AndreaBozzo/ceres-open-data-index huggingface dataset:
Oil recovery by carbon dioxide injection. Annual report, July 1978-June 1979

This is the 47th report on the Rock Creek carbon dioxide project in Roane County, West Virginia. The reservoir response to waterflood has been evaluated, several problems resolved, and carbon dioxide injection initiated. Carbon dioxide production through the Big Lime thief zone in Shaffer No. 1 is a problem, but it should not affect the overall results of the project. Currently, the major difficulty is keeping an adequate carbon dioxide supply. When this supply is maintained, the project should proceed successfully. There is no evidence to indicate that carbon dioxide injection will fail to provide a profitable method of oil recovery.

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Initial evaluation of fracturing oil shale with propellants for in situ retorting, Phase 2

A series of field experiments was carried out to gather preliminary information on the use of propellant charges to create horizontal fractures in oil shale beds for in situ retorting. Development of a propellant tool specifically designed to create horizontal fractures, and testing of various sizes and designs of the tool to create fractures in oil shale beds were carried out simultaneously. Ten prototype tools with energy yields from 2 pounds to 60 pounds were fired at depths ranging from 10 feet to 60 feet. Ten preshot observation holes and 13 postshot core holes were used to gather information and to serve as injection wells to inject air into the formation for permeability tests. Most shots vented large volumes of gas or water from observation holes 13 to 20 feet distant, indicating that a horizontal fracture communicating from the shot point to the observation hole had been created. Shot-related horizontal fracturing was noted in most core holes at the same depth as the shot point. Air injection tests on all holes showed a significant increase in permeability after the shots.

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DOE oil shale reference sample bank: Quarterly report, July-September 1987

The DOE Oil Shale Program was restructured in FY84 to implement a 5-year period of basic and applied research in the study of the phenomena involved in oil shale pyrolysis/retorting. The program calls for the study of two reference shales per year for a period of 5 years. Consequently, the program calls for the identification, acquisition, processing, characterization, storage, disbursement, and record keeping for ten reference shales in a period of 5 years. Two FY86 and one FY87 reference shales have been acquired, processed and stored under inert gas. The Eastern shale, designated E86, was obtained from the Clegg Creek Member of the New Albany Shale at a quarry near Louisville, Kentucky in the first quarter of FY86. The FY86 Western Shale was obtained from the Exxon Colony Mine, located near Parachute, Colorado, during the first quarter of FY86. The FY87 Western Shale was obtained from the Tipton Member of the Green River Formation near Rock Springs, Wyoming during the fourth quarter of FY87. Partial distributions of the FY86 shale have been made to DOE and non-DOE contractors. Complete descriptions of the FY87 Western reference shale locale, shale processing procedures and analytical characterization are provided in this report. 7 refs., 6 figs., 1 tab.

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FY 1985 USGS Annual Report

The objectives of US Geological Survey (USGS) work are to conduct geologic research characterizing tight gas-bearing sequences in the western United States. The USGS research during the last few years has been in the Greater Green River, Piceance Creek, and Uinta Basins of Wyoming, Colorado, and Utah. Additional critical objectives are to provide geologic research support for ongoing Multiwell Experiment engineering, petrophysical, log-analysis, and well-testing research. During FY-85, 33 papers, maps, and abstracts were published that included a wide range of topics. Of particular interest are two USGS Open-File Reports of geological studies conducted at the DOE Multiwell Experiment Site (MWX), Piceance Creek Basin, Colorado (Spencer and Keighin, 1984), and the Pinedale anticline, Green River Basin, Wyoming (Law, 1984). Because similar kinds of work were conducted in these two areas, the results offer the opportunity to evaluate the applicability of processes important in gas generation and accumulation. Excerpts of the studies covering stratigraphy, petrology, mineralogy, geophysics, rock mechanics, borehole geophysical-log interpretation, and well-data diagnostics are included in this report. The specific studies are authored by several USGS scientists and are cited in the references. The report is in four parts: (1) multiwell experiment studies; (2) Pinedale anticline studies; (3) other Piceance-Uinta Basin results; and (4) other Greater Green River Basin results. 69 figs., 8 tabs.

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Pacific Project. Phase 2 data/information and configuration management plans, Task 9 and 10

Superior's data and information management methods and procedures provide a systematic process for controlling all documents related to and produced as a direct result of the cooperative agreement between the Superior Oil Company and the Department of Energy (DOE). The central project file and satellite working files fulfill both Superior and DOE requirements for a cost-effective, efficient, and convenient document control system. This filing system permits Superior's project managers, functional operational managers, staff, and Superior's contractors to identify repositories for all documents related to the project. The filing system also allows efficient and rapid retrieval of needed project documents and information. Documents and information subject to control by this system include all project information and data prepared by Superior's program manager, project managers, functional organizational managers, staff personnel, and contractors. A copy of all data and information will be maintained in the project file throughout the duration of the cooperative agreement and for three years thereafter. The Configuration Management Plan for Phase I is designed to effectively maintain all drawings, specifications, quality test records, measurement lists, including procedures to ensure records are updated to reflect the actual, as-built configuration of the project. The purpose of configuration management is to (1) control the baselines, technical documents, and related hardware, and (2) provide historical accounting and traceability of the project's documentation and changes. The specifications outlined in this document establish the minimum requirements for the configuration management plan which was implemented during Phase I and will be utilized during Phase II of the project. 12 figs., 3 tabs.

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Extraction of inorganic chemical constituents from retorted oil shale by complexometric agents

Synthetic leachate solutions containing complexometric agents were used to simulate the long-term release of trace metals, carbonates, and sulfates from indirectly retorted (IH) and directly retorted (DH) oil shale. This approach was also taken to accelerate the leaching process in a lab scale/real time leach test which would approach the maximum potential release of chemical constituents. The complexometric agents examined were acetate, oxalate, and citrate ions, and EDTA and DTPA. Retorted oil shales were also extracted with distilled-deionized water. Leachate samples were analyzed for silver, arsenic, boron, barium, cadmium, chromium, copper, iron, mercury, molybdenum, nickel, lead, antimony, selenium, vanadium, zinc, fluorine, carbonate, and sulfate. For the indirectly retorted oil shale, maximum metallic element leachability was observed with EDTA and DTPA. In general, as the length of extraction period increased so did metal extractability. The DH sample, composed mineralogically of a number of high-temperature alteration products, produced higher leachate pH and electrical conductivity values. This was attributed to the instability of high-temperature mineral phases at low temperatures and pressures. Oxalate, in addition to EDTA and DTPA, was found to affect a high trace metal solubility. The extractability of trace metallic elements from DH, however, was lower than that for IH, thus illustrating the insolubility of metallic element-bearing minerals at high pH and the ability of ionic species released from DH to form sparingly soluble solids with trace metallic elements. 29 refs., 12 figs., 16 tabs.

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Development of general inflow performance relationships (IPR's) for slanted and horizontal wells producing heterogeneous solution-gas drive reservoirs

Since 1968, the Vogel equation has been used extensively and successfully for analyzing the inflow performance relationship (IPR) of flowing vertical wells producing by solution-gas drive. Oil well productivity can be rapidly estimated by using the Vogel IPR curve and well outflow performance. With recent interests on horizontal well technology, several empirical IPRs for solution-gas drive horizontal and slanted wells have been developed under homogeneous reservoir conditions. This report presents the development of IPRs for horizontal and slanted wells by using a special vertical/horizontal/slanted well reservoir simulator under six different reservoir and well parameters: ratio of vertical to horizontal permeability, wellbore eccentricity, stratification, perforated length, formation thickness, and heterogeneous permeability. The pressure and gas saturation distributions around the wellbore are examined. The fundamental physical behavior of inflow performance for horizontal wells is described.

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Novel sorbents for high temperature regenerative H/sub 2/S removal. Quarterly report No. 4, November 1984-January 1985

The overall objective of this program is to develop improved regenerable sorbents for the high-temperature desulfurization of coal-derived gas streams. The aim is to reduce the H/sub 2/S level, preferably in a single stage, from a few percent down to 1 ppM. The specific objectives of this project are to synthesize, characterize and test two classes of sorbents. One consists of eutectic mixtures of metal oxides (e.g., ZnO-V/sub 2/O/sub 5/, CuMoO/sub 4/-MoO/sub 3/) in the form of a melt coating the pore surface of a high surface area solid support. The second class of sorbents includes unsupported mixed oxides, in the form of solid solutions or solid compounds, e.g., Zn-Fe/sub x/-O/sub y/, Cu-Fe/sub x/-O/sub y/, prepared as highly dispersed microcrystalline solids. The principal characteristics of both classes of sorbents are rapid kinetics of absorption, high absorption capacity and good regenerability. During this reporting period, parametric studies of sulfidation/regeneration with the mixed oxide sorbents CFA (Cu-Fe-Al-O) and CM (Cu-Mo-Al-O) both prepared in porous, microcrystalline form were performed. These two types of sorbents were identified in our previous work as very efficient, high performance materials for single-stage H/sub 2/S removal at temperatures higher than 600/sup 0/C. Experimental procedures and results are discussed. 15 refs., 4 figs., 4 tabs.

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Studies of New Albany shale in western Kentucky. Final report

The New Albany (Upper Devonian) Shale in western Kentucky can be zoned by using correlative characteristics distinguishable on wire-line logs. Wells drilled through the shale which were logged by various methods provided a basis for zonation of the subsurface members and units of the Grassy Creek, Sweetland Creek, and Blocher. Structure and isopach maps and cross sections were prepared. The Hannibal Shale and Rockford Limestone were found in limited areas; isopach maps were not made for these members. Samples of cuttings from selected wells were studied in order to identify the contact of the shale with underlying and overlying rock units. A well-site examination of cuttings through the shale section was conducted, and the presence of natural gas was observed in the field. The New Albany Shale has the potential for additional commercially marketable natural gas production. Exploratory drilling is needed to evaluate the reservoir characteristics of the New Albany Shale.

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Assessment of blast furnace retrofit for the co-manufacture of steel, electricity, and synfuels. Final report

The objective of this study was to assess a potentially high payoff concept through preliminary engineering. Two retrofit approaches were evaluated in the study: minimal retrofit and synfuels retrofit. The minimal retrofit approach consists of operating a blast furnace with a minimum amount of changes to its operating conditions. The blast furnace combustion temperatures and amount of gas produced are maintained at substantially similar levels to normal blast furnace operation for pig iron production. In the synfuels retrofit approach, the minimum retrofit case was upgraded to an oxygen-blown, medium-Btu gasifier suitable for the production of synthesis gas. This gas can then be converted to electricity, substitute natural gas, or methanol. This concept, which was based on converting a blast furnace to a British Gas/Lurgi slagging gasifier, appears to be technically feasible. While some engineering problems were identified, they do not appear to be insurmountable. The synfuels retrofit facility, designed to produce electricity, methanol, or substitute natural gas from coal, shows a capital investment of $1.726 billion or $62.8 per trillion Btu. When compared to a grass roots facility producing the same product slate ($70.3 per trillion Btu), the retrofit represents a savings or cost avoidance of only 10% over a new facility. It can be concluded that the economics of coal gasification, in general, are currently not favorable due to the relatively low cost and apparent availability of oil and natural gas. Even site favorable situations, such as integration with steel mill operations, do not seem to be sufficient to make blast furnace retrofits economically attractive at this time. 26 refs., 15 figs., 13 tabs.

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The mobile phase in coals: Its nature and modes of release: Part 2, Efforts to better define the nature and magnitude of the mobile phase: Final report

Several liquefaction conditions and many extracting solvents were used in attempts to set up conditions such that, as the conditions became more severe, progressively more hexane-solubles, analyzable by GC/MS, would be released. It was hoped to identify a threshold beyond which trapped mobile phase molecules would become evident. A set of 10 hexane-soluble fractions, all obtained under various conditions from the same coal (a sample of Herrin No. 6 seam, Illinois), were subjected to analysis by tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS). Yields ranged from 0.6 to 16% of the organic matter in the coal. Prominent constituents of all of the fractions were homologous series of alkyl aromatic hydrocarbons, phenols and heterocycles, notably alkylacenaphthenes. Alkyl chains were either unbranched or lightly branched. There was a similarity in the spectra of all of the fractions irrespective of yield. The ease with which a certain homologous series can be released from a coal is highly variable. Thus the data are consistent with the concept of a mobile phase some components of which are trapped in cavities with entrances and exits of restricted size. Release of the various physically held species and the fragments from thermal breakdown of the structure will certainly present a very complex system for kinetic modeling. 30 refs., 10 tabs.

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Characterization of zinc ferrite sorbent using Auger Electron Spectroscopy and Scanning Electron Microscopy

Samples of zinc ferrite pellets used in H/sub 2/S sorption experiments were subjected to extensive surface analysis using Auger Electron Spectroscopy (AES) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). The analysis indicates that hydrogen sulfide penetrated the pellets starting at the edges and through the cracks in the pellets. By the time H/sub 2/S appeared in the effluent of the bed (50 ppM), a region of high-sulfur concentration had traveled 1.3 to 1.5 mm into the pellets at the bottom of the bed (introduction point for H/sub 2/S-laden gas) and 0.2 to 0.5 mm into the pellets at 1 3/8 inches from the bottom of the bed. The sulfur was just penetrating into the edge of the pellets collected from heights of 3 3/4 inches and above in the bed. The boundary region between the high- and low-sulfur regions was discernable as a brightening in secondary electron micrographs. The presence of insulating oxide may be responsible for the detection of this boundary. The sulfur concentration in the high-sulfur region ranged from 14 to 40 mole percent, and from 0 to 10 mole percent in the low-sulfur region. The high-sulfur region observed in samples taken from 4 1/4 inches above the bottom of the bed were not uniform and did not follow any discernible pattern. This random distribution of high-sulfur levels may have resulted from the presence of large cracks in the pellets or structural changes taking place in the sorbent during the sulfidation. It was learned that the rate of absorption of H/sub 2/S into the sorbent may be controlled by diffusion of H/sub 2/S to the reaction sites. 4 refs., 13 figs., 6 tabs.

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Coal-water mixtures combustion modeling. Final report, 6 May 1983-6 August 1984

The objectives of this study were to develop, evaluate and implement a computer model for describing the combustion of coal-water mixtures for gas turbine applications. This program is intended to assist METC in demonstrating the viability of CWM use in gas turbines, and in understanding and predicting the formation of products of combustion. The study has five tasks; (1) reporting of information and implementing the resulting computer code at METC, (2) modification of an existing model (PCGC-2) to include active mineral matter such as alkali metals, (3) inclusion of water slurry droplets, (4) generalization of the combustor geometry, and (5) extension of PCGC-2 to permit additional feed streams at various locations in the combustor. A modification of the CREE equilibrium routine has been incorporated to permit treatment of some condensed species (i.e., solid carbon and liquid water). PCGC-2 has been extended to allow for water slurry droplet vaporization and dispersion. Initial slurry droplet size information is specified as an input parameter, since no available correlation was applicable to a variety of nozzles. The gas-phase water chemistry was incorporated into PCGC-2 by generalizing the mixing progress variables. This method provides for two mixing variables and three sources of mass input to the combustor (e.g., coal off-gas, air, and water). PCGC-2 has also been modified to permit up to three additional gaseous feed streams into the top or side of the reactor vessel. The code has further been generalized to consider any tow-dimensional geometry, including those geometries with non-uniform shapes. The code has been integrated and calculations have been made for various geometries and for combustion of coal-water mixtures. The new integrated code had been debugged and convergence has been demonstrated for a practical coal-water mixture combustor. 75 refs., 47 figs., 7 tabs.

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Development of a method for predicting the performance and wear of PDC (polycrystalline diamond compact) drill bits

A method is developed for predicting cutter forces, temperatures, and wear on PDC bits as well as integrated bit performance parameters such as weight-on-bit, drilling torque, and bit imbalance. A computer code called PDCWEAR has been developed to make this method available as a tool for general bit design and analysis. The method uses single-cutter data to provide a measure of rock drillability and employs theoretical considerations to account for interaction among closely spaced cutters on the bit. Experimental data are presented to establish the effects of cutter size and wearflat area on the forces that develop during rock cutting. Waterjet assistance is shown to significantly reduce cutting forces, thereby potentially extending bit life and reducing weight-on-bit and torque requirements in hard rock. The effects of several other design and operating parameters on bit life and drilling performance are also investigated.

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Fossil energy research program

This report reflects the progress performed on the following nine projects: reaction kinetics of the CaO--SO{sub 2} system in absence of inter-grain pore diffusion; deposition, corrosion, erosion and sulfur emission studies related to coal combustion; preliminary study on diagnostic assessment for attrition and erosion in fluidized bed reactors; development of algorithms for capacitance imaging techniques for fluidized bed flow fields; fluidized bed flow patterns; erosion of heat exchanger tubes in fluidized beds; IPSE: a knowledge based system for fluidization studies; implementation of a modified Johnson and Hindmarsh mass and energy transfer model; and theoretical and numerical studies of constitutive relations for frictional granular flow. 23 refs., 39 figs., 12 tabs.

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Measurement of dynamic reservoir conditions, Volume 1: Final report

A joint venture between the US Department of Energy, the USX Corporation (formerly the United States Steel Corporation), and the Gas Research Institute was initiated to evaluate the geologic and reservoir parameters which affect the stimulation and production and coalbed methane. To accomplish this, a single-zone coalbed methane well was completed into the Mary Lee and Blue Creek coal seams in the Warrior basin of Alabama. Following the successful drilling and coring of the well, extensive reservoir testing resulted in a measured coal seam permeability of 1 millidarcy and a skin factor of -4 to  1. In-situ state-of-stress tests in the Blue Creek coal seam indicated a vertical primary closure and a secondary horizontal closure. Coal and rock core samples were collected from the well and evaluated for flow and mechanical properties. These tests resulted in reservoir and mechanical values consistent with well-test data and underground fracture observation. Geologic studies established the geometry of the target reservoir and the surrounding strata. Unstimulated production tests were performed to establish baseline production parameters for both the Mary Lee and Blue Creek coal seams. Utilizing the collected data from the various test programs, a state-of-the-art hydraulic stimulation was designed and implemented. Detailed monitoring of selective variables during the stimulation permitted an initial evaluation of the success of the stimulation. Following stimulation, production testing evaluated the impact of the hydraulic stimulation on gas and water production. Underground observation of the induced hydraulic fracture revealed fracture containment in the target coal seam with a vertical and horizontal component. Utilizing a fracture-simulation model and the stimulation-pressure record, a combined vertical and horizontal fracture was created that closely matched the observed in-situ fracture. 18 refs., 47 figs., 10 tabs.

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