AndreaBozzo/ceres-open-data-index huggingface dataset:
Extraction of Green River and Chattanooga oil shales with strong bases and nucleophilic displacement reagents. [Organic carbon]

Shale kerogen has been degraded to an organic solvent soluble bitumen or oil by numerous methods. The various methods have been employed either to study production of oil or to gain insight into the structure of kerogen. The purpose of this investigation was to gain insight on kerogen structure by examination of the effects of strong base and nucleophilic displacement reagents on western and eastern shales.

Tags: kmd
Microstructural distribution of sulfur during the retorting and oxidation of oil shale

We report here the first direct observations of the mineralogical and chemical changes in oil shale caused by retorting and combustion. Electron microprobe and scanning electron microscopy techniques were used to examine a portion of the surface area of a sample in the raw shale state, the same area again after the sample had been retorted, and the same area yet again after the sample had been oxidized.

Tags: kmd
Investigations on hydraulic cements from spent oil shale

A process for making hydraulic cements from spent oil shale is described. Inexpensive cement is needed to grout abandoned in situ retorts of spent shale for subsidence control, mitigation of leaching, and strengthening the retorted mass in order to recover oil from adjacent pillars of raw shale. A hydraulic cement was produced by heating a 1:1 mixture of Lurgi spent shale and CaCO/sub 3/ at 1000 C for one hour. This cement would be less expensive than ordinary Portland cement and is expected to fulfill the above requirements.

Tags: kmd
Sampling and analysis research program at the Paraho shale oil demonstration plant. Final report, January 1976--July 1977

"A sampling and analysis research program was conducted at the Paraho oil shale retorting demonstration site at Anvil Points, Colorado. The work was carried out by TRW and the Denver Research Institute. The overall objective of the test program was to obtain preliminary quantitative and qualitative measurements of air, wa.ter, and solid compositions, and to gain experience that would lead to improved sampling procedures and the determination of priorities for sampling and analysis of shale oil recovery operations. The existing Anvil Points operations include two vertical retorts: a larger semi-works unit in which a portion of the off-gas was recycled and heated externally to supply heat to the retort and a smaller pilot plant in which air was introduced with recycle gas to support combustion of carbon on retorted shale as a source of process heat. The test plan included both retorts, as their process streams (with the exception of oil  product) are essentially different. Selection of sample locations was based on need for information on process streams relative to emissions and effluents expected in a full-scale plant.  Samples taken included the recycle gases (H2S, S02'~O , NH3, and trace organics), recycle condensate, product oil water, processed shale discharged from the retorts, and dust in the vicinity of crushing, screening, and conveying equipment. A variety of laboratory analysis methods were used, including wet chemical analysis, spark source mass spectrometry, high pressure liquid chromatography, thin layer chromatography, gel permeation  chromatography, and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry methods (GC/MS). Condensate water inorganic analyses were done for calcium, magnesium, sodium and potassium salts, al11/1:onia, gross parameters, and trace elements. Condensate and product water samples were also analyzed for organic neutrals (particularly aromatics), organic acids, and organic bases. Elemp.nta1 determinations of both retorted shale and raw shale particulates were made. This report was submitted in partial fulfillment of Contract 68-02-1881 by TRW Environmental Engineering Division under the sponsorship of the U.S.  Environmental Protection Agency. This interim report covers the period of June 1, 1975 through December 1, 1976,"

Tags: kmd
Environmental research at the Laramie Energy Techonology Center

"Since the founding  legislation in 1944, the Laramie Energy Technology Center (LETC) and the associated Anvil Points Oil Shale Facility have been affiliated with three different agencies: the Bureau of Mines, the Energy Research and  Development Administration and currently the Department  of Energy (DOE) . The activities at the Center have ranged from nearly academic pursuits to the management of modular demonstration  (precommercialization) projects in processing technology  through Government/Industry Cooperatives. Current program plans are in terms of long range, high risk research at laboratory, bench and pilot scale to examine concepts . Current research programs at LETC in mitigation and monitoring of environmental impacts for air, water and land/solid waste are presented."

Tags: kmd
Reevaluation of the toxicity of coal conversion process waters

"The purposes of this paper are (1) to clarify the role of  ammonia in the toxicity of complex coal conversion wastewaters , (2) to reevaluate the toxic contribution of ammonia in the treated HCZ effluent , and (3) to compare these results with literature reports for other coal conversion effluents (DEGRAEVE et al. 1980, HERBERT 1962). For the U. S. Department of Energy's  Hanna-3 underground coal gasification (UCG) condenser water, DEGRAEVE et al. evaluated the interaction of phenol and ammonia in the toxicity of this process water to aquatic biota.   Similarly, HERBERT determined the toxic contributions of phenol and ammonia in spent coal distillation process liquors to rainbow trout."

Tags: kmd
LABORATORY SIMULATION FOR REVERSE COMBUSTION OF UCG

a combustion tube apparatus has been designed to simulate forward and reverse combustion in coal. After considerable experimental difficulties, six simulated reverse combustion testes have been successfully operated and provided useful information such as temperature profiles, maximum temperatures and frontal velocities. These laboratory experimental results have been used to verify quantitatively the one-dimensional mathematical model; therefore, it can be applied, with the aid of stability theory, to predict the reverse combustion field test performance with confidence.

Tags: kmd
Identification of. gamma. -valerolactone in waste water from an oil-shale in situ report. [Use of ir, NMR, and mass spectroscopy]

The compound gamma-valerolactone has been identified in an acid fraction isolated from waste water collected from an in situ oil shale retort. Infrared, nuclear magnetic resonance, and mass spectrometry were used by the Bureau of Mines to confirm the identification of a subfraction collected from a gas chromatograph.

Tags: kmd
Summary of air quality regulations and recommended guidelines for oil shale development in the Colorado Piceance Basin

The Piceance Basin of northwestern Colorado contains the greatest domestic concentration of oil shale deposits favorably located for economical recovery. These deposits are defined geologically to be at least 30 ft thick with at least 30 gal of oil per ton of shale; by conservative estimate, they contain nearly 300 billion barrels of recoverable shale oil. The technologies used to extract this oil will need to comply with federal and state environmental protection regulations, particularly those governing ambient air quality. The regulatory framework for preventing degradation of ambient air quality was amended on August 7, 1980, and these rules are especially applicable for controlling air pollution in oil shale recovery areas such as the Piceance Basin.

Tags: kmd
Paraho environmental data. Part I. Process characterization. Par II. Air quality. Part III. Water quality

From 1973 to 1976, the Paraho Oil Shale Demonstration, a 3-year, $10 million research program, privately sponsored by 17 participants, was carried out to demonstrate the operability of the Paraho technology in retorting oil shale. Retorting operations were carried out in Direct Heated, Indirect Heated, and Combination Modes. Because of the research nature of that earlier program, there was practically no environmental monitoring of the Paraho operations. The environmental monitoring carried out during that time was performed to obtain some qualitative information or to define valid sampling, preparation, and analytical procedures useful in assessing oil shale retorting operations.

Tags: kmd
Environmental Development Plan (EDP):  underground coal conversion program, FY 1977

Congress recognized that Federal actions could have significant impacts on the environment and mandated in the National Environmental Policy Act of 1969 that Federal agencies consider the potential environmental effects of their proposed actions at the earliest possible time. IN the Energy Reorganization Act of 1974 and the Federal Non-Nuclear Energy Research and Development Act of 1974, Congress reemphasized the importance of environmental issues as decision factors and required that energy technologies developed by the Energy Research and Development Administration by environmentally acceptable.

Tags: kmd
Inhalation Toxicology Research Institute annual report, October 1, 1982-September 30, 1983

The mission of the Inhalation Toxicology Research Institute is to investigate the nature and magnitude of human health effects that might result from inhalation of airborne materials encountered in the work place or the general environment. Special attention is directed toward airborne particulate and gaseous emissions released by various energy technologies or from national defense activities. The new knowledge obtained from this research program is essential for determining realistic operational guidelines and occupational health practices. The Institute's program involves research in all of the areas one must consider as steps in moving from a source of emissions to evaluation of induced disease, this report is arrange along those generic lines.

Tags: kmd
Bayesian methods for estimation of environmental quality from synthetic fuel byproducts data

One of the concerns of development of new energy technology is that of the environmental impact from testing procedures and production of synfuels. In an effort to monitor the possible degradation of groundwater around such developmental areas, the Department of Energy periodically samples the waters in and around watch of their synfuel sites. The collected waters are subjected to chemical testing to determine the concentrations of a large variety of elements and compounds. Unfortunately, these waters have a complicated structure ad chemical analysis is often difficult. As a result, the water quality data base created from this sampling and testing program has resisted most kinds of standard analyses, since the data base is noisy and ill-conditioned. The data were collected with the intention of making determinations regarding the overall quality of waters from a certain area and with the hope of finding a minimal set of 'indicator'variables that signal significant changes in the water quality over time.

Tags: kmd
Environmental Research Program. FY 1985 annual report

The objective of the Environmental Research Program is to understand the formation, transformation, transport, and effects of energy related pollutants on the environment. This multidisciplinary research program includes fundamental and applied research in physics, chemistry, engineering, and biology, as well as research on the development of advanced methods of measurement and analysis. The program's Annual Report contains summaries of research performed during FY 1985 in the areas of atmospheric Aerosol Research, Applied Physics and Laser Spectroscopy, Oil Shale Research, Combustion, Flue Gas Chemistry, Toxicological Effects on Biological Systems, and Trace Element Analysis.

Tags: kmd
Assessment and control of water contamination associated with shale oil extraction and processing. Progress report, October 1, 1979-September 30, 1980

The objectives of this program are to elucidate the nature and assess the magnitude of water contamination that might result from surface or in situ shale oil extraction. As the major problem areas become defined, technologies for water pollution control ill be evaluated experimentally. Two tasks are being implemented to accomplish these goals.

Tags: kmd
Measurements of potential atmospheric pollutants in off-gases from the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory's 6-tonne retort, Experiment L-3

We measured total sulfur, hydrogen sulfide, hydrocarbons, and nitrogen in the off-gases from the Lawrence Livermore national Laboratory's 6-tonne/day Rubble In Situ Extraction Simulation facility with a series of on-line, gas-monitoring instruments and gas indicator tubes. In addition, using instrumental neutron activation analysis after collection in adsorbent traps r in filter and impactor samplers, we determine the concentrations of several trace elements in the off-gas vapors and in aerosol mists. The concentrations of hydrocarbons in the vapor and in the product oil were determined either by on-line gas chromatography and off-line gas chromatography, or off-line gas chromatography coupled with mass spectroscopy. The assembled data are used to estimate production factors for potential pollutants for use in developing emission control options and assessment of air quality.

Tags: kmd
Water requirements and pollutant potential in the gasification of carbonaceous shales. Water quality series report

A laboratory scale, batch operated gasifier was used to evaluate the heating value, process and cooling water requirements, and water pollution potential of gasification of carbonaceous shale's. These potentially valuable fossil fuels are found over large areas of Southern and Eastern Utah and vary widely in quality depending on the amount of intermixed inorganic material. The results indicate that a synthesis gas, consisting primarily of hydrogen and carbon monoxide, can be produced from carbonaceous shale's. The total heating values of the synthesis gas from the carbon shale's examined ranged from 4 to 62 percent of that of coal.

Tags: kmd
Mine drainage and surface-mine reclamation. Volume 1. Mine water and mine waste. Information Circular/1988

Mine waste and mine reclamation are topics of major interest to the mining industry, the government and the general public. This publication and its companion volume are the proceedings of a conference held in Pittsburgh, April 19-21, 1988. There were nine sessions that dealt with the geochemistry, hydrology and problems of mine waste and mine water, especially acid mine drainage. These comprise Volume 1. The nine sessions that dealt with reclamation and restoration of disturbed lands, as well s related policy issues, are included in volume 2. Volume 2 also contains the ten papers that pertained to control of subsidence and mine fires at abandoned mines. Poster sessions presentations re, in general, represented by abstracts; these have been placed in the back of both volumes.

Tags: kmd
Mine drainage and surface-mine reclamation. Volume 2. Mine reclamation, abandoned mine lands, and policy issues. Information Circular/1988

Mine waste and mine reclamation are topics of major interest to the mining industry, the government and the general public. This publication and its companion volume are the proceedings of a conference held in Pittsburgh, April 19-21, 1988. There were nine sessions that dealt with the geochemistry, hydrology and problems of mine waste and mine water, especially acid mine drainage. These comprise Volume 1. The nine sessions that dealt with reclamation and restoration of disturbed lands, as well as related policy issues, are included in volume 2. Volume 2 also contains the ten papers that pertained to control of subsidence and mine fires at abandoned mines. Poster session presentations are, in general, represented by abstracts; these have been placed in the back of both volumes.

Tags: kmd
Fresh-water organism bioassay of in situ shale oil and related materials. [Guppy, rainbow trout, reside shiner; mayfly larvae, hellgrammite, algae]

This report summarizes the results of aquatic organism toxicological bioassays of various materials derived from in situ retorting of oil shale. Selected fresh water organisms were utilized as the test subjects in these preliminary screening studies. Sampling materials were collected at the Rock Springs Site 9 Field Research Project operated by the Laramie Energy Research Center of the United States Energy Research and Development Administration. This site is located in the vicinity of Rock Springs, Wyoming.

Tags: kmd
Critical review, comparative evaluation, cost update, and baseline data development services in oil shale mining, in-situ liquefaction, and above ground retorting processes from the environmental, permitting, and licensing viewpoints. Volume I. Oil-shale retorting process engineering

The present volume is the first of a series of three constituting the title study. It provides a brief but thorough description of six Oil Shale Retorting Processes, namely: Paraho, Tosco 2, Occidental Modified In-Situ, Rio Blanco, Union Oil, and Superior Oil, the processes are treated at Unit Operations level, including operations such as Mining, Crushing, Screening, Conveying, Hydrogenation, Hydrogen Manufacturing Plant, Amine Treating, Low Btu Gas Treating, Tail Gas Treating, Sulfur Recovery, Wastewater Treatment, Sour Waste Stripping, Refining, Spent Shale Disposal, etc.

Tags: kmd
Paraho environmental data. Part IV. Land reclamation and revegetation. Part V. Biological effects. Part VI. Occupational health and safety. Part VII. End use

This study evaluates the commercial potential for production of olefins form shale oil. The sample analysis and preparation, process studs, pyrolysis results, and commercial unit projections are discussed, and the conclusions are give. The paper is 13 pages long, with 6 tables.

Tags: kmd
Geology and geohydrology elements of the environmental research plan, BX In Situ Oil Shale Project, Rio Blanco County, Colorado

The objective of the Project is to demonstrate the technical feasibility of using superheated steam as a heat-carrying medium to retort in situ the oil shale in the Green River Formation "leached" zone and provide a mechanism for the recovery of this shale oil with a minimum impact on the environment. Utilizing primarily the natural porosity in the leached zone, approximately one trillion BTU of heat will be injected into a site over a two-year period to eat to retorting temperature a shale zone approximately 550 feet thick and covering about one acre. The field Project is located at Equity's BX In Situ site in Rio Blanco County in northwestern Colorado.

Tags: kmd
Environmental survey TS-4 tar-sand in-situ combustion/steam-injection experiment. Vernal, Utah. Final report

The U. S. Department of Energy - Laramie Energy Technology Center intends to conduct a field experiment for the in situ recovery of bitumen from tar sand. The experimental site is located on a 26 acre site approximately 6.5 miles west of Vernal, Utah. The operational phase of the experiment will last approximately one and one-half years.

Tags: kmd
Evaluation of retorted oil shale as a liner material for retorted-shale disposal sites. Final report, June 1981-December 1986

This study was considered the possibility of using a spent oil shale itself as a water barrier or "linear" beneath a spent oil shale waste embankment. Pertinent properties of unburned TOSCO II spent shale and an average mixture of Lurgi spent shale have been measured Materials consisting of 1, 20, and 30% burned spent Tosco shale admixed into unburned TOSCO II shale have also been considered. Two autoclave mellowed materials admixed into their respective unmellowed spent shale's have also been studied.

Tags: kmd
Pacific Project. Phase 2 Quality Assurance Plan, Task 12

The Superior Oil Company, the Sohio Oil Company, and the Cleveland Cliffs Iron Company proposes to construct and operate a shale oil production facility in Garfield County, Colorado. This venture is termed the "Phase 1 Pacific project" and would have an initial production capacity of about 18,000 barrels per day of raw shale oil. The proposed facility would consist of an oil shale retorting module, an associated room-and-pillar mine, and necessary auxiliary and support facilities.

Tags: kmd
Underground gasification for steeply dipping coal beds. Phase I report:  Appendix B. Environmental analysis, September 30, 1977--February 28, 1978

This environmental analysis is part of a study of the process concept and conceptual design to be used in underground gasification of steeply dipping coal beds. The study is being conducted as predecessor to a  field test program at the North Knobs site near Rawlins, Wyoming. The field tests program objectives include obtaining process feasibility and process economics data for use in producing the cost estimate for a pilot plant for underground gasification.

Tags: kmd
Particulate oil shale inhalation and pulmonary inflammatory response in rats

Oil shale deposits located in the western United States provide an unexploited source of domestic crude oil. Development of this resource has been limited by economics: however, recent reduction of recovery costs coupled with the possibility of liquid fuel shortages encourage continued development of improved recovery technologies. Along with technology development, a parallel effect to define the potential occupational and environmental hazards associated with extraction of oil from oil shale is ongoing at the Life Sciences Division of the Los Alamos National Laboratory. The present Status of this industry and the prospect that it could expand to full capacity present a singular opportunity to define hazards which will facilitate industrial hygiene and environmental controls as part of the development, growth ad expansion of the industry. This study presents one facet of our efforts to define the hazards ad to understand the mechanisms that may result from inhalation of the several dusts inherent in the processing of oil shale.

Tags: kmd
Solid wastes from coal and shale:  projections of waste forms and utilization potential

Coals and shale's contain significant quantities of solids that ultimately become waste streams of ash or spent residue and constitute a significant disposal problem for the coal and potential shale industries. These problems could become more restrictive. Coals used in this country typically contain about 10 to 20% ash and the quantities of waste produced from surface retorting of shale are likely to be even larger, perhaps 220 * 10^6 tons of spent shale per quad of energy produced. In addition to the ash or spent shale residue, a number of other solid wastes are likely to be formed, epically in the coal or shale is processed to form liquid or gaseous fuels. Utilization of at least a portion of these wastes can be important both to reduce the waste disposal costs and to provide a potential additional source of revenue.

Tags: kmd
Method of chemical analysis for oil shale wastes

This report describes methods of chemical analysis which are necessary in order to adequately test the various pollution control technologies which are presently being proposed for the treatment of oil shale retort gases and wastewaters. It includes step-by-step protocols for determining important species and it provides supporting evidence and discussion to allow the analyst to adjust the procedure to the varied sample types which he may encounter. Emphasis is placed on method which are sufficiently rugged and rapid to be useful on site during the field testing of pollution control systems.

Tags: kmd