AndreaBozzo/ceres-open-data-index huggingface dataset:
International GNSS Service Report 2022 - Analysis Centre Coordinator report

Geoscience Australia currently performs the role of the International GNSS Service Analysis Centre Coordinator (IGS ACC) in a collaboration with Massachusetts University of Technology (MIT). The IGS ACC is responsible for monitoring the quality of products submitted by individual analysis centers, and combining them to produce the official IGS products. The IGS ACC also has the overall responsibility for coordinating the changes, developments and improvements within the contributing analysis centers to produce the IGS products using the latest models and standards. This report details the IGS ACC activities over 2022, which included the transition to a new reference frame IGS20 and results of the multi-GNSS combined orbit and clock products for Repro3.
Citation: Dach, R., Bockmann, E. (eds.) (2023). International GNSSServiceTechnical Report 2022 (IGSAnnual Report). IGSCentral Bureau andUniversity of Bern; BernOpenPublishing DOI10.48350/179297

Tags: Geodesy, International GNSS Service, Published_External, Satellite-based positioning, satellite orbits and clocks, satellite positioning
Organization: Geoscience Australia Data
Structural elements of the southern Thomson Orogen (Australian Tasmanides): a tale of megafolds

Multi-scale, multi-method integration of geological constraints, with new interpretations of potential field data and seismic reflection data, has resulted in a comprehensive structural interpretation of the southern Thomson Orogen, eastern Australia. The interpretation reveals ~50 major faults and shear zones, many of which can be traced for several hundred kilometres. The interpretation suggests that the southern Thomson Orogen can be subdivided into several structural domains that can be distinguished by differences in: (i) spatial orientation, (ii) geographic distribution, and (iii) partly the timing of major faults, but also to varying degrees by (iv) the evolution and spatial orientation of other structural elements, such as folds, minor faults and fractures, (v) broader lithological trends, (vi) stratigraphy, and (vii) structural style. The two largest domains are the Western Structural Domain that contains numerous faults and shear zones, and the fold dominated Eastern Structural Domain, which is more strongly affected by late- to post-Devonian thrusting than the Western Structural Domain. Notwithstanding their differences the domains can be integrated into a coherent structural model for the southern Thomson Orogen, which suggests that the area represents a set of megafolds or oroclines, which may have formed during the Bindian Orogeny.
Citation: Doublier, M. P., Purdy, D. J., Hegarty, R., Nicoll, M. G., &amp; Zwingmann, H. (2018). Structural elements of the southern Thomson Orogen (Australian Tasmanides): a tale of megafolds. Australian Journal of Earth Sciences, 65(7–8), 943–966. https://doi.org/10.1080/08120099.2018.1526213

Tags: EARTH SCIENCES, Published_External, Tasmanides, Thomson Orogen, geophysics, major faults, orocline, seismic, structural domains, structural interpretation
Organization: Geoscience Australia Data
Australia's Maritime Jurisdiction North of 25°S 2019

Map showing all of Australia's Maritime Jurisdiction north of approx 25°S. Updated in December 2019 to reflect the 2018 Australia/Timor-Leste Maritime Boundaries Treaty (GeoCat 81850).  Previously updated in June 2014 from "Australia's Maritime Jurisdiction North of 25°S" (GeoCat 71985) to conform with "Australian Maritime Boundaries 2014" data by Geoscience Australia. This includes areas around Cocos (Keeling) Islands and areas around Christmas Island as well as those contiguous to the continent in the north. 
Included as one of the now 28 constituent maps of the "Australia's Maritime Jurisdiction Map Series" (GeoCat 71789).Depicting Australia's continental shelf as proclaimed in the "Seas and Submerged Lands (Limits of Continental Shelf) Proclamation 2012" established under the "Seas and Submerged Lands Act 1973".
Background bathymetry image is derived from a combination of the 2009 9 arc second bathymetry and topographic grid by Geoscience Australia and a grid by W.H.F. Smith and D.T. Sandwell, 1997. Background land imagery derived from Blue Marble, NASA's Earth Observatory.
3277mm x 1050mm (for 42" plotter) sized .pdf downloadable from the web.

Tags: AU-EEZ, Administrative Boundaries, Administrative Boundary, Continental Shelf, Earth Sciences, Marine Georegulation, Marine Jurisdiction, Maritime Boundaries, Published_External, Thematic Map, bathymetry, marine
Organization: Geoscience Australia Data
Fingerprint of hydrocarbon generation in the southern Georgina Basin, Australia, revealed by small angle neutron scattering

Small angle neutron scattering (SANS) and ultra-small angle neutron scattering (USANS) are used to directly detect the processes of hydrocarbon generation in the 10 nm to 10 μm size pores in carbonate and siliciclastic rocks which contain no land-plant material suitable for conventional maturity determination by vitrinite reflectance. The method takes advantage of the pore-size-specific variation of neutron scattering contrast between the solid rock matrix and pore-space content with depth, which is caused by thermal maturation of organic matter through the oil and gas generation windows. SANS and USANS measurements were performed on bedding plane-orientated core slices, extracted from a series of 10 to 12 depth intervals for three wells, CKAD0001, MacIntyre 1 and Baldwin 1 in the southern Georgina Basin, central Australia. The depth intervals, intersecting the organic-rich basal ‘hot’ shales of the middle Cambrian Arthur Creek Formation, were selected based on Rock-Eval pyrolysis data. SANS and USANS results indicate that oil generation has occurred in the past in nano-sized pores in rocks that are now at depths of around 538.4 m in CKAD0001 and 799.3 m in MacIntyre 1. Furthermore, in the CKAD0001 well, the oil-wet pores extend into the larger pore-size range (at least up to 10 μm) due to the efficient expulsion of oil. At around 880 m in Baldwin 1, the influence of pyrobitumen reverts pore space from gas wet to oil wet. These hydrocarbons have remained in situ since the Devonian when the Neoproterozoic to Paleozoic section was exhumed in the Alice Springs Orogeny and subsequently eroded, preserving only remnants of the once extensive basin sediments.

Tags: Arthur Creek Formation, Earth Sciences, Georgina Basin, Published_External, Small angle neutron scattering (SANS), Ultra small angle neutron scattering (USANS)
Organization: Geoscience Australia Data
Geological and Bioregional Assessments: assessing the prospectivity for tight, shale and deep-coal resources in the Cooper Basin, Beetaloo Sub-basin and Isa Superbasin

The Geological and Bioregional Assessments (GBA) Program is a series of independent scientific studies undertaken by Geoscience Australia and the CSIRO, supported by the Bureau of Meteorology, and managed by the Department of Agriculture, Water and the Environment.  The Program consists of three stages across three regions with potential to deliver gas to the East Coast Gas Market.  
Stage 1 was a rapid regional prioritisation conducted by Geoscience Australia, to identify those sedimentary basins with the greatest potential to deliver shale and/or tight gas to the East Coast Gas Market within the next five to ten years. This prioritisation process assessed 27 onshore eastern and northern Australian basins with shale and/or tight gas potential. Further screening reduced this to a shortlist of nine basins where exploration was underway. The shortlisted basins were ranked on a number of criteria. The Cooper Basin, the Beetaloo Sub-basin and the Isa Superbasin were selected for more detailed assessment.  
Stage 2 of the program involved establishing a baseline understanding of the identified regions. Geoscience Australia produced regional geological evaluations and conceptualisations that inform the assessment of shale and/or tight gas prospectivity, ground- and surface-water impacts, and hydraulic fracturing models. Geoscience Australia’s relative prospectivity assessments provide an indication of where viable petroleum plays are most likely to be present. These data indicate areal and stratigraphic constraints that support the program’s further work in Stage 3, on understanding likely development scenarios, impact assessments, and causal pathways.
Citation: Hall Lisa S., Orr Meredith L., Lech Megan E., Lewis Steven, Bailey Adam H. E., Owens Ryan, Bradshaw Barry E., Bernardel George (2021) Geological and Bioregional Assessments: assessing the prospectivity for tight, shale and deep-coal resources in the Cooper Basin, Beetaloo Subbasin and Isa Superbasin. The APPEA Journal 61, 477-484.
https://doi.org/10.1071/AJ20035

Tags: Betaloo Subbasin, Cooper Basin, EARTH SCIENCES, GBA region, Isa Superbasin, Published_External, approval processes, chemical screening, deep coal gas, environmental significance, gas resources, hazard analysis, hydraulic fracturing, impact analysis, potential impact, regulatory efficiency, shale gas, sustainable development, tight gas, unconventional gas development, user panel, water resources
Organization: Geoscience Australia Data
Trace element systematics of magnetite from the Starra iron oxide‑copper gold deposits reveals early fluid conditions characteristic for Cu mineralization

Hydrothermal magnetite from the Starra iron oxide‑copper gold (IOCG) deposit in northwest Queensland, Australia, records a gradual decrease in V, Ni, Cr, and Mn that correlates with the transition from early, amphibole-biotite-magnetite dominant alteration to late, chlorite-quartz-hematite-dominated alteration assemblages. The observed systematic change in multivariate elements in magnetite is interpreted to indicate an increase in fO2 during the main Cu(Au) mineralization. We suggest that variations in the V, Ni, and Cr contents of magnetite at Starra indicate either a primary magmatic fluid source or the leaching of mafic rocks by fluids during early albitization. Late silician magnetite contained in ankerite veins that crosscut the pre-existing alteration assemblages in the hanging wall to the Starra 222 ore body is likely the result of a second mineralization phase, which contributed additional metals to the Starra ore bodies. 
Existing data on magnetite chemistry from several IOA, IOCG, Fe, and Fe-W skarn deposits show that the ratio of V to Ga discriminates the various ore types effectively. Skarn deposits are separated from IOA and IOCG by lower concentrations of V, Ni, and Cr, suggesting a more primitive fluid source or the precipitation of magnetite at distinct physicochemical conditions than IOA and IOCG deposits. Magnetite from IOA deposits exhibits a consistently elevated V concentration whereas magnetite from Fe(–– W) skarn records an increase in V concentration with the evolution of the system. A pronounced decrease in the V contents of magnetite associated with Cu Au mineralization at Starra is interpreted as a change in redox conditions from reduced to oxidized at the time of mineralization. Such variations are also observed in other IOCG deposits. We propose that systematic decreases in V concentration in magnetite during the paragenetic evolution of the host mineral system is a diagnostic indicator for Cu(Au) mineralization in IOCG deposits, and as such, it may be used as a proxy for Cu-Au exploration, if the paragenetic context of magnetite is well constrained.  
Citation: Max Hohl, Jeffrey A. Steadman, Jonathan Cloutier, Shaun L.L. Barker, Ivan Belousov, Karsten Goemann, David R. Cooke, Trace element systematics of magnetite from the Starra iron oxide‑copper gold deposits reveals early fluid conditions characteristic for Cu mineralization, Chemical Geology, Volume 648, 2024, 121960, ISSN 0009-2541, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemgeo.2024.121960

Tags: CODES, GEOLOGY, Inorganic Geochemistry, Isotope Geochemistry, Published_External, Starra, University of Tasmania, iron oxide copper gold - IOGG, mineral chemistry, pyrite, sulfur isotope
Organization: Geoscience Australia Data
The China Australia Geological Storage of CO2 (CAGS) Project: An example of bilateral cooperation and successful capacity building

The China Australia Geological Storage of CO? (CAGS) Project is a collaborative project that aims to accelerate the development and deployment of geological storage of carbon dioxide in China and Australia. There are four main programs under CAGS to build CCS capabilities in both countries: research projects, technical workshops, training schools, and scholarly exchanges. All have contributed in advancing CCS/CCUS knowledge and building capability in China and Australia. Now in its third phase and its 10th year, CAGS is regarded as a successful bilateral project, which has produced essential research for advancing CCUS in China, established a strong network for Australian and Chinese researchers and institutions, and contributed to advancing CCUS globally. The paper describes the history of the collaboration and impact of this successful bilateral project.
Citation: Andrew Feitz, Hang Wang, Ping Zhong, Xian Zhang, Yang Yang, Jiutian Zhang, Jessica Gurney, Liling Huang, Aleks Kalinowski, Rick Causebrook, Andrew Barrett, The China Australia Geological Storage of CO2 (CAGS) Project: An example of bilateral cooperation and successful capacity building, Energy Procedia, Volume 154, 2018, Pages 80-85, ISSN 1876-6102, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2018.11.014.

Tags: EARTH SCIENCES, Published_External, bilateral, capacity building, carbon dioxide, cooperation, geological storage, geosequestration, government
Organization: Geoscience Australia Data
Critical ingredients of iron oxide copper-gold mineral systems. Insights from a new national mineral potential model of Australia using a hydrid data- and knowledge-driven approach

Iron oxide copper-gold (IOCG) deposits are part of a contentious class of deposits wherein key formation processes are still highly debated. Resolving key processes necessary for the formation of IOCG deposits is critical as they contain many elements that are required for the transition to a low carbon economy. This study focuses on robust statistical analysis of new and updated mappable criteria used to represent as spatial proxies for IOCG mineral systems processes. Using a hybrid data- and knowledge-driven approach, a national-scale assessment of the mineral potential for IOCG mineral systems in Australia has been undertaken. A total of 149 mappable criteria were statistically assessed using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. From these, 14 criteria were found to show a satisfactory statistical relationship with known IOCG mineralization and were retained for the model. The statistical approach used in this study permits the assessment of the relative importance of each mappable criteria. Overall, the best predictors for IOCG mineral system are mappable criteria representing energy sources followed by ore depositional gradients, fluid pathways and architecture and sources of metals, fluids and ligands.

The mineral potential model successfully predicts the location of 91.7% of known IOCG deposits and occurrences in 8.3% of the area, reducing the exploration search space by 91.7% and opening new exploration search space in under-explored regions of Australia. Underexplored regions for IOCG that demonstrate favorable geological evolution and high prospectivity include the Delamerian Orogen, the Lamboo Province and Tanami Orogen, the western Gawler Craton, the Hooper Province and the Musgrave Province.

This study highlights how precompetitive geoscience data can be evaluated and utilized within a geologically and statistically robust framework to produce mineral potential models with strong predictive performance.

Presented at the 2025 Society of Economic Geologists (SEG) Conference

Tags: EFTF – Exploring For The Future, EFTF – Exploring for the Future, IOCG - iron oxide copper gold, Published_External, Resource geoscience, mineral potential assessment
Organization: Geoscience Australia Data
Australia's Maritime Jurisdiction - wall map 2020

A wall map showing Australia's Maritime Jurisdiction depicting Australia's extended continental shelf approved by the Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf in April 2008 on a blue Etopo2 background (seabed) and land imagery from NASA - Blue Marble.  Updated in March 2020 to reflect the 2018 Australia - Timor-Leste Maritime Boundaries Treaty.
This map is indicative only of the location of the territorial sea baselines and the outer limits of Australia's maritime zones, and should NOT be used as a definitive source of information.  Some limits may be subject to change.

Tags: Administrative Boundary, Earth Sciences, Published_External, Thematic Map, marine
Organization: Geoscience Australia Data
Australian Fisheries Enforcement Zones - Back (English)

This map is produced for the Australian Fisheries Management Authority to assist with their enforcement of Australia's Maritime Boundaries. On this side is an explanation of the applicable maritime boundaries and a list of their coordinates in the Timor and Arafura Seas.
Originally produced using the Indonesian language. This version is an English translation. 
It is not for sale or public release by Geoscience Australia. Public release is thru DEH and AFMA.
Updated in 2019 to reflect the 2018 Australia/Timor-Leste Maritime Boundaries Treaty.

Tags: Administrative Boundary, Earth Sciences, Published_External, Thematic Map, marine
Organization: Geoscience Australia Data
Examination of the accuracy of SHRIMP U–Pb geochronology based on samples dated by both SHRIMP and CA-TIMS

Estimations of the reproducibility of U–Pb ages from SHRIMP (Sensitive High-Resolution Ion MicroProbe) instruments are based on data from studies that are nearly 2 decades old. Since that time, refinement of analytical procedures and operational improvements have reduced the historically identified uncertainties of SHRIMP U–Pb analysis. This paper investigates 36 SHRIMP thermal ionisation mass spectrometry (TIMS) double-dated “real-world” geologic samples from a variety of igneous rock types to better understand both geological and analytical sources of disagreement between the two dating methods.
Geoscience Australia's (GA) use of high-precision chemical abrasion thermal ionisation mass spectrometry (CA-TIMS) for chronostratigraphy in Australian sedimentary basins has produced a substantial selection of precisely dated zircons, which we can use to cross-correlate the SHRIMP and CA-TIMS ages throughout the Phanerozoic. A total of 33 of the 36 ages were reported with external SHRIMP uncertainties less than 1 % (95 % confidence). Six of eight cases where the CA-TIMS age was outside the SHRIMP uncertainty envelope were in samples where the 95 % confidence interval of the reported SHRIMP age was below 0.66 % uncertainty, suggesting that SHRIMP analyses of untreated zircon with smaller uncertainties are probably overoptimistic.
The mean age offset between SHRIMP and TIMS ages is 0.095 %, but the distribution appears bimodal. Geological explanations for age discrepancies between SHRIMP and CA-TIMS are suggested by considering intrusive and extrusive age results separately. All but one sample where the SHRIMP age is more than 0.25 % older are volcanic. This offset could be explained by the better single-grain age resolution of TIMS, allowing identification and exclusion of antecrysts from the eruptive population, while SHRIMP does not have a sufficient single-grain precision to deconvolve these populations – leading to an apparent older SHRIMP age. In contrast, SHRIMP ages from plutonic rocks – particularly plutonic rocks from the early Paleozoic – are typically younger than the CA-TIMS ages from the same samples, most likely reflecting Pb loss from non-chemically abraded SHRIMP zircons, while chemical abrasion of zircons prior to TIMS analysis destroyed or corrected these areas of Pb loss.
Citation: Magee Jr., C. W., Bodorkos, S., Lewis, C. J., Crowley, J. L., Wall, C. J., and Friedman, R. M.: Examination of the accuracy of SHRIMP U–Pb geochronology based on samples dated by both SHRIMP and CA-TIMS, Geochronology, 5, 1–19, https://doi.org/10.5194/gchron-5-1-2023, 2023

Tags: EARTH SCIENCES, chemical abrasion thermal ionisation mass spectrometry - CA-TIMS, ensitive High-Resolution Ion MicroProbe - SHRIMP, reproducibility of U–Pb ages, thermal ionisation mass spectrometry - TIMS
Organization: Geoscience Australia Data
Lightweight Neural Network for Spatiotemporal Filling of Data Gaps in Sea Surface Temperature Images

Cloud coverage remains a key issue for researchers working with satellite data. Accurate reconstruction of measurements obstructed by cloud can enhance the usefulness of satellite databases for identifying trends and changes in various environments. In this work, we develop, train and test a bidirectional long short-term memory (BiLSTM) model with a custom temporal penalty layer for filling gaps in sea surface temperature (SST) images acquired by the Himawari- 8 satellite. The proposed model showed strong performance, achieving a per-image MAE of 0.1193◦C and per-image RMSE of 0.0985◦C. Our model is also shown to outperform previous state-of-the-art literature. Overall, this work shows that our BiLSTM algorithm is an effective tool for gapfilling cloud-affected SST data.
Citation: S. Baker, Z. Huang and B. Philippa, "Lightweight Neural Network for Spatiotemporal Filling of Data Gaps in Sea Surface Temperature Images," in IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, vol. 61, pp. 1-10, 2023, Art no. 4204310, doi: 10.1109/TGRS.2023.3273575

Tags: EARTH SCIENCES, Published_External, Sea surface temperature - SST, bidirectional long short-term memory - BiLSTM, neural network, spatiotemporal
Organization: Geoscience Australia Data
Southwest Australia Seismic Network (SWAN): recording earthquakes in Australia’s most active seismic zone

The geological structure of southwest Australia comprises a rich, complex record of Precambrian cratonization and Phanerozoic continental breakup. Despite the stable continental cratonic geologic history, over the past five decades the southwest of Western Australia has been the most seismically active region in continental Australia though the reason for this activity is not yet well understood. The Southwest Australia Seismic Network (SWAN) is a temporary broadband network of 27 stations that was designed to both record local earthquakes for seismic hazard applications and provide the opportunity to dramatically improve the rendering of 3-D seismic structure in the crust and mantle lithosphere. Such seismic data are essential for better characterization of the location, depth and attenuation of the regional earthquakes, and hence understanding of earthquake hazard.  During the deployment of these 27 broadband instruments, a significant earthquake swarm occurred that included three earthquakes with local magnitude (MLa) ≥ 4.0, and the network was supplemented by an additional six short-term nodal seismometers at 10 separate sites in early 2022, as a rapid deployment to monitor this swarm activity.  The SWAN experiment has been continuously recording since late 2020 and will continue into 2023.  These data are archived at the FDSN recognized Australian Passive Seismic (AusPass) Data center under network code 2P and will be publicly available in 2025.
Citation: Meghan S. Miller, Robert Pickle, Ruth Murdie, Huaiyu Yuan, Trevor I. Allen, Klaus Gessner, Brain L. N. Kennett, Justin Whitney; Southwest Australia Seismic Network (SWAN): Recording Earthquakes in Australia’s Most Active Seismic Zone. Seismological Research Letters 2023;; 94 (2A): 999–1011. 
doi: https://doi.org/10.1785/0220220323

Tags: EARTH SCIENCES, Earthquake Engineering, Published_External, Seismology and Seismic Exploration, Yilgarn Craton, earthquake hazard, seismic monitoring
Organization: Geoscience Australia Data