AndreaBozzo/ceres-open-data-index huggingface dataset:
FLOWSHEETS AND SOURCE TERMS FOR RADIOACTIVE WASTE PROJECTIONS

"Flowsheets and source terms used to generate radioactive  waste projections in the Integrated Data Base (101) Program are given. Volumes of each waste type generated per unit product throughput have been detrained for the following facilities : uranium mining, UF6, conversion, uranium enrichment, fuel fabrication, boiling-water reactors (BWRs), pressurized-water reactors (PWRs) , and fuel reprocessing. Source terms for DOE/defense wastes have been developed. Expected wastes from typical decommissioning operations for  each facility type have been detrained. All wastes are also characterized by isotopic composition at time of generation and by general chemical composition."

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COMPOSITION OF  SHALE-OIL

Shale oil is formed by the paralysis of the organic material in oil shale it resembles petroleum in that it is composed of hydrocarbons, and sulfur, nitrogen, and oxygen derivatives or hydrocarbons However, the non-hydrocarbon content is much greater than in petroleum, and the hydrocarbons are less saturated with those of petroleum, resembling, as would be expected, the products of thermal cracking of petroleum.  Shale oil, thus, presents different problems than does petroleum, in processing to liquid fuels.  These problems arise from the differences in composition; such as the unsaturation, the much greater content of nitrogen compounds, and the sulfur and oxygen compound content.  Refining problems such as instability of products, poisoning of catalysts and difficulty in meeting sulfur and octane number specifications are natural consequences of these composition differences.  A knowledge of the composition of shale oil is highly important for proper consideration of the refining processes to be used.

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CONCEPTS INVOLVED IN A PROPOSED APPLICATION OF UNCERTAINTY ANALYSIS TO THE PERFORMANCE ASSESSMENT OF HIGH-LEVEL NUCLEAR WASTE ISOLATION SYSTEMS

This report introduces the concepts of a previously developed methodology which could readily be extended to the field of performance assessment for high-level nuclear waste isolation systems. The methodology incorporates sensitivities previously obtained with the GRESS code into an uncertainty analysis, from which propagated uncertainties in calculated responses may be derived from basic data uncertainties. Following a definition of terms, examples are provided illustrating commonly used conventions for describing the concepts of covariance and sensitivity. Examples of solutions to problems previously encountered in related fields involving uncertainty analysis and use of a generalized linear least-squares adjustment procedure are also presented.

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FIELD TASK PROPOSAL/AGREEMENTS FOR FY 1989 NUCLEAR WASTE FUND STORAGE AND TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS

The primary objective of this work effort is to maintain and update the Transportation Legislative and Regulatory Information System for the DOE Office of Civilian Radioactive Waste Management (OCRWM). This task supports the development of a transportation system for the shipment of wastes from the generation sites to a repository. Data from this task will serve as input to other OCRWM programs.

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GEOTECHNICAL STUDIES ON THE OVERBURDEN ROCK FROM THE HANNA IV UCG SITE

Geotechnical and lithological characterization of the  unaltered and altered overburden rock from the Hanna IV Underground Coal Gasification (UCG) site shows that  the uniaxial compressive strength (qu) of the rocks has a positive linear correlation with percent calcite cement (r = .60). An inverse, non-linear relationship exists between uniaxial compressive strength and porosity (r2 = .60) and a positive non-linear relationship exists between uniaxial compressive strength and compressive wave velocities (r 2= .71). Comparison of these data with previous work on overburden from the Rawlins, North Knobs UCG site (Burns, et a1., 1983) shows that these relationships are essentially the same [or both sites. Correlations using  data from the North Knobs site the somewhat better than those for Hanna IV.  Analyses of the overburden rock units directly overlying the cavity show that roof  rock strength , lateral and vertical homogeneity, thickness of the overburden, well spacing and span of the unsupported roof rock control the collapse of overburden into the reactor cavity . The Hanna II, Hanna IV and North Knobs VCG sites, which experienced little overburden collapses, are characterized by roof rocks with abundant calcite cement, low porosity high uniaxial compressive strength and an overburden thickness to maximum span of unsupported roof rock ratio greater than one. The Hoe Creek III site, which experienced overburden collapse to the ground surface , is  characterized by a laterally discontinuous roof rock unit with high porosity, little calcite carnet and an overburden thickness to maximum span of unsupported roof rock  ratio of less than one. The distribution of altered rocks in both cavities at the Hanna IV VCC site is, from bottom to top, altered coal (char) , paralava , paralava breccia and buchite, and hornfels . The highest temperatures (1200"-1500oC), occurred in the lower half of the cavity where char and para lava rock are found .

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PERMEABILITY CHARACTERISTICS OF COAL SEAMS

"Values of absolute permeability to gas and porosity for Pittsburgh, Hanna, and Gillette coals are presented. Effective and relative permeability's to gas as functions of water saturation and flow orientation are also calculated  from steady-state Darcian flow experiments. The rate of increase in permeability to gas past the critical gas saturation is significantly greater as the rank of the coal decreases. Similarly values of absolute permeability, shrinkage, and porosity are inverse functions of rank. Values of the former range over three orders of magnitude. The critical gas saturation does not appear to be a function of rank ."

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Comparison of bacterial luminescence and fish bioassay results for fossil-fuel process waters and phenolic constituents

A number of fossil fuel process waters and some phenolic constituents were tested in a luminescent bacterial system, and the results were compared with either static or flow through acute bioassays with fish. Luminescence was decreased in a concentration dependent manner after the addition of an oil shale process water. The concentration causing 50 percent inhibition of luminescence was reproducibly determined for all the tested waters and compounds. The EC50 values for a group of fossil fuel process waters correlated with 96 h rainbow trout flowthrough median lethal concentrations but not with 95 h flowthrough LC50s for fathead minnows.

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Technology assessment:  environmental, health, and safety impacts associated with oil recovery from US tar-sand deposits

The tar sand resources of the US have the potential to yield as much as 36 billion barrels of oil. The tar sand petroleum extraction technologies now being considered for commercialization in the US include both surface systems and in situ procedures. The surface systems currently receiving the most attention include (1) thermal decomposition processes, (2) suspension methods, and (3) washing techniques. Underground bitumen extraction techniques now being field tested are (1) in situ combustion and (2) in situ steam injection procedures.

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Round robin investigation of organic compounds in aqueous leachates of solid wastes:  application to H-coal filter cake leachates

The overall objective of the Fossil Energy Technology Waste Sampling and Characterization Program is to develop the data base needed to evaluate the potential hazards associated with disposal of fossil energy wastes. The data base is presently incomplete, particularly with respect to potentially hazardous organic constituents. The overall purpose of this project are to develop and apply uniform methods for analysis of organic compounds in aqueous lactates from fossil emery solid wastes, and provide analytical information with established validity and precision. To these ends, this report presents the results of intra and interlaboratory studies on the determination of semi volatile organic compounds in aqueous lactates of an H-Coal solid waste. The two batches of leachate were obtained by the ASTM Method 3987 and by the EPA Method EP. In addition, the laboratories received H-Coal solid waste samples, which they leached by the above two methods and then made GC and GC-MS measurements on samples derived from these leachates. Similar studies have been reported for synthetic leachates and leachates of SRC-11 vacuum still bottoms materials.

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Development of an analytical method for the determination of organic compounds in fossil-fuel aqueous leachates

The overall objective f the Fossil Energy Technology Water Sampling and Characterization Program is to develop the data base needed to evaluate the potential hazards associated with disposal of fossil energy wastes. The data base is presently incomplete, articulacy with respect to potentially hazardous organic constituents. The purpose of this investigation is to provide analytical information whose validity and precision are established, and to develop and apply uniform analytical methods for analysis of organic compounds in aqueous lactates from fossil energy solid wastes.

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Bailing and construction considerations for deep aquifer monitoring wells on western oil shale leases

"Water quality data collected from monitoring wells in the Piceance Creek Basin oil shale area can be significantly influenced by well design and sampling techniques. Many of these influences can be attributed to hydro geologic complexities, which can have notable variations on a fairly local scale. To adequately address these complexities, a site-specific characterization of the hydrogeology is necessary. This is particularly important for specifying well construction details of monitoring wells for a ground-water quality monitoring program.  Data collected during the bailing of deep aquifer wells on Federal Prototype Oil Shale Lease Tract C-a indicates the need for consistent and representative sample collection depths. Appreciable changes in water quality can be induced by variations in sample collection depths. In addition, unrepresentative data can be obtained due to the incorrect selection of intervals to be sampled in the well. Care must be taken to sample consistently from the same depth and aquifer interval during each and every sampling effort.  Studies such as these provide necessary background information for developing ground-water monitoring guidelines in the oil shale region. Sampling procedures must be consistent to assure representative data collection. In addition, wells should be designed and completed according to the local hydrogeology and the specific goals of the monitoring program."

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Investigation of fire and explosion accidents in the chemical, mining, and fuel-related industries - a manual. Bulletin

This Bureau of Mines manual is oriented to the technical needs of an investigation of fire or explosion accidents and includes various practical and theoretical information that is needed in analyzing accidents or evaluating conditions that might lead to an accident. It is applicable to accidents in the chemical, mining, transportation, and other fuel-related industries. Specific procedures for conducting an accident investigation are outlined, and various guidelines are given for developing the fire or explosion evidence. Ignitability, flammability, and physicochemical data are presented for over 500 combustible gases, liquids, and solids; empirical and theoretical expressions are also given for extrapolating the behavior of combustible-oxidant-diluent systems to various environmental conditions. In addition, various data pertinent to damage analysis are summarized to facilitate the task of the investigator in developing plausible accident scenarios.

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Geologic flow characterization using tracer techniques

A new tracer flow-test system has been developed for in situ characterization of geologic formations. This report describes two sets of test equipment: one portable and one for testing in deep formations. Equations are derived for in situ detector calibration, raw data reduction, and flow logging. Data analysis techniques are presented for computing porosity and permeability in unconfined isotropic media, and porosity, permeability and fracture characteristics in media with confined or unconfined two-dimensional flow. The effects of tracer pulse spreading due to divergence, dispersion, and porous formations are also included.

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Multichannel interval timer (MINT)

A prototype Multichannel Interval Timer (MINT) has been built for measuring signal Time of Arrival (TOA) from sensors placed in blast environments. The MINT is intended to reduce the space, equipment costs, and data reduction efforts associated with traditional analog TOA recording methods, making it more practical to field the large arrays of TOA sensors required to characterize blast environments. This document describes the MINT design features, provides the information required for installing and operating the system, and presents proposed improvements for the next generation system.

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Mobile digital data acquisition and recording system for geoenergy process monitoring and control

Three mobile, general purpose data acquisition and recording systems have been built to support geoenergy field experiments. These systems were designed to record and display information from large assortments of sensors used to monitor in-situ combustion recovery or similar experiments. They provide experimenters and operations personnel with easy access to current and past data for evaluation and control of the process, and provide permanent recordings for subsequent detailed analysis. This paper briefly describes the configurations of these systems and their current capabilities.

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Texas lignite:  near-surface and deep-basin resources. Report of investigations, No. 79

The present report updates and summarizes information presented in the above reports, emphasizing the geographic distribution, geologic occurrence, resources, grade, and environmental use factors of Texas lignite. Comprehensive subsurface studies conducted by the Bureau of Economic Geology in recent years have indicated exceedingly large volumes of lignite at varying depths in the Texas Coastal Plain. Although below depths for conventional mining and not amenable to immediate utilization, future developments of in situ recovery technology through underground gasification make deep-basin lignite a major potential source of energy. Lignite distribution, occurrence, and resource estimates, as well as factors involved in its recovery, are presented in this report.

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Phase behavior of light hydrocarbon - heavy oil or tar systems, and its application to recovery processes

"The effect of dissolved light hydrocarbons as ethane, propane, and butane on the viscosity and solids precipitation behavior of heavy oils and Athabasca tar is shown from experimental data. These data are compared with commonly held notions of such behavior and explained in more general terms.  This information may be used to advantage in recovery processes for heavy oils or tars, and the results of one field test are shown as an example."

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Vanadium-uranium extraction from Wyoming vanadiferoud silicates. Report of investigations/1983

"The Bureau of Mines conducted laboratory studies on low-grade vanadiferous silicates from the Pumpkin Buttes and Nine Mile Lake deposits of Wyoming to examine techniques for extracting vanadium and uranium.  Recovery from low-grade sources such as this could contribute to future vanadium production and reduce reliance on vanadium imports. The Pumpkin Buttes samples contained 0.03 to 0.04 pct V205, and 0. 06 to 0. 12 pct U3O8, the Nine Mile Lake samples contained 0.02 to 1. 0 pct V205, and 0. 06 to 0.19 pct U3O8.  Leaching the Pumpkin Buttes samples for 18 h at 80° C with addition of 200 lb/ton H2S04 resulted in recovery of 80 pct  of the vanadium contained in the samples. The Nine Mile Lake samples were readily leached, yielding 78 to 94 pct of the vanadium after 3 h at 80° C with addition of 100 lb/ton H2S04 . A solvent extraction procedure was used to selectively recover uranium from Pumpkin Buttes and Nine Mile Lake leach solutions and to recover vanadium from the raffinates. In batch shakeout tests, Alamine 336  recovered over 95 pct of the uranium from leach solution adjusted to pH 1. Di-2-ethylhexyl phosphoric acid and Cyanex 272 recovered vanadium from the uranium raffinate after reduction and adjustment to pH 2;  vanadium extractions of up to 96 pct and 92 pct, respectively, were achieved."

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Beneficiation of oil shales by froth flotation and heavy media separation: Volume 1, Summary and main report: Final report

An experimental program was conducted to determine the feasibility of upgrading US oil shales by froth flotation and heavy media separation (HMS) techniques. The results of the experiments along with other available information were used to analyze technical and economic aspects of a process scheme in which a mined shale will be beneficiated and then retorted. The experimental program and economic analysis indicate that whereas beneficiation processes do not offer any clear incentive at the current time, these processes may become essential when lean deposits are to be exploited. Froth flotation process appears to be significantly superior than the HMS process. The significant deterrents to developing a beneficiation process based on froth flotation are grinding costs and lack of suitable retorts. 15 refs., 13 figs., 13 tabs.

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Coal conversion and the environment:  chemical, biomedical, and ecological considerations. DOE Symposium Series 54

Underground coal gasification (UCG) has been in use in the Soviet Union since the 1950's and is now being developed in the US. Although, compared to conventional mining, UCG has environmental, health and safety advantages, certain potential aquatic ecosystem impacts can result from release of contaminated water condensed from product gas or from contaminated groundwater reaching the surface.

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Groundwater studies at Rio Blanco Oil Shale Company's retort 1 at Tract C-a

Western Research Institute has continued to assess goundwater at the site of the 1981 modified in situ oil shale retorting tests at Federal Prototype Lease Tract C-a near Rilfe, Colorado. The organic constituents, the toxicology, and the microorganisms associated with the groundwater are discussed in this report.

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Disposal and uses of oil shale ash

This study was initiated to determine some of the properties of waste shale ash. General studies dealing with a variety of Piceance Creek shales retorted and burned for various times and temperatures were made. One objective of this approach was to define as nearly as possible the best conditions for processing shale ash before it is dumped in order to  obtain a well stabilized dump least subject to wind and water erosion and land slides. In the studies two approaches were as follows: (1) physical strength studies of shale ash as a function of a number of variables and (2) chemical studies as a function of these variables in order to define the cementing components in the hydration products of shale ash. The variables studied included (a) composition of shale ash, (b) burning temperature, © burning time, (d) moisture content, (e) degree of compaction, (f) storage time, and (g) storage temperature.

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Current assessment of the physiochemical characterization data for the eastern gas shales

Physiochemical characteristics were evaluated for over 700 core and drill cutting samples from Upper Devonian Gas Shales. These samples were selected from seven Illinois Basin and fourteen Appalachian Basin wells. The organic carbon content, thermal maturation and organic matter type primarily determine the gas potential of these shales. The average organic carbon content of Devonian shales is consistently greater than the minimum content required for clastic source rocks to generate a significant volume of hydrocarbons. The potential gas yield of shales predominantly containing propelic (marine sourced) material is significantly greater than for those predominantly containing humic (non-marine) material. In general, Illinois Basin shales are organically rich and contain varying proportions of terrestrial versus marine sourced organic matter. However, these shales are too thermally immature to have generated significant hydrocarbons. An exception to this trend occurs in the southern regions of this basin (Hardin County, Illinois) where the shales are primarily composed of terrestrially derived, organic matter and are more thermally mature. The organic matter of the Appalachian Basin shales trend from a very mature, terrestrially derived, organically leaner type in the regions east of the basin axis to a less mature, mixed marine/non-marine, organically richer type in the western regions. The Upper Devonian interval of this latter region contains gases with a higher gas-producing potential and Btu values. The primary source of these wet gases is within shale intervals associated with an organically and algal-rich (restricted marine) facies. Determining shale hydrocarbon gas or organic carbon content by current methods of log analysis appears to be of limited effectiveness. However, alternative methods of remote sensing have the potential to improve the determination of these key reservoir parameters.

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Illinois oil shales. [Black shales and limestone samples]

Samples of Illinois shales and a limestone containing organic materials were tested to determine their oil content and to evaluate their possibilities as sources of oil. Oil content of the Pennsylvanian shale samples ranged from 0 to 40 gallons per ton, but only 3 samples contained more than 25 gallons per ton, whereas 88 percent contained less than 15 gallons. Of the shale formations for which 3 or more samples were tested, that above coal No. 2 in northern and western Illinois contained the highest average oil content, almost 16 gallons per ton.

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Areal sweep efficiency of the in-situ recovery of subbituminous coal. [3 refs]

The results are presented of applying particle tracking techniques to the prediction of areal sweep for the in-situ recovery of subbituminous coal. Comparison of field data with calculated values indicates that these techniques are applicable and support the theory that the in-situ recovery of subbituminous coal as encountered at Hanna, Wyoming, is a permeation process. The model predicts breakthrough of the flame front at the production well and intermediate points with sufficient accuracy for preliminary design purposes.

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Specific gravity-oil yield relationships of two Colorado oil-shale cores. [Mahogany zone]

Estimation of oil-shale reserves and evaluation of shale obtained by mining sequences of oil shale beds are based on the volumes and oil yields of the constituent beds.  The oil yields, however, are determined analytically on a weight basis.  The oil yields determined must therefore be converted to a volume basis by considering the specific gravities of the oil shales.  To permit making this conversion without determining the specific gravity of each sample assayed, this paper presents the relationship of the specific gravity of Mahogany zone oil shales to its oil yield per unit weight based upon analytical data on cores from two locations in Colorado.

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Applicability of a specific gravity-oil yield relationship to Green River oil shale. [10 locations in Piceance Creek Basin and Uinta Basin]

"A specific gravity-oil yield relationship developed by the  Bureau of Mines, Department of the Interior, for oil shales  of the Rifle, Colo., area (6) is applicable to oil shales from  10 locations in the Piceance Creek Basin of Colorado and  the Uinta Basin of Utah."

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