AndreaBozzo/ceres-open-data-index huggingface dataset:
The mid-Palaeozoic biotic crisis: setting the trajectory of tetrapod evolution. Coquetdale, Coldstream and Whitrope Burn, Northern England and the Scottish Borders. (NERC grant NE/J020729/1)

The data set consists of rock samples collected from Coquetdale, Coldstream and Whitrope Burn from 2013-2014; milled material is included. There is an Excel spreadsheet of sample numbers with location, sample height on log, d13C data and %C. There are scans of field logs from Coquetdale, Coldstream and Whitrope Burn, and Illustrator drawn logs from Coldstream which include samples collected at a later date. Scans of thin sections are also included. (thin sections to be kept at Leicester for the time being – still being worked on for papers.) Each locality folder has an Excel spreadsheet detailing samples, sample height, %C and bulk and specific d13C values. These data were used to interpret the environment in which early tetrapods have been found in the early Carboniferous. These data supported the MPhil thesis 'In an alternating marine and non-marine depositional setting, where and how are early Carboniferous tetrapods preserved?' by Sherwin, 2018, and one publication including data from Whitrope Burn - Richards et al., 2018, (https://doi.org/10.1017/S1755691018000166).

Tags: Carbon isotopes, Carboniferous, Micropalaeontology, NERC_DDC, Palaeoenvironment, Sedimentary geology, Stable isotopes
Organization: British Geological Survey (BGS)
The mid-Palaeozoic biotic crisis: setting the trajectory of tetrapod evolution. Northern England, Scottish Borders and Nova Scotia. (NERC grants NE/J020729/1, NE/J021067/1)

The data set consists of rock samples collected from Burnmouth, a core drilled at Norham, from Crumble Edge, Willie's Hole and Nova Scotia from 2012-2016; milled material is included. There is an Excel spreadsheet of sample numbers with location, sample height on log, lithology and fossil content. Scans of field logs from Burnmouth, Crumble Edge, Edington Mill, Pease Bay (UK) and locations in Nova Scotia, and overview drawn-up logs from Burnmouth, Norham, Crumble Edge and Willie's Hole are included. Scans of thin section scans are also included. There is a spreadsheet containing geochemistry data - sample numbers with lithology and %C, %S, d13C. These data were used to interpret the environment in which early tetrapods have been found in the early Carboniferous. Publications include: Bennett et al., 2016 (doi: 10.1111/sed.12280); Bennett et al., 2017 (http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.palaeo.2016.12.018 0031-0182); Clack et al., 2016, (DOI: 10.1038/s41559-016-0002); Kearsey et al., 2016 (http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.palaeo.2016.05.033) ; Clack et al., 2018, (doi:10.1017/S1755691018000087); Millward et al., 2018 (doi: 10.1111/sed.12465); Ross et al., 2018 (https://doi.org/10.1017/S1755691018000142)

Tags: Carbon isotopes, Carboniferous, Micropalaeontology, NERC_DDC, Palaeoenvironment, Sedimentary geology, Stable isotopes
Organization: British Geological Survey (BGS)
The impact of mineral dissolution on drainage relative permeability and residual trapping in two carbonate rocks

Carbon dioxide (CO2) injection into deep saline aquifers is governed by a number of physico-chemical processes including mineral dissolution and precipitation, multiphase fluid flow, and capillary trapping. These processes can be coupled, however, the impact of fluid-rock reaction on the multiphase flow properties is difficult to study and is not simply correlated to variation in rock porosity. We observed the impact of rock mineral dissolution on multiphase flow properties in two carbonate rocks with distinct pore structures. The Ketton carbonate was an ooidal limestone with a distinct bimodal pore structure whereas the Estaillades limestone was a bioclastic limestone with a wide range of pore sizes. Observations of steady state N2-water relative permeability and residual trapping were obtained at 100 bars fluid pressure and 22°C, with X-ray tomography used to estimate fluid saturation. These tests alternated with steps in which mineral was uniformly dissolved into solution from the rock cores using an aqueous solution with a temperature controlled acid. Eight alternating sequences of dissolution and flow measurement were performed, with on average 0.5% of the mass of the rocks dissolved at each stage. A sequence of mercury injection capillary pressure measurements were conducted on a parallel set of samples undergoing the same treatment to characterize the evolving pore size distribution and corresponding capillary pressure characteristics. Variations in the multiphase flow properties were observed to correspond to the changes in the underlying pore structure. In the Ketton carbonate, dissolution resulted in an increase of the fraction of pore volume made up by the smallest pores and a corresponding increase in the fraction made up by the largest pores. This resulted in a systematic increase in the relative permeability to the nonwetting phase and decrease in relative permeability of the wetting phase. There was also a modest but systematic decrease in residual trapping. In the Estaillades carbonate, dissolution resulted in an increase in the fraction of pore volume made up by pores in the central range of the initial pore size distribution, and a corresponding decrease in the fraction made up by both the smallest and largest pores. This resulted in a decrease in the relative permeability to both the wetting and nonwetting fluid phases and no discernible impact on the residual trapping. In summary, the impact of rock matrix dissolution will be strongly dependent on the impact of that dissolution on the underlying pore structure of the rock. However, if the variation in pore structure can be observed or estimated with modelling, then it should be possible to estimate the impacts on multiphase flow properties.

Tags: Carbon capture and storage, NERC_DDC, Petrophysics
Organization: British Geological Survey (BGS)
Dynamic imaging of tracer transport in beadpacks and Ketton Limestone by Positron Emission Tomography (PET)

The data contains three-dimensional maps of the temporal and spatial distribution of tracer concentration during miscible displacements with aqueous solutions in two cylindrical porous samples, thus including beadpack (BP) and Ketton Limestone (KL). The dynamic imaging of the displacement process was conducted using two different PET scanners, namely a Siemens Biograph 64 PET/CT for the experiments with the BP (at Imanova Ltd, UK) and a Siemens INVEON DPET for the experiments with KL (at Stanford University, USA). The experiments were carried out at flow rates, q = 10 mL/min for BP and q = 4 mL/min for KL. Each PET image represents an average over a constant time frame (45 frames of 20 seconds each for BP and 40 frames of 60 seconds each for KL). For BP, each 3D tomogram includes (128 x 128 x 111) voxels with size (1.34 x 1.34 x 2) mm3. For KL, each 3D tomogram includes (128 x 128 x 159) voxels with size (0.78 x 0.78 x 0.8) mm3. The PET dataset was used in Kurotori et al. (2018)* to characterise mm-scale dispersion during miscible displacements in these two porous media. The experimental observations of the spatio-temporal evolution of the tracer plume can also be used as a benchmark test for different numerical models for solute transport in heterogeneous porous media. Further details on the use of the PET images can be found in Kurotori et al. (2018). *T. Kurotori, C. Zahasky, S. A. Hosseinzadeh Hejazi, S.M. Shah, S.M. Benson, Measuring, imaging and modelling solute transport in a microporous limestone, Chemical Engineering Science (2018), under review.

Tags: Carbon capture and storage, Mixing, NERC_DDC, Porosity, Tomography
Organization: British Geological Survey (BGS)
2018, Apache, Seagull EBS Survey, Block 22/24 & 22/29, Pipeline/Cable Route Survey, DECC Reference Number GS_707

An oil and gas industry pipeline route survey acquired under licences P092, P358, P664, P1621, P1622 in April 2018. The block number traversed were 22/24, 22/29.

Organization: British Geological Survey (BGS)
2018, Nexen Petroleum UK Ltd, Buzzard Geophysical Site Survey, Site Survey, DECC Reference Number GS_675

An oil and gas industry drilling hazard, semi-sub rig, exploration drilling, debris clearance site survry acquired under licences P928, P986, P2283 in March 2018. The block numbers traversed were 20/6, 20/1.

Organization: British Geological Survey (BGS)
Mechanical properties of saw-cut Westerly Granite during injection from a borehole in a laboratory sample (NERC grant NE/K009656/1)

This dataset is used and fully described/interpreted in the paper: Passelegue, F. X., N. Brantut, T. M. Mitchell, Fault reactivation by fluid injection: Controls from stress state and injection rate, submitted to Geophys. Res. Lett. Text files contain raw and processed data. Mechanical data are raw. Load needs to corrected (offset) from piston friction, measured at the beginning of each run before the hit point. Axial displacement is converted into sample shortening by correcting the load from machine stiffness, which is equal to 480 kN/mm (calibrated on Mon. 14 Mar. 2016). Data include a set of elastic wave first arrival times, obtained from time of flight measurements using an array of piezoelectric transducers and the cross-correlation method detailed in Brantut (2015) (see reference above). Two separate files correspond to mechanical data from experiments conducted at 50 and 100 MPa confining pressure (""mech_Pc=???MPa.txt""). One file (""sensors.txt"") contains the initial positions of each piezoelectric transducer. Files named ""wave_?_Pc=100MPa.txt"" (?=1,2,3 or 4) contain time series of arrival times during the four injections conducted at Pc=100MPa. Each column consists in the time-of-flight between a given pair of sensors (x->y, where x is the index of source sensor, and y is the index of the receiver sensor, as per their numbering in the ""sensors.txt"" file.) In all the data files, the first column corresponds to a common time basis, in seconds.

Tags: Fluid flow, Granite, NERC_DDC
Organization: British Geological Survey (BGS)
Gro for GooD Water Quality Monitoring, Kwale County, Kenya (NERC grant NE/M008892/1)

The file contain groundwater level/depth (WL), Groundwater and Surface Water Quality data (EC (micro-siemens per centimetre or µS/cm), Temperature (°C) and pH) for 49 points under fortnightly monitoring relevant to Gro for GooD research project in Kwale County, Kenya. Blank - Data not available. Gro for GooD: Groundwater Risk Management for Growth and Development

Tags: Groundwater, NERC_DDC, Water, Water quality
Organization: British Geological Survey (BGS)
X-ray Microtomography of Intermittency in Multiphase Flow at Steady State Using a Differential Imaging Method

The images in this dataset are a sample of Bentheimer Sandstone from a micro-computed tomography (micro-CT) scan acquired with a voxel resolution of 6.00µm. We imaged the steady state flow of brine and decane in Bentheimer sandstone. We devised an experimental method based on differential imaging to examine how flow rate impacts the pore-scale distribution of fluids during coinjection. This allows us to elucidate flow regimes (connected, or breakup of the nonwetting phase pathways) for a range of fractional flows at two capillary numbers, Ca, namely 3.0E-7 and 7.5E-6. At the lower Ca, for a fixed fractional flow, the two phases appear to flow in connected unchanging subnetworks of the pore space, consistent with conventional theory. At the higher Ca, we observed that a significant fraction of the pore space contained sometimes oil and sometimes brine during the 1 h scan: this intermittent occupancy, which was interpreted as regions of the pore space that contained both fluid phases for some time, is necessary to explain the flow and dynamic connectivity of the oil phase; pathways of always oil-filled portions of the void space did not span the core. This phase was segmented from the differential image between the 30 wt % KI brine image and the scans taken at each fractional flow. Using the grey scale histogram distribution of the raw images, the oil proportion in the intermittent phase was calculated. The pressure drops at each fractional flow at low and high flow rates were measured by high precision differential pressure sensors. The relative permeabilities and fractional flow obtained by our experiment at the mm-scale compare well with data from the literature on cm-scale samples.

Tags: Carbon capture and storage, NERC_DDC, Porosity
Organization: British Geological Survey (BGS)
Double Torsion Beamtime, Mechanical Data (NERC grant NE/M001458/1)

The mechanical data (loads, displacements) recorded during double torsion experiments on samples of 6 shale materials and a sandstone. These experiments were conducted on the I12 beamline, Diamond Light Source, Harwell as part of beamtimes EE13824-1 and EE13824-2 between 26/02/17 and 03/03/17. The data were collected using the standard double-torsion technique, with a load cell behind the actuator recording applied force. The method and results are described in detail by Chandler et al, (2018,submitted) "Correlative optical and X-ray imaging of strain evolution during Double Torsion Fracture Toughness measurements in shale" The data was collected with the aim of correlating local deformation around a progressing fracture (through X-Ray and optical imaging) with recorded mechanical data from the loading system. The data was collected by M. Chandler, A-L Fauchille, J. Mecklenburgh, H. K. Kim and L. Ma, and was processed by M. Chandler and R. Rizzo. The complete dataset is present.

Tags: NERC_DDC, Rock mechanics, Shale, Toughness
Organization: British Geological Survey (BGS)
Three-dimensional temporal imaging of X-ray CT imaging of dissolution-driven convection in glass beads

The images in this dataset show the mixing of two liquid solutions in a random bead pack as a function of time and in three-dimensions. The working fluids used in this study are solutions of methanol and ethylene-glycol (MEG, fluid 1) and brine (fluid 2). In particular, three mixtures of ethylene-glycol and methanol were prepared that differ in wt% ethylene-glycol, namely 55 wt% (MEG55), 57 wt% (MEG57) and 59 wt% (MEG59). Measurements are conducted using in the regime of Rayleigh numbers, Ra = 2000-5000. X-ray Computed Tomography is applied to image the spatial and temporal evolution of the solute plume non -invasively. The tomograms are used to compute macroscopic quantities including the rate of dissolution and horizontally averaged concentration profiles, and enable the visualisation of the ow patterns that arise upon mixing at a spatial resolution of about (2x2x2) mm3. We observe that the mixing process evolves systematically through three stages, starting from pure diffusion, followed by convection-dominated and shutdown. A modified diffusion equation is applied to model the convective process with an onset time of convection that compares favourably with literature data and an effective diffusion coefficient that is almost two orders of magnitude larger than the molecular diffusivity of the solute. The comparison of the experimental observations of convective mixing against their numerical counterparts of the purely diffusive scenario enables the estimation of a non-dimensional convective mass flux in terms of the Sherwood number, Sh = 0.025Ra. We observe that the latter scales linearly with Ra, in agreement with observations from both experimental and numerical studies on thermal convection over the same Ra regime.

Tags: Carbon capture and storage, NERC_DDC, Porosity
Organization: British Geological Survey (BGS)
Structure and Composition of Large Low Shear Velocity Provinces (NERC Grant NE/K006290/1)

Input and output files from first-principles calculations to compute the lattice thermal conductivity, elastic properties, and phase stability of various lower mantle minerals. Spreadsheets of processing and final results. Article pre-prints.

Tags: Earth mantle, NERC_DDC, Thermal conductivity
Organization: British Geological Survey (BGS)
Radiogenic and stable isotope data (NERC grant NE/L004011/1)

The dataset contains three subsets: 1) W isotope data for reference materials and geological samples, 2) Pb isotope data for reference materials and geological samples and 3) Mo isotope data for reference materials and geological samples. The data was collected over a period of about two years in two different laboratories (University of Manchester and University of Bristol) using multi-collector ICPMS techniques. A description of the methods used to obtain the W and Mo isotope data can be found in Willbold et al. (2011) and Willbold et al. (2016). The determination of the Pb isotope data is detailed in Freymuth et al. (2016). The data of reference materials (standard solutions and geological reference materials) is used to assess the reproducibility and accuracy of the mass spectrometric setup at the time and used as uncertainty estimate for the geological sample data. References: Freymuth, H., Elliott, T., van Soest, M., Skora, S., 2016. Tracing subducted black shales in the Lesser Antilles arc using molybdenum isotope ratios. Geology 44, 987-990. Willbold, M., Elliott, T., Moorbath, S., 2011. The tungsten isotopic composition of the Earth's mantle before the terminal bombardment. Nature 477, 195-198. Willbold, M., Hibbert, K., Lai, Y.-J., Freymuth, H., Hin, R.C., Coath, C., Vils, F., Elliott, T., 2016. High-Precision Mass-Dependent Molybdenum Isotope Variations in Magmatic Rocks Determined by Double-Spike MC-ICP-MS. Geostandards and Geoanalytical Research 40, 389-403.

Tags: Lead isotopes, Mass spectroscopy, Molybdenum isotopes, NERC_DDC, Tungsten isotopes
Organization: British Geological Survey (BGS)
Impacts of the Calbuco eruption, Chile (NERC grant NE/N007271/1)

Volcanic ash samples were collected and analysed following the 2015 eruption of Calbuco volcano, Chile. Datasets uploaded are: Calbuco2015 Probe Data - excel Calbuco2015 Locations and Grain Size – excel Calbuco Deposit Measurements grl54177-sup-0002-tables3 Published as supplement to A.R. van Eaton et al (2016) Volcanic lightning and plume behavior reveal evolving hazards during the April 2015 eruption of Calbuco volcano, Chile, Geophysical Research Letters 43 (7), 3563-3571 Electron Probe Micro Analysis Major element compositions of plagioclase, groundmass glass and melt inclusions were analysed with a JEOL JXA-8600 wavelength-dispersive electron microprobe (EMP), equipped with four spectrometers, at the Research Laboratory for Archaeology and the History of Art, University of Oxford using a defocused beam (5¿m), low beam current (4nA) and accelerating voltage of 15 kV. Full analytical conditions are detailed in Rawson et al. (2015). Secondary standards used were Gor128-G and StHs/80-G for glass (Jochum et al., 2006). Glass (melt inclusion and groundmass) totals were normalised to 100% to account for variable secondary hydration. Stoichiometry and charge balancing was used to determine the amount of Fe2O3 and FeO in plagioclase. Pyroxene and magnetite grains were analysed with a defocused beam (5¿m), higher beam current (10nA), and an accelerating voltage of 15 kV. Secondary standards used were hornblende (USNM 111356), Pyrope (USNM 1143968) and ilmenite (USNM 96189; (Jarosewich et al., 1980). Stoichiometry and charge balancing was used to determine the amounts of Fe2O3 and FeO, following Droop (1987). Thickness and Grain size analysis Ash fallout thicknesses were measured in the field shortly after deposition, and samples collected for follow-up analysis of grainsize and chemical composition. Grain size analysis was conducted using a Malvern Laser Particle Sizer Mastersizer 2000 at the University of Oxford.

Tags: NERC_DDC, Volcanic ash
Organization: British Geological Survey (BGS)
Gro for GooD VES (Vertical Electrical Soundings) Data, Kwale County, Kenya (NERC grant NE/M008894/1)

Results of Vertical Electrical Soundings (VES) study conducted in Kwale County, Kenya in July and August 2017 by University of Nairobi and Water Resources Management Authority as part of the Gro for GooD project (https://upgro.org/consortium/gro-for-good/) to determine the existence of deeper aquifers.

Tags: Geology, Geophysics, Hydrogeology, NERC_DDC
Organization: British Geological Survey (BGS)
Doddington Sandstone Computed Tomography Rock Scan - 4.2µm - 161213

The images in this dataset are a sample of Doddington Sandstone from a micro-computed tomography (micro-CT) scan acquired with a voxel resolution of 4.2µm. This dataset is part of a study on the effects of Voxel Resolution in a study of flow in porous media. A brief overview of this study summarised from Shah et al 2015 follows. A fundamental understanding of flow in porous media at the pore-scale is necessary to be able to upscale average displacement processes from core to reservoir scale. The study of fluid flow in porous media at the pore-scale consists of two key procedures: Imaging reconstruction of three-dimensional (3D) pore space images; and modelling such as with single and two-phase flow simulations with Lattice-Boltzmann (LB) or Pore-Network (PN) Modelling. Here we analyse pore-scale results to predict petrophysical properties such as porosity, single phase permeability and multi-phase properties at different length scales. The fundamental issue is to understand the image resolution dependency of transport properties, in order to up-scale the flow physics from pore to core scale. In this work, we use a high resolution micro-computed tomography (micro-CT) scanner to image and reconstruct three dimensional pore-scale images of five sandstones and five complex carbonates at four different voxel resolutions (4.4µm, 6.2µm, 8.3µm and 10.2µm, scanning the same physical field of view. S.M.Shah, F. Gray, J.P. Crawshaw and E.S. Boek, 2015. Micro-Computed Tomography pore-scale study of flow in porous media: Effect of Voxel Resolution. Advances in Water Resources July 2015 doi:10.1016/j.advwatres.2015.07.012 We gratefully acknowledge permission to publish and funding from the Qatar Carbonates and Carbon Storage Research Centre (QCCSRC), provided jointly by Qatar Petroleum, Shell, and Qatar Science & Technology Park. Qatar Petroleum remain copyright owner.

Tags: Carbon capture and storage, NERC_DDC, Permeability, Porosity, Tomography
Organization: British Geological Survey (BGS)
2017, Apache, Val d'Isere Site Survey, Block 21/10, Semi-Sub Rig, DECC Reference Number GS_576

An oil and gas industry site survey for a semi-sub rig acquired under licences P1998, P246 in July 2017. The block numbers traversed were 21/9b, 21/10a, 21/10b.

Organization: British Geological Survey (BGS)
Dynamic X-ray micro-tomography Imaging of reaction of CO2-acidified brine with limestone at reservoir conditions

This dataset contains 10 three dimensional x-ray tomographic images of CO2-acidified brine reacting with Ketton limestone at a voxel size of 3.8 microns. It includes the unreconstructed projections (.txrm), the reconstructed images (.txm), and the masked and cropped segmented images (.am and .raw). The rock was imaged during dissolution 10 times over the course of 2.5 hours. Details can be found in Menke et al., 2015 in the journal Environmental Science and Technology.

Tags: Carbon capture and storage, Carbonate rocks, Limestone, NERC_DDC, Tomography, X ray analysis
Organization: British Geological Survey (BGS)