AndreaBozzo/ceres-open-data-index huggingface dataset:
Tectonic, Oceanographic, and Climatic Controls on the Cretaceous-Cenozoic Sedimentary Record of the Australian-Antarctic Basin

Understanding the patterns and characteristics of sedimentary deposits on the conjugate Australian-Antarctic margins is critical to reveal the Cretaceous-Cenozoic tectonic, oceanographic, and climatic conditions in the basin. However, unraveling its evolution has remained difficult due to the different seismic stratigraphic interpretations on each margin and sparse drill sites. Here, for the first time, we collate all available seismic reflection profiles on both margins and use newly available offshore drilling data to develop a consistent seismic stratigraphic framework across the Australian-Antarctic basins. We find sedimentation patterns similar in structure and thickness, prior to the onset of Antarctic glaciation, enabling the basinwide correlation of four major sedimentary units and their depositional history. We interpret that during the warm and humid Late Cretaceous (~83–65 Ma), large onshore river systems on both Australia and Antarctica resulted in deltaic sediment deposition offshore. We interpret that the onset of clockwise bottom currents during the early Paleogene (~58–48 Ma) formed prominent sediment drift deposits along both continental rises. We suggest that these currents strengthened and progressed farther east through the Eocene. Coevally, global cooling (&lt;48 Ma) and progressive aridification led to a large-scale decrease in sediment input from both continents. Two major Eocene hiatuses recovered by the Integrated Ocean Discovery Program site U1356A at the Antarctic continental slope likely formed during this preglacial phase of low sedimentation and strong bottom currents. Our results can be used to constrain future paleo-oceanographic modeling of this region and aid the understanding of the oceanographic changes accompanying the transition from a greenhouse to icehouse world.
Citation: Sauermilch, I., Whittaker, J. M., Bijl, P. K., Totterdell, J. M., &amp; Jokat, W. (2019). Tectonic, oceanographic, and climatic controls on the Cretaceous-Cenozoic sedimentary record of the Australian-Antarctic Basin. Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, 124, 7699–7724. https://doi.org/10.1029/2018JB016683

Tags: Australian-Antarctic basins, Cretaceous-Cenozoic, EARTH SCIENCES, Published_External, contourite, delta, seismic stratigraphy
Organization: Geoscience Australia Data
An integrated toolkit to support decision making for exploration: Bluecap models of Ni-Co-laterite potential in the Tasmanides

Mineral prospectivity models have been successful in informing mineral exploration decisions in Australia (e.g. Dulfer et al., 2016). However, understanding the geological potential for discovery is not the full picture. To support successful exploration, we need the ability to quickly estimate the relative economic viability of exploration targets. This raises the question, how can we assess geological potential within the constraints of economic feasibility? How can we define the economic fairways for resource discovery and development?
Bluecap (Walsh et al., 2020) is an economic simulator developed for Australian resource projects developed in collaboration between Geoscience Australia and Monash University. It does this by integrating industry cost models and development data with large-scale geological and infrastructure datasets to evaluate the mining, processing, administrative and infrastructure expenses of mining operations across Australia. By bringing financial considerations much earlier in the exploration framework, to sit alongside more-traditional prospectivity studies, the goal is to highlight regions of high potential value in the early planning/exploration phase. In doing so, Bluecap is designed to assist companies in focusing their efforts on regions more likely to generate commercially-viable projects.
A key feature of the software is its ability to provide rapid geospatial estimates of economic potential across the Australian continent. Components of the Bluecap analysis can be accessed through the Economic Fairways Mapper, an assessment tool incorporated in Geoscience Australia’s Exploring for the Future portal. The open-source Bluecap code, which is available via Github (https://github.com/GeoscienceAustralia/bluecap), also provides additional functionality for calculations better suited to offline platforms. As an example of Economic Fairways analysis, we evaluate the economic potential for nickel-cobalt-laterite development across the Tasmanides.
Presented at the 2022 8th Mines &amp; Wines Conference - Discoveries in the Tasmanides.

Tags: EARTH SCIENCES, ECONOMICS, ENGINEERING, Exploring for the Future - EFTF, Resources Engineering and Extractive Metallurgy not elsewhere classified, Tasmanides, cobalt, economic fairways, mineral potential, nickel laterite, resource economics
Organization: Geoscience Australia Data
Mapping the hydrostratigraphy and groundwater salinity of the Ord Bonaparte plains from AEM and NMR data

This study is part of the groundwater investigations of the Ord Bonaparte plains in the East Kimberley region of Western Australia. A key project aim is to establish a spatial hydrostratigraphic framework to better understand the hydrogeology.
To achieve this, AEM data, inverted using 1D SELMA model, were produced as conductivity sections and elevation grids. Interpretation of the AEM data, in conjunction with lithostratigraphic information from three petroleum wells and seven project bores, aided the mapping of hydrostratigraphic units of the Devonian to Permian sequence of the Bonaparte Basin. Mapping results show that the Carboniferous Weaber and Kushill Groups are dipping to the east-northeast and contain laterally continuous stacked aquifers. Within the strata, resistive signatures are associated with sandstone aquifers, slight to moderate conductors are mapped as fine textured aquitard, or as interbedded fine to coarse textured sediment forming semi-confining layers. 
A water table elevation map was constructed using surface NMR water content profile and machine learning approach to extrapolate across the study area. Using Archie’s Law, groundwater conductivity was predicted from AEM conductivity and porosity derived from borehole NMR measurements.
Presented at the 2019 Australasian Exploration Geoscience Conference (AEGC)

Tags: Bonaparte groundwater, EARTH SCIENCES, Published_External, airborne electromagnetic - AEM, hydrostratigraphy, nuclear magnetic resonance - NMR
Organization: Geoscience Australia Data
Crowd-sourced Felt Reports for 22 September 2021 MW 5.9 Woods Point earthquake. Actions of the Public

The 22nd September 2021 (AEST) MW 5.9 Woods Point earthquake in the Victorian High Country was the largest onshore event to have occurred in Victoria in the modern instrumental era, and probably since European settlement. Geoscience Australia’s National Earthquake Alerts Centre (NEAC) received in excess of 43,000 felt reports from the Australian community, with peak rates of almost 700 reports per minute.&nbsp;The felt reports ranged in severity from personal alarm to building damage. These crowd-sourced felt reports are received by Geoscience Australia in real time and mapped on the publicly available EQ@GA website. Other studies showed that felt reports alone can be used to estimate the potential impact of the earthquake in its early stages. The number and the spatial extent of felt reports are easily visible on the  website, and the ShakeMap and FeltGrid features show the modelled and reported intensity as the reports are being received. These sources of information can help support emergency managers in making decisions for coordinated response.

Citation: Pejic, T., Allen, T.I.; Crowd-sourced Felt Reports for 22 September 2021 MW 5.9 Woods Point earthquake: actions of the public; AJEM 39:2, April 2024, pp 51-56.

Tags: Australian earthquake, Crowd sourced felt reports, NEAC, National Earthquake Alerts Centre, Published_External, Seismology and Seismic Exploration, earthquake response, shaking intensity
Organization: Geoscience Australia Data
Science-informed tsunami risk reduction in Western Australia

An approach is presented to deriving onshore tsunami evacuation zones in Western Australia. The warning zones correspond to warning categories for distant earthquake tsunamis in the Joint Australian Tsunami Warning System. Onshore inundation hazards are computed by combining a detailed inundation modelled with earthquake-tsunami scenarios and rates from the 2018 Australian Probabilistic Tsunami Hazard Assessment. All modelled scenarios are assigned to JATWC warning categories and their onshore inundation extents are combined to produce preliminary maps, which are then limited to a very rare inundation event, and further manually adjusted to produce actionable evacuation zones. Although this procedure is conservative it leads to a large reduction in the size of the tsunami "land warning" evacuation zone compared to current advice. In the event of a land warning tsunami, this will enable better targeting of inundation prone areas by emergency services.

Citation: Kendall, D., Davies, G., Brannigan, A., Gho, R., Whiney, J., Zanini, M.; Science-informed risk reduction for earthquake-generated tsunamis in Western Australia, Australian Journal of Emergency Management 39:4 - October 2024, p112-118.

Tags: DFES, Earth system sciences, Emergency Management, Evacuation, Published_External, Tsunami
Organization: Geoscience Australia Data
A new probabilistic tsunami hazard assessment for Australia

Geoscience Australia has recently updated the Australian probabilistic tsunami hazard assessment (PTHA). This was last produced in 2008 and has been widely used to support tsunami hazard and risk assessments around Australia, including in NSW. Like the 2008 PTHA, the new PTHA consists of a large, freely available database of pre-computed earthquake-tsunami scenarios with associated rates of occurrence. Wave time series from these tsunami scenarios are stored at approximately 20000 offshore points around Australia. The database can be used to identify earthquake sources driving tsunami hazard in Australia, and provides tsunami wave boundary conditions to drive inundation-scale tsunami hazard studies for risk management applications.
Tsunami scenarios in the new PTHA have been extensively tested by comparison with 18 recent earthquake-tsunamis (2006-2016), using measurements from the global network of deep ocean tsunami detection buoys. This observational data (which was largely unavailable for the earlier study) allows earthquake-tsunami generation models to be tested in terms of their capacity to: A) generate tsunamis that 'look like' observations, and; B) represent the natural variability of tsunami wave heights without gross biases. Our results demonstrate the importance of considering natural variations in earthquake rupture size, and spatial heterogeneities in earthquake slip, in order to produce tsunami-scenarios that 'look like' observations. Historically many tsunami hazard studies have neglected these factors, which tends to result in under-estimation of tsunami wave heights and the associated hazard.
A particular challenge for tsunami hazard studies is that wave height return periods are very uncertain. Fundamentally this is caused by large uncertainties in the rates of high magnitude earthquakes on most subduction zones. In the new PTHA these uncertainties are quantified using credible intervals, in a manner that retains consistency with both historical earthquake observations, and current knowledge of plate tectonic motions.
Abstract presented at the 2018 NSW Coastal Conference

Tags: EARTH SCIENCES, Published_External
Organization: Geoscience Australia Data
Secular aberration drift and IAU definition of International Celestial Reference System

The gravitational attraction of the Galactic Centre leads to the centrifugal acceleration of the Solar system barycentre. It results in secular aberration drift which displaces the position of the distant radio sources. The effect should be accounted for in high-precision astrometric reductions as well as by the corresponding update of the International Celestial Reference System definition.
Citation: Titov, O. (2010). Secular aberration drift and IAU definition of International Celestial Reference System. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society: Letters, 407(1), L46–L48.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-3933.2010.00901.x

Tags: Earth Sciences, External Publication, Published_External, astrometry, data analysis, geodesy, proper motions, reference systems
Organization: Geoscience Australia Data
High dimensional pixel composites from Earth observation time series

High-quality and large-scale image composites are increasingly important for a variety of applications. Yet a number of challenges still exist in the generation of composites with certain desirable qualities such as maintaining the spectral relationship between bands, reduced spatial noise, and consistency across scene boundaries so that large mosaics can be generated. We present a new method for generating pixel-based composite mosaics that achieves these goals. The method, based on a high-dimensional statistic called the `geometric median,' effectively trades a temporal stack of poor quality observations for a single high-quality pixel composite with reduced spatial noise. The method requires no parameters or expert-defined rules. We quantitatively assess its strengths by benchmarking it against two other pixel-based compositing approaches over Tasmania, which is one of the most challenging locations in Australia for obtaining cloud-free imagery.
Citation: D. Roberts, N. Mueller and A. Mcintyre, "High-Dimensional Pixel Composites From Earth Observation Time Series," in IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, vol. 55, no. 11, pp. 6254-6264, Nov. 2017, doi: 10.1109/TGRS.2017.2723896

Tags: Big data applications, EARTH SCIENCES, Earth;Satellites, Electric breakdown, Remote sensing, Time series analysis, image analysis, remote sensing, time series analysis
Organization: Geoscience Australia Data
Petrophysical interpretation and reservoir characterisation on Proterozoic shales in NDI Carrara 1, Northern Territory

The Proterozoic succession in the NDI Carrara 1 drill hole, Northern Territory, consists predominantly of tight shales, siltstones, and calcareous clastic rocks. As part of Geoscience Australia’s Exploring for the Future program, this study aims to derive porosity, permeability and gas content from both laboratory testing and well log interpretation from machine learning approaches, to improve the Proterozoic shale gas reservoir characterisation. 
The Proterozoic Lawn Hill Formation was divided into four chemostratigraphic packages. The middle two packages were further divided into seven internal units according to principal component analysis and self-organising map clustering on well logs and inorganic geochemical properties. Artificial neural networks were then applied to interpret the mineral compositions, porosity and permeability from well logs, density and neutron-density crossplot interpretations. Gas content was estimated from the interpreted porosity, gas saturation, total organic carbon and clay contents. 
Petrophysical interpretation results are summarised for all chemostratigraphic packages and units. Package 2 (1116–1430.1 m) has the highest potential among the four chemostratigraphic packages. P2U1 (1116–1271 m) and P2U3 (1335.5–1430.1 m) units have the most favourable petrophysical properties for organic-rich shales with the average total gas contents of 1.25 cm3/g and 1.30 cm3/g, geometric mean permeability of 4.79 µD and 17.56 µD, and net shale thickness of 54.4 m and 85.3 m, respectively. P3U4 unit (687.9–697.9 m) has high gas content and permeability, with the net shale thickness of 29.1 m. Besides the organic-rich shales, the tight non-organic-rich siltstone and shale reservoirs in package 1 (below 1430.1 m) have average gas saturation of 14% and geometric mean permeability of 1.31 µD, respectively.
Published in The APPEA Journal 2023. 
Citation:
Wang Liuqi, Bailey Adam H. E., Grosjean Emmanuelle, Carson Chris, Carr Lidena K., Butcher Grace, Boreham Christopher J., Dewhurst Dave, Esteban Lionel, Southby Chris, Henson Paul A. (2023) Petrophysical interpretation and reservoir characterisation on Proterozoic shales in National Drilling Initiative Carrara 1, Northern Territory. The APPEA Journal 63, 230-246.
https://doi.org/10.1071/AJ22049

Tags: EARTH SCIENCES, Exploring For The Future, NDI Carrara 1, Proterozoic shale, Published_External, gas content, machine learning, permeability, porosity, reservoir characterisation
Organization: Geoscience Australia Data
Australia's Maritime Jurisdiction in the Timor Sea 2019

Map showing Australia's Maritime Jurisdiction in the Timor Sea. Updated in December 2019 from "Australia's Maritime Jurisdiction in the Timor Sea" (GeoCat 81849 (2014), GeoCat 68796) to reflect the 2018 Australia - Timor-Leste Maritime Boundaries Treaty.
One of the 27 constituent maps of the "Australia's Maritime Jurisdiction Map Series" (GeoCat 71789).Depicting Australia's continental shelf as proclaimed in the "Seas and Submerged Lands (Limits of Continental Shelf) Proclamation 2012" established under the "Seas and Submerged Lands Act 1973".
Background bathymetric image is derived from a combination of the 2009 9 arc second bathymetric and topographic grid by GA and a grid by Smith and Sandwell, 1997. Background land imagery derived from Blue Marble, NASA's Earth Observatory.
This map is indicative only of the location of the territorial sea baselines and the outer limits of Australia's maritime zones, and should NOT be used as a definitive source of information.  Some limits may be subject to change.

Tags: Administrative Boundaries, Administrative Boundary, Earth Sciences, Published_External, Thematic Map, bathymetry, marine, marine jurisdiction
Organization: Geoscience Australia Data
Modeling Geomagnetically Induced Currents in Australian Power Networks Using Different Conductivity Models

Space weather manifests in power networks as quasi‐DC currents flowing in and out of the power system through the grounded neutrals of high‐voltage transformers, referred to as geomagnetically induced currents. This paper presents a comparison of modeled geomagnetically induced currents, determined using geoelectric fields derived from four different impedance models employing different conductivity structures, with geomagnetically induced current measurements from within the power system of the eastern states of Australia. The four different impedance models are a uniform conductivity model (UC), one‐dimensional n‐layered conductivity models (NU and NW), and a three‐dimensional conductivity model of the Australian region (3DM) from which magnetotelluric impedance tensors are calculated. The modeled 3DM tensors show good agreement with measured magnetotelluric tensors obtained from recently released data from the Australian Lithospheric Architecture Magnetotelluric Project. The four different impedance models are applied to a network model for four geomagnetic storms of solar cycle 24 and compared with observations from up to eight different locations within the network. The models are assessed using several statistical performance parameters. For correlation values greater than 0.8 and amplitude scale factors less than 2, the 3DM model performs better than the simpler conductivity models. When considering the model performance parameter, P, the highest individual P value was for the 3DM model. The implications of the results are discussed in terms of the underlying geological structures and the power network electrical parameters.
Citation: Marshall, R. A., Wang, L., Paskos, G. A., Olivares‐Pulido, G., Van Der Walt, T., Ong, C., et al. (2019). Modeling geomagnetically induced currents in Australian power networks using different conductivity models. Space Weather, 17. 
https://doi.org/10.1029/2018SW002047

Tags: EARTH SCIENCES, Published_External, conductivity models, geoelectric fields, geomagnetic induced currents
Organization: Geoscience Australia Data
Hypocenter, Fault Plane, and Rupture Characterization of Australian Earthquakes: Application to the September 2021 Mw 5.9 Woods Point Earthquake

The Australian Seismometers in Schools (AuSIS) network operates 50 broadband seismic stations across Australia that are hosted at schools. The instruments augment the Australian National Seismograph Network providing valuable data from urban and regional Australia. The network coverage is quite sparse, but these vital records of rare, moderate Australian earthquakes can improve our understanding of the deformation within the stable-continental region of Australia, especially for events with no surface rupture. In this study, we present the feasibility of identifying the fault plane of moderate earthquakes on the Australian continent, using data from the AuSIS network. We examine the fault plane of the September 2021, MW 5.9 Woods Point earthquake that occurred about 130 km northeast of the Melbourne metropolitan area. We estimate the hypocenter and the centroid-moment-tensor to identify the fault plane from the auxiliary plane in the focal mechanism. We explore a range of 1D models and a 3D Earth model to simulate seismic arrivals and full waveform data. The hypocenter is resolved using P and S-wave arrivals in a probabilistic framework and the centroid-moment-tensor is derived from full waveform modelling through grid search over a set of trial points around the hypocenter. Our solution suggests the main shock ruptured the depth of 15±4 km, with a strike-slip mechanism striking 348º North on a nearly vertical plane. The high double-couple (DC) percentage of this event indicates a simple rupture that propagated from the south (hypocenter) toward the north (centroid) and remained subsurface with no surface exposure. This indicates that the causative fault had a deeper structure than the previously known shallow, NW-SE striking faults of the region. The P- and T-axis deduced from our fault model are notably aligned with the maximum horizontal crustal stress in the region.
Citation: Sima Mousavi, Babak Hejrani, Meghan S. Miller, Michelle Salmon; Hypocenter, Fault Plane, and Rupture Characterization of Australian Earthquakes: Application to the September 2021 M w  5.9 Woods Point Earthquake. Seismological Research Letters 2023;; 94 (4): 1761–1774. doi: https://doi.org/10.1785/0220220348

Tags: Australian earthquakes, Published_External, Seismology, Seismology and Seismic Exploration, waveform modeling
Organization: Geoscience Australia Data