AndreaBozzo/ceres-open-data-index huggingface dataset:
Development of high energy density fuels from mild gasification of coal

The overall objective of the program is the determination of the minimal processing requirements to produce High Energy Density Fuels (HEDF), meeting a minimal energy density of 130,000 Btu/gal (conventional jet fuels have energy densities in the vicinity of 115,000--120,000 Btu/gal) and having acceptable advanced fuel specifications in accordance with the three defined categories of HEDF. The program encompasses assessing current technology capability; selecting acceptable processing and refining schemes; and generating samples of advanced test fuels. A task breakdown structure was developed containing eight key tasks. This report summarizes the work that Amoco Oil Company (AOC), as key subcontractor, performed in the execution of Task 4, Proposed Upgrading Schemes for Advanced Fuel. The intent of the Task 4 study was to represent all the candidate processing options, that were either studied in the experimental efforts of Task 3 or were available from the prior art in the open literature, in a linear program (LP) model. The LP model would allow scaling of the bench-scale Task 3 results to commercial scale and would perform economic evaluations on any combination of the processes which might be used to make HEDF. Section 2.0 of this report summarizes the process and economic bases used. Sections 3.0 and 4.0 details the economics and processing sensitivities for HEDF production. 1 ref., 15 figs., 9 tabs.

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Primary heater module:  Phase II. Final report, February 1980-November 1983. Executive summary

Research was conducted on components and subassemblies of coal-fired heaters suitable to supply the heat input to closed-cycle gas turbine-based cogeneration systems of 25 to 50 MWe electrical output. Three concepts were researched: (1) a dry bottom, pulverized coal-fired radiant furnace heater for 1450 to 1550 F turbine inlet temperature, (2) an atmospheric pressure fluidized bed fired heater for 1450 to 1550 F, and (3) a heater employing atmospheric pressure fluidized beds in series, for 1750 F turbine inlet temperature. The series beds concept employs ceramic heating surface in its high-temperature bed. Both laboratory and field testing was conducted on heating surface materials durability in the pulverized coal and fluidized bed environments. Burner and furnace designs were researched for pulverized coal heaters employing large quantities of flue gas recirculation to moderate the furnace heat flux. A 6'by 6'fluidized bed was assembled and tested for materials and operational research on the 1450 to 1550 F heater concept. A ceramic-to-metal joint concept was devised, fabricated and made ready for test. The conceptual commercial heater concepts were refined. The program results indicate that each of the three heater concepts is technically feasible. The fluidized bed concepts are judged most likely to be both technically and commercially feasible. Their continued development is recommended.

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Two dimensional displacement of oil by gas and surfactant solution under foaming conditions. [Sandpack]

Gas displacement in the presence of surfactant under foaming conditions has been shown to enhance oil recovery. But it is a complex process because surface phenomenon is involved in it. The lack of understanding is a barrier for its commercial-scale testing and application. A major difficulty in analyzing the production performance of such displacement is in deciding whether to treat gas and surfactant solution as a two phase mixture or as a single phase homogeneous fluid (foam). Another uncertainty is in determining the rheological behavior of gas and surfactant solution mixture flowing in the porous media. The problem is further complicated if two-dimensional flow is taking place, since the frontal geometry may also influence the performance significantly. This study was performed to investigate these problems. Flow was visually observed through a two-dimensional (x,z) sandpack of four feet length and one foot height, having 14 darcies permeability and 35% porosity. Since analytical treatment of the flow and oil recovery data has not been possible, the objectives were to get a basic understanding of the flow behavior under foaming conditions, devise conceptual models with the help of flow processes seen, and then analyze the data quantitatively using semi-analytical approaches. A model meeting these objectives was developed and successfully matched with experimental data obtained in the two-dimensional sandpack. 125 refs., 36 figs., 21 tabs.

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Modelling and scale-up of chemical flooding: First annual report for the period October 1985-September 1986

This report consists of three parts. Part A describes the development of our chemical flood simulator UTCHEM during the past year, simulation studies, and physical property modelling and experiments. Part B is a report on the optimization and vectorization of UTCHEM on our Cray supercomputer to speed it up. Part C describes our use of UTCHEM to investigate the use of tracers for interwell reservoir tests. Part A of this Annual Report consists of five sections. In the first section, we give a general description of the simulator and recent changes in it along with a test case for a slightly compressible fluid. In the second section, we describe the major changes which were needed to add gel and alkaline reactions and give preliminary simulation results for these processes. In the third section, comparisons with a surfactant pilot field test are given. In the fourth section, process scaleup and design simulations are given and also our recent mesh refinement results. In the fifth section, experimental results and associated physical property modelling studies are reported. Part B gives our results on the speedup of UTCHEM on a Cray supercomputer. Depending on the size of the problem, this speedup factor was at least tenfold and resulted from a combination of a faster solver, vectorization, and code optimization. Part C describes our use of UTCHEM for field tracer studies and gives the results of a comparison with field tracer data on the same field (Big Muddy) as was simulated and compared with the surfactant pilot reported in section 3 of Part A. 120 figs., 37 tabs.

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Measurement of in-situ hydrate dissociation properties. Final technical report, October 1, 1983-October 1, 1985

In order to recover gas from hydrate reserves, it is necessary for heat to flow in order to dissociate the water bonds in the hydrate structure. The question of heat flow is central to any inhibitor injection, or dissociation by hot fluids because the molecules in the resulting fluid phases have more energy than those still trapped in the solid hydrate phase. The source of the energy given to the fluid molecules may be the reserve itself, the surrounding earth, or hot fluids such as steam or geothermal brines. In this work, we measured the rate of hydrate dissociation as a function of heat input, at low, constant pressure. We also measured the thermodynamic parameters of heat capacity and heat of dissociation, which we then used in two mathematical models we generated for hydrate dissociation. The more complex mathematical model (both heat and mass transfer) was shown to collapse to the simpler model (heat transfer alone controlling) for the cases of practical interest. The heat transfer controlled, moving boundary model was demonstrated to fit all of the hydrate dissociation data within 10%, with no adjustable parameters in the model. This a priori prediction of hydrate dissociation measurements represents the state-of-the-art in accuracy. We have proposed the follow-on work of measurement and modelling of the dissociation of hydrates in sediments, together with the completion of the measurement of hydrate thermal conductivity in sediment. If funded, the follow-on work should allow a quantitative prediction of the production rates of gas from hydrates. 6 refs., 2 figs.

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Western Gas Sands Project. Status report, April 1--April 30, 1979

Progress of government-sponsored projects directed toward increasing gas production from the low-permeability gas sands of the western United States is summarized. Work by the USGS toward resource assessment in the four primary study areas continued. Bartlesville Energy Technology Center continued work on fracture conductivity, rock-fluid interaction, and log evaluation and interpretation techniques. Experimental and theoretical work on hydraulic fracturing mechanics and analysis of well test data continued at Lawrence Livermore Laboratory. Gathering of bottom-hole pressure data from the Miller No. 1 well and Sprague No. 1 well in the Wattenberg Field, Colorado continued. Fracturing fluid/rock interaction tests have been completed by Terra Tek for Gas Producing Enterprises, Inc., on sandstone horizons in the lower Mesaverde. The Mitchell Energy Corporation Muse-Duke No. 1 was flowed 4,000 MCFGD in April. Fishing operations on the Mobil PCU F31-13G well were unsuccessful. Six zones of the first horizontal experimental hole in the Sandia Laboratories interface test series were mined back to examine the behavior of the hydraulic fracture at the interface. Data collection by CER Corporation and TRW for GRI's Analysis of Tight Formations project continued.

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Study of ammonia removal in coal gasification processes: Final report

The objective of this program was to investigate the removal of fuel-bound nitrogen that appears as ammonia and hydrogen cyanide in coal gas in the temperature range 540/degree/ to 870/degree/C and the pressure range 1 to 20 atm. Following a comprehensive literature search, catalytic decomposition was selected as the most promising concept. Ten catalysts were tested at two temperatures in three different simulated coal gas streams containing ammonia and hydrogen sulfide impurities. A proprietary nickel catalyst (HTSR-1) exhibited high activity at 800/degree/C and excellent physical stability. An Ir-promoted nickel catalyst (G-65/star/) had significant activity for removing ammonia in the temperature range 550/degree/ to 600/degree/C but physically deteriorated at higher temperature. Other tested catalysts were inferior in performance to these two catalysts. Parametric studies were conducted with HTSR-1 and G-65/star/ catalysts to determine the rate of ammonia removal as a function of temperature, pressure, space velocity, and concentrations of ammonia, hydrogen, and steam. The influence of several other impurities commonly present in the hot gas was studied also. 27 refs., 24 figs., 14 tabs.

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Leachability of retorted oil shale by strong complexometric agents. [Sodium citrates, diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid]

Extraction of solid waste materials with complexometric agents may offer a quick and effective method for assessing the potential long-term release of hazardous chemical constituents. Complexometric agent extraction may establish the maximum amount of elements of environmental concern that can be released to the environment and the capability of waste materials to release them. In this study, four samples of directly (DH) and indirectly (IH) retorted oil shales were extracted with deionized-distilled water and strong  complexometric agents. The complexometric agent solutions were composed of 0.5M sodium citrate (citrate), 0.05M diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (DTPA), and 0.05M ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA). The water extracts were very alkaline with pH values ranging from 11.0 to 11.8 for IH extracts and 12.2 to 12.8 for DH extracts. Sodium, chloride, sulfate, and fluoride were the predominant dissolved species in the IH water extracts. The DH water extracts contained mainly sodium, calcium, chloride, potassium, and sulfate. Water-extractable minor and trace elements were aluminum, arsenic, boron, barium, lithium, magnesium, molybdenum, silicon, and strontium. Complexometric extraction released detectable amounts of arsenic, antimony, selenium, lead, vanadium, and zinc. Other elements of environmental concern, including silver, cobalt, chromium, and nickel, were not detected in excess of the limits of quantitation in complexometric extracts. Based upon the analytical results, it was found that the retorted oil shale mineralogy influenced the extracting solution composition, i.e., when comparing the leachates from the IH and DH samples. Also, the complexometric agents hastened the release of certain constituents into solution compared to water extracts. 17 refs., 12 figs., 20 tabs.

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Fourth annual advanced gasification contractors meeting:  proceedings

On June 26 to 28, 1984, Morgantown Energy Technology Center (METC) sponsored the Fourth Annual Advanced Gasification Projects Contractors Meeting, which was held at Sheraton Lakeview, Morgantown, West Virginia. The purpose of the meeting was threefold: to review the technical progress and current status of DOE's advanced gasification projects; to foster technology exchange among participating researchers; and to facilitate interactive dialogues that would identify research needs and aid in planning future advanced gasification research activities. More than a hundred representatives of government, academia, and industry attended the three-day meeting. Thirty-six papers were presented summarizing recent developments in fundamental mechanisms/innovative concepts, fluid dynamic/modeling, and gas separation/upgrading. Scientists, engineers, and administrators discussed many of the issues facing those engaged in the research and development activities that constitute the advanced gasification program. This document constitutes the proceedings of that meeting and serves as a summary of the advanced gasification program. All papers have been processed for inclusion in the Energy Data Base.

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Novel concept development of an internal recirculation catalyst for mild gasification: Progress report for the period September 1-November 30, 1986

The goal of this program is to evaluate a novel process concept for mild gasification of coal using an internal recirculating catalyst. This report describes progress during the first quarter of the program. The work is divided into three major tasks: laboratory-scale tests, bench-scale tests, and proof-of-concept tests and evaluation. The objectives of the individual tasks are described: The objective of the laboratory-scale tests is to obtain detailed information on the effects of the selected internal recirculation catalyst, CsOH, on the products of mild coal gasification using a pyrolysis-gas chromatographic mass spectrometry system. Three different types of coals (Illinois No. 6 coal, Wyodak subbituminous coal, and North Dakota lignite) are to be tested; the effect of operating conditions on product quality will be investigated. The objective of the bench-scale tests is to conduct larger scale tests (than those of Task 1) on the effects of the CsOH catalyst on the products of mild coal gasification. These tests will be conducted with the three selected test coals in a nominal 2-inch-ID fluidized-bed gasifier. The objective of the proof-of-concept tests and evaluation, which is subject to the approval of DOE/METC to proceed, is to conduct large-scale testing of the effect of the internal recirculation catalyst on mild coal gasification and process design and economic studies. These large-scale tests are to be conducted in an existing 8-inch-diameter gasifier.

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Expansion of high-temperature high-pressure data set for coal gasification: Quarterly report, September-December 1986

Construction of the steam pretreatment and coal pyrolysis reactors for experiments with the UCC Kentucky No. 8 coal was completed and experiments were done in both reactors. A special wire mesh reactor was developed to do pretreatment studies on thin layers of coal. In addition, a completely water-cooled electrical feed-through system was installed into the high pressure reactor (HPR) along with a new alumina test section. Data collection on the CO/sub 2/ gasification matrix continued. Nearly all of the runs with the 200 x 270 Montana Rosebud coal and more than 50% of the runs with the other size fractions (100 x 150, 325 x 400 mesh) have been completed. In general, the data trends for char recovery seem reasonable. There is some scatter in the gas yield data because of interferences in the FT-IR spectra due to the large amount of CO/sub 2/ present. In these cases, we are using GC data. Three coals were used to evaluate the effect of steam pretreatment on pyrolysis yields. For all three coals, the tar yield was found to decrease when the coals are treated with steam prior to pyrolysis. This was believed to be due to the increased solubility of hydrocarbons near the critical point of water and subsequent loss of tar during pretreatment. The fact that there was no net increase in liquid yields due to pretreatment at a pyrolysis temperature of 675/sup 0/C was consistent with the work done at CUNY by Graff and Brandes. A series of N/sub 2/ surface area measurements was performed on chars produced from the Montana Rosebud coal in the HPR. There was no direct correlation of reactivity with N/sub 2/ surface area, which is the same result that has been found for chars in our other program. 4 refs., 15 figs., 3 tabs.

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Physical coal cleaning: Characterization of constituents in waste and process streams: Final report

Physical cleaning of coal is employed to remove ash-forming minerals and pyrites. The cleaning increases the value of coal and simultaneously leads to a lessening of undesirable emissions when the coal is burned. However, the solid wastes and leachates of wastes arising from the cleaning of coal need to be characterized more fully and systematically. In this present work, physical coal cleaning was studied using standard sampling procedures (Section 2.0), state-of-the-art analytical techniques, and advanced procedures developed especially for this study (Section 3.0). Characterization of organic components in wastes and leachates of wastes (Section 4.0) revealed that no harmful organic materials would be released into the environment. In fact, harmful organic components were removed from some polluted waters used in the coal cleaning process. The element composition of the wastes and leachates were determined by spark source mass spectrometry (Section 5.0) which provided a simultaneous and economical monitor of up to 75 elements. Mass spectrometric procedures developed for the study of the elements should be generally applicable to studies of elemental concentrations in all coals and coal waste. The mineral forms in the coals, coal wastes and leachates were determined using x-ray diffraction analyses (Section 6.0). These results, as well as the elemental data from spark source mass spectrometry supported the expected lowering of the mineral and elemental concentrations in the cleaned coal and the corresponding increase in these concentrations in the coal waste relative to the amounts of minerals and elements in the feed coals that were tested. 14 refs., 106, figs., 71 tabs.

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Morgantown Energy Technology Center:  FY83 annual report

Fiscal Year 1983 was a productive year for the Morgantown Energy Technology Center with the introduction of three new Fossil Energy program areas. This annual report includes our first efforts in these three areas, which are deep source gas (subducted hypothesis), gas hydrates, and coal-burning gas turbines. The turbine work includes both highly beneficiated coal mixtures and minimally cleaned hot or cold fuel gas. The lead mission assignments for the laboratory grew to 13 areas. The new areas added in 1982 included fuel cells and heat engines. Ongoing program areas are coal gasification, fluidized-bed combustion, gas stream cleanup, components, instrumentation and control, and unconventional gas recovery. Through the defederalization of the Laramie and Grand Forks Energy Technology Centers in mid-1983, low-rank coals, oil shale, tar sands, and underground coal gasification program areas were acquired. In addition, efforts were initiated in arctic and offshore technologies. The Advanced System for Process Engineering, or ASPEN, computer code was the most requested Department of Energy software from the National Energy Software Center. The Laboratory Overview section of this report presents foremost accomplishments by program areas during FY83. Section A enumerates major institutional accomplishments of the laboratory during the year. Subsequent sections detail major accomplishments for the 13 lead mission areas. The report contains information about the indexed items.

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Development of an advanced, continuous mild gasification process for the production of co-products: Quarterly report, July 16--October 15, 1988

The primary objective of this project is to develop a continuous mild gasification process which will meet the needs stated above. The program consists of four tasks. Task 1 was a literature survey of mild gasification processes and product upgrading methods as well as a market assessment of mild gasification products. Based on the results of the literature survey, a mild gasification process and a char upgrading method were selected. Task 2 consists of bench-scale studies with the selected mild gasification reactor to generate the design data for the larger scale reactor. Task 3 consists of bench-scale char upgrading studies. Upon successful completion of Tasks 2 and 3, optional Task 4 will be construction and operation of an integrated process development unit. A technical and economic evaluation of a continuous mild gasification demonstration plant will also be conducted. 3 refs.

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Experimental evaluation of the steady-state and dynamic performance characteristics of the interactive units of a coal-gasification process. Quarterly report, 28 December 1980-29 March 1981

Coal gasification/gas cleanup fuel plants for synthetic fuel applications must be developed within the constraints imposed by dynamic load response to variations in end-use demand and compliance with environmental regulations. The overall objective of the program is to develop the technology base required to permit coal conversion systems to operate within the constraints imposed by end-use applications. The fuel plant performance will be characterized in both steady state and dynamic operations; component interactions and end-use interactions will also be characterized. The information required to establish system control logic will be developed. The combined experimental/analytical approach employed will yield empirically verified performance projections for full-scale systems. The 1981 Operational Test Plan has been prepared defining tests in the Process Evaluation Facility (PEF) with the objectives of (1) characterizing the integrated fuel plant interactions and performance; (2) characterizing individual component performance; and (3) providing performance data for evaluation and verification of analytical models under development. A series of unfired dynamic tests along with fired steady state tests have been defined. Thermal decomposition of ammonia has been investigated experimentally and analytically. High conversion rates were observed for binary NH/sub 3//H/sub 2/ gas mixtures; however, conversion was found to be thermodynamically limited when substantial H/sub 2/ and N/sub 2/ concentrations are present. The overall structure of the IGCC mathematical model has been developed and information flow requirements associated with each component in the model have been defined. The computer model for the gasifier and the first water quench have been completed.

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