AndreaBozzo/ceres-open-data-index huggingface dataset:
Mild gasification of Usibelli coal in an inclined fluidized-bed reactor

Results of mild gasification tests of minus 16-mesh Usibelli coal in an inclined fluidized-bed reactor are described in this report. The minus 16-mesh fraction was separated from the coal by screening. The coal was dried to zero moisture content, and about 2 wt % of the volatiles was removed as gas by partial decarboxylation using a 100-lb/hr inclined fluidized-bed dryer. The dried coal was subjected to mild gasification at maximum temperatures of 1050 to 1250{degrees}F (566 to 677{degrees}C) and feed rates of 7.5 lb/hr while using a once-through flow of carbon dioxide as fluidizing gas in a 1-inch-wide, inclined fluidized-bed reactor. Mild gasification of the dried coal resulted in production of 44 to 56 wt % of the dried coal as char, 10 to 13 wt % as liquids, 17 to 28 wt % as gas, and 8 to 21 wt % as fines. The yield of moisture- and ash-free (MAF) liquids varied from 11.4 to 14.2 wt % of the dried coal feed. Chemical analysis was carried out on these products.

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Measurement and modeling of advanced coal conversion: Quarterly report, January-March 1987

The overall objective of this program is the development of computer-aided reactor engineering technology for the design, scale up, simulation, control and feedstock evaluation in advanced coal conversion devices. Current computer-aided reactor engineering technology has shown significant potential, but there is a need to bring the technology to a higher level of generality, accuracy and acceptability. This program will merge significant advances made at Advanced Fuel Research, Inc. (AFR) in predicting coal conversion behavior, with technology being developed at Brigham Young University (BYU) in comprehensive computer codes for mechanistic modeling of entrained-bed gasification. The foundation to describe coal-specific conversion behavior will be AFR's Functional Group (FG) and Devolatilization, Vaporization, and Crosslinking (DVC) models, developed under previous and on-going METC sponsored programs. These models have demonstrated the capability to describe the time dependent evolution of individual gas species, and the amount and characteristics of tar and char. The FG/DVC models will be integrated with BYU's comprehensive two-dimensional reactor model, PCGC-2, which is currently the most widely used reactor simulation for combustion or gasification. The program includes: (1) validation of the submodels by comparison with laboratory data obtained in this program, (2) extensive validation of the modified comprehensive code by comparison of predicted results with data from bench-scale and process scale investigations of gasification, mild gasification and combustion of coal or coal-derived products in heat engines.

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Conceptual designs of advanced high-temperature desulfurization processes: Volume 2, Integrated gasification combined cycle: Final report

Purpose of this effort is to provide conceptual commercial-scale designs, including engineering, relative cost, and economic information for high-temperature desulfurization processes. The commercial-scale processes were designed as an integral part of a nominal 100-MW(e) power plant. Two types of power plants were considered, a coal gasification molten carbonate fuel cell (MCFC) power plant and an integrated gasification combined-cycle (IGCC) power plant. Three desulfurization processes combined with three different gasification processes were evaluated, for a total of 16 cases for the MCFC power plant. The three desulfurization processes evaluated were: METC's zinc ferrite process, Battelle Pacific Northwest Laboratory's solid-supported molten salt process, and Institute of Gas Technology's mixed metal oxide process. This volume presents the results for the IGCC power plant.

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Assessment of non-traditional uses of advanced coal utilization technologies in the industrial sector: Final report

The use of coal in US industry has not reached the levels anticipated in many projections made since the ''oil shock''period of the early 1970s. One reason for this is the lagging development of technologies to permit the use of coal in new applications. This report presents an analysis of three emerging non-traditional technologies and their potential applications. The technologies are: Atmospheric fluidized bed combustion for process heat, slagging combustors, and micronized coal. This work follows and builds on analyses completed in March 1985 (DOE/FE6045701) and May 1986 (DOE/FE60457-H1). These two earlier works analyzed the current and potential use of coal in the major energy intensive US industries of chemicals, oil refining, steel, pulp/paper, stone/clay/glass, and food. This report addresses the use of atmospheric fluidized bed combustion for process heat, slagging combustors, and micronized coal from the viewpoint of the following issues: General concept, status of technology, characteristics, applications, limitations, research and development needs, and outlook for use. 34 refs., 9 figs., 3 tabs.

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Low-rank coal research. Quarterly technical progress report, July-September 1984

The quarterly report on low-rank coal research contains information on (1) gasification waste water, water treatment and reuse, (2) hydrogen production from low-rank coals, (3) preparation and combination of coal water slurries, including coal preparation (drying), (4) liquefaction of low-rank coals, (5) pollution control of nitrogen and sulfur oxides, (6) particulate, ash slag and waste characterization, (7) combustion research and fouling of boilers by low-rank coal, (8) the organic structure of coal and the distribution of inorganic trace elements, (9) physical properties and moisture (including measuring methods), (10) supercritical solvent extraction, and (11) pyrolysis and devolatization. (LTN)

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Improvement of CO/sub 2/ flood performance. Quarterly report, October 1-December 31, 1984

This quarterly report describes progress during the last period in a comprehensive research program on fundamental aspects of carbon dioxide flooding. The research effort is divided into three parts: (1) measurements and analysis of phase behavior and fluid properties of CO/sub 2/-crude oil mixtures, (2) displacement experiments to study mixing of fluids - specifically CO/sub 2/ and crude oil - in reservoir rocks, and (3) development of mobility methods for CO/sub 2/ floods. In the first area, a viscometer based on an oscillating quartz crystal is being developed for installation in a continuous flow apparatus developed previously to study compositions and densities of phases in equilibrium. In the second area, miscible displacement experiments with fluids of matched densities and viscosities in reservoir cores are used to measure effects of rock pore structure and the distribution of oil and water within the pore space on mixing of oil and CO/sub 2/. A one-dimensional simulator is used to predict the performance of gravity stabilized secondary and tertiary CO/sub 2/ floods based on the results of the miscible core floods and independent measurements of phase behavior and fluid properties. CO/sub 2/ floods will then be performed in the same cores to test the accuracy of the predictions. The third area, concerned with mobility control, is itself divided into two parts. The displacement behavior of CO/sub 2/ foams and the synthesis of polymeric materials soluble directly in CO/sub 2/ are being explored as means for thickening CO/sub 2/ to improve reservoir sweep efficiency. 23 references, 26 figures, 8 tables.

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Western Gas Sands Project. Status report, 1 March 1979--31 March 1979

Progress of the government-sponsored projects directed toward increasing gas production from low-permeability gas sands of the western United States is summarized. During March, National Laboratories and Energy Technology Centers generally progressed on schedule. Bartlesville Energy Technology Center continued work on fracture conductivity, rock-fluid interaction, and log evaluation techniques. Theoretical and experimental work on hydraulic fracturing mechanics and analysis of well test data continued at Lawrence Livermore Laboratory. Sandia Laboratories completed preparations for the NTS evaluation test of the borehole seismic system. M.D. Wood, Inc. monitored the formation of a hydraulic fracture in the Wattenburg gas field, Weld County, Colorado. Measurement of bottom-hole pressure in the Miller No. 1 and Sprague No. 1 wells for the CIG cyclic gas injection project continued. The Mitchell Energy Corporation Muse--Duke No. 1 was flowing 4,000 MCFD in March. Efforts to clean out Mobil's PCU F31-13G well continued.

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Development of potential uses for the residue from fluidized-bed combustion processes. Quarterly technical progress report, June-August 1981

The objectives of this study are to evaluate the solid wastes from fluidized bed combustion for potential commercial uses, and to explore methods by which the material can be safely disposed of. Most of the current activity is related to preparation for the forthcoming construction of the experimental road base sections in Columbus, Ohio, or to the production of synthetic aggregates by briquetting and/or extrusion. Some of the specific activities this quarter are as follows: characterization tests were performed on three waste products from the General Atomics Plant of TVA; hydration reaction studies, compressive strength evaluations, and chemical analysis comparisons were conducted on samples of alliance atmospheric fluidized bed (AFB) residue obtained from the surface of stock piles in Canton, Ohio; varying amounts of water were added to various masses of AFB residue and the temperature rise versus time was monitored, and the final moisture content of the residue was monitored; additional evaluations were made of the properties of road base mixes made from stored mixtures of AFB residue and pulverized coal fly ash; laboratory scale production of synthetic aggregate by extrusion has been successfully accomplished at two locations; the use of a number of additional additives for improving the green strength of briquetted and extruded products has been explored; the modules of elasticity of hardened road base compositions has been determined. (ATT)

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Geostatistical study of coal and overburden data from the Wasatch Formation in the Powder River Basin, Wyoming. [R-squared statistics used as measure of correlation between drill cutting samples and core samples]

A statistical analysis was performed with overburden characterization data that was obtained from a US Forest Service study site in the Powder River Basin, Wyoming. The drilling and overburden characterization program had been performed during 1977 and 1978 and this information was provided to the Laramie Energy Technology Center by the US Forest Service. There were three basic goals that were accomplished during this study. First, find out how overburden data obtained from drill cuttings compares with overburden data obtained from core samples. Second, determine the basic chemical and physical characteristics of the overburden. Third, determine the minimum drill hole spacing required to adequately characterize the overburden. The R-Squared statistic was used as a measure of correlation between drill cutting samples and core samples. Most R-Squared values were less than 50%, therefore, it was concluded that geostatistical structure cannot be predicted accurately during an overburden study when drill cuttings are used. Principal component R-Mode factor analysis with Varimax rotation was used to characterize the overburden. Thirty-one variables were used in the factor analysis. The factor analysis yielded twelve distinct factors which explained ninety percent of the total variation. A two state sequential drilling procedure was developed that moves in a stepwise manner towards the goal of a predetermined level of accuracy until that level is reached. Thus, the desired level of accuracy can be reached without over-drilling an area. 7 figures, 11 tables.

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Computational fluid dynamics assessment: Volume 2, Isothermal simulations of the METC bench-scale coal-water slurry combustor: Final report

The isothermal turbulent, swirling flow inside the METC pressurized bench-scale combustor has been simulated using ISOPCGC-2. The effects of the swirl numbers, the momentum ratio of the primary to secondary streams, the annular wall thickness, and the quarl angle on the flow and mixing patterns have been investigated. The results that with the present configuration of the combustor, an annular recirculation zone is present up to secondary swirl number of four. A central (on axis) recirculation zone can be obtained by increasing the momentum of the secondary stream by decreasing the annular area at the reactor inlet. The mixing of the primary (fuel carrier) air with the secondary air improves only slightly due to swirl unless a central recirculation zone is present. Good mixing is achieved in the quarl region when a central recirculation zone is present. A preliminary investigation of the influence of placing flow regulators inside the combustor shows that they influence the flow field significantly and that there is a potential of obtaining optimum flow conditions using these flow regulators. 58 refs., 47 figs., 12 tabs.

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Thermal/chemical degradation of ceramic cross-flow filter materials

This report summarizes the 14-month, Phase 1 effort conducted by Westinghouse on the Thermal/Chemical Degradation of Ceramic Cross-Flow Filter Materials program. In Phase 1 expected filter process conditions were identified for a fixed-bed, fluid-bed, and entrained-bed gasification, direct coal fired turbine, and pressurized fluidized-bed combustion system. Ceramic cross-flow filter materials were also selected, procured, and subjected to chemical and physical characterization. The stability of each of the ceramic cross-flow materials was assessed in terms of potential reactions or phase change as a result of process temperature, and effluent gas compositions containing alkali and fines. In addition chemical and physical characterization was conducted on cross-flow filters that were exposed to the METC fluid-bed gasifier and the New York University pressurized fluidized-bed combustor. Long-term high temperature degradation mechanisms were proposed for each ceramic cross-flow material at process operating conditions. An experimental bench-scale test program is recommended to be conducted in Phase 2, generating data that support the proposed cross-flow filter material thermal/chemical degradation mechanisms. Papers on the individual subtasks have been processed separately for inclusion on the data base.

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Great lakes fluidized-bed combustion. Final report

A program was conducted to design, construct, and operate an industrial fluidized bed combustion (FBC) boiler demonstration plant with a capacity of 50,000 lb/h steam. The following were the objectives of the program: (1) to extend the fluidized bed boiler design by employing natural circulation cooling; (2) to design, build, operate, test, and demonstrate a fluidized bed boiler that could burn high sulfur coal in an environmentally acceptable manner; and (3) to obtain sufficient data for industry to make an objective appraisal of fluidized bed coal burning boilers. Following a five-year design, development, and construction effort, the demonstration plant was first operated in June of 1981. Initial operation identified several equipment and operating problems, particularly in the areas of the fuel preparation and fuel feed systems. Unit operation and availability steadily improved, culminating in a 30-day continuous run ending in May 1982. Following shutdown, major problem areas such as bed tube failures were addressed by C-E and rectified prior to the start of the test program. Shakedown/testing operation commenced on August 12, 1983. The objectives for the test program were to establish the unit operating conditions required to optimize SO/sub 2/ removal and combustion efficiency for different operating modes, and to evaluate the long-term performance of components which are essential for reliable FBC operation. A total of 23 tests were run from February 16, 1984 to April 19, 1984. The test results demonstrated that FBC is an environmentally and commercially sound technology. Specifically, the required sulfur removal, low NO/sub x//CO emissions and high combustion efficiencies can be readily achieved. This report identifies the effects of recycle, excess air, Ca/S mole ratio, and overfire air on combustion efficiency, boiler efficiency, and emissions. 6 refs., 97 figs., 8 tabs.

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Thirteenth biennial lignite symposium: technology and utilization of low-rank coals proceedings. Volume 1

These proceedings are the collected manuscripts from the 1985 Lignite Symposium held at Bismarck, North Dakota on May 21-23. Sponsorship of the thirteenth biennial meeting was by the United States Department of Energy, the University of North Dakota Energy Research Center, and the Texas University Coal Research Consortium. Seven technical sessions were held during the two and a half day meeting. The final half day included tours of the Great Plains Gasification Plant; Basin Electric's Antelope Valley Power Station; and the Freedom Mine. Sessions covered diverse topics related to the technology and use of low-rank coals including coal development and public policy, combustion, gasification, environmental systems for low-rank coal utilization, liquefaction, beneficiation and coal mining and coal inorganics. Twenty-four papers have been entered individually into EDB and ERA.

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Coal gasification research studies. Final report, August 20, 1982-November 30, 1984

The Coal Gasification Research Studies program consists of three tasks: (1) coal ash behavior studies; (2) high-pressure fluidization studies, and (3) high-temperature fluidization studies. Some of the highlights are as follows: A 2-inch-ID fluidized-bed gasifier was used to investigate the formation of ash agglomerates. Gasification of chars from Pittsburgh Seam and Kentucky No. 11 coals established that the rounded particles with a typical agglomerate microstructure of ferrous aluminate crystals in a ferrous aluminosilicate matrix is the result of thermal decomposition and oxidation of pyrite and its reaction with clay minerals. Viscosity measurements were made on several synthetic slag compositions representative of Eastern coal slags and a sample of slag from Black Butte coal over a temperature range of 1600/sup 0/ to 2500/sup 0/F. On the basis of thermodynamic data, ternary phase diagrams of the iron oxide-silica-alumina system at 0, 5, 10, 15, and 20 weight percent CaO were prepared. In the fluidization studies, computer-assisted pressure probes were developed to experimentally investigate the individual effects of system pressure (up to 450 psig), temperature (up to 180/sup 0/F), particle size, particle density, bed height, and excess fluidization velocity on bubble properties. The effect of system pressure and particle size on the operation of high-velocity fluidized beds was also investigated using 400, 200, and 100 ..mu..m sand up to a maximum pressure of 450 psig. Temperature over the range of 70/sup 0/ to 1800/sup 0/F had no noticeable effect on bubble size, bubble frequency, and bubble velocity. The bubble size correlation developed from the high-pressure bubble study predicted the high-temperature bubble data to within  -30%. 23 refs., 162 figs., 23 tabs.

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Improvement in oil recovery using cosolvents with CO sub 2 gas floods

This report presents the results of investigations to improve oil recovery using cosolvents in CO{sub 2} gas floods. Laboratory experiments were conducted to evaluate the application and selection of cosolvents as additives to gas displacement processes. A cosolvent used as a miscible additive changed the properties of the supercritical gas phase. Addition of a cosolvent resulted in increased viscosity and density of the gas mixture, and enhanced extraction of oil compounds into the CO{sub 2} rich phase. Gas phase properties were measured in an equilibrium cell with a capillary viscometer and a high pressure densitometer. A number of requirements must be considered in the application of a cosolvent. Cosolvent miscibility with CO{sub 2}, brine solubility, cosolvent volatility and relative quantity of the cosolvent partitioning into the oil phase were factors that must be considered for the successful application of cosolvents. Coreflood experiments were conducted with selected cosolvents to measure oil recovery efficiency. The results indicate lower molecular weight additives, such as propane, are the most effective cosolvents to increase oil recovery.

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Ordered ceramic membranes: Annual progress report, March 1987--May 1988

The properties of ceramic membranes prepared via the sol-gel process can be controlled by varying the suspension and interfacial chemistries of the precursor sols. The Year 1 Progress Report described the effects of changing several variables. This report presents results on the effect of sintering conditions on the properties of unsupported titania membranes. A description of the effect of phosphate addition on the preparation of alumina and titania membranes is also included, although this study is not yet complete. The preparation of silica membranes is also discussed. This second year of work has also included characterization of supported membranes, membranes which have been deposited on a support and then sintered to fix the membranes in place. These studies have involved measurements of the permeability of the supported membranes to various aqueous feed streams utilizing a laboratory scale test apparatus. PH and temperature effects on the flux of water through the membranes is described. Permselectivity measurements utilizing solutions of polyethylene glycol (PEG), bovine serum albumin, and cheesy whey, are also discussed. Because dissolution of membranes at extreme pH values can be a major problem in potential industrial applications, the stability of both unsupported and supported membranes at different pH values was determined. 9 refs., 22 figs.

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Laboratory screening of thermal recovery processes for Tar Sand Triangle

Four thermal processes (steam displacement, not-gas pyrolysis, reverse and forward combustion) were evaluated to select the most effective oil recovery process for the in situ development of the tar sand resource at Tar Sand Triangle, Utah. Reverse combustion was not considered an effective process for this deposit because of the low initial bitumen content and the nonutilization of the residual coke. Since the hot-gas pyrolysis process simulates the pyrolysis of bitumen in the forward combustion process, only steam displacement and hot-gas pyrolysis were chosen for laboratory evaluation using a tubular reactor. In the laboratory evaluation the residual oil and coke saturation after steam displacement was found to be independent of the initial bitumen content and totaled 29% of pore volume. Since the initial bitumen saturation wasn't much greater than the residual oil saturation, the oil yield from the steam displacement test was only 9.1 wt % of the initial bitumen. The oil yield from the hot-gas pyrolysis test was 54 wt % of the initial bitumen, which is almost identical to the Fischer assay yield. The residual coke and product gas were 23 and 21 wt % of the initial bitumen, respectively. These values are much different from those determined by Fischer assay because of the steam-char and water-gas shift reactions of the hot-gas pyrolysis test. Since the forward combustion process utilizes the residual coke and is expected to produce oil yields equivalent to the hot-gas pyrolysis process, it was selected as the most promising process for the recovery of oil from the Tar Sand Triangle resource. 16 refs., 2 figs., 6 tabs.

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