AndreaBozzo/ceres-open-data-index huggingface dataset:
MERGE - Daily Gridded Precipitation over South America

Satellite precipitation estimates combined with surface observations over South America. Satellite estimates for the first few hours are provided by the GPM-Early product; more than 12 hours back, GPM-late data are used. This dataset is provided in GRIB2 data format (https://www.nco.ncep.noaa.gov/pmb/docs/grib2/grib2_doc/).
GOES-16 Cloud & Moisture Imagery

The GOES-16 Advanced Baseline Imager (ABI) L2 Cloud and Moisture Imagery provides 16 spectral bands with high temporal resolution over the American continent. The significance of the GOES-16 satellite for Brazil and South America lies in its location at longitude -75°, allowing it to offer comprehensive coverage of the continent and the oceanic regions of the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans. The ABI captures 2 visible, 4 near-infrared, and 10 infrared channels at resolutions ranging from 500m to 2km. This collection encompasses images acquired by the GOES-16 satellite (GOES-East) in full-disk mode, depicting nearly full coverage of the Western Hemisphere in a circular image. Important: note that other modes, such as CONUS and MESOSCALE, are not included in this collection. Cloud and Moisture Imagery product (CMIP) files are generated for each of the 16 ABI reflective and emissive bands. The collection captures CMIP product files into individual STAC Items for each observation from the GOES-16 satellite. It includes the original and full-resolution CMIP NetCDF files generated by INPE's GOES-R receiving station. There is also a version for band 02, which originally has a resolution of 500m, degraded to 1km. For more information, refer to the [Beginner’s Guide to GOES-R Series Data](https://www.goesr.gov/downloads/resources/documents/Beginners_Guide_to_GOES-R_Series_Data.pdf), [GOES-R Series Product Definition and Users Guide: Volume 5 (Level 2A+ Products)](https://www.goes-r.gov/products/docs/PUG-L2+-vol5.pdf), [ABI Bands Quick Information Guides](https://www.goes-r.gov/mission/ABI-bands-quick-info.html) and the [GOES-R ABI Algorithm Theoretical Basis Document](https://www.star.nesdis.noaa.gov/goesr/documents/ATBDs/Enterprise/ATBD_Enterprise_Cloud_and_Moisture_Imagery_Product_v4_2021-01-13.pdf).
CBERS-4A/WPM - Multispectral and Panchromatic Bands Fusioned

This collection contains 2 meter high-resolution, RGB products, generated using the Principal Components Fusion (PCA) method, with values coded between 1 and 255, with 0 being reserved for 'No Data'. This product is derived from the original CBERS-4A WPM Level-4 Digital Number with 10 bit of quantization.
SAMeT - Daily South American Mapping of Temperature

South American Mapping of Temperature (SAMeT) is a newly developed product and operationally available for South America through the National Institute for Space Research (CPTEC / INPE) Weather Forecast and Climate Studies website. This product combines the observed data with the ERA5 reanalysis, making a correction of the temperature field using an estimated lapse rate. The Lapse Rate was estimated for four regions located over South America, and for the four seasons of the year. The estimated values for the Lapse Rate were, in all situations, lower than the standard Lapse Rate (-6.5 °C·km-¹). The combination of reanalysis and observations, together with the correction of the Lapse Rate produced more accurate temperature fields than those provided by ERA5, especially in regions with more accentuated topography.
SAMeT - Hourly South American Mapping of Temperature

South American Mapping of Temperature (SAMeT) is a newly developed product and operationally available for South America through the National Institute for Space Research (CPTEC / INPE) Weather Forecast and Climate Studies website. This product combines the observed data with the ERA5 reanalysis, making a correction of the temperature field using an estimated lapse rate. The Lapse Rate was estimated for four regions located over South America, and for the four seasons of the year. The estimated values for the Lapse Rate were, in all situations, lower than the standard Lapse Rate (-6.5 °C·km-¹). The combination of reanalysis and observations, together with the correction of the Lapse Rate produced more accurate temperature fields than those provided by ERA5, especially in regions with more accentuated topography.
TOPODATA Bundle - Banco de Dados Geomorfométricos do Brasil

The TOPODATA dataset provides a Brazilian collection of geomorphometric variables derived from SRTM (Shuttle Radar Topography Mission) data. Original 3-arc second (~90 m) resolution elevation data were refined to 1 arc second (~30 m) through kriging interpolation, followed by geomorphometric derivations such as slope, aspect, profile curvature, and plan curvature. Secondary products include landform classification, dividors and drainage delineation, and shaded relief (hillshade) maps. The dataset is distributed as Cloud Optimized GeoTIFF (COG) and aims to support geosciences, environmental management, territorial planning, agriculture, hydrology, and geomorphological research across Brazil.
MODIS-Aqua Daily Rrs - OC-SMART AC

The MODIS-Aqua Daily Remote Sensing Reflectance (Rrs, unit sr-1) provides 8 spectral bands, temporal resolution of one month, and spatial resolution of 1 km over the Brazilian oceanic waters and the open ocean South Atlantic waters. This collection captures 7 visible and 1 infrared channels using Level-1A images acquired from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) instrument onboard NASA's Aqua satellite. The Level-1A data were processed into Level-1B and GEO using the Data Processing Tools (modis_L1B) from SeaWiFS Data Analysis System (SeaDAS) software. The Level-1B and GEO data were applied in the atmospheric correction OC-SMART (Fan et al., 2021) by the National Institute for Space Research (INPE, Brazil) and the Laboratoire d'Océanologie et de Géosciences (LOG, France), generating the Level-2 data. The Level-2 data has been mosaicked to generate daily maps capturing the complete Brazilian ocean waters. The daily mosaic data were reprojected to geographical (lat/lon) coordinates using the European Space Agency (ESA) Ocean Colour - Climate Change Initiative (OC-CCI) as a reference, then aggregated into a Level-3 grid. Both, the mosaic and the reprojection were done using the Sentinel Application Platform (SNAP).
GOES-13/Imager - Level-3 - VIS/IR Imagery (Binary)

GOES-13 is a satellite of the Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite (GOES) series operated by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). Launched on May 24, 2006, it is designed to monitor weather conditions in North America, South America, and the Atlantic Ocean region. It operates in a geostationary orbit, meaning it remains fixed relative to Earth, continuously monitoring a specific region of the planet. In 2017, it was replaced by GOES-16 (GOES-East) as the primary operational weather satellite for the United States. Since then, it has been placed in a backup position. GOES-13/Imager instrument captures 1 visible and 4 infrared channels at resolutions of 1km (VIS) and 4km (IR). The collection captures product files into individual STAC Items for each observation from the GOES-13 satellite. It contains binary files in a grid format for each of the 5 spectral bands. The files are encoded using int16 and represent a matrix of values (reflectance for VIS and brightness temperature for IR) with 1714 lines and 1870 columns. Note: The values must be read as a one-dimensional array and then converted in memory to a two-dimensional m x n matrix. These versions are generated by INPE using the process of mapping data from the original geostationary projection to a uniform space-time geographic grid (EPSG:4326) with 0.04 degrees spatial resolution. The geographical area used in the remapping process was chosen because it covers and highlights Brazil, South and Central America. The image reprojection operation is performed using the gdalwarp utility (https://gdal.org/programs/gdalwarp.html) with the nearest neighbor resampling strategy defined.
S2 1M Amazon Biome Mosaic

Sentinel-2 image mosaic of Brazilian Amazon biome with 10m of spatial resolution. The mosaic was prepared to support BiomasBR Program to produce The European Union LandMark Deforestation Map 2020. The false color composition is based on the MSI bands 11, 8 and 4 assigned to RGB channels. The temporal composition encompasses 01-month of images from december 2020, with a best pixel selection approach called Least Cloud Cover First (LCF). More information on LCF can be found at Brazil Data Cube web site (https://brazil-data-cube.github.io/specifications/processing-flow.html#temporal-compositing). This Image Mosaic used more than 15000 Sentinel-2 scenes and was generated based on an existing data cube of Sentinel-2 images.
S2 3M Mosaic

Sentinel-2 image mosaic of Brazil with 10m of spatial resolution. It uses True color composition based on the MSI bands 04, 03 and 02 assigned to RGB channels. It's input is the 16 days Least Cloud Cover First (LCF) datacube to generate products that include january-march, april-june, july-september, october-december. More information on LCF can be found at Brazil Data Cube web site (https://brazil-data-cube.github.io/specifications/processing-flow.html#temporal-compositing). Images from this mosaic are also available through OGC WMS.
Landsat Collection 2 - Level-2

Landsat Collection 2 Level-2 Science Products (https://www.usgs.gov/landsat-missions/landsat-collection-2-level-2-science-products), consisting of atmospherically corrected surface reflectance (https://www.usgs.gov/landsat-missions/landsat-collection-2-surface-reflectance) and surface temperature (https://www.usgs.gov/landsat-missions/landsat-collection-2-surface-temperature) image data. Collection 2 Level-2 Science Products are available from August 22, 1982 to present. This dataset represents the Brazilian archive of Level-2 data from Landsat Collection 2 (https://www.usgs.gov/core-science-systems/nli/landsat/landsat-collection-2) acquired by the Thematic Mapper (https://landsat.gsfc.nasa.gov/thematic-mapper/) onboard Landsat 4 and 5, the Enhanced Thematic Mapper (https://landsat.gsfc.nasa.gov/the-enhanced-thematic-mapper-plus-etm/) onboard Landsat 7, and Operatational Land Imager (https://landsat.gsfc.nasa.gov/satellites/landsat-8/spacecraft-instruments/operational-land-imager/) and Thermal Infrared Sensor (https://landsat.gsfc.nasa.gov/satellites/landsat-8/spacecraft-instruments/thermal-infrared-sensor/) onboard Landsat 8 and 9. Images are stored in cloud-optimized GeoTIFF (https://www.cogeo.org/) format.
MODIS-Aqua Monthly absorption by Colored Dissolved Organic Matter (aCDOM) - OC-SMART AC

The MODIS-Aqua monthly absorption by Colored Dissolved Organic Matter (aCDOM, measured in m-1) utilizes daily data from the MODIS sensor onboard NASA's Aqua satellite (MODIS-Aqua). This data has a nominal resolution of 1 km at nadir and is atmospherically corrected through the application of the Ocean Color - Simultaneous Marine and Aerosol Retrieval Tool (OC-SMART) (FAN et al., 2021). The aCDOM estimates are calculated considering the band centered at 443 nm and the algorithm developed by Bonelli et al. (2021). Subsequently, the aCDOM products are aggregated into monthly averages by calculating the geometric mean of daily aCDOM data over the respective month.
Sentinel-3 - Aquatic Remote Sensing Reflectance

This is a development product aimed at providing Copernicus Sentinel-3/OLCI remote sensing reflectance (Rrs) over water bodies all over Brazil.The product provides orthorectified remote sensing reflectance images (Rrs) processed with ACOLITE atmospheric correction and delivered as Cloud Optimized GeoTIFF (COG). Currently, data availability is limited to the Tietê River cascade reservoirs; future updates will progressively expand coverage to additional water bodies throughout Brazil.
MOD13Q1 v061 - Cloud Optimized GeoTIFF

The Terra Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) Vegetation Indices (MOD13Q1) Version 6.1 data are generated every 16 days at 250 meter (m) spatial resolution as a Level 3 product. The MOD13Q1 product provides two primary vegetation layers. The first is the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) which is referred to as the continuity index to the existing National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration-Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (NOAA-AVHRR) derived NDVI. The second vegetation layer is the Enhanced Vegetation Index (EVI), which has improved sensitivity over high biomass regions. The algorithm chooses the best available pixel value from all the acquisitions from the 16 day period. The criteria used is low clouds, low view angle, and the highest NDVI/EVI value.
MODIS-Aqua Monthly Rrs - OC-SMART AC

The MODIS-Aqua Monthly Remote Sensing Reflectance (Rrs, unit sr-1) provides 8 spectral bands temporal resolution of one month and spatial resolution of 1 km over the Brazil oceanic waters and open ocean South Atlantic waters. This collection captures 7 visible, and 1 infrared channels using Level-1A images acquired from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) instrument onboard the NASA's Aqua satellite. The Level-1A data were processed into Level-1B and GEO using the Data Processing Tools (modis_L1B) from SeaWiFS Data Analysis System (SeaDAS) software. The Level-1B and GEO data were applied in the atmospheric correction OC-SMART (Fan et al., 2021) by the National Institute for Space Research (INPE, Brazil) and the Laboratoire d'Océanologie et de Géosciences (LOG, France) generating the Level-2 data. The Level-2 data has been mosaicked to generate daily maps capturing the complete Brazilian ocean waters. The daily mosaic data were reprojected to geographical (lat/lon) coordinates using as reference the European Space Agency (ESA) Ocean Colour - Climate Change Initiative (OC-CCI) into Level-3 grid. Both, the mosaic and the reprojection were done using the Sentinel Application Platform (SNAP) on its version 10. Finally, the daily reprojected data were temporal merged to create the monthly Rrs products using the geometric mean.
GL1.2 Model - Downward Surface Solar Radiation (Daily Mean)

Downward shortwave radiation flux (DSWRF) at the surface represents the solar energy incident on the Earth's surface. Various terms for this variable are found in the literature, including global solar radiation descending to the surface, where the term 'global' refers to total solar radiation, including direct radiation (arriving in line of sight from the solar disk) and diffuse radiation (solar radiation scattered by gases, clouds, and aerosols). Another term associated with its physical unit (W/m²) is global solar irradiance. The data are generated from instantaneous outputs inferred by GL1.2 model and visible channel images from GOES satellites (GOES-10, GOES-12, GOES-13, GOES-16, GOES-19). For each day, the instantaneous images are integrated using the trapezoidal rule, and the final value is divided by 24 hours to represent the daily mean irradiance (W/m²). Each daily data file is an image covering South America and the surrounding oceans. Each pixel in the image indicates the daily mean solar radiation. References: [G-STAR/INPE - Grupo de Radiação Solar, Terrestre e Atmosférica](https://satelite.cptec.inpe.br/gstar/GSTAR_principal.html); [GL1.2 Model](https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/2003JD003531).
CBERS-4A/WFI 3M Paraíba State Mosaic

CBERS-4A/WFI image mosaic of Brazil Paraíba State with 55m of spatial resolution. The mosaic was prepared in order to demonstrate the technological capabilities of the Brazil Data Cube project tools. The false color composition is based on the WFI bands 16, 15 and 14 assigned to RGB channels. The temporal composition encompasses 03-months of images, starting in July 2020 and ending in September 2020, with a best pixel selection approach called Least Cloud Cover First (LCF). More information on LCF can be found at Brazil Data Cube web site (https://brazil-data-cube.github.io/specifications/processing-flow.html#temporal-compositing). This Image Mosaic used more than 50 CBERS-4A scenes and was generated based on an existing CBERS-4A/WFI image collection.
GOES-19 Cloud & Moisture Imagery

The GOES-19 Advanced Baseline Imager (ABI) L2 Cloud and Moisture Imagery provides 16 spectral bands with high temporal resolution over the American continent. The significance of the GOES-19 satellite for Brazil and South America lies in its location at longitude -75°, allowing it to offer comprehensive coverage of the continent and the oceanic regions of the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans. The ABI captures 2 visible, 4 near-infrared, and 10 infrared channels at resolutions ranging from 500m to 2km. This collection encompasses images acquired by the GOES-19 satellite (GOES-East) in full-disk mode, depicting nearly full coverage of the Western Hemisphere in a circular image. Important: note that other modes, such as CONUS and MESOSCALE, are not included in this collection. Cloud and Moisture Imagery product (CMIP) files are generated for each of the 16 ABI reflective and emissive bands. The collection captures CMIP product files into individual STAC Items for each observation from the GOES-19 satellite. It includes the original and full-resolution CMIP NetCDF files generated by INPE's GOES-R receiving station. There is also a version for band 02, which originally has a resolution of 500m, degraded to 1km. For more information, refer to the [Beginner’s Guide to GOES-R Series Data](https://www.goesr.gov/downloads/resources/documents/Beginners_Guide_to_GOES-R_Series_Data.pdf), [GOES-R Series Product Definition and Users Guide: Volume 5 (Level 2A+ Products)](https://www.goes-r.gov/products/docs/PUG-L2+-vol5.pdf), [ABI Bands Quick Information Guides](https://www.goes-r.gov/mission/ABI-bands-quick-info.html) and the [GOES-R ABI Algorithm Theoretical Basis Document](https://www.star.nesdis.noaa.gov/goesr/documents/ATBDs/Enterprise/ATBD_Enterprise_Cloud_and_Moisture_Imagery_Product_v4_2021-01-13.pdf).
S2 6M Yanomami Indigenous Territory Mosaic

Sentinel-2 image mosaic of Brazilian Yanomami Indigenous Territory with 10m of spatial resolution. The mosaic was prepared to support the partnership between the INPE's Health Information Investigation Laboratory (LiSS) and the ICIT-FIOCRUZ Health Information Laboratory (LIS) a multi-institutional body coordinated by Fiocruz and the ministry of health, by creating a health situation database of the Yanomami Indigenous Land. The false color composition is based on the MSI bands 11, 8A and 4 assigned to RGB channels. The temporal composition encompasses 06-months of images, starting in April 2019 and ending in September 2022, with a best pixel selection approach called Least Cloud Cover First (LCF). More information on LCF can be found at Brazil Data Cube web site (https://brazil-data-cube.github.io/specifications/processing-flow.html#temporal-compositing). This Image Mosaic used more than 15000 Sentinel-2 scenes and was generated based on an existing data cube of Sentinel-2 images.
MODIS-Aqua Daily Particulate Organic Carbon (POC) - OC-SMART AC

The MODIS-Aqua daily Particulate Organic Carbon (POC, measured in mg·m-3) utilizes daily data from the MODIS sensor onboard NASA's Aqua satellite (MODIS-Aqua). This data has a nominal resolution of 1 km at nadir and is atmospherically corrected using the Ocean Color - Simultaneous Marine and Aerosol Retrieval Tool (OC-SMART) (FAN et al., 2021). The POC estimates are obtained from the combination of algorithms (Loisel et al., 2002, 2018; Tran et al., 2016; Le et al., 2016). The daily POC products are the mosaic of several images of POC estimates obtained for the same day and merged into daily composites utilizing the SNAP mosaicking tool.
S2 3M Paraiba State Mosaic

Sentinel-2 image mosaic of Brazilian Paraíba State with 10m of spatial resolution. The mosaic was prepared to support the partnership between the INPE's Health Information Investigation Laboratory (LiSS) and the Federal University of Paraíba's Public Policy Studies Program for Early Childhood Education (NEPPS) by supporting the development of the COVID 19/PB Platform: Relations between Health, Territory and Social Protection in times of sanitary crisis, which created the Platform Covid-19/Paraíba: Social and Health Indicator Observatory for SUS and SUAS management. The false color composition is based on the MSI bands 8, 4 and 3 assigned to RGB channels. The temporal composition encompasses 03-months of images, starting in November 2019 and ending in January 2020, with a best pixel selection approach called Least Cloud Cover First (LCF). More information on LCF can be found at Brazil Data Cube web site (https://brazil-data-cube.github.io/specifications/processing-flow.html#temporal-compositing). This Image Mosaic used more than 800 Sentinel-2 scenes and was generated based on an existing Sentinel-2 image collection.
MODIS-Aqua Monthly Suspended Particulate Matter - OC-SMART AC

The MODIS-Aqua monthly Suspended Particulate Matter concentration (SPM, measured in g·m-3) utilizes daily data from the MODIS sensor onboard NASA's Aqua satellite (MODIS-Aqua). This data has a nominal resolution of 1 km at nadir and is atmospherically corrected through the application of the Ocean Color - Simultaneous Marine and Aerosol Retrieval Tool (OC-SMART) (FAN et al., 2021). The SPM estimates are obtained from a blend of two SPM algorithms (Salah Salah et al., 2025). Subsequently, the SPM products are aggregated into monthly averages by calculating the geometric mean of daily SPM data over the respective month.
Landsat 6M São Paulo State Mosaic

Earth Observation Data Cube generated from Landsat Level-2 product over Sao Paulo State extension. This dataset is provided in Cloud Optimized GeoTIFF (COG) file format. The dataset is processed with 30 meters of spatial resolution, reprojected and cropped to BDC_MD grid Version 2 (BDC_MD V2), considering a temporal compositing function of 6 months using the Least Cloud Cover First (LCF) best pixel approach.
MODIS-Aqua Monthly Particulate Organic Carbon - OC-SMART AC

The MODIS-Aqua monthly Particulate Organic Carbon concentration (POC, measured in mg·m-3) utilizes daily data from the MODIS sensor onboard NASA's Aqua satellite (MODIS-Aqua). This data has a nominal resolution of 1 km at nadir and is atmospherically corrected through the application of the Ocean Color - Simultaneous Marine and Aerosol Retrieval Tool (OC-SMART) (FAN et al., 2021). The POC estimates are obtained from the combination of algorithms (Loisel et al., 2002, 2018; Tran et al., 2016; Le et al., 2016). Subsequently, the POC products are aggregated into monthly averages by calculating the geometric mean of daily POC data over the respective month.
Sentinel-3 - Phycocyanin - Tietê River Cascade Reservoirs

Copernicus Sentinel-3/OLCI derived Phycocyanin (PC) concentration over the Tietê River cascade reservoirs, São Paulo, Brazil. Water quality parameter estimated using ACOLITE atmospheric correction and the algorithm developed by [Lima et al. (2025)](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hal.2025.102836). This datataset is provided as Cloud Optimized GeoTIFF (COG).
S2 2M Cerrado Biome Mosaic

Sentinel-2 image mosaic of Brazilian Cerrado biome with 10m of spatial resolution. The mosaic was prepared in support of TerraClass project. The false color composition is based on the MSI bands 8, 4 and 3 assigned to RGB channels. The temporal composition encompasses 02-months of images, starting in November 2023 and ending in April 2024, with a best pixel selection approach called Least Cloud Cover First (LCF). More information on LCF can be found at Brazil Data Cube web site (https://brazil-data-cube.github.io/specifications/processing-flow.html#temporal-compositing). This Image Mosaic used more than 14000 Sentinel-2 scenes and was generated based on an existing data cube of Sentinel-2 images.