AndreaBozzo/ceres-open-data-index huggingface dataset:
Health Professional Shortage Area: Mental Health

This indicator provides information about [ health professional shortage areas (HPSAs)] for mental health services as determined by the federal Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA). Each designated area includes multiple census tracts. HPSAs can be geographic areas, populations, or health care facilities that have been designated as having a shortage of health professionals. Geographic HPSAs have a shortage of providers for an entire population in a defined geographic area. Population HPSAs have a shortage of providers for a subpopulation in a defined geographic area, such as low-income populations, people experiencing homelessness, and migrant farmworker populations. In Los Angeles County, facility HPSAs include: •Federally Qualified Health Centers (FQHCs); •FQHC Look-A-Likes (LALs); •Indian Health Service, Tribal Health, and Urban Indian Health Organizations; •correctional facilities; • and some other facilities. For these indicators, we include HPSAs in Los Angeles County with statuses listed as “Designated” or “Proposed for Withdrawal” (but not withdrawn yet). Due to the nature of the designation process, a census tract may be designated as any combination of geographic and population HPSAs and three categories of care (i.e., primary, dental, and mental health care). Facility HPSAs may also cover multiple types of care. State Primary Care Offices submit applications to HRSA to designate certain areas within counties as HPSAs for primary care, dental, and mental health services. HRSA’s [National Health Service Corps] calculates HPSA scores to determine priorities for assignment of clinicians. The scores range from 0 to 25 for mental health, where higher scores indicate greater priority. All HPSA categories shared three scoring criteria: (1) population-to-provider ratio, (2) percent of population below 100% of the Federal Poverty Level, and (3) travel time to the nearest source of care outside the HPSA designation area. Each category also has additional criteria that go into the scores. Specifically, mental health HPSA scoring includes elderly ratio (percent of people over age 65), youth ratio (percent of people under age 18), alcohol abuse prevalence, and substance abuse prevalence. Note: if an area is not designated as an HPSA, it does not mean it is not underserved, only that an application has not been filed for the area and that an official designation has not been given. HPSA designations help distribute participating health care providers and resources to high-need communities. For more information about the Community Health Profiles Data Initiative, please see the [initiative homepage.]
Adults Who Smoke Cigarettes

Data for cities, communities, and City of Los Angeles Council Districts were generated using a small area estimation method which combined the survey data with population benchmark data (2022 population estimates for Los Angeles County) and neighborhood characteristics data (e.g., U.S. Census Bureau, 2017-2021 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates). Adults included in this indicator are current cigarette smokers. Current smokers are defined as adults who smoked at least 100 cigarettes in their lifetime and currently smoke. Tobacco use is a leading preventable cause of premature death and disability. Cities and communities can curb tobacco use by adopting policies to regulate tobacco retail and reduce exposure to secondhand smoke in outdoor public spaces, such as parks, restaurants, or in multi-unit housing. For more information about the Community Health Profiles Data Initiative, please see the [initiative homepage.]
Adults with Obesity

Data for cities, communities, and City of Los Angeles Council Districts were generated using a small area estimation method which combined the survey data with population benchmark data (2022 population estimates for Los Angeles County) and neighborhood characteristics data (e.g., U.S. Census Bureau, 2017-2021 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates). Data for this indicator are based on self-reported height and weight. Body Mass Index (BMI) is calculated by dividing a person’s weight in kilograms by the square of their height in meters. Individuals with a BMI ≥ 30 are considered to have obesity. Note, while BMI can be helpful in screening for individuals with obesity or overweight, it does not measure how much body fat an individual has or provide any diagnostic information about their overall health. Obesity is associated with increased risk for heart disease, diabetes, and cancer. Cities and communities can help curb the current obesity epidemic by adopting policies that support healthy food retail and physical activity and improve access to preventive care services. For more information about the Community Health Profiles Data Initiative, please see the [initiative homepage.]
Children with Good or Excellent Community Access to Fresh Fruits and Vegetables

Data for cities, communities, and City of Los Angeles Council Districts were generated using a small area estimation method which combined the survey data with population benchmark data (2022 population estimates for Los Angeles County) and neighborhood characteristics data (e.g., U.S. Census Bureau, 2017-2021 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates). Easy community access to fresh fruits and vegetables is fundamental to promoting a healthy food environment. For more information about the Community Health Profiles Data Initiative, please see the [initiative homepage.]
Households with Housing Burden

Housing burden is defined as spending 30% or more of monthly household income on housing. A small number of households without housing cost or income data were excluded from analyses. Given the high cost of housing in Los Angeles County, many residents spend a sizable portion of their incomes on housing every month and are therefore susceptible to significant housing burden. Housing burden disproportionately affects low-income individuals, renters, and communities of color. Housing burden can negatively impact health by forcing individuals and families into low quality or unsafe housing, by causing significant stress, and by limiting the amount of money people have available to spend on other life necessities, such as food or healthcare. It is also an important risk factor for homelessness. For more information about the Community Health Profiles Data Initiative, please see the [initiative homepage.]
Uninsured Children

Data are for noninstitutionalized civilian population. The vast majority of adults and children in Los Angeles County have health insurance, in large part due to outreach efforts and local insurance availability for children and the expansion of insurance coverage following the passage of the federal Affordable Care Act in 2012. Despite this progress, rates of uninsured remain high in some communities. Cities and community organizations can play an important role in advocating for needed services and in providing information on free or low-cost services in their communities. Hospitals can also provide medical and dental services through their community benefit programs and other community services. For more information about the Community Health Profiles Data Initiative, please see the [initiative homepage.]
Adults Who Use Marijuana

Data for cities, communities, and City of Los Angeles Council Districts were generated using a small area estimation method which combined the survey data with population benchmark data (2022 population estimates for Los Angeles County) and neighborhood characteristics data (e.g., U.S. Census Bureau, 2017-2021 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates). This indicator is based on self-report and includes adults who used any form of marijuana at least one time in the past month. Among federally prohibited drugs and substances, marijuana is the most commonly used. In early 2018, marijuana became legal for recreational sale and consumption in California. Using marijuana at any age can lead to negative health consequences, which include psychological conditions such as depression or anxiety; brain damage affecting memory, attention, and learning ability; lung and cardiovascular system damage; harm to developing fetuses or infants; and increased risk for motor vehicle crashes. Marijuana use has long been associated with the use of other substances, including alcohol, tobacco, and prescription and illicit narcotics. Cities and communities should take an active role in educating residents, particularly youth, pregnant persons, and other vulnerable groups, about the potential risks of marijuana use and adopt policies that regulate and ensure safe marijuana retail activity. For more information about the Community Health Profiles Data Initiative, please see the [initiative homepage.]
Adults Reporting Their Neighborhood is Safe from Crime

Data for cities, communities, and City of Los Angeles Council Districts were generated using a small area estimation method which combined the survey data with population benchmark data (2022 population estimates for Los Angeles County) and neighborhood characteristics data (e.g., U.S. Census Bureau, 2017-2021 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates). Living in communities with high rates of violence and crime not only exposes residents to a greater personal risk of injury or death, but it can also render individuals more susceptible to many adverse health outcomes. People who are regularly exposed to violence and crime are more likely to suffer from chronic stress, depression, anxiety, and other mental health conditions. They are also less likely to be able to use their parks and neighborhoods for recreation and physical activity. For more information about the Community Health Profiles Data Initiative, please see the [initiative homepage.]
Adults With Difficulty Obtaining Needed Medical Care

Data for cities, communities, and City of Los Angeles Council Districts were generated using a small area estimation method which combined the survey data with population benchmark data (2022 population estimates for Los Angeles County) and neighborhood characteristics data (e.g., U.S. Census Bureau, 2017-2021 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates). This indicator includes adults who reported it is somewhat or very difficult to obtain needed medical care. The vast majority of adults and children in Los Angeles County have health insurance, in large part due to outreach efforts and local insurance availability for children and the expansion of insurance coverage following the passage of the federal Affordable Care Act in 2012. Despite this progress, rates of uninsured remain high in some communities. Even among people who have health insurance, many continue to experience difficulties accessing needed healthcare. Cities and community organizations can play an important role in advocating for needed services and in providing information on free or low-cost services in their communities. Hospitals can also provide medical and dental services through their community benefit programs and other community services. For more information about the Community Health Profiles Data Initiative, please see the [initiative homepage.]
Self-Rated Health among Adults

Data for cities, communities, and City of Los Angeles Council Districts were generated using a small area estimation method which combined the survey data with population benchmark data (2022 population estimates for Los Angeles County) and neighborhood characteristics data (e.g., U.S. Census Bureau, 2017-2021 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates). This indicator includes adults who self-reported fair or poor health status when asked about their health in general. Self-rated health is associated with other more objective measures of health and is also a predictor for mortality. Self-rated health is also correlated with general wellbeing, an important population health outcome that integrates both mental and physical health. As is the case for nearly all health outcomes, self-rated health is heavily influenced by the social determinants of health. For more information about the Community Health Profiles Data Initiative, please see the [initiative homepage.]
Chlamydia Rate

This indicator provides information about the chlamydia infection rate (diagnosed infections per 100,000 population). Note, beginning in 2019, California medical providers are no longer mandated to report chlamydia cases to local public health departments, although the requirement still exists for laboratories. Given this change in reporting requirements, it is possible that the rates presented are an underestimate of the true burden of chlamydia infection. In recent years, Los Angeles County has experienced a steady increase in the rates of sexually transmitted infections (STIs), including chlamydia, a trend that has also been seen nationally. A common STI, chlamydia can cause permanent damage to the reproductive system of childbearing people and can even cause potentially fatal ectopic pregnancy. Untreated chlamydia infection can also increase the risk of acquiring or transmitting HIV. As with other STIs, chlamydia rates are much higher in some communities than in others, with low-income communities, communities of color, and gay, bisexual, and transgender communities most severely impacted. Cities, community organizations, faith-based institutions, and businesses can play an important role in supporting efforts to prevent these infections. For example, they can help promote sexual health education campaigns, support condom distribution programs, and foster efforts to reduce stigmatization of and discrimination against groups most at risk of these infections. In addition, community providers can help by assisting at-risk groups in accessing prevention programs, testing, and treatment services, including partner notification and treatment. For more information about the Community Health Profiles Data Initiative, please see the [initiative homepage.]
Overcrowded Housing Units

The U.S. Census defines an overcrowded housing unit as one with more than 1 person per room, excluding bathrooms, kitchens, and half-rooms. Overcrowded housing is a marker for affordable housing availability, and it remains a significant challenge throughout Los Angeles County. Living in overcrowded housing units is associated with a wide array of negative health outcomes, including poor mental health and stress, developmental delays in children, and increased risk of communicable disease transmission. Low-income and immigrant communities are often disproportionately impacted by overcrowded housing. Cities and communities can mitigate overcrowded housing by adopting policies that permit the expansion of affordable housing stock and provide assistance to low-income individuals and families in securing safe housing. For more information about the Community Health Profiles Data Initiative, please see the [initiative homepage.]
Adults with Diagnosed Diabetes

Data for cities, communities, and City of Los Angeles Council Districts were generated using a small area estimation method which combined the survey data with population benchmark data (2022 population estimates for Los Angeles County) and neighborhood characteristics data (e.g., U.S. Census Bureau, 2017-2021 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates). This indicator is based on self-report of ever being diagnosed with diabetes (type 1 or 2). Diabetes is associated with decreased life expectancy, heart disease and stroke, lower limb amputations, kidney disease, and blindness. It is also closely linked with obesity. Cities and communities can help prevent diabetes by adopting policies that support healthy food retail and physical activity and improve access to preventive care services. For more information about the Community Health Profiles Data Initiative, please see the [initiative homepage.]
Cumulative COVID-19 Mortality

Deaths were determined to be COVID-associated if they met the Department of Public Health's surveillance definition at the time of death. The cumulative COVID-19 mortality rate can be used to measure the most severe impacts of COVID-19 in a community. There have been documented inequities in COVID-19 mortality rates by demographic and geographic factors. Black and Brown residents, seniors, and those living in areas with higher rates of poverty have all been disproportionally impacted. For more information about the Community Health Profiles Data Initiative, please see the [initiative homepage.]
Health Professional Shortage Area: Primary Care

This indicator provides information about [ health professional shortage areas (HPSAs)] for primary care services as determined by the federal Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA). Each designated area includes multiple census tracts. HPSAs can be geographic areas, populations, or health care facilities that have been designated as having a shortage of health professionals. Geographic HPSAs have a shortage of providers for an entire population in a defined geographic area. Population HPSAs have a shortage of providers for a subpopulation in a defined geographic area, such as low-income populations, people experiencing homelessness, and migrant farmworker populations. In Los Angeles County, facility HPSAs include: •Federally Qualified Health Centers (FQHCs); •FQHC Look-A-Likes (LALs); •Indian Health Service, Tribal Health, and Urban Indian Health Organizations; •correctional facilities; • and some other facilities. For these indicators, we include HPSAs in Los Angeles County with statuses listed as “Designated” or “Proposed for Withdrawal” (but not withdrawn yet). Due to the nature of the designation process, a census tract may be designated as any combination of geographic and population HPSAs and three categories of care (i.e., primary, dental, and mental health care). Facility HPSAs may also cover multiple types of care. State Primary Care Offices submit applications to HRSA to designate certain areas within counties as HPSAs for primary care, dental, and mental health services. HRSA’s [National Health Service Corps] calculates HPSA scores to determine priorities for assignment of clinicians. The scores range from 0 to 25 for primary care, where higher scores indicate greater priority. All HPSA categories shared three scoring criteria: (1) population-to-provider ratio, (2) percent of population below 100% of the Federal Poverty Level, and (3) travel time to the nearest source of care outside the HPSA designation area. Each category also has additional criteria that go into the scores. Specifically, primary care HPSA scoring includes the infant health index, which awards points based on infant mortality rate and low birth weight rate. Note: if an area is not designated as an HPSA, it does not mean it is not underserved, only that an application has not been filed for the area and that an official designation has not been given. HPSA designations help distribute participating health care providers and resources to high-need communities. For more information about the Community Health Profiles Data Initiative, please see the [initiative homepage.]
Infant Mortality

Infant death is defined as death occurring within the first year of life. Single-year data are only available for Los Angeles County overall, Service Planning Areas, Supervisorial Districts, City of Los Angeles overall, and City of Los Angeles Council Districts. Data are not presented for geographies with number of infant deaths less than 11. Infant deaths are among the most tragic health events in a community, and sadly, they occur at a much greater frequency in some communities than in others. Chronic stress associated with both historical and ongoing racism are important contributing factors. Cities and communities can play an important role in addressing these inequities in reproductive health outcomes by examining their policies and practices with a racial equity lens, ensuring that all groups have the opportunities and resources needed to achieve optimal health. For more information about the Community Health Profiles Data Initiative, please see the [initiative homepage.]
Health Professional Shortage Area: Dental Health

This indicator provides information about [ health professional shortage areas (HPSAs)] for dental health services as determined by the federal Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA). Each designated area includes multiple census tracts. HPSAs can be geographic areas, populations, or health care facilities that have been designated as having a shortage of health professionals. Geographic HPSAs have a shortage of providers for an entire population in a defined geographic area. Population HPSAs have a shortage of providers for a subpopulation in a defined geographic area, such as low-income populations, people experiencing homelessness, and migrant farmworker populations. In Los Angeles County, facility HPSAs include: •Federally Qualified Health Centers (FQHCs); •FQHC Look-A-Likes (LALs); •Indian Health Service, Tribal Health, and Urban Indian Health Organizations; •correctional facilities; • and some other facilities. For these indicators, we include HPSAs in Los Angeles County with statuses listed as “Designated” or “Proposed for Withdrawal” (but not withdrawn yet). Due to the nature of the designation process, a census tract may be designated as any combination of geographic and population HPSAs and three categories of care (i.e., primary, dental, and mental health care). Facility HPSAs may also cover multiple types of care. State Primary Care Offices submit applications to HRSA to designate certain areas within counties as HPSAs for primary care, dental, and mental health services. HRSA’s [National Health Service Corps] calculates HPSA scores to determine priorities for assignment of clinicians. The scores range from 0 to 26 for dental health, where higher scores indicate greater priority. All HPSA categories shared three scoring criteria: (1) population-to-provider ratio, (2) percent of population below 100% of the Federal Poverty Level, and (3) travel time to the nearest source of care outside the HPSA designation area. Each category also has additional criteria that go into the scores. Specifically, dental health HPSA scoring includes water fluoridation status. Note: if an area is not designated as an HPSA, it does not mean it is not underserved, only that an application has not been filed for the area and that an official designation has not been given. HPSA designations help distribute participating health care providers and resources to high-need communities. For more information about the Community Health Profiles Data Initiative, please see the [initiative homepage.]
Adults with Medi-Cal

Data are for noninstitutionalized civilian population. Medi-Cal is California’s Medicaid health insurance program. It is an important program that provides health insurance coverage for qualifying low-income individuals, families with children, seniors, persons with disabilities, pregnant persons, and low-income people with specific health conditions (e.g., tuberculosis, breast cancer, or HIV/AIDS). It is supported by federal and state taxes. For more information about the Community Health Profiles Data Initiative, please see the [initiative homepage.]
Adults Receiving the Social and Emotional Support They Need

Data for cities, communities, and City of Los Angeles Council Districts were generated using a small area estimation method which combined the survey data with population benchmark data (2022 population estimates for Los Angeles County) and neighborhood characteristics data (e.g., U.S. Census Bureau, 2017-2021 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates). This indicator includes adults who reported always or usually receiving the social and emotional support they need. Individuals who receive adequate social and emotional support often experience less loneliness (a risk factor for lower life expectancy) and report having a higher quality of life and better overall health. For more information about the Community Health Profiles Data Initiative, please see the [initiative homepage.]