AndreaBozzo/ceres-open-data-index huggingface dataset:
Households That Rent Their Homes

Housing affordability is a major concern for many Los Angeles County residents. Housing constitutes the single largest monthly expense for most people. Renters are more susceptible than homeowners to high housing costs, especially if they live in a community without rent control or other tenant protection policies. Compared to homeowners, renters are also more likely to experience housing burden or housing instability and have a higher risk for homelessness. For more information about the Community Health Profiles Data Initiative, please see the [initiative homepage.]
Children in Households with Food Insecurity

Data for cities, communities, and City of Los Angeles Council Districts were generated using a small area estimation method which combined the survey data with population benchmark data (2022 population estimates for Los Angeles County) and neighborhood characteristics data (e.g., U.S. Census Bureau, 2017-2021 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates). Households experiencing food insecurity are defined as those with low food security or very low food security in the last 12 months. Food insecurity is assessed by a scaled variable created from a series of five questions. Food insecurity, or the inability to reliably afford or access sufficient quantities of healthy food, affects hundreds of thousands of low-income households in Los Angeles County. Food insecurity during childhood is associated with delayed development, inability to concentrate in school, diminished academic performance, anxiety, depression, and early-onset obesity. Increasing enrollment in food assistance programs, such as the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (known as [CalFresh] in California) or the Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (better known as [WIC]) is an important measure that cities and communities can take to combat food insecurity. For more information about the Community Health Profiles Data Initiative, please see the [initiative homepage.]
Uninsured Adults

Data are for noninstitutionalized civilian population. The vast majority of adults and children in Los Angeles County have health insurance, in large part due to outreach efforts and local insurance availability for children and the expansion of insurance coverage following the passage of the federal Affordable Care Act in 2012. Despite this progress, rates of uninsured remain high in some communities. Cities and community organizations can play an important role in advocating for needed services and in providing information on free or low-cost services in their communities. Hospitals can also provide medical and dental services through their community benefit programs and other community services. For more information about the Community Health Profiles Data Initiative, please see the [initiative homepage.]
Adults in Households with Nutrition Insecurity

Data for cities, communities, and City of Los Angeles Council Districts were generated using a small area estimation method which combined the survey data with population benchmark data (2022 population estimates for Los Angeles County) and neighborhood characteristics data (e.g., U.S. Census Bureau, 2017-2021 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates). Respondents who reported it was somewhat hard, hard, or very hard for their household to regularly eat healthy foods in the past 12 months are classified as experiencing nutrition insecurity. Healthy foods are defined as foods that support health and well-being. These foods include fruits, vegetables, whole grains, beans, nuts, yogurt, and fish. They can be fresh, frozen, or canned, and they don’t have to be organic. Less healthy foods can include foods that are highly processed and high in salt, starch, sugar, or unhealthy fats. Nutrition insecurity encompasses the lack of consistent or equitable access to healthy, safe, and affordable foods that support health and wellbeing. Poor nutrition is linked to increased risk of obesity, diabetes, and heart disease, as well as higher healthcare costs and decreased productivity. Both food and nutrition insecurity are driven by social determinants of health, such as low income or unemployment, lack of affordable housing, and lack of access to healthcare. Structural racism has also influenced the prevalence of nutrition insecurity among historically underserved populations. Increasing enrollment in food assistance programs, such as the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (known as [CalFresh] in California) or the Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (better known as [WIC]) is an important measure that cities and communities can take to combat nutrition insecurity. For more information about the Community Health Profiles Data Initiative, please see the [initiative homepage.]
Recreational Spaces

This indicator provides information about the geographic locations of publicly available recreational spaces. Publicly available recreational spaces play an important role in communities, often conferring myriad health benefits. Access to places for physical activity, such as parks, trails, playgrounds, and community centers with recreational facilities, has been shown to prevent heart disease, stroke, diabetes, depression, and many types of cancer. Community recreational spaces also provide opportunities for park-related interventions that may reduce violent crime; serve as locations for outreach to increase access to and enrollment in health and social services; and provide space for community gardens and farmers’ markets, thereby increasing community access to fresh produce. Moreover, parks and other green spaces have environmental benefits that can protect community health through improved air quality and reduced impacts from the [urban heat island effect]. For more information about the Community Health Profiles Data Initiative, please see the [initiative homepage.]
Children with Daily Sugar-Sweetened Beverage Consumption

Data for cities, communities, and City of Los Angeles Council Districts were generated using a small area estimation method which combined the survey data with population benchmark data (2022 population estimates for Los Angeles County) and neighborhood characteristics data (e.g., U.S. Census Bureau, 2017-2021 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates). This indicator is based on caregiver report and includes children who drink at least one sugar-sweetened beverage daily. Sugar-sweetened beverages include sodas, such as Coke, Pepsi, Dr. Pepper, or Sprite, or sweetened drinks, such as Gatorade, Red Bull, or Sunny Delight. Drinks NOT included are diet sodas, sugar-free drinks, or 100% fruit juice. Sugar-sweetened beverages or sugary drinks are leading sources of added sugars in the American diet. Frequently drinking sugar-sweetened beverages is associated with weight gain, obesity, type 2 diabetes, heart disease, and kidney diseases, among other conditions. Cities and communities can take an active role in limiting sugar-sweetened beverage consumption by promoting health education and awareness, adopting policies such as additional taxes on sugar-sweetened beverage purchases, and by supporting healthy food retail. For more information about the Community Health Profiles Data Initiative, please see the [initiative homepage.]
Marijuana Storefront Retailer Density

Unique dispensaries, both licensed and unlicensed storefronts, excludes delivery only establishments. Geographies based on geocoded address of dispensary and shapefile overlay. Prior to the legalization of recreational marijuana use in 2018, California had a loosely regulated medicinal cannabis market with many unlicensed dispensaries operating. The ready availability of marijuana dispensaries, not all of which are compliant with State safety requirements, has facilitated widespread marijuana use, which in turn is associated with a number of adverse health outcomes, including higher risk for lung infections and mental health conditions such as depression and anxiety. Cities and communities should take an active role in educating residents, particularly youth, pregnant persons, and other vulnerable groups, about the potential risks of marijuana use and adopting policies that regulate and ensure safe marijuana retail activity. For more information about the Community Health Profiles Data Initiative, please see the [initiative homepage.]
On-Premises Alcohol Outlet Density

License types included: 20, 21, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 47, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 67, 69, 70, 71, 72, 75, 76, 78, 80, 83, 85, 86, and 87. Geographies based on geocoded address of outlet and shapefile overlay. Alcohol outlet density refers to the number of retail outlets in a community that sell alcohol relative to the number of residents living in that community. On-premises outlets include establishments where alcohol is served to be consumed on site, such as bars and restaurants. In general, consumption of alcohol tends to be higher in communities where the alcohol outlet density is also high. Communities with higher alcohol outlet density have been found to experience higher rates of violence and crime. For more information about the Community Health Profiles Data Initiative, please see the [initiative homepage.]
Adults with Diagnosed Depression

Data for cities, communities, and City of Los Angeles Council Districts were generated using a small area estimation method which combined the survey data with population benchmark data (2022 population estimates for Los Angeles County) and neighborhood characteristics data (e.g., U.S. Census Bureau, 2017-2021 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates). Adults included in this indicator are those who reported ever being diagnosed with depression AND either currently being treated for depression or currently having symptoms of depression. There is growing recognition that mental health is as essential to overall wellbeing as physical health. Individuals who are exposed to chronic stress from financial worry, work and family demands, job insecurity, unsafe living environments, social isolation, or discrimination are at a greater risk for developing mental health conditions, such as depression, anxiety, or post-traumatic stress disorder. Cities and communities can take an active role in fostering mental health by ensuring community safety, promoting equitable employment opportunities and economic security, expanding affordable housing, creating varied opportunities for residents to engage in community issues, reducing the stigma associated with mental health, and providing support services, particularly for seniors and other vulnerable community members. For more information about the Community Health Profiles Data Initiative, please see the [initiative homepage.]
Persons Living with Diagnosed HIV

This indicator provides information about the rate of persons living with HIV (persons per 100,000 population). Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection remains a significant public health concern, with more than 59,000 Los Angeles County residents estimated to be currently living with HIV. Certain communities, such as low-income communities, communities of color, and sexual and gender minority communities, bear a disproportionate burden of this epidemic. The [ Ending the HIV Epidemic] national initiative strives to eliminate the US HIV epidemic by 2030, focusing on four key strategies: Diagnose, Treat, Prevent, and Respond. Achieving this goal requires a collaborative effort involving cities, community organizations, faith-based institutions, healthcare professionals, and businesses. Together, they can create an environment that promotes prevention, reduces stigma, and empowers individuals to safeguard themselves and their partners from HIV. Stakeholders can advance health equity by focusing on the most affected communities and sub-populations. For more information about the Community Health Profiles Data Initiative, please see the [initiative homepage.]
Children with Special Healthcare Needs

Data for cities, communities, and City of Los Angeles Council Districts were generated using a small area estimation method which combined the survey data with population benchmark data (2022 population estimates for Los Angeles County) and neighborhood characteristics data (e.g., U.S. Census Bureau, 2017-2021 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates). Data for this indicator are based on caregiver report and defined according to the Children with Special Health Care Needs (CSHCN) Screening Tool developed through the Child and Adolescent Health Measurement Initiative led by The Foundation for Accountability. The CSHCN screener includes three "definitional domains." These are: (1) dependency on prescription medications; (2) service use above that considered usual or routine; and (3) functional limitations. Children with special healthcare needs and their families or caregivers may be at increased risk for economic hardship due to higher healthcare costs and more time needed off from work or school to attend medical appointments. In particular, children who have a disability may also be at increased risk for experiencing lower levels of social and emotional wellbeing compared to their peers who do not have a disability. For more information about the Community Health Profiles Data Initiative, please see the [initiative homepage.]
Breast Cancer Mortality

Death rate has been age-adjusted to the 2000 U.S. standard population. Single-year data are only available for Los Angeles County overall, Service Planning Areas, Supervisorial Districts, City of Los Angeles overall, and City of Los Angeles Council Districts. Obesity can increase an individual’s lifetime risk of breast cancer. Promoting healthy food retail and physical activity and improving access to preventive care services are important measures that cities and communities can take to prevent breast cancer. For more information about the Community Health Profiles Data Initiative, please see the [initiative homepage.]
Population in Persistent Poverty

This indicator provides information about the percentage of the population living in census tracts identified as having persistent poverty. The ACS defined persistent poverty as having a poverty rate of 20% or higher over a 30-year period using the 1990 and 2000 Censuses and the 2005–2009 and 2015–2019 ACS 5-year estimates. A census tract is characterized as a persistent poverty census tract if 20% or more of its residents are living below the federal poverty level over an extended period. Areas of persistent poverty may have limited access to healthcare services, quality education, and healthy and affordable food. These communities may also face unique social and structural challenges that relate to poverty. Identifying areas of persistent poverty and the population living in these areas can help streamline resource allocation to communities that may benefit the most from additional investments and support. For more information about the Community Health Profiles Data Initiative, please see the [initiative homepage.]
Adults with a Disability

Estimates are for noninstitutionalized civilian population. According to the [ Centers for Disease Control and Prevention], disability describes “any condition of the body or mind (impairment) that makes it more difficult for the person with the condition to do certain activities (activity limitation) and interact with the world around them (participation restrictions).” People with disabilities have an increased risk for developing chronic health conditions, such as diabetes or heart disease. They also often spend more on healthcare costs and consequently may experience more financial hardship than those without a disability. For more information about the Community Health Profiles Data Initiative, please see the [initiative homepage.]
Suicide Rate

Mortality rate has been age-adjusted to the 2000 U.S. standard population. ICD-10 codes used to identify suicides are X60-X84, Y87.0, and U03. Single-year data are only available for Los Angeles County overall, Service Planning Areas, Supervisorial Districts, City of Los Angeles overall, and City of Los Angeles Council Districts. Suicide is a leading cause of preventable death in Los Angeles County, affecting individuals of all ages and races and ethnicities. While there is a strong association between suicide and health conditions, such as mood and anxiety disorders or substance use disorders, suicide is rarely caused by a single circumstance and is more often due to a combination of individual, relational, and environmental factors. Individual factors can include history of mental illness, previous suicide attempts, adverse childhood events, or financial hardship. Relational factors include experiences of bullying, loss of relationships, or social isolation. Environmental factors include lack of access to healthcare, community violence, or social stigma associated with seeking help for a mental illness. For more information about the Community Health Profiles Data Initiative, please see the [initiative homepage.]
Preterm Births

Preterm is defined as live births occurring between 17 and 36 weeks gestational age. Gestation was calculated based on obstetrical estimate. Single-year data are only available for Los Angeles County overall, Service Planning Areas, Supervisorial Districts, City of Los Angeles overall, and City of Los Angeles Council Districts. Infants born before 37 weeks of gestation have a higher risk of infections, developmental problems, breathing problems, and even death. Preterm births are more common in certain racial and ethnic groups, with Black pregnant persons experiencing preterm births more frequently than Whites. Chronic stress associated with both historical and ongoing racism are important contributing factors. Strategies to reduce preterm births include promoting adequate birth spacing, helping pregnant people quit smoking, and providing high-quality medical care during pregnancy. For more information about the Community Health Profiles Data Initiative, please see the [initiative homepage.]
Adults with Diagnosed Hypertension

Data for cities, communities, and City of Los Angeles Council Districts were generated using a small area estimation method which combined the survey data with population benchmark data (2022 population estimates for Los Angeles County) and neighborhood characteristics data (e.g., U.S. Census Bureau, 2017-2021 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates). This indicator is based on self-report of ever being diagnosed with hypertension. Uncontrolled hypertension, or high blood pressure, increases an individual’s risk for heart attack, stroke, and kidney disease, and it can also impair brain function and vision. Lifestyle factors such as unhealthy diets, physical inactivity, smoking, and excessive alcohol use contribute greatly to this condition. Cities and communities can play an essential role in mitigating hypertension risk factors by improving local food environments and encouraging physical activity by making communities safer and more walkable. For more information about the Community Health Profiles Data Initiative, please see the [initiative homepage.]
Life Expectancy at Birth

Life expectancy at birth is the average number of years a group of infants would live if they were to experience, throughout their lives, the age-specific death rates prevailing during a specified period. Life expectancy at birth estimates were calculated using abridged period life tables according to the Chiang method. Estimates are based on provisional data and subject to change. Unstable estimates are excluded and are defined as having confidence intervals greater than 6 years, i.e., +/-3.0 years. The average life expectancy of a population is one of the most basic and important measures of the health of a community. Life expectancy is heavily driven by the social determinants of health, including social, economic, and environmental conditions, with Black and low-income individuals experiencing much lower life expectancies compared to White and more affluent individuals. For more information about the Community Health Profiles Data Initiative, please see the [initiative homepage.]
Adults Who Use Electronic Cigarettes

Data for cities, communities, and City of Los Angeles Council Districts were generated using a small area estimation method which combined the survey data with population benchmark data (2022 population estimates for Los Angeles County) and neighborhood characteristics data (e.g., U.S. Census Bureau, 2017-2021 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates). Adults included in this indicator are those who reported using e-cigarettes in the past month. Electronic cigarettes, also called e-cigarettes, e-hookahs, mods, vape pens, and electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS), have been sold in the US for about a decade and are the most commonly used tobacco product among youth. Most e-cigarettes contain nicotine and can emit a number of potentially toxic substances. They can also cause unintended injuries such as fires, explosions, and acute nicotine exposure. Though not all long-term health consequences of e-cigarette use are currently known, e-cigarette usage has been found to impair the function of the body’s blood vessels, which can increase the risk for cardiovascular and lung disease. For more information about the Community Health Profiles Data Initiative, please see the [initiative homepage.]
Maternal Mortality

Maternal mortality ratio is defined as the number of female deaths due to obstetric causes (ICD-10 codes: A34, O00-O95, O98-O99) while pregnant or within 42 days of termination of pregnancy. The maternal mortality ratio indicates the likelihood of a pregnant person dying of obstetric causes. It is calculated by dividing the number of deaths among birthing people attributable to obstetric causes in a calendar year by the number of live births registered for the same period and is presented as a rate per 100,000 live births. The number of live births used in the denominator approximates the population of pregnant and birthing people who are at risk. Data are not presented for geographies with number of maternal deaths less than 11. Compared to other high-income countries, women in the US are more likely to die from childbirth or problems related to pregnancy. In addition, there are persistent disparities by race and ethnicity, with Black pregnant persons experiencing a much higher rate of maternal mortality compared to White pregnant persons. Improving the quality of medical care for pregnant individuals before, during, and after pregnancy can help reduce maternal deaths. For more information about the Community Health Profiles Data Initiative, please see the [initiative homepage.]
Low Birthweight Births

Low birth weight is defined as weight of less than 2,500 grams (5 pounds, 8 ounces) at birth. Single-year data are only available for Los Angeles County overall, Service Planning Areas, Supervisorial Districts, City of Los Angeles overall, and City of Los Angeles Council Districts. Babies born at a low birth weight are at markedly increased risk for a range of medical complications that can impair their development and reduce their prospects for a long and healthy life. For more information about the Community Health Profiles Data Initiative, please see the [initiative homepage.]