Litchfield County Court African Americans and Native Americans Collection, 1753 - 1852

<strong>PLEASE NOTE: This is an index of a historical collection that contains&nbsp;words and phrases&nbsp;that may be offensive or harmful to individuals investigating these records</strong>. In order to preserve the objectivity and historical accuracy of the index, State Archives staff&nbsp;took what would today be considered archaic and offensive descriptions concerning race, ethnicity, and gender directly from the original court papers.&nbsp;For more information on appropriate description, please consult the <a href="https://www.diversitystyleguide.com/"><u>Diversity Style Guide</u></a> and <a href="https://archivesforblacklives.files.wordpress.com/2019/10/ardr_final.pdf"><u>Archives for Black Lives in Philadelphia: Anti-Racist Description Resources</u></a>.

The Litchfield County Court African Americans and Native Americans Collection is an artificial collection consisting of photocopies of cases involving persons of African descent and indigenous people&nbsp;from the&nbsp;<em>Files&nbsp;</em>and&nbsp;<em>Papers by Subject&nbsp;</em>series of Litchfield County Court records. This collection was created in order to highlight the lives and experiences of underrepresented groups in early America, and make them more easily accessible to researchers.<br />

<strong>Collection Overview</strong>

The collection consists of records of 188 court cases involving either African Americans or Native Americans. A careful search of the&nbsp;Files&nbsp;for the Litchfield County Court discovered 165 on African Americans and 23 on Native Americans, about one third of the total that was found in&nbsp;Files&nbsp;for the New London County Court for the period up to the American Revolution. A couple of reasons exist for this vast difference in numbers. First, Litchfield County was organized much later than New London, one of Connecticut&#39;s four original counties. New London was the home of four of seven recognized tribes, was a trading center, and an area of much greater wealth. Second, minority population in the New London County region has been tracked and tabulated by Barbara Brown and James Rose in&nbsp;Black Roots of Southeastern Connecticut.<sup>1</sup>&nbsp;Although this valuable work does not include all of Negro or Indian background, it provides a wonderful starting point and it has proven to be of some assistance in tracking down minorities in Litchfield County. In most instances, however, identification is based upon language in the documents and knowledge of surnames or first names.<sup>2</sup>&nbsp;Neither surname nor first name provides an invariably reliable guide so it is possible that some minorities have been missed and some persons included that are erroneous.

In thirteen of 188 court cases, the person of African or Native American background cannot be identified even by first name. He or she is noted as &quot;my Negro,&quot; a slave girl, or an Indian. In twenty-three lawsuits, a person with a first name is identified as a Negro, as an Indian in two other cases, and Mulatto in one. In the remaining 151 cases, a least one African American or Native American is identified by complete name.<sup>3</sup>&nbsp;Thirteen surnames recur in three or more cases.<sup>4</sup>&nbsp;A total of seventy surnames, some with more than one spelling, are represented in the records.

The Jacklin surname appears most frequently represented in the records. Seven different Jacklins are found in eighteen cases, two for debt and the remaining sixteen for more serious crimes like assault, breach of peace, keeping a bawdy house, and trespass.<sup>5</sup>&nbsp;Ten cases concern Cuff Kingsbury of Canaan between 1808 and 1812, all involving debts against Kingsbury and the attempts of plaintiffs to secure writs of execution against him. Cyrus, Daniel, Ebenezer, Jude, Luke, Martin, Nathaniel, Pomp, Titus, and William Freeman are found in nine cases, some for debt, others for theft, and one concerning a petition to appoint a guardian for aged and incompe