AndreaBozzo/ceres-open-data-index huggingface dataset:
Thermal dewatering of coal. Progress report, April 1-June 30, 1984

According to the management plan for the project, the following items were to have been addressed during the first quarter of the project: coal sample demineralization; porosity determination technique development; sorption technique development; and shrink/swell technique development. All of the above items were addressed with some degree of progress. The demineralization work could not be fully carried out because of the problem in obtaining the final set of coals to be studied. Nevertheless, it was applied to a North Dakota lignite, and resulted in the recommendations as outlined in the section on demineralization. The porosimetry equipment is in place and awaits the arrival of the final sample set. The soprion balance has been suitably repaired and modified to permit controlled atmosphere sorption work. The only additional equipment not yet in place is a constant temperature bath required to maintain a 30/sup 0/C sample temperature. This is an off-the-shelf item, and will arrive soon. The sorption balance's own furnace turned out to be unsuitable for reliable low-temperature control. The results of the preliminary shrink/swell tests on a North Dakota lignite are reported. These techniques are ready to apply, as soon as the final coal samples arrive. Some work actually performed ahead of program schedule involved the development of reliable oxygen determination techniques. This included setting up the elemental analysis techniques for direct oxygen analysis, and testing the leading candidate techniques or measurement of carboxyl, hydroxyl, and carbonyl groups. 9 references, 1 figure.

Tags: kmd
Fundamental combustion studies of low-rank coal slurries. Quarterly technical progress report No. 3, September 1-November 30, 1984

Rheological measurements of the lignite slurry dried at 300/sup 0/C were conducted for solids loading ranging from 43 to 60% in a capillary viscometer. The slurries generally exhibited shear thinning behavior at high shear rates and Newtonian behavior at lower shear rates. At 60% solids, the slurry was still pourable and appeared to be yield-pseudoplastic, and nearly Newtonian at shear rates of 200 to 500 sec/sup -1/. Characterization of physical properties for the subbituminous coal slurries was completed, which showed lower ash and moisture levels than for the lignite slurries. However, opposite to the trend observed for the lignite slurries, the residual moisture in the coal from the subbituminous slurries was higher for the lower process temperature. Installation of the reactor has been nearly completed in the test bay. Investigations of methods to study slurry dispersion, droplet size, droplet/particle velocity and trajectory continued. Apparatus necessary for spray isolation and dispersion measurement has been designed. Demonstration tests with air/water sprays indicate that the spray isolation equipment will be adequate. A review of commercial and laboratory slurry nozzles was completed. Arrangements to receive at least one commercial atomizer were made for possible use, in addition to the slurry nozzle developed at this laboratory, in the spray and combustion tests. 10 references, 7 figures, 2 tables.

Tags: kmd
Investigation of non-intrusive radiometers for entrained gasifier temperature measurement. Second quarterly report, February 1, 1984-April 30, 1984

The emphasis during the second quarter has been directed toward the detailed design of the SLEP (Sodium Line Emission Pyrometer) system. Signal-to-noise calculations indicate a better than 1000:1 ratio should be obtained under the expected operating conditions. Five optical access port concepts were evaluated. The optical/mechanical designs of the selected concept are shown for the water-cooled, gas-purged probe, as well as for the etalon spectrometer. The data acquisition system, using an OMA, is also discussed. Following the completion of the design, purchase orders for the various subsystem and components were sent out. As these orders begin to arrive, the assembly, system checkout, and lab test will be performed in the third quarter of the contract. 9 figures, 1 table.

Tags: kmd
FLAG:  a computer code model for fluidized bed coal gasification reactors. Volume I. Technical document

This is the first volume in a three volume set which will explain various aspects of the FLAG code. This volume sets forth the basic differential equations used to model a reacting fluid-particle system and then presents the numerical procedures used to solve the differential equations. The basic philosophy employed has been to simply state what has been programmed in the FLAG code. For a number of points just showing an equation provides everything necessary to understand what has been done. However, for other aspects of the code an equation presented outside the context of the development has little meaning. In these instances enough of the developpment has little meaning. In these instances enough of the development is given to make the equations meaningful, but the full detailed step by step development which produced the equation is not given. That level of detail is left to the references. A second point to keep in mind is that the coding in FLAG does not necessarily have a one to one correspondence to the equations given here. For example, equation (1.1-1) shows calculation of a variable composed of the sum of three quantities q = q/sub 1/   q/sub 2/   q/sub 3/. Within FLAG the quantities q/sub 1/, q/sub 2/, and q/sub 3/ may each be created in different subroutines and with a variable name different from that shown in (1.1-1). Therefore, FLAG may contain three FORTRAN statements of the form q = q   r rather than the one equation given by (1.1-1). Thus, the equations coded in FLAG are not always recognizable as those shown in this volume. 12 references, 12 figures.

Tags: kmd
Advanced development of a pressurized ash agglomerating fluidized-bed coal gasification system. Second quarter progress report FY-1983, January 1-March 31, 1983

The overall objective of the Westinghouse coal gasification program is to demonstrate the viability of the Westinghouse pressurized, fluidized bed, gasification system for the production of medium-Btu fuel gas for syngas, electrical power generation, chemical feedstocks, or industrial fuels and to obtain performance and scaleup data for the process and hardware. Accomplishments for the quarter are presented for the following tasks: (1) process development unit test operations and results; (2) process analysis; (3) cold flow scaleup facility; (4) process and component engineering and design; and (5) laboratory support studies of gas-solids flow modeling and coal/ash behavior. 8 figures, 11 tables.

Tags: kmd
Evaluation of the potential end use of oils produced by the ROPE copyright  process from California tar sand

The oil products produced by the rope process from Process Development Unit (PDU) run SPR-111 were evaluated for potential end use. This run was a five-day test using Arroyo Grande tar sand from California as the feed to the PDU. The distillate from knockout {number sign}2 was hydrotreated to produce a series of process intermediates. One of the intermediates was evaluated as a feedstock for the production of transportation fuels. The heavy product oil was distilled to produce a residue that was evaluated as an asphalt. Analysis of a selected process intermediate shows that it is not suitable for the production of gasoline or for use as a gasoline-blending feedstock. The process intermediate was not suitable for the production of aviation turbine fuels because of a high concentration of alkanes. However, the presence of alkanes does make the oil valuable as a feedstock for the production of diesel fuel. The heavy oil product as received from the PDU is not suitable for the production of an asphaltic material because it contains a large amount of very fine solid material. However, after filtration and distillation, the application of ASTM D-3381 specification tests to the  410{degree}C residue shows that all of the requirements are met except for the trichloroethylene solubility requirement. This value is below specification because a small amount of mineral matter was not removed during the filtrations process. Also, the residue had a very high aging index. Results from successive freeze-thaw cycling also show that the residue is comparable to petroleum asphalts when it is coated on the same appropriate aggregate. 14 refs., 8 figs., 8 tabs.

Tags: kmd
Study of deposition control using transpiration. Technical progress report

The purpose of this project is to determine the conditions in which transpiration may be used to avoid deposition of small particles. The application of this work is the control of the deposition of small particles over a surface kept at a temperature below the melting point of compounds likely to exist in the combustion products. A combined experimental and theoretical research program will be carried out to evaluate the concept of transpiration as a deposition control strategy. A first order theory will be refined by introducing an appropriate turbulence model. The experimental program is designed to evaluate and refine the theoretical model under conditions which provide the correct Reynolds and Stokes numbers. The experimental set up consists of a wind tunnel containing a flat porous transpired section. The measurements will determine the distribution of velocity and of particles concentration in the boundary layer. The experiments will be conducted with different particle sizes under conditions simulating gas turbine conditions.

Tags: kmd
Proceedings of the fifth annual gasification projects contractors meeting

On June 25 to 27, 1985, METC sponsored the Fifth Annual Gasification Projects Contractors Meeting which was held at Sheraton Lakeview Conference Center in Morgantown, West Virginia. The purpose of the meeting was threefold: to review the technical progress and current status of DOE's advanced gasification projects; to foster technology exchange among participating researchers; and to facilitate interactive dialogues which would identify research needs and aid in planning future advanced gasification research activities. More than 100 representatives of Government, academia, industry, and overseas coal research organizations attended the 3-day meeting. Thirty-seven papers were presented summarizing recent developments in fundamental mechanisms/innovative concepts, fluid dynamic/modeling, gas separation/upgrading and operating experience of the large-scale pilot plants in the US and Europe. Scientists, engineers, and administrators discussed many of the issues facing those engaged in the research and development activities that constitute the gasification program. This document constitutes the proceedings of that meeting and serves as a summary of the gasification program.

Tags: kmd
Surface adhesion of low-rank coal ash: Quarterly report, July 1, 1986-September 30, 1986

The Beulah-Zap lignite ash had relatively low deposition rates after combustion in air and 60% O2. This coal had a very high sodium content (10.4 wt % Na2O in ASTM ash), but a relatively high ash initial deformation temperature (1295C). The fluid temperature (1305C) was only 10C higher. The deposit produced after combustion of the lignite in air at 1500C only developed strength as the deposit grew to within a few millimeters of the constrictor. At this point, the gas temperature (1250C) was near the ash fusion temperatures and considerable melting had occurred. Gas velocity was observed to increase ash deposition rate and strength for Center lignite. At the furnace exit, the products of combustion pass through the constrictor and impinge on the substrate. Particles in this aerosol stream having a great enough inertia will impact upon the substrate, and smaller particles will pass as an aerosol around the substrate out of the probe. By increasing the gas velocity at the constrictor, smaller diameter particles will be collected on the substrate. The particle size distribution of the fly ash collected on the substrates was found to decrease as the gas velocity was increased. The highest gas velocity which is practical in the drop tube is approx.16 m/sec, which can be obtained using a 1/4''constrictor. This velocity is similar to those encountered in a utility boiler convective section. It is proposed that any future drop tube tests for simulating convective section ash fouling should be conducted with gas velocities greater than 15 m/sec. The electric drop tube furnace with extension gas heater can provide a gas time-temperature history, which is similar to that of a low rank coal boiler convective section.

Tags: kmd
Rapid pyrolysis with steam stabilization: Quarterly report for June 1986-August 1986

To insure the reliability of the coal conversion as well as carbon balance closure data, the feed flow rates and gas chromatograph response factors were recalibrated. Experiments were carried out with Zap A (lignite), Montana Rosebud (sub-bituminous), Pittsburgh No. 8 (bituminous) and Illinois No. 6 (bituminous) coals. For pre-designated flow conditions as per the test plan, char slurry and soot samples were collected. The char slurry samples were filtered and analyzed. Data of coal carbon conversion and pyrolyzed temperature as a function of coal loading, residence time and gas inlet temperature are presented. Good agreement between the gas compositions and coal carbon conversions was found at the pyrolyzer exit and cyclone exit indicating that the gas samples in the pyrolyzer and the char samples collected at the bottom of the cyclone are truly representative. The coal carbon conversion obtained from the char analysis using ash tracer technique indicated good agreement with that from the gas analysis. The reproducibility of the data was checked and was found to be fairly good. The char slurry samples were filtered and analyzed and from that the carbon balance closure was checked. To study the effect of particle size, experiments were carried out with 70% - 200 mesh and 95% - 325 mesh Rosebud coals. The coal carbon conversions were found to be similar in both cases. All of the data presented are in preliminary form, and will be subjected to further analysis before inclusion in the final report. 15 figs., 3 tabs.

Tags: kmd
Wet carbonization of lump-size low-rank coals by a novel non-slurry approach: Progress report for the period May-July 1986

Construction of the process research unit (PRU) was completed with the successful modification and shakedown testing of the high-pressure steam boiler. Following an initial shakedown test of the PRU, four wet carbonization tests were conducted: a test (86-PRU-1) to determine the wet carbonization characteristics of (-1 1/2 inch) North Dakota Indianhead lignite, a replicate test (86PRU-2) to determine reproducibility of data, a test (86PRU-3) to determine the effect of residence time, and a test (86PRU-4) to determine the effect of partial wet oxidation using air feed to the reactor. The PRU and ancillary equipment operated smoothly, and system temperature and pressure controls operated well. The operating conditions for the four tests were a residence time of 0.3 to 1.1 hours and a temperature of about 550F. Air was used in the fourth test as a means of providing a portion of the required process heat. Product solid, liquid, and gas samples were taken for analyses. Two successful tests were conducted in the free-fall devolatilization reactor with raw Texas lignite and Montana subbituminous coals. These tests were conducted at a temperature of 1300F and a pressure of 500 psig with a steam-hydrogen mixture (50 mole percent hydrogen). About 150 grams of coal were fed during the 60-minute duration of the tests. The product solid, liquid, and gas samples from the tests are being analyzed. Anaerobic digestion tests continued with filtered product water from the batch wet carbonization unit and the PRU. The objective of these tests is to determine the preferred reactor configuration and operating conditions for producing methane from and reducing the chemical oxygen demand of the wet carbonization product water.

Tags: kmd
Logging techniques based on dispersive electrical parameters

Electromagnetic techniques have often been successful for the production evaluation of oil and gas reservoirs. For example, direct current resistivity measurements yield production parameters such as the porosity through ancillary relations like Archie's Law. In another class of measurements, pulsed or sinusoidal electromagnetic fields are introduced into the formation. Then, the measured quantity is the electrical impedance which is dependent upon the dielectric constant and the magnetic permeability as well as the resistivity. Furthermore, these latter three independent electric parameters are often dispersive, that is they are frequency or time dependent. This fact has proven useful in induced polarization logging for sulfide mineralization and nuclear magnetic logging for fluid flow permeabilities. This paper considers the hopes and difficulties associated with the usage of dispersive electrical parameters as production parameter indicators in hydrocarbon reservoirs. The theory of dispersion in linear systems is well developed and is reviewed as it pertains to the constraints imposed on the electrical parameters. The formulation of the ancillary equations relating the electrical and production parameters is not well developed though vestiges of models are present and some of these are discussed.

Tags: kmd
Expansion of high-temperature, high-pressure data set for coal gasification: Eight quarterly report for the period June 28, 1986-Sept. 28, 1986

Construction of the steam pretreatment and coal pyrolysis reactors for experiments with the UCC coal was nearly completed. Two of the pyrolysis experiments done as part of the pyrolysis matrix were repeated in order to verify previous data. The more recent trials were done after slowing down the gas flow to ensure that the particles had a residence time of 0.070 s at the final temperature. These results were more in accordance with other experiments done at the same temperature in the high pressure reactor. Several other experiments were done which were designed to overlap with the METC AGC conditions. The direct comparisons of our data with METC data under the same nominal conditions indicated that the METC data was taken under more severe conditions. It is believed that the use of gas preheated 200-500F above the nominal reaction temperature in the METC experiments is primarily responsible for the discrepancy. Several (nineteen) CO2 gasification experiments were done in the high pressure reactor. Some of these were repeat experiments which indicated that reproducibility was good for major product yields (char, tar, gas) and fair for the individual gas species. There is a problem in the FT-IR gas analyses of interference from the large amounts of CO2 on yields of other gases. We are currently checking gas yield measurements by FT-IR with those from gas chromatography (GC). The characterization experiments for the set of 32 chars discussed in the last quarterly were essentially completed. These included analysis of C,H,N, and ash at a commercial lab, in-house characterization with a TGA for reactivity, FT-IR for functional groups, x-ray for minerals, including sulfur, and Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) for char structure. 18 refs., 6 figs., 3 tabs.

Tags: kmd
Preliminary investigation of the applicability of underground coal gasification technology for the production of oil from oil shale deposits and residual oil fields. [Near]

A preliminary investigation was conducted to find fossil fuel resources, other than tar sands and heavy oil deposits, that are suitably associated with coal for potential application of underground coal gasification (UCG) technology to provide heat for production of liquid hydrocarbons. Preliminary evaluations of UCG applications for in situ retorting of oil shale and for thermal enhanced oil recovery (EOR) from abandoned oil fields indicate large areas where deposits may be suitably associated. Major resources of Devonian-Mississippian black shales and Carboniferous coal occur in the same regions in the Appalachian Basin, Michigan Basin, Eastern Interior Basin (Illinois Basin), and possibly in eastern Oklahoma. Possibilities for UCG applications to Green River oil shales are limited to a few localities on the flanks of the Rock Springs uplift and Wamsutter arch in Wyoming and on the west edge of the Piceance Basin in Colorado. Because conventional primary and secondary oil recovery processes leave 30% to 60% of the oil in the ground, all oil fields that are suitable for thermal EOR processes and are close enough to coal deposits are potential candidates for use of UCG combustible gas and sensible heat. Such relationships are likely to occur in any of the major coal-bearing regions of the eastern United States and in many of the sedimentary basins of the Rocky Mountain coal province. Oil fields and lignite deposits may occur close together in the Gulf Coastal Plains and northern Great Plains. 19 refs., 2 figs.

Tags: kmd
Assesement of KRW PDU data acquisition and analysis: Topical report

Foster Wheeler monitors the KRW PDU operation at Madison, Pennsylvania, for US DOE. In order to analyze PDU results, Foster Wheeler provides independent heat and material balances based on input from KRW's DIS data reports. The Foster Wheeler balances have continually indicated significant discrepancies in both the closure of elemental balances, especially hydrogen, and the heat balance. In addition, apparent forcing of oxygen and hydrogen balances is in evidence in some of KRW's latest reports. In response to the Operating Committee's directive, Foster Wheeler reviewed the methodology currently employed by KRW in reducing the data logs and periodic stream analysis to the final steady state values and balances reported in the DIS reports. In general Foster Wheeler found KRW's procedures to be satisfactory although several areas for correction and improvement were noted. Major Foster Wheeler recommendations include provision for: improvement in coal analysis accuracy by increased sampling and selective discarding of questionable data; resolution of the problems of missing hydrogen atoms; improvement in product gas flow rate measurement by use of a vortex shedding flowmeter as a back-up product gas flow rate indicator; and improvement in KRW's heat and material balance format. 18 figs., 24 tabs.

Tags: kmd