AndreaBozzo/ceres-open-data-index huggingface dataset:
Study of the effects of soot, particulate and other contaminants on molten carbonate fuel cells fueled by coal gas: Topical report for the period September 1985-August 1986

A research program to investigate fuel cell performance effects and other implications due to soot formation, particulate deposition, and the effect of ammonia, arsenic, trace metal contaminants, and hydrocarbons is under way. Soot formation caused by simulated fuel under atmospheric operating conditions at 650/sup 0/C was studied both in-cell and out-of-cell. These experiments have shown that molten carbonate wetted surface (e.g., the nickel anode) tend to suppress the Boudouard soot forming reaction as contrasted with non-wetted surfaces. A 0.6% concentration of acetylene contaminant in borderline stable fuel gas was also observed to increase the tendency to soot formation. This indicates that even small amounts of unsaturated hydrocarbon contaminants may be detrimental and steps must be taken to adjust overall fuel gas composition to remain stable for long-term operation. The effect of particulates (using zinc oxide dust) in coal gas was also studied in a bench-scale cell. Even though only 1% of the total zinc passing through the cell was chemically absorbed, this zinc dissolved as Zn-ions in the electrolyte and migrated to the wet seal regions. This may have contributed to some decrease in cell performance. A 1 ppm arsenic concentration in fuel was also fed to another bench-scale cell and this was experimentally identified as the ''safe''limit of exposure for the MCFC without causing any immediate detrimental effects. Other contaminants such as volatile trace metals (which include zinc vapor present in coal-gas from a ZnFe/sub 2/O/sub 4/ desulfurizer), have also been surveyed and are being screened by out-of-cell testing.

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Gas turbine component screening program: Volume 2, Evaluation of long-term deposition effects: Final report

The objectives of the ''Gas Turbine Component Screening Program''were twofold. The first objective was to experimentally develop a heavy-duty gas turbine combustion system capable of burning coal water slurry (CWS) either alone or with a pilot fuel at sufficiently high combustion efficiency to enable it to be used for subsequent ash deposition tests. This combustion system would also provide a basis for the future development of a system capable of burning CWS without the use of a pilot fuel. The second objective of the program was to evaluate the long-term ash deposition effects caused by burning CWS and to evaluate operating approaches to control the deposition. These deposition tests were done using an aircraft derivative turbine simulator and a modified aircraft (J-79) combustor.

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Design and performance of a capacitance probe for monitoring averaged parameters and individual events in a high-temperature, fluidized-bed reactor

Improved instrumentation is needed both for operation of and research into the mechanics of fluidized beds. The capacitance probe described in this report has the capability of measuring overall bed parameters such as height and density on a time-averaged basis as well as high-speed measurements that can yield insight into the details of the fluidized bed itself. This segmented probe uses guarded electrodes to control the portion of the bed that the active segment is sensitive to and high-frequency excitation to improve the ratio of capacitive to resistive current. Phase-angle detection is used to cancel the resistive component of the detector current and to separate the capacitive component. The high-speed data is processed along with sample data showing some of the potential measurements that can be made in fluidized beds.

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Solar thermal enhanced oil recovery. Volume I. Executive summary. Final report, October 1, 1979-June 30, 1980

Thermal enhanced oil recovery is widely used in California to aid in the production of heavy oils. Steam injection either to stimulate individual wells or to drive oil to the producing wells, is by far the major thermal process today and has been in use for over 20 years. Since steam generation at the necessary pressures (generally below 4000 kPa (580 psia)) is within the capabilities of present day solar technology, it is logical to consider the possibilities of solar thermal enhanced oil recovery (STEOR). The present project consisted of an evaluation of STEOR by a team from various Exxon affiliates, Foster Wheeler Development Corp. and Honeywell Inc. The results of the study are presented in three volumes. This volume contains the executive summary. Volume II contains Sections 2 through 8 together with Appendices A through K and in essence is the response to the original contract statement of work. Volume III summarizes the additional work performed to evaluate STEOR as a privately financed commercial venture at Exxon's Edison Field near Bakersfield, California. (WHK)

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Development of biological coal gasification (MicGAS Process)

In order for the coal biogasification process to be economically feasible, an inexpensive nutrient amendment must be found to replace the Difco[trademark] yeast extract and tryptic soy broth (YE/TSB) used in the current medium formulation. Five products have been identified which support greater methane production from Texas lignite than YE/TSB.

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CNG acid gas removal process. Technical progress report No. 10, February 1-April 30, 1983

Two tasks were active during the tenth quarter of the CNG acid gas removal project. Subtask 1.4: calibration of instruments and elimination of equipment difficulties for the process development-scale triple-point crystallizer. Subtask 2.1: acquisition of crystallizer rate and mechanical slurry handling data. Within Subtask 1.4, a method was established to allow the washer-melter liquid level to fluctuate within a specified range. Bulk movement of the liquid within this range promotes a ratchet-type upward movement of the solid bed. Continuous crystallizer runs up to 5 hours have been achieved with this intermittent upward movement of the solid bed. The persistent gradual accumulation of solid carbon dioxide in the flasher is now the major obstacle preventing long-term continuous operation of the crystallizer. Within Subtask 2.1, the continuous crystallizer runs this quarter have achieved steady state crystallizer concentration profiles, and permitted measurement of crystallizer separation factors for the system hydrogen sulfide-carbon dioxide. The separation factors fall in the range 1000-3000. The lower bound separation factor, 1000, is double the value used in recent engineering designs of the crystallizer. A complete data log of one crystallizer run with the system hydrogen sulfide-carbon dioxide is presented in Appendix A. 3 references, 68 figures, 12 tables.

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Reservoir characterization of the Smackover Formation in southwest Alabama

The Upper Jurassic Smackover Formation is found in an arcuate belt in the subsurface from south Texas to panhandle Florida. The Smackover is the most prolific hydrocarbon-producing formation in Alabama and is an important hydrocarbon reservoir from Florida to Texas. In this report Smackover hydrocarbon reservoirs in southwest Alabama are described. Also, the nine enhanced- and improved-recovery projects that have been undertaken in the Smackover of Alabama are evaluated. The report concludes with recommendations about potential future enhanced- and improved-recovery projects in Smackover reservoirs in Alabama and an estimate of the potential volume of liquid hydrocarbons recoverable by enhanced- and improved-recovery methods from the Smackover of Alabama.

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Thermodynamic properties of solid alkali aluminosilicates at elevated temperatures. [298K to approx. 2000K (in some cases)]

This report presents selected heat capacities, entropies, enthalpies, standard enthalpies of formation, standard free energies of formation and the equilibrium formation constants for solid sodium aluminate, solid potassium aluminate and solid aluminosilicates of lithium, sodium, and potassium. Values are listed in 28 tables for 17 different compositions (13 pure compounds and their polymorphs; 4 mixtures, each in low- and high-temperature configurations) from 298K to temperatures ranging up to 2000K.

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ASPEN Technical Reference Manual

ASPEN (Advanced System for Process Engineering) is a software system for computer-aided process design. ASPEN was developed at M.I.T. during the period 1976-1981 under the sponsorship of the Department of Energy and 55 industrial participants. There are four manuals and one computer tape describing the maintenance, use, and installation of ASPEN. The ASPEN Technical Reference Manual is a two volume manual containing detailed technical descriptions of ASPEN unit operation models, physical property models, cost models, convergence methods, and the flowsheet analysis algorithm. It is intended solely as a reference manual for ASPEN support staff and advanced users. It is not necessary for the average user to have this manual in order to use ASPEN.

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Distribution, abundance, and maceral content of the lithotypes in the Beulah-Zap bed of North Dakota

Relationships between the maceral contents of the megascopically observable components (lithotypes) of the Beulah-Zap lignite bed follow patterns similar to those of bituminous coals. The lignite seam was divided into 10 lithologic units (lithobodies) on the basis of petrographic features within the units. These lithobodies range in size from 5 to 85 cm. Lithotypes within the lithobodies were physically separated for various analyses and their relative abundances estimated. Three distinct lithotypes have been identified in the Beulah-Zap lignite: vitrain (35%), fusain (5%), and attritus (60%), by volume. Maceral identification was made using reflected light microscopy. Distribution of the maceral groups within the lithotypes of the Beaulah-Zap lignite was found to resemble the distribution patterns in bituminous coals. The lithotype fusian was found to be rich in the intertinite macerals such as fusinite, semifusinite, and macrinite. The attritus is composed of all three maceral groups of variable percentages, huminite (41 to 82%), inertinite (10 to 65%), and liptinite (4 to 13%). The identified liptinite macerals include sporinite, resinite, cutinite, and subrinite. The huminite maceral goup, consisting mainly of ulminite, was found to be the major constitutent of the vitrain lithotype. Elemental compositions were determined by proximate/ultimate analysis and scanning electron microprobe. Microprobe analyses show slight compositional variation of individual macerals included in the vitrain and fusain lithotypes. Macerals in the attritus lithotype were observed to have a varied calcium concentration compared to the other lithotypes.

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Measurement and correlation of conditions for entrapment and mobilization of residual oil. First annual report

Substantial progress has been made in four major task areas. The first task is to establish the limits of reliability of laboratory waterflooding as an evaluation tool. Wettability is identified as a key variable. Work is being extended to wetting properties of crude oils and core flooding. The second task concerns the effects of high capillary number flows on trapping phenomena and residual oil saturation. Correlations of capillary number and relative permeability behavior at reduced residual saturations have been developed for displacement in sandstones. The third task deals with mechanisms of mobilization and entrapment of residual oil. Detailed accounts have recently been presented of work on relative permeability at reduced residual oil saturations and for factors which affect the magnitude and distribution of residual oil. Work on the fourth task concerns the detailed structure of residual oil. The size distribution of residual oil blobs, obtained under various displacement conditions, is being measured by various size-analysis methods.

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Wastewater treatment train for fixed bed coal gasification. Semi-annual progress report, May 1-October 31, 1980

The objective of this research is to develop a series of procedures that enable wastewater from a stirred fixed bed gasification process to be treated in an environmentally acceptable manner. Experiments are conducted on a laboratory scale using samples of gasifier wastewater. The linkage of processes used include sulfide stripping, pH adjustment followed by free and fixed ammonia removal, pH adjustment for chemical precipitation of organics, and biological treatment in an activated sludge type configuration. The pre-treatment technique employed provides almost 50% organic removal from the wastewater prior to biological processing; with the organics being accumulated into the sludge phase. The interaction of generated sludges with RCRA regulations is the subject of additional research. A series of continuous biological reactors is operational with hydraulic detention times of 1.0 days, and sludge ages in excess of 20 days. A removal in excess of 80% of COD is accomplished by the biological reactors when the wastewater is pre-treated by the manner developed.

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Cyclone solids quench system status report, August 1983

The removal and disposal of dust from the exhaust gases of a pressurized fluidized bed combustor is an important requirement. In the facility at Grimethorpe, South Yorkshire, UK, this is achieved using cyclones and quench vessels, to convert the dust into a slurry. The dust leaves the cyclones through vertical dip legs, passing downward below the surface slurry level in the quench vessels. Water is fed continuously to the quench vessels from which slurry is periodically discharged. Problems have been experienced with the system due to the accumulation of wet solids and the formation of hard deposits within the dip legs. Several modifications have been made to overcome the problem including control of the pH in the vicinity of the dip leg by the injection of acid, control of the vent flow of gas down the dip leg and the installation of mechanical scrapers. The combination of these modifications has proved successful in keeping the dip legs clear.

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Study of deposition control using transpiration. Technical progress report, July 1984

The purpose of this project is to determine the conditions under which transpiration may be actually used to avoid the deposition of small particles over a surface kept at a temperature below the melting point of compounds likely to exist in the combustion products. A combined experimental and theoretical research program will be carried out to evaluate the concept of transporation as a deposition control strategy. A first order theory will be refined by introducing an appropriated turbulence model. The experimental program is designed to evaluate and refine the theoretical model under conditions which provide the correct Reynolds and Stokes numbers. The experimental set up consists of a wind tunnel with a test section containing a flat porous transpired section. The measurements will determine the distribution of velocity and of particles concentration in the boundary layer. The experiments will be conducted for different particles sizes under conditions simulating gas turbine conditions.

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Forced and induced draft fan design for atmospheric fluidized bed combustion systems. Final report

This report describes the fan design philosophy currently used in China. It has been written for the general process engineer and does not require any previous knowledge about fans. It is also intended for use by the purchaser of AFBC fans, so he can better understand the fan performance and control limitations. This will assist the purchaser in writing more meaningful specifications to the fan supplier, and to get a better appreciation for the installation, operation and maintenance requirements. For an insight in the US design philosophy, the reader is referred to one of the many publications supported by EPRI (Electric Power Research Institute) on the Design and Specification Guidelines for Large Draft Fans and Systems.

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Coal processing for fuel cell utilization: Task 14, Code documentation for molten carbonate fuel cell performance model. [FCELL]

This report contains detailed instructions for use of FCELL, a performance simulation code for molten carbonate fuel cells. These instructions are intended primarily to familiarize the user with input/output characteristics of the code, rather than with specific aspects of the internal numerics. Although a brief discussion of each subroutine is included here, more detailed information is available in the internal code documentation. The version of the code presented in Appendix A has been fully tested over a wide range of input parameters. In order to make the present code self-contained, a matrix inversion subroutine requiring full matrix storage has also been included.

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Continuing development of regenerable sorbents for fluidized-bed combustion. Final report

The fluidized bed combustion of sulfur-bearing coals under presently-constituted environmental constraints requires an efficient sulfur capture system to be cost effective. The system configuration which has received the most attention is one in which combustion is effected in the presence of the sulfur-capture agent, which is itself a fluidized solid, generally limestone or dolomite. This system, however, may be found to be only marginally preferable to more conventional coal combustion methods when natural sorbents, limestones or dolomites, are employed in a once-through process which generates large quantities of partially-sulfated stone as waste by-product. In a previous experimental program (1), Exxon Research and Engineering Company sought to identify superior sulfur sorbents for direct use in fluidized-bed coal combustors. Two classes of promising materials emerged: calcium and barium titanates, and calcium aluminate cement. The titanates exhibited remarkable regenerability, retaining their activity for sulfur capture after repeated cycling from sulfation to regeneration. Formulations based on calcium aluminate cement were found to be especially resistant to attrition in a fluidized bed, while exhibiting good sulfur-capture activity. In this study, the assessment of representative synthetic sorbent materials was extended from the single-pellet laboratory analysis used in the original program to the testing of 100-gram aliquots in a hot, fluidized bed. Procedures for producing kilogram quantities of synthetic sorbent pellets for use in the test program had to be developed. And, a first attempt was made to characterize the ultimate effects of controllable variables in the pellet production process on sulfur activity and resistance to attrition.

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Advanced atmospheric fluidized-bed combustion design - ultrahigh velocity. Final report

The major findings from Phase I activities in a program entitled Advanced Atmospheric Fluidized-Bed Combustion Design are summarized. It is concluded from these findings that the Ultra High Velocity (UHV) fluidized bed combustion system will meet the criteria established by DOE for an advanced AFBC system. It has the potential for achieving significant technological and economical improvements over the existing AFBC systems. The key technical uncertainties needing resolution before this concept can be considered to have reasonable commercial potential are identified as: operability of the UHV system over the extended turndown range; potential equipment erosion problems anticipated during operation of high gas velocity and solids circulation; and the system performance over the prescribed turndown range to meet the desired performance goals. An R and D program plan to address these issues has been developed, and it is believed that the rick involved in overcoming these technical barriers is well justified by the high payoff potential of the UHV system.

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Hydraulic Fracturing and Associated Stress Modeling for the Eastern Gas Shales Project

This report details hydraulic fracture and associated stress modeling investigations for the EGSP. A review of pertinent literature along with model formulations, results, and applications associated with the developed hydraulic fracture model are given  Examples relating to foam fracture and dendritic fracture modeling are also provided. Objective of this report is to provide predictive and interpretive insight for hydraulic fracture mechanisms and design.

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Biological conversion of synthesis gas

Overall mass transfer coefficients for CO have been determined in a continuous stirred-tank reactor at agitation rates of 300--700 rpm using a biological system with the photosynthetic bacterium Rhodospirillum rubrum. A non-steady state approach was employed in order to separate mass transfer and kinetic limited regions of the fermentation. As a result, a kinetic model could be developed for specific CO uptake by the culture including the apparent CO inhibition. The maximum specific CO uptake rate found matched the earlier results obtained in batch culture and by other investigators. CO inhibition was more predominant in CSTR culture than in batch culture, perhaps due to CO acclimation. The growth of the photosynthetic bacterium Chlorobium thiosulfatophilum on CO[sub 2] has been studied at light intensities ranging from 27-1723 lux in batch culture. Modeling results indicate that growth is dependent upon light intensity according to a Monod type relationship.

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Management, operation, and maintenance of the 0. 5-MWe fluidized-bed process development unit (PDU) at Alexandria, VA. Annual report, March 1981-February 1982

The objectives of the current test program include validation of predictions from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology Coal AFBC System Model, and experimental studies supporting AFBC process development. This Annual Report summarizes activities and results during the period from March 1981, through February 1982. Primary activities included: hot mode testing aimed at the collection of heat transfer data; hot mode testing aimed at the collection of combustion efficiency data; hot mode testing aimed at the collection of sulfur capture data; hot mode testing aimed at the collection of fly ash reinjection data; MIT Model Validation using hot mode test results; Georgetown University solids sample analysis; and preparations for subsequent cold and hot mode testing aimed at the collection of bubble characteristics data.

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Deposition and corrosion in gas turbines utilizing coal or coal-derived fuel

The coupling of modular gas turbines with an economically priced and domestically available coal-derived fuel represents an attractive option for the generation of baseload electrical power. The potential application of these dirty fuels presents a challenge to current gas turbine technology. Inorganic contaminants in coal-derived fuels are potentially responsible for three major mechanisms of degrading turbine components and efficiency. These mechanisms are deposition, corrosion, and erosion effects on hot gas path components. Of these three, deposition has been identified as the mechanism most likely to limit the application of dirty fuels. This is not to suggest that corrosion or erosion are not worthy of consideration, but that deposition is considered to be less resolvable at the present. The objective of this report is to provide a survey of the literature on deposition, corrosion, and erosion phenomena in the context of the use of coal in fueling open-cycle gas turbines. The effect of coal ash on deposition and corrosion is also reviewed. The potentials of blade cooling techniques to ameliorate deposition are summarized. The inorganic impurities in minimally cleaned coal gas are taken to be similar if not identical to coal ash since the particulate in minimally cleaned coal gas is generally coal fines (perhaps develatilized) that escape collection by the gas cleaning devices. From this survey an appreciation of the factors and mechanisms behind deposition, corrosion, and erosion should be gained which can then be used to guide studies in controlling these effects.

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