AndreaBozzo/ceres-open-data-index huggingface dataset:
Summary of Recorded Ground Motions from the 2024 Muswellbrook, NSW, Earthquake Sequence

On 23 August 2024, the communities of Muswellbrook and Denman in New South Wales experienced a moment magnitude M 4.7 earthquake, with its epicentre near the Mount Arthur Coal Mine in the Upper Hunter region.
This earthquake was followed by numerous aftershocks, including a M 4.4 event on 24 August, a M&nbsp;4.5 event on 7 September (AEST), and a local magnitude ML 4.1 event on 12 November. Geoscience Australia has recorded over 40 earthquakes south of Muswellbrook since 23 August 2024 (through to 31 October), though more events of a lower magnitude may have occurred. 
The main shock on 23 August was strongly felt by the local community, and was felt as far as Wollongong, Tamworth and Dubbo, with over 3,600 felt reports being submitted through Geoscience Australia’s National Earthquake Alerts Centre.
In response to these earthquakes in the Upper Hunter, Geoscience Australia has deployed six monitoring kits that, together with the national seismometer network, are providing real-time data which can be used to determine more accurate information on the frequency, location, depth and magnitude of aftershocks.
The intensity of earthquake ground shaking can vary greatly over short distances. Shaking intensity is dependent on several factors, including the magnitude of the earthquake, the distance of the observer from the earthquake epicentre and the geology and topography at the observation site.
The Australian standard that is often used to assess the likelihood of building damage from ground vibrations is the AS2187.2:2006 Explosives—Storage and Use Part 2: Use of Explosives”. This Standard specifies the lowest transient vibration value that has the potential of causing cosmetic damage to unreinforced or light-framed residential structures. This is estimated to be a peak velocity of 15 mm/s (recorded at a frequency of 4 Hz).
Analysis indicates that Geoscience Australia measured peak velocities approach values near 40&nbsp;mm/s in the Muswellbrook region for the 7 September (AEST) M 4.5 earthquake. These measurements were observed at two sites (one located in Muswellbrook, approximately 10 km from the estimated earthquake locations) and may have been influenced by local geological and topographic effects at these sites. Geoscience Australia will undertake further research to characterise the local conditions at these sites in 2025.
Ground motions from 23 August M 4.7 main shock would likely have been stronger than the recorded motions for the 7 September event. However, the shaking effects may vary based on the style of fault rupture and the consequent radiation pattern of seismic-wave energy.
A causal link between the recent earthquake sequence and the Mount Arthur mining operations cannot be demonstrated without further research.

Tags: Muswellbrook earthquake swarm, Published_External, Seismology and Seismic Exploration, earthquake damage, earthquake swarm, ground-motion acceleration, strong ground motion
Organization: Geoscience Australia Data
Interim (1948) geological report: Tennant Creek goldfield, Northern Territory

Geological investigation by the Bureau commenced late in July, 1948, and continued until the end of October of that year. The objects of the survey were to lay the foundation for future detailed studies of the mining field, to study the factors controlling ore localization, to assess the quantity and value of ore exposed to date, and to estimate the potential value of the field. In the search for orebodies, a knowledge of the geological factors can be of great assistance, and it is felt that the information given in this report and in the accompanying plans should be of considerable help in this respect. However, the prospector's methods - loaming, dollying, panning etc. are still quite fundamental to success in a prospecting field such as Tennant Creek and the suggestions made in this report are intended to supplement this type of work. The climate, topography, vegetation, gold production, general geology, and gold deposits of the area are described in this report. Detailed descriptions are given of the individual mines examined to date.

Tags: AU-NT, GA Publication, Geology, Published_External, Record, commodities, economic geology, gold, mineral deposits, mining, resource assessment
Organization: Geoscience Australia Data
Micropalaeontological examination of samples from bore LO on the Waratah gypsum leases, Penong, north of the eastern shores of Fowler's Bay, South Australia

This report describes the results of a micropalaeontological examination of samples taken from 27 to 62 feet down.

Tags: AU-SA, GA Publication, Geology, Published_External, Record, palaeontology
Organization: Geoscience Australia Data
Notes on the occurrence of triplite on Delny station, Northern Territory

During August, 1944, a mineral specimen received at this Branch from Mr. C.R. Wright of Alice Springs was tentatively identified as altered allanite, and on testing with the Geiger-Muller apparatus was found to be radio-active.  In October, 1944, the site of the discovery was visited by the writer and further specimens were collected. A portion of these specimens, which are also radio-active, was forwarded to the Division of Industrial Chemistry, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, Melbourne, where the sample forwarded was identified by R. Grenfell Thomas as triplite. Triplite is essentially a fluo-phosphate of manganese and iron. Later a further small parcel of specimens was received and it is now realised that the specimens so far examined contain more than one mineral, but apparently no allanite. This report comprises detailed descriptions of the deposit and the triplite.

Tags: AU-NT, GA Publication, Geology, Published_External, Record, minerals
Organization: Geoscience Australia Data
Microscopic examination of samples from No. 27 bore, peg 300 feet, Mirboo North, Gippsland

No. 27 Bore, Mirboo North, is one of a series of bores being drilled in that area to prove the extent of the bauxite deposits. This report describes the results of a microscopic examination of the samples taken from this bore. Samples were taken from between the depth of 0 to 83 feet.

Tags: AU-VIC, GA Publication, Geology, Published_External, Record, mineral deposits, palaeontology
Organization: Geoscience Australia Data
Micro-examination of samples from bore No 3831 on WL Fennell's property, 70 miles northeast of Bourke, northern New South Wales

Bore No. 3831 on W.L. Fennell's property is situated about 30 miles northeast of Langbien's bores. This report describes the results of a micro-examination of samples taken from 6 feet down to 1118 feet.

Tags: AU-NSW, GA Publication, Geology, Published_External, Record, geology, palaeontology
Organization: Geoscience Australia Data
Micropalaeontological examination of limestone samples from the North Basin, Western Australia

This report describes the findings of a micropalaeontological examination of a small collection of limestones from Cape Range, Rough Range and Learmonth Aerodrome, Northwestern Australia. The collection is characteristic of the Tertiary deposits of the North West Basin. The majority of the limestones belong to the "f" stage (Middle Miocene) of the Netherlands East Indies "letter" classification but the shelly limestone from Rough Range, in the absence of zonal Miocene foraminifera is regarded as Lower Pliocene. A detailed palaeontological description of these samples is given in this report.

Tags: AU-WA, GA Publication, Geology, Published_External, Record, palaeontology
Organization: Geoscience Australia Data
Preliminary assessment of the managed aquifer recharge potential in the Wilcannia region, northwest New South Wales, Australia.

In northwestern New South Wales (NSW), communities on the Upper Darling–Baaka River have a heavy reliance on surface water, resulting in inadequate water security during drought. This high level of water insecurity affects economic prospects, community welfare, and the environment. As part of the Exploring for the Future program, Geoscience Australia in partnership with the NSW Department of Climate Change, Energy, the Environment and Water, undertook a study with the aim of improving groundwater system and aquifer understanding, and to identify potential groundwater resources and management options. 
As part of the project, a new airborne electromagnetic (AEM) survey consisting of 25,000 km line kilometres from Wilcannia to Bourke and Brewarrina was acquired. Integrating the AEM data with borehole water chemistry, hydrodynamics and geophysical data, such as surface magnetic resonance, supported the presence of four potential Managed Aquifer Recharge (MAR) targets upstream of Wilcannia with a sand-rich aquifer and low salinity groundwater. One of the four MAR targets has been recommended for a follow-up pilot study owing to its proximity to Wilcannia and the availability of existing infrastructure, such as electricity. Potential sites within the target area were also identified as potential locations for riverbank filtration and aquifer storage and recovery wells. 

The project highlights the potential for alternative water supply options such as MAR, which can supplement traditional water supply to improve climate resilience for town water supply.

Presented at the 2025 International Association of Hydrogeologists (IAH) Conference

Tags: Broken Hill Managed Aquifer Recharge, Darling - Baaka River, EFTF – Exploring for the Future, Electrical and Electromagnetic Methods in Geophysics, Published_External, airborne electromagnetics interpretation, surface magnetic resonance
Organization: Geoscience Australia Data
Summary of imagery analyses for non-natural objects in support of the search for Flight MH370: results from the analysis of imagery from the PLEIADES 1A satellite undertaken by Geoscience Australia

On 8 March 2014, the Boeing 777-200ER aircraft registered as Malaysia Airlines 9M-MRO and operating as flight MH370 (MH370) disappeared from air traffic control radar after taking off from Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia on a scheduled passenger service to Beijing, China with 227 passengers and 12 crew on board.
After analysis of satellite data it was discovered that MH370 continued to fly for over six hours after contact was lost. All the available data indicates the aircraft entered the sea close to a long but narrow arc of the southern Indian Ocean.
On 31 March 2014, following an extensive sea and air search, the Malaysian Government accepted the Australian Government’s offer to take the lead in the search and recovery operation in the southern Indian Ocean in support of the Malaysian accident investigation.
On behalf of Australia, the Australian Transport Safety Bureau (ATSB) coordinated and led the search operations for MH370 in the southern Indian Ocean. Geoscience Australia (GA) provided advice, expertise and support to the ATSB in sea floor mapping (bathymetric survey) and the underwater search. In March 2017 GA was subsequently asked by the ATSB to provide advice and scientific expertise in the analysis of satellite imagery (PLEIADES 1A) (Source: French Military Intelligence Service © CNES) for the detection of possible non-natural objects. All enquiries regarding the overall search should be directed to the ATSB (atsbinfo@atsb.gov.au).

Tags: Earth Sciences, PLEIADES 1A satellite, Published_External, earth observation, image object detection, mh370, satellite imagery
Organization: Geoscience Australia Data
Basin Inventory Birrindudu Basin

Geoscience Australia’s Exploring for the Future program provides precompetitive information to inform decision-making by government, community and industry on the sustainable development of Australia's mineral, energy and groundwater resources. By gathering, analysing and interpreting new and existing precompetitive geoscience data and knowledge, we are building a national picture of Australia’s geology and resource potential. This leads to a strong economy, resilient society and sustainable environment for the benefit of all Australians. This includes supporting Australia’s transition to net zero emissions, strong, sustainable resources and agriculture sectors, and economic opportunities and social benefits for Australia’s regional and remote communities. The Exploring for the Future program, which commenced in 2016, is an eight year, $225m investment by the Australian Government. The name ‘Birrindudu Basin’ was first introduced by Blake et al. (1975) and Sweet (1977) for a succession of clastic sedimentary rocks and carbonates, originally considered to be Paleoproterozoic to Neoproterozoic in age, and overlain by the Neoproterozoic Victoria Basin (Dunster et al., 2000), formerly known as the Victoria River Basin (see Sweet, 1977).

Tags: Birrindudu Basin, EARTH SCIENCES, EFTF - Exploring for the Future, Energy, Onshore Basins, PHYSICAL SCIENCES, Published_External, australia's future energy resources - AFER, officer musgrave birrindudu - OMB
Organization: Geoscience Australia Data
Notes on bauxite in Riau Archipelago, Netherlands East Indies

The principal deposits of bauxite occur on Bintan and adjacent islands which lie about 50 to 100 miles south-east from Singapore. This report is comprised of three extracts which have been drawn from papers made available to the writer by the Australian Government Commissioner for Malaya. The production figures, composition, and nature of the bauxite deposits are described in these extracts.

Tags: GA Publication, Geology, ID, Published_External, Record, mineral deposits, mineralogy, resource assessment
Organization: Geoscience Australia Data
The Fraser River beach sands, Naracoopa, King Island, Tasmania

This brief report is based partly upon the following typewritten reports obtained from the Tasmanian Mines Department [see record] and partly on a short visit to the deposit. The geology and mineral content of the deposit are described.

Tags: AU-TAS, GA Publication, Geology, Published_External, Record, geology, mineral deposits, resource assessment
Organization: Geoscience Australia Data
Micropalaeontological examination of samples from bore No 3858 on the property of AIF Dent, "Wangrawally", Walgett, northern New South Wales

Results of a micropalaeontological examination of samples taken from a depth of 642 feet down to 1,568 feet. This series is in continuation of that reported upon 25/7/45.

Tags: AU-NSW, GA Publication, Geology, Published_External, Record, palaeontology
Organization: Geoscience Australia Data
Exploring for the Future—Remodelling the Oolloo–Jinduckin interface across the Daly Basin, Northern Territory: Interpreting stratigraphic boundaries using probabilistic airborne electromagnetic inversions

This report presents key results from the Daly River groundwater project conducted as part of Exploring for the Future (EFTF), an Australian Government funded geoscience data and information acquisition program. The four-year (2016-20) program focused on better understanding the potential mineral, energy and groundwater resources in northern Australia. 
In this investigation we use models of sub-surface bulk electrical conductivity within the geological Daly Basin to model the depth of the interface between the Jinduckin Formation and the overlying Oolloo Dolostone. The Olloo dolostone is the most extracted aquifer in the Daly basin, while the Jinduckin Formation is an aquitard separating the Olloo from the lower Tindall Limestone aquifer.  Airborne electromagnetic (AEM) data acquired across the basin were inverted with both deterministic and stochastic methods to generate a suite of bulk electrical conductivity models. Comparison with boreholes suggested that the Jinduckin Formation is significantly more conductive than the Oolloo Dolostone and this interface is well resolved in these AEM conductivity models. We developed an interactive plot for visualising the probability distribution of bulk conductivities for AEM points inverted with the stochastic inversion routine. We interpreted 389 AEM points using this approach and used interpolation to derive a new stratigraphic Olloo—Jinduckin surface. The new surface is generally deeper than current models of the interface, which were derived by interpolating stratigraphic picks from boreholes. In the data-sparse south-west of the Daly Basin the new geological surface is up to 390 m deeper than what is currently mapped. This new interface can be used to better constrain aquifer architecture in groundwater flow modelling and support groundwater management of this region. The method developed for interpreting stratigraphy directly from the posterior probability distribution of electrical conductivity is applicable for other geophysical interpretation tasks.

Tags: AEM, Daly River, EARTH SCIENCES, EFTF, Exploring For The Future, Jinduckin, Oolloo, Published_External
Organization: Geoscience Australia Data
Australian Ground-Motion Records Portal

We introduce a web portal designed to provide seamless access to consistently processed Australian ground-motion records and key engineering parameters, offering a powerful tool for researchers, and engineers. The portal leverages the USGS gmprocess software to consistently process ground-motion data and compute engineering parameters of interest. These processed datasets are then integrated into the database, which supports advanced queries based on earthquake parameters (e.g., magnitude, origin time, depth), ground motion metrics (e.g., peak ground acceleration and velocity, response spectral acceleration), and source-to-site distance metrics (e.g., hypocentral distance). Search results can be downloaded in CSV format, including key earthquake, site condition, and source-to-site distance parameters, along with computed engineering metrics. Additionally, processed waveforms are available for download in the standard COSMOS format.
The portal enhances user experience with interactive visual tools, featuring layers that display earthquake locations, recording stations, Australia's seismic site condition map, neotectonic domains, and national seismic hazard maps (current and legacy). Users can explore photographs of recording stations and gain event-specific insights, such as waveform section plots and user-friendly summaries of earthquake, station, and ground motion parameters. The platform also enables users to compare recorded ground motions with ground-motion models in an interactive and flexible manner. With its user-friendly interface and robust features, this platform can significantly contribute to seismic hazard analysis and earthquake engineering in Australia.
Presented at the 2025 Seismological Society of America (SSA) 14–18 April 2025, Baltimore, Maryland

Tags: Australia, Published_External, Seismology and Seismic Exploration, ground-motion database, seismic hazard assessment
Organization: Geoscience Australia Data
Subsidence monitoring in the Sydney Basin, New South Wales: Results of the Camden Environmental Monitoring Project

This Geoscience Australia Record documents the scientific analysis undertaken, and results obtained from geodetic monitoring during the Camden Environmental Monitoring Project (CEMP); a collaborative project undertaken with the New South Wales Department of Planning, Industry and Environment. The aim of the CEMP was to determine the environmental impacts, if any, of active coal seam gas extraction projects in New South Wales. Geodetic monitoring, using satellite radar interferometry (InSAR) and Global Positioning System (GPS) measurements, was used to specifically assess if subsidence (downward vertical land movement) is occurring at the Camden Gas Project; at the time the State’s only actively producing coal seam gas project. To address this question, Geoscience Australia undertook a comprehensive InSAR analysis using data sets from three orbiting radar satellites (ALOS, Envisat and Radarsat-2) covering two periods of time (2006 to 2010, and 2015 to 2019). The outputs of this InSAR analysis are vertical and horizontal ground surface displacement and velocity map products, together with a quantification of the uncertainty of these measurements. Furthermore, a new network of 20 ground geodetic monitoring sites was established in May and June 2016 for the purpose of validating measurements made using InSAR. GPS data was collected at these monitoring sites between July 2016 and June 2019 and processed to obtain 3-dimensional ground surface displacement and velocity measurements. From the analysis of independent InSAR and GPS data sets undertaken during the CEMP, we conclude that no measurable subsidence (i.e. a land movement velocity not greater than 10 mm/yr) has occurred as a result of coal seam gas production in the Camden Gas Project during the time periods of monitoring. However, decimetre-scale horizontal and vertical surface movements have occurred in the Southern Coalfields at the locations of subsurface longwall coal mines. Comparison of the measurements made by InSAR and GPS across the 20-site geodetic monitoring network shows that the two independent geodetic techniques agree within 10 millimetres, even when decimetre-scale movement is occurring. This demonstrates the potential for utilising InSAR for accurate remote monitoring of ground surface movements (including subsidence) at large scales and in the absence of sufficient ground geodetic monitoring infrastructure. The conclusions drawn and the measurements made in this work are specific to the area covered by the CEMP geodetic monitoring project, and are therefore not applicable to other resource extraction activities in other areas because of operational and geological differences from site to site. However, the methods described herein would be applicable to monitoring other resource extraction activities.

Tags: EARTH SCIENCES, Environmental Monitoring, Geodetic Monitoring, Natural Resource Management, Published_External, Sydney Basin
Organization: Geoscience Australia Data
Micropalaeontological examination of samples from bores in northern New South Wales

Samples from four bores in the Great Artesian Basin of New South Wales were submitted for micropalaeontological examination, by the Water Conservation and Irrigation Commission of New South Wales. These bores are Bore No. 8213, "Trenton" Coonamble, No. 8262, "Montrose", Dubbo, No. 8268, "Fair Oak", Dubbo, and No. 8272, Wanaaring, Bourke. The results of the detailed examination of these bores are given below.

Tags: AU-NSW, GA Publication, Geology, Published_External, Record, palaeontology
Organization: Geoscience Australia Data
Report on micropalaeontological examination of bore samples from northern New South Wales

Samples from three bores in the Great Artesian Basin in Northern New South Wales were submitted by the Water Conservation and Irrigation Commission of New South Wales for micropalaeontological examination. These bores are: Bore No. 8256, M.E. Howe, "Retreat", Dubbo, Bore No. 8259, L. Fitzell, "Marathon", Dubbo, [and] Bore No. 8264, E.W. Robinson, "Womparley", Bourke. The results of the detailed examination of the samples are given below.

Tags: AU-NSW, GA Publication, Geology, Published_External, Record, palaeontology
Organization: Geoscience Australia Data
The Sea Elephant tin deposit, King Island, Tasmania

This report is based entirely on the following typewritten report obtained from the Mines Department of Tasmania: Scott, J.B. 'Report on Mineral Leases 79 P/M, 30 P/M, 82 P/M, 83 P/M, 78 P/M, 71 P/M, 64 P/M, 65 P/M, 66 P/M, and 107 P/M, King Island, chartered in the name of the Sea Elephant Prospecting Association, 6th December, 1926'. The Sea Elephant tin deposit is situated about five miles west from the Sea Elephant Bay on the east coast, and 16 miles by road from Currie, the chief port on the west coast. The deposit consists of sand and clay overlying tin-bearing drift. A detailed account of the deposit is provided in this report.

Tags: AU-TAS, GA Publication, Geology, Published_External, Record, geology, mineral deposits, resource assessment
Organization: Geoscience Australia Data