AndreaBozzo/ceres-open-data-index huggingface dataset:
Research and development leading to the preparation of a gravity flow of solids media engineering databook for coal conversion and utilization processes. Phase I. Final technical report

The reliable flow of coal at elevated temperatures and/or high gas pressure is a significant problem for most coal conversion and utilization processes. To address this problem the consulting firm of Jenike and Johanson, Inc. (J and J), Billerica, Massachusetts has been awarded a three-year contract to identify parameters and develop the necessary testing equipment, theory, and verification experiments to produce a databook for reliable gravity coal flow. Under the completed Phase I of this five-phase project, a shear tester has been designed, built, and tested for elevated temperatures (up to 1000/sup 0/F) and high gas pressures (up to 750 psi) using well-established J and J technology. Together with existing testing equipment and techniques this permits the determination of shear strength, wall surface friction, permeability, and compressibility of bulk solids at temperatures and pressures with these ranges.

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Supercritical solvent extraction

Analysis of supercritical water extracts of Indian head lignite determined that approximately 69% of the extract was of a polar nature, 26% was aromatic and 5% was aliphatic hydrocarbons weight several identifiable compounds found in the aromatic fraction. Use of a 90 mole % supercritical water-CO mixture resulted in a decrease in the percent conversion as compared to those obtained using supercritical water and an increase in the resulting polarity of the extract. Ultimate and GPC anlayses possibly indicated a slight lowering of the overall molecular weight of the extract.

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Coal gasification pilot plant support studies. Subtask 1-3. Application of availability analysis in assessing the efficiency of coal gasification processes

The methodology for availability analysis to assess thermodynamic efficiency in coal gasification processes has been established. The methodology includes the following: procedures for estimating chemical, thermal, and mechanical contributions to enthalpy, entropy, and availability transformations in various steps of coal gasification processes; and definition of parameters for a quantitative assessment of process thermodynamic efficiency. The methodology of availability analysis, including the procedures and definitions (mentioned above), has been used to develop computer programs for assessing the thermodynamic efficiency of coal gasification processes. These programs are written in FORTRAN IV for use in the IGT computer facilities. The data input to these programs include the temperatures, pressures, and flow rates of chemical species entering and leaving the processes or process steps being analyzed. The thermodynamic analyses provided by the computer programs include: verification of material and heat balances; and computation of availability balances and process thermodynamic efficiency parameters. Availability analyses have been conducted for the major process steps in proposed designs of HYGAS and Lurgi processes for producing SNG from Eastern coals. For each design, process steps with potential for improved thermodynamic efficiencies have been identified, and recommendations were made for improving process efficiencies. The proposed HYGAS and Lurgi designs were compared, and differing design features were contrasted and analyzed.

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Coal gasification pilot plant support studies. Subtask 2-1. Solids fluidization relating to coal gasification

An investigation was undertaken to determine the effects of system parameters on vertical jet penetration in fluidized beds. The study was conducted in a 12-in.-diameter semicircular, transparent column over a pressure range of 50 to 750 psig. Three different jet penetrations were measured in the investigation corresponding to the phenomena observed. The effect of bed fluidizing velocity on jet penetration was determined by measuring the jet penetration at three different fluidization velocities. The effects of particle density and particle size on jet penetration were also studied. An investigation was undertaken to determine the effect of pressure on jet penetration. Existing correlations to predict jet penetration were compared with the experimental data to determine how well the correlations predicted the effect of system pressure. The effect of jet nozzle size and configuration on jet penetration length were also determined. The second area studied in this investigation was the effect of standpipe length on solids flow rate from hoppers. Two different modes of standpipe flow were observed in these tests. With no restriction at the bottom of the pipe, the solids moved in a dilute, streaming type of flow in the standpipe. With a restriction at the bottom, however, the solids were in a dense-phase moving packed-bed flow in the pipe. In general, the solids flow rate through the pipe increased with increasing pipe length for the dilute-phase flow mode.

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Coal gasification pilot plant support studies. Subtask 2-3. Void-gas stripping in coal gasification systems. [e. g. , Removal of oxygen by displacement with nitrogen]

An investigation was conducted to: Determine the mechanism of void-gas stripping in a moving packed bed of solids; determine the effect of system parameters on void-gas stripping requirements; and to develop a model for predicting the minimum amount of stripping gas required for a particular design application. The void-gas stripping investigation was carried out with an air-nitrogen gas system. Stripping was conducted in 4, 6, and 8-in. diameter columns with moving beds of sand, siderite, and coal char. The solids flow rate was varied over a wide range. In each test, the stripping gas (i.e., nitrogen) was added to the standpipe to displace the interstitial oxygen in the moving bed of solids. The oxygen concentration in the standpipe was monitored with a diffusion-type oxygen analyzer. The results show that for a downward-moving packed bed, the direction of the void-gas flow in the downcomer to be stripped is important. For void gas initially traveling down (relative to the wall) in the stripping section, stripping-gas requirements could be decreased by: decreasing the solids flow rate, increasing the standpipe diameter, raising the stripping-gas injection point, or increasing the pressure drop in the stripping section. For gas initially traveling up the downcomer relative to the downcomer wall, stripping-gas requirements could be decreased by: increasing the solids flow rate, decreasing the standpipe diameter, lowering the stripping-gas injection point, or decreasing the pressure drop in the stripping section. A model was developed, based on the relative solids-gas velocity in the stripper, to predict stripping-gas requirements for nonporous particles. This model predicted stripping-gas requirements for the sand and siderite material to within 20%.

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Shift conversion and methanation in coal gasification:  bench-scale evaluation of a sulfur-resistant catalyst. Final report. [Iridium-promoted nickel catalysts supported or aluminum oxide]

The results of this study demonstrate that the Ir-promoted Ni/Al/sub 2/O/sub 3/ catalyst possesses several valuable and superior characteristics when used for catalytic methanation under typical industrial conditions. These properties include: higher activity by a factor of > 2 than that of the unpromoted Ni/Al/sub 2/O/sub 3/ catalyst; enhanced resistance to deactivation by hydrogen sulfide during exposure to contaminated feedstock, as manifested by the prolonged high methanation activity and extended service lifetime; and high resistance to carbon fouling.

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Improvement of CO2 Flood Performance

This second annual report gives the details of work during a busy and productive year. Significant progress is reported in all three of the interdependent research areas of the project. These areas include: (1) the phase behavior and fluid properties of CO/sub 2/-hydrocarbon mixtures; (2) the interaction of mixing and phase behavior in CO/sub 2/ flood performance; and (3) the added problems faced by CO/sub 2/ displacement because of the unfavorable mobility ratio. In each area our research is keyed to specifics that were identified in the original project proposal. 42 refs., 57 figs., 16 tabs.

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Western gas sands project. Status report, 1 July-31 July, 1980

The progress of the government-sponsored projects, directed towards increasing gas production from the low permeability gas sands of the western United States, is summarized. A subcontract was approved between Gas Research Institute and M.D. Wood, Inc. to obtain information on hydraulic fracture length. A meeting was held with Superior Oil Company during July to discuss possible sites for the multi-well experiment. Bartlesville Energy Technology Center continued work toward the assessment of fracture fluid effects on post fracture test times. A full report of the Seismic Formation Mapping Program will be issued by Sandia after review and editing have been completed.

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BX in situ oil shale project. Quarterly technical progress report, June 1, 1980-August 31, 1980

Objective is to demonstrate the technical feasibility of using superheated steam as a heat-carrying medium to retort in situ the oil shale in the Green River Formation leached zone and provide a mechanism for the recovery of this shale oil with a minimum impact on the environment. Utilizing primarily the natural porosity in the leached zone, approximately one trillion Btu of heat will be injected into a site over a two-year period to heat to retorting temperature a shale zone approximately 550 feet thick and covering about one acre. The field Project is located at Equity's BX In Situ site in Rio Blanco County in northwestern Colorado. The quarter June to August 1980, was the first quarter since Project start up that sustained steam injection at superheated temperatures has taken place. Results of the injection for the quarter have been positively reflected in temperature observation wells, and, although mechanical problems with Project equipment still exist, Project goals are being met.

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Seismic evaluation of NOSR 2. Naval Oil Shale Reserves management support and systems engineering project. [Utah]

In June 1981, the Department of Energy (DOE) elected to conduct a seismic evaluation of NOSR 2 in Utah. This survey was carried out by TRW for DOE as part of the resource assessment of the Naval Oil Shale Reserves. The objective of the seismic survey was to determine if there are any structures on the Reserve which may have trapped hydrocarbons. An evaluation of the results indicated the elongated anticlinal structure in the southeast corner (Tabyago Dome) does have dip reversal and that there is a closed structure. Centered in Section 21, T13S, R19E, that structure has a high probability of having trapped hydrocarbons. Any well drilled on that structure should test all the potential producing formations down to the Pre-Cambrian (15,000 feet). It is also possible that several stratigraphic traps exist on a north-trending anticline in R19E. The seismic survey was carried out during August-September 1981 when the Seismograph Service Corporation (SSC) shot an additional eight seismic lines over the entire Reserve. With the three existing commercial seismic lines, a total of 66.25 miles of seismic profiles were available for the evaluation. Additional geologic information from existing reports and data from producing areas which surround the Reserve also were used in making the final assessment. 9 references, 7 figures, 3 tables.

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Proceedings of the second annual fuel cells contractors review meeting

The Second Annual Fuel Cells Contractors Review Meeting was held May 2--3, 1990, at the Lakeview Resort in Morgantown, West Virginia. This meeting was sponsored and hosted by the Morgantown Energy Technology Center of the US Department of Energy. The purpose of this meeting was to bring together the research and development (R D) participants in the DOE/Fossil Energy-sponsored Fuel Cells Program to present key results of their research. Major emphasis was on phosphoric acid, molten carbonate, and solid oxide technology efforts. Research results of the coal gasification and gas stream cleanup R D activities pertinent to the Fuel Cells Program were also highlighted. One hundred forty-nine attendees from industry, academia, and Government participated in this 2-day meeting. Twenty-eight papers were given. Individual papers are processed separately for the data bases.

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Performance analysis of a screenless (counter-current) Granular Bed Filter on a subpilot-scale PFBC (pressurized fluidized-bed combustor), Volume 1

The US Department of Energy sponsored this program to develop and test the Granular Bed Filter (GBF) as part of the overall program to develop coal-fired, pressurized fluidized-bed combustors to be used in combined-cycle power generating systems. In these systems a portion of the electricity is generated using a gas turbine driven by the high-temperature, high-pressure combustion gas. A hot gas cleanup train, such as the Granular Bed Filter, must be installed before the gas turbine to prevent erosion of turbine materials and deposition of particulate within the turbine. Meeting New Source Performance Standards (NSPS) with this filter is also required to eliminate need for post-turbine particulate removal. Furthermore, it has also been shown that alkali (sodium and potassium) in trace amounts can harm gas turbine materials. The GBF was evaluated for removal of these containments. The purpose of this work was to obtain information on the operational and economic feasibility of the Granular Bed Filter when applied to a pressurized fluidized-bed combustor (PFBC) as a high-temperature, high-pressure particle control device. In this program, experimental data was obtained on the design and operational life of critical components, an experimental sequence was conducted on a subpilot-scale GBF test module, and an update of a commercial-scale design was completed based on experimental data.

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Self and transfer impedances of coaxial coils for interrogating a borehole formation

Analytical models for coaxial-coil logging were improved to permit a self-consistent and accurate evaluation of formation rocks using multiple frequencies within 10 to 100 MHz. For typical borehole diameters up to 20 cm, the inclusion of magnetic-quadrupole coupling allows the self and transfer impedances to be accurately calibrated during design, and self-consistently measured during downhole interrogation. Comprehensive processings of the measurable Z/sub 11/ and Z/sub 21/ are expected to enhance the uniqueness of evaluating the properties of reservoir rocks.

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Determination of optimum air (gas) injection rate in aerated drilling operations. Annual report, May 1, 1979-April 30, 1980

Air, mist, foam, and other variations of aerated fluid drilling are utilized in various areas because of the improved penetration rate when compared to conventional mud drilling. The high compressibility of aerated drilling fluids and multiphase flow phenomena encountered when using these fluids have given rise to sophisticated engineering approach to achieve proper downhole cleaning and material transport. There have been several attempts to calculate the minimum volumetric requirements for air and gas drilling. The results of these studies are valid over limited ranges of drilling rates at best. The method described in this paper will permit the driller and drilling engineer to determine optimum fluid injection rates in the field. It eliminates the need for complicated flow calculations used to predict volumetric air requirements.

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Gas characterization from fluidized-bed coal gasification. Third quarterly report, March 1-May 31, 1982

The Westinghouse Electric Corporation proposed to characterize the nature of alkali, trace metal, particulate, and hydrocarbon emissions in the hot fuel gas stream produced in the Westinghouse fluidized bed gasifier. This program would be carried out to determine the potential environmental and process implications of these emissions. The characterization would consist of determining the amounts of contaminants associated with the particulate emissions relative to the amounts and types of gaseous species. The particulate-associated contaminants would be further analyzed to determine their soluble and insoluble fractions as well as the particular species present. The primary method of sampling will be based on isokinetic extractive sampling. Upon analysis of the species and amounts of alkali, trace metal, and hydrocarbons found, attempts will be made to correlate the effects of feedstocks and operating parameters with these emissions. This will be used to develop a basis for projecting emission profiles in fluidized bed gasification processes. 16 figures, 13 tables.

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Geochemical evaluation and characterization of a Pittsburgh No. 8 and a Rosebud seam coal

Detailed chemical and mineralogical analysis of a bituminous high-volatile A coal from the Pittsburgh No. 8 seam and a Montana sub-bituminous coal from the Rosebud seam was conducted. Analytical determinations over 70 elemental and other coal parameters were made on the whole coals, 3/8 x 28 mesh fractions, six float-sink fractions, and on acid demineralized mineral-free products for each sample. Low-temperature ashes (plasma ashing at approximately 150/sup 0/C) were prepared from the whole coals and their float-sink fractions, and the major mineral phases were determined. Using low-temperature ash (mineral matter) values, organic affinity curves were prepared, and the trace elements were further correlated with the mineral phases. The whole coals were also extracted with an ion exchange solution to ascertain the form in which trace elements were contained in various fractions. Petrographic studies were made of the whole coal and the 3/8 by 28 mesh fraction to investigate the physical relationships of the various macerals.

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Advanced cleanup device performance design report (Task 4. 3). Volume A. Cyclone theory and data correlation

The 100-year-old cyclone is perhaps the best known and least expensive method of gas particulate cleaning. The theory and practice of cyclone operation has been extensively documented. The body of experience indicates that small cyclones operated at high swirl velocity give better separative efficiency although consideration must also be given to coarse particle bouncing and limitations associated with system pressure losses and cyclone erosion. Hence, multicyclones (i.e., many small cyclones operating in parallel), and staging have been employed in situations where unusually clean gas is mandated. Despite the extensive body of literature on the subject, predicting the performance of cyclones in actual service remains an art. The inadequacies in the existing cyclone theories quickly became evident in the course of several experimental programs at GE using various cyclone designs. The most significant finding of this work has been the observation that electrostatic forces could enhance, or, in fact, dominate the separation process. Cyclone separative efficiencies, with natural electrostatic effects present, were found to be independent of flowrate or even to improve at low flowrates, completely contrary to any of the existing cyclone literature. By implication, it is also possible that such electrostatic forces could influence cyclone scaling so that large cyclones employed in the cleanup train may not suffer the performance degradation compared to small cyclones, as projected from conventional inertial theory. Much of the GE work has therefore been oriented toward understanding and augmenting these electrostatic effects. This report is a collection of the most significant papers and memos on cyclone performance generated during the past three years by General Electric under the CFCC program.

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Petrology of the Devonian gas-bearing shale along Lake Erie helps explain gas shows

Comprehensive petrologic study of 136 thin sections of the Ohio Shale along Lake Erie, when combined with detailed stratigraphic study, helps explain the occurrence of its gas shows, most of which occur in the silty, greenish-gray, organic poor Chagrin Shale and Three Lick Bed. Both have thicker siltstone laminae and more siltstone beds than other members of the Ohio Shale and both units also contain more clayshales. The source of the gas in the Chagrin Shale and Three Lick Bed of the Ohio Shale is believed to be the bituminous-rich shales of the middle and lower parts of the underlying Huron Member of the Ohio Shale. Eleven petrographic types were recognized and extended descriptions are provided of the major ones - claystones, clayshales, mudshales, and bituminous shales plus laminated and unlaminated siltstones and very minor marlstones and sandstones. In addition three major types of lamination were identified and studied. Thirty-two shale samples were analyzed for organic carbon, whole rock hydrogen and whole rock nitrogen with a Perkin-Elmer 240 Elemental Analyzer and provided the data base for source rock evaluation of the Ohio Shale.

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Report on some thermodynamic data for desulfurization processes. [Includes properties of aqueous ions and certain solid, liquid, aqueous and gaseous compounds]

Tables are presented here of values of thermochemical properties and processes at 298.15/sup 0/K for some substances of interest to DOE for flue gas desulfurization. The substances covered are (1) the aqueous ions: OH/sup -/, SO/sub 3//sup -2/, HSO/sub 3//sup -/, SO/sub 4//sup -2/, HSO/sub 4//sup -/, CO/sub 3//sup -2/, HCO/sub 3//sup -/, H/sup  /, Mn/sup  2/, Fe/sup  2/, Mg/sup  2/, Ca/sup  2/, Na/sup  /, and K/sup  /, and (2) solid, liquid, aqueous, and gaseous compounds or species formed from these ions. The tables contain the following: (1) the thermochemical property values, enthalpy of formation, ..delta../sub f/H/sup 0/, Gibbs energy of formation, ..delta../sub f/G/sup 0/, entropy, S/sup 0/, and heat capacity, C/sub p//sup 0/, all at 298.15/sup 0/K, as well as the enthalpy difference between 298.15/sup 0/K and 0/sup 0/K, H/sup 0/-H/sub o//sup 0/, for the basic species cited above; (2) the predicted values for ..delta..H/sup 0/, ..delta..G/sup 0/, ..delta..S/sup 0/, and ..delta..C/sub p//sup 0/ as well as log K (equilibrium constant) for the processes, or reactions, of importance to DOE, calculated from (1,7522 ); (3) the property values, phi/sub L/, the relative apparent molar enthalpy, ..gamma../sub  -/, the mean ionic activity coefficient, and phi, the osmotic coefficient, for the binary aqueous systems at 298.15/sup 0/K, all as a function of concentration. Some documentation for (2) and (3) is provided. All of the values given are consistent with the NBS TN 270 Series.

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