AndreaBozzo/ceres-open-data-index huggingface dataset:
BGS Seabed Geology: Offshore East Anglia version 1.0

The BGS Seabed Geology: Offshore East Anglia digital map provides detailed and accurate characterisation of the seabed geology, based on seabed and shallow-subsurface data. This dataset incorporates three complementary map components (Substrate Geology, Structural Geology, and Geomorphology), provided as discrete layers for viewing within a Geographic Information System (GIS). The bedrock geology of the mapped area comprises Cretaceous age Chalk Group sedimentary rocks. These rocks crop out extensively at seabed across the southern and central parts of the dataset forming an extensive bedrock platform and Europe’s largest known offshore chalk reef. This reef has been designated the Cromer Shoal Chalk Beds Marine Conservation Zone (MCZ) owing to the range of unique floral and faunal habitats that it supports. The Chalk Group is covered across the central (partly) and southern parts of the dataset by natural superficial deposits that accreted during the Quaternary. These include preglacial delta bottom-set (Westkapelle Ground Formation) and delta top-set (Yarmouth Roads Formation); and glacial sediments and landforms that were deposited and formed during at least two separate phases of glaciation that inundated parts of the southern North Sea and adjacent East Anglia during the Middle Pleistocene (Anglian / Elsterian) and Late Pleistocene (Late Devensian / Late Weichselian). Collective geological evidence includes extensive areas of out-cropping subglacial till; the presence of largely concealed and infilled over-deepened (>100 m deep) subglacial tunnel valleys, ice-marginal moraines, and a glacially disrupted chalk surface that includes the development of incised meltwater channels, detached and transported glacitectonic bedrock rafts and megablocks. Post-glacial environments from the Late-Pleistocene – Holocene (prior to marine inundation) included fluvial and estuarine deposition, that together with variable infill of late-glacial valleys are included within the Botney Cut Formation. Holocene marine transgression flooded the region, with shallow marine sedimentation active through modern times resulting in the variable cover of unconsolidated marine sediments, as well as the distribution of extensive current-induced bedforms, e.g., sediment banks, sediment waves and fields of mega ripples which are recorded within the Seabed Geomorphology dataset. Each theme is provided as distinct layers for viewing within a Geographic Information System (GIS). The “Substrate Geology” layer shows the distribution of bedrock and unlithified superficial deposits present at the seabed (below a thin veneer of seabed sediments, ‘one-metre principle’ described below) as a series of polygons; The “Structural Geology” layer represents the structural features observed at rockhead as a polylines layer, and “Geomorphology” theme consists of points, polylines, and polygons layers to portray the main seabed morphological and geomorphological features.

Tags: Bed rock, Geomorphology, Mapping, NERC_DDC, Sea floor, Structural geology, Surficial geology
Organization: British Geological Survey (BGS)
Unconfined compressive strength data for rocks from TilTil and ElTeniente mines, Chile

Unconfined compressive strength data for rocks from TilTil and ElTeniente mines in Chile, plus basic index tests (porosity, density) and Elastic wave velocity for selected samples. Laboratory data collected as part of NERC grant NE/W00383X/1:Geological safety and optimisation in mining operations: towards a new understanding of fracture damage, heterogeneity and anisotropy.

Tags: Density, NERC_DDC, Porosity, Rock mechanics
Organization: British Geological Survey (BGS)
Beryllium-10 (10Be) AMS data for different chemical procedures and metal matrices measured at SUERC AMS Laboratory between 2020 and 2023.

Normalised accelerator mass spectrometry data from beryllium targets prepared using different chemical processes and metal matrices. Filenames include the date the AMS experiments were started. Measurements of 10Be/9Be were made at the SUERC AMS Laboratory using the 15SDH-2 accelerator mass spectrometer with a terminal voltage of 5MV. Measurements of 10Be/9Be nuclide ratios took place between 13/01/2021 and 02/06/2023. Beryllium AMS targets were prepared using the 10Be standard material (Nishiizumi et al., 2010) which were mixed with different metals either as dry powders or as co-precipitates. Targets were loaded into a 134 MC-SNICS sputter ion source to generate negative beryllium oxide beams which were transported through a spherical electrostatic analyser and a 90° magnet before being accelerated to 5MV inside the accelerator. At the 5MV terminal of the accelerator the negative molecular beam passes through a gas stripper which results in removing 4 electrons (stripping) from the negatively charged particles. This results in the breakup of molecules and yields +3 charged atoms. These positively charged atoms are accelerated away from the 5MV terminal and pass through another 90° magnet which separates nuclides on the basis of their mass/charge. Stable 9Be is measured in an offset faraday cup immediately after the second magnet. The extremely rare 10Be was passed through another electrostatic analyser before passing through an absorber cell to eliminate isobaric interference from Boron-10 (10B). Individual 10Be atoms were counted in a gas ionisation detector. Raw AMS data was normalised to NIST SRM 4325. Each sample was measured for more than 100 minutes. The experiments were designed to determine if sample longevity and beam current intensity could be improved with different metal matrices. The rationale is to get higher count rates in the detector. Higher count rates improve the precision of the measurements. Higher precision provides opportunities to address questions related to centennial environmental changes using 10Be surface exposure dating. Dr Ana Carracedo (chemical preparation of AMS targets), Dr Derek Fabel (AMS measurements and data reductions), Dr Richard Shanks (AMS setup).

Tags: Beryllium, Chemical processes, NERC_DDC, Spectrometers
Organization: British Geological Survey (BGS)
Global Receiver Function from 2000 to 2019

This data set contains receiver functions calculated from three-component waveform data available in IRISDMC from 2000 to 2019. The waveform data are for earthquakes greater than magnitude 6.0, depth smaller than 100 km, and epicentral distances between 30 and 95 degrees. The raw waveform data are first converted to displacement and high pass filtered with a corner frequency of 0.02 Hz. Then the waveforms are windowed 20 s before and 400 s after the P arrival for analysis. The vertical-, north- and east-components are rotated to produce the L-, Q-and T-components. Subsequently, the [-20 s, 60 s] portion around the P arrival on the L-component is cut out as a parent waveform and deconvolved from the full L- and Q-components to produce the L- and Q-receiver functions. The data set is organized by year. The receiver functions in each year are compressed into a zip file named by the year when the waveforms were recorded. The receiver functions are in SAC format (https://seiscode.iris.washington.edu/projects/sac), which can be read using the Seismic Analysis Code (https://ds.iris.edu/ds/nodes/dmc/forms/sac/) or the Obspy package (https://github.com/obspy/obspy). The filename contains information of the origin time of the earthquake, the name of seismic network, the name of the seismic station, and component. For example, in the file name ‘TA.Z59A..BHL.M.2013.059.1405.SACD.01’, ‘TA’ stands for the network name, ‘Z59A’ is the station name, ‘BHL’ means the L component, ‘2013.059.1405’ means the earthquake occurred at 14:05 on the 59th day of the year 2013.

Tags: Earthquakes, NERC_DDC, Seismic data, Seismic epicentre, Seismic waves
Organization: British Geological Survey (BGS)
Photos, XRF elements, total N and C, and isotopic data (d18O, d13C) from Deep Sea Drilling Project Site 225 cores, central Red Sea

Photographs, 18O/16O isotopic ratios, XRF-derived elemental and N, C concentration data are provided for sediment cores from Deep Sea Drilling Project Site 225, central Red Sea. This site was originally drilled in April 1972 by rotatary drilling to recover cores through parts of the Plio-Pleistocene sediments for studies of past Red Sea water properties and regional climate. The rotary drilling disturbed the sediments by varied amounts, though left some 1.5-m sections of core almost intact. The X-ray fluorescence (XRF) data comprise elemental proportions for the core archive sections selected where they showed the least drilling disturbance. These and the core photographs were obtained at Kochi University, Japan, using an ITRAX core scanner during 2023 and 2024. Given the age of the cores, the archive sections are not perfectly flat, hence the ITRAX-derived elemental data may be distorted by varied distance between the sensor and the core, as well as by cracks within the core. The user needs to judge these data against the core photographs. As the lighter 16O isotope is evaporated preferentially over 18O and tends to get locked up in ice sheets during glacial periods, measurements of the ratio 18O/16O in carbonate sediments are often useful for recording evidence of global climatic cycles. In the Red Sea, the ratio is further affected by local evaporation, as the basin has been variably isolated from the Indian Ocean, partly as a result of sea-level variations affecting the exchange of water between the basins. Samples of ~20 cm3 were selected with two sets of intervals. Coarse-interval sampling was chosen spanning the Plio-Pleistocene for reconnaissance, while denser sampling was carried out across particular intervals of scientific interest. Within these intervals, the shells of foraminifera were separated into different species. Shells of Cibicidoides mundulus were primarily selected for measurements of 18O/16O. Analyses were carried out in 2024 at the University of Southampton (UK) using a Kiel carbonate device coupled to a Mat253 IRMS. XRF core scanning and sampling were carried out by technical staff of the Marine Core Research Institute, Kochi University under supervision of the IODP Core Curator Yusuke Kubo. Diederik Liebrand disaggregated the samples, separated the foraminifera shells and carried out the oxygen isotopic measurements. Selected samples were also analysed for nitrogen and carbon contents (weight percent of bulk sample in columns B and C) at the University of Liverpool by Steve Crowley.

Tags: Carbon isotopes, NERC_DDC, Oxygen isotopes, Pleistocene, Pliocene
Organization: British Geological Survey (BGS)
BGS LithoFrame 3D geological models

BGS LithoFrame models provide 3D geological characterisation for parts of the onshore and offshore UK at a range of scales. They present framework geological interpretation consistent with the stratigraphic framing schemes and scales used in BGS geological maps. Models have been constructed under a range of project activities and include local-scale superficial and bedrock models covering sites and focused study areas, medium-scale superficial and bedrock models covering many urban areas, transport corridors and smaller catchments, and regional-scale bedrock models covering large catchments, district areas, and geological basins. The 3D geological models have been constructed in a period between 2003 and 2018 and is managed by the 3D GeoModel project (National and International Geoscience).

Tags: Bed rock, Cross sections, Geological structures, NERC_DDC, Surficial geology, Three dimensional models
Organization: British Geological Survey (BGS)
2014, Chevron, Captain 2014 G&G Survey, Site Survey, DECC Reference Number GS_96

An oil and gas industry seabed infrastructure, drilling hazard, semi-sub rig, environmental, route site survey acquired between May and June 2014. The block numbers traversed were 12/1, 12/2, 12/6, 12/7, 12/8, 12/9, 12/10, 12/15, 13/16, 13/21, 13/22.

Organization: British Geological Survey (BGS)
3D Urban Interactive geological models

3D geology models have been created for London, Glasgow, Cardiff, Liverpool and Gateshead. Users can create geological cross-sections, synthetic boreholes and horizontal slices through the 3D models. Underpinned by BGS geological data and expertise, the models and reports provide an enhanced understanding of the geological structures and sediments for urban practitioners to inform construction projects, infrastructure design, groundwater assessments and land use planning. These models cover depths from +300 m OD (Ordnance Datum) to -600 m OD. The models which cover Liverpool and London include superficial and bedrock units. The models which cover Glasgow and Cardiff include superficial units on an undifferentiated bedrock base model. The Gateshead Model includes undifferentiated superficial deposits on a bedrock model, but the Superficial Deposits top layer shows the hydro domains map produced for Project Groundwater Northumbria. The models were constructed in the National Geological Model, Urban Geoscience programmes and Project Groundwater Northumbria between 2008-2025 in GSI3D, Groundhog and ASPEN SKUA for deployment to the web viewer. These datasets are managed by the 3D GeoModel project (National Geoscience).

Tags: Bed rock, Cross sections, Geological structures, NERC_DDC, Surficial geology, Three dimensional models, Urban planning
Organization: British Geological Survey (BGS)
Analytical results from lightning discharge experiments focusing on interactions between nitrogen oxides and pyrite

The dataset includes measurements of dissolved and gaseous nitrogen oxides (nitrite, nitrate, NO(g)) generated by lightning discharge in a glass container partially filled with water, as well as measurements of dissolves sulfate and iron liberated from pyrite that has interacted with the nitrogen oxides. The lightning discharge experiments were carried out with either anoxic gas mixture (5% or 20% CO2 and the rest N2) or modern air. Lightning has long been identified as a source of reactive nitrogen species to Earth's early biosphere. These experiments were therefore conducted in order to test how this reactive nitrogen would interact with minerals at the Earth's surface. The results reveal that lightning-generated nitrogen oxides could have contributed to a small degree to oxidative weathering.

Tags: Archaean, Lightning, NERC_DDC, Nitrogen oxides
Organization: British Geological Survey (BGS)
3D Reservoir Models of the Endurance proposed CCS storage site in the UK incorporating the upscaled impact of capillary heterogeneity

Rock heterogeneity can lead to the variation of capillary pressure within a reservoir, also termed ‘capillary heterogeneity’. Research has found that this capillary heterogeneity can lead to variations in the upscaled relative permeability. In this work, we investigate the upscaled impact of capillary heterogeneity on CO2 plume migration. We build a 3D reservoir model of the Endurance proposed CCS site in the UK. The model incorporates geological information publicly available under the Northern Endurance Partnership project. The upscaling scheme we apply is a novel 3D capillary-limit upscaling scheme using invasion percolation theory. The upscaling scheme produces heterogeneous, upscaled porosity, permeability, capillary pressure and relative permeability within each upscaled grid block. We simulate CO2 injection into this model using ECLIPSE. To investigate the impact of capillary heterogeneity on CO2 plume migration, we generate different reservoir models with different levels of heterogeneity. The first model, called ‘VL Zero’ incorporates a homogeneous, viscous-limit relative permeability and the upscaled capillary pressure within each grid block is set to zero. This represents a model where the impact of capillary heterogeneity is disregarded and not upscaled. The ‘CL Pc’ model represents the fully heterogeneous model, where a heterogeneous, upscaled capillary-limit relative permeability and heterogeneous, upscaled capillary pressure is implemented in each grid. This model represents a model where the impact of capillary heterogeneity is fully accounted for. Comparison of the fluid behaviour in these two reservoir models provides an insight into the flow variations due to capillary heterogeneity. The Eclipse data files provided in this dataset can be used to simulate CO2 injection into the reservoir model.

Tags: Carbon capture and storage, NERC_DDC, Reservoir simulation
Organization: British Geological Survey (BGS)
QICS Paper: The use of scientific diving in support of a novel carbon dioxide release experiment

Carbon capture and storage (CCS) is a way of possibly reducing impacts from fossil fuel emissions by injecting large volumes of carbon dioxide into appropriate geological formations. Some of the existing and proposed storage sites are below the seabed. In order to better understand the environmental impacts of leaks from a sub-surface marine storage facility and to investigate how leaks or potential leaks could be detected, a world-first experiment consisting of an artificial carbon dioxide release from below the seabed was undertaken in 2012. The need for accurate deployments and re-deployments of measurement equipment, the retrieval of biological and sediment samples within very specific areas of the release site and the in-situ measurement of escaping gas volumes, necessitated an extensive scientific diving program. Diving was also employed to determine the most optimum experimental site prior to the program’s initiation and to map the site prior to the beginning of the experiment. Diving also proved to be an essential tool (through observation, photography and videography) in recording the progress of the experiment and the physical interactions and impacts arising from managing a large multi-partner, multi-discipline research program. This is a publication in Diving for Science 2014: Proceedings of the American Academy for Underwater Sciences 33rd Symposium, Martin D.J. Sayer et. al. http://www.aaus.org/uploads/protected/files/publications/symposium_proceedings/diving_for_science_2014.pdf

Tags: Carbon capture and storage, NERC_DDC
Organization: British Geological Survey (BGS)
EPMA and LAICPMS of lava and tephra samples, from the Tajogaite eruption, La Palma, Canary Islands, 2021.

EPMA (Electron probe microanalysis) major element analyses of clinopyroxene, olivine, amphibole and glass from lava and tephra samples of the 2021 Tajogaite eruption. LAICPMS (Laser Ablation Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry) trace element analyses of selected clinopyroxene from the eruption sequence.

Tags: Amphiboles, Clinopyroxene, Lavas, Mineralogy, NERC_DDC, Olivine
Organization: British Geological Survey (BGS)
QICS Paper: Small-scale modelling of physiochemical impacts of CO2 leaked from sub-seabed reservoirs or pipelines within the North Sea and surrounding waters

A two-fluid, small scale numerical ocean model was developed to simulate plume dynamics and increases in water acidity due to leakages of CO2 from potential sub-seabed reservoirs erupting, or pipeline breaching into the North Sea. The location of a leak of such magnitude is unpredictable; therefore, multiple scenarios are modelled with the physiochemical impact measured in terms of the movement and dissolution of the leaked CO2. A correlation for the drag coefficient of bubbles/droplets free rising in seawater is presented and a sub-model to predict the initial bubble/droplet size forming on the seafloor is proposed. With the case studies investigated, the leaked bubbles/droplets fully dissolve before reaching the water surface, where the solution will be dispersed into the larger scale ocean waters. The tools developed can be extended to various locations to model the sudden eruption, which is vital in determining the fate of the CO2 within the local waters. This is a publication in Marine Pollution Bulletin, Marius Dewar et. al. doi:10.1016/j.marpolbul.2013.03.005.

Tags: Carbon capture and storage, NERC_DDC
Organization: British Geological Survey (BGS)
QICS Paper: Perceptions of sub-seabed carbon dioxide storage in Scotland and implications for policy: A qualitative study

The geological storage of carbon dioxide (CO2) offers notable potential, as part of larger carbon dioxide capture and storage (CCS) processes, to be a significant climate change mitigation technology. This paper challenges the argument often put forward that, due to the greater distances from centres of population, it will be ‘easier’ to garner public and stakeholder support for offshore CO2 storage than onshore. Based on the results of research interviews carried out with stakeholders and informed publics in Scotland, challenges for public and stakeholder acceptance of sub-seabed CO2 storage that may require further policy attention are identified. Whilst existing policy for sub-seabed CO2 storage is cognisant of the need for societal engagement, it may be the case that these regulations may need further reinforcement to ensure future developments are able to address social acceptability issues as fully as possible. The value of taking into account social as well as physical characteristics at the site selection phase, the need for mechanisms to take seriously stakeholder conceptions of uncertainty, and the importance of extending social engagement beyond risk communication are discussed. This is a publication in Marine Policy, Lesley Mabon et. al. doi:10.1016/j.marpol.2013.11.011.

Tags: Carbon capture and storage, NERC_DDC
Organization: British Geological Survey (BGS)
QICS Paper: Review and implications of relative permeability of CO2/brine systems and residual trapping of CO2

The adoption of carbon capture and storage (CCS) as a method of mitigating anthropogenic CO2 emissions will depend on the ability of initial geological storage projects to demonstrate secure containment of injected CO2. Potential leakage pathways, such as faults or degraded wells, increase the uncertainty of geological storage security. CCS as an industry is still in its infancy and until we have experience of industrial scale, long term CO2 storage projects, quantifying leakage event probabilities will be problematic. Laboratory measurements of residual saturation trapping, the immobilisation of isolated micro-bubbles of CO2 in reservoir pores, provides an evidence base to determine the fraction of injected CO2 that will remain trapped in the reservoir, even if a leakage event were to occur. Experimental results for sandstone, the most common target lithology for storage projects, demonstrate that 13–92% of injected CO2 can be residually trapped. Mineralisation, the only other geological trapping mechanism which guarantees permanent trapping of CO2, immobilises CO2 over hundreds to thousands of years. In comparison, residual trapping occurs over years to decades, a timescale which is more relevant to CCS projects during their operational phase and to any financial security mechanisms they require to secure storage permits. This is a publication in International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control, Neil M. Burnside et. al. doi:10.1016/j.ijggc.2014.01.013.

Tags: Carbon capture and storage, NERC_DDC
Organization: British Geological Survey (BGS)