cell program, the Molten Carbonate Fuel Cell program, and the Solid Oxide Fuel Cell program.

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Reservoir characterization III. Proceedings

This book contains the Proceedings of the Third International Reservoir Characterization Technical Conference held November 3-5, 1991, at the Westin Hotel in Tulsa, Oklahoma. Reservoir characterization emphasizes both geology and simulation and requires collaboration among geoscientists and engineers. The Third International Reservoir Characterization Technical Conference provide a forum to present research results relevant to recovering the large amount of oil-in-place remaining after primary production. Papers presented at the meeting are grouped under the following sections: Heterogeneities/anisotropies; field studies and data needs; modeling/description of interwell region; and poster presentations. Selected papers have been processed separately for inclusion in the Energy Science and Technology Database.

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Feasibility study of heavy oil recovery in the Permian Basin (Texas and New Mexico)

This report is one of a series of publications assessing the feasibility of increasing domestic heavy oil production. Each report covers select areas of the United States. The Permian Basin of West Texas and Southeastern New Mexico is made up of the Midland, Delaware, Val Verde, and Kerr Basins; the Northwestern, Eastern, and Southern shelves; the Central Basin Platform, and the Sheffield Channel. The present day Permian Basin was one sedimentary basin until uplift and subsidence occurred during Pennsylvanian and early Permian Age to create the configuration of the basins, shelves, and platform of today. The basin has been a major light oil producing area served by an extensive pipeline network connected to refineries designed to process light sweet and limited sour crude oil. Limited resources of heavy oil (10`` to 20`` API gravity) occurs in both carbonate and sandstone reservoirs of Permian and Cretaceous Age. The largest cumulative heavy oil production comes from fluvial sandstones of the Cretaceous Trinity Group. Permian heavy oil is principally paraffinic and thus commands a higher price than asphaltic California heavy oil. Heavy oil in deeper reservoirs has solution gas and low viscosity and thus can be produced by primary and by waterflooding. Because of the nature of the resource, the Permian Basin should not be considered a major heavy oil producing area.

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TIDD PFBC Demonstration Project

In fluidized bed combustion, coal and sorbent (dolomite or limestone) are fed into a boiler in which air, entering from the bottom, maintains the bed material in a highly turbulent suspended state called fluidization. This turbulence creates good contact between the air and fuel, allowing for high combustion efficiency and excellent adsorption of sulfur dioxide (SO{sub 2}) during the combustion process. In PFBC applications, pressurized air is supplied to the combustor. Pressurizing the air concentrates a larger quantity of oxygen per unit volume. This results in a lower velocity of air through the fuel bed. The lower velocity reduces the total height required for the bed and freeboard above the bed. Also, a smaller plan area is required for the bed area as compared to an atmospheric fluidized bed. This has the advantage of requiring a much smaller pressure vessel to contain the boiler enclosure. The mean bed temperature of a pressurized fluidized bed combustor is typically maintained in the range 1540 to 1580 F. This is well below the ash fusion temperature of coal, yet above the ignition temperature of the coal. Advantages of the low bed temperature are no slag formation and a reduction of NO{sub x} emissions to less than half that of a conventional boiler. The Tidd Plant is a combined cycle pressurized fluidized bed combustion system with a topping gas cycle and a bottoming steam cycle.

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Field verification of CO{sub 2}-foam. [Quarterly] report, January 1--March 31, 1993

This project is a cooperactive industry-university-government effort to transfer laboratory research technology to a field demonstration test. The primary objective of the project is to evaluate the use of foam for mobility control and fluid diversion in a field-scale CO{sub 2} flood. Seven tasks were identified for the completion of this four-year project: (1) evaluate and select a field site, (2) develop an initial site-specific plan, (3) conduct laboratory CO{sub 2}-foam mobility tests, (4) perform reservoir simulations, (5) design the foam slug, (6) implement a field test, and (7) evaluate results. The East Vacuum Grayburg/San Andres Unit (EVGSAU), operated by Phillips Petroleum Company (PPCo), is the site selected for a comprehensive evaluation of the use of foam for improving the effectiveness of a CO{sub 2} flood. The project began in late 1989, and is now in the fourth and final year. The foam test design called for the initial injection of surfactant solution to satisfy the adsorption requirement of the reservoir followed by a rapid surfactant-alternating-gas (SAG) mode. The rapid SAG mode consists of 3-day cycles of surfactant solution (3000 RB) alternated with 12-day cycles of CO{sub 2} (12,000 RB). Thus, the rapid SAG should closely approach the benefits achieved by simultaneous injection of surfactant solution and CO{sub 2}, and would provide an approximate foam quality of 80%. This quarterly report provides an update on the recent results obtained from the foam injection test and a status of supporting research related to the project.

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193-pixel, three-dimensional capacitance imaging system

This is the third in a series of technical notes that describe the development of the capacitance imaging system (CIS). The CIS was designed at the Morgantown Energy Technology Center (METC) as a tool for use in fluidized-bed research. This report briefly reviews the electronic system used for data accumulation and manipulation. It also describes the data processing methods that have been developed for 3-dimensional, fluidized-bed density measurement and display for the first-generation, 16-electrode, 49-pixel, 4-level CIS. The review outlines the basic structure of the first-generation CIS as it applies to the 32-electrode, 193-pixel, 4-level system. Emphasis is placed upon the modification in the electronic system needed to best utilize the improved resolution capabilities offered by the 32-electrode, second-generation system. The report also describes the changes and advances made in data processing made necessary by the increase from 104 to 400 in the number of interelectrode displacement current measurements. The larger number of measurements allow for the possibility of greater accuracy of density determination to take advantage of the higher resolution available with smaller pixel definition.

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Naturally Occurring Radioactive Materials (NORM) in oil and gas industry equipment and wastes. A Literature Review

The purpose of this report is to briefly issues relating to the contamination of oil and gas industry equipment and wastes with accumulations of naturally occurring radioactive materials (NORM). The report describes the present state of knowledge regarding NORM in the oil and gas industry, including information on known geographic distributions of NORM and observations on concentration levels from various types of equipment and wastes. Environmental fate and effects of NORM radionuclides and potential human impacts are discussed. A review of existing, proposed, and planned state and federal regulations, standards, and guidelines for NORM is provided, along with a brief distribution of the potential economic and technological constraints that regulations and standards governing the disposal of NORM-contaminated wastes could have on domestic oil and gas production. Research and technology transfer needs relating to issues associated with NORM are also summarized.

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High temperature creep of refractory bricks. Final report

The uniaxial compressive creep of the 13 high chromia-commercial refractories that are candidate materials for lining coal gasification vessels was studied using stresses from 50 to 1500 psi (0.34 MPa to 10.3 MPa) and temperature from 1900{degrees}F to 2600{degrees}F (1038{degrees} to 1427{degrees}C). The regimes to stress and temperature in which creep was active varied widely, depending on impurities and microstructure, not chromia content, and was active at lower stresses and temperatures than would be expected from hot strength data. The creep was always primary, going through steady state to failure as a transient phase. One specimen with a liquid phase at temperature gave a longer steady-state region. The primary creep time exponent varied from 0.4 to nearly one. It was smaller at low stresses and temperatures, but was often a linear function of stress. Activation enthalpies were less for refractories containing a significant liquid phase at temperature, and were in the range expected for cation diffusion. Current theoretical models to not fit these systems. Two models are suggested to explain the primary creep regime. More research to correlate primary creep with microstructure is needed.

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Microbial field pilot study. Final report

A multi-well microbially enhanced oil recovery field pilot has been performed in the Southeast Vassar Vertz Sand Unit in Payne County, Oklahoma. The primary emphasis of the experiment was preferential plugging of high permeability zones for the purpose of improving waterflood sweep efficiency. Studies were performed to determine reservoir chemistry, ecology, and indigenous bacteria populations. Growth experiments were used to select a nutrient system compatible with the reservoir that encouraged growth of a group of indigenous nitrate-using bacteria and inhibit growth of sulfate-reducing bacteria. A specific field pilot area behind an active line drive waterflood was selected. Surface facilities were designed and installed. Injection protocols of bulk nutrient materials were prepared to facilitate uniform distribution of nutrients within the pilot area. By the end of December, 1991, 82.5 tons (75.0 tonnes) of nutrients had been injected in the field. A tracer test identified significant heterogeneity in the SEVVSU and made it necessary to monitor additional production wells in the field. The tracer tests and changes in production behavior indicate the additional production wells monitored during the field trial were also affected. Eighty two and one half barrels (13.1 m{sup 3}) of tertiary oil have been recovered. Microbial activity has increased CO{sub 2} content as indicated by increased alkalinity. A temporary rise in sulfide concentration was experienced. These indicate an active microbial community was generated in the field by the nutrient injection. Pilot area interwell pressure interference test results showed that significant permeability reduction occurred. The interwell permeabilities in the pilot area between the injector and the three pilot production wells were made more uniform which indicates a successful preferential plugging enhanced oil recovery project.

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Coal-fueled diesel technology development -- Fuel injection equipment for coal-fueled diesel engines

Because of the abrasive and corrosive nature of coal water slurries, the development of coal-fueled diesel engine technology by GE-Transportation Systems (GE-TS) required special fuel injection equipment. GE-Corporate Research and Development (GE-CRD) undertook the design and development of fuel injectors, piston pumps, and check valves for this project. Components were tested at GE-CRD on a simulated engine cylinder, which included a cam-actuated jerk pump, prior to delivery to GE-TS for engine testing.

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Resource characterization and residuals remediation, Task 1.0: Air quality assessment and control, Task 2.0: Advanced power systems, Task 3.0: Advanced fuel forms and coproducts, Task 4.0

This report addresses three subtasks related to the Resource Characterization and Residuals Remediation program: (1) sulfur forms in coal and their thermal transformations, (2) data resource evaluation and integration using GIS (Geographic Information Systems), and (3) supplementary research related to the Rocky Mountain 1 (RM1) UCG (Underground Coal Gasification) test program.

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Innovative fossil fuel fired vitrification technology for soil remediation. Phase 1

Vortec has successfully completed Phase 1 of the ``Innovative Fossil Fuel Fired Vitrification Technology for Soil Remediation`` program. The Combustion and Melting System (CMS) has processed 7000 pounds of material representative of contaminated soil that is found at DOE sites. The soil was spiked with Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) metals surrogates, an organic contaminant, and a surrogate radionuclide. The samples taken during the tests confirmed that virtually all of the radionuclide was retained in the glass and that it did not leach to the environment-as confirmed by both ANS 16.1 and Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure (TCLP) testing. The organic contaminant, anthracene, was destroyed during the test with a Destruction and Removal Efficiency (DRE) of at least 99.99%. RCRA metal surrogates, that were in the vitrified product, were retained and did not leach to the environment as confirmed by the TCLP testing. Semi-volatile RCRA metal surrogates were captured by the Air Pollution Control (APC) system, and data on the amount of metal oxide particulate and the chemical composition of the particulate were established for use in the Phase 2 APC subsystem design.

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Advanced Turbine System (ATS): Task 1, System scoping and feasibility study. Final report

Present GT(Gas Turbine) Systems are available to achieve 52% (LHV) thermal efficiencies, plants in construction will be capable of 54%, and the goal of this study is to identify incentives, technical issues, and resource requirements to develop natural gas-and coal-compatible ATS which would have a goal of 60% or greater based on LHV. The prime objective of this project task is to select a natural gas-fired ATS (Advanced Turbine System) that could be manufactured and marketed should development costs not be at issue with the goals of: (1) Coal of electricity 10% below 1991 vintage power plants in same market class and size. (2) Expected performance 60% efficiency and higher, (3) Emission levels, NO{sub x} < 10 ppM (0.15 lb/MW-h), CO < 20 ppM (0.30 lb/MW-h), and UHC < 20 ppM (0.30 lb/MW-h). ABB screening studies have identified the gas-fueled combined cycle as the most promising full scale solution to achieve the set goals for 1988--2002. This conclusion is based on ABB`s experience level, as well as the multi-step potential of the combined cycle process to improve in many component without introducing radical changes that might increase costs and lower RAM. The technical approach to achieve 60% or better thermal efficiency will include increased turbine inlet temperatures, compressor intercooling, as well a improvements in material, turbine cooling technology and the steam turbine. Use of improved component efficiencies will achieve gas-fired cycle performance of 61.78%. Conversion to coal-firing will result in system performance of 52.17%.

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