AndreaBozzo/ceres-open-data-index huggingface dataset:
FACE: Stillberg CO2 enrichment and soil warming study

Background information
High elevation ecosystems are important in research about environmental change because shifts in climate associated with anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions are predicted to be more pronounced in these areas compared to most other regions of the world. This project involved a Free Air CO2 Enrichment (FACE) and soil warming experiment located in a natural treeline environment near Davos, Switzerland (Stillberg, 2200 m a.s.l.). Elevated atmospheric CO2 concentrations (+200 ppm) were applied from 2001 until 2009, and a soil warming treatment (+4 °C) was applied from 2007 until 2012. The combined CO2 enrichment and warming treatment reflects conditions expected to occur in this region in approximately 2050. A broad range of ecological and biogeochemical research was carried out as part of this environmental change project.
 Experimental design
The experiment consisted of 40 hexagonal 1.1 m² plots, 20 with a *Pinus mugo* ssp. *uncinata* (mountain pine, evergreen) individual in the centre and 20 with a *Larix decidua* (European larch, deciduous) individual in the centre. A dense cover of understorey vegetation surrounded the tree in each plot, including the dominant dwarf shrub species *Vaccinium myrtillus* (bilberry), *Vaccinium gaultherioides* (group *V. uliginosum agg.*, northern bilberry) and *Empetrum nigrum* ssp. *hermaphroditum* (crowberry) plus several herbaceous and non-vascular species.
At the beginning of the experimental period, the 40 plots were assigned to ten groups of four neighbouring plots (two larch and two pine trees per group) in order to facilitate the logistics of CO2 distribution and regulation. Half of these groups were randomly assigned to an elevated CO2 treatment, while the remaining groups served as controls and received no additional CO2. In spring 2007, one plot of each tree species identity was randomly selected from each of the 10 CO2 treatment groups and assigned a soil warming treatment, yielding a balanced design with a replication of five individual plots for each combination of CO2 level, warming treatment and tree species.
 Data description
Soil and air conditions have been monitored closely throughout the study period, with most measurements made during the combined CO2 x warming experiment (2007-2009). The data comprise of air temperature, soil temperature, soil moisture, sapflow, tree diameter and CO2 measurements.

Tags: carbon-dioxide, climate-change, experiment, soil-temperature, stillberg, vegetation
Nutrient addition experiment at the Alpine treeline site Stillberg, Switzerland

Background information
The availability of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) is considered to be a major factor limiting growth and productivity in terrestrial ecosystems globally. This project aimed to determine whether the growth stimulation documented in previous short‐term fertilisation trials persisted in a longer‐term study (12 years) in the treeline ecotone, and whether possible negative effects of nutrient addition offset the benefits of any growth stimulation. 
Over the course of the 12 study years, NPK fertiliser corresponding to 15 or 30 kg N ha−1 a−1 was added annually to plots containing 30‐year‐old *Larix decidua* or 32‐year-old *Pinus uncinata* individuals with an understorey of mainly ericaceous dwarf shrubs. To quantify growth, annual shoot increments of trees and dwarf shrubs as well as radial growth increments of trees were measured. Nutrient concentrations in the soil were also measured and the foliar nutritional status of trees and dwarf shrubs was assessed.
 Experimental design
Over an elevation gradient of 140 m across the treeline afforestation site Stillberg, 22 locations were chosen that covered the whole range of microenvironmental conditions (*see* Nutrient addition experimental design.png). Half of the blocks included European larch (*L. decidua*) and the other half included mountain pine (*P. uncinata*). Within each block, three plantation quadrats were randomly selected as experimental plots and each plot was assigned to a control (no fertilisation) or to one of two fertiliser dose treatments (15 kg and 30 kg N ha−1 a−1). Treatments were assigned randomly but confined so that the location of fertilised plots within a block was not directly above control plots to avoid nutrient input from drainage. For details about the experiment, *see* Möhl et al (2019).
 Data description
The available datasets contain climate variables (2004-2016), nutrient isotope measurements (2010 & 2016), shrub growth measurements (2004-2016), soil parameter measurements and annual ring and shoot measurements (2004-2016). All data can be found here:
-https://figshare.com/articles/dataset/Twelve_years_of_low_nutrient_input_stimulates_growth_of_trees_and_dwarf_shrubs_in_the_treeline_ecotone/7025858-

Tags: dwarf-shrubs, fertilization, nitrogen-isotope, stillberg, tree-rings, treeline
Alpine3D Climate Data

Alpine3D (A3D) runs between 1950 and 2022 in hourly resolution. Simulations are run for every year separately (year n = Sept. n-1 to Aug. n), starting again with no snow every 1st of September (i.e. there is no snow accumulation from year to year). 
Meteorological conditions over the past 70 years were obtained from several datasets: ERA5 providing the hourly data over the full 1950-2022 period, IMIS and MeteoSuisse allowing to validate and correct the downscaled ERA5 data. ERA5 data were downscaled to a 50m grid using Toposcale (Fiddes et al., 2015) (see also https://github.com/joelfiddes/toposcale). This downscaling tool allowed us to obtain a 50 m grid from the ERA5 data including the effect of the local topography. The meteorological input data was further sued to run the 3-dimensional snow model Alpine 3D. 
Temperature correction is based on an additive delta change correction following the procedure using harmonic functions filtering described by Michel et al. (2021). Given the hourly timestep provided by ERA5 and Toposcale, we defined an hourly delta change. In practice, this was done by repeating 24 times the delta-change derivation from Michel et al.  (2021) to obtain a day-of-the-year delta for each of the 24 hours of the day.
The simulation covers the slope at Spitze Stei region with  precipitation scaled using snow height measured by a drone flight. One of the 70 years runs was computed with a precipitation redistribution with the idea to mimic snow transport and preferential deposition. The precipitation redistribution grid was based on a single snow height measurement: one snow-free drone flight on 01.10.2021 and one peak snow season flight on 27.03.2022. The precipitation on each pixel is computed as i) multiplying the disaggregated KAS precipitation by the average slope elevation. ii) multiplying that value on each pixel with the weight obtain from the snow height as HS pixel/HS mean.

Tags: alpine3d, alpine3d-simulations, snow-climatology, snow-cover, snow-depth
Ensemble hydrograph separation scripts

Calculation scripts that perform ensemble hydrograph separation.  Identical scripts in R and MATLAB are provided, along with demonstration input time series and the corresponding outputs.  These scripts were tested on R version 3.6.2 (2019-12-12) and on MATLAB versions 2018b and 2109b.  
These scripts are made publicly available under GNU General Public License 3; for details see https://www.gnu.org/licenses/.
ETH Zurich, WSL, James Kirchner, and Julia Knapp make ABSOLUTELY NO WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, including NO WARRANTIES, expressed or implied, that this software is free of errors or is suitable for any particular purpose.  Users are solely responsible for determining the suitability and reliability of this software for their own purposes.

Tags: catchment, hydrograph-separation, isotopes, runoff, streamflow, tracers
10 years of intra-annual carbon isotopes in tree rings from 3 conifer species

The data consists of a collection of environmental data, tree-ring width and intra-annual δ13C measurements of tree rings of three conifer species (Pinus sylvestris, Picea abies, Abies alba), and the R scripts that were used to analyse the data. Data was collected at two pairs of north and south exposed sites in Switzerland, in the Eastern Grisons (Surava North and Surava South) and Central Valais (Buthan and Lens). 
Intra-annual δ13C measurements were obtained using the laser ablation technique, which involved 10 sequential shots per ring. Shot 1 represents the δ13C value at the start of the ring, while Shot 10 corresponds to the δ13C value at the end of the ring's formation. Overall, the datasets consist of 400 profiles and 4000 isotope measurements.
Environmental data was collected at each site over decade, from 2012 to 2023. Key environmental variables include temperature, vapour pressure deficit (VPD), and soil water potential (SWP). Precipitation data was obtained from the EOBS v29.0e dataset (https://www.ecad.eu/download/ensembles/download.php) from the closest grid point. All data was aggregated on an hourly to daily scale.
In addition to environmental data, dendrometer data was used to derive the onset days, beginning of growth for each site (Onset_days.Rds). The data captures the dynamic relationship between environmental factors, such as soil and air moisture, and tree physiological responses, as reflected in δ13C variation. This dataset provides insights into the intra-seasonal interactions between environmental conditions and tree physiology. We provide the scripts for the main analyses performed in the Vitali, V. et al. 2025 article listed below, including the correlation of the isotope intra-annual time series with environmental variables.
This dataset contains all data on which the publication listed below is based.
Please cite this paper together with the citation for the datafile.

Tags: abies-alba, dendrochronology, drought, picea-abies, pinus-sylvestris, soil-water, stable-isotopes, tree-ring, vpd
Phenotypic and Growth Stage Development Data of a Quercus robur Mycorrhization Experiment

In this experiment, we investigated the inoculation-effects of two ectomycorrhizal fungi (EMF) species with contrasting evolutionary histories, ecological properties, host-preferences, and habitat-ranges on phenotypic responses and growth dynamics of pedunculate oak (*Quercus robur*), an ecologically and economically important temperate forest tree species.
We set up the mycorrhization experiment using 96 plants of a genetically uniform *Q. robur* clone (DF159) and applied four treatments: A control treatment; an inoculation-treatment with the cosmopolitan Ascomycete *Cenococcum geophilum*, which is commonly found in oak forests; an inoculation-treatment with the Basidiomycete *Piloderma croceum*, which has not yet been found in natural oak forests but has been shown in previous experiments to support oak growth; and a co-inoculation treatment. We then assessed growth stage development of the trees over eight experimental weeks and measured various phenotypic traits during a destructive sampling.

Tags: cenococcum-geophilum, ectomycorrhiza, oak, piloderma-croceum, quercus-robur, rhythmic-growth
Survey data on public support for forest restoration in Europe based on evidence from Sweden and Spain

This dataset accompanies the article Factors influencing public support for forest restoration in Europe: Evidence from Sweden and Spain, published in the journal Ecosystems and People. It presents results from a multi-country survey exploring public perceptions of forests and support for forest restoration in Västerbotten County (Sweden) and the Castilla y León autonomous community (Spain).
Between March and September 2024, structured questionnaires were distributed to 3,000 randomly selected households, yielding 241 valid responses after data cleaning (171 from Sweden and 70 from Spain). The dataset includes anonymised survey responses measured on 5-point Likert scales, covering composite indicators for support for forest restoration, perceived forest benefits, and perceived impacts of restoration activities. It also contains socio-demographic information such as age, education level, and years of residence.
Sampling adhered to the EU General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) and the Swiss Federal Act on Data Protection. Principal Components Analysis (PCA) was used to construct composite indicators, and Generalised Linear Modelling (GLM) was applied to assess how socio-demographic and perceptual factors influence support for restoration.
The dataset provides insights into behavioural, perceptual, and demographic factors that shape public support for forest restoration, contributing to policy discussions, such as the EU Nature Restoration Regulation (2023). A full codebook is included to facilitate reuse.

Tags: forest-restoration, household-surveys, public-perceptions, socio-demographic-factors, spain, sweden
Soil and stem xylem water isotope data from two pan-European sampling campaigns

Here, we present a comprehensive isotope dataset of soil and stem xylem water collected during two pan-European sampling campaigns in spring and summer 2023. The dataset includes samples from 40 forest sites featuring beech (Fagus sylvatica), spruce (Picea abies), or mixed beech-spruce forests, and is supplemented with detailed site-specific, soil-specific, and tree-specific metadata. Samples and metadata were collected by various researchers across Europe following a standardized protocol. Soil samples were taken at up to five depths (ranging from 0 to 90 cm), and stem xylem samples were collected from three beech and/or spruce trees at each site. All samples were sent to a single laboratory for analysis, where water was extracted using cryogenic vacuum distillation and analyzed with an isotope laser spectrometer. Additionally, a subset of the samples underwent analysis with an isotope ratio mass spectrometer. The complete description of the data can be found in a publication in Earth System Science Data (in review).

Tags: beech, critical-zone, cryogenic-extraction, ecohydrology, europe, fagus-sylvatica, forest, hydrogen-isotopes, hydrology, isotopes, oxygen-isotopes, picea-abies, soil-water, spruce, water-isotopes, xylem-water
CHELSA-TraCE21k: Downscaled transient temperature and precipitation data since the last glacial maximum

High resolution, downscaled climate model data are used in a wide variety of applications in environmental sciences. Here we present the CHELSA-TraCE21k downscaling algorithm to create global monthly climatologies for temperature and precipitation at 30 arcsec spatial resolution in 100 year time steps for the last 21,000 years. Paleo orography at high spatial resolution and at each timestep is created by combining high resolution information on glacial cover from current and Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) glacier databases with the interpolation of a dynamic ice sheet model (ICE6G) and a coupling to mean annual temperatures from CCSM3-TraCE21k. Based on the reconstructed paleo orography, mean annual temperature and precipitation was downscaled using the CHELSA V1.2 algorithm. 
The data is published under a Creative Commons Attribution 2.0 Generic (CC BY 2.0) license.

Tags: air-temperature, glaciers, last-glacial-maximum, orography, paleo-climate, precipitation
SPOT6 Avalanche outlines 24 January 2018

Outlines of 18'737 avalanches mapped from SPOT6 satellite data over the Swiss Alps on 24 January 2018. The outlines have different attributes described in the data example key (ExampleKey_AvalMapping.pdf)
The generation of the data is described in:
Bühler, Y., E. D. Hafner, B. Zweifel, M. Zesiger, and H. Heisig (2019), Where are the avalanches? Rapid SPOT6 satellite data acquisition to map an extreme avalanche period over the Swiss Alps, The Cryosphere, 13(12), 3225-3238, doi:10.5194/tc-13-3225-2019.
Abstract. 
Accurate and timely information on avalanche occurrence are key for avalanche warning, crisis management and avalanche documentation. Today such information is mainly available at isolated locations provided by observers in the field. The achieved reliability considering accuracy, completeness and reliability of the reported avalanche events is limited. In this study we present the spatial continuous mapping of a large avalanche period in January 2018 covering the majority of the Swiss Alps (12’500 km2). 
We tested different satellite sensors available for rapid mapping during a first avalanche period. Based on these experiences, we tasked SPOT6/7 data for data acquisition to cover the second, much larger avalanche period. We manually mapped the outlines of 18’737 individual avalanche events, applying image enhancement techniques to analyze regions in cast shadow as well as brightly illuminated ones. The resulting dataset of mapped avalanche outlines, having a unique completeness and reliability, is evaluated to produce maps of avalanche occurrence and avalanche size. We validated the mapping of the avalanche outlines using photographs acquired from helicopters just after the avalanche period. 
This study demonstrates the applicability of optical, very high spatial resolution satellite data to map an exceptional avalanche period with very high completeness, accuracy and reliability over a large region. The generated avalanche data is of great value to validate avalanche bulletins, complete existing avalanche databases and for research applications by enabling meaningful statistics on important avalanche parameters.
Koordinate System: CH1903+ LV95 LN02

Tags: avalanche, hazard-mapping, natural-hazard, satellite, snow
High resolution sea ice surface topography from the SIPEX-2 expedition, East Antarctica, 2012

This dataset comprises of a post-processed set of terrestrial laser scans (TLS’s) of Antarctic sea ice obtained during the Sea Ice Physics and Ecosystem Experiment-2 (SIPEX-2, http://seaice.acecrc.org.au/sipex2012/) in September-November 2012. The post-processing steps include the registration of the individual scans into a single 3-dimensional point cloud, the removal of unwanted noise caused by particles in the air (i.e., snow crystals), and the final generation of surface grids based on the cleaned individual point returns. The final product includes the ‘xyz’ coordinates of the individual point measurements, and gridded surfaces covering study areas of 100m x 100 m, and at resolutions of 0.01 m, 0.1 m, 0.25 m, 0.5 m and 1 m for each of the survey dates. Additionally, subgrid statistics that include the mean elevation, standard deviation, minimum and maximum elevations, range, and number of point returns in each gridcell are generated. The final product is provided in space-delimited text files, with the surface grids provided in Digital Terrain Model (DTM) format ready for visualization in any GIS software.
How to cite:
Please also cite the original publication when using this data set.: Trujillo, E., K. Leonard, T. Maksym, and M. Lehning (2016), Changes in snow distribution and surface topography following a snowstorm on Antarctic sea ice, J. Geophys. Res. Earth Surf., 121, doi:[10.1002/2016JF003893](https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/2016JF003893).

Tags: polar, sea-ice, sea-ice-elevation, terrestrial-laser-scans, tls
Debris flow observation at Illgraben 2024: Event Data 15 June / 21 June

This dataset contains measurements from two debris flows recorded in 2024 at the Illgraben debris-flow observatory in Switzerland. The first debris flow was recorded on 15 June 2024 and the second debris flow was recorden on 21 June 2024. 
This dataset contains the following reseach data for both:
a) Cummulative rainfall measured at CD1 in the catchment. 
b) Radar-based flow height of debris flows measured at CD28.
Abstract
In recent years, the destructive impact of debris flows in alpine regions has become increasingly evident. Surge waves within debris flows increase peak discharge and magnify the hazard potential. Hence, understanding the dynamic complexity of debris flows is crucial to mitigate their risk. In order to capture the dynamic processes involved in the formation and interaction of surge waves, it is necessary to obtain distributed observations in the spatiotemporal domain. In this study, we present near-torrent distributed seismic measurements to monitor the Illgraben channel located in the Swiss Alps. With 33 nodal sensors, we detected and tracked surge waves along a 2-kilometer torrent section across the Illgraben fan, which allowed us to gain valuable new insights into the spatial scales relevant for surge wave formation and their long-distance propagation characteristics. We observed erosion-deposition waves that emerged out of the muddy flow tail and propagated with constant velocity along the torrent, reaching meter-scale flow heights within only 100s of meters of flow distance which significantly impact the hazard potential of debris flows. Our results provide valuable observations of surge waves from their formation to their annihilation. We can differentiate flow regimes based on their seismic signature and track them along the torrent, thus mapping the debris-flow evolution in time and space. The observations elucidate large-scale debris flow dynamics thus improving our understanding of hazard potential and the effectiveness of structural countermeasures.

Tags: debris-flow, illgraben, radar, rainfall, surge-waves
Meteorological data for investigation of rain-on-snow events in 58 catchments in Switzerland

Meteorological data used to run SNOWPACK for 58 catchments in the Swiss Alps. The data consists of a 2 km grid of "virtual meteorological stations" for each catchment. It was used to simulate snow cover processes during rain-on-snow events, therefore meteorological data of each catchment contains at least one rain-on-snow event. Further information can be found in the attached readme.txt and in Würzer & Jonas et al. (2017), currently under review in Hydrological Processes.

Tags: catchment-data, meteorological-data, rain-on-snow, snow-hydrology, snowpack
Stable water isotopes and EC in overland flow, topsoil interflow, soil water, groundwater, and rainwater for 12 rainfall events in the Studibach catchment, Alptal, Switzerland

This dataset contains stable isotope ratios of oxygen and hydrogen (O-18 and H-2) and electrical conductivity (EC) in overland flow (OF), topsoil interflow (TIF), soil water, groundwater, and rainwater for 12 rainfall events during the snow-free seasons of 2021 and 2022 in the Studibach catchment, Alptal, Switzerland. 
Overland flow, topsoil interflow (i.e., lateral flow from the more densely rooted soil layer), soil water, and groundwater were collected at 14 small trenched runoff plots (1 x 3 m) in three subcatchments (C2, C3, C5) of the Studibach catchment. Overland flow was collected from the surface up to 2-5 cm depth and thus includes biomat flow. A trench was used to collect topsoil interflow (up to 60 cm below the surface; see Table 1 in the manuscript for details). Rainwater was collected at two locations in the Studibach catchment (in C3 and C5, respectively). Soil water was collected in between the events from suction lysimeters installed at 12.5 cm and 20 cm below the soil surface in the middle of each plot. Groundwater was collected between events from wells installed near the plots up to the soil-bedrock interface. 
The water samples were analysed for the stable isotopes of oxygen and hydrogen (O-18 and H-2) using with a cavity ring-down spectroscope (CRDS; L2140-i or L2130-i, Picarro, Inc., USA) at the Chair of Hydrology at the University of Freiburg, Germany. The isotope ratios are reported in per mil (‰) relative to Vienna Standard Mean Ocean Water.
A more detailed description of the field setup, data collection and preparation can be found in Leuteritz et al. (in press).
The dataset contains in addition to the sample identifier and the site and event identifiers that are used in the publication, also the sample collection date (typically one day after the event) and the coordinates for each plot (coordinate system: WGS84). For the plots for which samples were collected with an automatic sampler (ISCO), the date and time (UTC) of sample collection are given as well.

Tags: alptal, electrical-conductivity, groundwater, overland-flow, plot, rainfall, soil-water, stable-isotopes, studibach, topsoil-interflow