AndreaBozzo/ceres-open-data-index huggingface dataset:
2021 State of the Environment Report Marine Chapter – Expert Assessment – State and Trend – Whales

The Marine chapter of the 2021 State of the Environment (SoE) report incorporates multiple expert templates developed from streams of marine data. This metadata record describes the Expert Assessment "State and Trend of whales". 
<strong><em>A PDF of the full Expert Assessment, including figures and tables (where provided) is downloadable in the "On-line Resources" section of this record as "EXPERT ASSESSMENT 2021 - whales"</em></strong>



DESCRIPTION OF TAXONOMIC GROUP FOR EXPERT ASSESSMENT
A total of 27 species of whales (two of which comprise a number of subspecies) have been documented from Australian waters. A number (e.g. sperm whale, Physeter macrocephalus) are distributed nationally, others are restricted to particular latitudes (e.g. Bryde’s whale, Balaenoptera edeni) and others only seasonally utilise Australian waters (e.g. southern right whale, Eubalaena australis). Since the 2016 State of the Environment (SoE) report, the occurrence of Omura’s whale, (Balaenoptera omurai; Cerchio et al. 2019) has been confirmed in Australian waters and new insights provided into the spatial distribution of breeding humpback whales (Megaptera novaengliae; Irvine et al. 2018) in particular, expansion of breeding/calving habitat (Torre-Williams et al. 2019), and the spatial distributions of southern right whales (Mackay et al. 2020) and Shepherd’s beaked whales (Tasmacetus shepherdi; Donnelly et al. 2018). Sightings of humpback whales have been gradually increasing in waters off the Northern Territory, indicating a return to these waters post exploitation (C. Palmer personal communication).

DATA STREAM(S) USED IN EXPERT ASSESSMENT
Assessment based on review of literature published since the 2016 SoE assessment – see references for spatial and temporal coverage of data incorporated into assessments.



2021 SOE ASSESSMENT SUMMARY [see attached Expert Assessment for full details]

• 2021 •
Assessment grade: Good
Assessment trend: Unclear
Confidence grade: Limited evidence or limited consensus
Confidence trend: Limited evidence or limited consensus
Comparability: Grade and trend are comparable to the 2016 assessment
• 2016 •
Assessment grade: Good
Assessment trend: Unclear
Confidence grade: Limited evidence or limited consensus
Confidence trend: Limited evidence or limited consensus
Comparability: Grade and trend are somewhat comparable to the 2011 assessment
• 2011 • Baleen whales
Assessment grade: Poor
Assessment trend: Stable
Confidence grade &amp; trend: Limited evidence or limited consensus
• 2011 • Humpback whales
Assessment grade: Good
Assessment trend: Increasing
Confidence grade &amp; trend: Limited evidence or limited consensus
• 2011 • Toothed whales
Assessment grade: Poor
Assessment trend: Stable
Confidence grade &amp; trend: Limited evidence or limited consensus



CHANGES SINCE 2016 SOE ASSESSMENT
Assessment has not changed.

Tags: cetaceans, expert assessment, population status, whales
Organization: Australian Ocean Data Network
2021 State of the Environment Report Marine Chapter – Expert Assessment – State and Trend – Seabirds

The Marine chapter of the 2021 State of the Environment (SoE) report incorporates multiple expert templates developed from streams of marine data. This metadata record describes the Expert Assessment "State and Trend of seabirds". 
<strong><em>A PDF of the full Expert Assessment, including figures and tables (where provided) is downloadable in the "On-line Resources" section of this record as "EXPERT ASSESSMENT 2021 - Seabirds"</em></strong>



DESCRIPTION OF TAXONOMIC GROUP FOR EXPERT ASSESSMENT
There are approximately 60 species of seabirds known to breed in and around Australia and the external territories of Cocos (Keeling) and Christmas Island, Lord Howe and Norfolk Islands, Ashmore and Cartier Islands, and the Coral Sea islands. These species are comprised of penguins, albatrosses, petrels, shearwaters, prions, storm-petrels, boobies, tropicbirds, frigatebirds, cormorants, pelicans, gulls, terns and noddies.

DATA STREAM(S) USED IN EXPERT ASSESSMENT
The raw survey/census data are with the original investigators whose published materials were drawn on in Woehler and Baker (2020) and Garnett and Baker (in press) reviews. The 2021 assessment drew heavily on Woehler and Baker (2020) and references therein (c.150). The spatial extent comprises Australia and the external territories of Cocos (Keeling) and Christmas Island, Lord Howe and Norfolk Islands, Ashmore and Cartier Islands, and the Coral Sea islands. The temporal extent varies by species and/or study undertaken. 



2021 SOE ASSESSMENT SUMMARY [see attached Expert Assessment for full details]

• 2021 •
Assessment grade: Good
Assessment trend: Highly variable, no national trends
Confidence grade: Limited evidence or limited consensus 
Confidence trend: Limited evidence or limited consensus 
Comparability: Similar, increasing spectrum of threats identified 
• 2016 •
Assessment grade: Good
Assessment trend: Unclear
Confidence grade: Limited evidence or limited consensus
Confidence trend: Limited evidence or limited consensus 
Comparability: Grade and trend comparable to 2011 assessment
• 2011 •
Assessment grade: Good
Assessment trend: Stable
Confidence grade: Limited evidence or limited consensus
Confidence trend: Limited evidence or limited consensus



CHANGES SINCE 2016 SOE ASSESSMENT
nil

Tags: expert assessment, population status, seabirds
Organization: Australian Ocean Data Network
2021 State of the Environment Report Marine Chapter – Case Study – Assessing cumulative effects and risks

The Marine chapter of the 2021 State of the Environment (SoE) report incorporates multiple expert templates developed from streams of marine data. This metadata record describes the Case Study "Assessing cumulative effects and risks". 
<strong><em>A PDF of the full Case Study, including figures and tables (where provided) is downloadable in the "On-line Resources" section of this record as "CASE STUDY 2021 – Assessing cumulative effects and risks"</em></strong>



DESCRIPTION OF THE CASE STUDY
The Environmental Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act (1999) calls for consideration of direct, indirect and offsite impacts on biodiversity. Upstream, downstream and facilitated impacts are specifically defined in the Significant Impact Guidelines and the act allows for broad-scale strategic assessments . However, the EPBC Act does not explicitly address cumulative effects (Dales, 2011; Dunstan et al., 2020; Samuel, 2020). Multiple stressors impacting on multiple ecological values requires an  ecosystem-based approach (Levin et al., 2009). This will require a systemic and integrated assessment of all pressures on marine and coastal systems (HLPO, 2020). 



[see attached Case Study for more]

DATA STREAM(S) USED IN CASE STUDY
Synthesis of literature published in the last 5 years and expert knowledge of the case study authors.

Tags: case study, cumulative effects, state of the environment (SoE)
Organization: Australian Ocean Data Network
2016 SoE Marine Chapter - State and Trends - Viral diseases, parasitic infestations, mass die-offs

The Marine chapter of the 2016 State of the Environment (SoE) report incorporates multiple expert templates developed from streams of marine data. This metadata record describes the Expert Assessment "The state and trends of physical, biogeochemical and biological processes - viral diseases, parasitic infestations, mass die-offs". The full Expert Assessment, including figures and tables (where provided), is attached to this record. Where available, the Data Stream(s) used to generate this Expert Assessment are accessible through the "On-line Resources" section of this record.



DESCRIPTION OF ECOLOGICAL PROCESS FOR EXPERT ASSESSMENT
The health management of finfish, crustaceans and molluscs is an essential element of maintaining aquaculture productivity, fisheries resources and biodiversity in Australia.
This assessment provides information on the status and trends of national aquatic animal health, with respect to viral diseases, parasitic infestations and mass die-offs in the marine environment. 
Australia has a reporting system for aquatic animal diseases of national significance. All the diseases currently reportable to the World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE) and other aquatic animal diseases of national significance are included on Australia’s National List of Reportable Diseases of Aquatic Animals (www.agriculture.gov.au/animal-plant-health/aquatic/reporting).

DATA STREAM(S) USED IN EXPERT ASSESSMENT
NACA reporting – quarterly reports provided at the national level. Details of specific data sets used to generate this assessment have not been provided.



2016 SOE ASSESSMENT SUMMARY [see attached Expert Assessment for full details]

• 2016 •
Assessment grade: Very good
Assessment trend: Stable
Confidence grade: Adequate high quality evidence and high level of consensus
Confidence trend: Adequate high quality evidence and high level of consensus
Comparability: Grade and trend are somewhat comparable to the 2011 assessment
• 2011 •
Assessment grade: Very good
Assessment trend: Stable
Confidence grade: Limited evidence or limited consensus
Confidence trend: Limited evidence or limited consensus



CHANGES SINCE 2011 SOE ASSESSMENT
The 2016 assessment has not changed significantly from the 2011 assessment.

Tags: biosecurity, disease, expert assessment, marine virus
Organization: Australian Ocean Data Network
2021 State of the Environment Report Marine Chapter – Expert Assessment – Pressure – Non-plastic marine pollution

The Marine chapter of the 2021 State of the Environment (SoE) report incorporates multiple expert templates developed from streams of marine data. This metadata record describes the Expert Assessment "Pressure of Non-plastic Marine Pollution". 
<strong><em>A PDF of the full Expert Assessment, including figures and tables (where provided) is downloadable in the "On-line Resources" section of this record as "EXPERT ASSESSMENT 2021 - Non-plastic Marine Pollution"</em></strong>



DESCRIPTION OF PRESSURE
In the north east parts of Australia, monitoring and management has been focussed on land-based nutrients, pesticides and sediment inputs while pollution by hydrocarbons is a nation-wide concern. Excess nutrient loads, or the presence of contaminants have the potential to affect the ecological integrity of marine environments. Australia-wide, other threats include microplastics (see marine debris assessment) and pharmaceutical products for which Australia has limited monitoring data (Kroon et al. 2020).
Relative to north-eastern Australia, population density, agricultural activities and coastal development is less intense in the north, south and west coasts where inputs of suspended sediments and pollution (especially metals from spoil or dredging) is understudied but likely to represent a minor pressure on the health of the marine environment (Stoddart et al. 2019).
The use of low sulphur fuel oils (LSFOs) by all vessels is now a mandatory requirement introduced by the International Maritime Organisation (IMO) from January 2020. While the sulphur contents has been reduced to 0.5% m/m (IMO 2019), the physicochemical characteristics of the LSFOs are highly variable and little is known of their fate and behaviour once in the environment, should an accidental discharge occur on Australian coastlines.

DATA STREAM(S) USED IN EXPERT ASSESSMENT
Peer-reviewed literature (2015-2020) 
Government and Industry reports (2015-2020) 



2021 SOE ASSESSMENT SUMMARY [see attached Expert Assessment for full details]

• 2021 •
Assessment grade: Poor- Very good
Assessment trend: Stable
Confidence grade: Limited evidence or limited consensus
Confidence trend: Limited evidence or limited consensus
Comparability: Grade and trend are somewhat comparable to the 2016 assessment
• 2016 •
Assessment grade: Good-Poor
Assessment trend: Improving
Confidence grade: Limited evidence or limited consensus
Confidence trend: Limited evidence or limited consensus
Comparability: Grade and trend are somewhat comparable to the 2011 assessment
• 2011 •
Assessment grade: Very good
Assessment trend: Stable
Confidence grade: Limited evidence or limited consensus
Confidence trend: Limited evidence or limited consensus



CHANGES SINCE 2016 SOE ASSESSMENT
Additional management efforts have been implemented for the Great Barrier Reef e.g. Reef 2050 Plan 
New regulations from the International Maritime Organisation regarding the mandatory use of low sulphur fuel oils.

Tags: anthropogenic pressures, expert assessment, marine pollution
Organization: Australian Ocean Data Network
Electricity Marine Infrastructure

This resource is a map of electrical coastal infrastructure made up of three data bases.  https://services.ga.gov.au/gis/rest/services/Foundation_Electricity_Infrastructure/MapServer  provides access to the Major Power Stations, Transmission Substations and Electricity Transmission Lines datasets. These datasets present the spatial locations of all known features in Australia.
The Electricity Transmission Lines Database presents the spatial location; in line format, all known high voltage electricity transmission lines that make up the electricity transmission network within Australia.

The Transmission Substations Database presents the spatial locations; in point format, all known electricity transmission substations within Australia.

The Major Power Stations Database presents the spatial locations; in point format, known major power stations within Australia.

Tags: Infrastructure
Organization: Australian Ocean Data Network
2016 SoE Marine Chapter - Expert Assessments and links to Data Streams

Every five years the Australian Government conducts a comprehensive review of the state of the Australian environment. National State of the Environment (SoE) reports provide information about environmental and heritage conditions, trends and pressures for the Australian continent, surrounding seas and Australia's external territories. SoE 2016 builds upon the 2011 approach by showing changes over time across the key areas of the environment, including atmosphere, inland waters, land, marine environment, Antarctic environment, biodiversity, heritage, built environment and coasts.

This parent metadata record links to all Expert Assessments and associated Data Streams (where available) that have contribute to the Marine chapter of the 2016 State of the Environment report.

Tags: expert assessment, state of the environment
Organization: Australian Ocean Data Network
2021 State of the Environment Report Marine Chapter – Expert Assessment – Pressure – Climate Change – Ocean acidification

The Marine chapter of the 2021 State of the Environment (SoE) report incorporates multiple expert templates developed from streams of marine data. This metadata record describes the Expert Assessment "Pressures on the marine environment - climate change - ocean acidification". 
<strong><em>A PDF of the full Expert Assessment, including figures and tables (where provided) is downloadable in the "On-line Resources" section of this record as "EXPERT ASSESSMENT 2021 - Ocean Acidification"</em></strong>



DESCRIPTION OF PRESSURE
Ocean acidification describes changes in dissolved carbonate chemistry resulting from the ocean taking up about 25% of the annual carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions. The changes include decreases in seawater pH and a lowering of the saturation state of aragonite, a major mineral form used by marine organisms to produce shells and skeletal material. The changes are rapid with the pH change being ten-fold greater than at any time in the past 300 million years (Hönisch et al., 2012). Superimposed on the large-scale change is increased variability at seasonal and local scales, particularly in coastal regions (Mongin et al., 2016; Shaw et al., 2012).

DATA STREAM(S) USED IN EXPERT ASSESSMENT
Offshore data from around Australia as described in Lenton et al. 2016.
Lenton, A., B. Tilbrook, R. Matear, T. Sasse and Y. Nojiri (2016) Historical reconstruction of Ocean Acidification in the Australian region, Biogeosciences, 13: 1753–1765. https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-13-1753-2016  



2021 SOE ASSESSMENT SUMMARY [see attached Expert Assessment for full details]

• 2021 •
Assessment grade: Very high impact
Assessment trend: Deteriorating
Confidence grade: Somewhat adequate
Confidence trend: Adequate
Comparability: Comparable
• 2016 •
Assessment grade: Very high impact
Assessment trend: Deteriorating
Confidence grade: Adequate high quality evidence and high level of consensus
Confidence trend: Adequate high quality evidence and high level of consensus
Comparability: Grade and trend are somewhat comparable to the 2011 assessment
• 2011 •
Assessment grade: Very good
Assessment trend: Deteriorating
Confidence grade: Limited evidence or limited consensus
Confidence trend: Limited evidence or limited consensus



CHANGES SINCE 2016 SOE ASSESSMENT
More data are now available.

Tags: anthropogenic pressures, climate change, environmental pressures, expert assessment, ocean acidification
Organization: Australian Ocean Data Network
2021 State of the Environment Report Marine Chapter – Expert Assessment – State and Trend – Outer shelf (30-200 m) – invertebrate species

The Marine chapter of the 2021 State of the Environment (SoE) report incorporates multiple expert templates developed from streams of marine data. This metadata record describes the Expert Assessment "State and Trend of outer shelf (30-200 m) – invertebrate species". 
<strong><em>A PDF of the full Expert Assessment, including figures and tables (where provided) is downloadable in the "On-line Resources" section of this record as "EXPERT ASSESSMENT 2021 - Outer shelf (30-200 m) – invertebrate species"</em></strong>



DESCRIPTION OF SPECIES/HABITAT/COMMUNITY/PROCESS FOR EXPERT ASSESSMENT
A wide range of both sessile and mobile invertebrate species inhabit the continental shelf. Large areas of soft sediments are dominated by infauna and mobile epifauna, but there are also areas that have abundant sessile epifauna, including sponges, soft corals and bryozoans — which are covered in other assessments (see assessments for deepwater corals and sponges and bryozoan reefs).

DATA STREAM(S) USED IN EXPERT ASSESSMENT
Peer reviewed publications, fishery stock assessment reports and data from the IMOS autonomous underwater vehicle facility. 



2021 SOE ASSESSMENT SUMMARY [see attached Expert Assessment for full details]

• 2021 •
Assessment grade: Good
Assessment trend: Stable
Confidence grade: Limited evidence
Confidence trend: Limited evidence
Comparability: Comparable
• 2016 •
Assessment grade: Good
Assessment trend: Stable
Confidence grade: Limited evidence
Confidence trend: Limited evidence
Comparability: Somewhat comparable
• 2011 •
Assessment grade: Good
Assessment trend: Stable
Confidence grade: Limited evidence
Confidence trend: Limited evidence



CHANGES SINCE 2016 SOE ASSESSMENT
not supplied

Tags: community structure, expert assessment, invertebrates, outer shelf
Organization: Australian Ocean Data Network
Native Title Determinaion Outcome

This resource is a map of  Custodial geospatial data held by the National Native Title Tribunal (NNTT) consists of those datasets necessary to contribute to the statutory functions associated with Registers and other information, in support of the Native Title Act 1993 (Cth). 
Provides a spatial representation of native title matters, related to custodial statutory functions associated with Registers in support of the Native Title Act 1993.

Tags: Native Title
Organization: Australian Ocean Data Network
DOT Bathymetry Composite Surfaces Index

This dataset provides an overview of the extent of the publically available raster format hydrographic surveys owned by DoT. Raster surveys include multibeam, laser and lidar surveys. The extents shown are minimum bounding boxes. The dataset does not include surveys held by DOT but owned by a third party e.g. Port Authorities.

Tags: DOT, Downloadable Data, WA, australia, bathymetry, coast, depth, hydrography, levels, marine, ocean, sea, singlebeam, survey
Organization: Australian Ocean Data Network
ACCESS1-3 model output prepared for CMIP5 amip

amip is an experiment of the CMIP5 - Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5
(http://cmip-pcmdi.llnl.gov/cmip5/). CMIP5 is meant to provide a framework for coordinated
climate change experiments for the next five years and thus includes simulations for
assessment in the AR5 as well as others that extend beyond the AR5.

3.3 amip (3.3 AMIP) - Version 1: AMIP (1979 - at least 2008). Impose SSTs and sea ice from observations but with other conditions as in experiment 3.2 historical.

Experiment design: http://cmip-pcmdi.llnl.gov/cmip5/docs/Taylor_CMIP5_design.pdf
List of output variables: http://cmip-pcmdi.llnl.gov/cmip5/docs/standard_output.pdf
Output: time series per variable in model grid spatial resolution in netCDF format
Earth System model and the simulation information: CIM repository

Entry name/title of data are specified according to the Data Reference Syntax
(http://cmip-pcmdi.llnl.gov/cmip5/docs/cmip5_data_reference_syntax.pdf)
as activity/product/institute/model/experiment/frequency/modeling realm/MIP table/ensemble
member/version number/variable name/CMOR filename.nc.

Tags: 0399 - Other Chemical Sciences, 0401 - Atmospheric Sciences, 0405 - Oceanography, 0406 - Physical Geography and Environmental Geoscience, Atmospheric Sciences, National Computational Infrastructure (NCI), Oceanography, Other Chemical Sciences (Environmental Chemistry), Physical Geography and Environmental Geoscience
Organization: Australian Ocean Data Network
Jurien Bay benthic habitat mapping

Jurien Bay Boat Harbour is located north of the town of Jurien Bay, ~250 km north of Perth, Western Australia. The Boat Harbour services a range of government, recreational and commercial vessels and is managed by the WA Department of Transport (DoT).

Wrack and marine sediments frequently accumulate in the Boat Harbour, negatively affecting the navigability, environment and aesthetic quality of the Harbour. To manage these impacts, routine maintenance dredging is undertaken by DoT.

To inform future dredging requirements and marine environmental management of the Boat Harbour, BMT undertook benthic habitat mapping of Jurien Bay in November 2017 on behalf of DoT. The objectives of the mapping project were to:
i. collect baseline data on the spatial extent and characteristics of benthic habitats in the mapping area, and
ii. qualitatively characterise the extent of benthic primary producer habitat surrounding the Boat Harbour, and develop a mapping product to inform dredging operations and potential future environmental approvals applications, if necessary.

Mapping was conducted by first collating satellite imagery to identify benthic habitat features to be ground-truthed by towed video. Video footage was annotated with biological attributes and combined with the satellite imagery to create classified benthic habitat maps of an area offshore of the Boat Harbour.

See the "Lineage" section of this record and attached survey report for detailed methodology.

Organization: Australian Ocean Data Network