AndreaBozzo/ceres-open-data-index huggingface dataset:
Small-scale experiments with an analysis to evaluate the effect of tailored pulse loading on fracture and permeability. Quarterly report 2, December 11, 1979 through March 11, 1980. [Tailored pulse loading]

Because of the potential for increased gas production in the eastern Devonian shales, these materials were selected for the evaluation of well stimulation techniques. One technique selected for further study was blasing with tailored pulse loading, i.e., shaping the borehole input pressure-history to produce a specified fracture pattern. A two-year program was initiated to examine the effects on fracture of pulse tailoring. In Task 1, field experiments are being performed at the Nevada Test Site (NTS) to evaluate computational fracture predictions and to evaluate various well shooting concepts. Task 2 consists of laboratory measurements and springing experiments to determine site material properties and NAG-FRAG fracture parameters (in the SRI microstructural model). Task 3 is a theoretical and computational effort. During this quarter, a shear cracking model and a model for gas penetration effects were incorporated into NAG-FRAG, and simulations of the laboratory springing experiments were performed.

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Coal gasification reactions with on-line in-situ FTIR analysis. Fifth quarterly report, September 4-December 3, 1982

During the fifth quarter, the reactor configuration was unchanged. Good reproducibility was obtained and mass balances were acceptable for low tar coals. For high tar coals, missing material can be up to 20% due to accumulation of tar on the walls of the water cooled collector and cyclone. Data for a Pittsburgh No. 8 bituminous coal and a Gillette, Wyoming subbituminous coal were collected at a furnace temperature of 1100/sup 0/C. The general behavior of the various species is similar to the data on the Beulah lignite and Kentucky No. 9 coal except that the quantities of species vary. The similarity of the species evolution data for four coals of varying rank supports the assumption that species kinetics are insensitive to coal rank. The data for the two new coals are presented and compared to data for the original coals. Work on the pyrolysis theory is continuing. The major emphasis is validating the model for the same coal in both the heated grid and entrained flow reactors using the same coal composition and kinetic parameters. Simulations have been performed for a Beulah, North Dakota lignite and a Pittsburgh No. 8 bituminous coal. Theory modifications have been made for computing the changes in hydrogen functionality when a tar molecule is stabilized by an aliphatic or hydroaromatic hydrogen. The changes have resulted in improved simulations for the aromatic hydrogen and methane formation. Work continued on elucidating the mechanisms of particle swelling. The bubble growth and rupture equations were integrated into the pyrolysis theory and predictions compared to data. Good agreement was obtained in predicting the heating rate dependent swelling of a Pittsburgh Seam coal. Work has been initiated to improve the modeling of tar evolution. The tar is treated as a single product with an elemental and functional group distribution based on the parent coal. 5 refs., 31 figs., 17 tabs.

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Coal gasification reactions with on-line in-situ FT-IR analysis. Eighth quarterly report, June 4-September 3, 1983

During the eighth quarter an interim report was prepared which summarizes the pyrolysis results from the first two years of the program. This interim report has been submitted to the Contract Monitor for review and will be distributed in a few months. Work continued on the measurements of coal particle temperatures from FT-IR emission spectra. Attention has been focused on the departures from black-body behavior which have been observed for several cases. For high temperatures and long residence times, the high frequency emission is higher than expected for a black body. If a theoretical black body curve is subtracted from the observed emission, the result looks like radiation from soot. It may be possible to determine the amount and particle size of this soot and this is being pursued. For short residence time, there is a coal-like spectrum subtracted from the black body curve. The only explanation that, so far, appears feasible is that the coal has a hot core and a cold surface (cooled by the ambient cold gas). The cold surface subtracts energy from the radiation emitted from the hot core. Final designs for the shell of the high pressure reactor are being reviewed and will be submitted for construction. 18 refs., 17 figs., 1 tab.

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Particulate characterization. Final report for the period ending March 31, 1986. [Baghouse operating efficiency]

The primary focus is on characteristics which are critical to particulate control device performance and the environment for western low-rank coals. The concern is that the control device removal efficiency is reduced for particles less than 2..mu..m diameter and these fine particles represent a potential health hazard. Fly ash particle size distribution, morphology, composition, and ash cohesiveness were measured and related to the level of fine particle emissions from the baghouse and to the specific coal. A major finding of the study is that fine particulate emissions from a fabric filter are coal specific. That is, some coals produce fly ash which is easily collected while others produce fly ash with a smooth surface texture and low ash cohesiveness resulting in a difficult-to-collect ash. Tests were also conducted to determine the effect of micronizing the coal (mass median diameter approximately 10 ..mu..m) on the amount of respirable particulate matter produced. Results from combustion tests of two coals show that reduction in coal particle size reduces the median fly ash diameter and significantly increases submicron particle production. Trace element fly ash particle size studied for a micronized and a normal grind Texas lignite showed that selenium was the most highly enriched element in the submicron particles but there was also significant submicron enrichment of barium and vanadium for both coals. A method to reduce fine particulate emissions for difficult-to-collect ash was developed.

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Granular-bed-filter development program. Phase II. Quarterly report, October-December 1981

The Department of Energy is sponsoring a multiphase program to investigate the filtration potential of the moving granular bed filter (GBF) for application in pressurized high temperature energy conversion systems. Phase I, which has been completed, included the development of a mathematical model, a cold flow parametric test series, and investigations of potential dust plugging problems at the inlet screen. During the experimental program, collection efficiencies of 99% and filter outlet loadings less than 0.005 gr/acf were demonstrated. The objectives of Phase II are to investigate the effects of elevated temperature and coal combustion particulate on GBF filtration performance; to continue development of the analytical model to reflect the high temperature effects; to optimize filter internal configuration; to perform parametric and long duration tests to characterize the effects of filter design improvements on filtration efficiencies; and to conduct an economic analysis of full scale filters for PFB service. A secondary objective is to evaluate the effect of combustion additives in reducing the alkali concentration in the outlet from the GBF. Early Phase II hot flow testing confirmed that the original GBF design incorporating inlet and outlet screens exhibited a tendency for extensive and irreversible ash plugging. That led to an alternate design of the GBF internals which eliminated the inlet and outlet screens. This screenless GBF has undergone cold and hot flow tests with collection efficiencies equal to the screened GBF and without ash plugging problems. All current development work under Phase II is being carried out using the screenless configuration. This report updates the work accomplished in the development of the three-dimensional axisymmetrical model, describes two 200-h hot flow tests, analyses of these tests and scaleup efforts initiated during the reporting period.

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Field verification of CO sub 2 -foam

In September 1989, the Petroleum Recovery Research Center (PRRC), a division of New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology, received a grant from the US Department of Energy (DOE) for a project entitled   Field Verification of CO{sub 2} Foam.''The grant provided for an extension of the PRRC laboratory work to a field testing stage to be performed in collaboration with an oil producer actively conducting a CO{sub 2} flood. The objectives of this project are to: (1) conduct reservoir studies, laboratory tests, simulation runs, and field tests to evaluate the use of foam for mobility control or fluid diversion in a New Mexico CO{sub 2} flood, and (2) evaluate the concept of CO{sub 2}-foam in the field by using a reservoir where CO{sub 2} flooding is ongoing, characterizing the reservoir, modeling the process, and monitoring performance of the field test. Seven tasks were identified for the successful completion of the project: (1) evaluate and select a field site, (2) develop an initial site- specific plan, (3) conduct laboratory CO{sub 2}-foam mobility tests, (4) perform reservoir simulations, (5) design the foam slug, (6) implement a field test, and (7) evaluate results.

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Sulfur and ash reduction potential and selected chemical and physical properties of United States coals. [Contains glossary]

This report presents the washability and comprehensive characterization results of 543 raw coal samples collected from the Eastern Region of the United States. This is the first volume of a three-volume report on the coals of the United States. All the data are presented in six appendices. Statistical techniques and definitions are presented in Appendix A, and a glossary of terms is presented in Appendix B. The complete washability data and an in- depth characterization of each sample are presented alphbetically by state in Appendix C. In Appendix D, a statistical evaluation is given for the composited washability data, selected chemical and physical properties, and washability data interpolated at various levels of Btu recovery. This presentation is shown by state, section, and region where four or more samples were collected. Appendix E presents coalbed codes and names for the Eastern Region coals. Graphical summations are presented by state, section, and region showing the effects of crushing on impurity reductions, and the distribution of raw and clean coal samples meeting various levels of SO{sub 2} emissions. 14 refs., 27 figs., 3 tabs.

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Kinetic behavior of solid particles in fluidized beds

The overall objectives of this project are to develop experimental techniques for measuring the forces of fluidized particles, and to predict the solid-gas performance in fluidized beds by using data analysis system, and by elucidating the intrinsic mechanism of erosion and attrition phenomena in fluidized beds. The reduction of erosion and attrition rates is one of the critical engineering problems for the design and operation of fluidized bed combustors. Specifically, the objectives are to: (1) develop the experimental techniques to measure the forces of solid particles prevailing in fluidized beds: (2) measure and characterize the forces of solid particles in various types of fluidized beds with various configurations (conventional and spouted fluidized beds) and with different scales (10, 20, and 30cm) under various fluidization conditions (particle size, bed aspect ratio and gas velocity,4990 ); (3) find and verify the mechanism of erosion rates of in-bed tubes and attrition rates of fluidized particles by forces of solid particles in fluidized beds. We developed three different kinds of measurement methods, i.e., fracture sensitive sensor, piezoelectric sensor and gas pressure fluctuation method. By using these methods the exact forces of solid particles, including the transient corporate in fluidized beds, were systematically measured. Simultaneously, the erosion rates of in-bed tubes and attrition rates of fluidized particles were measured. 69 figs., 9 tabs.

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Great Plains ASPEN model development. Technical progress report, October 1, 1983-October 31, 1983

During the period October 1, 1983 to October 31, 1983 work was performed on the following tasks: Task No. 1 simplified models and Task No. 4 rigorous models; and Task No. 5 evaluation and upgrading of the ASPEN cost estimation and economic evaluation system. The Steam Generation areas of sections 5500 and 5100, of the Great Plains project, have been simulated on ASPEN. Separate simulation runs were made using the RSTOIC and the RGIBBS models to represent the Waste Fuel Boilers and Steam Superheaters. The RSTOIC assumes complete combustion while RGIBBS determines the quantities of species present in the off-gas. RGIBBS requires much more time to converge because of the complexity of the equations which must be solved and because of an additional external Design-Spec which is required for adiabatic operations. RSTOIC suffices for determining fuel requirements while RGIBBS is used in environmental studies. The Steam Distribution Area is currently under development and will be merged with the Steam Generation Area at a later date. Details of the simulation are included in this report.

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Development of a solid absorption process for removal of sulfur from fuel gas. Final report

The Solid Supported Molten Salt process is being developed as a method for removing sulfur from fuel gases at temperatures above 700/sup 0/C. The process uses molten salts contained within the pores of a porous solid substrate material as a sorbent for sulfur. This report summarizes the results of laboratory and bench-scale process development work on the process. This work demonstrated efficient sulfur removal, sorbent regenerability, sorbent durability over 40 absorption/regeneration cycles, and the ability to produce a concentrated H/sub 2/S vent gas (up to 52% dry) during regeneration.

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Performance and economic analysis of alternative treatment options for gasification wastewaters

This study is an attempt to use the existing biological treatability data base to prepare a preliminary assessment of commercial viability, both performance and costs, of several wastewater treatment system alternatives. To meet this objective it was necessary to review and assess the existing data to determine which sets of researchers studies provided quality data for the purpose of designing a full scale treatment system. Following this design basis analysis, preliminary capital and operating cost estimates were prepared for each unit operation and each integrated treatment system. 18 figs., 10 tabs.

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Application of ATP measurements to the microbiological evaluation of a petroleum reservoir

The objective of the work reported in this document was to determine whether the bioluminescent luciferin/luciferase based adenosine triphosphate (ATP) assay could be used as a rapid field tests for determining the presence and numbers of microorganisms in oil field fluids. The ATP-photometric technique employed is based on the ATP-mediated bioluminescent oxidation of firefly luciferin. Light production is stoichiometrically related to ATP concentration; ATP concentration is related to numbers of living organisms present in a sample. Samples used in this study comprised reservoir fluids collected from several Southern California oilfields. Based on experimental evidence, it was concluded that the ATP assay could be profitably applied to Microbially Enhanced Oil Recovery (MEOR) process monitoring and control. The theoretical basis for the assay, field-usage methodologies, and fundamentals of data interpretation are presented to make the document usable as a field manual.

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Nozzle development

The objective of this program has been the development of experimental techniques and data processing procedures to allow for the characterization of multi-phase fuel nozzles using laboratory tests. Test results were to be used to produce a single value coefficient-of-performance that would predict the performance of the fuel nozzles independent of system application. Several different types of fuel nozzles capable of handling multi-phase fuels have been characterized for: (a) fuel flow rate versus delivery pressure, (b) fuel-air ratio throughout the fuel spray or plume and the effective cone angle of the injector, and (c) fuel drop- or particle-size distribution as a function of fluid properties. Fuel nozzles which have been characterized on both single-phase liquids and multi-phase liquid-solid slurries include a variable-film-thickness nozzle, a commercial coal-water slurry (CWS) nozzle, and four diesel injectors of different geometries (tested on single-phase fluids only). Multi-phase mixtures includes CWS with various coal loadings, surfactant concentrations, and stabilizer concentrations, as well as glass-bead water slurries with stabilizing additives. Single-phase fluids included glycerol-water mixtures to vary the viscosity over a range of 1 to 1500 cP, and alcohol-water mixtures to vary the surface tension from about 22 to 73 dyne/cm. In addition, tests were performed to characterize straight-tube gas-solid nozzles using two differences size distributions of glass beads in air. Standardized procedures have been developed for processing measurements of spray drop-size characteristics and the overall cross-section average drop or particle size. 43 refs., 60 figs., 7 tabs.

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Determination of Miscibility Pressure Direct Observation Method

A method is described for direct determination of minimum miscibility pressure (MMP) between CO/sub 2/ and crude oil by utilizing a high pressure visual cell. CO/sub 2/ was allowed to mix, circulate and recycle through the crude oil in the visual cell. The development of different phases, the swelling of crude oil and the disappearance of the phase boundary between displacing CO/sub 2/ and displaced crude oil marking the minimum miscibility pressure were clearly observed and photographed. MMP tests were carried out on crude oils ranging from 15/sup 0/ API to 48/sup 0/ API at temperatures from 70/sup 0/F to 140/sup 0/F. Liquid and vapor samples were extracted from the transparent cell at the miscibility condition to understand CO/sub 2/-crude oil miscibility through chemical analysis by a gas chromatograph. A CO/sub 2/-rich less dense liquid phase, believed to be formed by the extraction of the C/sub 5/-C/sub 20/ components of the crude oil, was found to be miscible at the forward contacts of the miscible transition zone due to enrichment through multiple contacts. Chemical analysis with gas chromatograph showed that the amount of the CO/sub 2/-rich less dense liquid and thus the quality of the miscible transition zone are determined by oil-composition particularly the quantity of C/sub 5/-C/sub 20/ components in the crude oil. A small amount of CO/sub 2/-rich less dense liquid was generated for a low C/sub 5/-C/sub 20/ content crude oil and the displacement was primarily of the immiscible type and recovery was largely due to viscosity reduction and swelling. CO/sub 2/ injected at liquid state also extracted C/sub 5/-C/sub 20/ components and eventually became miscible with crude oil. 13 references, 36 figures, 4 tables.

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Effects of coal combustion and gasification process contaminants on the neuromuscular system. Sub-task on peripheral nervous system effects. Final report

This study is a preliminary investigation of the possible toxic effects of flyash particles from an experimental fluidized-bed combustion process at the Morgantown Energy Research Center. Emphasis has been placed on the action of trace metals present on the surface and in the matrix of the particulates emissions, since these elements may be toxic in low dosages. It is well established that external calcium (Ca/sup 2  /) is essential for neuromuscular transmission. In the absence of Ca/sup 2  / from the external medium, nerve impulses continue to invade the terminal but do not evoke transmitter release. Many of the di- and trivalent metal ions have been tested for their ability to substitute for Ca/sup 2  / and have been shown to affect evoked and spontaneous transmitter release. Many of these ions cause a decrease in amplitude of the evoked end-plate potential (e.p.p.), but raise the frequency of spontaneously occurring miniature end-plate potentials (m.e.p.p.s). Several investigators have found that the effective concentration necessary to cause an increase in m.e.p.p. frequency is far greater than that which decreases the e.p.p. amplitude. The neuromuscular junction of the frog was selected to test the effects of flyash particles and pure metal ions, since its general characteristics are well documented and its sensitivity to metal ions is well known. Cadmium (Cd/sup 2  /) was chosen for our investigation because it had previously been reported to be a highly potent inhibitor of evoked release, yet having no significant effect on spontaneous release even at high concentrations. In this report it was shown that the effective concentrations necessary to increase m.e.p.p. frequency are in the same range as those which decrease e.p.p. amplitude.

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Rock matrix analysis of eastern gas shale and western tight gas sands. Final report, October 1, 1983-December 31, 1984

The objective of the work performed under this contract was to obtain accurate measurements of the porosity and permeability of western tight gas sands and eastern gas shale under pressures representative of the actual underground reservoir. The results of these measurements were then correlated with the pore structure inside the rocks. The approach was to use proven core analysis facilities at IGT to make these difficult measurements, and to study the pore structure by means of optical and scanning electron microscopy. Results obtained under this contract indicate that gas flow through microdarcy tight sand is controlled by narrow, slot-like cracks between abutting quartz overgrowths on sand grains. The characteristic width of these cracks under reservoir net stress is approximately 0.1 micron. Because of the small size and linear configuration of these ''slot pores,''gas permeability in western tight sands is extremely sensitive to water content, with gas permeability effectively dropping to zero at water saturation of 40% to 60%. This is generally less than the saturation levels required for water to become a mobile phase in the rock, so many tight sands cease production due to water problems without any water ever flowing into the wellbore. The results of the eastern gas shale study indicate that the permeability of Devonian shale is strongly stress-dependent. Gas permeability in the shale matrix is adversely affected by the presence of mobile liquid hydrocarbon in the shale pores. Because of the small pore size in shale, mobile liquids block flowpaths by capillary action and strongly reduce gas permeability. 17 refs., 36 figs., 13 tabs.

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Pacific Project, Garfield County, Colorado, Phase 1. Project data book auxiliaries and related facilities - Task 8c. Volume 3. Cost estimates and schedules

Plhase I design engineering for the Pacific Project is for a single retort, 18,000 bbl per day shale oil plant. Volume III covers the capital and operating cost estimates and cash flow schedules for the auxiliaries and related portion of the Pacific Project. Contents includes: (1) scope of work; (2) schedule-time and events; (3) estimate; and (4) schedule and expenditure.

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