AndreaBozzo/ceres-open-data-index huggingface dataset:
OPTIMIZATION OF SELECTED CULTURES FOR SYNFUEL WASTEWATER DEGRADATION FINAL REPORT 5/15/82-9/30/82

"Material presented in this report reflects work performed from 15 May to 15 September 1982 on USDOE Contract No. DE-AS20-81LCI0826. This work was performed under the supervision of J. King, Program Manager and  Principal Investigator of the program at that time. J. , King has since left the staff of DRI and this report is therefore the result of combined efforts of several DRI staff members knowledge the field and aware of current and past program activities. September activities are primarily based upon recommendations provided  by J. King prior to her resignation although modifications and additions have been proposed and enacted by alternate staff members associated with the program.  DRI is aware of potential problems associated with a change in high level program management and every effort has been made to ensure a smooth transition to new effective program management. A technical  evaluation of this program from its inception to date has been conducted internally in an effort to strengthen past weaknesses and to provide sound approaches to meet original program objectives."

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AIR QUALITY RESEARCH NEEDS IN THE TAR SAND INDUSTRY

"The Laramie Energy Technology Center, starting in 1971, became the lead Center for government activities in tar sand. Three field projects, two processes in direct combustion and one in a steam drive, have been  conducted in situ near Vernal, Utah, The objectives of environmental work at LETC in addition to petroleum  research and process technology are:  1. To conduct Process/Project Monitoring of tar sand  experiments, and develop monitoring research to characterize air, water, and waste streams.  2. To experiment with Control Technology development to  control and mitigate pollution.  These objectives are structured to satisfy needs to understand and predict control requirements and to assure that information is collected to assess environmental impact of a tar sand operation.   Applicable state and federal laws are also considered since fossil energy programs are designed to develop environmental acceptability. A developing tar sand industry has to comply with regulations in EPA  Region VIII and the State of Utah. Thus, legislative and legal evaluation from a technical base is performed. The technical data base on emissions and effluent from tar sand processes is small. Other research appropriate to a federal programmatic role in the national interest is conducted with industry, the academic community and  Canada."

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AIR QUALITY STRATEGY FOR OIL SHALE DEVELOPMENT

The air quality control strategy that satisfies the latest Clean Air Act amendment requires that new facilities and expansions of existing facilities be reviewed on a case-by-case basis by the reviewing authorities (1).  Under New Source Review are quality monitoring to obtain baseline data and air quality modeling to obtain the impacts of the proposed facility will be required before a permit it construct is granted.  In the oil shale regions are quality/visibility is thought by some to be a limiting factor in developing the resource.

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AMBIENT AIR SAMPLING AND ANALYTICAL PROCEDURES FOR OIL SHALE DEVELOPMENT AREAS (Abstract Only)

"Quality Assurance criteria are used to evaluate sampling and analytical procedures and assess methods for measurement potential in ambient air that is relatively clean. Precision and accuracy of sampling and analytical  procedures are used to place methods in three categories: Most reference and equivalent or compliance methods are in category 1. Category 2 contains those methods which are recognized in the literature and have a relatively high frequency of use. Promising methodology is discussed as a third category, although an in-depth selection of these relatively new methods has not been included in the procedures presented for measurement of ambient air pollutants anticipated in oil shale development.  Ambient Air monitoring objectives are discussed by analyzing the requirements of developing baseline concentrations and air quality parameters. Standards, sampling sites, meteorology, and modeling, and selection of procedures are seen as controlling factors in developing data in the low concentration range of pollutants of oil shale development Areas in the West."

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IN SITU OIL SHALE RESEARCH SITES, ROCK SPRINGS, WYOMING FINAL BASELINE DATA

"Part I of this report summarizes nearly two years of field and analytic work involving the University of Wyoming Range Management Division and the Department of Energy Laramie Energy Technology Center. The project  was undertaken in order to design and develop a sampling procedure to meet requirements of regulatory agencies for monitoring reclamation efforts. An intrinsic portion of this procedure is the gathering of baseline data from native communities. This involves the development of  a vegetation map and a sampling procedure to thoroughly inventory existing native vegetation. An additional phase of this research involves the inventory of disturbed areas to gain a better understanding of successional processes in the area. The disturbed sites involved in the study are highly variable in terms of the degree of disturbance, the  nature of existing edaphic properties, the composition of surrounding communities and in terms of the nature of reclamation efforts already undertaken. Part II was designed to utilize data collected during the baseline  study to detect a moisture gradient in desert shrub communities by using principles of ordination. This portion of the final report is submitted as a Ph.D. dissertation written by Calvin E. Lundberg in fulfillment of requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy submitted to the  Division of Range Management and the Graduate School of the University of Wyoming."

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PHYTOTOXIC RESPONSE OF FIVE RANGE GRASS SPECIES TO SIX IN SITU FOSSIL-FUEL RETORT WATERS

"Oil shale, tar sands, and underground coal gasification represent viable sources of fossil fuel to assist in meeting U.S. energy needs. Development of fossil-fuel-processing technologies ha progressed to a point where  commercialization may soon become a reality. Concurrent with this development must be the assessment and  solution of environmental problems. A particular ands significant problems resides in the handling, containment, treatment, disposal, use, and eventual fate of waters recovered with thee oil, gas, and subsurface waters associated with fuel-processing techniques. The magnitude of plant responses and potential hypotoxic effects resulting from exposure to these produced waters have not been evaluated. but they need to be quantified  for purposes of risk assessment To address this problem, research was conducted (1) to develop or test qualitative short-term, cost-effective. diagnostic screening procedures for testing vegetation against synfuel- produced waters; (2) using such procedures, to quantify the response of plants to these waters, and (3) to provide information for developing controlled technology . Growth responses (leaf area, dry weight. root: shoot ratio. and leaf :shoot ratio) as well as germination were  parameters monitored to test produced waters against vegetation under greenhouse conditions using hydroponic techniques . Grass species respond differently to an individual water and in turn may react in changing orders of response to several waters originating from retorting various fossil fuels. Growth response varies with dilution and may be more valuable as an indicator of phytotoxicity than germination. Plant-species response to various waters can be separated and ranked to allow risk  assessment, to facilitate selecting the correct species for reclamation, and. in the future. to assess the success of water-treatment procedures."

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PHYTOTOXICITY AND PLANT RESPONSE TO AQUEOUS EFFLUENTS DERIVED FROM AN IN SITU OIL SHALE PROCESS WATER

"A significant environmental concern associated with the development of an oil shale processing industry relates to the handling, containment, treatment, use, and disposal of aqueous by -products associated with oil shale  processing. Aqueous byproducts may include the leachates from raw and spent shale, process waters recovered with the oil, and subsurface waters associated with production zones Such effluents are generally heavily contaminated with high levels of both organic and inorganic  constituents. Possible mechanisms for bioenvironmental  contact of aqueous effluents derived from in situ oil shale processing include accidental, episodic exposure resulting from failure of a containment, leakage during transfer or treatment processes, or contamination and subsurface migration of ground waters to a surface outlet. The magnitude of plant responses and phytotoxic effects resulting from such exposure has not been but needs to be quantified for purposes of risk assessment. The  development of control technologies for aqueous  effluents looks forward to the potential of using  suitably treated process waters for land reclamation  purposes. Again, quantitative data on plant responses  would both provide rationale for water treatment and assess treatment efficacy for waters destined for  surface disposal . In response to these needs, a research project to address plant and process water relationships has been developed. The initial objectives of the project are to I) develop quantitative, short-term, cost-effective, diagnostic screening procedures for vegetation, 2) using such procedures, to quantitative the response of selected  plants to process waters derived from in situ oil shale processing, and 3) provide information for developing control technology. In the latter objective the information most useful will be in terms of indentifying toxic fractions and testing the effectiveness of specific water treatments to remove such materials. This paper presents results meeting the first-stated objective. Two screening  procedures, a seed germination assay and growth and development response assays, have been developed using an in situ oil shale process water."

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DRAFT SUMMARY REPORT OF GROUND-WATER MONITORING PRACTICES AT DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY FACILITIES

"he Pacific Northwest Laboratory (PNL) acts as a lead laboratory to provide support and assistance to the Office of Operational Safety (00S) of the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE). The work being performed by PNL includes  studies related to the environmental protection  responsibilities of 00S at DOE-controlled sites and facilities. The PNL effort is divided into eight tasks. One of these tasks, Task 8, is concerned with evaluation of  ground-water monitoring programs at DOE sites. The objective of Task 8 is to assess the adequacy of existing groundwater monitoring programs at DOE sites, both nuclear and nonnuclear, and provide recommendations to enable OOS to assess overall DOE efforts and needs in monitoring and protecting groundwater beneath operating sites. The first phase of Task 8 work involves collecting information on existing ground-water monitoring practices at the sites. In order to obtain this information, PNL composed a questionnaire to be sent to each of the  sites. The questionnaire was designed to collect  information on the following topics: design and management of the ground-water monitoring program, sampling and analysis procedures, hydrology and geology of the site, use of ground-water models in the ground-water monitoring program, and quality assurance.  This report summarizes the information obtained from site officials by means of the completed questionnaires. The report includes, for each site, a description of existing ground-water monitoring practices. It also contains a discussion of PNL's overall findings. Any opinions expressed  in this report are those of the site officials who answered the questionnaires."

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DRAFT ENVIRONMENTAL ASESMENT FOR PROPOSED REVERSE COMBUSTION OIL RECOVERY EXPERIMENTS IN NORTHWEST ASPHALT RIDGE TAR SAND DEPOSIT NEAR VERNAL, UINTAH COUNTY, UTAH

"The Bureau of Mines proposes to conduct several small field experiments to test the technical feasibility of the reverse combustion process or in situ recovery of oil from tar sands. The site of the proposed experiments is in the Northwest Asphalt Ridge tar sand deposit near Vernal.  Utah. These experiments. if successful. would provide engineering and environmental data that would enhance the planning and conduct of subsequent larger scale field tests and eventual industrial development."

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SPILL PREVENTION, CONTROL AND COUNTERMEASURE PLAN

This document represents the result of efforts by Engineering Science, Inc. (ES) to develop a viable Spill Prevention Control and Countermeasure (SPCC) Plan for the Laramie Energy Technology Center (LETC) Anvil Points Oil Shale Experimental Station . The requirements  for such a plan is detailed in Title 40 , Code of Federal Regulations, Part 112 (40 CFR, Part 112), "Oil Pollution Prevention - Nontransportation Related Onshore and Offshore Facilities". These regulations require the preparation and implementation of an SPCC plan  for all non-transportation related facilities (onshore or offshore) which have discharged or could reasonably be expected to discharge oil (or other organic materials) into the navigable waters of the United States or the adjoining shorelines. The first section contains the actual spill plan. This plan was developed following  the guidelines and information provided in Bulletin 016 of the American Petroleum Institute, Title 40 of the Code of Federal Regulations, Part 112, the Wyoming Oil and Hazardous Substances Pollution Contingency Plan, the LETC Tar Sand Steam Injection Experiment SPCC Plan, Department of Transportation Regulations, as well as information pertaining to the oil shale facility. Additionally, information and procedures utilized by ES in preparing similar spill  plans have been used to the fullest extent possible.  The Plan was developed assuming that the remedial action measures from Appendix IV will be implemented. The cost for correcting these deficiencies is also included in Appendix IV.

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DRAFT ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STATEMENT PARAHO FULL SIZE MODULE OIL SHALE RETORT FACILITY

"The Department of the Navy requested that ERDA prepare this statement describing the proposed accelerated Paraho oil shale research project at Anvil Points, Colorado. The proposal is to permit Development Engineering, Inc. (DEI) to construct and operate one full-size module of a Paraho retort, together with its associated mine and auxiliary equipment. The present mine on Naval Reserve 1 would be extended to 138 acres, so as to permit the extraction of as much as 11 million tons of raw shale. A single full-size vertical Paraho kiln approximately 42 ft . in diameter and 104 ft. high, with a nominal throughput capacity of 11,500 tons/  day of raw shale, would be constructed on a 200 ft. by 800 ft. site, and operated for approximately 30 months. It would be expected that a minimum of about 4 million tons of raw shale would be processed during this period,  from which Some 2 million barrels of shale oil could be recovered. The product oil would be sent to a local refinery for processing. Some 3.6 million tons of retorted shale and shale fines would be produced from the 4 million tons of oil shale processed, conveyed to the present Paraho canyon disposal site, compacted, contoured, and v6getated. If as much as 11 million tons were processed some 9 million tons of retorted shale and fines could be obtained, and up to 30 acres of canyon could be involved in their disposal."

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"Oil Shale In Situ Research  Uintah County, Utah"

"The proposed project involves design, construction and operation of a series of retorts and collection of data from an array of instrumentation installed in each retort. The basic rock fragmentation and retort operating problems will  be worked out on relatively small retorts that will be 10 to 20 feet wide by 10 to 15 feet thick by 30 to 80 feet long under 10 to 20 feet of overburden. Basic parameters to be varied include width, thickness, and length of retorts  and thickness of overburden. Air flow rates and retorting rates will be varied, and various blasting schemes to  optimize fragmentation and the distribution of permeability will be investigated. At the end of each retort run the data  will be interpreted and evaluated and the design of the next retort and of its method of operation will be improved. As experience is gained, the retorts will be progressively scaled up. When operation of a number of large retorts has been successfully accomplished, the research project will be ended. The process research and development part of the project is currently under way and is estimated to be completed in October,1979 and to involve construction and operation of approximately eighteen retorts of progressively increasing size. Construction and operation of three to five commercial  demonstration size retorts is estimated to be completed during 1981. The project is broken up into six phases. The first phase has been completed and Phase II is scheduled for completion by October 31, 1976. At the end of each phase an evaluation of technical progress will be made. Costs of the next phase will then be estimated in detail and operational plans and retort designs refined. A decision will then be made by the participants in the project as to whether or not to proceed to the next phase. Environmental impacts that will be present as a  result of the project are slight, topography disturbance, air emission from the excess process gas flare, and possible contamination of ground and surface waters. These impacts and their control will be discussed in more detail in the body of this report."

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ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT UNDERGROUND COAL GASIFICATION RESEARCH PROGRAM NEAR HANNA, CARBON COUNTY, WYOMING

The Laramie Energy Research Center proposes to continue research on in situ coal gasification at its  research site near Hanna, Wyoming (Figure 1). While the United States has huge resources of coal, only a small portion is considered economically minable using present-day technology. Underground coal gasification consists of drilling conventional wells to a coal seam and igniting the seam, followed by air or oxygen injection to induce the gasification reactions necessary to produce a combustible gas (Figure 2). The production of this low Btu  gas could be used for electric power generation, upgraded to intermediate quality gas, or used for in-plant process requirements. In the fall of 1972, the Laramie Energy Research Center initiated an in situ coal gasification experiment in Hanna, Wyoming. The objective was to test the feasibility of underground gasification in a deep, thick seam of western subbituminous coal and, if feasible, to maximize gas heating value while sustaining stable gas production rates and achieving a high coal utilization efficiency. The coal seam was ignited on March 28, 1973, in a 3D-foot seam 400 feet deep. The "burn" was maintained for a year, until March 22, 1974, when air injection was stopped. The combustion zone was  extinguished by the natural influx of seam water in approximately three months.

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ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASESSMENT OIL SHALE IN SITU PROCESSING RESEARCH PROGRAM FOR LETC ROCK SPRINGS, SWEETWATER COUNTY, WYOMING LARAMIE, ALBANY COUNTY, WYOMING UTAH

"The Laramie Energy Research Center (LERC) proposes to continue ongoing research on in situ processing of oil shale. LERC research includes work on field sites near Rock Springs, Wyoming, and Laramie, Wyoming. The sites are being used to carry out small-scale shale  fracturing and retorting experiments in the field."

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GROUND WATER QUALITY DATA FOR THE DOE HOE CREEK UCG EXPERIMENTS INCLUDES APPENDICES I,II,II,IV

"This section is organized by burn area, each burn area subdivided into aquifers for which the chemical  parameters listed in Table 2 are individually discussed. Average concentrations from  all available data  collected during the pre-burn condition are listed in Table 3. These data represent the baseline on which groundwater contamination is evaluated."

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WATER STUDY FOR THE UINTAH BASIN AND TAR SAND TRIANGLE AREAS IN UTAH 4 MONTHLY REPORTS AUG. 15, 1978-JAN. 12,1979

"This progress report describes the results of the first  month of activities under the above contract. First , a narrative summary of activities to date is presented. Second, the status of the study in relation to the network plan, schedule, and budget is presented. Third, the activities anticipated in the following month are presented. Finally, anticipated difficulties, personnel changes, etc., if any, are presented."

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PREOPERATIONAL SURFACE AND GROUNDWATER EVALUATION STUDY OF PROPOSED PRIMARY AND ALTERNATE MODICIATIONS IN SITU OIL SHALE RESEARCH SITES NEAR ROCK SPRINGS, WYOMING--COMPLETION REPORT

"The general objective of this study is to provide preoperational, site-specific hydrologic data for  ERDA/LERC proposed primary and alternate sites for modified in situ experimental research near Rock  Springs, Wyoming. The specific tasks are to:  (1) quantitatively evaluate the existing surface and groundwater hydrologic systems,  (2) depict through maps and drawings the sources of water in the study area,  (3) determine possible surface water and groundwater effects of proposed site development, and   (4) determine additional monitoring facilities and/or studies  required for operational programs at the proposed primary  and alternate sites.  Field investigations have been carried out in the study area  from April 1, 1976 to July 15, 1976 in order to address these tasks."

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ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING SPECIAL REPORTS

The second monitoring period for gaseous and particulate emissions at the Anvil Points mine, crusher , retort and shale disposal areas has been completed.  2. Gas samples taken at all  four locations appear to be pure , normal, ambient air. No carbon monoxide,  hydrocarbons, oxides of nitrogen , sulfur dioxide,  arsenic. mercury , lead , selenium , mercaptans or phenlols were detected .  3. Particulate monitoring can be summarized as follows:  Mine Crusher -R-et-or-t Shale Disposal)  Loading (mg/m3 ) 0. 75-6 .3) ) .7"'-16] . 6] 2.'10-35 .] 6 4.24-36 . 28  Site-to-site Constant Variable  Hour-by-Hour Variable Constant Variable  Size (u) 0.14-1.0 0. 24-23 . 4 1. 5-57 0.15-1.45  Range Bimodal) Bimodal  4 . Chemical analyses for dusts for the usual shale e tests show that dusts at the crusher and mine are essentially raw shale, the dusts at the shale disposal are essentially retorted shale , and the dusts at the retort are mixtures of the two.  5. SSMS data appear reasonable; they tend to fall between the highs and lows  obtained by other laboratories in other projects .

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PRELIMINARY ENVIRONMENTAL RESULTS OF THE LETC HANNA III UCG EXPERIMENT

"Since 1972 the Laramie Energy Technology Center (LETC) has been seeking an economically viable process for gasifying coal underground (1-7). The LETC has been investigating the potential environmental impacts  associated with underground coal gasification (UGG) at four UCG test sites near Hanna, Wyoming (8-10). The Hanna experiment (5-7) I was designed to provide  information of the potential impact of UCG on  groundwater quality and the environmental control  technology implications of those impacts along with parameters critical to the process itself. Environmental objectives were:  (1) to characterize the pertinent aquifers, (2) to  determine preoperational water quality in the aquifers, and (3) to assess the impacts of UCG on groundwater quality."

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