AndreaBozzo/ceres-open-data-index huggingface dataset:
ROYSTER RETORTING PROCESS STOICHIOMETRIC BALANCES

The Royster process pilot plant is a gas-circulating, batch-retorting unit wherein product gasses serve as the retorting medium. The pilot plant was originally designed and fabricated for low-temperature coal carbonization studies at the Pittsburgh Central Experiment Station. The unit was never corrected at Pittsburgh and was subsequently loaned to the Rifle Oil-Shale Demonstration Plant for use in oil-shale retorting investigations.

Tags: kmd
PILOT PLANT OPERATIONS ON GAS COMBUSTION RETORT

A performance evaluation run was made on the gas-combustion pilot plant retort during the period October 13 to 24, 1950. The evaluation run extended over a period of 10 days and the entire run was limited to constant operating conditions representative of feasible commercial operations. Several exploratory tests were made prior to the performance run to establish the operability of the process and to define the operating characteristics of the pilot-plant unit. These tests also served as bases for the evaluation run and are discussed briefly herein.

Tags: kmd
REFINERY CRACKING OPERATIONS RUN NO. 35 PREPARATION OF ROAD OIL CUTTTER MATERIAL RUN NO. 35A- REDUCTION OF VISBROKEN RESIDUUM TO ASPHALT (ROAD OIL PREPARATION)

Two refinery operations, runs Nos. 35 and 35A, are covered by this report. The purpose of run No. 35, July 19 and 20, 1951, was to submit a mixture of polymer, slop oil, and naphtha to a simple fractionation at atmospheric pressure to obtain suitable distillate stocks for road oil blending purposes. Run No 35A, from July 30 to August 3, 1951, was a modified atmospheric distillation in which the visbroken residuum charge stock was reduced to an asphalt for preparing road oil.

Tags: kmd
THE DISCOVERY OF FOERSTIA IN THE ANTRIM SHALE OF MICHIGAN

The inconspicuous fossil Foerstia marks a time zone within the Late Devonian black shale sequence of the Eastern United States. It is best known from locations in Ohio, but is has been reported from Ontario to Tennessee and recently provided the basis of a new stratigraphic correlation between the Illinois and Appalachian Basins. This is the first discovery of Foerstia to occur in the state of Michigan. A cored zone some 1.5 meters thick contains several foerstian remains at a depth of 402.6 to 404.1 meters within Unit 2 in the Dow/DOE Well 110 (Section 8, T9N-R15E, Sanilac County, Michigan). Unit 2 correlates with the Middle Huron Member of the Ohio Shale, and Units 1A, 1B, and 1C in the Antrim correlate with the Lower Huron. Units 3, 4, 5 and 6 correspond, respectively, to the Upper Huron, Chagrin, and Cleveland. Interpretations of a speculative nature include the possibility that Unit 4 may contain a Three Lick Bed equivalent and that a new division of Antrim at the stratigraphic position of Foerstia should be considered.

Tags: kmd
TOPICAL REPORT FOR WATER FLOODING TO MAINTAIN AND CONTROL THE PROCESS ZONE BOUNDARY IN THE RECOVERY OF OIL FROM A SHALE RUBBLE RETORT

A novel shale oil recovery system is undergoing exploratory development at TRW to improve the efficiency of retorting pyrolysis in an in situ rubblized retort. Application of this new proprietary process technology as a supplement to existing methodology promises to overcome the problems of 'combustion bypass'in conventional vertical retort systems.

Tags: kmd
A GEOCHEMICAL STUDY OF THE UPPER DEVONIAN-LOWER MISSISSIPPIAN BLACK SHALES IN EASTERN KENTUCKY

The Chattanooga-Ohio-New Albany Shale outcrops of eastern Kentucky comprise only a small portion of over 800,000 square kilometers (500,000 square miles) (Provo, 1977) of black shale deposited during the Middle Devonian to Early Mississippian. These shales extend from as far south as Alabama northward through New York and into parts of Canada.

Tags: kmd
A CHEMICAL MODEL OF KEROGEN DECOMPOSITION

A chemical model of kerogen decomposition is described. The model is unique in that the fate of the major carbon functionality of kerogen is considered in terms of its partitioning in the reaction products. Experimental verification of the model is based on isothermal kinetic experiments conducted as 375supO/C on a Colorado oil shale. Solid and liquid state sup15/C NMR techniques are employed to measure the distribution of aliphatic and aromatic carbon during the reaction. The results suggest that kerogen decomposition can be considered in terms of aliphatic and aromatic components of the kerogen. The aliphatic components largely determine the oil yields, whereas the aromatic components tend to remain in the residue. It is suggested that some of the residue carbon is related to a residue component already in the starting material.

Tags: kmd
GREEN RIVER OIL-SHALE RESERVES OF NORTHWESTERN COLORADO

This report is the first of a series dealing with the oil-shale reserves of the Green River formation in the Rocky Mountain Region.  The known oil shale reserves of northwestern Colorado at present considered to have economic value apparently are confined to the Piceance Creek basin between the Colorado and White Rivers.  The number of sampled sections is small, but there can belittle doubt that the Piceance Creek basin is a potential source of enormous quantities  of liquid fuels and the related byproducts obtained from oil shale processing.

Tags: kmd
EFFECTS OF GAS ENVIRONMENT ON MINERAL REACTIONS IN COLORADO OIL SHALE

The effects of various sweep gases on the decomposition and reaction of calcite and dolomite in Colorado oil shale is reported. The disappearance of reactants and formation of products in the temperature range of 500 to 900 degrees C is monitored by using powder x-ray diffraction. The results show that, over this temperature range, the effect of gas environment on the rate of silicate formation follows the order. The "final" silicate-product phases are observed to be a mixture of meliliite, diopside, and merwinite. Global reaction kinetics are developed that described the rate of CO2 evolution during decomposition of dolomite and calcite in the presence of.

Tags: kmd
HIGH-PRESSURE PYROLYSIS OF GREEN RIVER OIL SHALE

Oil yields, compositions and rates of evolution are reported for heating rates from 1 to 100 Degrees C/h and pressures of 1.5 and 27 atm. Pyrolysis occurred in an autogenously atmosphere and volatile products were allowed to escape the pyrolysis occurred in an autogenous atmosphere and volatile products were allowed to escape the pyrolysis region continuously. Higher pressures and lower heating rates during pyrolysis cause a decrease in oil yield, although the effects are not addictive. The lowest oil yield was approximately 72 wtx or 79 vol.% of Fischer assay. Lower oil yield is generally accompanied by lower boiling ping distribution, nitrogen content and density and higher H/C rations. Oils produced at high pressure and slow heating rates are a clear amber color instead of the usual opaque brown. The effect of pyrolysis conditions on biological markers and other diagnostic hydrocarbons is also discussed. Existing kinetic expressions for oil evolution slightly overestimate the shift in the oil evolution rate vs. temperature with a decrease in heating rate. Finally, the rate of oil evolution is retarded by pressure, a factor not taken into account by current kinetic expressions.

Tags: kmd
PYROLYSIS KINETICS FOR GREEN RIVER OIL SHALE FROM THE SALINE ZONE

We have determined the nature of the organic and mineral reaction during the pyrolysis of saline zone Colorado oil shale containing large amounts of nahcolite and dawsonite. Results reported included a material balanced Fischer assay and measurements of gas evolution rate for CH4, C2Hx, H2, CO, and CO2. Stoichiometry and kinetics of the organic pyrolysis reactions are similar to oil shale from the Mahogany zone. X-ray diffraction and thermogravimetric analysis results are used to help determine the characteristics of the mineral reactions Kinetic expressions are reported for dawsonite decomposition, and it is demonstrated that the temperature of dolomite decomposition is substantially lower than for Mahogany Zone shale because of the presence of the sodium minerals.

Tags: kmd
HEATS OF COMBUSTION OF RETORTED AND BURNT COLORADO OIL SHALE

Heats of combustion were measured for 12 samples of retorted and 21 samples of burnt Colorado oil shale originating from raw shale's with grades that ranged from 13 to 255 cm^3 shale oil/kg oil shale. For the retorted shale's, we resolve the heat of combustion into exothermic contributions from combustion of carbon residue and iron sulfides and endothermic contributions for carbonate decomposition and glass formation. Fight samples reported in earlier work were included in this analysis. Variations in the first three constituents account of over 99% of the variation in the heats of combustion. For the burn shale's, account must also be taken of the partial conversion of iron sulfides to sulfates. Equations are developed for calculating the heat of combustion of retorted and burnt oil shale with a standard error of about 60 J/g.

Tags: kmd
REACTION KINETICS BETWEEN STEAM AND OIL SHALE  RESIDUAL CARBON

The reaction kinetics between steam and the residual organic carbon in retorted Colorado oil shale have been investigated using both isothermal and nonisothermal methods. The reaction is found to depend on the 0.5 power of the steam partial pressure the H2OC reaction is found to be approximately three times faster than the CO2C reaction at atmospheric pressure and temperatures near 700 C the reactivity of the residual carbon depends on both the treating rate used to generate the carbon and the subsequent the treatment. Removal of mineral matter be acid leaching decreases the reactivity of the char by more than an order of magnitude. Surface area and Mercury porsolimetry results are also discussed.

Tags: kmd
REACTION KINETICS BETWEEN CO2 AND OIL SHALE RESIDUAL CARBON.1. EFFECT OF HEATING RATE ON REACTIVITY

The reaction kinetics between CO2 and residual carbon from Colorado oil shale (Mahogany Zone) have been investigated using both isothermal and nonisothermal methods. It was found that oil-shale residual carbon is approximately an order of magnitude more reactive than subbituminous coal char although the surface areas are similar. The reactivity of the residual carbon was found to carry by a factor of two for samples prepared by retorting the shale at heating rates between 0.033 and 12 degrees C min. Since the surface area of the residual carbon is approximately independent of the amount of oil coking, the heating rate effect cannot be explained by pore filling. Surface areas of the residual organic carbon in shale were estimated by comparing the surface area of retorted shale with that of retorted shale which has been declared by oxidation at 400 C. Surface areas of 250-400 m/g and 100-200 m2/g were obtained using CO2 and N2 respectively as the absorbed gases. Mercury porosimetry results are also presented.

Tags: kmd
REACTION KINETICS BETWEEN CO2 AND OIL SHALE RESIDUAL CARBON II - PARTIAL - PRESSURE AND CATALYTIC- MINERAL EFFECTS

The partial pressure dependence of the reaction of CO2 with residual organic carbon in retorted Colorado oil shale has been investigated. The reaction was found to depend on the 0.2 power of Pco2 for pressures between 20 and 100 KPA (0.2 to 1.0 atm). This result is compared to other work on pure carbons and coal chars. The effect of various pretreatments on the reactivity of the residual carbon has been investigated also. Removal of mineral matter (primarily carbonates) by leaching with hydrochloric acids reduces the reactivity of the residual carbon by more than an order of magnitude. Surface area measurements indicate that the specific surface area of the residual carbon is reduced only slightly upon leaching. This implies that the carbon gasification is catalyzed by mineral matter in the oil shale. A decrease in the reactivity of the residual carbon is also observed upon thermal treatment. The relative importance of changes in the residual carbon and changes in the catalytic mineral species as a result of thermal pretreatment is discussed.

Tags: kmd
ON THE MECHANISM OF KEROGEN PYROLYSIS

Aromaticities determined by 13C NMR are reported for five shale oil samples (Green River Formation) prepared under widely different pyrolysis conditions. In the absence of high-pressure hydrogen, the total amount of aromatic carbon in the products is nearly independent of the pyrolysis conditions although its distribution between the oil and carbonic residue changes. An improved kerogen decomposition mechanism is reported that accounts for the Aromaticities of the liquid product. Further work is necessary to make it quantitative and account for gas formation.

Tags: kmd
ANALYTICAL PYROLYSIS EVALUATION OF THE RETORTING POTENTIAL OF KENTUCKY OIL SHALE

The utilization of oil shale as a source of synthetic fuels has been increasingly promoted in recent years. While oil shales in the western United States have been extensively studied for many years eastern shales have received serious consideration only recently. The value of a shale resource is determined by a variety of factors. The mining and reclamation aspects of the resource, processing requirements, the product composition, and the overall economics are some of the more significant variables. However, the overall resource quality, which is represented by its magnitude, accessibility, and oil content, in perhaps the most important.

Tags: kmd
PROGRESS REPORT ON THE GEOLOGY AND THE EVALUATION OF THE OIL SHALES OF THE GREEN RIVER BASIN

The Green River basin of Wyoming contains oil shales of considerable value in the Lower Laney and Tipton members of the Green River formation, with the best oil shales in the Tipton with some depths exceeding 1500'in the south-eastern portion of the basin. From data obtained by field work and the drilling of six wells by Union Pacific it is estimated that there are 435 square miles of Union Pacific land containing 55 billion barrels of shale oil in beds with an average content of 10 GPT or more. Where the oil content averages 20 GPT or more there are 300 square miles beneath Union Pacific lands containing at least 30 billion barrels.

Tags: kmd
DYNAMIC FRACTURE AND FRAGMENTATION OF OIL SHALE

In support of research studies of in-situ fracturing of oil shale at Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory and Sandia Laboratories, Albuquerque, Stanford Research Institute (SRI) has completed the first phase of a program to develop a quantitative model of the dynamic fracture and fragmentation of this rock. The SRI work during 1976 has included: Dynamic fracture experiments using plate-impact techniques.; Microstructural examination of 20 gal/ton oil shale cores.; Development of a preliminary computational fracture/fragmentation model based on these results.; Lagrangian analysis of stress-gage profiles supplied by LASL to obtain dynamic constitutive relations for 20 gal/ton oil shale.; Small-scale explosive fracturing experiments on oil shale cylinders.

Tags: kmd
RESULTS OF MATHEMATICAL MODELING OF OIL SHALE RETORTING IN AN  ABOVEGROUND, INTERNAL COMBUSTION RETORT

The one-dimensional mathematical model developed at the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory to simulate the detailed chemical reaction kinetics involved in modified in-situ retorting of oil shale has been applied to simulate aboveground retorting in a moving, packed-bed retort. Application of the model to simulate such a retort was made for the internal combustion mode of operation, using typical operation conditions of the Paraho semi works retort. Comparison with the semi works experimental data revealed the general accuracy of the model in calculating retort temperature profiles, oil yield, off gas composition, and outlet shale composition. The model was also applied to a hypothetical set of commercial-scale conditions in order to identify key operating or design parameters. These parameter studies predicted that the oil yield and the overall process performance could be markedly improved by increasing the recycle gas flux, decreasing the inlet-air flux, and relocating the inlet air distributors. A process flow sheet was developed for the complete retorting system.

Tags: kmd
PRODUCTION OF BENZENE AND OTHER PRODUCTS FROM OIL SHALE

Because most of the benzene supply in the United States comes from high temperature by-product oven carbonization of bituminous coal to produce coke for the steel industry, the quantity of benzene produced is geared to the quantity of steel produced. However, the demand for benzene is increasing at a much more rapid rate than is the demand for steel and as a result has surpassed the supply available from coke oven operations. A shift of benzene from motor fuel and solvent markets to chemical industry has taken up some of the slack but cannot supply the constantly growing demand. Recent accelerated defense manufacture, particularly reactivation of synthetic rubber plants, has aggravated the situation.

Tags: kmd
SHALE OIL CRACKING KINETICS AND DIAGNOSTICS

Kinetic equations and diagnostic expressions are given for cracking of shale oil produced in a fluidized bed at 450 degrees C. The maximum yield obtained was approximately 119 of Fischer assay for 0.3 s at 450 degrees C in the cracking reactor. A minimum oil yield of 22% of the maximum oil yield was obtained for 12.3 s at 50 Degrees C. in the cracking reactor. Our oil yields agree fairly well at low conversions with published kinetic expressions, but a more complicated analysis was required to fit the entire range of data. Four models of varying complexity are considered. Relations are also developed between three aromatic/aliphatic ratios are the amount of shale oil cracking. These can be used as retort diagnostics to estimate the oil yield loss due to cracking to several percent. Finally, data are given demonstrating the effect of cracking on the boiling-point distribution as measured by simulated distillation.

Tags: kmd
EVALUATION OF SHALE OILS (BASED ON THE BUREAU OF MINES CHEMISTRY AND REFINING RESEARCH ON SHALE OIL)

It has been common practice in the petroleum industry to classify petroleum according to base, i.e., paraffin base, intermediate or mixed base, naphthene base and asphalt base, or by property relationships such as correlation index, characterization factor, ect. Several methods for establishing the base or index have been proposed and used, and these relationships have considerable utility in predicting the behavior of stocks in processing and under service conditions. However, it is not possible at the present time to apply similar systems of correlation to shale oils or shale-oil stocks because the required information is not available on the properties of a variety of shale oils and very few data have been developed to indicate the performance of shale-oil stocks either in refining processes or under service conditions. Lacking such a system of correlation, some idea of the problems involved in refining shale oil and the quality of the products that may be obtained therefore can be had from analyses of these oils.

Tags: kmd
OIL SHALE: WHERE DO WE GO FROM HERE?

On December 1, more than two hundred people from oil shale communities, environmental organizations, universities, state and local agencies, labor unions, consumer organizations, other interests and unaffiliated individuals--representing three states--met to discuss and make recommendations concerning the Department of Energy's oil shale RD&D Program Management Plan. As organizers of the workshop, we believe that the discussions were highly productive. The Department should be pleased by the constructive results.

Tags: kmd
COMBINED MODIFIED IN SITU/ABOVEGROUND OIL SHALE PROCESSING DEVELOPMENT NEEDS

An analysis of the sensitivity of commercial-scale oil shale economics to development risk factors has been completed. The study was performed using published data for the modified in situ, mining and surface retorting, and combined modified in situ/surface retorting processes. The results of this analysis show the need for development efforts in rock fragmentation and mining equipment, together with the need for commercial-scale demonstration modules for both modified in situ and aboveground processing. Numerical data leading to these results, and rationale for the projected development needs, are presented. It is concluded that development and commercialization efforts may be done concurrently, and must be if an accelerated commercialization schedule is to be realized.

Tags: kmd
ANTRIM OIL SHALE - FIELD IGNITION EXPERIMENTS AUGUST 1974 THROUGH FEBRUARY 1975

The Antrim oil shale of Michigan underlies much of the Lower Peninsula. Because of its magnitude and location, it is a potential hydrocarbon  and fuel resource for The Dow Chemical Company. The Antrim is a fairly low grade oil shale (8 to 10 gallons of oil per ton) and in situ processing is the most likely technology for the economical recovery of energy or hydrocarbons. In early 1972, a field experiment was initiated in Sanilac County, Michigan to study the in situ fracturing and partial combustion of shale. The objective of this report is to summarize the first five shale ignition experiments conducted from August 1974 through February 1975.

Tags: kmd
THE PHYSICAL PROPERTIES AND CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF ANTRIM OIL SHALE

By conservative estimates, Michigan's Antrim shale contains about 2.5 trillion barrels of oil in place - roughly 60 times the nation's current oil reserves. Efforts to extract value from this shale were initiated by Dow in the mid-fifties. A variety of physical measurements and chemical analysis have been made during this period to support the laboratory and field retorting experiments. The purpose of this report is to summarize what we know about this resource today.

Tags: kmd
RETORTING OF OIL SHALE

Exploitation of the huge Colorado shale reserves of the U.S. depends upon the combined economic solution of the problems of mining, retorting, end rolling of shale and shale oil. The Union Oil Company of California tackled the retorting of shale as a major step in development of the shale resources. Costs exceeding $2 per barrel had been frequently estimated for the retorting operation by the existing methods, and it was imperative that the cost of retorting be reduced to a fraction of this if the huge reserves of Colorado shale were to be utilized in the near future.  In the course of these studies an entirely new shale retorting unit was developed employing a kiln with bottom feed of solids and counter current flow of shale and air.  The ash and clinkers are removed overhead and the oil drains from the bottom of the unit.  The oil is distilled by a downward flow of heat furnished by combustion of residual carbon on the shale clinker at the top of the  kiln.  The heat available from the combustion of the stack gases far exceeds the power requirements of the plant.  Almost perfect heat exchange is obtained in the unit.  The incoming air is pre-heated by the spent hot clinker and the products of distillation are condensed on the cool incoming shale.

Tags: kmd
EXECUTIVE AND LEGISLATIVE HISTORY FEDERAL FOSSIL ENERGY PROGRAM - OIL SHALE

This report provides the history of executive and legislative actions pertaining to twelve research and development areas in the federal fossil energy program. Separate reports are provided for the following major program areas in the DOE Fossil Energy R&D program: Aboveground Coal Gasification; Advanced Environmental Control Technology Coal Liquefaction; Coal mining Direct combustion; Fuel Cells; Heat Engines &Heat Recovery Magnetohydrodynamics; Oil Shale; Unconventional and Enhanced Gas Recovery; Unconventional and Enhanced Oil Recovery and Underground Coal Gasification.

Tags: kmd