AndreaBozzo/ceres-open-data-index huggingface dataset:
NESP TWQ Project 5.11 - Improved water quality outcomes from on-farm nitrogen management, 2019-2020 (UQ)

The sugar industry occupies 350,000ha in Reef catchments, applies &gt;55,000t of nitrogen (N) fertilizer annually and is a major contributor of dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) to Great Barrier Reef receiving waters. There are many potential mechanisms for reducing on-farm Nusage. However, the comprehensive review of N use in sugarcane (SRA/DoE 2014) identified widespread over-use of N fertilizer and recommended adopting production zone yield potential (PZYP) combined with enhanced efficiency fertilizers (EEFs) to reduce ’surplus N’ (where applied N&gt;crop requirements). This project utilized existing farm trials at identified N loss ‘hot spots’ to test PZYP as the basis for determining fertilizer N rates and for comparing EEFs with standard N fertilizers for minimizing N losses. Water quality benefits that derive from such practice changes were evaluated. Productivity, economic and environmental indicators validated these strategies for reducing surplus N and produced recommendations for enhanced Best Management Practices.

Tags: National Environmental Science Programme Tropical Water Quality (NESP TWQ) hub, marine
Organization: Australian Ocean Data Network
33 years of globally calibrated wave height and wind speed data based on altimeter observations (Superseded)

This dataset consists of 33 years (1985 to 2018), of global significant wave height and wind speed obtained from 13 altimeters, namely: GEOSAT, ERS-1, TOPEX, ERS-2, GFO, JASON-1, ENVISAT, JASON-2, CRYOSAT-2, HY-2A, SARAL, JASON-3 and SENTINEL-3A. 
The altimeter data have been calibrated and validated against National Oceanographic Data Center (NODC) buoy data. Differences between altimeter and buoy data as a function of time are investigated for long-term stability. A cross validation between altimeters is also carried out in order to check the stability and consistency of the calibrations developed. Quantile-quantile comparisons between altimeter and buoy data as well as between altimeters are undertaking to test consistency of probability distributions and extreme value performance. The data were binned into 1o by 1o bins globally, to provide convenient access for users to download only the regions of interest. All data is quality controlled. This globally calibrated and cross-validated dataset provides a single point of storage for all altimeter missions in a consistent format.
The ongoing IMOS (Integrated Marine Observing System) Surface Waves Sub-Facility Altimeter Wave/Wind database is available through the Australian Ocean Data Network portal (https://portal.aodn.org.au/search?uuid=91ae1b2f-39e4-4d30-a853-5deb774614ca), the main repository for marine data in Australia. The data represented by this metadata record is a snapshot of the database at the time of this publication (December 2018), and has been assigned a DOI and will be maintained in perpetuity by the AODN.

Tags: Global / Oceans | World, Oceans | Ocean Waves | Sea State, Oceans | Ocean Waves | Significant Wave Height, Oceans | Ocean Waves | Swells, Oceans | Ocean Waves | Wind Waves, Oceans | Ocean Winds | Surface Winds, Surface Waves Sub-Facility, Integrated Marine Observing System (IMOS)
Organization: Australian Ocean Data Network
2016 SoE Marine Chapter - Pressures - Climate Change - Ocean currents and eddies

The Marine chapter of the 2016 State of the Environment (SoE) report incorporates multiple expert templates developed from streams of marine data. This metadata record describes the Expert Assessment "Pressures on the marine environment associated with climate change - ocean currents and eddies". The full Expert Assessment, including figures and tables (where provided), is attached to this record. Where available, the Data Stream(s) used to generate this Expert Assessment are accessible through the "On-line Resources" section of this record.

DESCRIPTION OF THE PRESSURE
The dominant Australian boundary currents are the; East Australian Current (EAC), Indonesian Throughflow (ITF) and Leeuwin Current (LC). 
The EAC is the western boundary current system of the South Pacific. In the Australian region, it redistributes heat between ocean and atmosphere and the tropics and mid-latitudes.
The ITF, a major component of the global ocean circulation, moves water between the Pacific and Indian Oceans. It strongly influences Australian climate and seas off Western Australia. 
The LC flows southwards off Western Australia redistributing Indian Ocean heat to the mid-latitudes.  This differs from the cooler, equatorward flowing currents found along other eastern ocean boundaries. 
DATA STREAM(S) USED IN EXPERT ASSESSMENT
The assessment is based on the results of analysis published in peer reviewed papers. Details of the specific data sets used to generate this assessment have not been provided.

2016 SOE ASSESSMENT SUMMARY [see attached Expert Assessment for full details]
• Assessment grade: High impact. Boundary current strength is strongly linked to major climate modes – ENSO, IOD and SAM-  whose variability are predicted to increase with climate change.
• Assessment trend: Deteriorating. Increasing variability of boundary current strength and heat, freshwater, and nutrient transport, will impact coastal circulation, extreme marine conditions, and the marine ecosystem.
• Confidence grade: 
• Confidence trend: Adequate high-quality evidence or high level of consensus. Observations and models agree that modes of climate variability will be impacted by continued climate change.

CHANGES SINCE 2011 SOE ASSESSMENT
Grade and trends are somewhat comparable to the 2011 assessment.

Tags: climate change, environmental pressures, expert assessment, ocean currents, oceanography
Organization: Australian Ocean Data Network
Sexual and asexual production of planulae by corals from the central Great Barrier Reef

Collections of two hermatypic (zooxanthellate) species of corals (Seriatopora hystrix and Acropora palifera) and two ahermatypic (non-zooxanthellate) species of corals (Tubastrea diaphana and Tubastrea coccinea) were made between September and November, 1984 in the central Great Barrier Reef.Fragments of individual colonies were maintained in 1 litre containers of unaerated sea water at room temperature. The water was changed daily and checked for the presence of planulae, which were transferred to a separate container and kept alive for up to 7 days. Only actively swimming planulae were selected for electrophoresis. Adult tissue samples were frozen at -80°C, and tissue extracts for electrophoresis were prepared from fresh or frozen material.All adults and planulae were homogenised on cold plates (Selander RK, Smith MH, Yang SY, Johnson WE and Gentry JB (1971) Biochemical polymorphism and systematics in the genus Peromyscus. I. Variation in the old-field mouse (Peromyscus polionotus). Stud. Genet., Austin, Tex. 6, 49-90. (Univ. Tex. Publ. No. 7103).
 Electrophoresis was used to provide evidence of the mode of production of brooded planulae in hermatypic and ahermatypic corals from the Great Barrier Reef. Ahermatypic (non-zooxanthellate) corals were included in the study to overcome the difficulties of confirming genetic interpretations of allozyme variation due to the presence of symbiotic zooxanthellae in hermatypic species.

Organization: Australian Ocean Data Network
Mangroves overlying smothered coral reefs, Sulawesi and Sumatra, Indonesia

The study was conducted in 3 mangrove forests in Hurun Bay and 1 in Awerange Bay during the dry season (August 2006) and the wet season (March 2007).Within each forest, meaurements were made for species identification, basal area, diameter at breat heigh. Calculations were made for estimates of stem density and above-ground biomass. Light readings were taken to estimate canopy cover and leaf area index. The extent of tidal inundation was also assessed.Solid-phase elements were measured only during the dry season to determine total C; total N; total organic carbon; total P, Fe, Ca and Mn. Total inorganic carbon was calculated.Rates of sulfate reduction were measured.Solute fluxes of DIC, Ca, Fe, Mn, hydrogen sulphide and O2 across the soil-water interface were measured.Net DIC, Fe, Mn and ammonium production were measured from each plot.Fluxes of CO2 and O2 across the soil-air interface were measured.Nitrogen fixation in soils was also measured.
 To measure structural and functional attributes of 4 mangrove forests which have colonised fringing coral reefs.
 Biogeochemical studies were also undertaken in seagrass meadows and sea cage aquaculture sites at nearby locations. Separate metadata records relate to these datasets.

Organization: Australian Ocean Data Network
NESP TWQ Project 5.10 - Development and application of automated tools for high resolution gully mapping and classification from LiDAR data, 2019-2020 (GU)

Accurately mapping gullies at high resolution and quantifying their key attributes is the critical first step in the process of prioritising and designing rehabilitation solutions. At least 40% of the  accelerated erosion that is contributing to poor water quality in the Great Barrier Reef (GBR)Lagoon is sourced from gully erosion, demanding effective management and rehabilitation of  these features. Current gully maps across the GBR are low resolution and overly simple,providing no differentiation between gully type. Airborne Light Detection And Ranging (LiDAR) is now widely recognised as being the best way to accurately map gullies at a landscape scale at a suitable resolution for management planning. Given the large volume of LiDAR data now becoming available, this project will develop and apply automated tools to enable the location of gullies to be extracted from LiDAR Digital Elevation Models (DEMs), along with key attributes of the gullies enabling them to be grouped into classes of similar gully types to aid prioritisation, management and catchment modelling.

Tags: National Environmental Science Programme Tropical Water Quality (NESP TWQ) hub, marine
Organization: Australian Ocean Data Network
Surveys of deep water benthic fish and elasmobranchs using stereo-BRUVS in Ningaloo Marine Park, Western Australia (WAMSI Node 3 Project 1 Subproject 3.1.1)

This field survey was planned around the outcomes of the towed video and acoustic survey undertaken by AIMS staff and FUGRO in April of 2006. The towed video and acoustic survey provided information on the distribution of benthic habitats in the area between the 15 and 100 m depth contours and allowed us to target sampling within specific habitats and depths. Within these areas a number of random samples were allocated. Sampling occurred in five areas including Mandu, Osprey and Cloates Sanctuary Zones, and Osprey and Cloates reference areas. 185 stereo-Baited Remote Underwater Video Stations (stereo-BRUVS) samples in total were collected.
 The aim of this research was to characterize the structure and distribution of deepwater fish assemblages (greater than 10 m depth) outside the crest of the Ningaloo Reef and to provide information about the diversity, spatial distribution and habitat affiliation of demersal fin fishes across a range of depths and habitats within the northern section of Ningaloo Marine Park.
 The stereo-BRUVS used Sony HC15 digital camcorders within waterproof housings. Bait arms made of 20 mm plastic conduit with a standard rock lobster bait canister fastened to one end were attached to the stereo-video frame and detached after deployment. We used ~ 800 gms of crushed Sardinops sagax placed in the bait bag for each deployment. The stereo-BRUVS were retrieved after recording for one hour at each station. At deep sites where available light was extremely low on the seafloor, the stereo-BRUVS were set to record on night shot. Stereo-BRUVS rather than single cameras were used due to their ability to capture a baseline of the relative abundance of fishes and their length frequency. Single video BRUVS can only provide a measure of absence or presence of a species as data cannot be standardized for area sampled. Stereo-BRUVs facilitate measurement of distance allowing a consistent area to be defined and used spatially and temporally. Interrogation of each tape was conducted using a custom interface (BRUVS1.5.mdb©, Australian Institute of Marine Science 2006) to manage data from field operations, tape reading, capture the timing of events, capture reference images of the seafloor and fish in the field of view. The following data were recorded for each species; the time of first sighting, time of first feeding at the bait, the maximum number seen together at any one time on the whole tape (MaxN), time at which MaxN occurred, and any intraspecific and interspecific behaviour. The use of MaxN as an estimator of relative abundance has been reviewed in detail by Cappo et al. (2003, 2004). Estimates of MaxN are considered conservative, particularly in areas where fish occur in high densities.

Organization: Australian Ocean Data Network
WAMSI Node 4.2.2a - Establishment of indicators for ecosystem based fisheries management - Benthic assemblages

There were four key objectives for WAMSI Node 4.2.2a: 
(1) determination of indicator regions; 
(2) development of monitoring strategies; 
(3) Implement a long term monitoring program (LTMP); and 
(4) provision of an assessment of expanding the LTMP to other areas.
Indicator regions were confirmed as the Abrolhos Islands, Rottnest Island, and the Cape Naturaliste region.  A synthesis of historical data sets for primary producers, sessile and mobile invertebrates and finfish were collected from the indicators region and an extensive review of potential indicators for finfish was also conducted (available for download from this metadata record).  
A program to monitor the health and biodiversity of subtidal reefs was established in April 2010 and April 2011. An Automated Underwater Vehicle (AUV) was deployed at the Abrolhos Islands, Jurien Bay and Rottnest Island to capture valuable information on the cover and abundance of benthic invertebrates and macroalgae. Replicate grids (25 x 25 m area of seabed) were surveyed.  Exact co-ordinates are given below.

Tags: Oceans | Marine Biology | Marine Habitat, Radiance Or Imagery | Visible Wavelengths | Visible Imagery
Organization: Australian Ocean Data Network
Disturbance effects on fish assemblages at large scales of space and time (Ningaloo, Rowley Shoals, Scott Reef)

Baseline data collection from 1990's to present

Tags: Biosphere | Ecological Dynamics | Community Structure, Biosphere | Zoology | Fish, Marine Features (Australia) | Ningaloo Marine Park, WA, Marine Features (Australia) | Rowley Shoals, WA, Marine Features (Australia) | Scott Reef, WA
Organization: Australian Ocean Data Network
Mean grainsize of surface samples collected from the leeward, off-reef physiographic zone of Wistari Reef

Wistari Reef is a lagoonal platform reef, situated on the Tropic of Capricorn, within the Capricorn and Bunker region of the southern Great Barrier Reef. Six surface samples were taken from the leeward, off-reef area and analysed to determine mean grainsize and the sorting coefficient (expressed as the standard deviation of grainsize). Results indicate that the off-reef area has an average mean grainsize of ~1.16phi, with an average sorting coefficient of 0.89phi.

Tags: Oceans | Coastal Processes | Coral Reefs, Oceans | Marine Sediments | Sediment Grain Size, dominant_coarse_biota, dominant_fine_biota, grainsize, sorting_coefficient
Organization: Australian Ocean Data Network
Coral and fish community structure and reef structure across Heron Island reef, southern Great Barrier Reef

In 1977, a 2.3 km long transect was established across Heron Island reef in the southern Great Barrier Reef. The transect was located about 1 km to the east of the island, passing from the sheltered south-western reef crest across the reef flat and shallow lagoon in a northerly direction to the exposed northern reef crest. Forty-five sites were located at 50 m intervals along the transect. The levels of sites relative to each other were measured to provide an index of wave energy integrated through time. Sites were grouped into zones based on these levels (South Crest, South Outer Reef Flat, South Inner Reef Flat, Lagoon, Pocillopora Zone, North Inner Reef Flat, North Outer Reef Flat and North Crest).Three replicate 10 m line transects, were surveyed at each of the 45 sites. The transects were placed at right angles to the main transect, with each transect beginning where the previous 10 m transect finished. At 20 cm intervals along each transect, the dominant substrate structural type inside a 10 cm circle around each sampling point was recorded. Nine structural types were used: 5 living coral types (massive and submassive; thin, medium and thick ramose) and 4-non-living types (sand, rubble, consolidated and pavement).At each of the 45 sites, coral communities were sampled along 3 replicate 20 m line transects, laid out as described above. At 20 cm intervals along each transect, the dominant coral species found inside a 10 cm circle around the sampling point was recorded. When no macroscopic species occupied the circle, a bare space was recorded.The fish communities at 9 sites, which were representative of the major zones along the transect, were sampled. Paired samples were collected at each of these sites by staking out 2 mm mesh nets to surround an area of 21.5 m². The enclosed area was then poisoned and the fish were collected by hand nets until the area was exhausted. Fish were identified to species level where possible.
 This study was undertaken to investigate changes in the structure of a coral reef ecosystem along a gradient of wave energy. The three components of the study were:(1) to describe the topographic structure of the substrate, a major abiotic component of the system in relation to the gradient(2) to describe the community structure of the corals, the main architectural components of the reef in relation to the gradient and also to the reef structure(3) to describe the community structure of the fish, another major biotic component of the system in relation to the gradient, the reef structure and coral community structure.The coral data were also used to examine spatial patterns in the occurrence of corals and interactions and aggression between corals.

Organization: Australian Ocean Data Network
The physical environment of Scott Reef, Western Australia (2003)

Ten current meter moorings, a weather station, two tide gauges and 45 temperature loggers were deployed at Scott Reef, prior to the coral spawning event in March, 2003 and recovered in June, 2003. In addition to moored instruments, surface drifters were deployed to map surface circulation. CTD casts were also made.
 Arrays of instruments were deployed to quantify patterns of water circulation and stratification in the vicinity of Scott Reef. Surface drifters were deployed to observe both the local fine scale circulation in the immediate vicinity of Scott Reef, and to better understand the potential connectivity between reef systems along this region of the West Australian North West Shelf and possible transport of spawned material. The goal was to elucidate key physical oceanographic mechanisms influencing observed temporal and spatial variability of coral recruitment and coral bleaching at Scott Reef.As part of this study a preliminary depth-averaged hydrodynamic model was developed and applied to describe in broad detail the major features of depth averaged tidal circulation.
 This research is the "Physical Environment" sub-project of the project "Biological and Physical Environment at Scott Reef 2003"

Organization: Australian Ocean Data Network
The 1996 coral bleaching event, Lihir Islands group, Papua New Guinea

Field observations of coral bleaching on the shallow reefs at Kunaie Village, Lihir Island and Mali Island were made on March 30 and 31, 1996. Observations were made while snorkelling to depths of 4 metres, which allowed close inspection of corals. Corals were identified and categorised according to the stage of bleaching exhibited. Estimates were also made of the size/age of corals affected and the overall percentage of corals showing signs of bleaching. Total time for observations was around 30 minutes at each place. In addition, observations were made from the aircraft on the flight from Lihir to Rabaul, since visibility and light were good. Larger white colonies were visible on the reef edge of Lihir Island on take off and bleaching was also observed while flying over New Ireland and New Britain reefs, but not the Duke of York Islands group. In order to gain an understanding of how widespread the bleaching event was, a PNG government officer, dive operators, companies and resorts operating around PNG were contacted, requesting information about the conditions of the reefs they had visited recently.
 In late March 1996, it was observed that corals were turning white and dying at 22 Lihir Management Company monitoring sites distributed throughout the Lihir group of islands. Surveys were undertaken to observe the nature of the phenomenon and to comment on its significance.

Organization: Australian Ocean Data Network
Parent Record: Social monogamy in the fiddler crab Uca capricornis

Fiddler crabs are not generally considered subjects for the study of monogamy as they tend to live in dense mixed sex colonies with numerous neighbours and individually defended territories. Here, a series of experiments have been conducted demonstrating the unique relationship between neighbouring males and females in the species Uca capricornis. These experiments illustrate that this species of fiddler crab is socially monogamous. Six experiments were conducted in relation to this investigation in the East Point Reserve, Darwin from November to January in 2002-2006: 
1) Natural male-female interactions and territoriality - Twenty-one pairs were filmed from overhead for a period of 30 minutes. Any activity was noted, as was any interactions with intruders. Territoriality was also examined, providing the overall area covered by the crabs within the half hour. By aligning the male and female territories with their respective burrows it was possible to determine the area overlap between them. 
2) Sex ratio and distribution - The purpose of this experiment was to determine whether females may be a limited resource within a population of Uca capricornis. The sex ratio in relation to size was determined. The location of burrows was also recorded to determine whether the males and females were distributed independently of each other. The distance to, and sex of, the nearest resident for each individual was also measured to compare mean distances between male-female neighbours and between male-male neighbours.
3) Burrow tenure -To determine whether male-female pairs were longer lasting than male-male pairs, we documented the number of crabs that were still present in their same burrow after 24 hours. 
4) 'Neighbour' and 'stranger' relations - This experiment was designed to demonstrate how a male fiddler crab responds to different individuals tethered near to his burrow. The response of a male crab to the neighbour and a stranger (with similar physical characteristics) was observed.
5) Response of paired crabs when faced with intruders of differing sex. This experiment was designed to determine if males and females are unable to associate with multiple partners because their partners aggressively repel same-sex intruders. 
6) Size-assortative mating -This experiment was designed to examine whether the nearest female or male neighbour was correlated with the size of a focal male. This investigation was based upon data collected during the other experiments.

Tags: 28 960036, Behavioural Ecology, Biosphere | Zoology | Crustaceans, Fiddler Crab, Neighbour Relations, Ocypodidae, Sex Ratio, Size-assortative mating, Social Monogamy, Stranger Interactions, Tenure, Uca capricornis
Organization: Australian Ocean Data Network